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WORCESTER'S ACADEMIC DICTIONARY. 



A NEW 



Etymological Dictionary 



OP THE 



ENGLISH LANGUAGE, 






WITH SYNONYMES AND COPIOUS TABLES EXHIBITING THE PRONUNCIATION OF 

ANCIENT AND MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, 

SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES, CHRISTIAN NAMES, MYTHOLOGICAL 

PERSONAGES, ABBREVIATIONS, PHRASES AND QUOTATIONS 

FROM FOREIGN LANGUAGES, WEIGHTS, MEASURES, 

COINS, ETC., 



PREPARED UPON THE BASIS OF THE LATEST EDITION 
OF THE UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY OF 




JOSEPH E/ WORCESTER, LL.D. 






ILLUSTRATED. 





PHILADELPHIA: 

J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY. 



S 



xt 






is 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1855, 

By JOSEPH E. WORCESTER, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. 



Copyright, 1888, by J. B. Lippincott Company. 




PREFACE. 



The Dictionary now offered to the public differs from the original 
" Academic Dictionary" of Dr. Worcester in several respects. Like 
that work, it is an enlarged issue of the " Comprehensive Diction- 
ary," designed especially for the use of the higher schools and 
seminaries of learning, but well adapted in its scope and range to 
the needs of families and individuals. It has been rendered, it is 
believed, as complete as its limits would permit, both in the extent 
of its vocabulary and in the fulness and accuracy of its defini- 
tions. In many cases the definitions are somewhat amplified repro- 
ductions of those found in the New Comprehensive Dictionary. In 
addition to a carefully chosen list of all the more common and well- 
authorized words of the language, it contains many technical terras 
employed in the arts and sciences, and a considerable number of 
local, provincial, and antiquated words, chiefly such as occur in 
books that are much read, or such as for some other reason are 
deemed specially important or interesting. Words of these excep- 
tional classes are carefully discriminated and explained. The defi- 
nitions are necessarily concise; but they will, it is believed, be 
found as exact and comprehensive as could reasonably be expected 
in a manual of this kind. 

The design throughout has been to give the greatest practicable 
amount of useful matter in the most condensed form, and especially 
to guard against corruptions and solecisms in writing and speaking 
the language. 

The distinctive feature of the " New Academic Dictionary" is its 
treatment of the etymology of words. In no other work of its size 
and class (so far as is known to the editors) is there any thing 
approaching it in fulness and completeness in this regard. The 



4 PREFACE. 

other etymological dictionaries of corresponding size and cost are 
either devoted exclusively to the explanation of etymology, with no 
attempt at any definition other than a bare identification of words, 
or, on the other hand, they are defining and pronouncing dictionaries 
with the merest hint at a derivation, — very often with no discrimina- 
tion between well-established derivations and those which are purely 
conjectural. 

It has been well observed that in etymological work originality is 
a dangerous or suspicious quality. Great care has accordingly been 
taken to follow only the best authorities. The large etymological 
dictionary of Prof. Skeat has furnished by far the greater part of 
the derivations here recorded. But where Skeat's derivations (as is 
very often the case) are purely conjectural, it has sometimes been 
deemed allowable to adopt other conjectures that have seemed more 
likely than his to be correct. Effort has been made to mark as con- 
jectural or tentative such etymologies as are not well established. It 
is certain, however, that with the present rapid advance of human 
knowledge, much that is now considered as reasonably well estab- 
lished in etymology may soon come to be regarded as obsolete. 
Considerable use has been made of the etymological matter of the 
first four numbers of the New English Dictionary now in course 
of preparation under the supervision of Dr. Murray, of Oxford. 
But that great and praiseworthy work, for the most part, leaves 
to the etymologists proper the more remote derivation of English 
words, and its plan of strict historical treatment compels its editors 
to neglect many proposed etymologies which, though now conject- 
ural, are full of suggestiveness, and which are likely to have a recog- 
nized importance in the future. 

The student and teacher using this Dictionary should bear in mind 
that there are two classes of foreign words inserted in its etymological 
notes. The first class comprises those words (chiefly Latin, Greek, 
French, Norse, and Dutch) from which English words have been 
immediately or more remotely derived; the other class includes a 
large number of words (largely Germanic and Scandinavian, but Very 



PKEFACE. 5 

often from some one or more of the Romanic languages) which are 
cognate with the corresponding English words, but are not to be 
regarded as the parent-words of any English forms. In many in- 
stances of the latter class recorded in this work a suggestion is made 
of the nature of the relationship indicated ; in other cases the word 
from which the English word is derived is placed first on the list, 
and the cognate and illustrative foreign words follow. Xo student 
at all familiar with the subject of the derivation of words will, it 
is believed, experience any difficulty in making the necessary dis- 
crimination in cases of this kind. 

Many popular but fallacious derivations for words are here re- 
corded, in order that the student may be warned of their misleading 
character, and may learn what seems to be a difficult lesson for 
most learners, namely, that mere speciousness or ingenuity can never 
furnish a good reason for accepting a derivation for a word. The 
only certain method of verifying an etymology is the historical one, 
—the actual tracing back of a word to its origin in recorded litera- 
ture. Unhappily, the breaks in the record are very many and wide ; 
and no little discrimination and labor are involved in the process of 
unearthing the roots of words by this strictly scientific method. 

In adjusting the orthography of this Dictionary, scrupulous care 
has been taken to follow the precepts and example of Dr. Worcester. 
That able lexicographer paid great attention to usage, analogy, and 
etymology in deciding all disputable points; but he attempted no 
innovation in respect to matters of settled and invariable usage. 

As in all of Dr. Worcester's dictionaries, pronunciation has been 
made a special object, and has received particular attention. 

A peculiar feature of Worcester's dictionaries consists in the 

exhibition of authorities respecting words of various, doubtful, or 

disputed pronunciation. There is a rather large class of English 

words the pronunciation of which, even among the best orthoepists 

and the most careful speakers, is not clearly established. It is not 

possible that any one should know or remember what is the best 

usage among all these forms ; and no one who is at all scrupulous 

1* 



6 PKEFACE. 

about his pronunciation will be willing to rely solely on the opinion 
of any one orthoepist. Careful speakers will prefer to be informed, 
in all doubtful cases, regarding the various pronunciations which 
have been adopted by the best authorities. In this work the prefer- 
ence indicated by Dr. Worcester has in every instance been retained ; 
in addition to which there have been placed in brackets the pro- 
nunciations offered by all the leading orthoepists of England and 
America. Dr. Worcester's collation of authorities has been ampli- 
fied and enriched by the insertion of the preferences of all the recent 
lexicographers and orthoepists of distinction. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

PREFACE 3 

PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION 9 

Key to the Sounds of the Marked Letters 9 

Remarks on the Key 10 

Sounds of the Vowels 10 

Sounds of the Diphthongs and Triphthongs 14 

Sounds of the Consonants 16 

Accent 20 

Orthoepy and Orthoepists 22 

REMARKS— WITH RULES OF ORTHOGRAPHY 25 

Vocabulary of Words of Doubtful ob Various Orthography 28 

FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 37 

Formation of Several Parts of Speech 38 

DICTIONARIES AND OTHER WORKS USED AS AUTHORITIES 39 

ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS 40 

DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 41 



APPENDIX. 

PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES 589 

Preface and Remarks 589- 

Rules of Pronunciation 590 

Vocabulary of Greek and Latin Proper Names 591 

PRONUNCIATION OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES 599 

Preface and Rules of Pronunciation 599 

Vocabulary of Scripture Proper Names 600> 

ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, WITH THEIR CORRESPONDING MODERN NAMES. 610 

CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN AND WOMEN, WITH THEIR SIGNIFICATION 614 

PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES 617 

Remarks 61T 

Pronunciation of several European Languages 618 

Vocabulary of Modern Geographical Names 620 

PRONUNCIATION OF THE NAMES OF DISTINGUISHED MEN OF MODERN TIMES . 636 

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING 647 

SIGNS OF PLANETS, ASPECTS, ZODIAC, &c 653 

A COLLECTION OF WORDS, PHRASES, AND QUOTATIONS FROM THE GREEK, LATIN, 

FRENCH, ITALIAN, GERMAN, AND SPANISH LANGUAGES 660. 

A LIST OF MUSICAL TERMS FROM FOREIGN LANGUAGES 673 

PRINCIPAL DEITIES, HEROES, &c, IN GREEK AND ROMAN FABULOUS HISTORY. 676 

TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 684 

FOREIGN GOLD AND SILVER COINS '. 687 

NAMES OF THE FIXED STARS 688 

7 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



KEY 

TO THE SOUNDS OF THE MARKED LETTERS. 



1. A long .... 

2. i. short. . . . 

3. A long before r . 

4. X Italian or grave 

5. A intermediate . 

6. A broad . . . 

7. A «Z*</7<f or obscure 

1. E Zoiigr .... 

2. £ s7joc< .... 

3. E kke a . . . 

4. E short and obtuse 

5. E slight or obscure 

1. I ?oh<7 .... 

2. I s/«or< .... 

3. £ Ziflre Zohj; e . . 

4. I short and obtuse 

5. J slight or obscure 



VOWELS. 



Examples. 
Fate, Aid, Lace, Player. 
Fat, Man, Lad, Carry. 
Fare, Bare, Pair, Bear. 
Far, Father, Farther. 
Fast, Branch, Grasp. 
Fall, Haul, Walk, Warm. 
Liar, Palace, Abbacy. 

Mete, Seal, Fear, Keep. 
MSt, Men, Sell, .Ferry. 
Heir, There, Where. 
Her, Herd, Fern, Fervid. 
Brier, Fuel, Celery. 

Pine, File, Find, Mild. 
Pin, Fill, Miss, Mirror. 
Mien, Machine, Marine. 
Sir, Fir, Bird, Virtue. 
Elixir, Ruin, Ability. 



Examples. 

1. 6 long Note, Foal, Tow, Sore. 

2. 5 short Not, Don, 5dd, Borrow. 

3. 6 long and close . . M8ve, Prove, F86d. 

4. 6 broad, like broad a Nor, Form, Sort, Ought. 

5. 6 like short u . . . Son, Done, C3me, Money. 

6. 9 slight or obscure . Actor, Confess. 

1. U long Tube, Tune, Suit, Pure. 

2. •& short Tub, Tun, Hut, Hurry. 

3. middle or obtuse . Bull, Pull, Full, Push. 

4. ij short and obtuse . Fur, Murmur, Further. 

5. •& like 6 in move . Rule, Rude, Brute. 

6. V slight or obscure . Sulphur, Famous. 

7. T> affected by a marked 

y sound .... trse, Sinuous. 

8. V French. 

1. Y long Type. Style, Lyre. 

2. 1? short Sylvan, Symbol. 

3. if short and obtuse . Myrrh, Myrtle. 

4. Y slight or obscure . Truly, Envy, Martyr. 



6i and Oy Boil, Toil, Boy, Toy. 

6G and 6w Bb'flnd, TS&n, Now. 

Ew like long u Few, New, Dew. 



CONSONANTS. 



Examples. 
C, C, soft, like s . . . Acid, Pla$id. 
P, c, hard, like k . . Flaccid, Sceptic. 
Gh, ch, hard, like k . character, phasm. 
Ch, $h, soft, like sh . Chaise, Chevalier. 
Ch (unmarked) like tsh Charm, Church. 
P, g, Tzard .... pet, pive, pift. 
<f . f, soft, like j . . . gender, giant. 
N, n, nasal, like ng . Unction. 
S, s, soft, like z . . . Muse, Dismal. 
X, x, soft or flat, like gz Example, Exist. 
Th, th, soft, flat, or vocal This, Thee, Then. 
Th,th(unniarked)s7iarpThin, Think, Pith. 
Ti 9 n }tft*shun - /Nation, Notion. 



Sion 



*- Pension, Missi9n, 



Sion, like zhun . 

Cean j Wee shan 
Cian > 

Cial") 

Sial WSreshal. 

Tial J 

Ceous ") 

Cious > 7iZ.e shus 
Tious J 

* eo » B }Kfej,.. 
gious -> 



.Erawpfes. 
. Confusion, Vision. 
/Ocean. 
<- Optician. 

{Commercial. 
Controversial. 
Partial, Martial. 
{Farinaceous. 
Capacious. 
Sententious, 
f Courageous. 
<• Religious. 



Qu (unmarked) like kw Queen, Quill. 
Wh (unmarked) likehvr When, While. 
Ph (unmarked) like f . Phantom, Seraph. 

9 



10 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



KEMAKKS ON THE KEY. 



1. The words which are used in the preceding 
Key as examples for illustrating the several sounds 
exhibit accurately, when pronounced by correct 
speakers, the different sounds of the respective 
letters. Some distinctions are here made which 
are not found in other systems of notation ; they 
are, however, not intended to introduce any new 
sounds, but merely to discriminate such as are 
now employed by all who speak the language with 
propriety. 

2. When the marks of pronunciation are affixed 
to words in their proper orthography, in this Dic- 
tionary, without respelling them, the vowels which 
are not marked are silent : thus, a in beat, hear ; 
e in able, give, harden; i in pain, heifer; o in 
mason, famous ; u in though ; and w in follow, 
are not sounded. To this rule there is an excep- 
tion with respect to the first vowel in those proper 
diphthongs which are called semi-consonant diph- 
thongs, as in ocean, nation, assuage. (See No. 28, 
p. 14.) 

3. The system of notation which is here used, 
while it makes a very exact discrimination of the 
different sounds of the letters, will be readily un- 
derstood and easily applied to practice ; and it will 
also be much more easily remembered than a sys- 
tem in which the vowels are marked with figures. 
By applying the marks to the letters of the words 
in their proper orthography, the necessity of re- 
spelling most of them has been avoided ; and in 
this way considerable space has been saved, while 
the pronunciation is fixed with as much exactness 
as if the spelling of every word had been repeated. 

4. It is an advantage of this method of notation, 



that it distinguishes the syllables which receive a 
secondary accent, or are pronounced with a dis- 
tinct sound of the vowels, from those which are 
but slightly or indistinctly sounded. A great part 
of the words of the English language that have 
more than two syllables have more than one sylla- 
ble in some degree accented, or pronounced more 
distinctly than the rest; yet this difference in dis- 
tinctness is not made apparent by the usual modes 
of marking the words. In this notation the vow- 
els in the syllables which have either the primary 
or secondary accent have a mark placed over them 
denoting a distinct sound ; while those which are 
more feebly uttered have a dot placed under them. 
Take, for example, the following words, which are 
thus noted : sun' shine, pa'per, an'ec-dote, car-a- 
van', lit'er-al, man-i-fes-ta'tion, in-di-vi§-i-bil'- 
i-ty,. In these words it will be readily perceived 
that all the vowels which have a mark placed over 
them have a distinct sound, or are more or less ac- 
cented, while those which have a dot under them 
are but slightly or indistinctly sounded ; and that 
the pronunciation is as clearly represented to the 
eye in their proper orthography as it is in other 
methods of notation by respelling the words. 

5, There are many cases in which the vowels are 
pronounced with so slight a degree of distinctness 
that it may be a matter of indifference whether 
they are marked with the distinct or indistinct 
sound; thus, for example, the last syllable of the 
words consonant, difference, diffident, feebleness, and 
obvious might with nearly equal propriety have 
the vowel marked with a short or an indistinct 
sound. 



SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. 



6. The first, or long, sound of each of the vowels, 
marked thus, a, e, i, 5, u, is styled its alphabetic or 
name sound, being the sound which is heard in 
naming the letter. The sound of the letter y, 
when used as a vowel, is the same as that of i; but 
as a vowel it begins no properly English word now 
in common use. 

7. The long sound of the vowels is generally in- 
dicated, in monosyllables, by a silent e at the end 
of the word, preceded by a single consonant; as 
in fate, mete, pine, note, tube, type. The following 
words, however, are exceptions, — namely, axe, have, 
are, and bade, the preterite of to bid. The vowels 
have regularly the long sound if final in an ac- 
cented syllable ; as in ba'sis, le'gal, tri'al, sono'rous, 
cu'bic, ty'rant. 

8. The second, or short, sound of the vowels is 
generally indicated, in monosyllables, by the ab- 
sence of mute e at the end of the word ; as in fat, 
met, pin, not, tub, hyp. It is also the usual sound 



of a vowel in an accented syllable which ends with 
a consonant; as in aban'don, attentive, exhib'it, la- 
con'ic, reluc'tant, lyr'ical. 

9. The fourth sound of the vowels, a, e, i, o, 
and it, and the third sound of y (called, with re- 
spect to e, i, u, and y, short and obtuse), marked 
thus, a, e, i', o, u, y, are the short sounds of these 
several vowels when followed by r in a monosyl- 
lable or in an accented syllable; as far, hard; her, 
herd; fir, firkin; north, normal; fur, burden; myrrh, 
myrtle; but when the succeeding syllable begins 
with r, or the sound of r, as in perry, peril, the 
vowel has the proper short sound. Some orthoe- 
pists make no distinction between the sound indi- 
cated by this mark and the proper short sound of 
these vowels; others make a distinction in rela- 
tion to a part of them only. The vowels having 
this mark are pronounced with as short a sound 
as they can readily receive when thus situated. 
The peculiar character of this sound, which dis- 



SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. 



II 



tinguishes it from the proper short sound of the 
vowels, is caused by the letter r; and this letter, 
thus situated, has an influence peculiar to itself on 
the sound of all the vowels. The difference be- 
tween the sound of the vowels when thus situated, 
and their proper short sound, will be readily per- 
ceived by the following examples: man, marrow; 
mar, market; — men, merry; her, merchant; — 
fin, mirror f fir, circle ; — not, borrow ; nor, bor- 
der ;— tun, hurry ; fur, hurdle. There is little or 
no difference in the sounds of the vowels e, i, u, 
and y, when under this mark; as her, fir, fur, 
myrrh ; but their proper short sounds are widely 
differeut from each other when they are followed 
by the sound of r or by other consonants, as in 
merry, peril, mirror, hurry. — See remarks on the 
sound of the letter R, page 19. 

10. Towels marked with the dot underneath, 
thus, a, e, i, o, y, y, are found only in syllables 
which are not accented and over which the organs 
of speech pass slightly and hastily in pronouncing 
the words in which they are found. It is to be 
observed that this mark is employed to indicate a 
slight stress of voice in uttering the appropriate 
sound of the vowel rather than to note any par- 
ticular quality of sound. If the syllables on which 
the primary and secondary accents fall are uttered 
with a proper stress of voice, these comparatively 
indistinct syllables will naturally be pronounced 
right. In a majority of cases this mark' may be 
regarded as indicating an indistinct short sound of 
the vowel, as in tenable, mental, travel, peril, idol, 
forum, carry; but in many cases it indicates a 
slight or unaccented long sound, as in carbonate, 
sulphate, emerge, obey, ebony, follower, duplicity, edu- 
cate, regulate, congratulate. The letter u, in the last 
three words, is pronounced like yu slightly articu- 
lated. The vowels with this mark have, in some 
situations, particularly in the last syllable of words 
ending with r, no perceptible difference of sound ; 
as in friar, speaker, nadir, actor, sulphtir, zephyr. As 
Mr. Smart justly remarks, " the last syllables of 
robber, nadir, author, sulphur, and satyr are quite 
undistinguishable in pronunciation." 

A, unaccented, at the end of a word, approaches 
the Italian sound of a in father, as in the words 
algebra, comma, idea; and ah, final, partakes still 
more of the Italian sound, as in Jehovah, Messiah * 



* With respect to the sound given to the letter a in un- 
accented syllables, there is a great diversity among ortho- 
epists. For example, to a in courage, Sheridan, Walker, 
and Jones give the short sound oft; Jameson and Smart, 
the sound of long a;— to a in delicate. Walker gives the 
sound of short a ; Jameson and Smart, of long a ; Sher- 
idan and Jones, of short e ;— to o in furnace, Sheridan and 
Walker give the sound of short t ; Jones and Jameson, of 
short e ; Smart, of long a. A at the end of words is marked 
by Sheridan, Walker, Jones, Jameson, and various other 
orthoepists with its short sound, as in algebra, comma, 
idea; but by Smart it is marked with the Italian sound, 
as an " unaccented vowel,"— algebra. Walker says, " We 
cannot give it [a] any of its three open sounds without 
hurting the ear. Thus, in pronouncing the words abound 



11. The third sound of the letter a, marked thus, 
a, is its long sound qualified by being followed by 
the letter r, as in care, pare, fare. The diphthong 
ai followed by r has precisely the same sound, as 
in fair, pair; so also, in some cases, has the diph- 
thong ea, as in bear, pear. This sound of the letter 
a is the same as that of the letter e in heir, there, 
where. There is obviously a difference between 
the sound of a in these words, as they are pro- 
nounced by good speakers, and its sound in pain 
and fate. There is the same difference between the 
sound of a in the word pair and its sound in the 
word payer, one who pays ; also in the word prayer, 
a petition, and in the word prayer, one who prays. 

12. The fifth sound of a, marked thus, a, is an 
intermediate sound of this letter, between its short 
sound, as in fat, man, and its Italian sound, as in 
far, father; this sound being somewhat shorter 
than the Italian sound of a. "With respect to the 
class of words which, in this Dictionary, have this 
mark, there is much diversity among orthoepists. 
Most of these words are marked by Nares, Jones, 
and Perry with the Italian sound of a, as in far 
and father ; but Walker, Jameson, Smart, Reid, 
and Craig mark them, or most of them, with the 

I short sound, as a in fat, man ; Fulton and Knight 

mark them as being intermediate between the 
| short aud the Italian sound ; and Smart, though 
i he gives to a in most of these words the short 

mark, says, in relation to it, "that when a is fol- 
| lowed by /, s, or n, there is, in many words, a dis- 
! position to broadness in the vowel, not quite in 

unison with the mode of indication, as may be 
, perceived in an unaffected pronunciation of grass, 
| graft, command. This broadness is a decided vul- 
j garism when it identifies the sound with a. The 

exact sound lies between the one indicated and the 
j vulgar corruption." 

The following list includes a considerable part 

of the class of words in which, in this Dictionary, 
, a is marked thus, &, and in which, according to 
{ Nares, Jones, aud Perry, a has the Italian sound, 

as in fatiier ; according to Walker, Jameson, Reid, 
: aud Craig, the short sound of a, as in fat, man ; and 
j according to Fulton and Knight, an intermediate 

sound between these two sounds. This interme- 
| diate sound, marked thus, £, is in accordance with 

the remark of that excellent orthoepist, Mr. Smart, 

who says that when this sound is identified with 

the Italian sound of a it "is a decided vulgarism." 



and diadem, ay-bound, ah-bound, and aw.bound ; tfi-ay- 
den*, di-ah-dem, and di-aw-dem, Are all improper ; but giv- 
ing the a the second or Italian sound, as ah-bound and 
di-ah-dem, seems the least so. For which reason I have, 
like Mr. Sheridan, adopted the short sound of this letter to 
mark the unaccented a ; but if the unaccented a be final, 
it then seems to approach still nearer to the Italian a in 
the last syllable of papa, and to the a in father, as may be 
heard in the deliberate pronunciation of the words idea, 
Africa, Delta," &c. 



12 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



abaft 


cast 


glance 


pastor 


advance 


castle 


glass 


pasture 


aft 


chaff 


graff 


pilaster 


after 


chance 


graft 


plaster 


aghast 


chandler 


grant 


prance 


alas 


chant 


grasp 


quaff 


amass 


clasp 


grass 


raff 


answer 


class 


haft 


raft 


ant 


contrast 


hasp 


rafter 


ask 


craft 


lance 


rasp 


asp 


dance 


lass 


repast 


ass 


dastard 


last 


sample 


bask 


disaster 


mask 


shaft 


basket 


draff 


mass 


slander 


bastard 


draft 


mast 


slant 


blanch 


draught 


mastiff 


staff 


blast 


enchant 


mischance 


surpass 


bombast 


enhance 


nasty 


task 


branch 


fast 


pant 


trance 


brass 


flask 


pass 


vast 


cask 


gasp 


past 


waft 


casket 


ghastly 







There is a considerable number of words in 
which a has the sound of short o, as in not, called 
by Walker "the short sound of liroad a." This 
sound occurs chiefly in words in which a is pre- 
ceded by qu, w, ovwh; as, quadrangle (quodrangle), 
quality (quolity), swallow (swOllow), wad (wod), 
wan (won), what (whot) ; also, scallop (scollop), 
chaps (chops). 

E. 

13. The letter e has, in several words, the same 
sound as a in fare, as in heir, there, where ; but were 
is properly pronounced wer, In cleric and sergeant 
it has, according to all the English orthoepists, the 
sound of a in dark and margin ; yet in this country 
it is not uncommon to pronounce these words, 
more in accordance with their orthography, clerk 
and sergeant. 

14. When e precedes I or n in an unaccented 
final 6yll^le, in some words it has an indistinct 
short sound, and in some it is entirely suppressed. 
In most of the words ending in el the e is sounded ; 
as, flannel, travel, vessel, &c. The following words 
are exceptions, and in these the sound of e before 
I is suppressed : drivel, grovel, hazel, mantel, navel, 
ousel, ravel, rivel, shekel, shovel, shrivel, snivel, weasel. 

In most of the words ending in en the sound of 
e is suppressed ; as, harden, heaven, often, &c. The 
following words are exceptions : abdomen, acumen, 
aspen, bitumen, catechumen, cerumen, chicken, flamen, 
hymen, hyphen, kitchen, latten, legumen, linen, mar- 
ten, mitten, omen, patten, platen, pollen, regimen, siren, 
sloven, specimen, sudden, ticken, woollen, women. 

15. The sound of the letter e is generally sup- 
pressed in the preterites of verbs and in participles 
in ed, when the e is not preceded by d or (; as, 
feared, praised, admired, tossed, suppressed, pro- 
nounced feard, praisd, admird, tost, supprest. But 
adjectives ending in ed, unless they are participles 
as well as adjectives, commonly preserve the sound 



of e before d, as in naked, ragged, striped, wicked, 
wretched, &c. In the following words, beloved, 
blessed, cursed, learned, picked, and ivinged, the sound 
of e before d is suppressed when the words are 
used as verbs or participles, and it is sounded 
when they are used as adjectives ; as, He was much 
beloved; he blessed the occasion ; he cursed the day ; 
he learned to read; he picked his men ; he winged 
his flight : — A belov'ed son ; a bless'ed day ; a curs' ed 
thing; a learn' ed man; a picked point; a wing'ed 
fowl. — Picked, however, used as a participial ad- 
jective, in the sense of selected, as "picked men," is 
pronounced in one syllable. 

I. 

16. The long sound of the letter i is heard not 
only in monosyllables ending with a mute e, as in 
file, time, &c, but also in the word pint, and in the 
words child, mild, wild; also in bind, blind, find, 
hind, kind, mind, rind, &c. 

17. There is a class of words, mostly derived 
from the French and Italian languages, in which 
i retains the sound of long e; as, ambergris, an- 
tique, unique, bombazine, Brazil, capivi, capuchin, 
caprice, chagrin, chevaux-de-frise, critique, gabardine, 
quarantine, ravine, routine, fascine, fatigue, intrigue, 
invalid, machine, magazine, marine, palanquin, pique, 
police, recitative, tabourine, tambourine, tontine, trans- 
marine, ultramarine, verdigris. In the word shire, i 
commonly has the same sound, and some orthoe- 
pists also give it the same in oblige and oblique. 

18. In words which terminate in He and ine, 
with the accent on the penultimate syllable, the 
i in the final syllable is generally short ; as, fertile, 
hostile, adamantine, intestine, &c. The following are 
exceptions: edile, exile, gentile, pentile, feline, ferine, 
confine, and a few others. Also when the accent is 
on the antepenult, words ending in He generally 
have the i short; as, juvenile, puerile, &c. ; but it is 
long in camomile, reconcile, eolipile. 

19. With respect to words ending in ine, and 
having the accent on the antepenultimate, there 
is much uncertainty as to the quantity of the i; 
and in relation to a number of such words there 
is much disagreement among orthoepists ; yet the 
general rule inclines to the long sound of i in the 
termination of words of this class. In the follow- 
ing words, i, in the last syllable, is generally pro- 
nounced long : adulterine, almandine, armenUne, 
asinine, belluine, bizantine, brigantine, cannabine, cel- 
andine, colubrine, columbine, concubine, countermine, 
crystalline, legatine, leonine, metalline, muscadine, por- 
cupine, saccharine, saturnine, serpentine, turpentine, 
vespertine, vUidine.—Iu the following words, t, in 
the last syllable, is short : discijAine, feminine, gen- 
uine, heroine, hyaline, jessamine, libertine, masculine, 
medicine, nectarine, palatine. With respect to alka^ 
line, aquiline, coralline, sapphirinc, uterine, viperine, 
and some others, the orthoepists, as well as usage, 
are divided. In the termination ine in a class of 
chemical words the { is short; as, fluorine, iodine, 
nepheline, &c. In the termination ite the j is some- 



SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. 



13 



times short, as in respite, granite, favorite, infinite, 
<fec. ; and sometimes long, as in expedite, appetite, 
satellite, &c. In a class of gentile nouns, and ap- 
pellatives formed from proper names, it is long; 
as, Hivite, Wicliffite; also, generally, in names of 
minerals ; as, augile, steatite, tremolite. In verbs 
which end in ise, the i is long; as, advertise, exer- 
cise, &c. ; but divertise, franchise, mortise, practise, 
and their compounds, are exceptions ; also promise. 

20. When i ends an initial syllable without the 
accent, and the succeeding syllable begins with a 
consonant, the i is generally short or indistinct, 
as if written e; as in civility, divine, finance; but 
the exceptions to this rule are numerous, among 
which are biquadrate, chirograpluj, biography, divari- 
cate, librarian, primeval, tribunal, vitality, and many 
others, in whicli the i is pronounced long. There 
is also a considerable number of words with regard 
to which there is a diversity, in relation to the 
pronunciation of the i, among orthoepists and in 
usage ; as, dilate, diverge, virago, &c. 

0. 

21. There is a class of monosyllables ending in 
/, ft, ss, st, and th in which o is marked with the 
short sound in most pronouncing dictionaries, 
though some orthoepists give it the sound of broad 
a, as in fall. Mr. Is ares gives the sound of broad 
a to o in the following words (as some others do in 
a part of them) : off, often, offer, coffee, scoff, aloft, 
loft, soft, cross, loss, loss, cost, frost, lost, tost, broth, 
cloth, froth, cough, and trough. To these some 
others might, with equal propriety, be added ; as, 
offspring, dross, gloss, moss, moth, wroth. Mr. Smart 
remarks "that before ss, st, and th the letter o is 
frequently sounded as aw; as in moss, gloss, &c, 
lost, cost, &c, broth, cloth, &c. This practice is 
analogous to the broad utterance which the letter 
a [short] is liable to receive before certain conso- 
nants [see A, No. 12]; and the same remarks will 
apply in the present case, as to the one referred to, 
— namely, that, though the broad sound is vulgar, 
there is an affectation in & palpable effort to avoid 
it in words where its use seems at one time to have 
been general. In such cases a medium between 
the extremes is the practice of the best speakers." 
The sound of o is somewhat prolonged also in gone 
and begone, and in some words ending in ng ; as, 
long, along, prong, song, strong, thong, throng, wrong. 

There are a few words in which o has the mark 
of the long sound in all the pronouncing dictiona- 
ries, although it is in these words by many, if not 
by most speakers in this country, somewhat short- 
ened. Thus we hear the sound o in the words 
coat, home, hope, spoke, stone, whole, wholly, and 
wholesome pronounced with a sound a little shorter 
than its proper long sound, as heard in goat, note, 
dome, hole, sole, holy, and dolesome. 

22. There are some words in which o has the 
same sound as u in bidl, or uo in good, — namely, 
bosom, wolf, woman, Wolsey, Wolverhampton. It has 



the sound of short u in done, son, &c, and the 
sound of u as in hart in word, work, worth, &c. 

23. In many words ending in on, the sound of 
o is suppressed, as in bacon, pardon, weapon, reason, 
cotton, &c. 

IT. 

24. U, at the beginning of words, when long, 
has the sound of yu, as in ?ise. — With respect to the 
manner of designating the sound of the vowel « 
when it comes immediately after the accent, as in 
the words educate, nature, natural, &c, there is 
much diversity among orthoepists. By Walker, 
the pronunciation of Educate is thus noted — ed'- 
jii-kat; by Sheridan, Jones, Enfield, Fulton, and 
Jameson, thus— ed'u-kat ; and by Perry, Knowles, 
Smart, and Keid, thus, ed'u-kat. Nature, by 
Walker, thus — na'chur; by Sheridan and Jones, 
thus — na'chur ; by Perry, Enfield, and Keid, thus 
— na'tur; by Jameson and Knowles, thus — nat'- 
yfir; by Smart, thus — na'tur or na'ch'or. Natu- 
ral, by Walker and Jones, thus — nat'ehu-rab, by 
Sheridan, thus — nat'chur-a.1 ; by Fulton, Enfield, 
and Jameson, thus — nar/ii-ral; by Perry and 
Keid, thus — nat'u-ral; by Knowles, thus — nar*- 
yur-al ; by Smart, thus— nat'ch8-ral. 

There is a pretty large class of words with re- 
spect to which there is a similar diversity in the 
manner in which the pronunciation of u and lu is 
noted by the different orthoepists ; but the differ- 
ence is greater in appearance than in reality. The 
h thus situated (in the present work marked u) 
may properly be regarded as having the slight 
sound of long «; and the sound may be noted by 
yu, slightly articulated. — Walker remarks, with 
respect to the pronunciation of nature, "There is a 
vulgar pronunciation of this word as if written 
na'tur, which cannot be too carefully avoided. 
Some critics have contended that it ought to be 
pronounced as if written nale'yure; but this pro- 
nunciation comes so near to that here adopted 
[na'chur] as scarcely to be distinguishable from it." 

When u is preceded by r in the same - 'liable it 
has the sound of oo in fool, and it is thus marked, 
as in ride, true. This sound is given to n thus sit- 
uated by Walker, Smart, and all the other princi- 
pal English orthoepists. 

In busy and business u has the sound of short i, 
and in bury, the sound of short e. 

Y. 

25. Y, at the end of a word, preceded by a con- 
sonant, is commonly pronounced short and indis- 
tinct, like indistinct e; as, policy, palpably, lately, 
colony, &c. The exceptions are monosyllables ; as, 
by, cry, dry, fly, fry, sty, ply, try, wry, with their 
compounds, aivry, hereby, whereby, &c. ; also, verbs 
ending in fy ; as, fortify, magnify, testify, &c. ; also, 
ally, apply, comply, imply, supply, multiply, reply, 
occupy, and prophesy ; in all which it has the long 
sound. 



14 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS AND TKIPHTHONGS. 









26. A diphthong is the union of two vowels, 
pronounced by a single impulse of the voice ; as, 
oi in voice, ou in sound. 

27. A triphthong is the union of three vowels, 
pronounced by a single impulse of the voice ; as, 
tew in adieu, iew in view. 

28. A proper diphthong is one in which both 
vowels are sounded ; as, oi in voice, ou in sound, ow 
in now. 

PROPER DIPHTHONGS. 



ua in assuage; 

ue " desuetude; 

ui " languid ; 

uo " quote. 



ea in ocean ; 10 in notion : 

eu " feud; oi " voice; 

ew " jewel; ou " sound; 

ia " poniard; ow " now; 

ie " Bpaniel ; oy " boy ; 

The diphthongs which begin with e, i, or u— 
namely, ea, eu, ew, ia, ie, io, ua, ue, ui, and uo — 
differ from the rest; and they may, as Walker 
Bays, "not improperly be called semi-consonant diph- 
thongs," being pronounced as if y consonant was 
substituted in place of e or i; as, ocean (ose'yan), 
poniard (pon'yard), question (quest'yon) ; and as if 
w consonant were substituted in place of u; as, 
assuage (as-swage'), languid (lan'gwid), &c. 

29. An improper diphthong has only one of the 
vowels sounded ; as, ea in heat, oa in coal. 



se or ae in Caesar 
ai " pain; 

ao " gaol ; 

au " haul; 

aw " law; 

ay " bay; 



IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS. 

ea in beat ; ie in friend 
ee " seed; oa "boat; 
ei " either; ce ' 
eo " people ; oo " soon ; 
ey " they; ow " crow. 



30. This is a Latin diphthong, and is always 

pronounced like e in Latin. In English it is used 

only in words of Latin origin or formation; as, 

aqna-vUse, minidise, aesthetics; and it is commonly 

long, as in psean, but sometimes short, as in Deed- 

alus. 

AI. 

31. The usual sound of this diphthong is the 
same as long a, as in pail, pain, pronounced like 
pale, pane. The following are the principal excep- 
tions. It has the sound of short e in said and 
saith, and in again and against; that of short a in 
plaid and raillery ; that of long i in aisle ; and in a 
final unaccented syllable it has the obscure sound 
of the indistinct short », as in fountain, mountain, 
curtain, &c. 

AO. 

32. This diphthong occurs only in the word gaol, 
pronounced, as well as very often written, jail. 

ATT. 

33. The common sound of this diphthong is 
the same as that of broad a or aw, caul and haul 



being pronounced exactly like call and hall. But 
when these letters are followed by n and another 
consonant, the sound is changed, in a number of 
words, to that of the Italian a in far and farther; 
as, by most of the orthoepists, in the following 
words: aunt, craunch, daunt, flaunt, gaunt, gaunt- 
let, haunch, haunt, jaunt, jaundice, laugh, launch, 
laundress, laundry, maund, paunch, saunter, staunch. 
Some orthoepists pronounce a part of these words 
with the sound of broad a, as most of them do the 
word vaunt, and many of them the word taunt. 
In the word draught, this diphthong has accord- 
ing to some orthoepists the sound of a in far, and 
according to others the short sound of a in fat; in 
gauge, the sound of long a (as in page) ; in haut- 
boy, the sound of long o ; and in caxdifiower, lauda- 
num, aud laurel, it is by some orthoepists pro- 
nounced with the sound of short o, and by others 
with the sound of broad a; as, col'iflower or 
cau'liflower, &c. 

AW. 

34. This diphthong has the sound of broad a, — 
bawl and ball being pronounced exactly alike. 

AY. 

35. This diphthong has the sound of long a, as 
in pay, hay, &c. ; except in quay, which is pro- 
nounced ke. It has the sound of short e in says; 
and in Sunday, Monday, Ac, the last syllable is 
pronounced as if written Sunda, or Sundy, &c. 

EA. 

36. The regular sound of this diphthong is that 
of long e, as in beat, hear, pronounced like beet, 
here; but there are many words in which it has 
the sound of short e; as, head, dead, ready, &c. 
In some words it has the sound of short and ob- 
tuse e, as in earn, heard, pearl, &c. In a few 
words it has the sound of long a; as in breal; 
steak, great, bear, bearer, forbear, forswear, pear, 
swear, tear, wear. In some words it has the sound 
of a in far; as in heart, hearten, hearty, hearth, 
hearken ; and when unaccented it has only an ob- 
scure sound, as in vengeance, sergeant. 

The proper diphthong ea is found in a very few 
words; as, ocean, cetacean, lestacean. 

EATT. 

37. This triphthong is used only in words de- 
rived from the French. In beauty it has the sound 
of long u; but its regular sound is that of long o, 
as in beau, bureau, flambeau, &c. 

EE. 

38. This diphthong is almost always pronounced 
like long e ; the principal exceptions are been and 
breeches, ordinarily pronounced bin and britches. 
The poetical contractions e'er and we'er, for ever and 
never, are pronounced as if written air and nair. 



SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS AND TRIPHTHONGS. 



15 



EI. 

S9. This diphthong has most commonly the 
sound either of long a or of long e. It has 
the sound of long a in deign, eight, feign, feint, 
freight, Jieinous, inveigh, neigh, neighbor, reindeer, 
skein, veil, vein, weigh, weight, heir, their, &c. It 
has the sound of long e in ceil, ceiling, conceit, con- 
ceive, deceit, deceive, inveigle, perceive, receipt, receive, 
seize, seizin, seignior, seigniory, seine; commonly also 
in eWier, neitlter, and leisure. It has the sound of 
long i in height, heighten, and sleight ; of short e in 
heifer and nonpareil; and in an unaccented sylla- 
ble an indistinct sound of i, as in foreign, foreigner, 
forfeit, forfeiture, sovereign, sovereignty, surfeit. 

EO. 

40. This diphthong is pronounced like long o in 
yeoman and yeomanry, and like long e in people; 
like short e in jeopard, jeopardy, leopard, feoffee, 
f coffer, feoffment ; like broad o (as in nor) in geor- 
gic; like long u in feod, feodal, feodary (which are 
now commonly written fetid, feudal, and feudary) ; 
and when unaccented it has the indistinct sound 
of u or o, as in bludgeon, curmudgeon, dudgeon, 
dungeon, gudgeon, luncheon, puncheon, tmncheon, sur- 
geon, sturgeon, scutcheon, escutcheon, and the indis- 
tinct sound of i or o, as in pigeon, widgeon. 

ETJ. 

41. This diphthong is always sounded like'long 
u, as in feud, deuce. 

EW. 

42. This diphthong is almost always sounded 
like long u, or eu, as in few, hew, new ; but if r 
precedes it it takes the sound of oo, or of u in 
rule, as in brew, crew, drew. In the words shew 
and strew (written also show and strow) tliis diph- 
thong has the sound of long o, as it also has in 
the verb to sew, and commonly also in the word 
sewer, a drain. 

ET. 

43. This diphthong has the sound of long a, as 
in bey, dey, grey, hey, prey, they, whey, convey, obey, 
purvey, survey, eyre, eyry. In key and ley it has 
the sound of long e ; and when unaccented it has 
the slight sound of e, as in galley, valley, &c. 

IA.' 

44. This diphthong, in the terminations ial, ian, 
and iard, often forms but one syllable, the i being 
sounded like consonant y; as, Christian, filial, pon- 
iard, pronounced as if written Chriseyun, fil'yal, 
pon'yard. In some words it has the obscure sound 
of indistinct short i, as in carriage, marriage, par- 
liament. 

IE, 10, IETJ, IEW. 

45. The regular sound of the diphthong ie is 
that of long e, as in chief, fief, field, fiend, grena- 
dier, grief, gneve, lief, liege, mien, thief, &c. It has 
the sound of long i in die, hie, lie, pie, vie, &c. ; 
and the sound of short e in friend.— The diph- 
thong io occurs in many words in the termination 



ion. When i in this termination is preceded by 
a liquid, ion is pronounced like yun, as million, 
minion. The terminations sion and tion are pro- 
nounced like shun, as version, nation; but when 
the t is preceded by s or x, ion is pronounced yun, 
as question, mixtion. 

The triphthong ieu is found only in a few words, 
which are derived from the French, as, adieu, lieu, 
purlieu; and it has the sound of long «. — The 
triphthong iew occurs only in view, interview, and 
purview. 

0A. 

46. The regular sound of this diphthong is that 
of long o, as in boat, coat, coal, foal, loaf, moat, &c. ; 
but in broad, abroad, and grout it has the sound 
of broad o. 

<E. 

47. This diphthong is derived from the Latin ; 
and it is retained in but very few words used in 
English. It is found in assafaetida, where it is 
pronounced like short e; and in atdema, oesophagus, 
antozci, also in foetus (often written fetus), in which 
it has the sound of long e. 

(ETJ. 

48. This triphthong is found only in the word 
manoeuvre, and it has the sound of oo in moon, or 
of m in rule. 

01, 0Y. 

49. The sound of these diphthongs is the same; 
and it is noted in this Dictionary, as it is in that 
of Walker, and in various other pronouncing dic- 
tionaries, by the combined sound of broad o (as in 
nor) and short i or y, as boil, boy. 

00. 

50. The regular sound of this diphthong is 
heard in moon, food, stoop; and it is the same as 
that of single o in wore, prove. 

51. This diphthong has a shorter sound (the 
same as the sound of « in btdl, or of single o in 
mo//) in the words ending in ook, as book, brook, 
cook, crook, look, roolc, stook, took; also in foot, 
good, hood, stood, tcood, icool, and their compounds. 
Walker says that "foot, good, hood, stood, under- 
stood, withstood, wood, and wool are the only words 
where this diphthong has this middle sound." 
But the rest of the words above enumerated are 
pronounced with the same sound of this diph- 
thong by other orthoepists, as they are also in 
common usage. Smart says that the pronuncia- 
tion assigned by Walker to book (b68k) "is a de- 
cided provincialism." 

52. This diphthong has the sound of long o in 
door, floor, and brooch, and of short u in blood and 
flood. 

OTJ. 

53. This is the most irregular diphthong in the 
language. Its most common or regular sound is 
that in which both letters are heard, as in bound, 
sound, cloud, loud, our, shout, south, &c. 

54. This diphthong has tbe sound of short u 



1G 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



in country, cousin, couple, accouple, double, trouble, 
southern, courage, encourage, flourish, nourish, nour- 
ishment, enough, chough, rough, tough, touch, touchy, 
young, youngster, &c. It has the Bound of o in 
move, or oo in moon, in accoutre, aggroup, group, 
croup, bouge, amour, paramour, bouse, bousy, ca- 
pouch, cartouch, rouge, soup, surlout, tour, contour^ 
detour, tourney, tournament, through, uncouth, you, 
your, youth, and also in various other words de- 
rived from the French. It has the sound of long 
o in court, accourt, courtier, course, concourse, re- 
course, discourse, source, resource, four, fourth, pour, 
though, although, dough, mould, moult, mourn, shoul- 
der, smoulder, poult, poultice, poultry, sold. It has 
the sound of broad a, as in ball, or o, as in nor, in 
bought, brought, fought, ought, nought, sought, be- 
sought, thought, ivrought. It has the sound of u in 
bull, or of oo in good, in could, shoidd, would. It 
has the sotind of short o in hough, also (or, accord- 
ing to some orthoepists, of broad a) in cough and 
trough, rhyming with off and scoff. 

OW. 

55. The regular sound of this diphthong, the 
same as the regular sound of ou, is heard in how, 
now, down, town, tower, &c. It has the sound of 
long o in below, bestow, blow, crow, floio, flown, grow, 
grown, growth, glow, know, known, owe, own, owner, 
show, snow, sown, strow, throw, thrown; also in the 
following words, in some of their senses : bow, low, 
lower, mow, shower, sow. 

56. When this diphthong forms an unaccented 



syllable, it has the slight sound of long o, as in 
borrow, follow, follower. 

UA. 

57. When both of the letters of this diphthong 
are sounded, they have the power of wa, as in 
equal, language, persuade, suavity. In some words 
the u is silent, as in guard, guardian, guarantee, 
piquant; and in victuals and victualling both the 
letters are silent. 

TJE. 

58. When these letters are united in a diph- 
thong, and are both sounded, they have the power 
of we, as in consuetude, desuetude, mansuetude, con- 
quest. In some words the u is silent, as in guerdon, 
guess, guest. When this diphthong is final, the e 
is in many words silent, as in due, hue, pursue, 
value, &c. ; and in some words both letters are 
silent, as in league, fatigue, harangue, tongue, plague, 
vague, fugue, brogue, antique, oblique, decalogue, 
demagogue, dialogue, &c. — In the termination ogue, 
the o is short when preceded by g or /, as dema- 
gogue, dialogue,— except collogue ; but when any 
other consonant precedes o, it is long ; as, brogue, 
rogue, vogue, prorogue. 

VI. 

59. These letters, when they are united in a 
diphthong, and both are sounded, have the power 
of ivi, as in anguish, languid, vanquish. In some 
words the u is silent, as in guide, guile, build, 
guinea; and in others the i is silent, as in Juice, 
pursuit, fruit, &C 



SOUNDS OF THE CONSONANTS. 



60. The consonants are conventionally divided 
into mutes and semi-vowels; but this division is not 
a strictly scientific one. A more exact division is 
that into voiceless and voiced or sonant consonants. 
The mutes cannot be made truly vocal without the 
aid of a vowel. They are b, d, k, p, t, and c and g 
hard. 

61. The so-called semi-vowels have an imperfect 
sound of themselves. Some are not really vocal- 
ized, but are mere breathings, like / and s. The 
semi-vowels are /, I, m, n, r, s, v, x, z, and c and g 
soft. 

62. The four semi-vowels, 1, m, n, and r, are 
also called liquids, because they readily unite with 
other consonants, flowing, as it were, into their 
sounds. Some writers consider v as a liquid; 
others add w to the list. 

63. The following consonants are styled dentals, 
namely, d, j, s, t, z, and g soft, being pronounced 
chiefly by the aid of the teeth ; d, g, j, k, I, n, and 
q are called palatals, from the use made of the 
palate in pronouncing them; b, p, f, v, and m 
are called labi(ds, being pronounced chiefly by the 
lips; m, n, and the digraph ng are called nasals, 
being sounded " through the nose ;" and k, q, and c 



and g hard are called gutturals, being sounded by 
the throat. 

B. 

64. B, preceded by m in the same syllable, is 
generally silent ; a3, lamb, limb, comb, dumb, &c. ; 
but succumb is an exception. It is silent also be- 
fore t in the same syllable, as in debt, doubt, re- 
doubt, &c. 

C. 

65. This letter is hard, and sounds like k, be- 
fore a, o, and u; and it is soft, and sounds like s, 
before e, i, and y; except in sceptic and scirrhus 
and their derivatives, in which it is hard, like k. 
In the words indict, indicter, indictable, and indict- 
ment, c is silent. 

66. When c comes after the accent, and is fol- 
lowed by ea, ia, io, and eous, it takes, like s and t 
under the same circumstances, the sound of sh; 
as, ocean, social, tenacious, cetaceous. 

In the words discern, sacrifice, and suffice, and in 
several words derived from them, and also in the 
word sice, c has the sound of s. 

CH. 

67. The regular English sound of this digraph 



SOUNDS OF THE CONSONANTS. 



17 



is the same as that of tch or tsh; as in chair, child, 
rich, church. In words derived from the French, 
it has the sound of sh ; as in chaise, chagrin, machine. 
When the digraph ch follows I or n, as in belch, 
bench, filch, Walker, Jameson, and Fulton desig- 
nate its sound by sh, as belsh, bensh, fihh ; but other 
orthoepists, Sheridan, Perry, Jones, Knowles, and 
Smart, give to ch thus situated the same sound as 
it has in rich. 

68. In words derived from the Greek and Latin 
languages, the digraph ch is generally hard like k; 
as in alchemy, anarch, anarchy, anchor, anchoret, 
cachexy, catechism, chalcography, chalybeate, chame- 
leon, chamomile, chaos, character, chasm, chely, chem- 
istry, chimera, chirography, chiromancy, choler, chord, 
chorography, chorus, chyle, chyme, cochleary, conch, 
distich,, echinus, echo, epoclt, eunuch, hemistich, hie- 
rarch, hierarchy, machinal, machination, mechanic, 
mechanism, monarch, monarchical, orchestra, orchestre, 
pentateuch, scheme, schesis, scholar, school, stomach, 
stomachic, &c. The exceptions are charity, chart, 
and charter. Ch is hard in all words in which it 
is followed by I or r ; as chlorosis, Christian, &c. 

69. When arch, signifying chief, begins a word 
from the Greek language, and is followed by a 
vowel, it is pronounced arh; as in archangel, archi- 
tect, archive, archipelago, archetype, archiepiscopal, 
archidiaconal, architrave, archaism, archaeology ; but 
when arch is prefixed to an English word, it is 
pronounced so as to rhyme with march ; as, arch- 
bishop, archduke, arch-fiend. 

In drachm, schism, and yacht, ch is silent. 

D. 

70. The termination ed, assumed by the preter- 
ite and participle, in some words takes the sound 
of d, added to the preceding syllable ; as, healed, 
sealed, pronounced heald, seald; and in some it 
takes the sound of t, added in the same man- 
ner; as, distressed, mixed, pronounced distrest, mixL 
Some words which when used as participles are 
pronounced in one syllable, are when used as 
adjectives pronounced in two; as, learned, blessed, 
winged. (See No. 15.) 



F. 

71. This letter has always the same sound, ex- 
cept in the preposition of, in which it has the 
sound of v. 

G. 

72. G, like c, has two sounds, one hard, and the 
other soft. It is hard before a, o, and u. An 
exception is gaol, which is commonly written, as 
well as pronounced, jail. 

G followed by n at the beginning of a word is 
silent ; as, gnarl, gnash, gnat, gnaio, gnomon, gno- 
monics. It is also silent when followed by n at 
the end of a word; as, arraign, assign, benign, 
campaign, champaign, condign, deign, design, ensign, 
expugn, feign, foreign, impregn, impugn, malign, 
oppugn, reign, resign, sovereign. 

73. G before e, i, and y is sometimes hard and 

b 2* 



sometimes soft. It is generally soft at the begin- 
ning of words derived from the Greek, Latin, and 
French, and hard at the beginning of words from 
the Anglo-Saxon ; and these last, being much the 
smaller number of the words of this sort, may be 
regarded as exceptions. 

74. It is hard before e in gear, geek, geese, geld, 
gelding, gelt, get, gewgaw, shagged, snagged, cragged^ 
ragged, scragged, dogged, rugged, dagger, stagger, 
swagger, trigger, dogger, pettifogger, tiger, anger, 
eager, auger, finger, linger, conger, longer, stronger, 
younger, longest, strongest, youngest; before i in gib- 
ber, gibberish, gibbous, gibcut, giddy, gift, gig, giggle, 
giggler, gild, gill, gimlet, gimp, gird, girdle, girl, girt, 
girth, gizzard, begin, give, forgive, biggin, piggin, 
noggin, druggist, waggish, hoggish, sluggish, rigging, 
digging, &c. ; before y in boggy, cloggy, craggy, foggy, 
dreggy, jaggy, knaggy, muggy, quaggy, scraggy, shaggy, 
snaggy, swaggy, twiggy. 

75. The g in longer (the comparative of long), 
stronger, younger, longest, strongest, and youngest 
must articulate the e; and these words are pro- 
nounced as if written with gg. Thus, longer, the 
comparative of long, is pronounced long'ger; and 
longer, one who longs, long'er. — For some remarks 
on the 60und of g as connected with n, see No. 82. 

GH. 

76. In this digraph, at the beginning of a word, 
the h is silent, as in ghost, ghastly, gherkin; in 
burgh, h is silent at the end of the word ; at the 
end of words, both letters are commonly silent, 
as in high, nigh, sigh, thigh, neigh, weigh, inveigh, 
sleigh, bough, dough, though, although, plough, fur- 
lough, through, thorough, borough. In some words 
this digraph has the sound of /, as in enough, 
rough, tough, trough, cough, chough, laugh, laughter; 
in some, the sound of k, as in hough, shough, lough. 
In slough it is sometimes silent, and sometimes has 
the sound of/; and it is silent also, according to 
Walker, in dough when used in the sense of cliff. 

This combination of letters, ough, at the end of 
words, has no less than seven different sounds, 
which are exhibited in the following lines, ex- 
tracted from Notes and Queries, Vol. IV. : 

" 'Tis not an easy task to show 
How ough sound ; since, though 
An Irish lough and English slough. 
And cough and hiccough, all allow, 
Differ as much as tough and through, 
There seems no reason why they do." 

GHT. 

77. In this termination the letters gh are al- 
ways silent ; as, fight, right, height, &c. ; except in 
draught, which is pronounced, and in some of its 
senses usually written, draft. 



78. This letter is a note of aspiration, and it is 
silent at the beginning of a number of words ; as, 
heir, heiress, honor, honesty, honorable, hostler, hour, 



IS 



PEINCIPLES OF PKONUNCIATION. 



&c. In hospital, humble, humor, humorous, humor- 
some, herb, herbage, &c., according to some orthoe- 
pists it is silent, and according to others it is 
sounded. It is always silent after r; as in rheum, 
rhetoric, rhapsody, &c. 

J, K. 

79. J has the same sound as soft g. K has the 
same sound as c hard ; and it is always silent be- 
fore n ; as in knee, kneel, know, &c. 



80. L is silent, in many words ; as in calf, half, 
chalk, talk, balm, calm, would, could, should, &c. 



81. M always preserves its sound, except in ac- 
compt, accomptant, and comptroller, pronounced, and 
also more commonly written, account, accountant, 
and controller. 

N. 

82. N has two sounds, one simple and pure, as 
in man, not; the other compound and mixed, or 
nasal, called also by Walker its "ringing sound," 
which is heard in king, angle, thank, concord, ban- 
quet, anxious. This sound is given to n in many 
words, when this letter precedes k, c or g hard, qu, 
or x. It is accurately expressed as it is written, 
when g follows n at the end of a word, as king, 
hang ; but in other cases the sound of g is inter- 
posed between the n and the succeeding letter ; as, 
angle (ang'gle), thank (thangk), concord (cong'cord), 
banquet (bang'quet). In many words in which a 
syllable ending with g hard is followed by another 
syllable, the sound of g is given to the two sylla- 
bles; as, stronger (strong'ger) (see No. 75), anger 
(ang'ger), finger (fing'ger). But in bringer, hanger, 
ringer, singer, slinger, springer, and stringer, g is 
sounded only in the first syllable. 

The following is a list of most of the principal 
words in which, according to the best English or- 
thoepists, the letter n has this mixed or ringing 
sound : anchor, anger, angle, anguish, angular, ankle, 
anxious, bank, banquet, blank, blanket, brink, bungle, 
cancrine, canker, clangor, concord, concourse, conger, 
congress, crank, clank, clink, dangle, dank, drunk, 
English, finger, flank, function, fungous, gangrene, 
gingle, hank, hanker, hunger, ink, jangle, jingle, lan- 
guage, languish, languor, lank, linger, link, mangle, 
mingle, mink, monger, mongrel, monkey, pink, rancor, 
rank, rankle, sanguine, shingle, single, singular, sink, 
sprinkle, sunk, tangle, tank, thank, think, uncle, un- 
guent, vanquish, wink, wrinkle, Yankee, zinc. 

It may be hardly necessary to respell most of 
the words of this class in order to give their pro- 
nunciation, as, in their common orthography, they 
are naturally pronounced correctly, with the ap- 
propriate sound of the g. 

83. N is mute when it ends a syllable and is 
preceded by I or m, as in kiln, hymn, limn, column, 
autumn, solemn, condemn, contemn, &c. 



84. Pis silent before s and t at the beginning 
of words, as in psalm, psalter, ptisan. 

PH. 

85. This digraph generally has the sound of /, 
as in physic, philosophy, &c. In nephew (according 
to all the principal English orthoepists) and in 
Stephen it has the sound of v ; and in triphthong, 
naphtha, &c, the h is silent. 

Q. 

86. Q is always followed by u, and the digraph 
qu has commonly the sound of kiv, as in queen, 
quill, quart; but in many words, mostly derived 
from the French, it has the sound of k, as in co- 
quet, etiquette, masquerade, mosque, liquor, &c. 



87. The letter r has a jarring or trilling effect 
on the tongue, and is never silent. It has a pecu- 
liar influence both on the long and on the short 
sound of the vowels. It has the effect, under cer- 
tain circumstances," to change the short sound of a, 
as in man, into its Italian sound, as in far, and the 
short sound of o, as in not, into its broad sound, 
like a, as in nor ; and it has a corresponding effect 
on the short sound of the other vowels. (See page 
11.) When r is preceded by a long vowel it has 
sometimes the effect of blending the syllables. 
Thus, the monosyllables hire, lore, more, roar, sore, 
and flour are pronounced precisely like the dissyl- 
lables higher, lower, mower, rower, sower, and flower. 
These latter words, and also bower, cower, dower, 
power, tower, and some others, are regarded as dis- 
syllables in prose, but are all commonly pro- 
nounced as monosyllables in poetry. 

88. There is a difference of opinion among or- 
thoepists respecting the letter r. Johnson says 
that "it has one constant sound in English ;" and 
the same view of it is taken by Kenrick, Sheridan, 
Perry, Jones, Jameson, and Knowles. Walker, 
on the contrary, says, "There is a distinction in 
the sound of this letter scarcely ever noticed by 
any of our writers on the subject, which is, in 
my opinion, of no small importance, and that is 
the rough and the smooth r." The following is 
the view given by Smart: " R is a decided con- 
sonant when it begins a syllable, with or without 
another consonant, as in ray, pray ; and also when 
it ends a syllable, if it should be so circumstanced 
that, ending one, it also begins the next, as in 
arid, tarry, peril, berry, spirit, florid, huiry. Here 
the r has the same effect on the previous vowel 
that any other consonant would have, — that is to 
say, it stops, or renders the vowel essentially 
short. But, under other circumstances, final r is 
not a decided consonant ; and therefore the sylla- 
bles ar, er, ir, or, ur, are not coincident, as to the 
vowel sound in each, with at, et, it, ot, ut; neither 
do the vowel sounds in fare, mere, ire, ore, ure, poor, 
our, quite identify with those in fate, mete, ide, 



SOUNDS OF THE CONSONANTS. 



19 



ode, cube, pool, o!<;?." The later students of speech- 
sounds find several variations of the r sound, as 
well as of most other consonants. 

S. 

89. The regular or genuine sound of s is its 
sharp, sibilant, or hissing sound, like c soft, as in 
son, this. It has also a flat or soft sound (called by 
some its vocal sound), the same as that of the let- 
ter z, as in wise, his. 

90. S (except in the digraph sh) has almost al- 
ways its sharp, hissing sound at the beginning of 
words, as son, safe; also at the end of words when 
they terminate in as, except the words as, has, wees, 
whereas, and the plural of nouns ending in ea, 
as seas, pleas (also such plurals as stanzas, vistas) ; 
in all words ending in ss, as less, express; in all 
words ending in is, except the monosyllables is and 
his; in all words ending in us and ous, as genius, 
famous ; in all words when it is preceded in the 
same syllable by either of the mutes k, p, t, or by 
/, as locks, hats, caps, muffs. In the prefix dis, s in 
some cases has its vocal sound. 

91. S final has the sound of z when it immedi- 
ately follows any consonant, except the mutes k, 
p, t, the semi-vowel /, aud lh aspirated, as in ribs, 
heads, hens; also when it forma an additional syl- 
lable with e before it, in the plural of nouns and 
the third person singular of verbs, as in churches, 
boxes, prices, charges, teaches ; likewise in some verbs 
ending in se, to distinguish them from nouns and 
adjectives of tlie sumo form, as abuse, use, close, dif- 
fuse, as distinguished from the nouns abuse, use, 
and the adjectives close, diffuse. But it is impossi- 
ble to give rules which will enable one to deter- 
mine in all cases how s is to be pronounced, 
whether with its sharp, hissing sound, or with its 
voiced or soft sound, like z. 

92. S aspirated, or sounding like SH or ZH. — S 
takes the sound of sh in words ending in sion pre- 
ceded by a consonant, as in diversion, expulsion, di- 
mension, passion, mission, &c. ; also in the following 
words : censure, lei/sure, tonsure, sensual, fissure, scis- 
sure, pressure, comprcssure, impressure, sure, assure, 
insure, nauseate, nauseous, sensual, sugar, sumach. 

93. S has the sound of zh in the termination 
sion preceded by a vowel, as in evasion, cohesion, 
decision, explosion, contusion, &c. ; also in a number 
of words in which s is preceded by an accented 
vowel, and followed by the termination ure, as in 
measure, pleasure, displeasure, treasure, rasure, clos- 
ure, disclosure, enclosure, exposure, composure, incis- 
ure, leisure; also in several words ending in sier, 
as a-osier, osier, hosier, brasier, grasier ; also in am- 
brosia, ambrosial, elysinm, clysian ; also in the words 
abscission, scission, aud rescission. 



T. 

94. T, like s and c, is aspirated when it comes 
immediately after the accent and is followed by 
the vowels ia, ie, or io, taking the sound, in these 
cases, of sh ; as in partial, patient, nation, partition, 
militia, negotiate, &c. 

TH. 

95. This digraph has two sounds, — one voiceless, 
hard, sharp, or aspirate, as in thin, think, earth, 
breath, &c. ; the other flat, soft, or vocal, as in 
this, tlie, then, breathe, &c. 

96. At the beginning of words this digraph is 
generally sharp, as in thin, thorn. The exceptions 
are the following words, with their compounds : 
the, this, thai, Oiou, thee, thy, thine, they, their, theirs, 
them, these, those, there, therefore, then, thence, thither, 
though, thus. At the end of words it is generally 
sharp, as in death, breath, &c. ; but at the end of 
some verbs it is flat, as, to smooth, to mouth, to be- 
queath; also in the following, which are written 
with a final e: to bathe, to breathe, to clothe, to 
loathe, to sheathe, to soothe, to swathe, to wreathe. 

97. In some nouns it is sharp in the singular, as 
in bath, lath, path, oath, month; and flat in the plu- 
ral, as baths, laths, paths, oaths, mouths. 



98. Fhas only one sound, as in rale, vote; and it 
is never silent, except (according to some orthoe- 
pists) in twelvemonth. 

W, WH. 

99. W at the beginning of words is a conso- 
nant. It is silent before r; as, write, wren, wrist, &C 

The digraph wh is sounded much as if it were 
reversed, thus, hio ; as, when, while, pronounced 
huen, hicile. In some words the to is silent ; as, who, 
whole, &c. 

X. 

100. The regular sound of x is its sharp sound, 
like ks; as, excellent, exeade, expect, tax. 

101. It has a flat or soft sound, like gz, when the 
next syllable following begins with an accented 
vowel, as in exalt, example, exert, exeador ; also in 
some words derived from primitives in which it 
has the sound of gz, as, exaltation, exemplary. 

102. At the beginning of words it has the sound 
of 2, as in Xenophon, xylography. 

103. X takes the sound of ksh when the accent 
precedes it ; as, fluxion, anxious, luxury. 

Y, Z. 

104. Y, consonant, has always the same sound. 
— Z has the same sound as flat or soft s. It is as- 
pirated, taking the sound of zh, in a few words; 
as, brazier, glazier, grazier, vizier, seizure, &c. 



20 



PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 



ACCENT. 



105. All the words of the English language of 
more than one syllable have one accented syllable ; 
and most polysyllabic words have not only a sylla- 
ble with a primary accent, but also one with a 
secondary accent. 

106. It is the general tendency of the language 
to place the accent on the first syllable of dissylla- 
bles, and on the antepenultimate of polysyllables. 
The exceptions, however, are so numerous that 
this is not to be regarded as a rule, but only as a 
general tendency of the language. With respect, 
however, to verbs of two syllables, the tendency 
is to place the accent on the second syllable. 

107. A large part of the words of the English j 
language, especially of the polysyllables, are de- | 
rived from the Latin aud Greek languages, and | 
with respect to the accent of such words these ! 
languages have a great influence ; though in x'ela- 
tion to many of them the analogy of the English j 
prevails over that of the original language. 

108. Words which are adopted from the Latin j 
language into the English without any change of | 
orthography, generally retain the Latin accent, 
especially if they are terms of the arts and sci- 
ences, or words somewhat removed from common 
use. The following words have the accent on the 
penultimate syllable both in Latin and in Eng- 
lish : abdomen, acumen, asylum, bitumen, curator, 
decorum, delator, dictator, horizon, spectator, testator. 

109. Some words which have the accent on the 
penult in Latin are conformed to the English 
analogy, and have the accent on the antepenult; 
as, auditor, character, cicatrix, orator, minister, pleth- 
ora, senator, sinister. 

110. Monosyllables are generally marked, in 
pronouncing dictionaries, with the distinct sound 
of the vowels as they ai-e pronounced when ut- 
tered distinctly; but, in reading and speaking, 
many of them, especially the particles a, an, the, 
and, at, of, in, on, &c, are generally uttered so as 
to give only an indistinct or obscure sound to the 
vowel. 

111. Simple words of two syllables have only 
one syllable accented, except the word amen, 
which, Walker says, "is the only word in the 
language which has necessarily two consecutive 
accents." There are, however, many compound 
words of two syllables which have, or may have, 
both syllables more or less accented ; as, backslide, 
downfall, gainsay, henceforth, mankind, highway, 
lighl-house, sometimes, waylay, windmill, almost, &c. 

112. Many words of three and of four syllables 
have only one accented syllable; as, sensible, pen- 
ally, reliance, occurrence, republic, admirable, agree- 
able, celebrity, congenial, chalybeate, &c. But some 
have a secondary accent almost as strong as the 
primary ; as, advertise, artisan, partisan, complaisant, 
caravan, charlatan, domineer, privateer, violin, counter- 
mand, reprimand, contraband, commodore, reprehend, 



benefactor, malefactor, navigator, regulator, legislator, 
detrimental, judicature, caricature, animadvert, &c. 

113. Almost all words of more than four sylla- 
bles have both a primary and a secondary accent, 
and some words of seven or eight syllables have 
one primary and two secondary accents ; as, indi- 
visibility, incomprehensibility. 

114. The following dissyllables, when used as 
nouns or adjectives, have the accent on the first 
syllable, and when used as verbs, on the second : 



Nouns or 
Adjectives. 


Verbs. 


Nouns or 
Adjectives. 


Verbs. 


Ab'ject 


ab-ject' 


Ex'ile 


ex-ile' 


Ab'sent 


ab-senf 


Fer'ment 


fer-menf 


Ab'stract 


ab-stracf 


Fore'cast 


fore-cast' 


Ac'cent 


ac-cent' 


Fore'taste 


fore-taste' 


Affix 


af-fix' 


Fre'quent 


fre-quent' 


Aug'ment 


aug-ment' 


Im'port 


im-porf 


Bom'bard 


bom-bard' 


Im'press 


im-press' 


Cem'ent 


ce-menf 


In'cense 


in-cense' 


Colleague 


col-league' 


In 'crease 


in-crease' 


Col'lect 


col-lect' 


In'lay 


in -lay' 


Com'pact 


com -pact' 


In'sult 


in-sult' 


Com 'plot 


corn-plot' 


Ob'ject 


ob-jecf 


Com'pound 


corn-pound' 


Ouflaw 


out-law' 


Com 'press 


corn-press' 


Per'fume 


per-fume' 


Con'cert 


con-cert' 


Per'mit 


per-mif 


Con'crete 


con-crete' 


Pefvert 


per-verf 


Con'duct 


con-duct' 


Pre'fix 


pre-fix' 


Con 'feet 


con-feet' 


Prel'ude 


pre-lude' 


Con'fine 


con-fine' 


Prem'ise 


pre-mise' 


Con'flict 


con-flict' 


Pres'age 


pre-sage' 


Con 'serve 


con-serve' 


Pres'ent 


pre-senf 


Con 'sort 


con-sort' 


Prod'uce 


pro-duce' 


Con 'test 


con-test' 


Proj'ect 


pro-ject' 


Con'tract 


con-tract' 


Prog'ress 


pro-gress' 


Con'trast 


con-trast' 


Pro'test 


pro-test' 


Cou'vent 


con-vent' 


Reb'el 


re-bel' 


Con'verse 


con-verse' 


Eec'ord 


re-cord' 


Con'vert 


con-vert' 


Eefuse 


re-fuse' 


Con'vict 


con-vict' 


Re'tail 


re-tail' 


Con'voy 


con-voy' 


Sub'ject 


sub-ject' 


Des'ert 


de-serf 


Suffix 


suf-fix' 


Des'cant 


des-canf 


Sur'vey 


sur-vey' 


Di'gest 


di-gesf 


Tofmeut 


tor-menf 


Dis'count 


dis-counf 


Traj'ect 


tra-ject' 


Es'cort 


es-oprf 


Trans'fer 


trans-fer' 


Es'say 


es4ay' 


Trans 'port 


trans-port' 


Ex'port 


ex-port' 


Un'dress 


un-dress' 


Ex'tract 


ex-tracf 


Up'start 


up-starf 



115. Of the words in the preceding table, cent' 
ent, complot, increase, perfume, permit, retail, survey, 
and undress, when used as nouns, are often pro- 
nounced with the accent on the second syllable. 
(See these words in the Dictionary.) The words 
consult, contents, and detail, as nouus, are often pro- 
nounced, in accordance with this analogy, with 
the accent on the first syllable. 



ACCENT. 



21 



116. The following trisyllables, and a few others, 
when nouns, are accented on the first syllable, and 
when verbs, on the third : 



Noiuis. 
Coun'tercharge 
Coun'tercharm 
Countercheck 
Coun'termand 
Coua'termarch 
Coun'termine 
Coun'terplot 
Counterpoise 
Coun'tersign 
Countervail 
In'terchange 
In'terdict 
O'vercharge 
O'verfiow 
O'vermatch 
O'verthrow 
O'verturn 
Bep'rimand 



Verbs. 
countercharge' 
countercharm' 
countercheck' 
countermand' 
countermarch' 
countermine' 
counterplot' 
counteipoise' 
countersign' 
countervail' 
interchange' 
interdict' 
overcharge' 
overflow' 
overmatch' 
overthrow' 
overturn' 
reprimand' 



117. A similar analogy has influence in chang- 
ing the accent of many other words which are 
used as verbs and also as nouns or adjectives. 
Thus, counterbalance and overbalance, when nouns, 
have the accent on the first syllable, and when 
verbs, on the third; attribute, as a noun, is ac- 
cented on the first syllable, and as a verb, on the 
second; and misconduct, as a noun, is accented on 
the second syllable, and as a verb, on the third. 
A class of words with the termination ate have the 
distinct sound of long a when used as verbs, and 
the indistinct or obscure sound of a when used as 
nouns or adjectives; of this class are deliberate, in- 
timate, mediate, moderate, &c. The words interest 
and compliment, when used as verbs, are pro- 
nounced with a more distinct sound of short e, in 
the last syllable, than when used as nouns. The 
verb to prophesy has the full sound of long y, and 
the noun prophecy the obscure sound of y or e. 
So the whole class of verbs ending in fy are pro- 
nounced with the distinct sound of long y. 

118. The pronunciation of the following words 
when useil as nouns or adjectives is different from 
what it is when used as verbs : 



Nouns or 
Adjectives. 
Abuse 
Advice 
Close 
Device" 
Diffuse 
Excuse 



Verbs. 
abuse 
advise 
close 



diffuse 
excuse 



Nouns or 
Adjectives. 
Grease 
House 
Mouse 
Prophecy 
Bise 
Use 



Verbs. 

grea§e 

house 

mouse 

prophesy 

rise 

u§e 



The following words, when used as nouns, have 
an accent different from their accent as adjectives : 

Nouns. 
Au'gust 
Com'pact 
Ex'ile 
Gallant' 



Adjectives. 


Nouns. 


Adjectives. 


august' 


In'stinct 


instinct' 


compact' 


Invalid' 


inval'id 


exile' 


Min'ute 


minute' 


gal'lant 


Su'pine 


supine' 



119. All words ending in sion and Hon have the 
accent on the penultimate syllable; as, dissen'sion, 
declara'tion, medita'tion, &c. 

120. Words ending in ia, iac, ial, ian, eous, and 
ious have the accent on the preceding syllable ; as, 
rega'lia, demo'niac, impe'rial, ruerid'ian, sponta' neous, 
inelo'dious. If c, g, s, t, or x precedes the vowel e 
or i iu these terminations, these vowels are gener- 
ally blended with the vowel or vowels which fol- 
low, being pronounced with them in one syllable ; 
as, benefi'ciul, magi'cian, farina' ceous^ lo/jua'cious, dis- 
sen'sious, coura'geous, conta'gious, contentious, anx'- 
ious. The only exception to this rule, in relation 
to placing the accent, is the word elegiac, which is 
commonly pronounced elegi'ac, though some pro- 
nounce it, in accordance with the rule, ele'.jiac. 

121. Words ending in acal and icul have the ac- 
cent on the antepenultimate syllable ; as, hdi'acal, 
alphabetical, fanatfical, geograph' ical, poetfical, &c. 
In words of this termination, the vowels in the 
accented syllables, if followed by a consonant, are 
short, except u, which is long; as, cubical, nm'si- 
cul, scorbu'tical. 

122. Words ending in ic generally have the 
accent on the penultimate syllable; as, algebra'ic, 
metal'lic, epidem'ic, scientific, barmon'ic, paraiytfic 
If a consonant immediately precedes the /, the 
vowels in the accented syllables are short, except 
the vowel u, which is long if it is followed by a 
single consonant; as, cheru'bic, scorWtfc, svlphu'- 
ric, lellu'ric, &c. But if u is followed by two con- 
sonants it is sometimes short; as, fux'tic, rus'tic ; 
and sometimes long; as, ru'bric, lu'bric. The fol- 
lowing words, which are exceptions to this rule, 
have the accent on the antepenultimate syllable : 
ar'senic (as a noun), arith'metic, bish'opric, cath'olic, 
chol'eric, ephem'eric, her'etic, lu'natic, pol'itic, rhetforic, 
and lur'meric. The following words, climacteric, 
empiric, phlegmatic, plethoric, splenetic, according to 
some orthoepists are conformed to the rule, and 
according to others they are exceptions to it. 

123. Words of three or more syllables, ending 
in eal, have their accent on the antepenultimate 
syllable; as, bo'real, corpo'real, incorpo'real, cu'neal, 
empy/eal, ethe'real, fune'real, homoge'neal, heteroge'- 
ueal, lic'teal, loi'eal, oi J deal; except hymene'al, which 
has the penultimate accent. 

124. Of words ending in ean, the following, 
being conformed to the English analogy, have the 
accent on the antepenultimate syllable : cei-be'rean, 
ceru'lean, hyperbo'rean, Hercu'lean, marmo'rcan, med- 
iterra'nean, subteira'nean, Tartarean; but the fol- 
lowing are pronounced by the principal orthoe- 
pists, in accordance with the best usage, with the 
accent on the penultimate : adamante'an, anlipode'- 
an, Atlante'an, colosse'an, ernpyre'an, Epicurean, Eu- 
rope'an, hymene'an, pygme'an. With regard to 
European, Walker remarks as follows: "This 
word, according to the analogy of our own lan- 
guage, ought certainly to have the accent on the 
second syllable ; and this is the pronunciation 
which unlettered speakers constantly adopt; but 



22 



PKINCIPLES OF PEONUNCIATION. 



the learned, ashamed of the analogies of their 
own tongue, always place the accent on the third 
syllable, because Europseus has the penultimate 
long, and is therefore accented in Latin. Epicurean 
has the accent on the same syllable, by the same 
rule ; while herculean and cerulean submit to Eng- 
lish analogy, and have their accent on the second 
syllable, because their penultimate in Latin is 
short." 

125. Words ending in hide, efy, ify, ety, ity, 
graphy, logy, loquy, athy, metry, tomy, meter, gonal, 
fluous, fluent, and parous, have their accent on the 
antepenultimate ; as, fortitude, rar'efy, diversify, va- 
riety, liberal'ity, geog'raphy, geol'ogy, solil'oquy, syni'- 
palhy, geom'etry, anat'omy, barom'eter, diag'onal, 
super' fluous, affluent, ovip'arous. 

126. Words of three or more syllables, ending in 
idous, inous, erous, and orous, have the accent on 
the antepenultimate ; as, sed'ulous, volu'mhwus, vo- 
ciferous, carniv' orous ; except cano'rous and sono'- 
rous, which have the accent on the penultimate. 

127. Words of three or more syllables, ending in 
ative, have the accent on the antepenultimate, or 
on the preceding syllable ; as, reV ative, appel'lative, 
communicative, speculative. The exceptions are 
crea'tive, colla'tive, dila'tive. 

128. Words ending in tive, preceded by a conso- 
nant, have the accent on the penultimate; as, 
attractive, invec'tive, presumptive; except ad'jective 
and sub' siantive. 

129. There is a class of adjectives ending in ose, 
as, acetose, adipose, anhelose, operose, &c, with re- 



spect to which there is much diversity among or- 
thoepists in relation to placing the principal accent. 
Walker says. "From the decided prevalence of the 
accent on the last syllable of these words, we may 
easily guess at the analogy of pronunciation, and, 
with very little hesitation, determine that the ac- 
cent ought to be placed on the last syllable of 
them all." Smart, however, and some other re- 
spectable orthoepists, place the primary accent of 
a great part of this class of words on the first, or 
autepenultimate, syllable. But with respect to 
most of these words the primary and secondary 
accents are so nearly equal tha.t it is of little im- 
portance whether the primary accent is placed on 
the last or on the first or antepenultimate sylla- 
ble; that is, whether the following words are 
noted thus, ad-i-pose', an-he-lose', op-e-rose', or 
thus, ad'i-pose, an/he-lose, op'e-rose. A few of 
these words are erroneously pronounced by some 
orthoepists with the accent on the penultimate 
syllable; as, a-ce'tose. 

130. There is a class of words ending in or, 
which, when used in law language in connection 
with their correlative terms, have the accent on 
the last syllable. The following words, with their 
correlatives, are of this class : 



Appellor 

Assignor 

Bargainor 

Consignor 

Devisor 

Donor 



appellee 

assignee 

bargainee 

consignee 

devisee 

donee 



Grantor 

Guarantor 

Legator 

Mortgageor 

Obligor 

Recognizor 



grantee 

guarantee 

legatee 

mortgagee 

obligee 

recognizee 



ORTHOEPY AND ORTHOEPISTS. 



The pronunciation of the English language, like 
that of all living languages, is in a great measure 
arbitrary. It is exposed to the caprices of fashion 
and taste. It is liable to change from one age to 
another ; and it varies, more or less, not only in 
the different and distantly-separated countries in 
which it is spoken, but also in the different di- 
visions and districts of the same country. No two 
speakers or orthoepists, though inhabitants of the 
same place, would be likely to agree in the pro- 
nunciation of all its words. The standard of pro- 
nunciation is not the authority of any dictionary, 
or of any orthoepist ; but it is the present usage 
of literary and well-bred society. 

The question may be asked, Where is this stand- 
ard to be sought, or this usage to be ascertained ? 
To this it may be answered that London is the 
great metropolis of English literature, and that it 
has an incomparably greater influence than any 
other city in giving law, in relation to style and 
pronunciation, to the many millions who write 
and speak the language. The English orthoepists 
naturally refer to the usage of the best society in 
London as their principal standard; but the usage 
of good society in that city is not uniform, and no 



two orthoepists would perfectly agree with each 
other in attempting to exhibit it. 

It may be further asked, How far is it proper for 
the people of the United States to be guided in 
their pronunciation by the usages of London? To 
this it may be answered that it is advisable for 
American speakers, as well as writers, to conform 
substantially to the best models, wherever they may 
be found; and so long as London holds its rank 
as the great metropolis of the literature.of the 
English language, so long it must have a predom- 
inant influence with respect to speaking and writ- 
ing it. If the influence of the usage of London 
were discarded, where should we seek for a usage 
that would be generally acknowledged as. entitled 
to higher authority ? There is no one city in the 
United States which holds a corresponding rank 
as a centre of intelligence and fashion, — no one 
which is the central and undisputed metropolis of 
Anglo-American literature, as London is of Eng- 
lish literature. Pronunciation in the United States 
is, indeed, now substantially conformed to the 
usage of London. The works of some of the Eng- 
lish orthoepists, who have regarded the usage of 
London as their standard, have been as generally 



ORTHOEPY AND ORTHOEPISTS. 



23 



circulated and used in this country as they have 
been in England ; and there is undoubtedly a more 
general conformity to the London usage in pro- 
nunciation throughout the United States than 
there is throughout Great Britain. 

Although it is not to be questioned that, with 
respect to the many millions who speak the Eng- 
lish language, the usage of London is entitled to 
far more weight than that of any other city, yet 
this is not the only thing to be observed. The 
usage of the best society in the place or district in 
which one resides is not to be disregarded. If our 
pronuuciation is agreeable to the analogy of the 
language, and conformed to the practice of the 
best society with which we have intercourse, we 
may have no sufficient reason to change it, though 
it should deviate, more or less, from the existing 
usage of London. A proper pronunciation is in- 
deed a desirable accomplishment, and is indica- 
tive of a correct taste and a good education ; still 
it ought to be remembered that, in speech as in 
manners, rusticity is more excusable than affecta- 
tion. 

"For pronunciation," says Dr. Johnson, "the 
best general rule is to consider those as the most 
elegant speakers who deviate least from the writ- 
ten words." There are many words of which the 
pronunciation in England is, at present, better 
conformed to the spelling than it was formerly; 
and the principle of conformity of the manner of 
writing to that of speaking the language has been 
carried somewhat farther in the United States 
than in England. This is a principle which seems 
worthy of being encouraged rather than checked. 
With respect to the want of conformity of the pro- 
nunciation of words to their orthography, Smart 



says, "Fortunately, the number of these anomalies 
is daily decreasing, so that many words which, 
in Walker's Dictionary, are marked as having a 
customary irregular pronunciation, appear in this 
with their regular sounds, and yet with usage in 
their favor." 

Much ingenuity and labor have been employed 
by various orthoepists in their efforts to settle the 
pronunciation of the language ; and different sys- 
tems of notation for designating the sounds of the 
letters have been adopted. But it has been found 
difficult to form such a system as will correctly 
represent all the various sounds of the letters, and 
not be liable to mistake; and if such a system 
were formed, it would be a difficult and delicate 
matter to make a correct application of it to all 
cases. The language, as it respects pronuncia- 
tion, has many irregularities, which cannot be 
subjected to any general rules; and with regard 
to the pronunciation of particular words, the in- 
stances are numerous in relation to which there is 
a disagreement among the best orthoepists. 

The following table exhibits the manner in 
which the pronunciation of a number of words is 
represented by Sheridan, Walker, Jameson, and 
Smart, together with the mode adopted in this 
work. These several orthoepists have each his 
own peculiar system of notation; but as their dif- 
ferent methods of marking the letters cannot be 
here exhibited without much inconvenience, and 
without causing great confusion to the reader, 
their respective modes of the respelling of the 
words are presented; and instead of their marks 
on the vowels, those employed in this work are 
substituted, indicating, in all cases, the sounds of 
the letters as given by them. 







Sheridan. 


Walker. 


Jameson. 


Smart. 


A-bn'i-ty. 


a-bil'e-te 


a-bil'y-ty- 


a-bil'e-te 


a-bll'e-te 


a-bil'e-te 


Av'er-ai'e 


av'er-aj 


av'e-rfy'o 


av'ur-idje 


av'er-aje 


av'er-aje 


De-lib'er-ate, v 


de-lib'er-at 


de-lib'e-rate 


de-lib'er-ate 


de-lib'er-ate 


de-lib'er-ate 


De-lib'er-ate, a 


de-lib'er-at 


de-lib'e-ret 


de-lib'er-ate 


de-lib'er-ate 


de-lib'er-ate 


£d'u-cate 


ed'yu-kat 


ed'Q-kat 


ed'ju-kate 


ed'ii-kate 


ed'u-kate 


Feat'ure 


fet'yur 


fe'tshur 


fe'tshure 


fete'yer 


fet'ch'oor 


Im-pet'u-ous 


im-pet'yu-us 


Im-pet'tQ-us 


im-petsh'ii-us 


im-pet'u-us 


im-pet'u-us 


In'ter-est, v. 


in'ter-est 


in'ter-est 


in'ter-est 


in'ter-est 


in'ter-est 


In'ter-est, n. 


in'ter-est 


in'cer-est 


in'ter-est 


in'ter-est 


in'ter-est 


In'ti-mate, v. 


In'te-mat 


In'ty-mate 


in'te-mite 


in'te-mate 


ju'te-mfit 


In'ti-mate, a. 


in'te-mat 


In'ty-met 


in'te-mat 


in'te-mate 


In'te-mat 


Mod'er-ate, v. 


mod'er-at 


mod'der-ate 


mod'der-ate 


mod'der-ate 


mod'er-at 


Mod'er-ate, a. 


mod'er-at 


mod'der-et 


mod'der-at 


mod'der-ate 


mod'er-at 


Nat'u-ral 


nat'yu-ral 


nat'tshur-el 


nat'tshu-ral 


nat'ii-ral 


nat'choo-ral 


Nat'ure 


nat'yur 


na'tshur 


na'tshure 


nate'yur 


na'ch'oor 


Q-be'di-ent 


o-be'de-ent 


o-be'dzhent 


o-be'je-ent 


o-be'de-ent 


6-be'de-ent 


V'irt'u-ous 


virt'yu-us 


ver'tshu-us 


ver'tshu-us 


vir'tu-us 


ver'ch'oo-us 



In relation to all the words here exhibited, these 
orthoepists agree with respect to two of the most 
important points in the pronunciation of words, 
namely, the syllable on which the accent is to be 
placed, and the quantity of the vowel in the ac- 
cented syllable. Though with regard to the modes 
of representing the pronunciation of most of these 



words there is a considerable diversity, yet it is 
doubtless true that the pronunciation intended 
to be expressed differs, in reality, much less than 
it would seem to do, and that in numerous in- 
stances these orthoepists agreed much better in 
their practice than in their mode of indicating it. 
There is an obvious difference in the quantity 



24 



OETHOEPY AND OKTHOEPISTS. 



and in the stress of voice with which the last syl- I 
lable of the words deliberate and moderate are pro- 
nounced when verbs and when adjectives. All 
these orthoepists mark the a long in the last sylla- 
ble of these words when used as verbs; Jameson 
and Smart also mark it long when they are ad- 
jectives; Walker shortens the a in the adjective 
moderate; Sheridan changes the a in both of the 
words, when adjectives, into short e. But there 
seems to be no advantage in changing the letter in 
such cases. It is but slightly pronounced, and 
has not the distinct sound of either short e or 
short or long a; and with respect to most of the 
instances in which the vowels in this Dictionary 
have a dot placed under them, they are so slightly 
pronounced that to mark them with a distinct 
sound, either long or short, would tend rather to 
mislead than to assist in pronouncing them. If 
the syllables on which the primary and secondary 
accents fall are correctly pronounced, the com- 
paratively indistinct syllables will naturally be 
pronounced aright. 

With respect to words variously pronounced, 
Walker says, "The only method of knowing the 
extent of custom, in these cases, seems to be an 
inspection of those dictionaries which professedly 
treat of pronunciation. We have now so many 
works of this kind that the general current of 
custom, with respect to the sound of words, may 
be collected from them with almost as much cer- 
tainty as the general sense of words from Johnson. 
An exhibition of the opinions of orthoepists about 
the sound of words always appeared to me a very 
rational method of determining what is called 
custom. This method I have adopted." The 
method thus countenanced by Walker has been 
carried out in this Dictionary much more thor- 
oughly than he had the means of doing it, inas- 
much as the greater part of the works which are 
made use of as the principal authorities have been 
published since his time. With respect to many of 
these variously pronounced woi'ds, it is difficult to 
decide what method is to be preferred ; and it is 
not to be supposed that the mode for which the 
compiler has indicated a preference will in all 
cases be esteemed the best; but, when it is not, 
the mode which the reader may deem preferable 
will be found included within the brackets, and 
supported by its proper authority. 

It may be seen, with respect to words variously 
pronounced, that a preference is not always given 
to the mode which has the most support from or- 



thoepists; yet in some instances, in deference to 
the weight of authorities, the compiler has given 
a preference to a mode which, in the exercise of 
his own judgment, independent of the authorities, 
he would not have preferred ; for it would be un- 
reasonable for him to make a conformity to his 
own taste, or to the result of his own limited obser- 
vation, a law to those who may differ from him and 
yet agree with perhaps the more common usage. 

In giving the authorities for pronunciation in 
this Dictionary, neither the respelling nor the no- 
tation of the orthoepists cited has generally been 
exhibited, as it was necessary to reduce them all 
to one system. Their precise difference is not 
always presented with exactness ; yet the cases of 
failure are not important. The different editions 
of the authors used as authorities differ in various 
instances ; and it is sometimes impossible to ascer- 
tain whether the intention of the writer has not 
been frustrated by an error of the press. ' » 

The English authorities most frequently cited in 
this volume are Sheridan, Walker, Perry, Jones, 
Enfield, Fulton and Knight, Jameson, Knowles, 
Smart, Eeid, and Craig, all of whom are authors 
of Pronouncing Dictionaries. In addition to these, 
various other English lexicographers and ortho- 
epists are sometimes brought forward, as Bailey, 
Johnson, Kenrick, Ash, Barclay, Entick, Scott, 
Ogilvie, Boag, Clarke, Wright, Nares, and several 
others, besides the distinguished American lexi- 
cographer, Dr. Webster. The edition of Webster's 
Dictionary made use of is that of 1841, which is 
the latest that was published during the life of 
the author. 

The different English orthoepists who are made 
use of as authorities are entitled to very different 
degrees of respect. There is no one of them who 
has obtained a higher and more widely extended 
reputation than Walker; and no one appears to 
have bestowed longer and more patient attention 
in studying the analogies of the language, and in 
ascertaining the best usage. But there has been 
considerable change since his time ; and some w ho 
have succeeded him have corrected some of his 
mistakes, and made improvements on his system ; 
and they may, in many cases, be considered better 
guides as to the present usage than Walker. 

Of the successors of Walker, Mr. Smart appears 
to have given the most careful and discriminating 
attention to the subject ; and he may therefore be 
regarded as the best single authority for present 
English usage. 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 



EEMAEKS— WITH RULES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 



1. The orthography of the English language has 
been undergoing continual changes from the time 
of its first formation to the present day, although for 
a century or upwards it may be regarded as having 
assumed a comparatively settled form. If we look 
into books printed in the reign of Queen Anne, we 
meet with many words having an orthography 
different from that which is now in use. If we 
carry our observation back as far as the reign of 
Queen Elizabeth, we find the difference in orthog- 
raphy greatly increased ; and when, in our retro- 
spective examination, we reach the age of Chaucer 
and Wickliffe, we find many words which, though 
they are now actually in use, are so disguised in 
their orthographical form, and are of so odd and 
uncouth an apppearauce, that they can hardly be 
recognized. 

2. The early productions of English literature 
which are still much read, such as the works of 
Bacon, Hooker, Shakespeare, and the common 
version of the Bible, appear now in an orthography 
very different from that in which they were at 
first printed. The first four verses of the thirty- 
second chapter of Deuteronomy, in the first edition 
of the common version of the Bible, printed in 
1611, stands thus: "Giue eare, yee heauens, 
and I wil speake ; and heare, earth, the words 
of my mouth. My doctrine shall drop as the 
raine ; my speach shall distill as the deaw, as the 
smal raine vpon the tender herbe, and as showres 
vpon the grasse. Because I wil publish the Name 
of the Lord ; ascribe yee greatnesse vnto our God. 
He is the rocke, his worke is perfect : for all his 
wayes are "Judgement : A God of trueth, and with- 
out iniquity, iust and right is he." In these few 
lines, which may be taken as a specimen of the 
whole, there are twenty-seven instances in which 
the words appear in an orthography different from 
that in which they are now printed. It is not 
uncommon to find the same word spelt in more 
ways than one on the same page, as is often the 
case with works even of the most distinguished 
writers printed in the early ages of English litera- 
ture. 

3. In adjusting the orthography of this Diction- 
ary much care has been taken ; in performing the 
work attention has been paid to etymology, anal- 
ogy, and usage ; and in cases in which good usage 
is divided, etymology and analogy have been con- 
sulted in deciding disputable points. But no in- 



novation has been made with respect to those 
cases in which usage is invariable and settled. 

4. With respect to orthography, the best usage 
in America differs very little from the best usage 
in England. There is a class of words ending in 
or or our, all of which, unless Saviour may be re- 
garded as an exception, are commonly written in 
this country without the u; as, error, favor, honor, 
terror, &c. But although the greater part of the 
words ending in or or our are written in England 
without the u, yet there are a few of these words, 
of very frequent occurrence, most of them dis- 
syllables, which are commonly written in England 
with the m ; as, favour, honour, &c. 

5. A numerous class of words formerly written 
with the termination ick, as musick, publick, are 
now written, both in England and the United 
States, with the termination ic; as, music, public. 
But the verbs to frolic, to mimic, to physic, to traffic, 
to bivouac, though written without the jfc in the 
present tense, yet on assuming another syllable, 
in forming the past tense and participles, the jfc 
must be used in order to keep the c hard ; as, traf' 
ficked, trafficking. 

6. Verbs of one syllable ending with a single 
consonant, preceded by a single vowel (as plan), 
and verbs of two or more syllables ending in the 
same manner, and having the accent on the last 
syllable (as regret), double the final consonant of 
the verb on assuming an additional syllable ; as, 
plan, planned; regret, regretted. But if a diphthong 
precedes the last consonant (as in join), or the 
accent is not on the last syllable (as in suffer), the 
consonant is not doubled ; as, join, joined ; suffer, 
suffered. 

There is an exception to the last clause of the 
preceding rule, with respect to most of the verbs 
ending in the letter I, which on assuming an ad- 
ditional syllable are allowed, by general usage, to 
double the I, though the accent is not on the last 
syllable; as, travel, travelling, travelled, traveller; 
libel, libelling, libelled, libeller, libellous. But the 
derivatives of parallel are written without doubling 
the final I ; as, paralleled, unparalleled. — The nouns 
petal, peril, novel, dial, and viol, on assuming an ad- 
ditional syllable, do not double the I: as, petalous, 
perilous, novelist, dialkt, violist. 

The following list comprises the verbs ending in 
I, which, though they have not the accent on the 
last syllable, yet commonly double the final I: 

25 



26 



EULES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 



apparel 


dishevel 


handsel 


model 


rival 


bevel 


drivel 


hatchel 


panel 


rowel 


bowel 


duel 


imperil 


parcel 


shovel 


cancel 


embowel 


jewel 


pencil 


shrivel 


carol 


empanel 


kennel 


peril 


snivel 


cavil 


enamel 


label 


pistol 


tassel 


channel 


equal 


level 


pommel 


trammel 


chisel 


gambol 


libel 


quarrel 


travel 


counsel 


gravel 


marshal 


ravel 


tunnel 


cudgel 


grovel 


marvel 


revel 


unravel 



The derivatives of these verbs are sometimes 
epelt with a single I ; and this mode is more or less 
favored by some lexicographers ; and although it 
accords with the analogy of the language, yet the 
prevailing usage is to double the Z. 

7. Some words having a secondary accent on 
the last syllable double the last letter on assuming 
an additional syllable. The verb to kidnap always 
doubles the p on assuming an additional syllable ; 
as, kidnap, kidnapped, kidnapping, kidnapper; — also 
the following words : compromit, compromitted ; car- 
buret, carburetted; sidphuret, sulphuretted; — also va- 
rious compound words ; as, half-wit, half-witted, &c. 

8. The verb to bias doubles the s on assuming an 
additional syllable; as, Massing, biassed, biasser; 
also the verb to worship commonly doubles the p ; 
as, worship, worshipping, worshipper. 

9. There is some diversity in usage with respect 
to several other verbs ending in p, which, although 
the accent is not on the last syllable, are sometimes 
allowed to double the last consonant when another 
syllable is added. But the more correct and regu- 
lar mode is to write them without doubling the 
final consonant ; as, gallop, galloping. The deriva- 
tives of a few words ending in t are sometimes er- 
roneously written with the t doubled ; as, benefitted, 
instead of benefited; combatled, instead of combated. 

10. Most of the words in the English language 
which end in ise, and almost all which end in ize, 
are verbs ; and with regard to a number of these 
verbs there is a diversity in the English diction- 
aries, as well as in common usage, in relation to 
this termination, the same verbs sometimes end- 
ing in ize and sometimes in ise. With regard to 
this termination, the following rule is generally, 
though not invariably, observed : 

Verbs derived from Greek verbs ending in i£w, 
and others formed after the same analogy, have 
the termination ize; as, agonize, characterize; but 
words derived from the French prendre have the 
termination ise ; as, apprise, surprise, enterprise. 

The following list comprises most of the Eng- 
lish verbs which are generally written with the 
termination ise : 



advertise 


compromise 


emprise 


misprise 


advise 


demise 


enfranchise 


premise 


affranchise 


despise 


enterprise 


revise 


apprise 


devise 


exercise 


supervise 


chastise 


disfranchise 


exorcise 


surmise 


circumcise 


disguise 


franchise 


surprise 


comprise 


divertise 


merchandise 





In relation to the following words — catechise or 
catechize, criticise or criticize, patronise or patronize, 
recognise or recognize— the dictionaries and usage 
are divided, though the most of tbe dictionaries 
give the termination ise to these verbs. There 
are other words with regard to which there is a 
want of uniformity in usage ; as, civilize, disseize, 
epitomize, &c. 

11. There are a few verbs which are derived 
from nouns ending in th hard or sharp, as in thin, 
and which have e added to th, making the sound 
of th soft or vocal, as in this. Such are the follow- 
ing : from bath, bathe ; from breath, breathe ; from 
cloth, clothe; from loath, loathe; from sheath, sheathe; 
from sooth, soothe ; from swath, swathe ; from wreath, 
wreathe and inwreathe ; but the following verbs are 
commonly written without a final e, viz., to be- 
queath, to mouth, and to smooth. 

12. Verbs ending in ie change the ie into y on 
adding ?;»#; as, die, dying; lie, lying; tie, tying. 

13. Verbs ending with a single e omit the e when 
ing is added ; as, place, placing ; relate, relating. 

The following words are exceptions: dye (to 
color), dyeing; hoe, hoeing; shoe, shoeing: and when 
ing is added to the verbs singe, swinge, and tinge, 
the e is properly retained ; as, singeing, swingeing, 
and tingeing, in order to distinguish these parti- 
ciples from singing, swinging, and tinging 

14. All verbs ending in y, preceded by a conso- 
nant, retain the y on adding ing ; as, spy, spying ; 
deny, denying; but when ed is added the y is changed 
into i; as, spy, spied; deny, denied; and when s is 
added y is changed into ie; as, spy, spies; deny, 
denies. 

15. Verbs ending in y, preceded by another 
vowel, on adding ing, ed, or s, do not change y into 
i; as, delay, delaying, delayed, delays. 

The following words are exceptions : lay, laid; 
pay, paid ; say, said ; stay, stayed or staid. 

16. The greater part of verbal nouns end in er, 
as from advertise, advertiser; but many of them 
end in or, as from imitate, imitator; from instruct, 
instructor; and some are seen in both forms, as 
visitor, visiter. The verbal nouns from beg and lie 
are irregularly formed beggar and liar. From 
peddle the regular verbal noun would be peddler ; 
but the noun is commonly written pedler, and 
sometimes pedlar. 

17. There is a class of words ending in tre, as 
centre, metre, &c, which are by some written center, 
meter, &c. ; but the former mode is supported by 
the prevailing usage. 

18. There is a numerous class of English ad- 
jectives ending in able or ible, amounting to nearly 
a thousand, more than three-fourths of which end 
in able. A part of these adjectives are derived 
from Latin adjectives ending in abilis or ibilis ; a 
few of them are adopted from the French; and 
many of them are of English growth ; and these 
are chiefly derived from verbs, as from allow, allow- 
able, from move, movable; sometimes from nouns, 
as from action, actionable, from peace, peaceable. 



EULES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 



27 



19. "With respect to the orthography of those ad- 
jectives which are of English origin, it is difficult 
to give any general rule ; and in some cases it is 
difficult to determine whether they should end in 
able or ible ; and in a few cases usage is more or 
less variable ; as, addible or addable, conversable or 
conversible, referrible or referable. 

20. Latin adjectives ending in abilis are derived 
from Latin verbs of the first conjugation ; as, 
midabilis, from muto, mutare; and from adjectives 
with this termination in Latin are formed English 
adjectives ending in able ; as, mutable. Latin ad- 
jectives ending in ibilis are derived from verbs of 
the second, third, or fourth conjugation ; as, doci- 
bilis, from doceo, docere ; legibilis, from lego, legere; 
avdibilis, from audio, audire; and from adjectives 
with this termination in Latin are formed English 
adjectives ending in ible ; as, docible, legible, audible. 

21. Derivative adjectives ending in able are 
written without an e before a ; as, blamable, mova- 
ble, not blameable, moveable; except those of which 
the primitive word ends in ce or ge; in such the 
e is retained to soften the preceding consonant ; as, 
peaceable, changeable. 

22. Compound words formed by prefixing a 
word or a syllable to a monosyllable ending in all 
commonly retain the double I; as, appall, befall, 
belhrall, downfall, forestall, fuzzball, headstall, install, 
in thrall, laystall, miscall, overfall, recall, saveall, 
thumbskdl, waterfall, windfall; but some of these 
words are very often, if not more commonly, seen 
with a single I; as, appal, befal, bethral, inthral, &c. 
Withal, therewithal, and wherewithal end with a 
single I. 

23. A class of other compound words commonly 
retain the final double J! which is found in the 
simple words; as, bridewell, downhill, uphill, mole- 
hill, ivatermill, windmill, handmill. "With respect to 
foretel, enrol, and ^lnrol, or foretell, enroll, and un- 
roll, the authorities and usage are divided. 

24. Nouns of the singular number ending in ey 
form their plural by adding s only to the singular ; 
as, attorney, attorneys; money, moneys; valley, val- 
leys. These plurals are often erroneously written 
attornies, monies, and rallies. 

25. Nouns ending in o, preceded by another 
vowel, form their plural by the addition of s; as, 
cameo, cameos; folio, folios; but if the final o is 
preceded by a consonant the plural is commonly 
formed by adding es ; as, cargo, cargoes. The fol- 
lowing nouns, however, — canto, cento, grotto, junto, 



portico, rotundo, salvo, solo, tyro, duodecimo, octavo, 
quarto, and some others, — commonly have their 
plural formed by the addition of s only to the sin- 
gular; as, canto, cantos. Yet with respect to the 
plural of some of these words usage is not uni- 
form ; as the plural of quarto, for example, is some- 
times seen written quartos and sometimes quartoes. 

26. There is a class of words which have in 
their derivation a twofold origin from the Latin 
and French languages, and are indifferently writ- 
ten with the first syllable en or in, the former 
being derived from the French and the latter from 
the Latin. "With respect to some of these it is 
difficult to determine which form is best supported 
by usage; as, for example, inquire or enquire, insure 
or ensure. A few of this class of words are found 
in the following Vocabulary. 

27. There is a small class of words ending in 
ped or pede (L. pes, foot) ; as, biped, centiped, rnille- 
ped, multiped, palmiped, jrfumiped, quadruped, soli- 
ped, and a few others. Of these words, biped and 
quadruped are always written without the final e, 
but with respect to the others the dictionaries and 
usage are divided ; and although it has heretofore 
been the more common mode to write most of 
these words with a final e, yet there seems to be 
no good reason why they should not all be con- 
formed to the same rule. 

28. There is a class of chemical terms many of 
which signify that which contains the essence of 
the kind as an extract, and which are variously 
written with the termination ine or in ; as, aspar- 
agine, chlorine, olivine, or asparagin, chlorin, olirin ; 
but the prevailing usage with respect to most of 
these words favors the use of the final e; as, as- 
paragine, chlorine; but tannin and some others are 
written without a final e. 

29. The following words are generally written 
without an e after g; abridgment, acknowledgment, 
and judgment; though many write them with it, 
— abridgement, acknowledgement, and judgement, 
— as Johnson and other lexicographers spell lodge- 
ment. 

30. In some cases words are so variously affected 
by etymology, analogy, and general usage that it 
is difficult to determine what orthography is best 
Supported ; as, for example, connection or connexion, 
despatch or dispatch, hinderance or hindrance, jail or 
gaol, preterite or preterit, recognizance or recognisance, 
shew or show, sceptic or skeptic, thrash or thresh, and 
various others. 



28 WORDS OF DOUBTFUL OK VARIOUS ORTHOGRAPHY. 



YOCABULAEY OF WOEDS OF DOUBTFUL OE YAEIOUS 
OETHOGEAPHY. 



The following Vocabulary contains only a few of 
the words which belong to the several classes re- 
ferred to in the preceding remarks ; but, with the 
exception of these classes, it comprises nearly all 
the English words with regard to which a diversity 
of orthography is now often met with. 

The orthography in the left-hand column is 
deemed to be well authorized, and in most cases 
preferable ; but with respect to the authority of 



that in the right-hand column there is great di- 
versity. In some cases it is nearly or quite as 
well authorized as that on the left hand, and in 
some it has but a very feeble support. Both or- 
thographies of some of the words are right, the 
words being differently spelt when used in differ- 
ent senses ; as, draught or draft, forte or fort, subtle 
or subtile, abetter or abettor, canvass or canvas, caliber 
or calibre, controller or comptroller, &c. 



Abettor, and 


Abetter 


Amercement 


Amerciament 


Assize 


Assise 


Abnormal 


Anormal 


Amiability 


Amability 


Assizer 


Assiser 


Abreuvoir 


Abbreuvoir 


Amice 


Amess 


Assuage 


Asswage 


Abridgment 


Abridgement 


Amortise 


Amortize 


Athenaeum 


Atheneum 


Accessory, and 


Accessary 


Anademe 


Anadem 


Auger 


Augre 


Accountant 


Accomptant 


Ananas 


Anana 


Aught 


Ought 


Acetimeter 


Acetometer 


Anapest 


Anapaest 


Autocracy 


Autocrasy 


Achieve 


Atchieve 


Anapestic 


Anapaestic 


Avoirdupois 


Averdupois 


Acknowledg- 


Acknowledge- 


Anbury 


Ambury 


Awkward 


Aukward 


ment 


ment 


Ancestral 


Ancestrel 


Awn 


Ane 


Acronycal 


f Achronychal 
I Acronical 


Ancient 


Antient 


Axe 


Ax 


Ancientry 


Anchentry 






Addible 


Addable 


Andiron 


Handiron 




B. 


Adipocere 


Adipocire 


Anemone 


Anemony 




Adjudgment 


Adjudgement 


Angiography 


Angeiography 


Baccalaureate Baccalaureat 


Admittible 


Admittable 


Angiology 


Angeiology 


Bachelor 


Batch elor 


Adscititious 


Ascititious 


Angiotomy 


Angeiotomy 


Bade, from bid Bad 


Adulteress 


Adultress 


Ankle 


Ancle 


Bald rick 


Bawdrick 


Advertise 


Advertize 


Annotto, Ar- 


Annotta, Ar- 


Balk 


Baulk, Bauk 


Advoutry 


Avoutry 


notto 


notta 


Ballister 


Balister 


Advowee 


Avowee 


Antechamber 


Antichamber 


Baluster 


Banister 


Adze 


Adz, Addice 


Antelope 


Antilope 


Bandanna 


Bandana 


Aerie 


Ayry, Eyry 


Antiemetic 


Antemetic 


Bandoleer 


Bandolier 


JEsthetic 


Esthetic 


Apostasy 


Apostacy 


Bandore 


Pandore 


^Esthetics 


Esthetics 


A post erne 


Apostume 


Bandrol 


Bannerol [yan 


iEtiology; see 


Etiology 


Apothegm 


Apophthegm 


Banian 


Bannian, Ban- 


Affector 


Affecter 


Appanage \ 
Apanage J 


Appenage 


Banns 


Bans 


Affiliate 


Adfiliate 




Barbacan 


Barbican 


Affiliation 


Adfiliation 


Appraise 


Apprize 


Barbecue 


Barbacue 


Aghast 


Agast 


Appraisement 


Apprizement 


Barberry 


Berberry 


Aide-de-camp 


Aid-de-camp 


Appraiser 


Apprizer 


Bark 


Barque 


Aisle, church 


Isle 


Apprise 


Apprize 


Barouche 


Barouch 


Ajutage 


Adjutage 


Arbitrament 


Arbitrement 


Baryta 


Barytes 


Alchemical 


Alchymical 


Archaeological 


f Archeological 
( Archaiological 


Barytone 


Baritone 


Alchemist 


Alcbymist 


Basin 


Bason 


Alchemy 


Alchymy 


Archaeology 


f Archeology 
I Archaiology 


Bass, Mus. 


Base 


Alcoran 


Alkoran 


Bass-viol 


Base-viol 


Alexipharmic 


Alexipharmac 


Archduchess 


Archdutchess 


Bastinado 


Bastinade 


Alkahest 


Alcahest 


Argol 


Argal 


Bateau 


Batteau 


Allocution 
Alloy 


Adlocution 
Allay 


Arquebuse 


f Arquebus 
I Harquebuse 


Battledoor 
Bawble 


Battledore 
Bauble 


Almacantar 


Almucantar 


Arrack 


Arack 


Bazaar 


Bazar 


Almanac 


Almanack 


Artisan 


Artizan 


Beaver 


Bever 


Almonry 


Almry, Ambry 


Asbestos, or 


Asbestus 


Befall 


Befal 


Amassment 


Amasment 


Ascendency, or Ascendancy 


Behoove 


Behove 


Ambassador 


Embassador 


Ascendent, or 


Ascendant 


Bellflower 


Bel flower 


Ambergris 


Ambergrise 


Askew 


Askue 


Belligerent 


Belligerant 


Ambs-ace 


Ames-ace 


Assafoetida 


Asafcetida 


Bellman 


Belman 



WORDS OF DOUBTFUL OR VARIOUS ORTHOGRAPHY 



29 



Benumb 


Benum 


Burlesque 


Burlesk 


Cauliflower 


Colliflower 


Bequeath 


Bequeathe 


Bun- 


Bur 


Causeway, or 


Causey 


Bergamot 


Burgamot 


Buzz 


Buz 


Cavazion 


Cavation 


Bergander 


Birgander 


By, n. 


Bye 


Caviare 


Caviar, Cavier 


Berth, in ship 


Birth 






Cayman 


Caiman 


Bestrew 


Bestrow 




C. 


Cedilla 


Cerilla 


Betel 


Betle 




Ceiling 


Cieling 


Bevel 


Bevil 


Cabob 


Kabob 


Celt 


Kelt 


Bezant 


Byzant 


Cacique 


Cazique 


Celtic 


Keltic 


Biassed 


Biased 


Caesura 


Cesura, Cesure 


Centiped 


Centipede 


Bilge 


Bulge 


Cag, or 


Keg 


Cess 


Sess 


Billiards 


Balliards 


Calcareous 


Calcarious 


Chalcedony 


Calcedony 


Billingsgate 


Bilingsgate 


Caldron 


Cauldron 


Chaldron 


Chalder 


Binnacle 


Binacle, Bittacle 


Calendar 


Kalendar 


Chalice 


Calice 


Bistre 


Bister 


Calends 


Kalends 


Chameleon 


Cameleon 


Bivouac 


Biovac 


Caliber, or 


Calibre 


Chamois 


Shamois 


Blanch 


Blench 


Calipers 


Callipers 


Champaign 


Champain 


Blende (Min.) 


Blend 


Caliph 


Calif, Kaliph 


Champerty 


Champarty 


Blithely 


Blithly 


Calk 


Caulk 


Chant 


Chaunt 


Blitheness 


Blithnesa 


Calligraphy 


Caligraphy 


Chap 


Chop 


Blithesome 


Blithsome 


Calotte 


Callot 


Chaps 


Chops 


Blomary 


Bloomary 


Caloyer 


Kaloyer 


Char, or 


Chare, Chore 


Blouse, Blowze Blowse 


Caltrop 


Calthrop 


Chase 


Chace 


Bodice 


Boddice 


Calyx 


Calix 


Chastely 


Chastly 


Boil, a tumor 


Bile 


Cameo 


Camaieu [let 


Check, or 


Cheque 


Bolt 


Boult 


Camlet 


Camblet, Carne- 


Checker 


Chequer 


Bombard 


Bumbard 


Camomile 


Chamomile 


Cheer 


Chear 


Bombast 


Bumbast 


Camphor 


Camphire 


Chemical 


Chymical 


Bombazette 


Bombazet 


Canal, Cannel Candle, Kennel 


Chemist 


Chymist 


Bombazine 


f Bombasin 
I Bombasiue 


Cannoneer , 


Cannonier 


Chemistry 


f Chymistry 
1 Chimistry 




Canoe 


Canoa 


Borage 


Burrage 




/•Cantiliver 


Chestnut 


Chesnut 


Bourgeois 


Burgeois 


Cantilever 


< Cantaliver 


Chiliahedron 


Chiliaedron 


Bourn 


Borne 




vCanteliver 


Ch illness 


Chilness 


Bourse 


Burse 


Canvas, and 


Canvass 


Chimb, or 


Chine, Chime 


Bouse 


Boose 


Capriole 


Cabriole 


Chintz 


Chints 


Bousy 


Boosy, Boozy 


Car 


Carr 


Chloride 


Chlorid 


Bowlder 


Boulder 


Carabine 


Carbine 


Choir 


Quire 


Bowsprit 


Boltsprit 


Carabineer 


Carbineer 


Choke 


Choak 


Brahman ) 
Brahmin -> 


( Brachman 
1 Bramin 


Carat 


Caract, Carrat 


Choose 


Chuse 


Caravansary 


f Caravansera 
1 Caravanserai 


Chorister 


Quirister 


Brakeman 


Breakman 


Chyle 


Chile 


Brawl 


Broil 


Caravel 


Carvel 


Chylifactive 


Chilifactive 


Brazen 


Brasen 


Caraway 


Carraway 


Cider 


Cyder, Sider 


Brazier 


Brasier 


Carcass 


Carcase 


Cigar 


Segar 


Brazil 
Brier 
Bronze 


Brasil 
Briar 
Bronz 


Carle 
Carnelian 


Carl 
f Carnelion 
I Cornelian 


Cimeter 
Scymitar 


/ Cimiter 
■^ Cymetar 
<-Scymetar 


Brooch 


Broach, Broche 


Carolytic 


Carolitic 


Cion; see 


Scion 


Brunette 


Brunet 


Cartel 


Chartel 


Cipher 


Cypher 


Bryony 


Briony 


Cartridge 


Cartrage 


Clam, v. 


Clamm 


Buccaneer 
Buffalo 


Buccanier 
Buffaloe 


Cassada, Cas 
sava 


" i Casava, Cassavi 


Clarinet 
Cleat 


Clarionet 
Cleet 


Buhrstone 


Burrsttfne 


Cassimere 


Kerseymere 


Clew 


Clue 


Bulimy 


Boulimy 


Caste, class 


Cast 


Clinch 


Clench 


Bumblebee 


Humblebee 


Castellan 


Castellain 


Cloak 


Cloke 


Bunn 


Bun 


Caster 


Castor 


Clodpoll 


Clodpole 


Bunyon 


Bunion 


Castlery 


Castelry 


Cloff, or 


Clough 


Burden 


Burthen 


Castrel 


Coistrel, Kestrel 


Clothe 


Cloathe 


Burdensome 


Burthensome 


Catchpoll 


Catchpole 


Clothes 


Cloaths 


Burganet 


Burgonet 


Catchup 


Catsup, Ketchup 


Clyster 


Glister, Glyster 


Burin 


Burine 


Catechise 


Catechize 

3* 


Cobbler 


Cobler 



30 WORDS OF DOUBTFUL OR YAEIOUS ORTHOGRAPHY. 



Cocoa, and 


Cacao 


Cue 


Queue 


Disseizin 


Disseisin 


Coddle 


Codle 


Cuerpo 


Querpo 


Disseizor 


Disseisor 


Cceliac 


Celiac 


Cuish 


Cuisse 


Dissolvable 


Dissolvible 


Coif 


Quoif 


Cuneiform 


Cuniform 


Distention 


Distension 


Coiffure 


Quoiffure 


Cupel 


Cuppel, Coppel 


Distil 


Distill 


Coke 


Coak 


Curb 


Kerb 


Distrainor 


Distrainer 


Colander 


Cullender 


Curb-stone 


Kerb-stone 


Diversely 


Diversly 


Colic 


Cholic 


Curtain 


Courtine 


Divest, or 


Devest 


Colliery- 


Coalery 


Cutlass 


Cutlas 


Docket 


Doquet 


Colter 


Coulter, Culter 


Cyclopaedia 


Cyclopedia 


Doctress 


Doctoress 


Comfrey 


Cumfrey 


Cyst 


Cist 


Dodecahedron 


Dodecaedron 


Commandery 


Commandry 


Czar 


Tzar, Tsar 


Doggerel 


Doggrel 


Commissariat 


Commissariate 






Domicile 


Domicil 


Compatible 


Competible 




D. 


Dory, Doree 


Dorey 


Complete 


Compleat 




Dote 


Doat 


Concordat 


Concordate 






Doubloon 


Doublon 


Confectionery 


Confectionary 


Dactyl 


Dactyle 


Dowry 


Dowery 


Confidant, n. 


Confident 


Daily 


Dayly 


Downfall 


Downfal 


Congealable 


Congelable 


Damaskeen, v 


. Damaskin 


Drachm, or 


Dram 


Connection 


Connexion 


Damson 


Damascene 


Dragoman 


f Drogoman 
<- Druggerman 


Connective 


Connexive 


Dandruff 


Dandriff 


Consecrator 


Consecrater 


Danegelt 


Dangelt 


Draught, or 


Draft 


Contemporary 


Cotemporary 


Daub 


Dawb 


Dreadnaught 


Dreadnought 


Coutra-dance 


Country-dance 


Dawdle 


Daudle 


Driblet 


Dribblet 


Contributory 


Contributary 


Dearn 


Dern 


Drier 


Dryer 


Controller 


Comptroller 


Debarkation 


Debarcation 


Drought 


Drouth 


Conversable 


Conversible 


Debonair 


Debonnair 


Dryly 


Drily 


Cony 


Coney 


Decrepit 


Decrepid 


Dryness 


Driness 


Coomb, 4 bushs 


. Comb 


Defence 


Defense 


Duchess 


Dutchess 


Copier 


Copyer 


Deflection 


Deflexion 


Duchy 


Dutcby 


Coping 


Caping 


Deflour 


Deflower 


Dulness 


Dullness 


Copse 


Coppice 


Delft 


Delf, Delph 


Dungeon 


Donjon 


Coquette, n. 


Coquet 


Delphine 


Delphin 


Duughill 


Dunghil 


Coranach 


f Coronach 
I Coranich 


Demain ) 
Demesne i 


Demean 


Duress 


Duresse 






Dye, color 


Die 


Corbel 


Corbeil 


Demarcation 


Demarkation 


Dyeing, coloring Dying 


Cordovan 


Cord wain 


Dependant, n 


Dependent 






Corpse 


Corse 


Dependence 


Dependance 




E. 


Correlative 


Corelative 


Dependent, a 


Dependant 




Cosey 


Cosy, Cozey 


Deposit 


Deposite 






Cot 


Cott 


Desert, n. 


Desart 


Eavesdropper 


Evesdropper 


Cotillon 


Cotillion 


Desolater 


Desolator 


Eccentric 


Excentric 


Counsellor, and Councillor 


Despatch 


Dispatch 


Echelon 


Echellon 


Courant 


Corant,Couranto 


Detecter 


Detector 


Economics 


(Economics 


Courtesan 


Courtezan 


Detorsion 


Detortion 


Ecstasy 


Ecstacy, Extasy i 


Courtesy 


Curtesy 


Detractor 


Detracter 


Ecstatic 


Extatic 


Covin 


Covine 


Develop 


Develope 


Ecumenical 


(Ecumenical 


Covinous 


Covenous 


Development 


Developement 


Edile 


iEdile J 


Cozen 


Cosen 


Devest, or 


Divest 


Embalm 


Imbalm 1 


Cozenage 


Cosenage 


Dexterous 


Dextrous 


Embank, or 


Imbank 1 


Crawfish 


Crayfish 


Diadrom 


Diadrome 


Embankment 


Imbankment 1 


Creak, v. 


Creek 


Diaeresis 


Dieresis 


Embargo 


Imbargo 1 


Crier 


Cryer 


Diarrhoea 


Diarrhea 


Embark 


Imbark 1 


Croslet 


Crosslet 


Dike, or 


Dyke 


Embarkation 


Embarcation 1 


Crowd 


Croud 


Diocese 


Diocess 


Embase 


Imbase 1 


Crowfoot, or 


Crow's-foot 


Disfranchise 


Diffranchise 


Embassy 


Ambassy 1 


Cruet 


Crewet 


Dishabille 


Deshabille 


Embed, or 


Imbed 1 


Crumb 
Crunch 


Crum 
Cranch 


Disinthrall 


f Disenthrall 
I Disinthral 


Embedded, or 
Embezzle 


Imbedded 1 
Imbezzle 1 


Crusade 


Croisade 


Disk, or 


Disc 


Embezzlement Imbezzlement fl 


Cruse, cruet 


Cruise 


Dispatch, or 


Despatch 


Emblazon 


Imblazon 1 


Cucurbit 


Cucurbite 


Disseize 


Disseise 


Embody 


Imbody 1 1 



WOEDS OF DOUBTFUL OE VAEIOUS OETHOGEAPHY. 31 



Embolden 


Imbolden 


Entrap 


Intrap 


Firman 


f Firmaun 
I Phirman 


Emborder 


Imborder 


Entreat 


Intreat 




Embosk 


Imbosk 


Envelop, v. 


Envelope 


Fizgig 


Fishgig 


Embosom, or 


Imbosom 


Envelopment 


Envelopement 


Flageolet 


Flagelet 


Emboss 


Imboss 


Epaulet 


Epaulette 


Fleam 


Pbleme, Flem 


Embowel 


Imbowel 


Equerry 


Equery 


Fleur-de-lis. 


or Flower-de-luce 


Embower 


Imbower 


Equiangular 


Equangular 


Flier 


Flyer 


Embrasure 


Embrazure 


Equivoke 


Equivoque 


Flotage 


Floatage 


Empale 


Impale 


Era 


iEra 


Flotsam 


Floatsam 


Empanel, or 


/Empannel 
I Impanel 


Eremite 
Escalade 


Heremite 
Scalade 


Flour, meal 
Fluke 


Flower 
Flook, Flowk 


Empoison 


Impoison 


Shalot ) 
Eschalot J 


Shallot 


Fluoride 


Fluorid 


Empoverish, or Impoverish 




Foetus 


Fetus 


Empower 


Impower 


Escutcheon 


Scutcheon 


Forestall 


Forestal 


Empress 


Emperess 


Estafette 


Estafet 


Foretell 


Foretel 


Encage, or 


Incage ' 


Esthetics, or 


Esthetics 


Forray 


Foray 


Encenia 


Encaenia 


Estoppel 


Estopple 


Forte, strong side Fort 


Enchant 


Inchant 


Etiology 


iEtiology 


Fosse 


Foss 


Enchase 


Inchase 


Exactor 


Exacter 


Foundery, or 


Foundry 


Encircle 


Incircle 


Expense 


Expence 


Franc, coin 


Frank 


Enclose, or 


Inclose 


Exsanguious 


Exanguious 


Frenetic 


Phrenetic 


Enclosure 


Inclosure 


Exsect 


Exect 


Frenzy 


Phrensy 


Encroach 


Incroach 


Exsiccate 


Exiccate 


Frieze 


Frize 


Encumber 


Incumber 


Exsiccation 


Exiccation 


Frigate 


Frigat 


Encumbrance 


Incumbrance 


Exsiccative 


Exiccative 


Frit 


Fritt 


Encyclopaedia 


Encyclopedia 


Extrinsical 


Extrinsecal 


Frizzle 


Frizle 


Endamage 


Indamage 


Exudation 


Exsudation 


Frowzy 


Frouzy 


Endict; see 


Indict 






Frumentaceous Frumeutacioua 


Endite ; see 
Endorse, or 


Indite 
Indorse 




F. 


Frumenty 


f Fnrmenty 
I Furmety 


Endow 


Indow 






Frustum 


Frustrum 


Endue, or 


Indue 


Faeces 


Feces 


Fuel 


Fewel 


Enfeeble 


Infeeble 


Fagot 


Faggot 


Fulfil 


Fulfill 


Enfeoff 


Infeoff 


Fairy 


Faery 


Fulfilment 


Fulfillment 


Enfranchise 


Infrauchise 


Fakir 


Faquir, Faqueer 


Fulness 


Fullness 


Engender 


Ingender 


Falchion 


Faulchion 


Furlough 


Furlow 


Engorge 


In gorge 


Falcon 


Faulcon 


Further, or 


Farther 


Engrain 


Ingrain 


Fantasy 


Phantasy 


Furthest, or 


Farthest 


Enhauce 


Inhance 


Farther, or 


Further 


Fusee 


Fusil 


Enjoin 


Injoin 


Farthest, or 


Furthest 


Fusileer 


Fusilier 


Enlard 


In lard 


Farthingale 


Fardingale 


Fuze, n., or 


Fuse 


Enlarge 


Inlarge 


Fattener 


Fatner 






Enlighten 


Inlighten 


Fearnaught 


Fearnought 




G. 


Enlist 


Inlist 


Fecal 


Faecal 




Enquire, or 


Inquire 


Felly 


Felloe 




Enquiry, or 


Inquiry 


Felcn 


Fellon 


Gabardine 


Gaberdine 


Enroll 


Enrol, Inrol 


Felspar 


Feldspar 


Galiot 


Galliot 


Enrolment 


Inrolment 


Ferrule, or 


Ferule 


Gallipot 


Galipot 


Enshrine 


Inshriue 


Feud 


Feod 


Galoche 


Goloche 


Ensnare, or 


Insnare 


Feudal 


Feodal 


Gamut 


Gammut 


Ensure, or 


Insure 


Feudality 


Feodality 


Gangue, in ore Gang 


Entail 


In tail 


Feudatory 


Feodatory 


Gaol, or 


Jail 


Entangle 


Intangle 


Feuillemorte 


Fueillemorte 


Garish 


Gairish 


Enterprise 


Enterprize 


Fie 


Fy 


Garreteer 


Garretteer 


Enthrone 


Inthrone 


Filanders 


Felanders 


Gauge, or 


Gage 


Enthymeme 


Entbymem 


Filbert 


Filberd 


Gauger 


Gager 


Entice 
Entire 


Intice 
Intire 


Filigrane 1 
Filigree J 


( Filligrane 
j Filagree 


Gault Gait, Golt 
Gauntlet, glove Gantlet 


Entirety 


Entierty 


Filligree 


Gayety 


Gaiety 


Entitle 


Intitle, Intitule 


Fillibeg 


Filibeg, Philibeg 


Gayly 


Gaily 


Entomb 


Intomb 


Filly 


Filley 


Gazelle 


Gazel 


Entrance, v. 


Intrance 


Finery, a forge 


Finary 


Gelatine 


Gelatin 



32 WOEDS OF DOUBTFUL OE YAEIOUS OETHOGEAPHY. 



Gelly; see 


Jelly 


Harrier 


Harier 


Imbrue 


Embrue 


Genet 


Ginnet, Jennet 


Harslet 


Haslet 


Impanel 


Empanel 


Gerfalcon 


f Gyrfalcon 
1 Jerfakon 


Hatchel, Hackle Hetchel, Heckle 


Imparlance 


Emparlance 




Haul, to drag 


Hale 


Impassion 


Empassion 


Gbyll, ravine 


Gill 


Haum 


Halm, Hawm 


Implead 


Emplead 


Gibe 


Gybe, Jibe 


Haunch 


Hanch 


Imposthume 


Impostume 


Giglot 


Giglet 


Haust, cough 


Hoast 


Impoverish, or 


Empoverish 


Gimlet 


Gimblet 


Hautboy 


Oboe 


Incage 


Encage 


Gimmal 


Jymold 


Havoc 


Havock 


Incase 


Encase 


Gingle; see 


Jingle 


Hawser 


Halser 


Inclasp 


Enclasp 


Girasole 


Girasol 


Hazel 


Hazle 


Incloister 


Encloister 


Girth, or 


Girt 


Headache 


Headach 


Inclose, or 


Enclose 


Glave 


Glaive 


Hearse 


Herse 


Inclosure, or 


Enclosure 


Glazier 


Glasier 


Heartache 


Heartach 


Incondensable 


Incondensible 


Gloze 


Glose 


Height 


Hight 


Indefeasible 


Indefeisible 


Gnarled 


Knarled 


Heighten 


Highten 


Indelible 


Indeleble 


Gneiss 


Gneis 


Heinous 


Hainous 


Indict 


Endict 


Good-by 


Good-bye 


Hemistich 


Hemistick 


Indictment 


Endictment 


Gore 


Goar 


Hemorrhoids 


Emerods 


Indite 


Endite 


Gormandize 


Gourmandize 


Heptamerede 


Heptameride 


Inditer 


Enditer 


Gourmand, or 


Gormand 


Herpetology 


Erpetology 


Indocile 


Indocil 


Governante 


Governant 


Hexahedron 


Hexaedron 


Indorsable 


Endorsable 


Graft 


Graff 


Hibernate 


Hybernate 


Indorse 


Endorse 


Grandam 


Granam 


Hibernation 


Hybernation 


Indorsement 


Endorsement 


Granddaughti 


>r Grandaughter 


Hiccough, or 


Hickup 


Indorser 


Endorser 


Grasshopper 


Grashopper 


Hinderance, or Hindrance 


Indue, or 


Endue 


Gray, or 


Grey 


Hip, v. 


Hyp 


Inferrible 


Inferable 


Grenade 


Granade 


Hip, n. 


Hep 


Inflection 


Inflexion 


Grenadier 


Granadier 


Hippocras 


Hippocrass 


Infold 


Enfold 


Greyhound 


Grayhound 


Hodge-podge 


Hotch-potch 


Infoliate 


En foliate 


Griffin, Griffon Gryphon 


Hoiden 


Hoyden 


Ingraft 


Ingraff, Engraft 


Grizzled 


Grisled 


Holiday, or 


Holyday 


Ingrain 


Engrain 


Grocer 


Grosser 


Holloo, Halloo Holloa, Hollow 


Ingulf 


Engulf 


Grogram 


f Grogoram 
«- Grogran 


Holster 
Hominy 


Holdster 
f Homony 
l Hommony 


Innuendo 
Inquire, or 


Inuendo 
Enquire 


Grotesque 


Grotesk 


Inquirer, or 


Enquirer 


Groundsill 


Groundsel 


Homonyme, or Homonym 


Inquiry, or 


Enquiry 


Guarantee, or 


Guaranty 


Hone 


Hoane 


Insnare, or 


Ensnare 


Guild, or 


Gild 


Honeyed 


Honied 


Install, or 


Instal 


Guilder, or 


Gilder 


Hoop, or 


Whoop [cough 


Instalment 


Installment 


Gulf 


Gulph 


Hooping-cough Whooping- 


Instil 


Instill 


Gunwale 


Gunnel 


Hoot 


Whoot 


Instructor 


Instructer 


Gypsy 


Gypsey, Gipsey 


Horde 


Hord 


Insurance 


Ensurance 






Horehound 


Hoarhound 


Insure 


Ensure 






Hornblende 


Hornblend 


Insurer 


Ensurer 




H. 


Hostler 


Ostler 


Intenable, or 


Intenible 




Household 


Houshold 


Interlace 


Enterlace 


Haggard 


Hagard 


Housewife 


Huswife 


Interplead 


Enterplead 


Haggess 


Haggis 


Hub, or 


Hob 


Interpleader 


Enterpleader 


Ha-ha 


Haw-haw 


Hurrah 


Hurra 


Inthrall 


Inthral,Enthrall 


Hake 


Haick 


Hypothenuse 


Hypotenuse 


Intrinsical 


Intrinsecal 


Halberd 


Halbert 






Intrust 


Entrust 


Hale, healthy 


Hail 




I. 


Intwine 


Entwine 


Halibut 


Holibut 




Inure 


Enure 


Halloo 


Hollo, Holloa 




Inurement 


Enurement 


Halyards 


Halliards 


Illness 


Ilness 


Invalid, n. 


Invalide 


Hame, or 


Haum 


Imbank"; see 


Embank 


Inveigle 


Enveigle 


Handiwork 


Handy work 


Imbitter 


Embitter 


Inventor 


Inventor 


Hards 


Hurds 


Imbody, or 


Embody 


Inwheel 


Enwheel 


Harebell 


Hairbell 


Imborder 


Emborder 


Inwrap, or 


Enwrap 


Harebrained 


Hairbrained 


Imbosom 


Embosom 


Inwreathe 


Enwreathe 


Harem 


Haram 


Imbound 


Embound 


Isle 


He 



WORDS OF DOUBTFUL OR VARIOUS ORTHOGRAPHY. 



33 





J. 


License 


Licence 


Mewl 


Meawl 




Lickerish 


Liquorish 


Mileage 


Milage 


Jackal 


Jackall 


Licorice 


Liquorice 


Milleped 


Millepede 


Jacobin 


Jacobine 


Lief 


Lieve, Leef 


Millrea 


Millree, Millreis 


Jag 

Jail, or 


Jagg 
Gaol 


Lilac 


Lilach 


Miscall 


Miscal 


Lily 


Lilly 


Misle, Mizzle 


Mistle 


Jailer, or 


Gaoler 


Linguiform 


Lingueform 


Misspell 


Mispell 


Jalap 


Jalop 


Lintstock 


Linstock 


Misspend 


Mispend 


Jamb, n. 


Jam, Jaum 


Llama, animal 


Lama 


Mistletoe JMisletoe 


Janizary 


Janissary 


Loadstar 


Lodestar 




L Misseltoe 


Janty 


Jaunty 


Loadstone 


Lodestone 


Misy 


Missy 


Jasmine 


Jessamine 


Loath, a. 


Loth 


Mitre 


Miter 


Jaunt 


Jant 


Loathe, v. 


Lothe 


Mizzen 


Mizen 


Jelly 


Gelly 


Lode, a vein 


Load 


Moccason /Moccasin 




("Geniting 

I Juneating 

Jewelry 


Lodgement 


Lodgment 




I Moggason 


Jenneting 


Lower 


Lour 


Mocha-stone 


Mocho-stone 


Jewellery 


Luff 


Loof 


Modillion 


Modillon 


Jiffy 


Giffy 


Lustring, or 


Lutestring 


Molasses l M 


Jingle 


Gingle 


Lye, from ashes Lie, Ley 




. Molosses 


Jointress 


Jointuress 






Moneyed 


Monied 


Jole, or 


Jowl 


-f 




Monodrame 


Monodram 


Jonquille 


Jonquil 


M 


Mood, or 


Mode 


Julep 


Julap 






Moresque 


Moresk 


Junket, or 


Juncate 


Maggoty 


Maggotty [hem 


Morion 


Murrion 


Just, n. 


Joust 


Maim, or 


Mayhem, Mai- 


Mortgageor 


Mortgagor 


Justle, or 


Jostle 


Maize 


Maiz 


Mosque 


Mosk 






Malanders 


Mallenders 




Moscheto 




K. 


Maleadministra-Maladministra- 
tion, or tion 


Mosquito 
Musquito 


Mosquetto 
Musketo 


Kale 

Kamsin 


Kail, Cail 
Khamsin 


Malecontent 


Malcontent 


Musqueto 


Malefeasance 


Malfeasance 




■ Musquitto 


Kayle 


Keel 


Malepractice 
Malkin 


Malpractice 
Maukin 


Mould 
Moult 


Mold 
Molt 


Keelbaul 


Keelhale 










Keelson 


Kelson 


Mall 


Maul 


Mulch 


Mulsh 


Keg, or 

Kerseymere 

Khan 


Cag 

Cassimere 
Kan, Kann 


Maltreat 


Maletreat 


Mullein 


Mullin 


Mameluke 
Mandarin 


Mamaluke 
Mandarine 


Multiped 
Mummery 


Multipede 
Mommery 


Knarled, or 


Gnarled 


Mandatary 


Mandatory 


Murder 


Murther 


Knell 


Knel 


Mandrel, and 


Mandril 


Murderous 


Murtherous 


Manifestable 


Manifestible 


Murrhine 


Myrrhine 






Manikin 


Mannikin 


Muscle, and 


Mussel 




L. 


Manoeuvre 


Maneuver 


Musket 


Musquet 




Mantle, or 


Mantel 


Mustache, or 


Moustache 


Lackey 


Laquey 


Mark 


Marc 






Lacquer 


Lacker 


Marque, license 


Mark 


•\, 




Lair 


Lare 


Marquee 


Markee 


In. 


Lambdoidal 
Lance 


Lamdoidal 
Launce 


Marquis, or 
Marshal 


Marquess 
Marshall 


Nankeen 


Nankin 


Landscape 


Landskip 


Marten, or 


Martin 


Naught 


Nought 


Landsman 


Landman 


Martingale 


Martingal 


Negotiate 


Negociate 


Lantern 


Lanthorn 


Mask 


Masque 


Net, a., clear 


Neat 


Lanyard 


Laniard 


Maslin, Meslin 


Mastlin, Mislin 


Nib 


Neb 


Launch 


Lanch 


Mastic 


Mastich 


Nobless 


Noblesse 


Laundress 


Landress 


Matins 


Mattins 


Nombles 


Numbles 


Laureate 


Laureat 


Mattress 


Matres, Mattrass 


Novitiate 


Noviciate 


Lavender 


Lavendar 


Meagre 


Meager 


Nozle 


Nozzle, Nosle 


Lea, a plain 


Lee, Ley, Lay 


Mediaeval 


Medieval 


Nuisance 


Nusance 


Leach, or 


Leech, Letch 


Menagerie 


Menagery 






Leaven 


Leven 


Merchandise 


Merchandize 


o 


Ledger 


Leger 


Mere, a pool 


Meer 


L 


J • 


Legging 


Leggin 


Metre, and 


Meter 


Oblique 


Oblike 


Lettuce 


Lettice 


Mew 


Meaw 


Octahedron 


Octaedron 



34 WORDS OF DOUBTFUL OR VARIOUS ORTHOGRAPHY. 



(Economics; see Economics 


Phoenix 


Phenix 


Quartet 


Quartett 


(Ecumenical 


Ecumenical 


Picked, or 


Piked 


Quatercousin 


Catercousin 


Offence 


Offense 


Picket, and 


Piquet 


Quay, a mole 


Key 


Offuscate 


Obfuscate 


Pie 


Pye 


Quinsy 


f Quinsey 
I Squinancy 


Olio 


Oglio 


Piebald 


Pyebald 


Opaque 


Opake 


Pimento 


Pimenta 


Quintain 


Quintin 


Orach 


Orache 


Pincers 


Pinchers 


Quintal 


Rental, Kentle 


Orison 


Oraison 


Placard 


Placart 


Quoit 


Coit 


Osier 


Ozier 


Plain, and 


Plane 






Osmazome 


Ozmazome 


Plane-sailing 


Plain-sailing 




R. 


Osprey 


Ospray 


Plaster 


Plaister 




Ottar 


Otto 


Plat, or 


Plot 






Oxidate 


Oxydate 


Pleurisy 


Plurisy 


Raccoon 


Racoon, Rac- 


Oxidation 


Oxydation 


Pliers 


Plyers 


Ransom 


Rausome Ll coon 


Oxide 


Oxyde, Oxyd 


Plough 


Plow 


Rarefy 


Rarify 


Oxidize 


Oxydize 


Ploughman 


Plowman 


Ratafia 


Ratifia, Ratafee 


Oyes 


Oyez 


Ploughshare 


Plowshare 


Rattan 


Ratan 






Plumber 


Plummer 


Raven, prey 


Ravin 


T> 


Plumiped 


Plumipede 


Raze 


Rase 




JL • 


Pluviameter 


Pluviometer 


Razure 


Rasure 


Pacha 


Pasha, Bashaw 


Poise 


Poize 


Rear 


Rere 


Packet 


Paquet 


Poltroon 


Poltron 


Rearmouse 


Reremouse 


Painim 


Payniin 


Polyanthus 


Polyanthos 


Rearward 


Rereward 


Palanquin 


Palankeen 


Polyhedral 


Polyedral 


Recall 


Recal 


Palette, or 


Pallet 


Polyhedron 


Polyedron 


Recognizable 


Recognisable 


Palmiped 


Palmipede 


Pomade 


Pommade 


Recognizance 


Recognisance 


Pandore, or 


Bandore 


Pommel 


Pummel 


Recognize, or 


Recognise 


Panel 


Pannel 


Pontoon, and 


Ponton 


Recognizee 


Recognisee 


Pansy 


Pancy 


Pony 


Poney 


Recognizor 


Recognisor 


Pantagraph \ 
Pantograph ) 


Pentagraph 


Porpoise 


Porpus, Porpese 


Recompense 


Recompence 


Portray 


Pourtray 


Reconnoitre 


Recounoiter 


Pappoose 


Papoos, Papoose 


Postilion 


Postillion 


Redoubt 


Redout 


Parallelopiped 


Parallelepiped 


Potato 


Potatoe 


Redoubtable 


Redoutable 


Paralyze 


Paralyse 


Pottage 


Potage 


Reenforcement Reinforcement 


Parcenary 


Parcenery 


Practise, v. 


Practice 


Referable ) 
Referrible i 


Referible 


Parol, a. 


Parole 


Praemunire 


Premunire 




Paroquet 


Parrakeet 


Premise 


Premiss 


Reflection 


Reflexion 


Parral 


Parrel 


Pretence 


Pretense 


Reflective 


Reflexive 


Parsnip 


Parsnep 


Preterite, or 


Preterit 


Reinstall, or 


Reinstal 


Partisan 


Parti zan 


Pretor 


Praetor 


Relic 


Relique 


Patin 


Patine 


Prison -base 


Prison-bars 


Renard, or 


Reynard 


Patrol 


Pa troll, Patrole 


Probate 


Probat 


Rennet, or 


Runnet 


Paver 


Pavier, Pavior 


Profane 


Prophane 


Reposit 


Reposite 


Pawl 


Paul 


Protector 


Protecter 


Resin, or 


Rosin 


Pedler 


Peddler, Pedlar 


Protractor 


Protracter 


Resistance 


Resistence 


Pedlery 


Peddlery 


Prunello 


Prunella 


Restive, or 


Restiff 


Peep 


Piep 


Pumpkin 


f Pompion 
1 Pumpion 


Restiveness 


Restiffness 


Penance 


Pen nance 


Retch, to vomit Reach 


Penniless 


Pennyless 


Puny, and 


Puisne 


Reverie, or 


Revery 


Pentahedral 


Pentaedral 


Pupillary 


Pupilary 


Reversible 


Reversable 


Pentahedron 


Pentaedron 


Purlin 


Purline 


Rhomb, and 


Rhumb 


Pentile 


Pantile 


Purr 


Pur 


Ribbon 


J Riband 
t Ribband 


Perch 


Pearch 


Purslain 


Purslane 




Persimmon 


Persimon 


Putrefy 


Putrify 


Rider 


Ryder 


Persistence 


Persistance 


Pygmean 


Pigmean 


Rinse 


Rince 


Pewit 


Pewet 


Pygmy 


Pigmy 


Risk 


Risque 


Phantasm 


Fantasm 


Pyx 


Pix 


Robbin 


Robin 


Phantom 


Fantom 






Rodomontade 


Rhodomontade 


Phenomenon 


Pheenomenon 




Q. 


Route, course 


Rout 


Phial, or 


Vial 




Rummage 


Romage 


Philibeg; see 


Fillibeg 


Quarantine 


f Quarantain 
I Carentane 


Run net, or 


Rennet 


Philter 


Philtre 


Rye 


Rie 



WORDS OF DOUBTFUL OR VARIOUS ORTHOGRAPHY. 35 





s. 


Shard 


Sherd 


Spunk 


Sponk 




Shawm 


Shalm 


Spurt, or 


Spirt 


Sabianism, or 


Sabaism 


Sheathe, v. 


Sheath 


Stanch 


Staunch 


Sag, or 


Swag 


Sheer, pure 


Shear 


Stationery, n. 


Stationary 


Sainfoin 


Saintfoin 


Sheik 


Sheikh, Sheick 


Steadfast 


Stedfast 


Salic 


Salique 


Shemitic, or 


Semitic 


Stillness 


Stilness 


Saltcellar 


Saltseller 


Sherry 


Sherris 


Stockade 


Stoccad© 


Sandarach 


Sandarac 


Shorling 


Shoreling 


Strait, n. 


Streight 


Sandiver 


Sandever 


Show 


Shew 


Strap, or 


Strop 


Sanitary 


Sanatory 


Showbread 


Shewbread 


Strengthener 


Strengthner 


Sarcenet, and 


Sarsenet 


Shrillness 


Shrilness 


Strew 


Strow 


Sat 


Sate 


Sienite 


Syenite 


Stupefy 


Stupify 


Satchel 


Sachel 


Silicious, or 


Siliceous 


Sty 


Stye 


Satinet 


Satin ett 


Sill 


Cill 


Style 


Stile 


Savin 


Savine, Sabine 


Sillabub 


Syllabub 


Subtile, thin 


Subtle 


Saviour, or 


Savior 


Simar 


Chimere, Cymer 


Subtle, sly 


Subtile 


Scallop 


Scollop 


Siphon 


Syphon 


Subtract 


Substract 


Scath 


Scathe 


Siren 


Syren 


Subtraction 


Substraction 


Scenery 


See nary 


Sirloin, or 


Surloin 


Suit, or 


Suite 


Sceptic 


Skeptic 


Sirocco 


Scirocco 


Sulky, n. 


Sulkey 


Sceptical 


Skeptical 


Sirup 


Syrup, Sirop 


Sulphuretted 


Sulphureted 


Scepticism 


Skepticism 


Sit, to incubate 


Set 


Sumach 


Sumac, Shumac 


Schist 


Shist 


Site 


Scite 


Suretyship 


Suretiship 


Schistose 


Shistose 


Size, glue 


Cize, Cise 


Surloin, or 


Sirloin 


Scholium 


Scholion 


Skate 


Scate 


Surname 


Sirnarae 


Schorl 


Shorl 


Skeptic; see 


Sceptic 


Surreptitious 


Subreptitious 


Sciagraphy, or Sciography 


Skilful 


Skillful 


Survivor 


Surviver 


Sciomachy, or 


Sciamachy 


Skulk 


Sculk 


Survivorship 


Survivorship 


Scion 


Cion 


Skull 


Scull 


Swag, or 


Sag 


Scirrhosity 


Skirrhosity 


Slabber 


Slobber 


Swale 


Sweale 


Scirrhous 


Skirrhous 


Slake, to quench Slack 


Sward 


Sord 


Scirrhus 


f Schirrhus 
I Skirrhus 


Sleight, n. 


Slight 


Swath, h. 


Swarth 




Sley, a reed 


Slay, Slaie 


Sweepstakes 


Sweepstake 




/ Cissors 


Sluice 


Sluce, SI use 


Swop, or 


Swap 


Scissors 


< Cizars 


Slyly 


Slily 


Sylvan 


Silvan 




vScissara 


Slyness 


Sliness 


Synonyme, or 


Synonym 


Sconce 


Skonce 


Smallness 


Smalness 


Systematize 


Systemize 


Scotfree 


Shotfree 


Smirk 


Smerk 






Scow 


Skow 


Smooth, v. 


Smoothe 




T. 


Scrofula 


Scrophula 


Socage 


Soccage 




Scymitar; see 


Ci meter 


Socle 


Sokle, Zocle 






Scythe 


Sithe, Sythe 


Solan 


Soland, Solund 


Tabard 


Taberd 


Seamstress 


f Sempstress 
I Semstress 


Solder, or 


Soder 


Taffety 


Taffeta, Taffata 




Soldier 


Souldier 


Taffrail 


Tafferel 


Sear 


Sere 


Soliped 


Solipede 


Taillage 


Tallage 


Secretaryship 


Secretariship 


Solitaire 


Soli fair 


Talc, a stone 


Talk, Talck 


Seethe 


Seeth 


Solvable 


Solvible 


Tallness 


Talness 


Seignior 


Signior, Signor 


Somerset ) / Somersault 


Talmud 


Thalmud 


Seine, a net 


Sein, Seen 


Summerset i 


I Summersault 


Tambour 


Tambor 


Seisin 


Seizin 


Sonneteer 


Sonnetteer 


Tambourine 


Tambourin 


Sellenders 


Sellanders 


Soothe, v. 


Sooth 


Tarpaulin g 


f Tarpawliug 
I Tarpaulin 


Selvage 


Selvedge 


Sorrel 


Sorel 


Sentinel 


Centinel 


Souse 


Sowse 


Tartan 


Tartane 


Sentry 


Sentery, Centry 


Spa 


Spaw 


Tassel 


Tossel 


Sequin 


f Chequin 
t Zechin 


Spew 


Spue 


Tawny 


Tawney 




Spicknel 


Spignel 


Tease 


Teaze 


Sergeant, or 


Serjeant 


Spinach 


Spinage 


Teazle, Teasel 


Tassel, Tazel 


Sergeanty, or 


Serjeauty 


Spinel 


Spinelle, Spinell 


Tenable 


Tenible 


Sess, or 


Cess 


Splice 


Splise 


Terrier 


Tarrier 


Sesspool, or 


Cesspool 


Sponge 


Spunge 


Tether 


Tedder 


Sevennight 


Sennight 


Spongy 


Spungy 


Tetrastich 


Tetrastick 


Sprightful 


Spriteful 


Spright 


Sprite 


Theodolite 


Theodolet 



WOKDS OF DOUBTFUL OK VAKIOUS OETHOGEAPHY. 



Thraldom 


Th ralldom 


Unbigoted 


Unbigotted 


Wear, «. 


Weir, Wier 


Thrash, or 


Thresh 


Unroll 


Unrol 


Weasand 


/ Wesand 
I Wezand 


Threshold 


Threshhold 


Until 


Untill 


Throe, a pang 


Throw 






Welsh 


Welch 


Thyine, ivood 


Thine 




V. 


Whang 


Wang 


Thyme 


Thime 




Whelk 


Welk 


Ticking, or 


Ticken 






Whippletree 


Whiffletree 


Tidbit 


Titbit 


Vaivode 


Waiwode 


Whippoorwill Whippowill 


Tie 


Tye 


Vales, money 


Vails 


Whiskey 


Whisky 


Tier, a row 


Tire 


Valise 


Vallise 


Whitleather 


Whiteleather 


Tierce 


Terce 


Vantbrace 


Vanbrass 


Whoop 


Hoop 


Tincal 
Tint 


Tinkal 
Teint 


Vat, a vessel 
Vaudevil 


Fat 
Vaudeville 


Whooping- \ 
cough ) 


Hooping-cough 


Tiny 


Tyny 


Vavasor 


f Vavasour 
(■ Valvasor 


Widgeon 


Wigeon 


Tippler 


Tipler 




Wilful 


Willful 


Tithe 


Tythe 


Veil, cover 


Vail 


Windlass 


fWindlace 
IWindlas 


Toilet 


Toilette 


Vender, or 


Vendor 


Toll, to allure 


Tole 


Veneer 


Fineer 


Wintry 


Wintery 


Tollbooth 


Tolbooth 


Venomous 


Venemous 


Wiry 


Wiery 


Ton, or 


Tun 


Verdigris 


f Verdigrise 
I Verdigrease 


Witch-elm 


Wych-elm 


Tonnage 


Tunnage 




With, n. 


Withe 


Tormentor 


Tormenter 


Vermilion 


/Vermillion 
I Virmilion 


Withal 


Withall 


Touchy, or 


Techy 




Wizard 


Wizzard, Wisard 


Tourmaline 


Tourmalin 


Vermin 


Vermine 


Woe 


Wo 


Trance 


Transe 


Verst 


Berst, Werst 


Woful 


Woeful 


Tranquillity 


Tranquility 


Vertebra, or 


Vertebre 


Wondrous 


Wonderous 


Tranquillize 


Tranquilize 


Vervain 


Vervane 


Woodbine 


Woodbind 


Transferable 


Transferrible 


Vial, or 


Phial 


Woodchuck 


Woodchuk 


Transferrence 


Transference 


Vice, a screw 


Vise 


Woollen 


Woolen 


Treadle 


Treddle 


Vicious 


Vitious 


Wreathe, v. 


Wreath 


Treenail 


Trenail, Trunnel 


Villain, and 


Villein, Villan 


Wreck 


Wrack 


Trellis 


Trellice 


Villanous 


Villainous 


Wriggle 


Biggie 


Trentals 


Trigintals 


Villany 


Villainy 






Trestle 


Tressel, Trussel 


Visitatorial 


Visitorial 




Y. 


Trevet, or 


Trivet, Trevit 


Visitor 


Visiter 




Trousers 


Trowsers 


Visor 


Vizor 






Truckle-bed, or Trundle-bed 


Vitiate 


Viciate 


Yawl 


Yaul 


Tumbrel, and 


Tumbril 


Vizier 


Vizir, Visier 


Yearn 


Yern 


Turkey 


Turky 


Volcano 


Vulcano 


Yeast 


Yest 


Turkois 


Turquoise 






Yelk, or 


Yolk 


Turnip 


Turnep 




w. 


Yerk 


Yark 


Turnsole 


Turnsol 




Yew 


Eugh 


Tutenag 


Tutenague 






Yowe; see 


Ewe 


Twibil 


Twibill 


Wagon, or 


Waggon 






Tymbal 


Timbal 


Waif 


Waift 




z. 


Tyro 


Tiro 


Waive, to dej 


er Wave 








Wale 


Weal 










Walrus 


Walruss 


Zaffre 


Zaffir 


"I J 


Warranter, and Warrantor 


Zebec, and 


Xebec 






War-whoop 


War-hoop 


Zechin; see 


Sequin 


Umbles 


Humbles 


Waul 


Wawl 


Zinc 


Zink 


Unbiassed 


Unbiased 


Wear, v. 


Ware 


Zyinology 


Zumology 



FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



The Saxon or Anglo-Saxon language, which is 
a branch of the Teutonic, is the parent language 
of the English. Some of the other north Euro- 
pean languages of the Teutonic family which have 
contributed to enrich the English tongue are the 
Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, German, 
and Dutch. The south European languages which 
have furnished the largest contributions are the 
Greek, Latin, and French; especially the Latin, 
through the medium of the French or Norman 
French; also, the Italian, Spanish, and various 
other languages have afforded more or less. " Sup- 
pose," says Dr. Trench ("English Past and Pres- 
ent"), "the English language to be divided into 
a hundred parts ; of these, to make a rough distri- 
bution, sixty would be Saxon, thirty would be 
Latin (including of course the Latin which has 
come to us through the French), five would be 
Greek ; we should then have assigned ninety-five 
parts, leaving the other five — perhaps too large a 
residue — to be divided among all the other lan- 
guages from which we have adopted isolated 
words." 

The term Anglo-Saxon is derived from the An- 
gles, a branch of the Saxons of Lower Germany, 
who invaded England in the fifth century and 
established their authority in the country. The 
Anglo-Saxon dynasty, after having continued 
about six hundred years, was terminated in 1066 
by the invasion of William, Duke of Normandy, 
commonly called the Conqueror. The Norman 
French now became the language of the court and 
upper classes, while the late Anglo-Saxon, or Early 
English, continued to be the only speech of the 
common people or peasantry. These two lan- 
guages were gradually blended into one, and be- 
came the basis of the present English. The com- 
mencement of the English language is, by most 
of the older authorities, fixed at about the middle 
of the thirteenth century, what was written in 
England after that time having much resemblance 
to the present English ; but many late writers on 
the subject regard the Anglo-Saxon of literature 
as being the only language entitled to the name 
of Old English. These writers give the name of 
Middle English to the language which immediately 
succeeded the Anglo-Saxon. 

The Anglo-Saxon is the language to which the 
English owes its general form and structure, all 
the particles on which its syntax depends, all its 
pronouns and conjunctions, nearly all its preposi- 
tions, most of its monosyllables, and, indeed, all 
the words that are most frequently repeated on 



the same page. Of the words commonly found on 
the same page of an English book, a very much 
larger proportion are Anglo-Saxon than of the 
words found in an English Dictionary. "The 
Anglo-Saxon," says Dr. Trench, "is not so much 
one element of the English language as the foun- 
dation of it — the basis. All its joints, its whole 
articulation, its sinews and its ligaments, the great 
body of articles, pronouns, conjunctions, preposi- 
tions, numerals, auxiliary verbs, all smaller words 
which serve to knit together and bind the larger 
into sentences, — these, not to speak of the gram- 
matical structure of the language, are exclusively 
Saxon. The Latin language may contribute its 
tale of bricks, yea, of goodly and polished hewn 
stones, to the spiritual building, but the mortar, 
with all that holds and binds these together and 
constitutes them into a house, is Saxon through- 
out." 

The predominance of Anglo-Saxon will readily 
be seen by analyzing a passage in any common 
English writer. Take, for example, the common 
English version of the Lord's Prayer, which con- 
tains sixty-six words, of which all except the fol- 
lowing five, namely, debt, debtor, deliver, glory, and 
temptation, are Anglo-Saxon. In the first chapter 
of the common English version of St. John's Gos- 
pel there are one thousand and three words, of 
which, excepting fifty-three proper names, there 
are only fifty-five words that are not Anglo-Saxon. 

The following are the principal Anglo-Saxon pre- 
fixes, namely, a, be, em, en, fore, im, mis, out, over, un, 
and under; as, ahead, befriend, eiwbody, enable, 
forebode, I'mbosom, misdeed, outdo, oceract, ioibind, 
unlike, and undergo. 

Some of the common Anglo-Saxon terminations 
are the following, namely, er, ful, hood, less, ly, 
ness, ship; as, writer, mind/uf, childhood, helpless, 
justly, goodness, partners/up. 

The contributions of the Latin language to the 
English are next in importance and amount to 
those of the Anglo-Saxon ; and these contributions 
came chiefly through the medium of the French, 
or Norman French, in consequence of the Norman 
conquest. It has been stated by some philologists 
that the English language is indebted to the Latin 
for the larger part of its vocabulary. This, how- 
ever, is a greatly exaggerated statement ; yet the 
contributions from that language are great and 
important, and they enter extensively into the for- 
mation and etymology of English words. The 
Latin has furnished a large portion of the abstract 
and general terms, especially in the departments 

37 



FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



of theology, moral and political philosophy, and 
all the moral sciences; also a great part of the 
terms used in polite literature and the language 
of polite life. A great part of the military terms 
in English come directly from the French. 

The following are Latin prefixes :— a, ab, abs, 
from; as, avert, abjure, abstract; — ad, a, ac, af, 
ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at, to; as, adduce, ascribe, 
accede, a/fix, aggress, allude, annex, append, ar- 
range, assign, attach ; — ante, before ; as, antece- 
dent; — circum, about; as, circn?nj acent; — con, co, 
cog, col, com, cor, together, with ; as, conform, co- 
eval, cognate, collect, combine, correct; — contra, 
against; as, contradict; — de, down, from; as, de- 
face, degrade; — dis, di, dif, asunder; as, disarm, 
divide, diffuse: — e, ex, out of; as, eject, exclude; 
— extra, beyond ; as, extrajudicial ; — in, ig, il, im, 
ir (when prefixed to a verb), in, into ; as, indue, 
illapse, impel, irradiate ; (when prefixed to an ad- 
jective), not; as, invisible, ignoble, illegal, immor- 
al, irregular ; — inter, between ; as, intermix ; — intro, 
within ; as, introduce ; — ob, oc, of, op, for, in the 
way of; as, object, occur, offend, oppress ;— per, 
through ; as, pervade ; — post, after ; as, postscript ; 
— pre, before; as, precede ;— preter, beyond; as, 
preternatural ; — pro, for, forward ; as, proconsul ; — 
re, back, again ; as, return, rebuild ; — retro, back- 
ward ; as, retrospect; — se, aside; as, secede ;— sine, 
without ; as, sinecure ; — sub, sue, snf, sug, sup. sus, 



under, after ; as, swbdean, succeed, suffice, swggest, 
sttpplant, sttspect; — super, above; as, snperabound, 
supern atural ; trans, beyond; as, transcend; — ultra, 
beyond ; as, nllramarine. 

The following terminations are derived from the 
Latin or French: — able, ible, cle, He, ial, al, ian, an, 
ant, ent, fy, lar, ily, or, ous, tion, live, tude, lure. 

To the Greek the English language is indebted 
for most of the terms in physical science, and, in- 
deed, for a great part of the terms employed in all 
the arts and sciences. 

The following are Greek prefixes: — a (a), with- 
out; as, acephalous; — ana (avd), through, again; 
as, anabaptist; — anti {avri), against; as, antichris- 
tian ; — apo (a7ro), from ; as, apostate ; — cata (Kara), 
down, from side to side ; as, catalogue ; — dia (Sia), 
through; as, diagonal; — en, em (ev), in, on; as, 
endemic; — epi (e7rt), upon; as, epidemic; — hyper 
(inrep), above; as, hypercritic; — hypo (iurd), under; 
as, hypocrite ; — meta (/xera), beyond ; as, meta- 
physics ;— para (7rapa), by the side of, near; as, 
parallel ; — peri (nepi), about ; as, perimeter ; — pro 
(npo), before; as, prologue; — syn, sy, syl, sym (vvv), 
together, with ; as, synonymous, syllogism. 

The following terminations are from the Greek: 
— ic and ical, from the Greek t/cos and Latin icus ; 
as, physical; — logy, from Adyos; as, theology; — 
graphy, from ypa^xa ; as, geography ; — ize, from 
i£w ; as, agon«e. 



FOEMATIOIST OF SEYEEAL PAETS OF SPEECH. 



English nouns are mostly formed by affixing to 
the radical parts of words the following termina- 
tions, namely, an, ame, ant, ar, ard, art, ary, eer, 
ent, er, ier, ist, ive, or, ster, ate, ee, ite, ery, age, 
ancy, ence, ency, head, hood, ion, ity, ism, ment, 
mony, ness, on, ry, ship, I, th, tude, ty, ure, y, dom, 
cule, cle, el, il, el, in, ine, kin, let, ling, ock, ule. 

A great part of the adjectives are formed by affix- 
ing to the radical parts of words the following 



terminations, namely, ac, al, an, ar, ary, en, ic, 
ical, id, He, ine, ory, ate, ful, ose, ous, some, y, ish, 
like, ly, ive, able, ible, vble, less. 

Many verbs are formed by affixing to the radical 
parts of words the following terminations, namely, 
ate, en, fy, ish, ise, ize. 

A great many adverbs are formed from adjectives 
by the addition of ly, or by changing e to y; as, 
wise, wisely ; noble, nobly. 



DICTIONARIES AND OTHER WORKS 

REFERRED TO, OR MADE USE OF AS AUTHORITIES, IN THIS DICTIONARY. 



Bailey's Universal English Dictionary ' 4th edition, 1728 

Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language 1st edition, 1755 

Kenrick's New Dictionary of the English Language 1st edition, 1773 

Ash's New and Complete Dictionary of the English Language 1st edition, 1775 

Perry's Royal Standard English Dictionary 1st edition, 1775 

Sheridan's General Dictionary of the English Language 1st edition, 1780 

Nares's Elements of [English] Orthoepy 1st edition, 1784 

Oliver's Scripture Lexicon 2d edition, 1787 

Walker's Key to the Classical Pronunciation of Greek, Latin, and Scripture Proper 

Names 1st edition, 1798 

Jones's Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary 1st edition, 1798 

Fulton and Knight's General Pronouncing Dictionary 1st edition, 1802 

Walker's Critical Pronouncing Dictionary [1st edition, 1791J 4th edition, 1804 

Perry's Synonymous. Etymological, and Pronouncing Dictionary 1st edition, 1805 

Enfield's General Pronouncing Dictionary 1st edition, 1807 

Crabb's English Synonymes Explained 1816 

Crabb's Technological Dictionary 1st edition, 1823 

Jameson's Dictionary of the English Language [Johnson and Walker] 1st edition 1827 

Mauuder's New and Enlarged Dictionary of the English Language 1st edition, 1830 

Taylor's Edition of Calmet's Dictionary . . '. 2d edition, 1832 

Trollope's Edition of Walker's Key 1st edition, 1833 

Knowles's Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language 1st edition, 1835 

Smart's Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language [Walker Remodelled] . . . 1st edition, 1836 

Richardson's New Dictionary of the English Language 1st edition, 1837 

Smart's Dictionary Epitomized 1st edition, 1840 

Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language [1st edition, 1828] 2d edition, 1841 

Brande's Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art 1st edition, 1842 

Carr's Classical Pronunciation of Proper Names 1st edition, 1842 

Reid's Dictionary of the English Language 1st edition, 1844 

Piatt's Dictionary of English Synonymes 1846 

Sharpe's Nomenclator Poeticus 1st edition, 1846 

Graham's English Synonymes Classified 1st edition, 1846 

Boag's Imperial Lexicon of the English Language 1848 

Craig's Universal Etymological and Pronouncing Dictionary 1st edition, 1849 

Taylor's English Synonymes Discriminated New edition, 1850 

Smith's Classical Dictionaries of Biography, Mythology, and Geography 

A Selection of English Synonymes,— revised by Whately 2d edition, 1852 

Clarke's Comprehensive Dictionary of the English Language 1855 

Wright's Universal Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language . 1855 

Jones's Proper Names of the Old Testament Scriptures Expounded and Illustrated . . 1856 

The Clarendon Dictionary 1882 

Ogilvie's Imperial Dictionary, English, Technological, and Scientific 2d edition, 1882 

The New English Dictionary of the Philological Society 1884, etc. 

Stormonth's English Dictionary 1885 

Thomas's Biographical Dictionary Edition of 1885 

Nuttall's English Dictionary 2d edition, 1886 

Thomas's Medical Dictionary 1886 

Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World Edition of 1887 

39 



ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. 



GRAMMAR. 

a. stands for Adjective. 

ad Adverb. 

comp Comparative. 

conj Conjunction. 

i Imperfect Tense. 

inlerj Interjection. 

n ..... Noun. 

p Participle. 

pp . Participles. 

p. a Participial Adjective 

pi. Plural. 

prep Preposition. 

pron Pronoun. 

sing Singular. 

mperl Superlative. 

Syn. Synonymes. 

v Verb. 

v. a Verb Active. 

v. n Verb Neuter. 

PRONUNCIATION. 
S. stands for Sheridan. 

W. Walker. 

P. Perry. 

J. Jones. 

K . Enfield. 

F. Fulton and Knight. 

I. Imperial Dictionary. 

Ja Jameson. 

K. Knowles. 

H. Haldeman. 

Mu Murray. 

N. Nuttall. 

Sm Smart. 

St Stormonth. 

JB Reid. 

C. Craig. 

D Donald. 

CI Clarke. 

Co Cooley. 

Cu Cull. 

Wb Webster. 

Wr Wright. 

B Boag. 

ETYMOLOGY, &c. 
Arab, stands for Arabic. 

A.-S Anglo-Saxon. 

Dan Danish. 

Dut Dutch. 

Eng English, or England. 

Fr French. 

Fris . Frisian. 

Ger German. 

Gr Greek. 

40 



Heb Hebrew. 

It. . . Italian. 

D Latin. 

0. Fr Old French. 

Per Persian. 

Port Portuguese. 

Scot Scotch. 

Sp Spanish. 

Sw Swedish. 

Turk Turkish. 

U. S United States. 

ARTS AND SCIENCES. 
Anat. stands for . Anatomy. 

Arch Architecture. 

Aslrol Astrology. 

Astron Astronomy. 

Bot Botany. 

Chem Chemistry. 

Chron Chronology. 

Conch Concbology. 

Elec Electricity. 

Ent Entomology. 

Geog Geography. 

Geol Geology. 

Geom Geometry. 

Gram Grammar. 

Her. Heraldry. 

Ich Ichthyology. 

Math Mathematics. 

Mech Mechanics. 

Med Medicine. 

Min Mineralogy. 

Mus Music. 

Myth Mythology. [fairs. 

Naut Nautical or Marine Af- 

Opt Optics. 

Ornith Ornithology. 

Phren Phrenology. 

Rhet . Rhetoric. 

Surg Surgery. 

Theol Theology. 

Zool Zoology. 

SIGNS. 

JS^-The double accent mark, when used in pro- 
nunciation, denotes that the aspirated sound 
of the succeeding consonant is thrown back 
on the preceding syllable; thus, peti"tion 
(petish'on). 

4®°"Words printed in Italics, in the definitions, de- 
note a reference to such words for a notice 
of the synonymous ivords connected with 
them. For example, in the definition of the 
word abdicate, the word abandon is referred 
to for a notice of the synonymes. 

iggp'Other abbreviations than those here given may 
be found in the Table of Abbreviations, page 
647. 



DICTIONARY 



OF THE 



ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 



ABATEMENT 




A (pronounced a as a letter, but a as a word). The 
first letter of the alphabet, and a vowel :— 
any ; one ; some ; each ; every. A is an article 
set before nouns of the singular number; as, a 
man, a tree. It is also prefixed to nouns in the 
plural number when preceded by the adjectives 
few and great many ; as, a few men, a great many 
men. Before words beginning with a vowel, or 
a vowel sound, it takes the letter n after it, for 
the sake of euphony ; as, an ox, an hour. (An 
is, however, an older form than a.) A is placed 
before a participle or a participial noun, and is 
considered as a kind of preposition ; as, to go a 
hunting. 

A 1 (wun), a. The very best; first-rate. [Colloq.] 

Aard'-vark (ard'- 
vark), w. [Dut., 
earth-pig.] A South- 
African mammal 
feeding principally 
on ants. 

Aard'-wolf (iird'- 
wulf), n. [Dut., 
earth - wolf '.] A 

South-African car- Aard-vark. 

nivorous mammal resembling the hyena. 

Aa-ron'ic, \a. Pertaining to, or descended 

Aa-ron'i-cal, J from, Aaron. 

Ab, n. ' [Syr.] Eleventh month of the Jewish 
year : — nearty the same as August. 

A'ba, n. [Named from Abbadie, the inventor.] An 

( instrument for finding latitudes. 

Ab'a-cist, n. [Late L. abacitta.] One who casts 
accounts : — one skilled in using 
the abacus. 

A-back', ad. [0. E. on bsec, to the 
rear.] Backwards; — by sur- 
prise : — noting the situation of Abacot. 
the sails when they are pressed against the masts. 

Ab'a-cot, n. [Corrupt form of bycocket.] A 
king's cap of state ; a bycocket, or peaked cap, 
warn in mediaeval times. 

Ab'a-cus, it.; pi. Ab'a-ci. [L. ; Gr. a/3a£, a slab.] 
A bench ; a counting table, 
or reckoning frame: — the 
uppermost member of a 
column : — a sideboard. 

A-baft', prep. & ad. [0. E. a, 
at, be, by, and aft.] (Naut.) 
behind. 



Abacus. 
Toward the stern; 



Ab-al'ien-ate (ab-al'yen-at), v. a. [L. ab, away, 
and u'lienare, to estrange; alienus, of another.] 
[pp. abalienating, abalienated.] (Law.) To 
transfer to another, as property ; to alienate. 

Ab-a-16'ne, n. [Sp. American.] A kind of mol- 
lusk and its shell. 

A-ban'don, v. a. [0. Fr. d bandon, at discretion ; 
Late L. bandum, authority, edict.] [pp. aban- 
doning, abandoned.] To give up entirely; to 
quit; to leave; to desert; to relinquish; to re- 
sign; to forsake; to renounce; to surrender; 
to forego. — 2, n. A forsaking; relinquish- 
ment. 

Syn. — Abandon vice or a wrecked vessel ; quit, 
forsake, or leave a country; desert a post; relin- 
quish a claim ; resign an office ; surrender a town ; 
forego a pleasure. 

A-ban'don (or a-boii'don), n. [Fr.] Frank uncon- 
straint or enthusiasm in manner; dash ; freedom. 

A-ban'doned (a-ban'dund), p. a. Given up; for- 
saken :'— corrupted in the highest degree. 

Syn. — Corrupt; wicked; profligate; flagitious. 

A-ban'don-ment, n. The act of abandoning : — the 
state of being deserted. 

Ab-ar-tic-u-la'tion, n. [L. abartiadatio ; ab, off, 
and articidatio.— See Article.] (Anat.) A mov- 
able articulation; diarthrosis; a joint freely 
movable. 

A-base'. r. o. [0. F. abai«ser, from L. bassus, low, 
short.] [j?p- abasing, abased.] To humble; to 
bring low ; to degrade ; to humiliate. 

A-base'ment, n. Act of abasing; humiliation: — 
the state of being brought low. 

A -bash', v. a. [Allied to Fr. ebahir and to the in- 
terjection bah!] [pp. abashing, abashed.] To 
make ashamed ; to confuse ; to discomfit. 

Syn. — Abash expresses more than confound, 
and confound more than confuse. Abashed by 
shame or fear ; confused or confounded by what 
cannot be explained. 

A-bash'ment, «. Great shame ; confusion. 

A-bat'a-bfe, a. That may be abated. 

^.-bate', v. a. [0. Fr. abatre ; Fr. abattre ; L. ab, 
away, and batuere, to strike.] [pp. abating, 
abated.] To lessen; to diminish; to remit. — 
(Law.) To put an end to ; to defeat. — 2, v. n. To 
grow less ; to decrease. 

Syn. — A storm or passion abates ; a thing grotos 
less, decreases, or diminishes in size or quantity. 

A-bate' ment, n. The act of abating ; decrease. 



a, e, I, 5, 5, y, long; a, S, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fire, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, 9, £, soft; f}, p, p, §, hard; s as z ; ? as gz ; tnis. 

4* 41 



ABATER 



42 



ABLACTATION 



A-bat'er, n. The person or thing that abates :— a 

plea in abatement. 
Ab'a-tis (ab'a-tis or ab'a-te'), n. [Fr. ; cf. Abate.] 

{Mil) A defence formed by sharpened branches 

or by trees felled and laid together. 
A-ba'tor, n. (Law.) One who abates. 
Ab-at-toir (ab a-twor'), n. [Fr. ; cf. Abate.] A 

public slaughter-house. 
A-bat-voix (a-ba-vwa), n. [Fr., from abattre (see 

Abate), and voix, voice.J The sounding-board 

over a pulpit or rostrum, 



Ab-ax'i-al, \ a. [L. ab, from, and axis.] Not in 

£.b-ax'ile, J the axis : — away from the axis. 

Ab'ba, n. A Syriac word, signifying father. 

Ab'ba-cy, n. [Eccl. L. abbatia, abbey or abbacy.] 
State or office of an abbot: — time of being an 

Ab'bat, n. See Abbot. [abbot. 

Ab-ba'tial ( ba'shal) [obs. Fr.], or Ab-bat'i-cal, a. 
Relating to an abbey. 

Ab'be (ab'be; Fr. ab-ba'), n. [Fr. abbe.) An abbot: 
— an ecclesiastical title, without office or duty au- 

Ab'bess, n. The governess of an abbey, [nexed. 

Ab'bey, n. ; pi. Ab'beys. A monastery ; a con- 
vent : — a church attached to a convent. 

Syn. — Abbey, priory, monastery, convent, cloister, 
and nunnery are all used to denote religious 
houses in Catholic countries. An abbey is under 
an abbot or abbess: a priory is under a prior. 
Convent implies community, cloister seclusion. A 
monastery implies solitude, and is appropriated to 
monks. A nunnery is a house for nuns. A friary 
is a house of friars. 

Ab'bot, «. [L. abbas, from abba.— Cf. Abba.] The 
chief of an abbey or convent. 

Ab'bot-ship, n. The state or office of an abbot. 

Ab-bre'vi-ate [ab-bre'vi-at, W. J. F. Ja> K. Sm. H. 
St. I. ; ab-bre'vyat, S. E. ; ab-brev'e-at, P.], v. a. 
[pp. abbreviating, abbreviated.] [L. abbreviure, 
to shorten ; ab, off, and brevis, short.] To shorten 
by contraction of parts ; to abridge. 

Ab-bre-vi-a'tion, n. The act of abbreviating ; a 
contraction :— a letter or letters standing for a 
word or words : — a summary. 

Ab-bre'vi-a-tor, n. [L.] One who abbreviates; 
an abridger:' — one who draws up briefs. 

Ab-bre'vi-a-to-ry, a. Shortening; contracting. 

Ab-bre'vi-a-ture, n. Abbreviation ; abridgment. 

Ab'di-cant, n. [L. abdicans, abdicantis, abdicating, 
pre's. part, of abdicare.] One who abdicates. — 
2, a. Abdicating; renouncing. 

Ab'di-cate, v. a. [L. abdicare, to reject; ab, away, 
and dicare, to proclaim ; dicere, to say.] [pp. ab- 
dicating, abdicated.] To abandon or relinquish, 
as a throne or office ; to resign ; to renounce ; to 
give up: — to deprive of a right. — 2, v. n. To 
leave or resign an office. 

Ab-di-ca'tion, n. Act of abdicating; resignation. 

Ab'di-ca-tive [ab'de-ka-tiv, W. J. F. Ja. St. I. Mu. 
Sm. ; ab-dik'a-tlv, S. E. P.], a. Causing or im- 
plying abdication. 

Ab'di-ca-tor. n. Same as Abpicant. 

Ab-do'men [ab-dr/men, S. W. J. E. F. Ja. K. Mu. 
H. St. Sm. ; ab-do'men or ab'do-men, P. Wb. 7.1, 
n. [L.] L." pi. Ab-dom'i-na; Eng. Ab-do / - 
mens. The lower cavity of the body, between 
the diaphragm and the pelvis. 

Ab-dom'i-nal, a. Relating to the abdomen. — 2, 
n. One of an order of fishes. 



Ab-diice' 



[L. abdvcere, abductum, to draw 



away; ab, away, and ducere, to draw.] [pp. ab- 
ducing, abduced.] To lead away ; to separate. 

Ab-du'cent, a. [L. abducens, abducentis, leading 
away.— See Abduce.] Drawing away; pulling 
back. 

Ab-duct', v. a. [pp. abducting, abducted.] To take 
unlawfully by force or fraud; to draw away. 

Ab-dGc'tion, n. [See Abouce.] The act of ab- 
ducting': — the act of illegally taking away a per- 
son by force. 

Ab-duct'or, n. [Late L.] A muscle that draws 
away :- : -one who abducts. 



A-beam/, ad. [Cf. Beam.] (Naut.) On the beam; 
in a line at right angles to a vessel's keel. 

A-bear'ance (a-bar'ans), n. [0. E. ubear, for 

_ bear.] (Law.) Be'havior. 

A-be-ce-da'ri-an, n. A teacher or learner of the 

A-bed', ad. In bed or on the bed. [alphabet. 

A-bele', n. [Dut. abeel, from L. albellus, a late form 

_ of albus, white.] (Bot.) The white poplar. 

A'bel-tree, n. Same as Abele. 

Ab-er' ranee, n. A deviation from the light way. 

4-b-er'rant, a. [Cf. Aberrate.] Deviating from 
the normal way. 

Ab-er'rate, v. n. [L. aberrare, aberratum, to wan- 
der; ab, away, and errare, to rove.] [pp. aber- 
rating, aberrated. ] To wander ; to deviate from 
the right way or from a natural slate. 

Ab-er-ra'tion, n. The act of deviating ; error : — 
partial alienation of mind. 

A-bet', v. a. [0. Fr. abeter, to set or hound on; 
from the root of bait and bite.] [ pp. abetting, 
abetted.] To set on; to aid; to encourage; to 
instigate, as in some crime. 

A-bet' ter, or A-beYtor, n. (Law.) One who abets ; 
an accomplice ; an accessory. 

Syn. — Abettors propose or instigate ; accomplices 
take an active part, accessories a subordinate part. 

A-bey'ance (a-ba'ans), n. [Anglo-French; akin 
to Fr. bayer, to gape after, to open the mouth, 
to hanker ; Late L. badare.) Reversion ; expec- 
tation of possession hereafter: — a state of sus- 
pension, cessation, or delay. 

Ab-hbr', v. a. [L. abhorrere; ab, away, and hor- 
rere, to shudder, to stand aghast] [ pp. abhorring, 
abhorred.] To regard with horror ; to detest; to 
abominate ; to loathe. [pugnance. 

Ab-hor'rence, n. The action of abhorring; re- 

Ab-hor'rent, a. Struck with abhorrence : — odious : 

' — contrary to; foreign; inconsistent with. 

Ab-hbr' rer. n. One who abhors; a detester. 

A'bib, n. [Heb. for ear of grain.] The first month 
of the Jewish year. 

A-bid'ance, n. Continuance; conformity. 

A-bIde ? , v. n. [0. E. abidan— See Bide.] [i. abode ; 
pp. abiding, abode.] To stay in a place; to 
dwell; to reside. — 2, v. a. To wait for; to sup- 
port ; to bide. 

Syn. — Abide for a night; stay awhile; sojourn 
for a short period ; dwell or reside in a house or 
country. 

A-bid'ing, a. Permanent; continual. 

4-bil'i'-ty, v. [L. habilitas.—See Able.] Quality 
of being able ; power to do anything ; capacity : 
— pi. faculties of the mind. 

Ab-in-tes'tate, a. [L. ab, from, and intestatus, one 
who has made no will. — See Intestate.] (Law.) 
Inheriting from one who died without making 
a will. 

A-bl-p-f-en'e-sis, \ n. [Gr. a, negative, jSio?, life, 

jjL-bi-Sg'e-ny, j and yeveens, genesis, or birth. — 
See Genesis.] The development of inorganic 
or dead matter into organized or living matter ; 
spontaneous generation. 

Ab'ject, a. [L. abjectus, cast away ; ab, away, and 
jacere, to cast.] Mean; low; despicable; base; 
hopeless. — 2, n. An outcast. 

Ab-jgc'tion, n. Want of spirit; baseness. 

Ab'ject-ly, ad. In an abject manner; basely. 

Ab'ject-nSss, n. Abjection ; meanness. 

Ab-ju-di-ca'tion. n. [L. ab, against, and judicare, 
to judge.] Rejection. 

Ab-jQnc'tive, a. [L. ab, negative, and jungere, to 
join. — See Join.] Disconnected ; exceptional, [r.] 

Ab-ju-ra/tion, n. Act of abjuring; renunciation. 

Ab-ju'ra-to-ry, or Ab'ju-ra-to-ry, a. Of or re- 
lating to," or characterized by, abjuration. 

Ab-jiire', v. a. [L. ab, away, and^Ware, to swear. 

' — See Jury.] To renounce upon oath ; to retract 
solemnly; to revoke; to recall ; to recant. 

Ab-lac-ta'tion, n. [From L. ab, away, and lac, 
milk; ablactatio, a weaning.] The process of 
weaning:— a method of grafting by approach. 



I 



a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; 5, e, l, o, u, y, short; a, §, \, 9, u, X. obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; h§ir, her; 



ABLATION 



43 



ABSCISSION 



Ab-la'tion, n. [L. ablutio, a removal ; ab, away, 
and fe'rre, latum, to carry.] Removal; amputa- 
tion :— wasting away, as by abrasion. 

Ab-la-ti"tious (-slius), a. Tending to draw away. 

Ab'la-tive, a. [See "Ablation.] That takes away. 
— (Gram.) A term applied to the sixth case of 
Latin nouns. — 2, n. Sixth case of the Latin noun. 

A-blaze', ad. [See Blaze.] In a blaze ; on fire. 

A'ble (a'bl), a. [L. habilis, suitable, handy; from 
habeo, to have, to hold.] Having strong facul- 
ties, strength, power, or skill ; capable ; skilful. 

A'ble-bod'ied (-bod'id), a. Strong of body. 

Ab'le-gate, n. [L. ablegatus ; ab, away, and legare, 
to send, to despatch. — See Legate.] A legate 
from the pope. 

Ab'lep-sy, n. [Or. a/3Aei|/ia, blindness; a, not, 
and /3Ae'7Tw, I see.] Want of sight; blindness. 

A-bl66m', ad. or a. [See Bloom.] In full bloom. 

AVlu-ent, n. [See Ablution.] That which washes 
clean. — 2, a. Washing clean ; purifying. 

Ab-lu'tion, ». [L. ablvtio ; ab, off, and luere, to 
wash.]' Act of cleansing with water; washing: — 
a religious purification. 

A'bly, ad. In an able manner; with ability. 

Ab'ne-gate, v. n. [L. abnegare, abnegatus, to deny; 
ab, away, and negate, to deny. — See Negation.] 
[pp. abnegating, abnegated.] To deny; to re- 
nounce. 

Ab-ne-ga'tion, n. Denial ; renunciation. 

Ab-nbr mal, a. [L. abnormis, later abnormalis, 
from ab', away from, and norma (for gnorima), a 
rule.— See Normal. Said to be formed on model 
of Gr. avui^aKos. — See Anomalous.] Contrary 
to rule ; irregular. 

Ab-nbr-mal'i-ty., n. Deviation from rule; that 
which is abnormal; abnormity. 

Ab-nbr'mal-ly, ad. In an abnormal manner. 

Ab-nor'mi-ty, w. Irregularity; monstrosity; de- 
formity :' — that which is abnormal. . 

A-board f (a-bord'), ad. [Cf. Board.] On board; 
in a ship. — 2, prep. On board of. 

^.-bode', m. Habitation; dwelling: — stay. — 2, i. & 
p. from abide. 

A-bol'ish, v. a. [Fr. abollr, from L. abolescere, an 
inceptive form of abolere, to destroy; ab, away, 
and obs. olere, to grow.] [pp. abolishing, abol- 
ished.] To annul; to repeal; to cancel. 

Syu. — Institutions and customs are abolished; 
a contract is annulled ; laws are repealed or abro- 
gated; debts are cancelled. 

Ab-o-H"tion (ab-o-lish'un), n. Act of abolishing; 
state of being abolished ; destruction, [tionists. 

Ab-o-li"tion-ism, n. The, principles of the aboli- 

Ab-o-li"tion-ist (ab-o-lish'un-Ist), «. One who 
favors abolition, especially'of slavery. 

Ab-o-ma'sum, ) n. [Late L., from omasum, tripe ; 

Ab-o-ma'sus, J a Celtic word.] The fourth stom- 
ach of ruminating animals. 

^.-bom'i-na-ble, a. [L. abominabilis ; ab, away, 
and omen.] Hateful; detestable; odious. 

A-bom'i-na-bly, ad. Hatefully ; detestably. 

A-bom'|-nate, t". a. [See Abominable.] [pp. abom- 
inating, abominated.] To hate utterly ; to detest 
with strong aversion ; to abhor ; to loathe. 

A-bom-i-na'tion, n. Hatred ; detestation ; an ob- 
ject of hatred : — pollution ; defilement. 

Ab-o-rig'i-nal, a. Original ; primitive ; indige- 
nous. — 2, n. An original inhabitant. 

Ab-o-rig'i-nes (ab-o-rij'e-nez), n. pi. [L. ab, from, 
and origo, origine, origin. — See Origin.] The 
earliest inhabitants of a country. 

A-bbrt', v. n. [L. aboriri, abortus, to miscarry. — 
See Origin.] [pp. aborting, aborted.] To mis- 
carry : — to fail of growth. 

.A-bbrt' ed, a. (Physiol.) Noting an organ whose 
development lias been arrested. 

A-bbr'tion. n. Miscarriage ; untimely birth ; im- 
perfect offspring ; empty result. 

A-bbr'tion-ist, n. One who procures abortion. 

A-bor'tive, a. Brought forth before the due time ; 
immature : — miscarrying ; unsuccessful. 



A-bbr'tive-ly, ad. Immaturely; untimely. 

A-bbr'tive-ness, n. Quality of being abortive. 

A-bbund', v. n. [L. abundare, to overflow; ab, 
away, and vnda, a wave.] [pp. abounding, 
abounded.] To be or have in great plenty. 

A-bbund'ing, a. Abundant; plentiful. 

A-bbut', prep. [0. E. abutan, for on-butan; on, on, 
and butan, outside ; butan standing for be, by, and 
vtan, out.] Round; encircling; near; concern- 
ing; with regard to; relating to. — 2, ad. Cir- 
cularly ; nearly ; going ; at hand. 

A-bove' (a-buv'), prep. [O. E. abufun, from a, on, 
be, by or near, and ufan, up.] In' a higher place ; 
more than ; higher than ; too high for ; beyond. 
—2, ad. Overhead ; in a higher place ; in the re- 
gions of heaven : — before. 

A-bove'-bbard (a-biiv'boid), ad. Upon deck or 
board; in open sight: — without artifice. 

Ab-ra-ca-dab'ra, n. [Origin doubtful.] A caba- 
listic word; 'a superstitious charm: — jargon; 
gibberish. 

A-brade', v. a. & v. n. [L. abradere ; ab, off, and 

' radere, to scrape. — Cf. Razor.] [pp. abrading, 
abraded.] To rub off; to waste. 

A'bra-ham-man, n. [Said to be from a ward 
called the Abraham ward in Bethlehem Hospital, 
London.] A begging lunatic : — hence, one who 
feigned lunacy as a pretext for begging. 

Ab-ra'§ion (ab-ra'zhun), n. [See Abradk.] Act 
of rubbingoff ; a place that is rubbed bare. 

A-breast' (a-brest'), ad. [See Breast.] Side by 
side. 

Abreuvoir (ab-rii-vwor'), n. [Fr., from L. ad, to, 
and bibere, to drink; the term properly desig- 
nates a watering-trough for beasts.] A joint be- 
tween stones to be filled up with mortar. 

A-bridge', v. a. [Fr. abreger, to shorten; L. ab- 
breviare, from ab, off, and brevia, short.] [pp. 
abridging, abridged.] To make shorter in 
words ; to contract ; to shorten : -to deprive of. 

A-brid|-'er, n. One who abridges. 

A-bridg'ment, ?;. The contraction of a work into 
a smaller compass ; a compendium ; an epitome; 
the act of abridging. 

Sgn. — A compendium, epitome, and summary are 
concise abridgments; an abstract, a very concise 
abridgment. A synopsis or conspectus gives a 
bird's-eye view of a subject. 

A-broach' (a-broch'\ v. a. [See Broach.] [pp. 
abroaching, abroached.] To broach ; to set flow- 
ing. — 2, ad. In a posture for flowing out. 

A-broad' (a-brawd'), ad. [See Broad.] Without 
confinement; widely; at large; from home; out 
of the house; in another country; wide of the 
mark. 

Ab'ro-gate, v. a. [L. abrogare, to repeal; ab, im- 
plying reversal, and rogare, to propose as a law.] 
[pp. abrogating, abrogated.] To repeal; to abol- 
ish : to cancel. 

Ab-ro-ga'tion, n. The act of abrogating. 

Ab'ro-ga-tive, or Ab-rog'a-tive. ". Tending to 
abrogate ; that annuls or "abrogates. 

Ab-rupt'. a. [L. abrumpere, abruptus, to break off. 
— See Rupture.] Broken ; craggy ; unconnected : 
— sudden: hasty: unceremonious. 

Ab-rup'tion, n. Violent separation. 

Ab-rupt'ly, ad. Hastily ; suddenly ; ruggedly. 

Ab-rfipt'ness, n. The quality of being abrupt. 

Ab'scess (ab'ses), n. [L. abscessus, a going away; 
abs, away, and cedo, cessum, to go.] A cavity 
containing pus. 

Ab-scind' (ab-sind'), v. a. [L. ab, away, and 
scindo, scissum, to cut.] [pp. abscinding, ab- 
scinded.] To cut off. 

Ab'sciss (ab'sis), n. Same as Abscissa. 

Ab-scis'sa, n. ; pi. Ab-scis'sae. [L. — See Abscind.] 
(Geoyn.) A segment cut off from a straight line. 

Ab-scis'sion (ab-sizh'un) [ab-slzh'un, W. F. Mu. 

' St. H. I. J. Ja'.K. Sm.) ab-sish'un, & P.], n. [See 
Abscind.] The act of cutting off; state of being 
cut off. 



mien, sir; mSve, nor, s8n; bfill, bur, rule, use.— 5, Q, c, £, soft; p, js, g, g, hard; § as z; ? as gz; tfiis. 



ABSCOND 



44 



ABYSS 



Ab-sc5nd', v. n. [L. abs, away, and condere, to 
hide, to stow; con, together, and dare, to put.] 
[pp. absconding, absconded.] To hide one's self; 
to disappear. 

tb-scond'er, n. One who absconds, 
b'sence, n. The state of being absent : — the time 
of being absent : — want or lack : — inattention ; 
absorption in thought. 

Ab'sent, a. [L. absens ; abs, away, and esse, to be.] 
Not present : — inattentive. 

Ab-sent\ v. a. [pp. absenting, absented.] To keep 
away ; to withdraw. 

Ab-sen-tee', n. One absent from his station. 

Ab-sen-tee'i§m, n. Habitual absence ; the prac- 
tice' of being an absentee. 

Ab'sent-ly, ad. In an absent manner; with ab- 
sence of mind ; inattentively. [in thought. 

Ab'sent-mlnd'ed, a. Inattentive ; deeply absorbed 

Ab-sinth\ ) {or ab-saiit), n. [Fr. ; L. absinthium ; 

4-b-sinthe', J Gr. a \piv0iov, wormwood.] A French 
bitter cordial ; wormwood. 

Ab-sin'thi-an, a. Of the nature of wormwood. 

^.b-sis'tence, n. [L. ab, away, and sistere, a redu- 
plicated form of stare, to stand.— Cf. Stand.] The 
act or condition of standing off or away from. 

iLb'so-lute, a. [L. absolvere, absolutum. — See Ab- 
solve.] Unconditional; not relative: — perfect; 
unrestricted : — real : — not limited : — despotic :— 
positive; peremptory. 

Syn. — Absolute or unconditional promise, or 
space ; absolute or unlimited government ; despotic 
power ; arbitrary measures ; positive or peremptory 
refusal. 

Ab'so-lute-ly, ad. Unconditionally; fully. 

Ab'sp-liite-ness, n. Completeness : — despotism. 

Ab-so-lu'tion, n. The act of absolving ; forgive- 
ness. 

Ab'so-lu-tism, n. Absolute government: — the 
doctrine which favors absolute government. 

Ab'so-lu-tist, \a. Of or pertaining to absolu- 

Ab-so-lu-tis'tic, J tism ; absolute; despotic. 

Ab-sol'u-to-ry [ab-sol'u-tur-e, W. J. E. Ja. Sm. I. 
St. Mu. ; ab'so-lii-to-re, S. P.], a. That absolves. 

Ab-s51'va-ble, a. That may be absolved. 

Ab-sol'va-to-ry, a. Relating to pardon; forgiv- 
ing; absolutory. 

Ab-solve' (ab-zolv') [ab-zolv', H. St. ; ab-solv', Wb. 
I. ; ab-solv' or ab-zolv', Mu.], v. a. [L. absolvere, 
from" ab, away, and solvere, to loosen. — See Solve.] 
[pp. absolving, absolved.] To free from guilt, 
or from contract ; to acquit ; to clear. 

Syn. — Absolved from sin by the mercy of God; 
acquitted of a charge by men. 

tb-solv'er, n. One who absolves. 
b'so-nant, a. [L. ab, off, and sonare, to sound. — 

See Sound.] Discordant; harsh-toned. 
Ab-sbrb', v. a. [L. absorbere, from ab, away, and 

sorbere, to drink. ] [pp. absorbing, absorbed.] To 

imbibe ; to swallow up. 
Ab-sbrb' a-ble, a. That may be absorbed. 
Ab-sbrb'ent, n. A medicine that favors absorption ; 

any thing that sucks up ; a lymphatic or lacteal 

vessel. — 2, a. Tending to absorb. 
Ab-sbrpt\ a. Swallowed up; absorbed. 
Ab-sbrp'tion, n. The act of absorbing, swallow- 
ing, sucking up, or engrossing; the state or 

process of being absorbed. 
Ab-sbrp'tive, a. Having power to absorb. 
Ab-sbrp-tiv'i-ty, n. The quality of, or capacity 

for, absorption. 
Ab-stain', v. n. [L. abslinere ; abs, away, and 

tenere, to hold.] [ pp. abstaining, abstained.] To 

keep from ; to forbear. 
Ab-stain'er, n. One who abstains ; a teetotaller. 
^.b-ste'mi-ous, a. [L. abstemius, abstinent, from 

abs, away, and the root of temetum, strong drink ; 

cf. Skr. td.m-ya.ti, to be stupefied.] Sparing: — 

temperate: — abstinent: — chiefly used of food or 

drink. 
Syn. — A person may be temperate and sober, yet 

not abstemious or abstinent. 



Ab-ste'mi-ous-ness, n. Strict temperance. 
Ab-sten'tion, n. [L. abstentio.— See Abstain.] Act 
' of restraining: — act or practice of abstaining. 
Ab-ster£e', v. a. [L. abstergere, to wipe away ; abs, 
off, and tergere, to wipe.] [pp. absterging, ab- 
sterged.] To cleanse by wiping ; to wipe. 
Ab-ster'£ent, a. Having a cleansing quality. — 

2, n. That which has a cleansing quality. 
Ab-ster'sion, n. The act of cleansing. 
Ab-ster'sive, a. Having the quality of cleansing. 
Ab'sti-nence, n. [L. abstinentia. — See Abstain.] 
Forbearance of food or drink :— the practice or 
act of refraining. 

Syn. — Abstinence and abstemiousness imply a 
complete, or nearly complete, disuse ; temperance 
and sobriety, moderate use. 
Ab'sti-nSnt, a. Using abstinence ; abstemious. — 2, 

n. One who abstains or fasts. 
Ab-stract', v. a. [L. abstrahere, abstractum, from 
abs, away, and trahere, to draw.] [pp. abstract- 
ing, abstracted.] To take from ; to separate : — 
to summarize. 
Ab'stract [ab'strakt, S. P. Ja. Sm. I. Mu. St. H. ; 
ab-strakt', W.], a. Separate ; disjoined ; pure : — 
considered apart from particular examples. — 2, 
n. A concise abridgment; an epitome ; summary. 
Ab-stract'ed, p. a. Separated : — absent in mind. 
.A.b-stract'er, n. One who abstracts, 
^.b-strac'tion, n. The act of abstracting; state 

of being abstracted ; separation : — inattention. 
Ab-strac'tive, a. Having the power of abstract- 
ing; epitomizing. 
Ab'stract-ly., ad. In an abstract manner. 
Ab'stract-ness, n. The quality of being abstract; 

subtilty ; abstruseness. 
Ab-struse', a. [L. absirudere, abstrusum, to con- 
ceal ; abs, away, and trudere, to thrust.] Diffi- 
cult to be understood ; obscure ; not plain. 
Ab-strfise'ly, ad. Obscurely ; not plainly. 
Ab-struse'ness, n. Difficulty of apprehension. 
4k.b-surd', a.' [L. absurdus, inharmonious, foolish; 
ab, intensive, and surdus, deaf, or unpleasant to 
the ear.] Contrary to manifest truth ; unrea- 
sonable ; inconsistent ; preposterous ; ridiculous. 
Ab-siird'i-ty, n. The quality of being absurd : — 

that which is absurd ; foolish error. 
Ab-siird'ly, ad. In an absurd manner. 
Ab-siird'ness, n. The quality of being absurd, 
^.-bun'dance, n. Great plenty ; exuberance. 
A-bun'dant, a, [See Abound.] Plentiful ; copious ; 

ample.' 

A-bfin'dant-ly, ad. Plentifully ; copiously. 

-$.-buse' (a-buz'), v. a. [L. abuti, abusus, to misuse; 

abandu'ti, usus. — See Use.] [pp. abusing, abused.] 

To make an ill use of: — to violate; to defile : — to 

impose upon : — to maltreat : — to revile ; to vilify. 

A-btise' (a-bus'), n. Ill use ; a corrupt practice ; 

misuse ; perversion : — maltreatment : — unjust 

censure ; rude reproach ; contumely ; invective. 

A-bu'sive, a. Containing abuse; reproachful; 

scurrilous ; insolent ; perverted ; misapplied. 
A-bu'sive-ly. ad. In an abusive manner. 
A-bu'sive-nlss, n. The quality of being abusive. 
A-but', 'v. n. [Fr. abouter, to terminate at; u, to, 
' and bout, end.] [pp. abutting, abutted.] To end 

at ; to border upon. 
A-bu'ti-lon, n. [Arab, and Mod. L.] A plant 

and its flower. 
A-but'ment, n. That which borders upon:— a 
" mass of masonry at the end of a bridge. 
A-but' tal, n. The butting or boundary of land, 
■^■-by', v. a. [a, away, and buy.] [imp. abought; 
pp. abying, abyed or abought.] To pay the pen- 
alty for ; to expiate. 
A-bysm' (a-blzm'), n. Same as Abyss. 
A-bys'mal", 1 a. Of or like an abyss ; immensely 
4-byss'al, J deep ; fathomless. 
4.-byss','w. [Gr. ajSutrao?, bottomless ; a privative, 
and fivcraos, sea-bottom.] A depth without bot- 
tom ; avast chasm : — primal chaos : — the infernal 
pit. 



e, I, o, ii, y, long; 5, e, i, o, ii, y, short; a, $ , i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fist, fall ; heir, her ; 



ABYSSIC 



45 



ACCLAMATOKY 



prickles 



A-byss'ic, a. (Geol.) Of or relating to an abyss; 
abyssal ; noting strata which formed the bottom 
of ancient deep seas. 

A-ca'ci-a (a-ka'she-a), n. [L. ; Gr. d/ccua'a, akin 
to cLK-q', a point.] ' A shrub or tree, and its gum ; 
gum arabic. 

Ac-a-dem'ic, a. Kelating to an academy or uni- 
versity ; academical : — relating to the philosophy 
of Plato. — 2, n. A member of an academy : — 
an academic philosopher; a Platonist. 

Ac-a-dem'i-cal, a. Relating to an academy. 

Ac-a-de-mi"cian (ak-a-de-mish'an), n. A mem- 
ber of an academy : — a collegian. 

Ac-a-dem'i-ci§m, n. A mode of teaching, as of 
painting,' practised in an academy. 

Ac-a-dem'ics, n. The Platonic philosophy. 

^L-cid'e-my. [a-kad'e-me, P. J. F. E. Ja. K. Sm. 
Wb. ; a-kad'e-me or ak'a-deni-e, S. W.], n. [Gr. 
dxaSrjjaeta, from Academus, a personal name.] 
Plato's school of philosophy : — a society of men 
associated for the promotion of some art: — a 
seminary of learning; a grammar school. 

A-ca'di-an, a. [Accidie, Fr. for Nova Scotia, from 
a native name.] Nova-Scotian. — 2, n. An in- 
habitant of Nova Scotia; a descendant of the 
French colonists of Nova Scotia. 

Ac'a-leph, ) n. [Gr. aKaXijcfr-n, nettle, sea-net- 

Ac-a-le phan, J tie.] A jelly-fish ; a sea-nettle. 

Ac-a-na'ceous (-shus), or Ae-an-tha'ceous, a. 
[Gr. aKavos, a thistle ; anavdos, acanthus.] 
Having prickles. 

A-can-tho-car'pous, a. Having fruit covered 
with spines. 

Ac-an-thof er-ous, \ a. Bearing 

Ac-an-thopti'o-rous, J spines. 

A-can'thus, n. [L.] L. pi. A-can'- 
thi ; Eiig. A-can'thus-e"s. [Gr. 
aKav0o<;, from dxt;, a spine.] A 
spiny plant:— a leaf-like orna- 
ment. 

Ac'a-rid, or A-car'i-dan, n. [Gr. 
aKapt, a mite, something too 
small to be cut; d, not, and 
neipeiv, to cut.] A minute in- 
sect ; a mite, or tick. 

A-cat-a-lec'tic, n. [Gr. d, nega- 
tive, and /cardArjKTos. — See Catalectic.] A 
verse which has the complete number of sylla- 
bles, without excess. 

A-cat-a-lep'tic, a. [Gr. d, not, Kara, thoroughly, 
Aiji/a?, comprehension, or seizing.] Incompre- 
hensible. 

Ac-Su-les'cent, A-c&u'line, or A-c&u'lous, a. 
[Gr. d, negative, and h.'caulis, a stem.] Having 
no stem or stalk ; stemless. 

Ac'cad, \ n. [From Accad, an ancient city.] 

Ac-ca'di-an, J One of the dominant race in Baby- 
lonia at the time to which the earliest contem- 
poraneous records reach back; also, the lan- 
guage of this race. 

Ac-ca'di-an, a. Of or relating to the Accads or 
their language. 

Ac-cede' (ak-sedO, v. n. [L. accedere ; ad, to, and 
cedere, to go.] [pp. acceding, acceded.] To be 
added to :— to comply with ; to come to ; to assent 
or agree. 

Ac-cel'er-ate, v. a. [L. accelerare, to hasten ; ad, to, 
and celer, swift.] [pp. accelerating, accelerated.] 
To cause to move faster ; to hasten ; to quicken. 
— 2, v. n. To become swifter. 

■Ac-cel-er-a'tion, n. Increase of speed. 

tc-cel'er-a-tive, a. Adding to velocity, 
c'cent, n. [L. accentum, from ad, to,' and cano, 
cantus, to sing; accent is thus etymologically 
"musical pitch."] Modulation of the voice in 
speaking; as, the native or foreign accent.— a 
stress of voice on a certain syllable :— a mark to 
direct the modulation of the voice. 
Ac-cSnt', v. a. [pp. accenting, accented.] To ex- 
press the accent; to place the accent on; to ac- 
centuate ; to emphasize. 




Ac-cent'ed, p. a. Having the accent. 

Ac-cent'u-al (ak-sent'yu-al), a. Rhythmical; re- 

' lating to accent. — 2, n. An accent mark. 

Ac-cent'ii-ate, v. a. [pp. accentuating, accentu- 
ated.] To place the accent on : — to bring prom- 
inently into notice ; to emphasize. 

Ac-cent-u-a'tion, b. The act of placing the ac- 
cent: — emphasis; accent. 

Ac-cept', v. a. [L. accipere, acceptum, from ad, to, 
and capere, to take.] [pp. accepting, accepted.] 
To take as offered ; to receive : — to agree to : — to 
admit : — to believe. 

Ac-cept-a-bil'i-ty. n. Acceptableness. 

Ac-cept'a-ble [ak-sep'ta-bl, P. Ja. K. Sm. H. I. St. 
Wb. ; ak'sep-ta-bl, S. W. J. E. F. B. C], a. 
Likely to be accepted ; welcome ; pleasing. 

Ac-cept'a-ble-ness, n. The quality of being ac- 
ceptable ; acceptability. 

Ac-cept'a-bly, ad. In an agreeable manner. 

Ac-cept'ance, n. Reception ; acceptation ; mental 

* assent;' belief. — (Com.) The subscribing of a bill 
or draft : — a bill subscribed. 

Ac-cept'an-cXi n. Acceptance. 

Ac-cept'ant, a. Receptive ; receiving. 

Ac-cep-ta'tion, n. Reception; acceptance: — ap- 
proval : — the received meaning of a word. 

Ac-cept'er, or ^.c-cept'or, n. One that accepts. 

A.c-cess' or Ac'cess [ak-ses', W. P. /. Sm. ; ak'- 

" ses, S. I. H. E. K. ; ak'ses or ak-ses', Ja. Mu. St.], 
n. [See Accede.] Approach ; admission : — addi- 
tion ; increase. 

AVees-sa-ry. [ak'ses-sa-re, S. W. P. J. E. F. Ja. H. 
I. K. Sm. ; ak-ses'sa-re, Bade//, Ash ; ak'ses-sa-re 
or ak-ses'sa-re, 3Tu.], 'a. Acceding to, or con- 
tributing to, a crime: — accessory. — 2, «. (Law.) 
One who contributes to or participates in a crime, 
though not present at the commission of it ; an 
accomplice; an abettor; an accessory. [Etymo- 
logically, accessary is a noun, and accessory an 
adjective; but in practice either may be used, 
whether adjectively or substantively.] 

Ac-ces-si-bil'i-ty, n. State of being accessible. 

Ac-ces'si-ble, 'a. ' Easy of access. 

Ac-ces'sion (ak-sesh'un), n. The act of coming 
to; joining;* approach: — enlargement; augmen- 
tation ; addition ; inn-ease. 

Ac-ces'sion-al, a. Additional ; added. 

Ac-ces-so'ri-al, a. Supplementary ; auxiliary. 

Ac'ces-so-ry [ak'ses-so-re, S. W. P. J. E. F. Ja. I. 
St. H. K. Sm. B. ; ak-ses'so-re, Bailr//. Ash ; ak'- 
ses-s9-re or ak-ses'so-re, Mu.], a. Contributing 
to a crime; accessary :— joined to; additional; 
supplementary.— 2, m. (Law.) One who partici- 
pates in a crime : accessary.— See Accessaht. 

AVci-dence, n. [L. accidentia., accidents; i.e., 
grammatical inflections.] A little book contain- 
ing the first rudiments of grammar. 

Ac'ci-dent, n. [L. accidens, pres. part, of aecidere, 
to fall out, to happen ; ad, to, and cad/), to fall.] 
A property of a being not essential to it :— a for- 
tuitous event; a mishap. 

Ac-ci-den'tal, a. Having the quality of an acci- 
dent; non-essential:— casual; fortuitous; con- 
tingent. — 2, n. A note of music not in the same 
diatonic scale with the rest of the piece. 

Syn. — Accidental and fortuitous are opposed to 
what is designed or planned ; incidental, to what is 
premeditated ; casual, to what is regular or con- 
stant ; contingent, to what is fixed. An accidental 
or fortuitous circumstance ; an incidental remark ; 
a casual occurrence ; a contingent event. 

Ac-ci-den'tal-ly, ad. By chance: — unintention- 
ally. 

Ac-claim', v. n. [L. acclamare; ad, to, and cln- 
mare, to shout.] [pp. acclaiming, acclaimed.] To 
give applause; to applaud.— 2, v. a. To ap- 
plaud:— to proclaim. — 3, n. Applause; accla- 
mation. 

Ac-cla-ma'tion, v. A shout of applause ; applause : 
— loud assent ; unanimous assent. 

Ac-clam'a-to-ry, a. Pertaining to acclamation. 



mien, sir : mSve, nor, son j bull, bUr, rule, use— Q, Q, c, § , soft; p, ja, p, £, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tnis. 



ACCLIMATATION 



46 



ACCUSATION 



Ac-cli-ma-ta'tion, n. Same as Acclimation. 
£.c-cli'mate, v. a. [Fr. acclimater.—See Climate.] 

[pp. acclimating, acclimated.] To inure to a 

new climate ; to acclimatize. 

tc-cll'ma-ted, a. Habituated to a new climate, 
c-cli-ma'tion, n. The process of becoming ac- 
climated. 

Ac-cli-mat-i-za'tion, n. See Acclimation. 

Ac-cli'ma-tize, v. a. [pp. acclimatizing, acclima- 
tized.] To inure to a new climate ; to acclimate. 

Ac-cliv'i-tous, or Ac-cli'vous, a. Rising with a 
slope. 

Ac-cliv'i-ty, n. Steepness reckoned upward:— an 
upward slope: — as the ascent of a hill is the ac- 
clivity, the descent is the declivity. 

Ac-co-lade', or Ac-co-lade' [ak-o-lad', K. B. Wb. ; 
ak-o-lad', 8m.], n. ' [Fr., from L. ad, to, and col- 
lum, the neck; it once designated an "'embrace" 
with the arms about the neck.] A blow : — a cer- 
emony used in conferring knighthood: — \ 

a brace used in writing and printing, especially 
in printing music. 

Ac-com'mo-date, v. a. [L. accommodare, accommo- 
datus, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, meas- 
ure.] [pp. accommodating, accommodated.] To 
adapt; to fit; to adjust; to serve; to make suit- 
able ; to reconcile. 

Ac-com'mo-dat-ing, p. a. Disposed to oblige; 
obliging; friendly : — pliable. 

Ac-com-mo-da'tion, re. Provision of conveniences : 
— fitness; adjustment: — reconciliation. 

Ac-com-mo-da'tion-bill, re. A biil of exchange 
given as an accommodation, instead of money. 

Ac-com'mo-da-tive, a. Tending to accommodate. 

£c-c6m'pa-ni-er, n. One who accompanies. 

Ac-com'pa-ni-ment (ak-kum'pa-ne-ment), n. 
That which attends a thing or person : — a sub- 
sidiary part in music. 

Ac-com'pa-nist. or Ac-com'pa-ny-ist, n. (Mm.) 
One who performs an accompanying part. 

Ac-com'pa-ny. (ak-kb.m'pa-ne), v. a. [Fr. accom- 
pagner.—See Company.] "[pp. accompanying, ac- 
companied. ] To attend ; to go along with ; to 
associate with. 

Ac-com'plice, n. [L. «d,to. and complex, involved, 

* from plicare, to entwine.] (Law.) An associate 
in guilt ; a partner in a crime ; an abettor. 

Ac-com'plish, v. a. [Fr. accomplir.— See Com- 
plete.] '[pp. accomplishing, accomplished.] To 
complete; to execute; to fulfil; to obtain: — to 
adorn or furnish. 

Ac-com'plished (ak-kdm'pljsht), p. a. Finished ; 
complete in some qualification ; polite; refined. 

Ac-com'plish-ment, re. Completion ; full perform- 
ance : — ornament of mind or taste ; acquirement. 

Ac-compt'ant (ak-kiiunt'ant), re. A reckoner; ac- 
countant! See Accountant. 

Ac-cord', v. a. [Fr. accorder : L. ad, to, and cor, 
cordis, the heart.] [pp. according, accorded.] To 
make agree ; to compose : — to award ; to grant. 
— 2, v. n. To agree ; to harmonize. — 3, n. A com- 
pact; agreement; union: — assent: — harmony. 

Ac-cord'ance, n. Agreement; conformity. 

Ac-cbrd'ant, a. Consonant; corresponding. 

^.c-cbrd'ant-ly:, ad. In an accordant manner. 

^LC-cbrd'ing-ly, ad. Agreeably; conformably: — 
in due course. 

Ac-cbrd'ing t8, prep. In accordance with. 

.^.c-cbr'di-on, n. A. small musical wind instru- 
ment, with keys and reeds. 

Ac-cost', » o. [L. ad, at, and casta, rib, side; to 
accost was formerly to go to, to walk beside, to 
be near.] [pp. accosting, accosted.] To speak 
to ; to address ; to salute. 

Ac-cost'a-ble, a. Easy of access; familiar. 

Ac-couctie-ment (ak-kosh'mans:), n. [Fr.— See 
Couch.] Delivery in childbed. 

Ac-cou-cheur' (ak-ko-shiir'), [ak-ko-shar', Ja. ; 
ak-k6'>har, K. ; ak-kosh-ur', St. 1. Sm.], v. [Fr.] 
A physician who assi-ts women in childbirth. 



Ac-cou-cheuse' (ak-ko-shuz'),?i. [Fr.] A midwife. 

Ac-count', n. [L. ad, to, and compntare, to reckon ; 
con, together, and putare, to estimate.] A com- 
putation ; a bill: — a narrative; recital:— advan- 
tage; reason; sake: — importance. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
accounting, accounted.] To esteem ; to reckon ; 
to compute. — 3, v. n. To reckon; to give an 
account. 

Syn. — Keep an account, make a computation of 
expenses, and send a bill. — An account of events; 
a narrative of a life ; narration of a story ; relation 
or recital of circumstances. — On your account ; 
for your advantage or benefit; for your sake; for 
this reason. 

Ac-cbunt-a-bil'i-ty, re. Accountableness. 

4LC-cbunt'a-ble, a. Liable to be called to account; 
responsible ; answerable : — that can be accounted 
for : — explicable. 

Ac-count' a-ble-ness, n. Responsibility. 

Ac-count' ant, re. One skilled in accounts. 

4.c-cou'tre (ak-ko'tur), v. a. [Probably from Fr. 
a, to, and coustre, but. koster, a costumer, vestry- 
keeper, or sacristan ; L. custos, a keeper.] [pp. 
accoutring, accoutred.] To supply with equi- 
page ; to equip; to furnish. 

Ac-cou'tre-ment (ak-ko'tur-ment), n. Dress ; out- 
fit; equipage; trappings; ornaments. 

Ac-cred'it, r. a. [Fr. accrediter. — See Credit.] 
[pp. accrediting, accredited.] To give credit or 
credentials to ; to countenance ; to send witli cre- 
dentials. 

Ac-cres'cence, n. Act of growing to ; increase. 

^.c-cres'cent, a. [L. ad, to, and crescere, crescentis, 
to grow.'] Increasing; growing. 

Ac-cre'tion, n. [L. ad, to, and crescere, creturn, to 
grow.] ' Act of growing to another : — a growth 
or external increment. 

Ac-cre'tive, a. Increasing by growth. 

^c-croach', v. a. [From the root of crook and 
crochet.] [pip. accroaching, accroached.] To 
draw to one ; to grasp. 

Ac-cru'al, or Ac-cru'ment, n. That which accrues. 

^.c-crue',r. n. [From L. accrescere, to be added: 
accrue comes through an old French legal term.] 
[pp. accruing, accrued.] To accede ; to be added ; 
to spring; to be gained: — to arise, as profits. 

Ac-cu-ba'tion, n. [L. accubatio, -onis, from ad, 
to, and cubare, to recline.] A reclining at meals. 

Ac-cum'ben-cy, n. [L. accumbare, to recline; 
-cumbare is a form of cubare, as above.] The 
state of being accumbent. 

Ac-cum'bent, a. Leaning up to; reclining. 

Ac-cu'mu-late, v. a. [L. ad, together, and cnrnu- 
lare, to heap.] [pp. accumulating, accumulated.] 
To heap up ; to pile up.— 2, v. n. To increase ; 
to go on increasing. 

Ac-cu-mu-la'tion, re. The act of accumulating :— 
' an acquired mass. 

Ac-cu'mu-la-tive, a. Characterized by accumu- 

* lation. [cumulates. 

Ac-cu'mu-la-tor. n. One who, or that which, ac- 

Ac'cu-ra-cy, re. Exactness ; correctness. 

Ac'cu-rate, a. [L. ad, to, and cura, care ; accurare, 
accuratus, to care for.] Exact; correct; precise. 
Syn. — Accurate and correct express less than 
exact, and precise more than exact. An accurate 
or correct account ; exact statement ; precise lan- 
guage. 

Ac'cu-rate-ly, ad. Exactly; without error. 

Ac'cu-rate-ness, re. Nicety; precision. 

Sipu'—Accurateness more especially belongs to 
persons ; accuraa/, to processes and results. 

Ac-curse', v. a. [Ac for a, intensive, and curse.] 
' [pp. accursing, accursed.] To doom to misery; 
to cursf. 

Ac-curs'ed (or ak-klirst'), p. a. Cursed; execra- 
ble; hateful. 

Ac-cu'§a-ble, a. Blamable ; culpable. 

Ac-cus'al, or Ac-cuse'ment, n. Accusation. 

Ac-cu-sa'tion,' re. Act of accusing :— that of which 
one is accused ; charge ; censure. 



a, e, i, o, u, y, 



; a, e, l, 5, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o 



, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fail ; heir, her ; 



ACCUSATIVE 



47 



ACOSMIST 



Ac-cu'sa-tive, a; [Badly translated from the Gr. 
(tttumtk;) aiTtariKr), which may mean "of ac- 
cusing," 'but here really means "of what is 
effected."] (Gram.) Applied to the fourth case 
of Greek and Latin nouns; objective. 

Ac-cu'sa-tive-ly, ad. 1° an accusative manner. 
— (Gram.) As' the accusative case. 

Ac-cu'§a-tc-ry, a. Containing an accusation. 

ilc-cusV, v. a. [L. accusare, from the root of 
causa, reason or account.] [pp. accusing, ac- 
cused.] To charge with a crime ; to arraign ; to 
impeach ; to blame ; to censure. 

Syn. — Accused of murder ; charged with an of- 
fence ; arraigned at the bar ; impeached for a crime 
against the government ; blamed or censured for 
misconduct. 

Ac-ciis'er, n. One who accuses. 

Ac-cus'tom, v. a. [0. Fr. acostnmer. — See Custom.] 
[pp. accustoming, accustomed.] To habituate; 
to familiarize. 

Ac-cus'tom-a-ry, a. Usual ; according to custom. 

Ac-cus'tomed (-tumd), a. Frequent; usual. 

Ace (as),'n. [L. as, a unit; Gr. els, one.] A unit 
on cards or dice : — a jot. 

A-cel'da-ma, n. [Syr. okel darno.] A field of blood. 

A-cen'tric, a. [Gr. d/cevrpos. — See Centhe.] Hav- 
ing no centre : — not centred; not balanced. 

Ac'eph-al, n. Same as Acephalan. 

A-ce"ph'a-lan, n. (Zoul.) An animal without a 
head, as an oyster. 

A-ceph'a-H, n. pi. [Gr. a/ce'^xzAo?, headless; a, 
negative, and /ce^aAr;, a head.] A sect of early 
Christians who acknowledged no head ; societies 
without a superior or presiding officer. 

t-ceph'a-lous, «. Without a head : — headless. 
c'e-rat-ed, a. Same as Acerose. 
A-cerb', a. [L. acerbus, sour, from acer, sharp.] 
Acid and bitter, or rough. 

t-cer'bi-ty, n. Sour taste : — severity of temper, 
c-e-rose', ) a. [L. acerosus, from acus, aceris, 

Ac'er-ous, J chaff.] Chaffy :—(Bot.) [badly formed 
from acus, a needle, or acer, sharp] pointed like 
a needle. 

A-ces'cent, a. [L. acescere, inceptive form of 
acere, to be sour.] Tending to acidity. 

Ac-e-tab'u-lum, ft. [L. for "vinegar-cup."] The 
socket for the head of the thigh-bone. 

Ac'e-tate. n. [Salts whose names end in ate are 
formed by acids whoso names end in fc.l (Chem.) 
A salt formed by the union of acetic acid with a 
salifiable base. 

A-cet'ic, a. [From L. acetum, vinegar.] Having 
the properties of vinegar. 

A-cet-i-f i-ca'tion, n. The act of turning sour. 

^.-cet'i-fy, v. a.' [The termination/// signifies to 
make or to become. — Cf. L. jio.] ' [pp. acetify- 
ing, acetified.] To make sour; to change to 
vinegar. — 2, v. n. To become changed into acetic 
acid or vinegar. 

Ac-e-tim'e-ter, n. [From L. acetum, vinegar, and 
Gr. /u.erpoi'/a measure.] An apparatus for deter- 
mining the strength of vinegar or other acids. 

Ac-e-tim'e-try, n. (Chem.) The determination of 
the strength of vinegar and other acids. 

Ac'e-tone, n. [L. acetum, vinegar; -one is said to 
be Gr. -tovr), a termination signifying a female 
descendant.] (Chem.) The ketone of the acetic 
series. 

A-ce'tous, a. Having the quality of vinegar. 

Ac'e-tyi, n. [L. acetum. vinegar, and Gr. uAtj, ma- 
terial.] A liquid, the basis of acetic compounds. 

A-cet'y-lene, n. A colorless gaseous hydrocarbon. 

Aphe (ak), n. ; pi. Aches. [0. E. sece, an ache ; 
acan, to ache.]. A continued pain. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
aching, ached. ] To be in continued pain. 

A-chiev'a-ble, a. Possible to be achieved. 

4-chieve*, v. a. [Fr. achever, to attain, to com- 
plete; from d chief or a chef, to the head.] [pp. 
achieving, achieved.] To perform; to finish 
prosperously : — to gain ; to obtain :— to attain. 

A-chieve'ment, n. A performance ; an action ; a 



great exploit; a feat; a deed. — (Her.) An es- 
cutcheon, or ensign armorial ; a hatchment. 

A-chiev'er, n. One who achieves. 

Ach'ing- (ak'ing), n. Pain; uneasiness. — 2, p. a. 
Painful ; distressing. 

Ach-ro-mat'ic, a. [Gr. a, privative, and chro- 
matic. — See Chromatic] (Opt.) Not showing 
color: — noting lenses which do not show the ob- 
ject as discolored. 

£.-chr5-ma-tic'i-ty, or A-chro'ma-ti§m, n. The 
quality of being achromatic. 

A-chro-ma-top'sy. n. [Gr. dxp^p-aTo?, colorless, 
and 6\pt.<i, sight.] Color-blindness. 

A-cic'u-lar, \a, [L. acicula, dim. of acus, a needle.] 

A-cic'u-late, J Sharp-pointed ; needle-shaped ; pro- 
vided with fine bristles or points: — marked as 
with a needle-point. 

A-cic'u-lat-ed, a. Same as Aciculate. 

Ac'id (as'jd)', a. [L. acidus, sour; acer, sharp. — Cf. 
Gr. dxTj, a point.] Sour; sharp like vinegar. — 
2, n. A sour substance ; a substance that unites 
with a base to form a salt. 

A-cid'i-f I-a-ble, a. Capable of being acidified. 

Ac-id-if ic, a. Rendering acid ; causing acidity. 

A-cid-i-f i-ca'tion, n. The act of acidifying. 

A-cid'i-fy, v. a. ' [The termination fy signifies to 
make or to become. — Cf. L.jio.] [pp. acidifying, 
acidified.] To convert into acid. — 2, v. n. To 
become acid. 

Ac-id-Im'e-ter, n. [See Acetometer.] An instru- 
ment for determining the strength of ai bis. 

A-cid-i-met'ric, a. Of or relating to the measure- 
ment or estimation of the strength of acids. 

Ac-id-im'e-try, n. (Chem.) The estimation of 
acid constituents. 

A-cid'i-ty, n. An acid quality ; sourness. 

Ac'id-ness (as'id-nes), ?*. Acidity. 

A-cid'u-late, v. a. [pp. acidulating, acidulated.] 
To make slightly acid. 

A-cid'u-lat-ed, a. Slightly imbued with acid. 

A-cId'a-lous, or_A-cid'u-lent, a. Somewhat sour. 

Ac'ier-age (as'er-ij), n. [Fr., from (icier, steel; 
L. aciarins, from acies, edge. — Cf. acer, sharp.] 
A process of coating a metal plate with steel. 

A-cin'a-ces, n. [L. ; Gr. aKiva.K-q<; ; a Persian 
word.] A short sword worn by the ancient Per- 
sians and Medes; a scimitar. 

A-cin'i-fdrm, a. [L. acinus, a grape.] Having 
the form of grapes. 

Ac-knowl'edf-e (ak-noTej). v. a. [0. E. oncnawan, 
from on, to, and know, q. v.] [pp. acknowledg- 
ing, acknowledged.] To own the knowledge of; 
to confess ; to avow. 

Syn.— Acknowledge offences committed, or fa- 
vors received ; confess sins; avow principles. 

Ac-knowl'edg-ment (ak-nWej-ment), u. Act of 
acknowledging ; confession : — gratitude. 

A-clin'ic, a. [Gr. d priv., and icXivetv, to bend.] 
Noting the line called the magnetic equator, on 
which the magnetic needle dips neither way, 
but remains horizontal. [the culmination. 

Ac'me, n. [Gr. dx/ar}, point.] The highest point; 

Ac'ne, n. [Late L., said to he the same as Acme.] 
A pustule on the face: — a pustulous skin-disease. 

Ac'o-lyte. n. [Gr. d*c6Aov0o?, following.] Aserver 
in the church. 

Ac'o-nite, n. A poisonous herb; 
wblfs-bane. 

Ac-o-ni'tum, ». [L. ; Gr. olkovltov.] 
Aconite.' 

A'corn[a'korn, St. M. H.],n. [From 
the root of acre, and originally Acorn. 

meaning " derived from the field," 
or unenclosed land: the derivation as from oak- 
corn is fanciful.] The seed or fruit of the oak. 

A' corn-shell, n. (Zool.) A barnacle. 

A-cos'mTsm, n. [Gr. d, negative, and koo-juo?, 
world.] Denial of the existence of the universe 
as distinct from God. 

A-cos/mist, n. One who denies the existence of 
the universe as distinct from God. 




mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son; bull, biir, rule, use.— p, 9, 5, £, soft; p, $3, p, g, hard; § as z ; $ as gz ; this. 



ACOTYLEDON 



48 



ACTRESS 



A-cot-y-le'don, n. [a, negative, and cotyledon.] 
(Bot.) A plant whose seed has no distinct coty- 
ledons or seed-lohes. 

A-cot-y-led'o-nofis, a. Having no cotyledons. 

A-cbu'me-ter, n. [Badly formed from Gr. aKovetv, 
to hear, and ixerpov, measure.] An instrument 
to measure the extent of the sense of hearing. 

A-cous'tic, a. [Gr. o.kovo-tlk6s, relating to hear- 
ing.] Relating to hearing. 

A-cous'ti-cal, a. Same as Acoustic. 

A-cbus'ti-cal-ly, ad. As regards acoustics. 

.£.-cbus-ti"cia.n, n. One versed in acoustics. 

A-cous'tics [a-kus'tiks, Mu.], n. pi. The science 
which treats of sound. 

Ac-quaint', v. a. [0. Fr. acointer ; Late L. accog- 

' nitare, to make known.] [pp. acquainting, ac- 
quainted.] To make familiar ; to inform. — 2, a. 
Acquainted; familiar. 

Ac-quaint'ance, n. ; pi. Ac-quaint'ance or Ac- 
quaint' aii-ces. Familiarity; knowledge of: — 
mutual knowledge : — a person or persons with 
whom one is acquainted. 

Syn. — Acquaintance expresses less than famil- 
iarity, and familiarity less than intimacy. Ac- 
quainted, having some knowledge; familiar by 
long habit ; intimate by close connection. 

Ac-quaint'ed, a. Familiar with ; known. 

Ac-quest', n. [See Acquire.] A thing gained : — 
the act of acquiring. 

Ac-qui-esce' (ak-we-es'), v. n. [L. ad, at, and 
quiescere, to rest.] [pp. acquiescing, acquiesced.] 
To concur in, or remain satisfied with ; to com- 
ply ; to agree. 

Ac-qui-es'cence, n. Compliance; assent. 

Ac-qui-es'cent, a. Ensy ; quiet; submitting. 

Ac-quir'a-bie, a. Attainable; procurable. 

^.c-quire , v. a. [L. acqnirere, from quserere, to 
seek.] [pp. acquiring, acquired.] To gain; to 
get ; to earn. 

Ac-quire'ment, n. That which is acquired :— the 
process of acquiring; attainment. 

Ac-qui-si"tion (ak-we-zish'un), n. The act of 
acquiring; that which is acquired: — a gain. 

Ac-quis/i-tive, a. Acquired ; acquiring. 

Ac-quis/i-tive-ness, n. The love of acquiring 
property ; desire of possession. 

Ac-quit', v. a. [0. Fr. aqniter, from L. ad, to, and 
quietare, to settle.] [pp. acquitting, acquitted.] 
To set tree ; to clear from a charge : — to dis- 
charge ; to absolve ; to settle ; to requite. 

Ac-quit'ment, n. The act of acquitting ; acquittal. 

Ac-quit' tal, n. The act of acquitting; deliver- 
ance from the charge of an offence ; discharge. 

Ac-quit' tance, n. Discharge from a debt. 

A' ere (a'kur), ». [0. E. steer; Norse, akr ; cf. L. 
ager, a field ; Skr. ajrus, a plain.] A quantity of 
land, equal to 100 square rods, or 43,560 square 

_ feet. 

A'cre-a£-e, n. Area in acres. 

Ac'rid, a. [L. acer, acris, sharp.] Of a biting 
taste ; bitter : — corrosive. 

A-crid'i-ty, n. Sharpness; bitterness; pungency. 

Ac-ri-mo'ni-ous, a. Full of acrimony ; severe. 

Ac-ri-m5'ni-ous-ly, ad. With acrimony. 

Ac'ri-mo-nj: (ak're'-mo-ne), n. [L. acrimonia, from 
acer, sharp; the termination -monia implies an 
active quality.] Sharpness; corrosiveness : — se- 
verity of temper ; asperity; harshness; tartness; 
bitterness. 

Syn. — Acrimony of feeling; severity of temper 
or censure ; harshness of expression ; asperity or 
bitterness of language or feeling ; tartness of reply. 

Ac'ri-tude, n. [L. acritudo, from acer, sharp ; the 
termination -tude implies a state or quality.] 
Acrid taste or quality. 

Ac-ro-a-mat'ic, ) «. [Gr. aKpoanarticos, from 

Ac-ro-a-mat'i-cal, / olk poacrOai, to hear; heard 
only," but not committed to writing.] Abstruse ; 
esoteric; secret. 

Ac-ro-a-mat'ics, n. pi. ^ Same as Acroatics. 

Ac-ro-at'ic, a. [Gr. aKpoariKo?, suitable to be 



heard. — See Acroamatic] Abstruse; acroa- 

matic. 
Ac-ro-at'ics, n. pi. Aristotle's lectures on the 

more subtile parts of philosophy. 
Ac'ro-bat, n. [Gr. a/cpo^aros, going aloft ; a/cpov, 

aloft, and Paivew, /3oitos, to go.] A vaulter; a 

rope-dancer. 
Ac-ro-bat'ic, a. Of or pertaining to an acrobat or 

his performance. 
Ae'ro-£-en, n. [Gr. a/cpov, a point, and yeveaOai, 

to be developed.] A plant growing at the upper 

point of its stem. 
A-cro^e-nous, a. Having the nature of an acro- 

gen. 
A-cro'mi-on, n. ; pi. A-cro'mi-a. [Gr. a/cpw/uiov, 

from axpos, a point/and a>/uos,' a shoulder.] The 

outer point of the shoulder-blade. 
A-cron'y-cal, a. [From Gr. a/cpos, a point, a tip, 

and vv'|, night.] Opposite to the sun, or rising 

when the sun sets, and setting when the sun 

rises, as a star: — opposed to cosmical. 
A-cron'x-cal-lx, ad. At the acronycal time: — 

opposed to cosmically. 
A-crop'o-lis, n. ; pi. A-crop'o-le§. [Gr. aKp67roAi5, 

from a/cpos, a peak, a high place, and 7r6Ais, a 

city.] The stronghold of a city. 
Ac'ro-spire, n. [Gr. a/cpos, a point, and a-nelpa, a 

twist, j A shoot at the end of a seed. 
A-cross , ad. [From a prepositional, and cross. — 

See Cross.] Athwart; crosswise; over. — 2, prep. 

Over ; athwart ; from side to side of. 
A-cros'tic, n. [Gr. dKpocrrix'5, from aicpo?, end, 

and ctti'xo?, a row.] A poem in which the first 

letters of the lines make up the name of a person. 
A-cros'ti-cal, a. Relating to acrostics. 
A-crot'ic, a'. [Badly formed from Gr. d/cpoTT)?, ex- 
treme.] Pertaining to or affecting the surface. 
Ac'ro-tisni, n. [From Gr. a, privative, and /cporo?, 

stroke.] (Med.) Absence or defect of pulse. 
Act (akt), v. n. [From L. agere, actus, to do ; Fr. 

acte.] To be in action ; not to rest.— 2, v. a. To 

perform : — to feign ; to imitate. — 3, n. A deed ; 

exploit : — a part of a play : — a decree of a court : 

— edict; statute. 
Ac'ta-ble, a. Capable of being acted or done. 
Act'ing, a. Discharging the functions of another; 

vicarious. — 2, w. The playing of a part: — action. 
Ac-tin'i-a, n. [From Gr. okti's, o.ktIvos, a ray.] 

A sea-anemone. 
Ac-tin'ic, a. Relating to actinism. 
Ac'tin-i§m, v. [Gr. oiktic, a/crivos, a ray, from 

its radiated form.] The chemical force of the 

sun's rays. 
Ac-ti-nol'o-ix n. The science of radiated ani- 
mals : — the science which investigates rays of 

light. [the force of solar radiation. 

Ac-ti-nom'e-ter, n. An instrument for measuring 
Ac-ti-no-met'ric, a. [From Gr. a*Ti?, a ray, and 

//.erpiKos, measuring.] Of or pertaining to the 

measurement of radiated force. 
Ac-ti-no-zo'a, n. pi. [Gr. d/cn's, a ray, and £(iov, 

an" animal'.] A class of marine animals; sea- 
anemones. 
Ac'tion (ak'shun). n. [L. actio. — See Act.] The 

process of acting ; a deed ; operation : — a battle ; 

— gesticulation :— a process or suit at law; a 

lawsuit. 
Syn. — Act is a single exertion of power ; action, 

a continued exertion. 
Ac'tion-a-ble, a. Liable to result in an action at 

law': — that may afford grounds for an action. 
Ac'tive, a. That acts ; opposed to passive ; transi- 
tive : — busy ; nimble ; agile ; quick. 
Syn. — Active in business; busy, not at leisure; 

nimble and agile in the use of one's limbs ; quick 

in movement. 
Ac'tive-ly, ad. In an active manner; busily. 
Ac-tiv'i-ty, n. The state or quality of being ac- 
tive ; "nimblenesB ; quickness. 
Act' or, n. One who acts; a stage-player. 
Ac' tress, n. A woman who plays on the stage. 



a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, I, 5, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, x, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



ACTUAL 



49 



ADENOID 



Act'u-al (akt'yu-al), a. Really in act ; positive ; 

real ; effective ; certain ; existing at present. — 

2, n. In finance, money actually received. 
Act'u-al-ist. n. One who deals with fact rather 

than 'with theories: — opposed to idealist 
Act-u-al'i-ty, n. The existing conditions : — real- 
ity : — realism. [to real existence. 
Act-u-al-i-za'ticn, n. A reducing to actuality or 
Act'u-al-ize. v. a. [pp. actualizing, actualized.] 

To make actual, or real; to realize; to describe 

realistically. 
Act'ii-al-ly, ad. In act; really; positively. 
Act-u-al-ngss, n. The quality of being actual. 
Act'ii-a-ry, n. [L. actuarius, an accountant.] The 

managing officer of an insurance company; a 

clerk ; a notary, or registrar. 
Act'u-ate. v. a. [pp. actuating, actuated.] To put 

into action; to induce; to influence; to impel. 
Act-u-a'tion, n. Impulsion; motion imparted. 
Act'u-a-tor, n. One who actuates. 
Ac-tu'ri-gnce, «. [The syllables -urience and 

-urienl express desire ; from the L.] A desire 

for action. 
A-cu'le-ate, a. [L. acidealus, from acus, a needle.] 

Having a point ; prickly. 
A-cu'le-o-late, a. [L. aculeolus, a small prickle, 

from acus', a needle.] {Bot.) Armed with small 

prickles, or slightly prickly. 
A-cti'men, a. [L. for "sharpness."] A sharp point: 
" — quickness of perception; discernment; dis- 
crimination. 
A-cu'mi-nate, a. [L. acuminare, acinninatus, to 

sharpen.] Pointed; acuminated. 
A-cu'mi-nat-ed. p. a. Sharp-pointed. 
A-cu-mi-na'tion, n. The act of sharpening : — a 
' sharp point. ' 
A-cu'mi-nose, a. (Bot.) Approaching to beiug ! 

- acuminate ; nearly acuminate. 

Ac-u-press', v. a. [L. acus, acu, a needle, and j 
press.] [pp. acupressing, acupressed.] (Swig.) 
To compress, as an artery, by means of acupres- 

^ sure. — 2, v. n. To employ acupressure. 

Ac-u-pres'sion, \ (ak-ii-presh'un, ak-u-presh/nr), 

Ac-u-press'ure, J n. A method of stopping an 
artery from bleeding by passing a needle through 
the substance of the wound. 

Ac-u-punct'ure, n. [L. acus, acu, a needle, and 
puncture.] (Med.) A method of treating dis- 
ease by small punctures. — 2, v. n. [pp. acu- 
puncturing:, acupunctured.] To puncture with 
fine needles. 

A-cute', a. [L. acuere, acutus, to sharpen.] Sharp; 
not obtuse ; keen : — not grave: — ingenious ; pen- 
etrating. — (Med.) An acute disease terminates 
shortly; opposed to chronic. — Acute accent is that 
which raises the voice. — Acute angle, one less 
than a right angle. 

A-cute'ly, ad. Sharply; ingeniously.; keenly. 

A-cute'ness. n. Quality of being acute ; sharp- 
ness; acumen; penetration; sagacity. 

A-cu-ti-fo'li-ate, a. [Acute and L. folium, a leaf.] 

- (Bot.) Having sharply-pointed leaves. 
Ad'age (ad'aj), «. [L. adagium, a proverb.] A 

maxim handed down from antiquity ; a proverb ; 
an aphorism. 

Ad-a'gi-o, n. [It. ad agio, at ease.] (Mus.) Mark 
of slow time; a composition in slow time: — ad. 

_ Slowly. 

Ad'a-mant, n. [Gr. <x5<£/xa?, from a priv., not, 
and Sa/xdw, to tame: invincible.] A very hard 

^ stone ; a diamond. 

Ad-a-man-te'an, a. Hard ; impenetrable. 

Ad-a-man'tine, a. Made of adamant ; hard. 

Ad-a-man'toid, n. A crystal bounded by forty- 
eight equal triangles, as the diamond. 

A-dam'ic, a. Relating to Adam. 

Ad'am's-ap'ple (ad'amz-ap / pl),«. The prominent 
part of the throat:— a variety of banana. 

A-dapt\ v. a. [L. ad, to, and apiare, to fit. — See 
Apt.] [pp. adapting, adapted.] To fit one thing 
to another; to suit; to adjust; to accommodate. 



A-dapt-a-bil'i-tjr, n. Capability of adaptation. 

A-dapt'|-ble,'«. Pliable : — applicable. 

Ad-ap-ta'tion, n. The act of adapting :— fitness. 

A-dap'tive, a. Fitting to circumstances; modi- 

' fying-' 

Add, v. a. [L. addere, from ad, together, and dare, 
to put.] [pp. adding, added.] To join together; 
to increase ; to subjoin ; to annex ; to unite. — 
2, v. n. To perform addition. 

Sij7i. — Quantities are added; houses joined; 
an afterthought subjoined; propeity increased; 
territory annexed. 

Ad'dax, n. [L. ; originally a 
Xofth African word.] A 
kind of African antelope. 

Ad-den' dum, n. ; pi. Ad- 
den' da. ' [L., gerundive 
from addere, to add.] Some- 
thing to be added ; an ad- 
dition ; an appendix. 

Ad'der, n. [0. E. naddre, a 
snake; a naddre has been 

corrupted to an adder.] A venomous reptile; a 
viper. 

Ad-di-bll'i-ty, n. Possibility of being added. 

Ad'di-ble, a. Capable of being added. 

Ad-dict', v. a. [L. addicere, addictus, to devote; 
ad, to, and dicere, to say.] To give tip or apply 
one's self to; to devote: — often used in an ill 




Syn.— -Men addict themselves to vice: devote 
themselves to science; apply themselves to busi- 
ness ; dedicate themselves to religion, [addicted. 

Ad-dic'tion, or Ad-dict'ed-ness. n. State of being 

Ad-di"tion (ad-dish'un), n. [L. additio.] Act of 
adding; the thing added: — increase: — a rule of 
arithmetic for adding numbers together. — (Law.) 
The title annexed to a man's name. 

Ad-di"tion-al (ad-dish'un-al), a. Added. 

Ad-di"tion-al-ljs ad. In addition to. 

Ad-di-ti''tious, a. Additive. 

Ad'di-tive, «'. To be added; relating to addition. 

Ad'dle. a. [0. E. adela, mire ; Ger. add.] Barren ; 
unfruitful:— originally applied to such eggs as 
produce nothing. —2, v. a. [pp. addling, addled.] 
To make putrid; to corrupt; to confuse. — 3, r. n. 
To grow corrupt. 

Ad'dle-head'ed, ) a. Having addle brains; of 

Ad'dle-pat'ed, J weak intellect ; foolish. 

Ad-dress', v. a. [Fr. adresser; from the root of 
dress and direct.] [pp. addressing, addressed.] 
To sppak or apply to ; to accost : — to prepare for^ 
— to direct: — to court. — 2, ». Application: peti- 
tion: — courtship: — skill; dexterity; ability:— 
manners; bearing: — an oration; speech: — a me- 
morial : — direction of a letter; the name, title, 
&c, of a person. 

Syn. — Address the ruler or government, or per- 
sons generally ; accost a stranger ; salute a friend ; 
direct a letter. 

Ad-dress'es, n. pi. Courtship paid to a woman. 

Ad-diice', v. a. [L. add u cere : ad, to, and dncere, 
to draw.] [pp. adducing, adduced.] To bring 
forward ; to allege. 

Ad-du'cent, a. Drawing toward a given point. 

Ad-du'ci-ble, a. That may be brought forward. 

Ad-dfict', v. a. [L. adducere, adduction. — See Ad- 
duce.] [pp. adducting, adducted.] To draw 
toward a median line or a centre. 

Ad-duc'tion, n. The act of adducing or adducting. 

Ad-duc'tive, a. That brings forward. 

Ad-duc'tor, n. [L.] (Anat.) A muscle that draws 
toward a given point. [deep. 

A-deep', ad. [See Deep.] In or toward the depths ; 

A-del'phous, a. [Gr. a<5eA.<£6s, a brother : — with 
the idea of union.] United by filaments into 
pairs or bundles. 

A-demp'tion, n. A taking away: a roTocation. 

Ad'en, [Gr., a gland.] An initial element in 

_ words relating to the glands; as. adenology. 

Ad'e-noid, a. Resembling or relating to a gland. 



mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule,, use.— Q, $, c, £, soft ; p, ja, p, £, hard; s as z ; x as gz ; this. 

c d 5 



ADENOLOGY 



50 



ADMINISTRATOR 



Ad-e-nol'c-£-y, n. A treatise on the glands. 

Ad-en-opn'or-ous, a. Bearing glauds. 

A-dept', «• ' [L. adeptus, fitted ; root of Apt.] Skil- 
ful; thoroughly versed. — 2, n. One versed in 
any art: — also {Alchemy), one who had found the 
panacea and philosopher's stone. 

Ad'e-qua-cy, n. Sufficiency; adequateness. 

Ad'e-quate, a. [L. adsequare, to equalize.— See 
Equal'.] Sufficient: — fully suitable ; fitting. 

Ad'e-quate-ly, ad. In an adequate mauner. 

Ad'e-quate-ness, n. Quality of being adequate. 

Ad-fect'ed, a. [See Affect.] {Math.) Noting an 
equation consisting of different powers of the 
unknown quantity ; affected. 

Ad-flux' ion (ad-fluk'shim). n. [See Afflux.] The 
act of flowing to or toward: — (Bot.) The force 
by which the sap is drawn toward the leaves. 

Ad-here', v. n. [L. adlnerere, to stick.] [pp. ad- 
hering, adhered.] To stick to; to remain fixed. 

Ad-he'rence, \n. The quality of adhering; at- 

^d-he'ren-cy, j tachment; tenacity; fidelity. 

4Ld-he'rent, a. Sticking to; united with. — 2, n. 
One who adheres ; a follower. 

Ad-he' §ion (ad-he'zhun), n. The act or state of 
sticking or "adhering to something; adherence. 

Syn. — Adherence to principle or to party ; ad- 
hesion of contiguous parts of vegetable matter or 
bodies ; cohesion of the particles of homogeneous 
bodies to each other. 

Ad-he'sive, a. Sticking; tenacious. 

■kd-he'sive-ness, n. Tenacity; viscosity :— a pro- 
pensity to form attachments. 

Ad-hib'jt, v. a. [L. adhibere, adhibilum; from ad, 
' to, and habeo, to have or hold.] [ pp. adhibiting, 
adhibited.] To employ : — to apply : — to admin- 
ister. 

Ad-hi-bi"tion, n. The action of adhibiting. 

Ad-i-aph'a-nous, a. [a, not, and diaphanous.] 
Not diaphanous ; opaque. 

Ad-i-aph'o-ri§m, n. [Gr. aSia<f>opo?, indifferent. 
— Of. Differ.] Latitudinarianism ; indifference. 
Ad-i-aph'o-rist, n. A believer in the doctrine 
that in matters non-essential charity was to be 
preferred to unanimity. [adiaphorism. 

Ad-i-aph-o-rist'ic, a. {Eccl) Like, or relating to, 
A-di-a-ther'mic. a. [«, not, and piathermanous, 
" which see.] Not readily permitting the trans- 
mission of heat; impervious to heat. 
A-die5' (a-du'), ad. \d Dieu, Fr. for "to God" (I 

* commend you).] Farewell.— 2, «. A taking 
leave ; a farewell. 

Ad-i-po-cere', n. [L. adeps, adipis, fat, and cent, 
wax.] An oily or waxy substance, formed by 
the decomposition of animal bodies in moist 
places, or under water. [fat. 

Ad-i-pose', a. [L. adeps, fat.] Consisting of fat; 

A-dip'sous. a. [Gr. a, not, and SCipa, thirst.] 
Tending to quench thirst. 

Ad' it, n. [L. aditus, approach ; ad, and ire, itus, to 
go.] A passage under ground :— access. 

Ad-ja'cen-cy, w. The state of lying close to: — 
that which lies near by; contiguity. 

Ad-ja'cent, a. [L. adjacens ; ad, near, and jacere, 

* jacens,' to lie.] Lying near.; contiguous. 

Syn. — Adjacent villages or lands; contiguous 

houses; adjoining fields. 
Ad-ject'. v. a. [L. adjicere, adjeclum, and adjec- 

tare, to add; ad, to, and jacere, to put, to throw.] 

(Law, &c.) To add ; to append. 
Ad-jec'tion, n. The act of adding. 



Ad-jec-ti"tious (ad-jek-tish'us) 



Additional. 



Ad'jec-tiv-al [ad-jek-ti'val, Mu. St. I.], a. Re- 
lating to an adjective. 

Ad'jec-tive, n. (Gram.) A word added to a noun 
to express some quality ; as, good. 

Ad'jec-tive-ly, ad. As or like an adjective. 

Ad-j'oin', v. a.' [See Joix ana Adjunct.] [pp. ad- 

' joining, adjoined.] To join to; to unite or put 
to ; to subjoin. — 2, v. n. To be contiguous to. 

Ad-jbm'ing-. a. Close to ; contiguous. 

Ad-journ' (ad-jiirn'), v. a. [Fr. ujourner, from L. 



ad, to, and dinrnus, daily ; root of dies, a day. — 
See Journal.] [pp. adjourning, adjourned.] To 
put off to another day ; to postpone ; to pro- 
rogue. — 2, v. n. To cease sitting. 

Syn. — Adjourn a court or meeting; prorogue 
parliament ; postptone or defer a matter of business. 

Ad-joiirn' al, «. Adjournment; postponement. 

Ad-joiirn'ment (ad-jurn'ment), n. The act of ad- 

' journing; delay; intermission. 

Ad-judgV, v. a. [Fr. adjuger. — See Judge.] [pp. 
adjudging, adjudged.] To sentence ; to decree ; 
to bestow: — to judge or consider:— to decide or 
settle. 

Ad-jii'di-cate, v. a. [L. adjvdicare, adjndicatum. 
— See Judge.] [pp. adjudicating, adjudicated. J 
To try and determine judicially. 

Ad-jii-di-ca'tion, i*. The act of adjudicating ; sen- 
tence :— a decree. 

Ad'junct, n. [L. ad, to, and jangere, junctum, to 
join.] Something joined to another. — 2, a. Added 
to ; united with : — subordinate. 

Ad-junc'tion, n. The act of adjoining. 

Ad-junc'tive, n. That which is joined. — 2, a. 
Having the quality of joining. 

Ad-ju-ra'tion, n. The act of charging another 
solemnly by oath : — the form of oath. 

Ad-jiir'a-to-ry, a. Of or pertaining to adjuration. 

^.d-jure', v. a. [L. adjurare.] [pp. adjuring, ad- 
' jured.] To impose an oath upon another: — to 
charge or entreat solemnly. 

Ad-just', v. a. [Fr. ajuster, from Late L. adjuxtare, 
adjustare, to fit ; from juxht, near. The deriva- 
tion from Justus, exact, is historically incorrect.] 
[pp. adjusting, adjusted.] To regulate; to put 
in order; to fit; to adapt; to suit; to harmonize 
or settle. 

Ad-just'a-ble, a. That may be adjusted. 

Ad-just'ment, n. Regulation; settlement. 

Ad'ju-tan-cy, n. The of- 
fice of an adjutant. 

Ad'ju-tant, n. [L. adj it- 
tare, adjutantis, to assist ; 
a frequentative form of 
adjuvare.] A military 
officer who assists a su- 
perior officer ; an assist- 
ant : — a kind of stork (so 
called from its stiff, mil- 
itary walk). 

Ad-ju-ta'tor. n. [L.] An assistant. 

Ad'jii-vant [ad'ju-vant, S. W. F. Ja. K. Sm. ; ad- 
ju'vant, J. E.], a. [L. adjuvans, adjuvanlis, pres. 
part! of adjuvare, to help; ad, and juvare, to 
help.] Helpful; useful.— 2, n. That which 




Adjutant. 



Ad-lo-cii'tion, n. Same as Allocution. 

Ad-meas'ure-ment (ad-mezh'ur-ment), re. The act 
or result of measuring; measurement. 

Ad-men-su-ra'tion, n. [L. mensura, a measure.] 
Admeasurement. 

Ad-min'i-cle, n. [L. adminicuhim, a stay, from 

' manus,'the hand.] An aid or support; an aux- 
iliary ; corroboratory evidence. 

Ad-min'is-ter, v. a. [L. administrare.— See MIN- 
ISTER.]" [pp. administering, administered.] To 
supply :— to give :— to act as agent or adminis- 
trator upon :— to manage.— 2, v. n. To act as ad- 
ministrator. 

Ad-min-is-te'ri-al, a. Relating to administration. 

Ad-min'is-tra-bl'e, a. Capable of administration. 

Ad-min-is-tra'tion, n. Act of administering ; act 
of conducting any affair :— the executive part of 
government : — management. 

Syn.— Administration of the government ; dis- 
pensation of justice; management of business; 
government of the country. _ _ 

Ad-min'is-tra-tive, a. Executive; pertaining to 
the management of affairs. 

Ad-min-is-tra'tor, n. One who has the charge of 
the estate of a man dying intestate ; a manager ; 
a trustee. 



a, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, fi, y, short; a, e, j, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her: 



ADMINISTRATOBSHIP 



51 



ADULTEEATE 



Ad-min-is-tra'tor-ship, n. Office of administrator. 

Ad-min-is-tra'trix, n. She who administers. 

Ad-mi-ra-bil'i-ty, «■• Tli e quality of being ad- 
mirable ; great excellence. 

Ad'mi-ra-ble, a. Worthy of being admired ; won- 
derful; excellent; very superior ; estimable. 

Ad'mi-ra-bly, ad. Iu an admirable manner. 

Ad'mi-ral, n. [Arab, amb-al-bahr, commander of 
the sea'.] The chief commander of a fleet. 

Ad'mi-ral-ship, n. Office or skill of an admiral. 

Ad'nu-ral-ty, n. The authority, or officers, ap- 
pointed for' managing naval or maritime affairs. 

Ad-mi-ra'tion. n. The action of admiring; won- 
der;' veneration; esteem; gratified contempla- 
tion. 

Ad- mire', v. a. [L. admirari; ad, at, and mirari, 
to wonder.] [pp. admiring, admired.] To re- 
gard with wonder or love; to esteem or prize 
highly.— 2, v. n. To feel admiration ; to wonder. 

Ad-mir'er, n. One who admires ; a lover. 

Ad-mir'i'ng-ly, ad. In an admiring manner. 

Ad-mTs-si-bil'i-ty, ». The quality of being ad- 

" missible. [allowable. 

Ad-mis'si-ble. a. Worthy of being admitted: — 

Ad-mis'sion (ad-mish'un), n. [See Admit.] The 
" act of admitting: — access; admittance; allow- 
ance of an argument. 

Ad-mis'sive, a. Of the nature of an admission; 
' admitting; tending to admit. 

Ad-mit', v. a- [L. admittere, admission; ad, to, and 
miOere, to send.] [j>p. admitting, admitted.] To 
suffer to enter; to receive: — to allow an argu- 
ment or position; to concede. 

Syn. — Admit a member; receive a friend ; admit 
the force of an argument; allow due credit; <jrunt 
what is reasonable. 

Ad-mit'ta-ble, d. Admissible. 

^.d-mlt'tance, n. The act of admitting; admission. 

Ad-mit'ted-ly, ad. By admission ; confessedly. < 

Ad-mix', v. a. \L. admiscere, admixlum.] [pp. ad- 
mixing, admixed.] To mingle with ; to mix. 

Ad-mix'tion (ad-mikst'yun), n. A mingling. 

4.d-mixt'ure (ad-mikst'yur), n. The substance of 
bodies mingled; the process of mixing: — that 
which is admixed ; mixture. 

Ad-mon'ish, v. a. [L. admonere, in a later form 
admonestare; ad, and monere, to advise.] [pp. 
admonishing, admonished.] To give admonition 
to ; to warn ; to reprove ; to reprimand ; to advise. 
Syn. — Admonish for the first fault, reprove for 
the' second, reprimand for the third; warn of 
danger; advise for the future. 

Ad-mon'ish-er, n. One who admonishes. 

Ad-mo-ni"tion, n. [L. admonilio.] The act of 
admonishing ; a hint of a fault or duty ; a gentle 
reproof. 

Ad-mon'i-tive, \a. That admonishes; monitory ; 

.A.d-mon' j-to-ry, J pertaining to admonition. 

Ad-mon'i-tive-ly, ad. In an admonitive manner. 

^d-mo'tive, a. [L. ad, to, and movere, motutn, to 
move.] Moving toward. 

Ad-nas'cent, «. [L. ad, to, and nasci, to be born, 
to grow.] Growing to something else. 

Ad'nate, a. [L. ad, to, and natus, born.] Attached 
by growth. 

Ad-na'tion, n. Attachment by surfaces. [five. 

Ad'nb'un. w. [From ad, to, and noun.] An adjec- 

Ad-nu'bi-lat-ed, a. [L. ad, to, and nubilare, to 
cloud ; nubes, a cloud.] Clouded ; obscured, [r.] 

A-do', n. [Originally a verb, meaning to do.] 
Trouble; difficulty; bustle; tumult. 

A-do'be. n. [Sp., from Arab, and Coptic tob, brick, 
or perhaps from the root of daub.] Unburnt, 
sun-dried brick: — brick-clay; clay; mortar. 

Ad-o-lesce', v. n. [L. adolescere; ad, and olescere, 
to grow.] [pp. adolescing, adolesced.] To grow 
up. 

Ad-o-les'cence, \ n. The age between childhood 

Ad-o-les'cen-cy, J and manhood. 

Ad-o-les'cent, a. Growing; youthful. — 2, n. A 
growing 'youth. 



Ad'o-nal, or Ad'o-na-i, n. [Heb., literally "my 
Lords."] The Hebrew name for the Lord. 

A-don'ic, n. [So called from Adonis, a beautiful 
Syrian (mythical) youth; this metre is said to 
have been used in lamenting the death of 
Adonis-.] A verse composed of a dactyl and a 
spondee. — 2, a. Consisting of a dactyl and a 
spondee. 

A-do'nis, n. [See Adonai and Adonic] A genus 
of plants : — a beautiful young man. 

A-dopt', v. a. [L. adoptare ; ad, to, and optare, to 
choose; a form of opere, to wish.] [pp. adopting, 
adopted.] To take as a son or daughter the child 
of another; to receive as one's own. 

A-dopt'er, «. One who adopts : — a chemical ves- 
sel with two necks. 

A-dop'tian-ist, or A-dop'tion-ist, n. One who 
holds that Christ is the Son of God by adoption. 

A-dop'tion, n. The act of adopting : — affiliation. 

A-dop'tive, a. That adopts or is adopted. 

A-dor'a-ble, a. Worthy of adoration ; divine. 

A-dor'a-ble-ness, n. Worthiness of adoration. 

A-dor'a-bly, ad. In an adorable manner. 

Ad-o-ra'tion, n. Divine worship; homage. 

A-d6re\ v. a. [L. adorare, to worship, from os, 

' oris, the mouth.] [pp. adoring, adored.] To 
worship with external homage ; to reverence ; 
to honor: — to love intensely. 

Syn. — The Supreme Being is to be adored, rev- 
erenced, and worshipped; great and good men are 
to be honored, and even venerated, and their 
memories revered. 

A-dor'er, n. One who adores : — a lover. 

4-dorn', v. a. [L. adornare; ad, to, and omare, 
to bedeck.] [pp. adorning, adorned.] To set 
off to advantage ; to dress ; to decorate ; to em- 
bellish. 

A-dbrn'ing, n. Ornament; embellishment. 

A-dorn'ment, n. Embellishment; decoration. 

Ad-os-cu-la'tion. n. [L. adosadari, to kiss, to join 
mouth to mouth; os, dim. osctdum, a mouth.] A 
method of grafting; inosculation: — impregna- 
tion of plants. 

A-db'frn', ad. & prep. [An older form of down.] 
Down; downward. 

Ad-pressed' (ad-presf), a. [See Press.] (Bot.) 
Pressed closely, as leaves to a stem: appressed. 

A-drift', ad. [a for "on" or "at," and drift.] 
Floating at random. 

Ad'ro-gate. v. a. [See Arrogate.] [pp. adro- 
gat'ing, adrosra'ed.J (Law.) To adopt. 

A-drSIt',«. [Fr., from L. directum, right, straight.] 
Dexterous; skilful; expert. 

A-drbit'ly, ad. In an adroit manner. 

^L-drbit'ness. «. Dexterity; skill; activity. 

4-dry', a. [See Dry.] Thirsty ; in want of drink ; 
athirst. 

Ad-sci-ti"tious (ad-se-tish'us\ a. [L. adsciscere, 
to accept formally or knowingly; from scire, to 
know.] Assumed to complete something; addi- 
tional. 

Ad'u-late, v. a. [L. advlari, to fawn upon; ad, 
and a root (seen in whfel) meaning to turn, to 
wag the tail.] [pp. adulating, adulated.] To 
flatter ; to fawn upon. 

Ad-u-la'tion. n. Servile or hypocritical flattery. 
Syn. — Fulsome adulation; gross flattery ; well- 
merited compliment. 

Ad'ii-la-to-ry, a. Flattering grossly. 

A-dul'lani-ite, «. [In allusion to the cave of Ad>d- 
lam.] ' (Brit. Pol.) A discontented or rebellious 
member of a political party. 

A-dult\ a. [L. adolescere, adulfvs, to grow up.] 
Grown up; of mature age. — 2, n. A person 
grown up ; one of age. 

A-dult'afe, n. The state of an adult. 

A-dfil'ter-ant, n. That which adulterates. 

£.-dfil'ter-ate, v. a. [L. adulterare ; perhaps ad, 
and alter, another.] [pp. adulterating,. adulter- 
ated.] To corrupt; to debase. 

A-dul'ter-ate, a. Corrupted ; debased. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c, §, soft ; p, p, p, §, hard ; § as z ; x at gz ; this. 



ADULTEKATTON 



52 



ADYTUM 



A-dul-ter-a'tion, n. The act of adulterating: — 
that which i's adulterated : — that by which any- 
thing is adulterated. 

A-dul'ter-er, n. A man guilty of adultery. 

A-dul'ter-ess, n. A woman who commits adultery. 

A-dul'ter-ine [a-dul'ter-In, S. W. I. Mu. J. Ja. 
Sm. ; a-dul'ter-in, P.' St. K.], n. A child born of 
an adulteress. — 2, a. Spurious; adulterous: — 
illegal. [spurious. 

A-dul'ter-oiis, a. Guilty of adultery ; corrupt ; 

£.-dul'te-ry, n. [L. adulterium.] Violation of the 
marriage bed. 

A-diilt'ness, n. The state of being adult. 

Ad-uni'brate, v. a. [L. ad, to, forth, and umbrare, 
umbrcdus, to shadow.] [pp. adumbrating, aduni- 

^ brated.] _ To shadow out faintly. 

Ad-um-bra'tion, n. A faint sketch ; shadow. 

Ad-um'bra-tive, or Ad-um'brant, a. Giving a 
slight shadow :— typifying ; shadowing forth. 

A-dun'ci-ty, n. [L. aduncitas; ad, to, and uncus, 
bent.] Crookedness ; form of a hook. 

A-dun'cous, a. Hooked; incurved. 

A-diisk', 'ad. or a. [See Dusk.] In the dusk ; dark. 

A-dust', a. [L. adustus, scorched; ad, to, and 
urere, ustiXm,, to bum.] Scorched ; parched : — 
sunburnt. 

Ad-vance', v. a. [Fr. avancer ; Late L. abanteare, 
to go before ; ab, from, and ante, before.] [pp. 
advancing, advanced.] To bring forward: — to 
raise to preferment :— to promote : — to improve ; 
to propose :— to pay beforehand.— 2, v. n. To go 
forward ; to proceed.— 3. n. A going forward ; 
progression ; improvement ; rise :— anticipation 
of time. — 1, a. Being in front; as, advance 
guard : — paid ; as, advance money, money paid 
in advance. 

Ad-vanced' (ad-vansf), a. In accord with the 
latest developments of science and thought. 

Ad-vance'ment, n. Act of advanciug; progress; 
preferment; improvement; promotion. 

Ad-van' ta£e, n. [Fr. avantage; Late L. abanta- 
tium, from the same roots as advance.] Superior 
position ; favorable circumstances; benefit ; gain ; 
profit ; account. — 2, v. a. [pp. advantaging, 
advantaged.] To benefit; to promote ; to profit. 

Ad-van-ta'£-eous (ad-van-ta'jus), a. Affording ad- 
vantage; beneficial; profitable; useful. 

Syn. — Advantageous situation ; beneficial exer- 
cise ; profitable business ; useful employment. 

Ad-van-ta'£-eous-ly, ad. Profitably. 

Ad-vin-ta'geous-ness, n. Profitableness. 

Ad-vene', v. n. [L. advenire; ad, to, and venire, 
to come.] [pp. advening, advened.] To accede 
or come to. 

Ad'vent, n. [L. advenire, adven.lus. — See Advene.] 
A coming: — the coming of Christ; a season of 
devotion, including the four weeks before Christ- 
mas. 

Ad'vent-ist, n. A believer in the second personal 
coniing of Christ. 

Ad-ven-ti"tious (ad-ven-tish'us), a. [L. adven- 
ticius, foreign. — See Advene.]' Accidental ; inci- 
dental : — not essentially inherent. [ralized. 

Ad-ven'tive, a. (Bol.) Foreign, or scarcely natu- 

Ad-vent'u-al, a. Relating to Advent. 

Ad-vent'ure (ad-vent'yur), n. [L. (res) adventura, 
a thing about to happen. — See Advene. Fr. 
aventnre.] An accident; a hazard: — an enter- 
prise in which something is at hazard ; a sum 
sent to sea. — 2, v. n. [pp. adventuring, adven- 
tured.] To try the chance ; to dare. — 3, v. a. 
To risk ; to hazard. 

Ad-vent'ur-er, ». One who adventures : — one who 
lives by his wits. 

Ad-vent'ure-sSme, a. Adventurous. 

Ad-vent'u-rous, a. Inclined to adventures ; en- 
terprising; bold; daring; dangerous. 

Ad-vent'u-rous-ly, a. Boldly; daringly. 

Ad'verb, «. [L. adverbium ; ad, to, and verbum, a 
word.] (Gram.) A word joined to a verb, ad- 
jective, or other adverb, to modify its sense. 



Ad-verb'j-al, a. Pertaining to an adverb. 

Ad-verb'i-al-ize, v. a. [pp. adverbial izing, ad- 
verbialized.] To use as an adverb or give an 
adverbial form to. 

Ad-verb'i-al-ly., ad. As an adverb. 

Ad ver-sa-ry., n. [L. adversarius, one opposed. — 
See Adverse.] An opponent; an enemy ; a foe; 
an antagonist.— 2, a. Opposite to ; adverse. 

Ad-ver'sa-tive, «. Noting opposition. 

Ad'verse, a. [L. adversus, from ad, to, against, 
and vertere, versus, to turn.] Contrary ; opposite : 
— calamitous. 

Syn. — Adverse circumstances; contrary ac- 
counts; opposite chaiacters; hostile measures; 
calamitous occurrences. 

Ad-verse'lx, ad. Oppositely ; unfortunately. 

Ad-veV si-ty., n. An unfortunate condition ; af- 
fliction ; calamity; misfortune; distress. 

Syn. — Adversity is opposed to prosperity; dis- 
tress to ease :— deep affliction ; grievous calamity ; 
great misfortune. 

Ad-vert', v. n. [L. advertere.— See Adverse.] 
[pp. adverting, adverted.] To turn or attend; 
to allude. 

Ad-ver'tence, n. The act of adverting ; heed ; re- 
gard ; attention to. [attentive. 

Ad-ver'ten-cy, n. The quality or habit of being 

Ad-ver'tent, a. Attentive; heedful. 

Ad-ver-tisV, or Ad'ver-ti§e [ad-ver-tiz', S. St. I. 
H. W. P. J. F. Ja. K. R. Wb. ; ad'ver-tiz, Sm.], 
v. a. [Fr. avertir. — See Advert.] [pp. adver- 
tising, advertised.] To give public notice of; 
to publish. 

Ad-ver'ti§e-ment, or Ad-ver-ti§e'ment [ad-veV- 
tiz-ment, I. St. H. Mu. P. ja. Sm. R.' C. ; ad-ver'- 
tiz-ment or ad-ver-tiz'ment, S. W. J. F.'K.], n. 
Intelligence ; information ; admonition : — pub- 
lic notice, as in a newspaper. 

Ad-ver-tis/er, n. One who advertises. 

Ad-ver-tis/ing, p. a. Giving intelligence. 

Ad-vice', n. [Late L. advimm, opinion, view; ad, 
to, and videre, visum, to see.] Counsel ; instruc- 
tion : — intelligence ; news. 

Syn. — A physician or counsellor gives advice; 
a parent, counsel; a teacher, instruction: — advice, 
intelligence, or information may be received from 
a correspondent. 

Ad-vi§-a-bil'i-ty, n. Advisableness. 

Ad-vl§'a-ble,'«. Prudent; expedient; fit. 

Ad-vls'a-ble-ness, n. Expediency. 

Ad-vIsV, v. a. [Late L. advisare. — See Advice.] 
[pp. advising, advised.] To give advice ; to 
counsel; to inform; to admonish. — 2, v. n. To 
consult ; to deliberate. 

Ad-vis/ed (ad-vi'zed or ad-vTzd'), a. Prudent; 
deliberate ; well considered : — informed. 

Ad-vis'ed-ly, ad. Deliberately; needfully. 

Ad-vise^ment, n. Information: — deliberation. 

Ad-vis'er, n. One who advises; counsellor. 

Ad-vi'§o-ry, a. Giving advice ; counselling. 

Ad'vo-ca-cy, n. Act of pleading : — support. 

Ad'vo-cate, v. a^ [L. advocare, advocatus, to call 
to;' ad, to, and vocare, to call.] [pp. advocating, 
advocated.] To plead for; to support; to de- 
fend ; to vindicate : — to recommend publicly. 

Ad'vo-cate, n. One who pleads the cause of an- 
other:— an intercessor; a defender; a lawyer. 

Ad-vo-ca'tion, n. [L. advocatio.] Act of pleading: 
— protection : — a summons. 

Ad-vbw-ee', n. [0. Fr. avonc, from L. advocatus, 
a patron.] (Law.) One who has the right of 
advowson. 

Ad-vb''w'er, n. A person who owns an advowson ; 
a patron. 

Ad-vb'-<v'§on, n. [0. Fr. avoeson, from L. advocatio.] 

' —(Law.) The patronage of a church; a right 
to present to a benefice. 

Ad-y-nam'ic, a, [Gr. d, privative, and Svvafiis, 
power.] '(Med.) Weak: — asthenic. 

Ad'y-tum, n. [L. ; Gr. aSvrov ; a, not, and Svetr, 
to enter.] A secret shrine in a temple. 



a, e, I, o, 5, y f long ; a, e» ?, 



y r short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



ADZE 



53 



AFFIANT 




Adze, n. [0. E. adesa.] A cutting 

iron tool : — spelt also adz. 

iE'dile (e'dll), n. See Edile. 

JE-dce-ol'o-^x (e-de-), n. [Gr. 

alSola, privy parts, and Koyos, 

a treatise ; from aifieo.sxai, to be Adze. 

ashamed.] That department of science which 

treats of the organs of generation. [tection. 

iE'£is (e'jis), n. iL.; Gr. aiyis.] A shield; a pro- 

JE-o'li-an, «. [From Mollis, god of the winds ; Gr. 

aioAo?', swift.] Pertaining to the wind. 
2E-6'li-an-harp, n. A stringed instrument of 

niusic'acted upon by the wind. 
iEolipyle (e-ol'e-pn), n. [From Molm, the wind- 
god, and Gr. TT-vAai, a gateway.] Au instrument 
to produce motion by the escape of heated vapor. 

2E'o-list, n. [From JEolus, the wind-god: wind 
is' equivalent to afflatus, inspiration.] One who 
pretends to inspiration. 

iE'on (e'pu), n. [L. ; Gr. aiav, an age. — Cf. L. 
sevum.] ' A period of time of immeasurable dura- 
tion; an eon. 

JEp-y-b'r'nis (ep'e-), n. [Gr. ai-rrvs, tall, and bpvts, 
a bird.] A gigantic bird now extinct. 

A'e-rate, v. a. [Fr. aerer, from L. aer, air.] [pp. 
aerating, aerated.] To fill with carbonic acid: 
— to expose to the air. 

A-e-ra'tion, a. Exposure to the air. 

A-g'ri-al, «. [L. uerius (Gr. de'pio?), airy ; aer, air; 
Gr. 'drjp.] Belonging to the air; high. 

Ae'rie [e're or a'e-re, I. ; e're, W. Ja. K. 8m. St. ; 
a'e-re, J. F. Wb. ; a're, ,S. H. ; a're or e're, Ma. ], 
n. ' [Late L. aeria ;' probably connected with 
area, a level space, or with atrium, a hall, a 
house. The derivation from eggery is fanciful.] 
A nest or brood of hawks or eagles ; eyry. 

A-e-rlfer-ous, a. [L. aer, air, and /ore, to carry.] 
Conveying air; air-bearing. 

A-e-ri-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of aerifying. 

A'e-ri-form, d. [L. aer, air, and forma, form!] 
Having the form of air. 

A'e-ri-fy, r. ». [pp. aerifying, aerified.] To fill 
or combine with air : — to turn into air. 

A-e-rog'no-sy, n. [Gr. drjp, air, and yvmo-ia, 
knowledge. j The science which treats of the 
properties and phenomena of air. 

A-e-rog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. drjp, air, and ypafyai, to 
write.] A description of the air. 

A'e-ro-lite, n. [Gr. arjp, air, and klQos, a stone.] 
A meteoric stone. 

A-e-ro-li-thol'o-i'y, ». [Aerolite, and Gr. \6yos, 
treatise.] That department of science which 
treats of aerolites or meteoric stones. 

A-e-rol'o-|'y, n. [Gr. arjp, air, and Aoyos, treatise.] 
The science of the air. 

A'e-ro-man-cjr [a'e-ro-m"in-se, W. J. F. I. Mu. ; 
ar'o-man-se, Sin. St.], n. [Gr. drjp, air, and p.av- 
ret'a, prophecy.] Divination by the air. 

A-e-rom'e-ter, n. [Gr. drjp, air, and p.erpov, meas- 
ure.] A machine for weighing air. 

A-e-ro-met'ric, a. Relating to aerometry. 

A-e-rom'e-try, n. The art of measuring or weigh- 
ing air.' 

A'e-ro-naut, n. [Gr. drjp, air, and vavTrjs, sailor.] 
One' who sails through the air. 

A-e-ro-naut'ic, a. Relating to aeronautics. 

A-e-ro-naut'ics, n. pi. The art of sailing in the 
air by means of balloons. 

A-e-ro-pho'bi-a, »■ [Gr. drjp, air, and (£6/3o?, fear.] 
{Med.) A inorbid dread of fresh air:— written 

_ also aerophoby. [An air-plant. 

A'e-ro-phyte, n. [Gr. drjp, air, and <\>vt6v, plant.] 

A-e-ros co-py, «• [Gr. aepoaKonia ; axon-eco, to 
view.] Observation of the air. 

2E-rose\ a. [L. seromis, from ses, brass.] Contain- 
ing or resembling brass. 

A-e-ro-sid'er-ite, ». [Gr. drjp, air, and crt'Srjpo?, 
iron.] A mass of meteoric iron. 

A-e-ro-sid'e-ro-lite. n. [Gr. drjp, air, cri'Srjpo?, 
iron, and Ai'0'o?, atone.] A meteorite containing 
both stone and iron. 



A'e-ro-stat, n. [Gr. drjp, air, and o-tcltos, stand- 
ing'; resting on air.] The part of a balloon 
which contains the gas ; a balloon : — a balloonist. 
A-e-ro-stat'ic, ) a. Relative to aerostatics or 
A-e-ro-stat'i-cal, J aerostation. 
A-e-ro-stat'ics, n. pi. The science which teaches 
the weight, pressure, or equilibrium of the air ; 
aerostation : — the art of ballooning. 
A-e-ros-ta'tion, n. [Badly formed from aerostat.] 
The' science of weighing air : — the art of bal- 
looning. 
iE-ru'gi-nous, a. [L. aeruginosas, rusty; serugo, 
copper-rust ; ses, brass or copper.] Of the nature 
of verdigris. 
A'e-ry, a. Airy : — unsubstantial. — 2, n. An aerie. 
iE'sir,' n. pi. [Norse, pi. of as, a being, an exist- 
ence; akin to aji, is, are.] (Sound. Myth.) The 
general name for the beneficent deities inhabit- 
ing Asgard. 
.ffis-the'sics, n. [Gr. alo-flrjcris, perception.] The 

science of the feelings. 
JEs'thete, n. One who is devoted to aesthetics. 
iEs-thet'ic, a. [Gr, aio-0ijTtie6s, perceptive ; verbal 
stem, accrue-, to feel.] Relating to aesthetics : — 
tasteful. 
.32s-the-ti"cian (es-the-tish'an), v. One versed 

in aesthetics"; a person of aesthetic tastes. 
JEs-thet'i-cism, n. -Esthetic principles collec- 
tively; the aesthetic spirit or instinct. 
JEs-thet'ics (es-thet'jks). n. pi The science which 

treats of the beautiful in nature and art. 
.ZEs'ti-val, «. [L. aestivalis, of summer, from sestus, 

heat.]' Relating to, or occurring in, summer. 
^Js-ti-va'tion, 7;. [From L. assfus, summer heat; 
since flowers expand in summer. — See Verna- 
tion.] {Bot.) The arrangement of the parts of 
a flower in the bud :— (Zool.) the dormant state 
of some animals in the hot season. 
JEt-i-ol'o-§y. n. See Etiology. [motely. 

A-fa'r', ad. '[See Far.] At a great distance; re- 
A-feard', a. [See Fear.] Afraid. 
Af-fa-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being affable. 
Af fa-ble," '(.' [L. affabUis; ad, to. And fori, to 

speak.] Easy of manners; courteous. 
Af'fa-ble-ness, n. Courtesy ; affability. 
Af fa-bly, ad. In an affable manner. 
Af-fair\'«. [Fr. d /aire, to do; later, affaire, 
something done: from L. o<h to, and facere. to 
make, to do.] Business; concern; transaction. 
Syn. — Public affairs; private business; a mo- 
mentous concern ; an important transaction. 
Af-fect', r. a. [L. afficere, affeetus, to act on : ad, 
to, and facere, fuel"*, to make or do.] [pp. affect- 
ing, affected.] ' To act upon ; to move the pas- 
sions ; to aim at ; to make a show of. 
Af-fec-ta'tion, n. [L. affectatio, from nffectare, a 
frequentative form of afficere, to affect.] False 
pretence; artificial show; insincerity; artifice. 
Af-fect'ed, p. a. Moved: — full of affectation: — 

pretended : — tainted : — (Math.) Adfected. 
Af-fect'ed-ly, ad. In an affected manner. 
Af-fect' nig, p. a. Moving the passions. 
Af-fect'ing-ly, ad. In au affecting manner. 
Af-fec'tion, n. [L. affectio, fondness, condition, 
inclination.] Desire; love; kindness; good 
will; tenderness: — state of mind: — condition: — 
disorder ; disease. 
Af-fec'tion-ate. o. Loving; tender; kind. 
Af-fec'tion-ate-ly, ad. Kindly ; tenderly. 
Af-fec'tive, "a. That affects ; moving. 
Affe-rent, n. [L. ad, to, and feme, ferens, carry- 
ins;.] A river or stream flowing into a sea or 
lake. — 2, a. Bringing to ; conveying inward. 
Af-fet-tu-o'so (af-fet-to-o'so), ad. ' Tit.— See Af- 
fect.] (Mus.) In a tender or feeling manner ; 
feelingly. 
Af-f i'ance, n. [See Affy.] A marriage contract ; 
betrothment: — trust; faith. — 2, 0. a. [pp. affi- 
ancing, affianced.] To bind by a promise of 
marriage; to betroth ; to pledge. 
Af-f I'ant, n. A maker of an affidavit. 



mien, si'r ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 



-5. S, S,£, soft; 

5* 



P, fa, p, §, hard; s as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



AFFIDAVIT 



54 



AGA 



Af-fi-da'vlt, n. [Late L., from affidare, to swear; 
ad', on, fidem, faith, and dare, to give.] (Law.) 
A written declaration sworn to before a magis- 
trate. It differs from a deposition in not giving 
the opposite party opportunity to cross-examine 
the witness. 

Af-f led' (af-f Id'), p. a. Joined by contract. 

Af fil'i-a-ble, a. That can be affiliated. 

^.f-f il'i-ate, v. a. [L. ajjiliare, to adopt ; ad, to, 
and films, a son.] [ pp. affiliating, affiliated.] To 
adopt as a son : to establish the paternity of: — 
to associate with. 

Af fil-i-a'tion, n. The act of affiliating :— state 
' of being affiliated. [attraction. 

Af fi-ni"tion (af-i-nish'un), ». Mental affinity or 

Af-f Wi-tive, a. 'Closely related. 

4-i-f in'i-ty, n. [L. ajfinztas, from affinis, a relative 
by marriage, literally "bordering on," from ad, 
to, and finis, a limit.] Relationship by mar- 
riage; opposed to consanguinity: — connection; 
resemblance : — chemical attraction. 

Af-f i'rm', v. a. [L. affinmare, from ad, intensive, 
and firmare, to make firm. — See Firm.] [pp. af- 
firming, affirmed.] To ratify; to assert; to aver. 
— 2, v. n. To declare positively. 

Af firm'a-ble, a. Capable of being affirmed. 

Af-f i'rm'ance, n. Confirmation ; assertion. 

4f- firm'ant, n. One who affirms; affirmer. 

Affir-ma'tion, n. The act of affirming. (Law.) 
A solemn declaration, answering to an oath. 

Af-f i'rm'a-tive, a. That affirms; positive. — 2, n. 
That which affirms; opposed to negative. 

Af-f 'irm'a-tive-ly, ad. In an affirmative manner; 

* positively. 

Affix', v. a. [Late L. affixare, freq. of affigere, 
affixus. — See Fix.] [pp. affixing, affixed.] To 
attach to; to subjoin ; to annex. 

Affix, n. Something added to a word. [fixed. 

Af-fixt'ure, n. Attachment; state of being af- 

Af fla'tion, n. The act of breathing upon. 

^.f-fla'tus, u. [L., from afflare, to blow or breathe 
upon ;' ad, upon, and flare, to blow.] Inspira- 
tion ; divine impulse. 

Afflict', v. a. [L. affligere, afflictum, to distress; 

" fligere, to strike.] [pp. afflicting, afflicted.] To 
put to pain ; to grieve. 

Afflict'ed, p. a. Having affliction ; grieved. 

Af flict'ing, p. a. Causing affliction ; distressing. 

Afflic'tion, n. A cause of pain or sorrow ; grief; 
sorrow;' calamity; adversity; distress; suffering. 

Af flic'tive, a. Causing affliction ; painful ; calam- 
itous; ' afflicting. 

Afflu-ence, v. Riches; plenty; abundance. 

Af' flu-ent, «. [L. affluere, affluens, to flow to ; fluere, 
to flow. — See Flow.] Abundant; wealthy"; rich. 
— 2, n. A river fiowing into another; a tributary. 

Af'flu-ent-ly, ad. In an affluent manner. 

Afflux', w. [L. affluere, afftuxus.] The act of flow- 
ing to ; affluence. 

Af flux'ion (af-fluk'shun), n. Afflux. 

Af force', v. a. [See Force.] [pp. afforeing, af- 
forced.] To reinforce. 

Afford', v. a. [0. E. gefordian, to put forth.— See 
Foeth.] [pp. affording, afforded.] To yield or 
produce: — to be able to bear the expense of; to 
spare. 

Syn. — The sun affords light; the vine yields 
grapes; plants produce flowers: — the rich can 
afford to give to the poor, inasmuch as they Lave 
something which they can spore. 

Af for'est, v. a. [See Forest.] [pp. afforesting, 
afforested.] To turn into forest. 

Affor-es-ta'tion, n. The act of turning ground 
into forest or'woodland. 

Af fran'chise (af fran'chiz), v. a. [Fr. affranchir, 

' from franc, free. — See Frank.] [pp. affran- 
chising, affranchised.] To make free; to en- 
franchise. 

Affray', w. [Fr. effrayer, to frighten; probably 
from L. ex, negative, and Late L. fridare, from 
Late L. fridvs, peace, calmness. — See Fr\y.] A 



quarrel; disturbance; tumult.— 2, ». a. [pp. af- 
fraying, affrayed.] To frighten ; to scare. 

Affreight' (af-fraf), v. a. [See Freight.] [pp. 
affreighting, affreighted.] To hire a ship for 
freight, or transporting goods. 

Affright' (af-frit'), v. a. [See Fright.] [pp. af- 
frighting, affrighted.] To alarm; to terrify. — 
2, n. Terror ; fear ; fright : — a cause of fear. 

Affront' (af-frunf), v. a. [0. Fr. affronter, to 
strike in the face ; L. ad, on, and from, frontis, 
the face.] [pp. affronting, affronted.] To in- 
sult ; to offend. — 2, n. Insult ; outrage ; an in- 
dignity. 

Af front'jve, a. Causing affront ; abusive. 

Af fu§e', v. a. [L. affmidere, affusus, from ad, on, 
and fundere, to pour.] [pp. affusing, aflused.] 
To pour upon ; to sprinkle. 

Af fu'§ion (-zhun), )( . The act of pouring upon. 

Af-fy\ v. a. [0. Fr. affier, from Late L. affidare, 
to trust ; L. ad, to, and fides, faith.] [ pp. allying, 
affied.] To betroth ; to bind ; to affiance. 

Afghan [af-gawn', St.], n. A native of Afghan- 
istan : — a carriage-robe. 

A-field', ad. [See Field.] To the field; in the 
field; abroad. [aflame. 

A-fire', a. & ad. [See Fire.] On fire; burning; 

A-flame', a. & ad. [See Flame.] Burning; flam- 
ing; ablaze. [unsettled. 

A-fl_oat'. ad. [See Float.] In a floating state : — 

A-foam', a. or ad. [See Foam.] Covered with 
foam; foaming. [action. 

A-foot' (a-fuf), ad. [See Foot.] On foot:— in 

A-fore', prep. [See Before.] Before; sooner in 
time. — 2, ad. In time past ; in front ; before. 

A-fore'said (a-for'sed), a. Mentioned before. 

A-fox'e'thought (-thawt), a. Premeditated; in- 
tentional. 

A-fore'time, ad. In time past. 

A-fdul', a. & aU. [a prep., and/owZ.] Entangled; 
not free. 

A-fraid' (a-frad'), a. [A form of affrayed.— See 
Affray.] Struck with fear ; fearful. 

A-fresh', ad. [See Fresh.] Anew ; again : — freshly. 

A-frit', n. [Arab, ifrit.] In Mahometan mythol- 
ogy, an evil spirit or genius: — written also afreet 
and afrite. 

A-front' (at-fruntO, ad. [See Front.] In front:— 
opposite* 

Aft, ad. [0. E. seflen, a superlative from af, off.] 
(Naut.) Behind ; astern ; opposed to fore and to 
forward; as, "to go fore and aft." 

After, prep. [0. E. sefter, comparative degree of 
af, off.] Following in place or time; in pur- 
suit of; about; behind; according to. — 2, ad. 
succeeding time ; afterward. — a. Succeeding ; 
subsequent; behind. 

Af'ter-bi'rth, n. The placenta: — later-birth. 

After-clap, n. An unexpected event, happening 
after the affair is supposed to be ended. 

After-crop, n. The second crop ; aftermath. 

After-damp, n. (Mining.) Choke-damp, or car- 
bonic acid gas, occurring in coal-mines after an 
explosion of fire-damp. 

After-glow, n. Late evening twilight. 

After-grass, n. Aftermath ; roweu. 

After-math, n. [After, and math, a mowing.] 
The second crop of grass ; rowen. 

After-most, a. mperl. Hindmost. 

After-noon, n. Time from noon to evening. 

Af'ter-pain§, n. pi. Pains after childbirth. 

After-part, n. The latter part. 

After-piece, n. A farce after a play. 

After-thought (after-thawt), n. Reflection after 
the act ; a later thought. 

After-ward (af'ter-wurd), \ ad. In succeeding 

Af ter-wards (after-Avurdz), J time. 

After-wit, n. Wisdom that comes too late. 

A'ga, or A'ga [a'ga, S. J. Ja. F. Sm. St. I. ; a'ga, 
P. K. ; a-ga/ or Ag'a, Mu.], v. [Turk, agha, a 
master.]* A high Turkish military or' civil 
officer. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, 5, o, ti, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



AGAIN 



55 



AGNOMINATION 



A-gain' (a-gen') [a-gen', S. W. J. E. F. H. I. St. 
K. Sm. ; a-gan', Ja. ; a-gen' or a-gau', Ma.'], ad. 
[0. E. on'gegn, in a direct line.] A second time; 
once more ; in return ; in reply. 

A-gainst' (a-gensf) [a-gensf, S. W. J E. H. I. 

' St. F. K. Sm. ; a-gans'f , Ja. ; a-gensf or a-gansf , 
Mu.], prep. [A form of again.] In opposition 
to; in contradiction to ; opposite to. [tion. 

A-gam'ic, a. Not sexual ; without sexual distinc- 

Ag-a-mo-gen'e-sis, n. [Gr. ayajuo?, unmarried, 
and -yeVecrts, birth.] Non-sexual reproduction. 

Ag-a-mo-ge-net'ic, a. Of or pertaining to agamo- 
genesis. ' [of reproduction. 

Ag'a-mous, a. (Bot.) Having no visible organs 

Ag'a-pe. 11. ; pi. Ag'a-pse. [L. ; Gr. for "love."] 
A love-feast among the early Christians. 

A-gape' (a-gap') [a-gap', W. J. F. P. H. ; a-gap', 

' I. Sfc Mu. P. J». Sm.], ad. [See Gape.] Staring 
with eagerness ; with open mouth. 

Ag'a-ric [ag'a-rik or a-gafik, Mu. ; a-gar'ik, St. 
I.], 11. [Gr.' ayapLKov, touchwood.] A kind of 
fungus ; a mushroom. 

A-gas'tric. a. [Gr. a neg. and yao-rr)p, stomach.] 
(Zool.) ' Destitute of a stomach. 

Ag'ate. n. [Gr. dxai"7/s, from a river of that name 
in" Sicily.] A precious stone of a low class. 

A-gate\«. &ad. [See Gait.] Going; on the move. 

Ag'a-tine, a. Pertaining to or resembling agate. 

Ag'a-ty, a. Of the nature of agate. 

A-ga've, n. [Gr. ayavr), illustrious.] (Bot.) The 
great American aloe. 

A-gaze', a. & ad. [See Gaze.] Gazing. 

Age. it. [0. Fr. eage, edage, for L. setas.] Any 
period of time : — a succession or generation of 
men : — the time in which one lived ; time : — time 
of life: — a hundred years: — maturity; decline 
of life ; old age. — 2, v. n. [pp. aging, aged.] To 
grow old ; to appear old : — to ripen. — 3, v. a. To 
cause to grow old. 

A'ged (a'jed), a. Old ; stricken in years. 

A'f ed-ness (a'jed-nes), n. The state of being Old. 

A&e'less, «. Having no age or limits of duration. 

A gen'-cy, n. Action; acting for another: — the 
office of an agent. 

A-gen'dum, ». ; pi. A-gen'da. [L.] A memo- 
randum-book : — pi. things to be done, [agenesis. 

Ag-e-nes'ic, a. Relating to or characterized by 

^.-gen'e-sis, n. (Physiol.) Incapability of pro- 
ducing offspring, especially with another species. 

A'gent, ». [L. agere, agens, to act, to move.] One 
who acts or has power to act for another: — 
efficient cause : — a deputy ; a factor; a 
alive, [agent. 

A-£en'tial (-shal), o. Pertaining to an agency, or 

A'£ent-ship, n. The office of an agent. 

A-ger'a-tfim, n. [L. ; Gr. ayrjpaTov, from d, not, 
and yrjpa?, old age.] A plant and its Mower. 

Ag'ger (ad'jer), n. [L., from ad, together, and 
gero, to carry.] A rampart ; a mound. 

Ag-glom'er-ate, V. a. [L. agglomerare ; glomus, 
glomeris,' a ball or clue.] [pp. agglomerating, 
agglomerated.] To gather in a ball. 

Ag-glom-er-a'tion, n. A heaping; aheap. 

Ag-glu'ti-nant, a. Uniting parts together. 

Ag-glu'ti-nate, v. n. [L. agglutinare ; gluten, glue.] 
[pp. agglutinating, agglutinated.] To cause to 
unite. 

Ag-glu'ti-nat-ing, a. A term used to designate 
one of the great classes into which philologists 
classify languages. 

Ag-glu-ti-na'tion, n. Union; cohesion. 

Ag-glu'ti-na-tlve, a. Tending to unite. 

Ag'gran-dize, v. a. [0. Fr. aggrandir ; L. grandis, 
large.] [pp. aggrandizing, aggrandized.] To 
make great; to cause to excel; to exalt:— to 
enlarge ; to exaggerate. 

Ag'gran-dlze-ment [ag'gran-diz-ment, S. W. I. 
H. J. F. Sin. P.. ; ag-gran'diz-ment. Jn. Mu, ; 
ag'gran-diz-ment or ag-gran'diz-ment, P. C-], 11. 
The act of aggrandizing ; state of being aggran- 
dized; exaltation. 



Ag'gran-dlz-er, «. One who aggrandizes. 
Ag'gra-vate, v. a. [L. aggravate; gravis, heavy.] 
[pp. 'aggravating, aggravated.] To make worse; 
to intensify ; to exaggerate : — to provoke, to irri- 
tate. 
Ag'gra-vat-ing, p. a. Provoking ; vexing. 
Ag-gra-va'tion, it. The act of aggravating; that 

which aggravates : — provocation. 
Ag'gre-gate, a. Formed of parts collected. — 2, n. 
The sum of parts collected ; the sum ; the total. 

Ag'gre-gate, v. a. [L. aggregate; grex, a fiock.] 
[pp. 'aggregating, aggregated.] To accumulate ; 
to collect. 

Ag-gre-ga'tion, n. Collection : heap ; mass. 

Ag'gre-ga-tive, a. Taken together; collective: 
— tending to collect. 

Ag-gress', v. a. & v. n. [L. aggredi, aggression, from 
ad, to, and gradi, to march.] [pp. aggressing, 
aggressed.] To attack ; to set upon ; to commit 
the first act of violence or injury. 

Ag-gres'sion (ag-gresh'un), n. The first act of 
injury; unprovoked attack ; assault. 

4.g-gres'sive, a. Making the first attack ; offen- 
sive. — 2,' n. Hostile attitude or course. 

Ag-gress'or, n. One who begins hostility. 

Ag-griev'ance, n- Injury ; grievance. 

Ag-grieve v (ag-grev'), v. a. [L. gravis, heavy.— 
See Grieve.] [pp. aggrieving, aggrieved.] To 
give sorrow to; to vex; to harass: to injure. 

Ag-group', v. a. [See Group.] [pp. aggrouping, 
aggrouped.] To bring together; to group. 

A-ghast' (a-gasf), a. [a, intensive, and 0. E. 
gsBSten, to "frighten : agasi is a more correct form, 
now seldom seen.] Struck with horror : amazed ; 
astonished. 

Ag'ile (aj'il), a. [L. agilis; agere, to do.] Active; 
nimble ; quick. 

Ag'ile-ness, n. Ximbleness: agility. 

A-gil'i-ty, n. Nimbleness ; quickness. 

Ag'ing (.aj'ing), n. The process of growing old or 
older: — a process in calico-printiiiir. 

A'gi-o, or A^'i-6 [a'je-o, P. J._ F. K. I. St. ; ad'- 
je-o, H. Ja, Sm.], n. : pi. A'gi-o§. [It. for "ease."] 
(Com.) The difference between bank-notes and 
current coin or specie. 

Ag'i-o-taie, n. [I'r.] Speculations; dishonest 
manoeuvres in relation to the public funds. 

Ag-is-ta'tor, \ n. [0. Fr. agister, to lodge ; li.jacere, 

A-gist'er, ' )jacitare, to lie.] One who takes in 
cattle or horses to pasture. 

A-gist'ment, n. The act of taking in and feeding 
cattle :— charge for pasturage. 

A&'i-ta-ble, a. That may be agitated. 

Ag'i-tate, v. a. [L. agere, agUare, to drive.] [pp. 
agitating, agitated.] To put in motion ; to dis- 
turb : — to discuss : to revolve ; to contrive. 

Ag-i-ta'tion. n. The act of agitating: state of 
being agitated ; discussion; violent emotion. 

Ag'i-ta-tive, o. Tending to agitate. 

Ai'|-ta-tor, ». One who agitates. 

Ag'iet, w.' [See Aigulet.] A tag; a tagged cord. 

A-glly' (or a-gli'), a. & ad. [Scot., from gig, to 
glance.] Askew ; twisted. 

A-glow', o. & ad, [See Glow.] Red and bright 
with heat; glowing; flushed. 

Ag'mi-nate, a. Clustered together. 

Ag'nail, ". [0. E. angnsegl; wnge, painful, and 
nsegl, wart or nail.] A disease" of the nails: — 
hangnail. 

Ag'nate, «. [L. agnatns; ad, to, and gnasd, gnatus 
(natus), to be born.] Akin from the' father. 

Ag-na'tion, n. Descent from the same male an- 
cestor. ' 

Ag-nbi-ol'o-f-y. m. [Gr. ayvota, ignorance ; root 
gno, to know.] The doctrine that there are 
certain things concerning which we are neces- 
sarily ignorant. 

Ag-no'men, n. [L.] A name given to a person 
from some event or exploit. 

Ag-nom-i-na'tipn, n. An allusion of one word tc 
another, by sound: — word-play. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 9, 5, g\ soft; p, p, p, §, hard; jaszjxasgz; this. 



AGNOSTIC 



56 



AIK-MACHIXE 




Ag-nos'tic, n. [Gr. dyvoxrTo?, unknowing; root 

* gno, to' know.] One who maintains that God 
cannot be known. — 2, a. Professing ignorance 
or agnosticism. 

Agr-nos'ti-cism, n. The condition of being unable 
either to affirm or to deny : — the doctrine that 
nothing can be known concerning God or a fu- 
ture state. 

Ag'nus De'I, n. [L., "Lamb of God."] A figure 
of a lamb bearing the cross. 

A-go\ ad. [a, away, and go. 
— See Go.] In time past ; 
since. 

A-gog', ad. [0. Ft. en gogues, 
in frolic; gogue, fun.] In a 
state of eager desire : — astir. 

A-go'ing, p. a. In the act of 
going; in action. 

A-gone\ ad. Ago ; past. Agnus Dei. 

A-gon'ic, o. [Gr. d, not, and yuvia, angle.] 
Having no angle ; making no angle. 

Ag'o-nism, n. Contention for a prize. 

Ag'o-nist, n. A contender for prizes. 

Ag-o-nis'tic, \a. Relating to athletic exer- 

Ag-o-nls'ti-cal, j cise : — polemic : — exaggerated ; 
strained." 

Ag'o-nlze, v. a. [pp. agonizing, agonized.] To 
afflict with agony. — 2, v. n. To feel agony; to 
be in pain : — to wrestle. 

Ag'o-ny, ». [Gr. a-ywvta, struggle, anguish.] Vio- 
lent pain ; suffering ; anguish :— struggle ; con- 
test. 

Ag'o-ra, n. [Gr.] An assembly ; a market-place. 

A-gou'ti. n. [Native name.] A rabbit-like animal 
of South America. 

A-gi-affe', n. [Cf. Ger. kropfen, a hook; also grip 
and grab.] A sort of clasp : — the clip which 
holds a piano-string. 

A-gra'phi-a, a. [Gr. d, negative, and ypa^ia, 
writing!] ' A condition in which the power of 
expressing ideas by written signs is lost. 

A-gra'ri-an, a. [L. agrarius ; ager, a field.] Re- 
lating to fields or grounds: — relating to the 
equal division of lands. 

A-gra'ri-an-ism, n. The desire for the division 
of lands among the people. 

A-gree', v. n. [Fr. d gre, to pleasure; L. gratam, 
pleasant.] [pp. agreeing, agreed.] To be in con- 
cord ; to grant; to yield; to settle amicably; to 
concur. 

A-gree-a-bll'i-ty, n. Agreeableness. 

A-gree'a-ble, «. Suitable to; conformable; ac- 
cordant : — pleasant ; pleasing. 

Syn. — Agreeable to reason ; suitable to the occa- 
sion ; conformable to circumstances: — agreeable 
conversation ; pleasant companion ; pleasing ad- 
dress. 

A-gree'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being agreeable. 

A-gree'a-bly, ad. Consistently with; pleasingly. 

A-greed', p. a. Settled by consent. 

A-gree'ment, n. The act of agreeing; concord; 
harmony: — bargain; stipulation; compact. 

A-gres'tic, \ a. [L. agrestis; ager, a field.] 

A-gres'ti-cal, j Rude ; rustic : relating to the 
country or to fields. 

Ag-ri-ciilt'u-ral, «. Relating to agriculture. 

Ag'ri-cult-ure (ag're-kult-yur), n. [L. ager, a 
field, and cuUurct, culture.— See Culture.]' The 
art of cultivating the ground; tillage; hus- 
bandry. 

Ag-ri-cult'u-rist (ag-re-kult'yu-rist), n. One 
skilled in agriculture ; a farmer. 

Ag'ri-mo-ny, n. [L. agrimonia.] A plant of vari- 
ous species. 

A-grin', a. & ad. [See Grin.] In a state of grin- 

" ning. 

Ag-ri-oro-fist, n. One given to the comparative 
study of human customs. 

Ag-ri-ol'o- |ry, n. [Gr. dypios, savajre, and Aoyos, 
a treatise!] The study of human customs, or of 
men in their natural state. 



Ag-ro-nom'ic, a. Relating to agronomy. 

A-gron'o-my, n. [L. ager, Gr. dypos, land, and 
vo/xo?, rule.] Rural economy ; agriculture. 

A-grope', ad. [See Grope.] In a groping man- 
ner; gropingly. 

Ag-ros-tol'o-f-y, n. [Gr. dypwern?, a grass, and 
Aoyo?, a treatise.] That part of botany which 
treats of grasses. 

A-ground\ ad. [See Ground.] On the ground; 
stranded. 

Ag-ryp-not'ic, a. [Gr. aypvnvo?, wakeful.] Hav- 

_ ing the tendency to drive away sleep. 

A'gue (a'gu), n. [0. Fr. ague, sharp ; L. acitlus.] 
(Med.) An intermitting fever, with cold fits 

_ succeeded by hot. 

A'gu-ish, a. Resembling the ague. 

A^'y-nous, «. [Gr. a, not, and ywri, a woman.] 
(Bot.) Having male, but not female, organs. 

Ah (a), interj. Sometimes noting dislike, con- 
tempt, joy, or exultation, but most frequently 
compassion and complaint. 

A-ha', iulerj. Noting triumph and contempt. 

A-head' (a-hed'), ad. [See Head.] Farther on ; 
onward; in front. 

A-hoy', interj. A nautical call. 

Aid (ad), v. a. [0. Fr. aider; L. adjutare, for ad- 
juvare, to help.] [pp. aiding, aided.] To help; 
to assist; to support. — 2, n. Help; support; as- 
sistance; helper. 

Aid'ance, n. Assistance; aid. 

Aide, n. An aide-de-camp. 

Aide-de-camp' (ad'e-kawng'), n. ; pi. Aides-de- 
camp'. [Fr.] A military officer employed under 
a general to convey his orders. 

Ai'den (or a'e-uen), n. [Arab.] Eden. 

Aid'less (ad'les), a. Helpless. 

Ai'gret (a'gret), n. [Fr. aigrette.] The egret, or 
heron : — a plume : — a tuft. — See Egret. 

Ai'gu-let (a'gu-let), n. [Dim. from L. ncus, needle.] 
A point of gold placed at the end of fringes ; an 
aglet. 

Ail (51), v. a. [0. E. eglan, eylan, pain.] [pp. ail- 
ing, ailed.] To pain; to give pain, to trouble. 
— 2, v. n. To be in pain or trouble. — 3. n. Sick- 
ness ; ailment : — trouble. 

Ai-lan'tus, n. [Amboynese ailanto, "tree of 
heaven'."] A large and handsome tree. 

Ail'ing (aring), p. a. Sickly; morbid; ill. 

Ail'ment, u. Pain; disease; illness. 

Aim (5m), r. n. [L. sestimare.] [pp. aiming, aimed.] 
To direct toward ; to strive. — 2, r. a. To direct, 
as a missile weapon. — 3, w! Direction toward a 
point; design; purpose; intention; object; ten- 
dency. 

Aim/less (am'les), a. Without aim or object. 

Ai'no '(Vug), n. One of a race inhabiting the 
islands of Yesso, Saghalin, the Kuriles, <fcc. 

Air, n. [L. aer; Gr. dijp.] The fluid in which we 
breathe, and which surrounds the globe, consist- 
ing of two gHses, oxygen and nitrogen ; atmos- 
phere : — gentle wind : — the mien of a person : — 
a tune. — 2, v. a. [pp. airing, aired.] To expose 
to the air: — to warm. 

Air'-brake, n. (Railroads.) A brake operating 
by means of compressed air. 

Air'-brick, n. (Arch.) A brick with one of its 
faces formed into a grating. 

Air'-cush'ion, n. A cushion made air-tight so 
that it can be inflated. 

Air'-drain, n. (Arch*) A cavity between the ex- 
ternal walls of a building, for ventilation. 

Air'-flue, n. A flue for conveying air, as to the 
various parts of a building. 

Air'-gun, n. A gun charged with air. 

Air'-h51e, n. A hole to admit air. 

Air'i-ly, ad. In an airy manner; gayly ; loftily. 

Air'i-ness, ». The state of being airy : gayety. 

Air'ing, n. A short journey to enjoy the air. 

Air'-line, n. A straight course. 

Air'-ma-chine\ n. An apparatus used for venti- 
lating mines. 



a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a, e, l, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



AIR-PLANT 



57 



ALDEHYDE 




Air'-plant, n. A plant fed by the atmosphere. 

Air' -pump, w. Au instrument 
for removing the air out of a 
vessel. 

Airs, a. pi. Conceited or affected 
manners. 

Air' -shaft, re. A passage for air ' 
into mines. Axr-pump. 

Air'-stove, re. A stove for heating air to be dis- 
tributed by flues through a building. 

Air'-tight (-tit), a. Impervious to air. 

Air'-trunk, re. {Arch.) A contrivance for pre- 
venting the stagnation of air in apartments. 

Airt, n. [Scot. ; Celt, aird, a point.] A point of 
the compass ; direction. — 2, v. a. To guide. 

Air'y, a. Relating to or admitting air: — gay: — 
assuming airs; affectedly grand or important: — 
ethereal : — lofty. 

Aisle (II), n. A wing or walk in a church. 

Ait, it. [0. E. e/jt, dim. of aey, eij, or ig, an island.] 
An islet ; an island in a river. 

A-jar', ad. [0. E. cyrr, a turn.] Half or partly 
opened, as a door. [Arched ; crooked. 

A-kim'bo, a. [Perhaps from cam, bent, and bow.] 

A-kin', a. Related to ; allied to by nature. 

Ak-kt'di-an I "" & °" Same as Accad, Accadian. 

A-knee' (a'-ue'), ad. On the knee or knees. 

Ak-ou-om'e-ter. n. See Acoumeter. 

Al'a-bas-te'r [al-a-bas'ter, H. K. ; alVbas-ter, St.], 
n. [Gr. a\6.3a<Trpo<;.] A white stone, a variety 
of gj-psum, used for ornamental purposes. — 2, a. 
Made of alabaster. 

A-lack', interj. [See Lack.] Alas ! noting sorrow. 

4.-lack'a-day, interj. Noting sorrow and melan- 
choly. 

A-lac'ri-ty, re. [L. alacritas, from alacer, brisk.] 
Cheerfulness; liveliness; gayety; readiness. 

Al-a-mode', ad. [Fr. d la mode. — See Mode.] 
According to the fashion.— 2, n. A thin silk 
stuff. 

A'lar, or Al'a-ry, a. [L. alaris, from ala, a wing.] 
Wing-shaped; pertaining to a wing. 

A-larm', a. A cry of danger: — sudden terror. — 
2, v. a. [From It. aVC arme, to anus.] [ pp. 
alarming, alarmed.] To impress with fear; to 
terrify ; to arouse. 

Syn. — Alarm arises from announced danger; 
apprehension, from expected danger. A cry of 
alarm: a spectacle of terror; a sudden fright. 

A-larm' -bell, it. A bell rung noting danger. 

A-larm' -clock, n. A clock that may be made to 
sound an alarm. 

A-larm'-gau|-e (-gaj), ». An arrangement in a 
steam-engine for showing when the steam is too 
strong or the water too low. 

A-larm'ist, n. One who excites needless alarms. 

A-larm'-watch (woch), h. A watch that strikes 
the hour by regulated movement. 

A-la'rum, re. [See Alarm.] An alarm. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. alaruming, alarumed.] To alarm. 

A-las', interj. [Fr. htlas; from L. lassum, weary.] 
Noting grief, pity, or concern. 

A'l^te, \<i. [L. alatus; ala, a wing.] (Biol.) 

A-lat'ed. j Furnished with wings or with bodies 

_ resembling wings. 

Alb, re. [L. album, white.] A priest's tunic. 

Al'ba-core, re. [Port, albacor; Arab, al bukr, a 
heifer.] A large sea-fish, 

Al-ba'ta, re. [L. albata, 
whitened; alba, white.] 
A combination of tin, 
zinc, nickel, and cop- 
per; German silver. 

Al'ba-tross, n. [So. al- 
catraz, a water-bucket, 
a pelican; Arab, al- 
qadiic] A large, web- 
footed bird. 

Al-be'it, ad. [For al- 
though it be.] Although ; notwithstandin 




Albatross. 



Al'bert-Ite, n. [From Albert county, New Bruns- 
wick.] (Mm.) Pure pitch-coal, or jet. 

Al'bert-type, re. [After Albert, the inventor.] A 
process of photographic printing with ink ; also, 
a picture so produced. 

Al-bes'cence, n. The act of growing white. 

Al-bes'cent, a. [L. albescere, to grow white.] 
Growing white ; whitish. 

Al'bi-cant, a. [L. albicare, to make white.] Grow- 
ing white ; albescent. 

Al'bi-core, n. A marine fish ; albacore. 

Al-bi-gen'se§, re. pi. [From Attn, a city.] A for- 
mer sect of French religionists. 

Al-bi'nism, or Al'bin-i§m, re. The condition of 

" plants, animals, &c, which are abnormally 
white. 

Al-bi'no, or Al-bi'no [al-bi'no, St. H. Th. TTT>. I. ; 
al-bi'no or al-bi'no, Mu.], n. ; pi. Al-bi'nos. 
[Sp. ; from L. albus, white.] A person unnatu- 
rally white. 

Al-bi-not'ic, a. Affected with albinism. 

Al'bronze, >*. [For alvmmium-bronee.] A com- 
pound of copper and aluminium. 

Alb'-Sun'day, re. [From the white (L. alius) 
vestments' worn by catechumens on that day.] 
The first Sunday after Easter. 

Al-bu-gln'e-ous, a. [L. albugo, something white.] 
Resembling the white of au egg. 

Al'bum, »• [L., white.] A book for inserting 
autographs, ^'c. 

Al-bu'men,". [E. for "white of egg."] The white 
of an egg ; the nitrogenous substance found in 
the white of eggs. 

Al-bu'men-jze, I „. a . To charge with albumen. 

Al-bu min-ize, ) 

Al-bu'men-ized, "I (-izd), a. Prepared or coated 

Al-bii'min-Ized, /with albumen. 

Al-bu'mi-nine, re. The substance of the cells en- 
closing the white of eggs. 

Al-bu'mi-noid, o. Like albumen. 

Al-bu'mi-nbids, re. pi. A class of substances pres- 
ent in animals and plants, the chemical consti- 
tution of which is imperfectly known : — called 
also prdteids. 

Al-bu'mi-nous, a. Containing albumen. [wood. 

Al-bur'num, re. [L.] The white or softer part of 

Al-caid', n. [Sp. alcaide.] A Spanish governor of 
a castle or fort :— a warden ; a jailer. 

Al-cal'de, re. [Sp., from Arab.J A municipal 
judge. 

Al-chem'i-cal. a. Relating to alchemy. 

Al'che-mist, re. One versed in alchemy. 

Al'phe-my. »?. [Arab. al-Mmia ; prob. from Gr. 
Xvju.ec'a, an infusion ; xvju°?> juice.] The science 
of chemistry as practised in former times: — 
occult chemistry :— the transmutation of metals. 

Al'co-hol, a. [Arab. al-koM, a stain, a fine 
powder; hence, that which is fine.] 
Highly rectified spirit; pure spirit of 

_ wine : — ardent spirit. 

Al-co-hol'ic, a. Relating to alcohol. 

Al'co-hol-i§m, n. A diseased condition 
arising from excessive use of alcoholic 
liquors. 

Al-co-hol'me-ter, n. An instrument for 
determining the quantity of alcohol in 
wines, &c. 

Al'co-ran, n. [Arab., a recitation, or read- 
ing.] The sacred book containing the 
Mahometan faith ; the Koran :— a high, 
slender tower attached to a mosque, 
in which the Koran is read. 

Al-co-ran'ic. a. Relating to the Alcoran. 

Al-cove' [al-kov', fif. TF. P. J. E. F. Ja. K. 

Sm. St. R. ; al-kov' or al'kov, Mu. : al'- Alcoran. 

kov, H. I. Wb.], n. [Fr.; Arab, al-qobbah, 

a vault.] A recess of a chamber or of a library : 

^ — an arbor in a garden. 

Al'de-hyde, re. [Abbreviation for alcohol dehydro- 
genatum, alcohol deprived of hydrogen.] A fluid 
derived from alcohol. 



mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.-p, Q, c, g, soft; p, p, p, J, hard; s as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



ALDEK 



58 



ALKAKSINE 



Al'der, n. [0. E. aller, aler.~\ A tree resembling 

the hazel. 
Al'der-man, n. ; pi. Al'der-men. [0. E. ealdor- 

ma'n, older man.] An officer in a town corporate, 

city, or corporation. 
Aldine (al'din or al'din), a. Printed by Aldus 

Manutius : — handsomely printed. 
Ale, n. [0. E. alu.] Fermented malt liquor: — a 

merrymaking. 
Ale'-con-ner, n. An inspector of ale measures. 
A-lee', a. & ad. [See Lee.] To the lee side. 
A-left', ad. [See Left.] Toward the left. 
Ale'house, n. A house where ale is sold. 
A-lem'bic, n. [Arab, al-anbig; Gr. a/u./3i|, a cup.] 

A vessel used in distilling. 
A-lert', a. [It. alV erta, on the watch ; 

erta, a tower, or lookout; L. erigere, to 

erect.] On guard ; watchful ; brisk. 
A-lert' ness, n. Watchfulness ; briskness. 
Ale' wife, n. ; pi. Ale'wive§. A woman 

who keeps an alehouse : — [said to be AlemDlc - 

from an American Indian name] a herring-like 

fish. 
Al-ex-an'drine, n. [Perhaps from Alexandre Paris, 

a 'French poet, who used this verse.] A verse 

of twelve syllables. 
A-lex-i-phar'mic (a-lek-se-far'mik), n. [Gr. aAe- 

£eij/, to ward off, and <£ap/xa>cov, poison.] An 

antidote against poison or infection. 
A-lex-i-ter'ic, "I a. That drives poison or infec- 
A-lex-i-ter'i-cal, J tion away.^ 
A-lex-j-ter'ics, n. pi. [Gr. aXei-nrripiov, a safe- 
guard.] (Med.) Preservatives against poisons 

and infection. 

tl-f al'fa, n. [Sp.] The lucern, a forage-plant, 
l'ga, n. ; pi. Al'gae. [L.] Sea-weed. 

Al'gal, n. (Bot.) One of the Algales. 

Al-ga'les, n. pi. [L. alga, sea-weed.] (Bot.) A 

" family of aquatic plants. 

Al-ga-ro-vil'la (al-ga-ro-vel'ya), n. [Sp., dim. of 
algarroba. — See Cakob.] (Bot.) A Chilian legu- 
minous plant. 

Al-ea-zel', n. [See Gazelle.] A beautiful species 
of antelope. 

Al'ge-bra, n. [Arab, al-jcbr, reunion.] A branch 
of mathematics. 

Al-£e-bra'ic, "la. Relating to algebra; per- 

Al-fe-bra'i-cal, J formed by algebra. 

Al-1-e-bra'i-cal-ly. ad. By means of algebra. 

Al'£e-bra-ist,'«. One well versed in algebra. 

Al'lic, a. Same as Algonkin. 

Al'iid, or Al'gide, a. [L. algidus, cold.] (Med.) 
Characterized by coldness. 

Al'gold, a. (Bot.) Resembling, or of the nature 
of, sea-weed. 

Al-gol'o-£y, v. The science of sea-weeds. 

Al-gon'kin". or Al-gon'quin (al-gonTvjn), a. [Said 
to be from the Iroquois for "across the river."] 
Noting a great family of aborigines of North 
America ; also their tongues. 

Al-gon'kins, or Al-gon' quins, (al-gon'kinz), n. pi. 
A great family of North-American Indians, 
comprising a number of trilies. 

Al'go-ri§m, \n. [From Arab. Al-Khvarazmi, " the 

Al'so-rithm, j Khivan," a title of Mohammed ben 
Mu'sa, an Oriental mathematician.] The art of 
computation by numeral figures ; arithmetic. 

Al'gous, a. Of or relating to, or of the nature of, 
or full of, sea-weed. 

Al'gua-zil (al'ga-zel) [al'ga-zel, Ja. Sm. ; al-gwa- 
zel','l. ; al'ga-zel', St, ; al'ga-zil, E.\ n. [Sp. ; 
Arab, al-wazir, the vizier.] A Spanish officer of 
jxistice. [assumed name. 

A'li-as, ad. [L.] Otherwise.— 2, n. A writ:— an 

Al'i-bi [al'i-bi, K. Co. H.], n. [L., elsewhere.] 
(Law.) The plea of a person accused, who al- 
leges that he was in another place when the 
crime was committed. 

Al'i-cant, \n. [From Alicante, in Spain.] A wine 

A.l'1-ca.nte, } made from mulberries. [strument. 

Al'i-dade. n. The index of an astronomical in- 



Al'ien (al'yen), a. [L. alienus, from alius, another.] 
Foreign ; estranged from. — 2, n. A foreigner 
not naturalized as a citizen. — 3, y. a. [pp. alien- 
ing, aliened.] To alienate ; to convey. 
Al-ien-a-bil'i-tx, n. (Law.) Capacity of being 
alienated. [alienated. 

Al'ien-a-ble (al'yen-a-bl), a. Capable of being 
Al'ien-a|-e, n. The state of being an alien. 
Al'ien-ate (al'yen-at), v.u, [pp. alienating, alien- 
ated.] To transfer to another: — to estrange. 
Al'ien-ate (al'yen-at), a. Estranged. 

Al-ien-a'tion (al-yen-a'shun), n. The act of alien- 
ating; the state of being alienated: — transfer 

_ of property : — mental derangement. 

Al'ien-a-tor^ n. One who alienates. 

Al-ien-ee' (al-yen-e'), «. (Law.) One to whom 
property is transferred. [of insanity. 

Al'ien-ist, v._ A physician who makes a specialty 

A-Ught' (a-lif), v. n. [See Light.] [pp. alighting, 
alighted.] To come down ; to dismount ; to light. 
— 2, a. Dismounted : — lighted up. 

A-H&n' (a-lin'), v. a. [Fr. aligner.— See Line.] 
[pp. aligning, aligned.] To adjust by a line; to 
form in line. 

A-lign'ment (a-lin'ment), n. Position in line : — 
the forming of a line. 

A-Hke', ad. [See Like.] With resemblance; 

' equally. — 2, a. Similar ; like ; equal. 

Al'i-ment, n. [L. alimentum; alere, to nourish.] 
Nourishment; food; nutriment. 

Al-i-ment'al, a. Nutritious; nourishing. 

Al-i-ment'a-rj:, a. Belonging to or affording ali- 
ment : — conveying aliment. 

Al-i-men-ta'tion, n. Process of being nourished. 

Al'i-mo-ny, n. [L. alimonium ; alere, to nourish.] 
An allowance granted a wife on separation from 
her husband: — maintenance. 

A-line', v. a. [pp. alining, alined.] To align. 

A-lin'e-ate, v. a. [pp. alineating, alineated.] To 

A-liWment, n. Same as Alignment. [align. 

Al'i-ped, 'a. [L. ala, wing, and pes, pedis, foot.] 
Wing-footed ; swift-footed. 

Al'i-quant [al'e-kwant, S. P. J. St. F. Ja. Sm. ; 
ai'e-kwont, W. K. ; al'e-kwant, H. ; al'le-kwant, 
Mu.~\, a. [L. aVupumtum, somewhat.] Aliquant 
parts of a number are such as will never make 
up the number exactly ; as, 3 is an aliquant part 
of 10. 

Al'i-quot, a. [L., so many, some.] Aliquot parts 
of a number are such as will exactly measure it, 
without remainder ; as, 3 is an aliquot part of 12. 

Al-i-sphe'noid, n. [L. ala, wing, and sphenoid.] 
A bone forming the wing of the sphenoid bone. 

A-live', a. [See Live.] Not dead :— active ; lively. 

A-liz'a-rine, n. [Sp. alizari, madder; Ar. afarah, 

' extract ; agara, to press out.] A dye from mad- 
der or from coal-tar. 

Al'ka-hest, n, [Invented by Paracelsus or Van 
Heimont ; said to be Arab, al, the, and Ger. geist, 
spirit.] A pretended universal solvent. 

Al-ka-les'cent, a. Partaking of alkali. 

Al'ka-li, or Al'ka-H [al'ka-le, S. W. P. J. JT. I. 
St. E. F. Sm. ; al'ka-li, Ja. K. Wb.~\, n. ; pi. Al'- 
ka-lies. [Arab, al-qaliy, ash, from qalay, to roast.] 
A 'substance that neutralizes acids. 

Al-kal'i-fy, v. a. [pp. alkalifyiug, alkalified.] To 

' change to an alkali.— 2, v. n. To become changed 
into an alkali. [i" a compound. 

Al-ka-lim'e-try, n. The measurement of alkalies 

Al'ka-line,'or Al'ka-line [al'ka-li"> W. St. H. J. 
E. F. Sm. ; al'ka-iln, S. P. Ja. Mu. I. K.], a. 
Having the qualities of alkali. 

Al-ka-Hn'i-ty, n. Quality of an alkali. 

Al'ka-lize,' v. 'a. To make alkaline. 

Al'ka-lbid. n. (Chem.) A vegetable principle 
having alkaline properties. 

Al-ka-lbid'al, a. Of or pertaining to an alkaloid. 

Al'ka-net, n. [Sp. alcaneta.— See Henna.] A plant 
and its root :— a color made from the root. 

Al-kar'sin, \n. [From alkali and arsenic] (Chem.) 

Al-kar'sine, J A colorless, highly-poisonous liquid. 



e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 






ALL 



59 



ALLOWANCE 



All, «• [Found in all Teutonic languages.] The 
whole; everything. — 2, a. The whole; every 
one; every part.— 3, ad. Quite; completely; 
wholly ; entirely.— All is much used in composi- 
tion. It adds force to the word; as, aft-honored, 
aft-powerful, Ax. 

All-a-long', ad. Throughout. 

All-fools-day', «• The first of April. 

All-fours', n. A game at cards. 

All-hail' inter). A term of salutation. 

All-hal'lows, n. All-saiuts-day. 

All-hal'low-mas, \ n. The term near all-saints- 

All-hal' low-tide, J day, or the first of November. 

All-heal'^ n. A species of iron-wort. 

All-saints-day', n. The day dedicated to all the 
saints ; the first of November. 

All-souls-day'. ». The second of November. 

All-wise', a. Possessed of infinite wisdom. 

Al'lah, n. The Arabic name of God. 

Al-liiy' (al-la'), v. a. [From the root of lay, to 
quiet, to make level.] [pp. allaying, allayed.] 
To soothe ; to assuage ; to appease :— to debase. 
— See Alloy. 

Syn.— Alloy thirst : appease hunger ; soothe pain 
or care; assuage grief; alleviate sorrow; relieve 
distress. 

Al-le-ga'tion, n. The act of alleging ; the thing 
alleged ; affirmation; a plea:— a citation. 

Al-lege' (al-lej'), v. a. [L. allegare, to despatch ; 
or adlegiare, Law L. for exlitigare, to clear by 
lawsuit.] [pp. alleging, alleged.] To affirm; to 
declare; to adduce; to plead. 

Al-lege'a-ble, a. That may be alleged. 

Al-leged'' (al-lejd'), )>■ a. Asserted but not proved. 

Al-le'i-iance (al-le'jans), n. [See Liege.] The 

" obedience or fidelity which a citizen or subject 
owes to a sovereign or to government ; loyalty. 

Al-le-gor'ic, ) a. Partaking of allegory ; figu- 

Al-le-gor'i-cal, j rative. 

Al-le-gor'i-cal-ly, ad. In an allegoric manner. 

Al'le-go-rist, n. One who teaches allegoricall}*. 

Al-le-gor-i-za'tion, n. The act of allegorizing or 
treating allegorically. 

Al'le-go-rize, v. a. [pp. allegorizing, allegorized.] 
To turn into allegory.— 2, v. a. To speak alle- 
gorically. 

Al'le-go-riz-er, n. An allegorist. 

Al'le-go-ry, n. [Gr. a\\r\yopia ; aWos, another, 
and ayop'evuj, to speak. 1 A figurative discourse or 
representation, in which The words signify some- 
thing beyond their literal meaning; a symbol- 
ical writing ; a type : — a fable. 

Al-le-gret'to, a. fit.] {Mas.) Denoting time 
less quick than allegro. 

Al-le'gro [al-le'gru, 8. W. J. E. F. K. St. Sm. : al- 

' leg'ro, H. ; al-lfi'gro, Ja. I. Mu.\, a. [It., 
from Jj. alacer, alacris, brisk.] (Mua?) Denoting, 
a sprightly motion. It originally means gay, as 
in Milton. 

Al-le-lu'ia (-lu'ya), interj. k n. [See Hallelujah.] 
A word of spiritual exultation, signifying praise 
God. 

Al-ie-mande' (al-le-mand 7 ), n. [Fr. for "Ger- 
man :" named from the Alemanni, a former tribe 
of Western Germany.] A brisk German dance. 
— (Mas.) A slow air. 

Al-le'vi-ate, v. a. [L. alleviare, from leris. light.] 
[pp. alleviating, alleviated.] To make lighter; 
to ease; to soften ; to allay ; to assuage. 

Al-le-vi-a'tion. n. The act of alleviating; that 
which alleviates ; mitigation ; relief. 

Al-le'vi-a-tive, n. A palliative. — 2, a. Tending 
to alleviate. 

Al'ley (al'le), v. ; pi. Al'leys. [Fr. allee, a pas- 
sage.] A walk; a narrow passage:— an ally, a 
kind of marble. 

Al-li-a'ceous (-shus), a. [L. allium, garlic] Hav- 
ing the smell of garlic. 

Al-li'ance, n. [Fr. — See Ally.] A confederacy ; 
a league :— affinity ; relation by marriage, or by 
kindred. 



^»& 




Alligator, 
against another 



Syn. — A matrimonial alliance; an alliance be- 
tween nations; a confederacy or confederation of 
different states ; a combination of individuals ; a 
coalition of parties; a solemn league; natural 
affinity. 

Al-lled', pp. from ally. United by league or kin- 
dred. 

Al-lies/, n. pi. of Ally. 

Al'li-gate, v. a. [L. alligare; ad, to, and ligare, to 
tie'.] [pp. alligating, alligated.] To join to- 
gether; to unite. 

Al-li-ga'tion (al-le-ga'shun), n. The act of tying 
together :'— a rule of arithmetic. 

Al'li-ga-tor, n. [Sp. ul lagarto, 
the Lizard; L. lacerta.'\ A rep- 
tile like the crocodile. 

Al-lm-e-a'tion, n. Alignment; 
position in a line. 

Al-li"§ion (al-lizh'un), n. [L. 
allisio; ad, to, and Isedere, to 
strike.] The act of striking 
thing; a clash. 

Al-lit'er-al, a. Marked by alliteration. 

Al-Ht-er-a'tion, n. [L. ad, to, aud lUera, a letter.] 
The repetition of the same letter, chiefly at the 
beginning of words; as, "xlpt alliteration's art- 
ful aid." 

Al-llt'er-a-tive, a. Marked by alliteration. 

Al'lo-cate, v. a. [L. ad, to, and locare, to place.] 
[pp. allocating, allocated.] To assign; to local- 
ize : — to place ; to set apart ; to allot. 

Al-lo-ca'tion, n. The act of placing or adding to ; 
apportionment ; assignment. 

Al-lo-ca'tur, n. [L.] (Law.) A certificate on a 
bill of costs. 

Al-lo-cu'tion, n. [L. allocutio; ad, to, and loqui, 
to speak.] A formal address. 

Al-lo'di-al, a. Not feudal ; independent. 

Al-lo'di-um, v. [Law L. ; Teutonic id, all, en- 
tire, and eod, od, property.] Laud held by an 
individual in his own right. 

Al-16n£e' (al-lunj') [al-lunj', S. W. J. Ja. Sm. 1. ; 
al-lonj', Ma. ; al-lonj', P. A".], n. [Fr., from ah 
longer, to lengthen, to stretch.] A pass with 
a sword in fencing; a lunge: — a long rein. — 
2, r. ,t. [pp. allonging, allonged.] To lunge. 

Al'lo-path. n. Same as Allopathist. 

Al-lo-path'ic, a. Relating to allopathy. 

Al-lop a-thlst, n. One who adheres to allopathy. 

Al-lop'a-thy, v. [Gr. aAAo?, other, and irdBeia, 
suffering.] (Med.) The art of curing diseases 
by inducing symptoms different from those of the 
primary disease : opposed to homceojxdhii. 

Al'lo-phyl, "| a. [Gr. aAAos, other, and <f>v\rj, 

Al-lo-phyl'ic, Vtribe.] Of another origin or 

Al-lo-ph^l'i-an, j tribe: — noting certain races of 
men which' have not yet been properly classi- 
fied ; also their tongues. 

Al-16t\ v. a. [Fr. allotir.—See Lot.] [pp. allot- 
ting, allotted.] To distribute as by lot; to as- 
sign; to apportion; to distribute. 

Syn. — AUot&task or portion; apportion an es- 
tate ; distribute gifts ; assign a reward. 

Al-lot'ment, n. A share; part appropriated; a 
lot, or plot of ground. [allotropy. 

Al-lo-trop'ie, a. Relating to or characterized by 

Al-lot'ro-py, m. [Gr. dAAos, other, and rpoirog, 
' turn, change.] (Cliem.) Variation in physical 
properties without change of constituents. 

Al-lbw'. v. a. [0. Fr. alouer, from L. allocare, to 
place (locus, place) ; also.L. allaudare, to approve 
(laus, praise). Both these Latin roots are repre- 
sented by the Eng. and Fr.] [pp. allowing, al- 
lowed.] To admit; to permit; to grant; to yield: 
— to make abatement. 

Al-lbw'a-ble, a. That may be allowed. 

Al-lb-^'a-blx, ad. With claim of allowance. 

Al-lb<v'ance, n. Sanction; license; permission: 
— abatement : — a grant or stipend : — settled rate : 
— limited share. — 2, v. a. [pp. allowancing, 
allowanced.] To put upon allowance. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, 9, c, g, soft; fi, js, p, g, hard; § as z ; $ as gz ; this. 



ALLOY 



60 



ALTAE-PIECE 



Al-loy', n. [Said to be a form of allay. The deri- 
vation from Fr. d loi (i.e., "according to legal 
standard") is considered unhistorical and fanci- 
ful.] A mixture of metals ; mixed metal : — 
a baser metal melted with a finer one : — a baser 
alien element. — 2, v. a. [pp. alloying, alloyed.] 
To debase by mixing, as metals. 

Al-lby'a|-e, n. The act of alloying; an alloy. 

All'splce, n. [Once considered to have the flavor 
of many spices combiued.] Jamaica pepper, or 
pimenta. 

Al-liide', v. v. [L. aUudere, to hint; ad, to, and 
ludere, to play.] [pp. alluding, alluded.] To 
refer; to hint; to glance. 

Al-lfire', v. a. [0. Fr. alurer, to captivate. — See 
Luke.] [pp. alluring, allured.] To entice; to 
decoy ; to attract. 

Sy,i.— The love of pleasure allures; words en- 
tice; arts and stratagems decoy; good qualities 
attract; passions, persons, and things tempt. 

Al-lure'ment, n. Enticement; temptation. 

Al-lur'er, n. One who allures. 

Al-lur'ing, a. Tempting ; enticing. 

Al-lur'ing-ly, ad. In an alluring manner. 

Al-lu'sion (al-lu'zhun), n. [L. allusio. — See Al- 
lude.]' The act of alluding ; a reference to some- 
thing known ; a hint. 

Al-lu'sive, a. Making allusion ; hinting. 

Al-lu'sive-ly., ad. In an allusive manner. 

Al-lu'sjve-ness, n. Quality of being allusive. 

4.1-lu'vi-al, a. Pertaining to alluvion ; deposited 
' by water ; added to laud by water. 

Al-lu'vi-on, n. Alluvium: — a flood. 

Al-lu'vj-um, n. ; pi. Al-lu'vi-a. [L., from ad, to, 
and lucre, to wash.] An accumulation of earth, 
gravel, &c, deposited by water; alluvial land; 
alluvion. [playing. 

Al'ly, »i. [For alabaster.'} A fine marble used in 

Al-ly',r. a. [0. Fr. alter; L. alligare; ad, to, and 
li'jare, to bind.] [pp. allying, allied.] To unite 
by kindred, friendship, or treaty. — 2, n. ; pi. Al- 
lies/. One allied ; one united by kindred, friend- 
ship, or confederacy. [the East. 

Al'ma, h. [Arab, for "skilled."] A dancing-girl in 

Al-ma-can'tar, n. [Arab., from cantara, a bridge.] 
A small circle of the sphere, parallel to the hori- 
zon. 

Al'ma-f est. n. [From Arab., for Gr. /ueyumj, the 
"greatest," the "principal."] An ancient astro- 
nomical work of Ptolemy. 

Al'ma Ma' ter. [L. for "fostering mother."] A 
term applied to the university or college where 
one was educated. 

Al'ma-nac, n. [From the Arabic; etymology very 
doubtful.] An annual calendar of months, 
weeks, and days ; an annual register with a cal- 
endar; calendar. 

Al'man-dlne, n. [Older form alabandine, from 
Alabanda, an ancient Carian city.] A kind of 
ruby. 

Al'me, or Al'meh. n. Same as Alma. 

Alm'e-ry (am're), n. [Probably from L. armorium, 
an armory.] A recess in a church, used to con- 
tain the chalices, basins, cruets, &c. 

Al-migh'ty (al-mi'te), a. [See Might.] Of un- 
limited power ; omnipotent. — 2, n. The Omnipo- 
tent; God. 

Al'mond (a'mund) [a'mund, S. W. J. F. Ja. H. I. 
JKk." 67. K. 8m.; al'mund, P.], w. [0. Fr. al- 
mande; Late L. amandola, from L. amygdala, an 
almond.] The nut of the almond-tree. 

Al'monds (a'mundz), n. pi. (Anat.) Two glands 
on the side of'the tongue ; the tonsils. 

Al'mo-ner, n. [L. eleemosynarius. — See Alms.] An 
officer employed in the distribution of alms; an 
almsgiver. 
Al'mon-ry, n. The place where an almoner re- 
sides, or' where alms are distributed. 
SI' most [al'niost, W. E. Mu. I. St. Ja. 8m. ; al- 
most', S. P. J.], ad. [All and most] Nearly; 
well-nigh. 




Alms (amz), n. sing. & pi. [0. E. selmyese, from 
Gr. e\ey]fjioa-vvn, pity.] A gift or benefaction 
to the poor ; a charitable donation. 

Alms'deed (amz'ded), n. An act of charity. 

Alm§'-§-iv-er, n. A giver of alms. 

Alms'-liv-ing:, n. The act of giving alms. 

Alms'house (aniz'hbus), n. A house devoted to 
the reception and support of the poor. 

Al'mug-, \ n. [A variant of algum, another 

Al'mug-tree, j Scripture name of the same tree ; 
cf. Skr. valguka, and L. agaUockum ; apparently 
connected with which are eagle-wood and aloes.] 

^ An unknown tree mentioned in Scripture. 

Al'na§-e, n. Measurement by the ell : — official in- 

_ spection of cloth. [inspector of cloth. 

Al'na-£er, ?;. [Fr. aidne, aune, an ell.] A sworn 

Al'oe, n.'; pi. Al'oes. (al'oz). [Gr. dA.617.-Cf. Al- 
mug.] A tree; a wood used for perfumes: — a 
resinous, cathartic drug. 

Al-o-et'ic, a. Kelating to aloes. [air. 

A-loft', ad. [See Loft.] On high ; above : in the 

A-16ne', a. [Said to be equivalent to all one.] 
Single ; without company ; solitary. — 2, ad. 
Solely ; exclusively. 

A-long', ad. [See Long.] Throughout; onward. — 
2, prep. Near ; by the side of. 

A-long-side, ad. By the side of. 

A-166f', ad. [See Luff.] At a 
distance; far apart. 

A-lbud',«rf. [See Loud.] Loudly; 
with a great noise: — above a 
whisper. 

A-low', ad. Below; low down; 
downward : not aloft. 

Alp. h. [L. Alpes. the Alps ; Gael. 
alp, a mountain.] A mountain 
peak or range. 

Al-pac'a, n. [Sp., from native name paco.] A 
Peruvian sheep-like animal, and its wool: — 
cloth made from the wool. 

Alp'en, a. Of or belonging to the Alps; Alpine. 

Alp'en-stock. n. [Ger.] A strong tall staff used 
in climbing moun- 
tains. 

Al'pha. n. [Heb. 
alepii, ox; the let- 
ter was once the 
hieroglyph of an 
ox's head.] The 
first letter in the 
Greek alphabet, an- 
swering to our A: 
— used for the first. 

Al'pha-bet, n. [L. 
alphabetum, from 
alpha and beta, the first two Greek letters.] The 
letters of a language. 

Al-pha-bet'ic, \ a. Relating to, or in the order 

Al-pha-bet'i-cal. J of, the alphabet. 

Al-pha-bet'i-cal-ly, ad. In an alphabetical man- 
ner or order. ' 

Al'pha-bet-Ize, v. a. [pp. alphabetizing, alphabet- 
ized.'] To arrange alphetically ; to reduce to 
writing. 

Al'pine. or Al'pine [al'pin, W. P. H. Co. St. 8m. ; 
al'pin, I. I). 3Iu. E. Ja. K.], a. [L. alpinus.] Ke- 
lating to, or resembling, the Alps ; high ; moun- 
tainous. 

Al-read'y (al-red'e), ad. [From all and ready.] 
Now ; at this time. 

Al'sike (or al'sek), n. [From Alsike, a place in 
Sweden.] A valuable variety of clover. 

AU's5, ad. [All and so.] In the same manner; 
likewise.— 2, conj. Noting addition or conjunc- 
tion. [r art - 

Alt, a. &«. [L. a Uv.s, high.] (Mus.) High :— high 

Al'tar, n. [L. altare, from alius, high.] The place 

on' which sacrifices are offered :— the table in 

churches where the communion is administered. 

Al'tar-piece (al'tar-pes), n. A painting placed 

over the altar. 




Alpen-stock. 



a, e, I, 0, u, y, long; a, e, 1, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



ALTAZIMUTH 



61 



AMAZOST 



Al-taz'i-muth, n. [From altitude and azimuth.] 
(Astron.) An instrument to measure altitudes 
and azimuths. 

Al'ter, v. a. [Late L. alterare, from alter, other.] 
[pp. altering, altered.] To change ; to make 
otherwise. — 2, v. n. To suffer change ; to vary. 

Al'ter-a-ble, a. That may be altered. 

Al'ter-a-ble-ness, ) n. The quality of being alter- 

Al-ter-a-bil'i-ty, J able. 

Al'ter-ant. n. Any thing which causes change. — 
2, a. ' Causing change. 

Al-ter-a/tion, n. Change; altered condition. 

Al'ter-a-tive, «. Causing change. — 2, n. A med- 
icine that operates by slow and imperceptible 
degrees. 

Al'ter-cate, v. n. [L. altercari, to dispute ; alter, 
other.] [pp. altercating, altercated.] To wrangle ; 
to contend. 

Al-ter-ca'tion. ?;. An angry debate ; controversy; 
wrangle; contest; dispute: — oral pleading. 

Al-ter'nant, a. Alternating. 

Al-ter'nate, «. One after another; reciprocal. — 
2, a. What happens alternately: — a substitute. 

Al-ter'nate, or Al'ter-nate [al-ter'nat, W. St. P. F. 
K. 8m. R. C. ; al'ter-nat, E. Wb. ; al-ter-nat', 
Ja. ; al'ter-nat or al-ter'nat, I. H. ; al'ter-nat or 
al'ter-nat, Mu.], v.' a. [L. alternare, from alter, 
other, second.] [pp. alternating, alternated.] 
To perform alternately ; to change reciprocally. 

Al-ter'nate-ly., ad. In reciprocal succession. 

Al-ter-na'tion, n. Reciprocal succession ; alter- 
nate performance. 

Al-ter'na-tive, n. A choice of two things.— 2, a. 
That may be taken instead. 

Al-ter'na-tive-ly, ad. By turns; reciprocally. 

Al-thae'a (al-the'a), n. [Ur. a\0aia, from a\6ei.v, 
to heal.] A flowering shrub ; marshmallow. 

Alt'horn, n. [Alt, high, and horn.] A military 
musical instrument. 

Al-tnoug-h' (-tho'), conj. [All, intensive, and 
though"] Grant that ; though. ' 

Al-til'ic, n. A Turkish silver coin of six piastres. 

Al-til'o-quence, n. [L. altiloquium ; alius, high, 
and loqui, to speak.] Pompous language. 

Al-tim'e-try.. n. [L. alius, high, and Gr. p.irpov, 
measure.] The art of measuring heights. 

Al-tis'o-nant, a. [L. alius, high, and sonare, so- 
nanlis, to sound.] Pompous or lofty in sound. 

Al'ti-tiide, w. [L. altitudo.] Height; elevation; 
highest point. 

Al-ti-tu'di-nal, a. Of or pertaining to altitude. 

Al'to. n. '[It.', from L. altvs, high.] (lu.j The 
highest part for male voices : — contralto. 

Al-to-feth'er, ad. [All, and together.] Completely; 
entirely; wholly: — conjunctly; in company. 

Al'to-ri-li-e'v5 (al'to re-le-a'vo) [al'to re-le-a'vo, 
I. Wb.; al'to re-le'vo, Ma.], u. [It. for "high 
relief."] That kind of relief in sculpture which 
projects as much as the life ; high relief. 

Al'tru-Tsm, n. [From It. altrui, somebody else; 
L. alteri huic, to this other.] Regard for the 
rights, interests, and well-being of others ; be- 
nevolence. 

Al'tru-ist, n. One who finds his highest happi- 
ness in promoting the well-being of others. 

Al-tru-is'tic, a. Of or pertaining to, or character- 
ized by, altruism ; benevolent. 

Al'u-del, n. [Arab, al uthal] {Cliem.) A subliming- 
pot. 

Al'um, v. [L. alumen.] A mineral salt, of an 
acid taste. 

A-lu'mi-na, n. (Chem.) Aluminous or argilla- 
ceous earth ; argil ; potter's clay. 

A-lu'mi-nate, v. a. [pp. aluminating, aluminated.] 
To charge with alum. 

Al'u-nune, n. A kind of earth ; alumina. 

Al-u-min'i-um, n. Same as Aluminum. 

A-lu'mi-nous, a. Consisting of alum. 

A-lu'mi-num, ». The metallic base of alumina. 

A-lum'na, n. ; pi. A-lum'nse. LL.] A female 
pupil ; a female graduate. 



A-lum'nus, n. ; pi. A-lum'nT. [L. for " foster- 
child;" alere, to nourish.] A pupil: — a graduate 
of a college or university. 

Al-u-ta'ceous (-shus), a. [L. aluta, soft leather.] 
Like soft leather. 

Al'va. n. [Probably for L. ulra.] The dried sub- 
stance of a water-plant used for stuffing furni- 
ture. 

Al've-a-r£, n. [L. alvearium; alveus, a tub.] A 
beehive :'— the hollow of the ear. 

Al-ve'o-lar [al-ve'o-lar, K. Dunglison, Brande ; al'- 

' ve-o-iarj Sin. Wb.], a. [L. alveolus, dim. of al- 
veus, a tub.] Full of sockets or pits. 

Al-ve'o-la-ry, a. Same as Alveolar. 

Al-ve'o-late, «. Formed like a honeycomb. 

Al'vine [al'vin, Sin. I. St. ; al'vin, K. Mu.], a. 
[L." alvinus; alvus, belly.] Relating to, or pro- 
ceeding from, the belly or intestines. 

Al'way, ad. [All and way, in the sense of all 
along.] Always. 

Al'ways, ad. Perpetually; constantly; ever. 

A-lys'sum. n. [Gr. aAvo-erov ; perhaps a priv., and 
\vo~o-a, madness: — once considered a cure for ca- 
nine madness.] A small plant and its flower. 

Am. The first person singular, present tense, of 
the verb to be. — See Be. [bilitt. 

Am-a-bil'i-ty, n. [L. amabilitsis.] See Amia- 

Am-a-dou', n. [Fr.] Punk ; prepared agaric. 

A-main', ad. [From mean, in the sense of force; 
0. E. msegn.] With vehemence; with vigor. 

A-mal'gam, n. [Said to be an anagram of Gr. 

" fxaXayila, an emollient.] A combination of mer- 
cury with other tnetals: — any mixture. 

A-mal'ga-mate, v. a. [pp. amalgamating, amal- 
gamated.] To combine mercury with other 
metals: — to mix. — 2, r. n. To unite; to blend. 

A-mal-g-a-ma'tion, n. The act of amalgamating. 

A-man-u-en'sis. n. ; pi. A-man-u-en'ses. [L., 
from a manu, by hand.] A person who writes 
what another dictates. [Crete. 

t-mar'a-cus, n. [L. & Gr.] A plant, dittany of 
m'a-ranth, n. [Gr. <i/u.apaiTo?, unfading: a, 
negative, and /aapcu'veiv, to wither.] A plant, 
the flower of which long retains its color: — a 
purplish color. 

Am-a-ran' thine, «. Fadeless; immortal; undying. 

Am-a-ryl'lis. n. [Gr. 'A/u.apvAAi'?. the name of a 
country-girl. 1 (Bot.) A bulbous plant. 

A-mass', v. a. [Fr. amasser.— See Mass.] [pp. 
amassing, amassed.] To collect together; to 
heap up. 

Am-as-sette', v. [Fr.] An artist's instrument 
for collecting the paint on the stone. 

A-mass'ment, n. A heap : — the act of amassing. 

Am-a-teur' [am-a-tur', P. Co. Ja. K. ; am-a-tar', 
W. Mu. ; am-a-tdr', F. ; am'a-tur. E. : am-a-tiir', 
H. Sm.], u. [Fr., a lover.] A lover of any 'art or 
science, though not a professor of it ; a virtuoso. 

Am-a-teur'ish, a. Inclined to be an amateur. 

Am'a-tive, a. Given to love; amatory. 

Am'a-tive-ness, n. Propensity to love. 

Am-a-t5'ri-al, I a. [L. amatorius.] Relating to 

Am'a-to-ry," J love; amorous; causing love. 

Am-au-ro'sis, w. [Gr., from a/uaupos, dark.] (Med.) 
Diminution or loss of sight ; drop serene. 

A-maze'.r. a. [See Maze.] [pp. amazing, amazed.] 
To astonish ; to perplex ; to confound ; to sur- 
prise. — 2, >/. Amazement. 

Syn. — Amazed at what is frightful or incom- 
prehensible; astonished at what is striking; per- 
plexed, confounded, or confused at what is embar- 
rassing; surprised at what is unexpected. 

4-maz'ed-ly, ad. With amazement. 

A-maze'ment, n. Astonishment; wonder. 

A-maz'ing, p. a. Wonderful ; astonishing. 

A-maz'ing-ly, ad. Wonderfully. 

Am'a-zon, n. [Gr., said (no doubt incorrectly) to 
be from a, priv., and p.a£6<;, breast: — the Ama- 
zons are said to have cut off the right breast, 
that they might draw the bow better.] A war- 
like woman ; a virago. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 



"5» 9i 5, g, soft ; & % p, p, §, hard ; § as z ; 5 as gz ; 

6 



this. 



AMAZON-ANT 



62 



AMERICANIZE 



Am'a-zon-ant, n. A warlike species of ant. 

Am-a-zo'ni-an, a. Relating to Amazons. 

Am'a-zon-ite, n. [from the river Amazon, the 
latter said to be named from the Indian amus- 
sona, "boat-destroyer,'' but this is disputed.] A 
green potash felspar. 

Am-ba'|-es, n. pi. [L., from ambo, about, and 
agere, to drive.] A circuit of words : — a maze : 
— a circuit: — an indirect practice. 

Am-bas'sa-dor, n. [Late L. ambactia, embassy; 
ambactus, servant; said to be a Celtic word.] A 
foreign minister of the highest rank sent on 
public business from one sovereign power to 
another ; a plenipotentiary. 

Syn. — An ambassador and plenipotentiary imply 
the highest representative rank. An ambassador 
and resident, or minister resident, are permanent 
functionaries. An envoy and resident are func- 
tionaries of the second class of foreign minis- 
ters; and a charge d'affaires is one of the third 
or lowest class. 

Am-bas'sa-dress, n. The wife of an ambassador. 

Am'bas-sy, »*■ See Embassy. 

Am'ber, n. [Arab, anbar, ambergris or amber.] A 
fossil resin, highly electrical, and generally 
transparent. — 2, a. Consisting of amber: — re- 
sembling amber. 

Am'ber-gris, n. [Fr. ambre gris, gray amber.] A 
substance derived from the sperm whale and 
used as a perfume. 

Am-bi-dex'ter, n. [L., after ambo, both, doubly, 
and' dexter,' light-handed.] One that can use 
both hands alike : — a double-dealer. — 2, a. Am- 
bidextrous : — crafty. 

Am-bi-dex-ter'i-ty, n. State of being ambidex- 
trous :— double-dealing ; shiftiness. 

Am-bi-dex'trous, a. Using both hands alike. 

Am'bi-ent. a. [L. ambieus ; ambire, to go around.] 
Surrounding ; encompassing. 

Am-bi-gu'i-ty, n. The quality of being ambigu- 
ous ; equivocalness ; uncertainty of meaning. 

Am-big'u-ous, a, [L. ambiguus; ambire, to go 

"about.] Having two possible meanings; doubt- 
ful ; of double meaning ; equivocal. 

Syn. — His language is so ambiguous that his 
meaning is doubtful. He seems to use equivocal 
words in order to mislead. 

Am-big'u-oiis-ly, ad. Doubtfully. 

Am-big'u-ous-ness, «. Ambiguity. 

4.m-bip'a-rous, a. [L. ambo, both, and parere, to 

* bear.] Producing two kinds, as when a bud con- 
tains both flower and leaf. [ — a limit. 

Am'bit. u. [L. ambitus.] The compass or circuit : 

Am-bi"tion (am-bish'yn), n. [L. ambitio, from 
ambire, to go about ; ire, to go ; from the prac- 
tice of going about and soliciting votes.] Eager 
desire of superiority, power, honor, or fame. 

Am-bi"tious (am-bish'us), a. Possessed of ambi- 
tion; desirous of superiority ; aspiring. 

Am-bi"tious-ly, ad. In an ambitious manner. 

Am'ble, ». n. [Fr. ambler; L. ambidare, to walk.] 
[pp. amhling, ambled.] To move upon an am- 
ble ; to move easily ; to pace. — 2, n. Motion in 
which a horse moves both his legs on one side 
at the 6ame time ; a pace. 

Am'bler, n. A horse that ambles ; a pacer. 

Am'bling. p. a. Moving with an amble. 

Am-bly-op'ic, o. [Gr. a/ajBAvs, dull, and uxj/, eye.] 
Having impaired vision ; purblind. 

Am-bly-6p'sis, n. See Blindfish. 

Am'bo, w. [Gr. a/u/3wi\] A reading-desk or pulpit. 

Am-bo-dex'ter, a. Same as Ambidexter. 

Am-boy'na-wood, ) (-wud), v. [Named from the 

£.m-boyne ? -wood, j island of Amboyna.] A beau- 
tiful wood grown in the East Indies. 

Am'brite, n. [From amber.] A fossil resin found 
in New Zealand. 

Am-bro'si-a (am-bro'zhe-a) [am-bro'zha., H. ; am- 
bro'zi-a or ' am-bro'zhj-a. Ma.], n. [Gr. a/u/3poo-t'a, 
from aju.0poTos, immortal.] The imaginary food 
of the gods : — a plant. 



Am-bro'§i-al (am-bro'zhe-al), \a. Of the nature 

Am-brd'si-an (am-bro'zhe-an), J of ambrosia; de- 
licious ; fragrant. 

Am'bro-type, n. [Gr. a/x/Sporos, imperishable, and 
TiiTro?, type.] A photographic picture taken on 
a plate of glass. 

Am'bu-iance, n. [Fr. ; L. ambvlare, to walk ; a 
moving hospital.] A carriage for conveying dis- 
abled soldiers. 

Am'bu-lant, a. Moving from place to place. 

Am-bu-la'tion, n. The act of walking. 

Am'bu-la-to-ry, a. Walking about.— 2, n. A 
place for walking. 

Am-bus-cade', n. [Fr. embuscade.— See Ambfsh.] 
A station in which men lie to surprise others; 
an ambush. — 2, v. a. [pp. ambuscading, ambus- 
caded.] To lie in wait for: — to attack from an 
ambush. 

Am'bush, n. [It. imboscare ; vm, in, and bosco, 
bush, thicket.— See Bush.] The place or act of 
lying in wait:— an attack from a secret station. 
— 2, r. a. [pp. ambusning, ambushed.] To am- 
buscade. 

A-meer', 1 n. [Arab., from amara, to command.] 

A-mir', J A title borne by Mahometan princes. — 
See Emir. 

A-mel'io-ra-ble, a. Capable of being improved. 

A-mel'io-rate (a-mel'yo-rat), v. a. [Fr. amttiorer ; 
L. meliorare ; melior, better.] [pp. ameliorating, 
ameliorated.] To improve; to make better; to 
meliorate. — 2, v. n. To grow better. 

A-mel-io-ra'tion (a-mel-yo-ra'skun), n. The act 
of making better; improvement; melioration. 

A-mel'io-ra-tive, a. Producing amelioration. 

A/men' [a-meh', S. P. J. F. Ja. K. ff. H. ; a'men', 
I. W. F. Sin. ; a'men' or a'men', St. Mn.— In 
singing, it is pronounced k'men'J, ad. [Heb., 
"truth.'"] So be it; verily :— a term of assent 
used in devotions. 

A-me-na-bil'i-ty, »'. Quality of being amenable. 

A-me'na-ble, a. [Fr. amener, to lead ; L. minare, 
to threaten, to drive.] Responsible ; liable to 
account. 

A-me'na-bly, ad. In an amenable manner. 

A-mend', v. a. [Fr. amender. — See Mfxd and 
Emend.] [pp. amending, amended.] To correct ; 
to rectify ; to reform. — 2, v. n. To grow better ; 
to reform. 

Syn. — To amend, correct, rectify, reform, and 
emend, imply the lessening of evil ; to improve 
and better, the increase of good. Amend what is 
wrong; correct what is erroneous; rectify mis- 
takes; improve inventions; reform the life. 

A-mend'a-ble, a. Reparable ; corrigible. 

A-mend'a-to-ry, o. Tending to amendment. 

Amende "(a'-mand'), n. [Fr.] A fine. — Amende 
honorable, an infamous punishment: — (in later 
use) an apology for an injury ; satisfaction. 

A-mend'ment, v. Act of amending; improve- 
' ment ; reformation ; correction. 

A-mends\ n. pi. Recompense; compensation. 

A-men'i-ty, n. [L. amomitas; arncenus, pleasant.] 
Pleasantness; civility. 

A-me-no-ma'ni-a, w. [L. amcenus, pleasant, and 
mania'] A gay or cheerful form of mania. 

Am'ent [am'ent. St. I. Wb. : a-ment', Mu.], n. [L. 
amentum.] (Bot.) A catkin. 

A-men'ti-a (-she-a), v. [L. a, negative, and mens, 
' mind.] Complete failure of the mental powers. 

A-merce', v. a. [Fr. amercier; root of L. merces, 
recompense.] [pp. amercing, amerced.] To 
punish by fine or penalty. 

A-merce'ment, n. (Law.) A pecuniary fine or 
penalty imposed on an offender. 

A-mer'i-can, n. A native of America. — 2, a. Re- 
lating to' America, [peculiar to America. 

A-mer'i-can-i§m, n. A word, phrase, or idiom 

A-mer'i-can-ist, n. A student of American affairs. 

A-mer'i-can-ize, v. a. [vp. Americanizing. Ameri- 
canized.]' To make American ; to make like 
the Americans. 



e, l, o, u, y, 



5, S, i, 5, u, y, short; a, §, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



AMETHYST 



63 



AMPHITKYOtf 



Am'e-thyst, n. [Gr. ap-cOvo-ros ; a, not, and p.e- 

Ova-neLv, to intoxicate : it was fabled that this 

stone was a charm against intoxication.] A 

precious stone of a violet color. 

Am-e-thys'tine, a. Like an amethyst. 

Am-har'ic, n. A modern language of Abyssinia. 

— 2, a. ' Belonging to Amhara, in Abyssinia. 
A-mi-a-bil'i-ty, In. Quality of being amiable; 
A'mi-a-ble-nes's, J loveliness. 
A'mi-a-ble, a. [Fr. ; L. amabilis and amicabilis.] 

Lovable ; kindly ; friendly. 
A'mi-a-blv, ad. In an amiable manner. 
Am'i-anth, n. Earth-flax. — See Amianthus. 
Am-i-an'thus, n. [L. ; Gr. djuiavTos, undeniable: 
it can be purified, but not burnt, by fire.] (Mm.) 
Earth-flax ; the flaxen variety of asbestos. 
Am'i-ca-ble, a. [L. amicabilis; amicus, & friend.] 

Friendly; kind; obliging. 
Am'i-ca-ble-ness, n. Friendliness. 
Am'i-ca-bly, ad. In an amicable manner. 
Am'ice (am'is), it. [In the first sense from L. 
amietus, a wrap; ambi, about, and jacere, to 
throw; in the second, for aumuce; Ger. miitee, 
cap.] The undermost part of a priest's shoulder- 
cloth or alb : — a friar's hood. 
Am'ict, n. (Eccl.) Same as Amice. 
A-mid', \prep. [L. medium; Eng. middle.] In 
A-midst', J the midst of; mingled with; among; 

surrounded by. 
Am'ide, n. [From ammonia.'] One of a certain 

series of ammonia compounds. 
A-mid' ships, ad. In the middle of the ship. 
Am'ine, n. [From ammonia.] One of a certain 

series of ammonia compounds. 
A-mir\ ». See Ameer. 

4-miss', ad. [See Miss.] Faultily; wrong; im- 
" properly. 

A-mis-si-bll'i-ty, n. [L. amUtere, amissum, to 
lose.] The capability or possibility of being 
lost, [r.] 
Am'i-ty, n. [Fr. amide; L. amicitia.] Friend- 
ship; good will; harmony. 
Am-mo'ni-a, n. [From Ammonia, in Libya; named 
from Amuii, an old Egyptian god.] A volatile 
alkali. 
Am-mo'ni-ac, n. & a. A gum resin: — the name 

of two drugs, gum ammoniac and sal ammoniac. 
Am-mo-nl'a-cal, a. Containing ammonia. 
Am'mon-Ite, n. [From cornu Ammonis, "Am- 
nion's horn;" Jupiter Amnion, the Amun of 
Egypt, wore rani's horns.] A kind of fossil shell. 
Am-mb'ni-um, n. The hypothetical radical of 

ammonia. 
Am-moph'i-lous, a. [Gr. d/xju-o?, sand, and <£<.'ao?, 
loving.] (Bot.) Growing spontaneously on sandy 
soil. 
Am-mu-ni"tion (am-mu-nish'un), n. [See Muni- 
tion.] Military stores, as powder, balls, shells 
&c. 
Am'nes-ty, n. [Gr. d/avijo-rt'a, oblivion.] An act 
of general pardon.— 2, v. a. [pp. amnestying, 
amnestied.] To give amnesty to. 
A-mce'ba, n. [Gr. djuot/Brj, change: its shape in 
life changes constanlly.] The lowest organiza- 
tion known to zoologists, consisting of little 
more than a mere lump of jelly. 
Am-ce-bse'an, a. [Gr. d,uo<./3a.io?, changing.] Re- 
sponsive ; alternating. 
A-moe'bi-form, ) a. [See Amceba, supra.] Re- 
A-moe'boid, J sembling an amoeba. 
A-moe'bous, a. Of or relating to the amoeba. 
A-mok', n. [Malay.] Same as Amuck. 
A-niong', "I prep. [0. E. amang, gemang ; from 
A-mongst', f the root of mingle.] Mingled with; 

conjoined with; amidst. 
A-mon-til-la/do (a-mon-tel-ya'do), n. [Sp.] A dry 

sherry wine. 
Am'o-rous, a. [L. amorosus, from amor, love.] 
Relating to or inclined to love; enamoured; 
_ full of love; loving:— lustful. 
Am'o-roQs-ljr, ad. In an amorous manner. 



Am'o-rous-ness, n. Lovingness ; fondness. 
A-morph', n. A formless body. 
A-mbr'phi§m, u. Shapelessness; want of a regu- 
lar form. 
A-mb'r'phous, a. [Gr. dp.op4>os ; d, negative, and 

p.op$Tq, form.] Shapeless; without form. 
A-mbr'tise, or A-mbr'tlze. v. a. [Fr. amortir; L. 
ad, to, and mors, mortis, death.] [pp. amortising, 
amortised.] To transfer to mortmain ; to alien: 
— to pay off. 
A-mbr-ti-za/tion, \n. (Laic.) The right, or act, 
A-mbr'tize-ment, J of transferring lauds. 
A-mbunt', v. n. [Obs. Fr. amonter, amounter, to 
mount up; L. ad, to, and m-ons, mentis, a hill.] 
[pp. amounting, amounted.] To rise to; to 
compose. — 2, n. The aggregate ; sum. 
A-mour', n. [Fr. ; L. amor A An affair of love; 

intrigue. 
Am'per-sand, n. [For "and per se and," the old 
formula for naming the character &, meaning 
"&, by itself, stands fur and."] The character 
^ & (for and). 

Am'phi. [Gr. ; cf. L. ambo.] A prefix in words 
of Greek origin, signifying around, abuut, on 
both sides, kc. 
Am-phib'i-a, n. pi. [Gr. d/u$i, both, double, and 
/3to5, life. | The class of animals to which frogs, 
toads, and newts belong. 
Am-phib'i-an, n. An amphibious animal; a ba- 

trachian. 
Am-phib'i-ous, a. Having the faculty of living 

in two elements, air and water. 
Am-phib'i-ous-ness (am-f ib'e-us-nes\ n. Capa- 
bility of living in two different elements. 
Am-phib-o-log'i-cal, a. Ambiguous. 
Am-phi-bol'o-gy, n. [Gr. d/u.0i,8oAta, ambiguity, 

and \6yos, speech.] Ambiguous discourse. 
Am'phi-braph (am'fe-brak), «. [Ur. d/u<£i, on 
either side, and (Spa^vs, short,] (Prosody.) A 
foot consisting of three syllables, the middle one 
long, the other two short. 
Am-phi-car'pic, \ a. [Gr. an4>C, both, and icap- 
Am-phi-car'pous, J ttos, fruit.] (Bot.) Bearing 
fruit of two kinds, either as regards form or 
period of ripening. 
Am-phi-coe'lous, o. [Gr. ap.<f>i, both, and kocAo?, 
hollow.] (Anat.) Noting vertebrae hollow at 
both ends. 
Am-phic-ty-on'ic, a. [Gr. d.u^iKTu'ofe?, "thev 
that dwell around;" "neighbors;" a council of 
adjacent states.] Relating to the council of the 
Amphictyons in ancient Greece. 
Am'phide, n, [Gr. a^i, double.] (Chem.) A 

compound consisting of a base and an acid. 
Am-phi-l'e'an, a. [Gr. d^i, around, and yrj, the 
earth.] Relating to or extending over all the 
zones of the globe. 
Am'phi-go-ry. n. [Gr. ap.<f)L, about, and ayopev- 
eiv, to speak.] A burlesque composition with a 
show of meaning, but in reality nonsensical. 
Am-phi-ox'us. »?. [Gr. d^t, at both ends, and 
bi-vs, sharp.] The lancelet, a fish of low or- 
ganization. 
Am-phis-bae'na, n. [Gr. d/u.<£t?, both ways, and 
Paiveiv, to go.] A fabled serpent which had a 
head at either end: — a kind of snake-like 
lizard. 
Am-phis'ci-I (am-f Ish'e-i), n. pL [L. ; Gr. d/uwtt, 
on both sides, and a<ia, shadow.] Inhabitants 
of the torrid zone, whose shadows fall part of 
the year north and part of the year south. 
Am-phi-the'a-tre (Am-fe-the'a-ter^, „. [L. amphi- 
theatrum ; Gr. afxfyl, around, and Qearpov, thea- 
tre.] A building of a circular or oval form, 
having its area encompassed with rows of seats, 
_ one above another, and used for public shows. 
Am-phi-the-at'ri-cal, a. Relating to an amphi- 
theatre, or to exhibitions in an amphitheatre. 
Am-phit'ry-on, n. [A Greek hero, who gives 
name to comedies of Plautus, Moliere, and 
others.] A host; an entertainer. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bfill, bur, rule, use.-p, g, c, g, soft; p, p, p, £, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



AMPHOKA 



64 



ANAESTHETIZE 



Am'pho-ra, n. [L. ; Gr. d/u.<£i, on both 
sides,'and <pepeiv, to carry ; it had two 
handles.] An ancient wine-flask. 

Am'ple, a. [L. ampins.] Large ; wide ; 
extended ; spacious ; broad : — abun- 
dant ; plentiful ; sufficiently copious. 

Am-plec'tant, a, [L. amplecti, amplec- 
tans, to 'embrace; ambo, about, and 
plectere, to twine.] (Bot.) Clasping; 
embracing, as the tendril of a plant. 

Am-plex'i-caul, a. [L. amplecti, am- Amphora. 
plexus, and caulis, stem.] (Bot.) Clasping the 
stem. 

Am'pli-a-tive, a. [L. ampliare, to widen.] Add- 
ing to' or amplifying what is already known; 
amplificatory. 

Am-pli-f i-ca'tion, n. [L. amplification The act 
of amplifying"; enlargement ; diffuseness ; aug- 
mentation, [large; ampliative. 

Am-plif i-ca-to-ry, a. Serving to amplify or en- 

Am'pli-f I-er, n. One who amplifies. 

Am'plj-fy, v. a. [L. amplificare ; ampins, large.] 
[pp.' amplifying, amplified.] To enlarge; to 
extend ; to dilate ; to speak or write diffusely. — 
2, v. n. To speak at large ; to dilate. 

Am'pli-tiide, n. Extent; largeness; capacity; 
copiousness: — an arc of the horizon. 

Am'ply, ad. Largely ; liberally ; copiously. 

Am'pu-tate, v. a. [L. amputare; ambo, around, 
and putare, to pruue.] [pp. amputating, ampu- 
tated. ] To cut off, as a limb. 

Am-pu-ta'tion, n. The act of amputating: — the 
act of cutting off a limb or part of the body. 

Am'pyx, n. [Gr., 
from afi— e^eiv, to 
put around ; dfx(j>i, 
around, and e'xet-v, 
to have.] A band or 
plate of metal once 
worn upon the fore- 
head by Grecian la- 
dies of rank. 

Am'ri-ta, In. [Skr., 

Am-ree'ta, J immor- 
tal; cf. Gr. auflpo- 
to?, immortal; a, An W x - 

privative, and the root of mors, mortis, death.] 
(Hind. Myth.) The juice of the sacred plant 
Soma; the beverage of the gods. [frenzy. 

A-muck', n. A Malay term for slaughter and 

Am'u-let, «. [L. amuletvm ; possibly connected 
with Arab. himalah. to carry.] Something worn 
to protect from injury ; a charm. 

A-mu§e', v. a. [Fr. amuser.] [pp. amusing, 
amused.] To entertain; to divert; to beguile. 

Syn.— To arrrnse is to entertain by drawing the 
attention to. and to divert is to draw the atten- 
tion from our present occupation. To be be- 
guiled is the effect of being amused. 

A-muse'ment, n. That which amuses ; diversion; 
sport; recreation. 

Syn.— Amusement in reading or gardening; di- 
version at a public show; entertainment at the 
theatre or a concert ; recreation at the game of 
cricket. 

A-mus'ing, a. Affording am usement; diverting. 

A-mu'sive, a. Amusing; diverting. 

A-myg-da-lif er-ous, a. [L. amygdala, almond, 
and ferr'e, to bear.] Producing almonds. 

A-myg'da-line, a. [L. amygdalinus ; Gr. dixvySd- 
A.1V05.] ' Resembling almonds. 

A-myg'da-lbid, n. A species of trap rock. — 2, a. 
Almond-shaped. 

Am'yl, n. [Badly formed from Gr. dju.vA.ov, starch, 
and" vAtj, principle.] (Chem.) The radical of 
fusel-oil. — 2, o. Containing, or derived from, 
fusel-oil. 

Am-y-la'ceous (-shus), «. Like starch; starchy; 
containing," resembling, or relating to starch. 

Am'y-lene, n. (Chem.) A colorless, mobile liquid 
obtained by distilling amyl alcohol. 




A-myl'ic, a. Derived from starch. 

Am'y-loid, a. [L. amylwm; Gr. d/ivAov, starch.] 
Of the nature of starch. 

An. [A form of the numeral one: Scot, ane; Fr. 
w«.] The same with the article a. — The article 
a must be used before all words beginning with 
a consonant or a consonant sound, as a man, a 
unit, a oneness; and the article an must be used 
before all words beginning with a vowel, except 
such as begin with the sound of u long, or a 
consonant sound; before words beginning with 
Amute, as, an hour, an heir, &c. ; and, according 
to many authorities, before words where the in- 
itial h is not mute, if the accent is on the second 
syllable, as, an heroic action, an historical account, 
&c. ; but many writers and speakers violate this 
rule in cases of the kind just named, using a in- 
stead of an. — An, by the old writers, is often 
used for if. 

A'na, ad. [Gr.] A word used in the prescriptions 
of physicians, importing in the like quantity. 

A'na. A Latin termination annexed to the names 
of'authors to denote a collection of their memo- 
rable sayings ; as, Johnsoniana. 

An-a-bap'tist, n. [Gr. dvd, anew, and /3a7rTi£eiv, 
to baptize.] One who allows of, and maintains, 
rebaptizing. 

A-nab'a-sis, n, [Gr. for "ascent;" ova, up, and 
/SaiVeiv, to go.] The expedition of the younger 
Cyrus into Central Asia; — hence, any similar 
military expedition : — the increase of a disease ; 
a paroxysm. 

An-a-bat'ic, a. Of or pertaining to an anabasis. 

An-aph'o-ret, \ n, [Gr. dvaxcoprjTTj? • avd, apart, 

^.n-aph'o-rlte, J and x w peeiv, to retire.] A soli- 
tary monk ; a hermit ; an anchoret. 

An-aph'o-ri§m, n. [Gr. dvd, back, against, and 
Xtopiov", place.] An expression, practice, or the 
like, inconsistent with the country to which it 
is referred, [it.] 

An-aph'ro-ni§m, n. [Gr. avd, back, against, and 
Xpovos, time.] An error in chronology or in re- 
spect of date. 

An-ach-ro-nls'tic, a. Containing anachronism. 

An-a-clas'tics, ii. pi, [Gr. avd, back, and /cAdeiv, 
to break.] Dioptrics. 

An-a-cce-no'sis, n, [Gr. dvd, back, and xoivoeiv, 
to "make common.] A figure of rhetoric, by which 
the speaker appeals to his opponent. 

An-a-co-lu'thon, n. [Gr. dv, not, and dfcdAovflos, 
following.] A sentence without grammatical se- 
quence. 

An-a-con'da, n. [Probably Tamil anaikkonda, ele- 
phant-killer: — the name was once applied to an 
Indian python, but is now given to a South 
American boa.] A very large serpent. 

A-nac-re-on'tic, a. [From Anacreon, a Greek poet.] 
Relating to Anacreon : — amatory and convivial. 

An'a-dem, n. [Gr. dvaSri/xa, hair-band; dvd, up, 
back, and 6*e'eiv, to bind.] A wreath of flowers; 
a garland ; a diadem. 

An-a-di-plo'sis, n. [Gr. dvd, back, and SiirXoeiv, 
to double.] ' (Bhet.) The repetition of the last 
word in a verse. 

A-nad'ro-mous, a. [Gr. dvd, up, and Spojuo?, run- 
ning.]' Ascending rivers to spawn, as the shad. 

A-nse'mi-a, n. [L. ; Gr. dv, privative, and al/xa, 

' blood.] ' A morbid diminution of the amount 
of blood, or an impoverishment of the blood, in 
the system. 

A-nsem'ic, a. Of or pertaining to, or character- 
ized by, anaemia. 

An-ses-the'si-a, n. [Gr. dv, privative, and aitr- 
6-qo-is, sensation.] Want or loss of feeling or 
sensation, either natural or induced. 

An-ses-thet'ic, a. Having the power of depriving 
of sensation or of pain. — 2, n. A substance 
having the power of depriving of sensation. 

A-nses'the-tlze, v. a. [pp. anaesthetizing, anaes- 
thetized.] To put under the influence of an an- 
aesthetic. 



o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, f&st, fall ; heir, her; 



ANAGLYPH 



65 



ANCIPITAL 



An'a-glyph, n. [Gr. dvay\v$r, ; dvd, up (in re- 
lief), unci y\v<f>ecv, to carve.] An ornament in 
low relief. 

An-a-glyph'ic, H. Relating to anaglyphs :— 

An-a-glyph'i-cal, J opposed to diaglyphic. 

An-a-glyp'tic, a. Relating to anaglyphs. 

An-a-gog'i-cal, a. Mysterious; mystical. 

An'a-go-£-y., n. [Gr. avayiayrj ; dvd, up, and 
dy'e°v, to lead.] Mystical interpretation. 

An'a-gram, n. [Gr. ova, over again, and ypdp.p.a, 
writing; ypdfyeiv, to write.] The change of 
one word into another by the transposition of 
its letters. 

An-a-gram-mat'jc, 1 Relating to anagrams. 

An-a-gram-mat l-cal, J 

A'nal, a.' [L. nrnxs, vent.] Pertaining to, or situ- 
ated near, the vent. 

An-a-lec'tic, a. Collected together. 

An'a-lectsi n. pi. [L. analecta; Gr. avd, up, and 
\iyeiv. to gather.] Fragments collected from 
authors ; select pieces ; gleanings. 

An-a-lep'tie, n. [Gr. dvd, up, and \ap.$dveiv, to 
take ; Atjatiko?, taking.] A restorative medicine. 

An-a-lof'i-cal, a. Having analogy ; analogous. 

A-nal'o-gize, v. a. To explain by analogy. 

A-nal'o-gon, \n. [Gr. dvdkoyov.] A thing 

An' a-logue (-log), J analogous to or resembling 
another. 

A-nal'o-gous, a. Having analogy ; similar. 

A-nal'o-gy, ra. [Gr. dvakoyla ; dvd, up to, and 
\6yos, proportion, or account.] Proportion or 
parallelism between things which are in some 
respects different ; resemblance; similarity. 

An'a-lyse, v. a. Same as Analyze. 

A-nal'y-sis, n. ; pi. A-nal'y-ses. [Gr. dvd\va-t<; ; 
avd, back again, and \veiv, to loosen.] The 
resolution of any thing into its first elements or 
component parts: —opposed to synthesis, which is 
the union of the component parts to form a 
compound. 
Synthesis is composition ; analysis is decomposition. 

An'a-lyst, n. One who analyzes; an analyzer. 

An-a-lyt'ic, \a. Pertaining to analysis; re- 

An-a-lyt'j-cal, J solving into first elements. 

An-a-lyt'ics," n. pi. The art of analyzing. 

An-a-lyz'a-ble, a. That may be analyzed. 

An'a-lyze, v. a. [pp. analyzing, analyzed.] To 
resolve into constituents or elements; to decom- 

An'a-lyz-er, n. One wlio analyzes. [pose. 

An-a-mbVphism, ». (Biological.) Progression 
from a lower type to a higher; anamorphosis. 

An-a-mor-pho'sis, or An-a-mor'pho-sis [an-a- 
mor-fo's'is, S. W. J. E. F. K. • aii-a-nibr'fo-sTs, P. 
Jii. Ma.' St. Sm.], n. [Gr. avd, back, and p.op- 
<f>6eiv, to shape; p.opj>ri, form.] A perspective 
projection of any thing so that to the eye, at one 
point of view, it shail appear d '.-formed, at an- 
other, an exact representation. 

A-na'nas, n. [Peruvian, nanas.] The pine-apple. 

A-nan'ther-oiis, «. [Gr. av, negative, and an- 
ther.] (Bot.) Without anthers. 

A-nan'thous. a. [Gr. av, negative, and dv6o<;, 
flower.] Without flowers ; flowerless. 

An'a-pest, 1>. [Gr. avdiraKXTO';, reversed; dvd, 
back, and waieiv, to strike : — it is a reversed 
dactyl.] (Rhet.) A metrical foot, containing two 
short syllables and one long one. 

An-a-pes' tic, a. Relating to the anapest. 

A-naph'o-ra, n. [Gr. dvd, back, and (/>e'peiv, to 
carry.]' (Rhet.) A repetition of words at the 
beginning of sentences. 

A-naph-ro-di"si-a, n. [Gr. ac, negative, and 
a^poStVia, venei-y ] Absence of venereal appe- 
tite ; sexual impotence. 

A-naph-ro-di"si-ac, n. See Antaphrodtsiao. 

A-nar'phic, 1 a. Relating to anarchy ; disor- 

t-n'ar'phi-cal. j derly ; confused. 
n'ar-phisni (an'ar-kizm), n. Anarchy. 
An'ar-phist, n. A promoter of anarchy. 
An'ar-ehize, v. a. [pp. anarchizing, anarchized.] 
To bring into anarchy, [r.] 



An'ar-chy, n. [Gr. dvapxla ; av, negative, and 
ap'xos, leader.] Absence of government; disorder. 

An-a-sar'ca, n. [Gr. dvd, throughout, and adptj, 
crdpKa, the fiesh.] A species of dropsy. 

An-a-sar'cous, a. Relating to anasarca.. 

An-as-tat'ic', a. [Gr. dvd, up, and root ara-, to 
siand.] Noting a process of printing from plates 
in relief. 

A-nas'to-mose, v. n. [pp. anastomosing, anasto- 

' mosed!] To intercommunicate. 

A-nas-to-mo'sis, n. ; ph A-nas-to-mo'ses. [Gr. 
dvaaTop-oetv,' to furnish with an outlet, to open 
up ; <TT6p.a, mouth.] An intercommunication by 
branches. 

A-nath'e-ma, n. [Gr. ; originally, a thing set up 

" or apart, a thing devoted ; later, a thing ac- 
cursed; dvd, up, and root de-, to place.] An 
ecclesiastical curse. 

A-nath'e-ma-tlze, v. a. [pp. anathematizing, 
anathematized.] To pronounce accursed; to 
curse. [section. 

An-a-tom'i-cal, a. Belonging to anatomy or dis- 

An-a-tom'i-cal-ly, ad. In an anatomical manner. 

A-nat'o-mist,'n. 'One skilled in anatomy. 

A-nat'o-mize, v. a. [pp. anatomizing, anatomized.] 

" To dissect, as the body. 

A-nat'o-my, n. [Gr. avaro^ ; dvd, up, and 

' rip-viiv, To/u-, to cut.] The art of dissecting an 
animal body :— the knowledge or doctrine of the 
organized body : — a skeleton. 

A-nat'ro-pous, a. [Gr. dvd, up, and Tpe-n-eiv, rpo- 

' ttos, to turn.] (Bot.) Shaped so that the apex 
of the nucleus points to the base of the ovule. 

An-at'to, n. [Probably a South American name.] 
An orange coloring matter. 

An'ces-tor, n. [0. F. ancestre; L. antecessor. — See 
Antecede.] A progenitor; a forefather. 

An'ce3-tral [an'ses-tral, S. W. P. J. K. Sm. ; an- 
ses'tral, ' Ja. H. St. L Mu.]. a. Relating to an- 

An'ces-tress, n. A female ancestor. [castors. 

An'ces-try, n. Lineage; series of ancestors. 

Anph'or (angk'ur), n. [L. an- 
chora; Gr. dytvpa; akin to 
ANGX.E.] A heavy iron to hold 
a ship or other vessel : — cause 
of security. — 2, r. n. [pp. an- 
choring, anchored.] To cast 
anchor.— 3, v. a. To place at 
anchor; to fix. 

Aneh'or-af-e (angk'ur-aj\ n. Ground for anchor- 
ing in : — a duty paid for anchoring. 

Anph'o-ress, n. A female recluse. 

Anph'o-ret (angk'o-ret), ) n. [See Anachorkt.] A 

Anch'o-rite (angk'o-rit\ ) recluse; a monk. 

Aneh'or-Ice. n. Ice formed at the bottom of a 
stream ; ground-ice ; ground-grue. 

Anch'o-ri-tism, n. The condition of an ancho- 
rite ;' seclusion from the world. 

An-cho'vy. ». [Sp. anchova, perhaps from Basque 
antzua, dried.] A little sea-fish, used for sauce. 

An'chy-lose. v. n. [Gr. dyKvXuicrt<;, joint-stiffening; 
ayKvXo?, crooked ; root of angle.] [pp. anchy- 
losing, anchylosed.] To stiffen, as a diseased 
joint. 

An'cient (an'shent) [an'shent, fit, TT'. J. F. Ja. K. 
Sm.R.; an'shent, P.], a. [Ft. ancicn : Late L. 
antianns, from ante, before.] Old; not modern; 
of old time; antique; antiquated. — 2. n. A 
patriarch: — [a form of ensign] an ensign: — a 
standard-bearer. 

Syn. — Ancient history ; old age ; antique piece 
of art; antiquated customs. 

An'cient-ly (an'shent-le), ad. In old times. 

An'cients, «. pi. Old men : — men who lived in 
ancient times : — opposed to modems. 

An'cil-la-ry, a. [L. ancilla, handmaid; 0. L. 
ancus, anca, a servant.] Subservient; subordi- 
nate: — belonging to a handmaid. 

An-cip'i-tal, a. [L. artceps, ancipitis, two-headed; 
cm for ambo, double, and the root of caput, head.] 
Having two opposite edges. 




Anchor. 



mien, sir; move, nor, 
e 



son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c, g, soft; p, p-, p, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 

6* 



AND 



66 



ANGBY 




Andirons. 
andier, now Ian- 



And, conj. [Fris. and ; Ger. und.] A particle im- 
plying addition, by which sentences or terms are 
joined. 

An-dan'te, a. [It., from cm- 
dare, to move.] (Mus.) Slow; 
exact. — 2, n. (Mus.) A piece 
or movement in andante time. 

An-de'an, or An' dine, a. Per- 
taining to the Andes. 

And'i-ron (and'I-urn), n. [This 
form, 'like endiron and hand- 
iron, is a corruption of the Fi 
dier (called locally andain), a fire-dog.] An iron 
utensil to lay wood on in a fireplace. 

An-drog'y.-nal, ) a, [Gr. dvopoyvvos ; b-vr\p, av- 

An-drog'y-nous, J Spot, man, and ywij, woman.] 
Having two sexes ; hermaphroditical ; effeminate. 

An-drog'y-nism, n. Hermaphrodism. 

An'drbid, a. [Gr. av&poeiSijs, man-like.] Resem- 
bling a man or male. 

An-droph'a-gous, a. [Gr. avSpocfaayos ; dvrjp, iv- 
Spos, man, and cpdyeiy, to eat.] Addicted to can- 
nibalism ; man-eating. 

An'dro-sphinx, n. [Gr. di/5po<r</>iy|.] (Egypt. Ant.) 
A sphinx combining a lion's body with the head 
of a mau. 

A-near', «. & ad. Near; nigh. 

A-neath' (or a-nath'), prep. & ad. Beneath. 

An-ec-do'tal, a. Of or relating to anecdotes. 

An'ec-dote, n. [Gr. aven&oTa, things not pub- 
lished ; av, not, e/c, out, and StSovai, to give.] 
A narrative of an incident or fact. 

Syn. — Amusing anecdotes; entertaining stories. 
Anecdotes for men ; stories for children. 

An-ec-dot'i-cal, a. Relative to anecdotes. 

A-nlle', v.'a. ' [0. E. an, on, and ele, oil.] [pp. 

' aneling, aneled.] To anoint; to give extreme 

unction to. [electric. 

An-e-lec'tric, a. [An, negative, and electric] Not 

An'e-mo- dyn-a-mom'e-ter, re. [Gr. dj/epos, wind, 
Suvapis, power, and p-erpov, measure.] The 
same as Anemometer. 

A-nem'o-graph, n. [Gr. dvepo?, wind, and ypd- 
<£eiv, to record.] An apparatus which registers 
the amount and variations of the wind's force. 

An-e-mom'e-ter. n. [Gr. dvepos, wind, and pe- 
rpov, measure.] An instrument to measure the 
strength or velocity of the wind. 

A-nem'o-ne, n. [Gr. aveixwvr), wind's daughter; 
dveju.05, wind ; -wvr\ implies descent in the female 
line.] A plant; the wind-flower. 

A-nem'o-scope, n. [Gr. d^e/ao?, wind, and root 

" 07C07T-," to see.] An instrument to show the 
course of the wind. 

An-end', a. & ad. Continuously : — on end: — 
straight on. 

A-nent', prep. [0. E. on efen, "on even" with; 
Ger. neben.] Concerning; about. 

An'e-roid, a. [Gr. d, privative, and vnpo*;, wet.] 
Containing no liquid. 

A-net'ic, a. [Gr. dven/co?, relaxing; dvievcu, to 

" remit; literally, to send up or let up.] (Med.) 
Anodyne : soothing. 

An'eu-rism (an'u-rizm), n. [Gr. dveupvcpa, dila- 
tation ; avd, up, and evpvveiv, to widen ; evpv?, 
wide.] (Med.) A tumor formed by morbid dila- 
tation of an artery. 

A-new', ad. Over again; again; newly. 

£.n-fract-u-os'i-ty, n. [L. anfractuosus, winding; 
an for arribo, about, and frangere, fractus, to 
break.] A winding passage : — circuitousness. 

An'gel, n. [Gr. dyyeAog, messenger; L. angelw.] 
A messenger :— a celestial spirit:— a beautiful 
person : — a gold coin. — 2, a. Resembling angels ; 
angelical. 

An'gel-hood (-hud), n. The condition of an angel. 

An-£el'ie, } a. Belonging to angels; of the 

An-|el'i-cal, J nature of angels. 

An-fel'i-Qa. re. [Named for its supposed angelical 
or miraculously curative qualities.] An aromatic 
plant. 



An'§-el-lights (dits), n. pi. Upper lights in a 
perpendicular window. 

An-gel-ol'a-try, «. [Angel, and Gr. Aarpeia, 
worship.] Angel-worship. 

An-£el-ol'o-gy, n. [Angel, and Gr. Aoyos, trea- 

_ tise.] A treatise on angels. 

An'ge-lfis, n. [L., from its first word.] (Bom. 
Cath. Church.) A prayer to the Yirgin ; a sum- 
mons to this prayer by a bell. 

An' ger (ang'gur), n. [Old Norse, angr, straitened, 
troubled; iiuyur, anguish.— Cf. L. angere, to vex.] 
Violent passion ; resentment ; rage ; ire ; choler : 
— pain.— 2, v. a. [pp. angering, angered.] To 
make angry. 

An'ge-vin, a. Of or relating to Anjou. — 2, n. A 
native of Anjou. 

An'gi-na (or an-ji'na), n. [L. ; cf. angere, to vex, 
to choke; Gr. dy^ovTj, strangling.] A disease in 
the throat. 

An'gd-na pec'to-ris, n. [L.] (Med.) A dangerous 
disease, connected with the ossification, or other 
morbid affection, of the heart; breast-pang. 

An-gd-ol'o-£y, n. [Gr. dyyos, or dyyeiov, vessel, 
and Aoyos, treatise.] (Med.) A treatise on the 
vessels of the animal body. 

An-gi-ot'o-my, n. [Gr. dyyeiov, vessel, and Te'p- 

_ veiv, to cut.] The act of cutting blood-vessels. 

An'gle (ang'gl), n. [L. angu- 
lum, corner: cf. Gr. dy/co?, 
a bend.] The space in- 
cluded between two lines 
that meet in a point; a point Angles. 

where two lines meet:— a fishing-hook. — 2, y. n. 

_ pp. angling, angled.] To fish with a rod and 

An'gler, n. One who angles. [hook. 

An'gli-can, a. [Late L. Anglvs, Englishman; 
Anglicanvs, English; in olden times Anglvs was 
one of the Angles, or people of Angeln (or Ah- 
glen), in Holstein.] Relating to England: Eng- 
lish:— specifically, noting the High Church sec- 
tion of the Church of England. — 2, n. A mem- 
ber of the Church of England. 

An'gli-can-ism, n. The principles of Anglicans, 
or of the English Church. 

An'gli-cism, n. An English idiom or phrase. 

An'gli-cize, w. «. [pp. Anglicizing, Anglicized.] 
To make English. 

An'gling, n. The art of fishing with a rod. 

An'glo. A prefix signifying English or connected 
with the ancient Angles; as, Anglo-American, 
Anglo-Saxon. [English parentage. 

An'glo-A-mer'i-can, n. A native of America of 

An-glo-ma'ni-a. n. [See Anglo and Mania.] An 
excessive ai tachment to, or respect for, England 
or English institutions. 

An-glo-pho'bi-a, n. [Anglo (17. v.) and Gr. </>dj8o?, 
fear," or flight.'] Dread or dislike of England. 

An'glo-Sax'on, re. [The Angles (see Anglican 
and 'English) and Saxom were the leading 
tribes among the 
Low German con- 
querors of Souih- 
ern Britain.] One 
of the old English 
race ; an English 
Saxon: — the old- 
est English form of i 
Teutonic speech. 
An-go'ra goat, n. 
A variety of goat 
found near An- 
gora, in Asia Mi- 
nor, remarkable for its long, fine, silky hair. 
An-go'ra wool (wul), n. The wool of the Angora 
goat; mohair. 

An'gri-ly, ad. In an angry manner. 
An'gry. (ang'gre), a. [See Anger.] Excited by 
anger; provoked : — very painful, as a sore. 

Syn. — Angry feeling ; proroked by injury ; pas- 
sionate or choleric disposition ; hasty or irascible 
temper. 




a, e, 1, 0, u, y, long ; a, e, 1, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



ANGUILLIFOEM 



67 



ANNUITANT 



An-guil'li-fb'rm, a. [L. anguilla, an eel.] Formed 
like an eel. 

An'gulsh (ang'gwish), n. [L. angustia, compres- 
sion; angustus, narrow; anger?, to strangle.] 
Great pain of mind or body ; agony ; pang ; se- 
vere pain. 

An'guish-ing, a. Tormenting ; distressing. 

An'gu-lar, a. [L. angularis.] Having angles or 
corners. 

An-gii-lar'i-ty, \n. Quality or state of being 

An'gii-lar-ness, j angular. 

An'gii-lat-ed, a. Formed with angles. 

An-hy'dride, n. (Ghem.) An acid without the 
elements of water ; an acid without hydrogen. 

An-hy'drous, a. [Gr. avvboos, from vSwp, water.] 
Destitute'of water. 

A-nigh' (a-ni'), ad. Nigh. [Poet.] 

An'ile, a. [L. anilis, from anus, an old woman.] 
Like an old woman; doting. 

An'iles, n. pi. (Ghem.) Compounds formed by 
the union of aniline with bibasic acids and the 
abstraction of water. 

An'i-line, or An'i-line, n. [Late L. anil, or nil, 
indigo; Arab, a'n-nil; Skr. nihil, blue.] A color- 
less, oily, poisonous liquid, prepared from gas- 
tar, and yielding dyes of unrivalled beauty. 

A-nii'i-ty, n. The state of being an old woman ; 
dotage. 

An-i-mad-ver'sion, n. Act of animadverting; 
reproof; censure; stricture: — observation. 

Syn. — Animadversion includes censure and re- 
proof; a-iticism implies scrutiny and judgment, 
either for or against; stricture implies some ex- 
amination, mingled with censure. 

An-i-mad-ve'rt', r. n. [L. animadvertere ; animum, 
mind, ad, to, and vertere, to turn.] [pp. ani- 
madverting, animadverted.] To notice: — to 
censure. 

An'i-mal, n. [L., from avium, breath; cf. Gr. 
ave/Aos, air, wind.] A creature having an on- 
ganized body, life, sensation, and voluntary 
motion. — 2, a. That belongs to animals. 

Syn. — All organized bodies endued with life 
and voluntary motion are animals; and the term 
may include man, though it is in common lan- 
guage restricted to irrational creatures. Bride* 
and beasts are irrational animals, and the terms 
are commonly restricted to quadrupeds; as, 
beasts of burden ; brutes jf the forest. 

An-i-mal'cu-lar, 1 a. Relating to or resembling 

An-i-mal'cu-line, j animalcules. 

An-i-mal'cule. n. A minute animal. 

An-i-mal'cu-list, n. One versed in the science of 
animalcules or animalcula. 

An-i-mal'cu-liim, n. ; pi. An-i-maL'cu-la. [L. ; 
dim. of animal.] An animalcule. 

An'i-mal-ism, n. Animal nature; sensuality. 

An-i-mal'i-ty, n. Animal existence. 

An'i-mal-Ize, v. a. [ pp. annualizing, animalized.] 
To sensualize, to debase. 

An'i-mal mag'net-ism, n. Mesmerism. 

An'i-mate, v. a. [L. animare, animatus, from ani- 
mus, spirit.] [pp. animating, animated.] To 
quicken; to make alive; to encourage; to en- 
liven ; to exhilarate. 

An'i-mate, a. Possessing life ; animated. 

An'i-mat-ed, p. a. Lively ; having life. 

An'i-mat-ing, p. a. Giving Hie; enlivening. 

An-i-ma'tion, n. The act of animating: — the 
quality of being lively; cheerfulness; life; spirit. 

An'i-mism, n. The recognition of the soul as a 
distinct entity:— the attribution of a soul to in- 
animate things. [used for varnish. 

An'i-me, v. [Probably a variant of elemi.] A gum 

An-i-mos'i-ty, n. [L. animositas, from animus, 
spirit.] Passionate hatred ; malignity; malevo- 
lence; enmity; rancor. 

An'i-mus, n. ; pi. An'i-ml. [L.] Mind; inten- 
tion; purpose:— prejudice; animosity. 

An'ise, n. [L. anisum; Gr. aviaov.] A plant with 
aromatic seed. 



An'ker, n. [Dut. anker.'] A liquid measure of 
about 40 quarts. 

An'kle, n. [Teutonic, but akin to angle.] The 
joint between the foot and leg, and the part of 
the leg below the calf. 

Ank'let (angk'let), n. A ring or ornament for the 
ankle. 

An'lace, n. [Welsh, onglas.] A short sword; a 
dagger. 

An'laut (an'lout), n. [Ger. an, on, at, and taut, 
sound. — See Loud.] The initial sound or letter 
of a word. 

An'nal-ist, n. A writer of annals. 

An'nals, n. pi. [L. annates, , yearly records ; annus, 
_ year.] History digested into years; chronicles. 

An'nats, n. pi. [Late L. annata, year's income; 
annus, year.] First fruits, or a year's income of 
a church living. 

An-neal', v. a. [Probably 0. E. an, on, and sdan, 
to bake or burn.] To temper by heat. 

An-neal' ing, n. Art of tempering glass, &c. 

An'ne-Hd, or An-nel'i-dan, n. [L. annellus, a 
ring; a variant of annvlus, a ring.] A worm of 
the class Annelida, or red-blooded vermes. 

An-nex', v. a. [L. annectere, annexum; ad, to, and 
nectere, to bind.] [pp. annexing, annexed.] To 
unite 10 at the end ; to join ; to ajiix ; to adjoin ; 
to add ; to subjoin. — 2, v. n. To be or become 
annexed or united ; to join.— 3, n. A thing an- 
nexed : — a subsidiary building. 

An-nex-a'tion, n. Conjunction ; addition. 

An-nex'ion (an-nek'shun). n. [L. annexio: — this 
word is nearer the classical model than annexa- 
tion, and has been therefore preferred by some 
authorities; but it is now seldom used.] An- 
nexation. 

An-nex'ment, n. An annexing; annexation. 

An-ni'hi-la-ble, a. That may be annihilated. 

An-ni'hi-late, v. a. [L. annihUare, annihUalus, from 
ad, to," and nihil, nothing.] [pp. annihilating, 
annihilated.] To reduce to nothing ; to destroy ; 
to extinguish. 

An-nl-hi-la'tion, n. Act of reducing to nothing. 

An-ni-hi-la'tion-ist, ». One who believes that at 
death man is annihilated, or that the wicked 
only are annihilated. 

An-nT'hi-la-tp-ry, a. Tending to annihilate or 
destroy; destroying; destructive. 

An-ni-ve'r'sa-ry, n. [L. anniversarhix, returning 
yearly; annus, year, and versus, a turn.] A day- 
celebrated as it returns in the course of the year. 
— 2, a. Annual ; yearly. 

An-nom-i-na'tion, n. [L. art, to, and nomen, a 
name.] The use of words of like sound; paro- 
nomasia. 

An'no-tate, v. n. [L. adnotare; ad, to, and notare, 
to mark.— See Note.] [pp. annotating, anno- 
tated.] To make annotations or notes. 

An-no-ta'tion. n. A note ; a comment. 

An'no-ta-tor, n. A commentator. 

An-not'to, n. [Probably a South American name.] 
A dry paste, used in dyeing:— written also on- 
notta and arnotto. 

An-nb'unce', v. a. [L. adnvntiare ; ad, to, and 
nunUare, to announce.] [pp. announcing, an- 
nounced.] To publish ; to proclaim. 

Syn. — Announce an arrival, a publication ; pub- 
lish news ; proclaim or declare war. 

An-nb'unce'ment, w. Declaration. 

An-noiin'cer, n. A declarer; a proclaim er. 

An-nby', v. a. [0. Fr. anoi, from L. in odio, in 
hate.] [pp. annoying, annoyed.] To incom- 
mode; to vex; to molest.— 2, n. Vexation; dis- 
comfort. 

An-nby'ance, n. That which annoys ; trouble. 

An'nu-al, a. [L. annalis, or annuus, yearly ; later, 
annualis.] Yearly; coming yearly. —2, n. A 
literary publication issued annually:— a plant 
living but one season. 

An'nu-al-ly, ad. Yearly ; every year. 

An-nii'i-tant, n. One who has an annuity. 



mien, sir; mSve, nbr, s8n; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, $, c, £, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as z; xa*gz; this. 



ANNUITY 



68 



ANTEMUNDANE 



An-nu'i-ty, n. [Fr. annuite, from L. annuus, yearly.] 
A yearly rent or allowance. 

An-nul', v. a. [L. ad, to, and milium, nothing.] 
[pp. annulling, annulled.] To abolish; to ab- 
rogate ; to repeal. 

An'nu-lar, a. [L. annularis, or anularis, from an- 
nulus, a ring.] Having the form of a ring. 

An-nu-lar'i-tx- n. Annular form. 

An'nii-la-ry, a. Formed as a ring; annular. 

An'nu-late, a. Marked with rings. [structure. 

An-nu-la'tion, n. Formation of rings :— ring-like 

An'nu-let, n. A little ring.— {Arch.) A small 
square moulding ; a fillet. 

An-nul'ment, n. The act of annulling. 

An-nu-lose', a. Having rings; annular. 

An'nu-lus, n. [L., preferably anulus, dim. of anus, 
a ring.] A ring, or ring-shaped structure. 

An-nu'me-rate, v. a. [See Numerate.] [pp. 

' annumerating, annumerated.] To add to; to 
unite to. 

An-nun'ci-ate (an-nun'she-at), v. n. [See An- 
nounce.'] [pp. annunciating, annunciated.] To 
announce ; to proclaim. 

An-nun-ci-a'tion (an-nun-she-Fi'shun), n. The 
act of announcing : — the day celebrated in mem- 
ory of the angel's salutation of the Virgin Mary, 
the 25th of March ; Lady-Day. 

An-nun'ci-a-tor, n. [L.] He who, or that which, 
announces. 

An'ode, n. [Gr. avd, up, and 666s, way.] The 
positive pole of an electric battery. 

An'o-dyne, n. [Gr. dv, negative, and bovvy, pain] 
Medicine to assuage pain. — 2, a. Mitigating 
pain ; assuaging. 

A-nbint', v. a. [L. inungere; in, intensive, and 
ungere, unctum, to smear.] [pp. anointing, 
anointed.] To rub over with oil : — to consecrate 
by unction : — to smear. 

A-noint'er, n. One who anoints. 

^.-nomt'ment, n. The act of anointing. 

A-nom'a-li§m, n. Anomaly; irregularity. 

A-nom-a-lis'tic, \ a. Deviating from rule ; ir- 

A-nom-a-lis'ti-cal, J regular ; anomalous. 

A-nom'a-lous, a. [L. anomalus ; Gr. avuifxaXos ; 
dv, neg,, and 6/uaA6s, even.] Irregular; out of 
rule. [rule ; irregularity. 

A-nom'a-ly, n. [Gr. dvio/xaXia.] Deviation from 

A-non\'od.' [0. E. on an, in one, at once. ) Im- 
' mediately ; at once :— quickly ; soon ; shortly. — 
Ever and anon, now and then. 

An'o-nyme, n. [Gr. dvwwfxos, nameless; dv, 
neg., and bvofxa, or bvvp.a, name.] An assumed 
or false name : — a nameless person. 

An-o-nym'i-ty, n. Condition of being nameless. 

A-non'y-mous', a. Wanting a name ; nameless. 

A-n6Vy-mo3s-ly, w flfZ. Without a name. 

An-o-rex'i-a, or An'o-rex-y, n. [Gr. dvope£i'a ; 
av, neg.j and ope'yeil', to desire.] Want of appe- 

A-nbr'mal, a. Abnormal. — See Abnormal, [tite. 

An-6tn'er (an-uth'er), a. [An and other.] Not the 
same ; one more;' any ; not one's self ; different. 

A-nSu'rous, \a. [Gr. av, priv., and ovpd, tail.] 

A-nu'rous, j Destitute of a tail ; tailless. 

An'ser-Ine, a. [L. anser, a goose.] Eelating to 
or like a goose. 

An'swer (an'ser), v. n. [0. B. andswarian, ontsvar ; 
from and, against, and sivarian, to swear : — origi- 
nally, to respond in a court.] [pp. answering, 
answered.] To speak in return ; to reply; to be 
accountable: — to suit; to serve. — 2, v. a. To 
speak in return to ; to reply to : — to be equiva- 
lent to. — 3, n. That which is said in return 
to a question ; a reply : — a confutation. 

Syn. — An answer to a question ; a reply to an 
answer or accusation ; a rejoinder to a reply. 

An'swer-a-ble (an'ser-a-bl), a. Admitting a re- 
ply:— liable to give an account: — suitable. 

Syn. — We are ansiverable for a demand ; respon- 
sible for a trust; accountable for our conduct; 
amenable to the laws : — answerable to the design ; 
suitable to the purpose. 



An'swer-a-bly, ad. In proportion ; suitably, 

An'swer-er (an'ser-er), n. One who answers. 

Ant, n.' [A shortened torm of emmet.] An insect; 
an emmet ; a pismire. 

Ant-ac'id, n. (Med.) A medicine to remove acid- 
ity : — written also antiacid. 

An-tag'o-ni§m, n. Opposition; contest. 

An-tag'o-nist, n. A contender; an opponent. 

An-tag-o-nis'tic, a. Actively opposed. 

An-tag'o-nlze, v. a. [Gr. dvraywvi^ea-OaL ; avri, 
against, and dyJ>v, a struggle. — See Agonize.] 
[pp. antagonizing, antagonized.] To assume an 
antagonistic position with regard to ; to combat. 

An-tal'fic, a. [Gr. avri, against, and aAyo?, pain.] 
That relieves pain. 

Ant-an-a-cla'sis, n. [Gr. avri, against, dvd, back, 
and' K\deiv, to bend or break.] (Ithet.) A figure 
by which the same word is repeated in a differ- 
ent sense. 

Ant-aph-ro-di"si-ac, a. [Anti and aphrodisiac] 
Having the quality of quelling venereal desire. 

Ant-aph-ro-dit'ic, n. See Antaphrodisiac. 

Ant-arc'tic, a. [Gr. dvTapKTi/cos ,• avri, opposite 
to, and apKTos, a bear. — See Arctic] .Relating 



[teracting the gout, 
and arthritic] Coun- 




to the south pole. 

Ant-ar-thrit'ic, a. [An; 

An'te. A Latin particle 
signifying before, for- 
ward, and used in 
composition. 

Ant'-eat-er, n. An 
animal that feeds on 
ants. 

An-te-cede\ v. a. [L. 
antecedere ; ante, be- 
fore, and cedere, to 
go.] [pp. antecedmg, 
anteceded.] To precede in time; to go before. 

An-te-ce'dence, \n. Action or quality of going 

An-te-ce'den-cy, j before ; precedence. 

An-te-ce'dent, o. Going before; preceding.— 2, 
n. 'That 'which goes before :— previous course : 
—the first of two terms:— the noun to which a 
relative refers. 

Syn.— An antecedent event ; the preceding year ; 
foregoing statement; prior claim; previous in- 
quiry ; anterior part of the skull ; former times. 

An-te-ce'dent-ly, ad. Previously. 

An-te-ces'sor, n. [L.] One going before. 

An'te-cham-ber, n. [Fr. antichambre.— See Ante 
and Chamber.] The chamber or room that leads 
to the chief apartment. 

An'te-pholr (-kwir), n. The part of a church 
under the rood-loft, [Eucharist. 

An-te-com-mun'ion, n. The service before the 

An-te-ciir'sor, n. [L.] A forerunner. 

An'te-date, v. a. [From ante and date.] [pp. an- 
tedating, antedated.] To date before the true 
time : — to come before in date : — to anticipate. — 
2, n. A previous date. 

An-te-di-lu'vi-al, a. Same as Antediluvian. 

An-te-di-lu'vi-an, a. [L. ante, before, and dilu- 
vium, deluge'.]' Existing before the deluge.— 2, n. 
One who lived before the flood. 

An-te-flex', v. a. [L. ante, forward, and fectere, 
fexum, to bend.] [pp. anteflexing, anteflexed.] 
To bend forward. 

An-te-flex'ion, n. A bending forward, [of ants. 

Ant' -eggs, ii.pl- The popular name for the larvae 

An'te-lope, n. [Gr. dvfloAo.//.] 
An animal resembling the deer n 
and the goat. ^ 

An-te-me-rid'i-an, a, [L. ante- (^ 
m,erid,ianus. — See Meridian.] ■ 
Being before noon. 

Ant-e-met'ic, a. [Anti and 
emetic] Tending to check Antelope . 
vomiting. 

An-te-mun'dane, a. [L. ante, before, and mundvs, 
the' world.— See Mundane.] Before the creation 
of the world. 




S, e, i, o, S, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure —7 kre, far, fast, fall; hlir, her; 



ANTENATAL 



69 



ANTILITHIC 



An-te-na'tal, a. [L. ante, before, and natal] 
Preceding birth. [of Nice. 

An'te-NI-cene', «. Anterior to the first Council 
An-ten'na, n. ; pi. An-ten'nae. [L., a ship's yard.] 
A sort of horn of an insect ; a feeler ; a tentacle. 
An-ten'nal, a. Of or pertaining to the antenna?. 
An'ten-na-rj:, a. Relating to, or like, an antenna. 

An-ten-nif er-ous, a. [Antenna, and E. fero, 
ferre, to carry.] Bearing antennae. 

An-te-nup'tial, «. [L. ante, before, and nuptial.] 
Before marriage. 

An-te-pas'phal, a. [E. ante, before, and pascha, 
Passover.— See Paschal.] Coming before Easter. 

An'te-past, n. LB. ante, beforehand, and pascere, 
pastus, to feed. — See Pasture.] A foretaste; an- 
ticipation. 

An-te-pe-nfilt', n. [B. antepsemdtima ; ante, before, 
psene, almost, and ultima, last.] Bast syllable but 
two of a word. 

An-te-pe-nul'ti-mate, a. Relating to the last 
syllable but two. — 2, n. Antepenult. 

An-te-pran'di-al, a. [B. ante, before, and pran- 
diu'iu, dinner.] Happening before dinner. 

An-te'ri-or, a. [Bate B. ; comparative from ante, 
before'.]' Being before; preceding; going before; 
prior to ; antecedent ; forward. 

An-te-ri-or'i-ty., n. Priority; precedence. 

An-te'ri-or-ly, ad. Previously : — in front. 

An'te-r66m, n. [On type of antechamber.] A room 
leading to another. 

An-te-ver'sion, n. A turning forward. 

An'te-vert, v. a. [B. ante, forward, and vertere, to 
turn.] [pp. anteverting, anteveited.] To turn 
forward. 

Ant-he'li-on, n. ; pi. Ant-he'li-a. [B. ; Gr. dvQ-q- 
Aior, or avTri\i.ov ; avri, opposite, and ijAios, the 
sun.] A nimbus opposite the sun. 

Ant-hel-mm'tic, a. [Anti, and Gr. e'A|u.it>?, a 
worm.] Bestroying worms. 

An'them.w. [Corrupt formof antipiion.] Apiece 
of music performed in public worship; a sacred 
song or hymn.— 2, v. a. [pp. antheming, an- 
themed.] To celebrate with, or as with, an- 
thems. 

An'ther, n. [Gr. dv9vpd, flowery ; dvQos, a flower ; 
B. (i)ithera, a medicine made of flowers: — the 
pollen was once thought to be highly medicinal.] 
{Bot.) The organ of a flower producing the pollen. 

An'ther-al, a. Relating to anthers. 

Ant' -hill, n. A mound raised by ants. 

An-thog'ra-phv, n. [Gr. avOos, a flower, and 
ypd<t>etv, to write.] A description of flowers. 

An'thbid, a. [Gr. av0<u8n<;, from dv6o<>, a flower.] 
Resembling a flower. 

An'tho-lite, ) n. [Gr. dvOos, a flower, and \i6os, 

An'tho-lith, J stone.] A fossil or petrified flower : 
— the fossil impression of a flower. 

An-tho-lo£'i-cal, a. Relating to anthology. 

An-thol'o-gy. n. [Gr. dv QoKoyia ; dvOos, a flower, 
and Keyeiv, to collect.] A collection of flowers, 
of poems, or of elegant extracts from authors. 

An'tho-ny.'s-flre' (an'to-niz-), n. [It was said 
that' in 10S9 the intercession of St. Anthony 
stayed a very fatal epidemic of erysipelas.] The 
erysipelas ; St. Anthony's fire. 

An-thox-an'thin, or An-thox-an'thine, n. [Gr. 
dvOos, a flower, and i-av96<;, yellow'.] The yel- 
low coloring matter of certain plants. 

An-tho-zo'a, n. pi. [Gr. dv9os, a flower, and Cwa, 
animals.] A name given to polyps, corals, &c. 

An-tho-zo ic, a. Of or pertaining to the Ardhozoa. 

An'thra-cene, n. A hydrocarbon from coal-tar. 

An'thra-clte, n. [Gr. dv6paiciTr)s, coal-like. — See 
Anthrax.] A hard, mineral coal, that burns 
with little flame or smoke. 

An-thra-cit'ic. a. Relating to anthracite. 

An'thrax, n. [Gr. for "coal" or "carbuncle."] A 
gangrenous inflammation : — malignant pustule : 
— a carbuncle : — coal. 

An'thro-pbid, a. [Gr. ai>0pco7roei8i7?, from dvOpti)- 
tto?, man.] Resembling a man ; man-like. 



An-thro-po-lo|'ic, ") a. Relating to anthio- 

An-throp-o-log'i-cal, J pology. 

An-thro-p51'o-fist,'n. A student of anthropology. 

An-thro-pol'o-gy, •*■ [Gr. dvdpunrog, man, and 
Aeryosj treatise.] The science of man. 

An-thro-po-mbr'phic, a. Characterized by human 
qualities'; anthropomorphous. 

An-thro-po-mb'r'phi§m, re. The doctrine that the 
Beity exists in the human form : — the ascription 
of human qualities to objects other than human. 

An-thro-po-mbr'phlte, n. One who believes that 
the Beity exists in the human form. 

An-thro-po-mor'phous, a. [Gr. dvdpuiroixopfyos ; 
dvdpunos, man, and p-opfyr), form.] Having a 
human form. 

An-thro-poph'a-gl, n. pi. [B., from Gr. dv9puiro<;, 
a man, and (fr'dyeiv, to eat.] Cannibals. 

An-thro-poph'a-glst, n. One who practises an- 
thropophagy ; a cannibal. 

An-thro-poph'a-gy, n. Cannibalism. 

Ant-hyp-not'ic, a. [Anti and hypnotic] Pre- 
venting sleep. [against hysterics. 

Ant-hy.s-ter'ic, a. [Anti and hysteric] Good 

An'ti (an'te).' [Gr.] A particle used in composi- 
tion chiefly but not exclusively with words de- 
rived from the Greek, and signifying contrary to, 
opposed to. 

An-ti-ac'id, a. Counteracting acidity. — 2, n. An 
alkaline" absorbent. See Antacid. 

An-ti-ar-thrit'ics, n. pi. [See Arthritic] Medi- 
cines for the gout. [biliousness. 

An-ti-bil'ious, a. [Anti and biltocs.J Useful in 

An'tic, «. [It. antico, grotesque, originally mean- 
ing "antique:" — there are many grotesque and 
fantastic objects found amoug Italian antiqui- 
ties.] Odd; fantastic; playful. — 2, ,1. One who 
plays antics ; a buffoon :— buffoonery ; a trick. 

An'ti-christ, n. The great enemy of Christianity. 

An-ti-phrist'ian (an-te-knst'yanj, a. Opposite to 
Christianity. — 2, n. An enemy of Christianity. 

An-tic'i-pant, a. Expecting: — coming before. 

An-tic'i-pate, v. a. [B. antidpare, anticipatus : 
from ante, before, and capio, to take.] [pp. an- 
ticipating, anticipated.] To take, possess, enjoy, 
or suffer beforehand ; to foretaste ; to look for : 
— to forestall. 

An-tic-i-pa'tion, n. Act of anticipating:— that 
which is anticipated; foretaste. 

An-tic'i-pa-tive, a. Having the habit of antici- 
pating; tending to anticipation. 

An-tic'i-pa-tive-ly, \ ad. In an antieipative man- 

An-tic'i-pate-ly, Jner; by anticipation. 

An-tic'i-pa-tor, n. One who anticipates. 

An-tic'i-pa-to-ry, «• That anticipates, 

An-ti-clTmax, n. [Anti and climax.] (Uhct.) A 
sentence in which the last part expresses some- 
thing lower than the first; the opposite of climax. 

An-ti-cli'nal, «. [Gr. dvri, against, and /cAtVecv, 
to slope.]' {Qeol.) Forming a ridge whence 
strata slope on either side. 

An'tic-ly, ad. In an antic manner; drolly. 

An-ti-con-ta'gious, a. Bestroying contagion. 



An-ti-cos-met'ic, a. Bestructive of beauty. 

An-ti-cy'clone, n. An area of high barometric 
pressure. [dote. 

An'ti-do-tal, a. Having the quality of an anti- 

An'ti-dote, re. [Gr. dvriSorov ; from avri, against, 
and 6i66vai, to give.] A medicine that counter- 
acts poison ; a preservative against injury. 

An-ti-e-met'ic, n. A remedy for vomiting! 

An-ti-e-pis'co-pal, a. Adverse to episcopacy. 

An-tj-feb'rile [an-te-feb'ril, W. J. F. Ja. Sun.; Sn- 
te-fe'bril, 'p. K.], a. [Anti and febrile.] Good 
against fevers. — 2, n. A medicine tending to 
allay fever. 

An-ti-fric'tion, a. Biminishing friction. 

An-ti-li-bra'tion, n. [Anti and libration.] The 
actor art of balancing ; the state of being coun- 
terbalanced. 

An-ti-lith'ic. a. [Anti, and Gr. Ai0ik6s ; \i60s, 
a stone.] ' Good against the stone. 



mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, £r, 5, g, soft; p, ja, p, ^, hard; s as z ; x us gz ; this. 



ANTIMACASSAR 



70 



AOXIAN 



An-ti-ma-eas'sar, n. [Anti, and Macassar, the 
name of a hair-oil, properly the name of a town 
in Celebes.] A tidy to protect the backs of 
chairs, sofas, &c. 

An-ti-ma'son, u. One hostile to masonry. 

An-ti-ma'son-ry, n. Opposition to masonry. 

An-ti-mo-narph'i-cal, «. [Ami and monarchy.] 
Hostile to monarchy. 

An-ti-mon'arph-ist, b. An enemy to monarchy. 

An-ti-m5'ni-al, a. Relating to antimony. — 2, n. 
A preparation of antimony. 

An'ti-mo-ny., u. [Late L. antimonmm ,■ perhaps a 
corruption of Arab, uthmud, othmod, or ithmid, 
antimony: the Arabic is probably Gr. o-tiVjui, 
0-Ti.fj.fjnSa, whence L. stibium, antimony. (Mm.) 
A brittle, whitish metal, used in medicine and 
the arts. 

An-ti-no'mi-an, n. [Gr. avri, against, and vofxos, 
law.] One of a sect who denied the obligation 
of the moral law. — 2, «. Relating to the Anti- 
nomians ; rejecting tlie moral law. 

An-ti-no'mi-an-ism, n. Antinomian tenets. 

An'ti-no-my, or An-tni'o-my [an'te-no-me, S. P. 
Sm. C'; an-tm'o-nie, W. J. F. St. H. Mu. Ja.],n. 
[Gr. avTivo/j-ia ; avri, against, and vojaos, law.] 
A contradiction between two laws, or between 
two articles of the same law. 

An-ti-pa'pal, «. [See Papal.] Opposing the pope 
or papacy. 

An-ti-par-a-lyt'ic, a. [See Paralytic.] Curing 
the palsy. 

An-ti-pa-thet'ic, ) a. [Gr. avri, against, and 

An-ti-pa-thet'i-cal, J na6wTLK.6<;, feeling ; ira&eeiv, 
to feel.] Having antipathy ; averse: opposite: — 
resulting from or produced by antipathy. 

An-tip'a-thy, n. [Gr. dvriTrdfleia ; avri, against, 
and iraQos, feeling.] Natural aversion or oppo- 

^ sition ; repugnance :— opposed to sympathy. 

An-ti-pe-ri-od'ic. n. A medicine against* the re- 
currence of periodic ailments or intermittent. 

An-ti-pes-ti-len'tial, a. Efficacious against the 
plague or pestilence. 

An-ti-phar'mic, o. [Anti, and Gr. 4>aptiaKov, a 
poison.] Counteracting poison ; antidotal; alex- 
ipharmic. 

An-ti-phlo-iis'tic. a. [Anti and phlogistic] 
Checking inflammation. — 2, ». (Med.) A medi- 
cine which allays inflammatory- action. 

An'ti-phon [an'te-fon, St. H. ; an'te-fon, Mu. ; §n'- 
te-fon or -fon, I.], or An-tiph'o-ny, n. [Or. 
avri, in response, and 4<ovrj, voice or sound.] 
A kind of ancient anthem : — alternate singing 
in the choirs of cathedrals ; a response. 

An-tiph'o-nal. a. Relating to the antiphon. — 
2, v. A book of anthems. 

An-tiph'ra-sis. ». [Gr. dvTi^pcuris. — See Phrasf.] 
(L'Ttet.) The use of words in a sense opposite to 
their proper meaning. 

An-tip'o-dal, a. Relating to the antipodes. 

An'ti-pos, or An'ti-pode. n. One of tlie antipodes. 

An-tip'o-des [an-ttp/o-dez, 8. W. P. J. F. Ja. I. St. 
H. 3Iu. K. Sm. R. ; an-tip'odz, E. ; an'te-podz, 
Wb.], n. pi. [L. ; Gr. avTinoSeg ; avri., opposite, 
and novs (pi. TroSes), a foot.] Those people who, 
living on the other side of the globe, have their 
feet directly opposite to ours : — those opposite to 
each other. [dal. 

An-tip'o-di§m, n. The condition of being antipo- 

An'ti-pope, n. One who usurps the popedom. 

An-ti-pre-lat'i-cal, a. Adverse to prelacy. 

An-ti-py-ret'ic, a. [Gr. 7rupeTos, fever. — See Py- 
retic] Tending to allay fever. 

An-ti-qua'ri-an. a. [L. antiquarius, from avliqvus, 
old.] Relating to antiquity.— 2, ». An antiquary. 

An-ti-qua'ri-an-ism, n. Love of antiquities. 

An-ti-qua'ri-an-ize, v. n. To pursue antiquarian 
researches'; to go on an antiquarian expedition. 

An'ti-qua-ry, n. One versed in the knowledge of 
antiquity, or studious of antiquities. 

An'ti-quate, v. a. [pp. antiquating, antiquated.] 
To make old or obsolete. 



An'ti-quat-ed, p. a. Grown old ; out of use. 

An-tique' (an-tek'), a. [Fr. ; L. uutieua, antiquus, 
old; ante, before.] Relating to antiquity; an- 
cient ; very old ; of old fashion. — 2, n. A piece of 
ancient art. 

An-tiq'uj-ty (an-tlk'we-te), «. [Fr. antiquite ; L. 
cmtiqwtas, antiquitatis, from antiquus, old; ante, 
before.] Long duration; oldness ; old times: — 

_ remains of old times. 

An-ti-rent'er, n. One opposed to the payment of 
the rents claimed by the owners of certain en- 

_ tailed estatesin the state of New York. 

An-ti-sab-ba-ta'ri-an, n. [See Sabbatarian.] 
One who opposes the observance of the Sabbath. 

An-tj-scor-bu'tic, \a. [Anti, against, and L. 

An-ti-scor-bu'ti-cal, j scorbutus, scurvy.] Effica- 

^ cious against the' scurvy. 

An-ti-sep'tic, a. [Gr. avri, against, and o-t\ini- 
K05, rotting.] Counteracting putrefaction. — 2, n. 

^ Medicine resisting putrefaction. 

An-ti-sla've-ry, a. Hostile to slavery. 

An-ti-spas-mod'ic, a. Good against spasms. 

An-ti-spas'tic, n. [Gr. avTiairaoTi.K6<; : a-irdeiv, 
to draw.] (Med.) Medicine which causes a re- 
vulsion. 

An-ti-splen'e-tic [an-te-splen'e-tlk, S. W. J. Ja. ; 
an-te-sple-het'ik, P. T\b. Mu.), a. [See Splen- 
etic] Efficacious in diseases of the spleen. 

An-tls'tro-phe, n. [Gr.— See Strophe.] A stanza 

_ opposed to the strophe. 

An-ti-stroph'ic, a. Relating to an antistrophe. 

An-ti-the'ism, n. Hostility to belief in a God. 

An-ti-the'ist, p. [Gr. avri, against, and ©eo?, 
God.] An atheist; one hostile to theism. 

An-tith'e-sis. n. ; pi. An-tith'e-se§. [Gr. avri, 
against, and stem 6e- (TiflevaO.'to ].]ace.] (Rhet.) 
A figure by which thoughts, words, or sentences 
are set in opposition to each other; contrast. 

An-ti-thet'ic, \ a. Relating to, or containing, 

An-ti-thet'i-cal, J antitheses. 

An-ti-trade', n. A wind blowing in a direction 
opposite to that of the true trade winds. 

An-ti-trin-i-ta'ri-an. n. One who denies the 
doctrine of the Trinity. 

An'ti-type, v. [Gr. dvTtTii7ros ; avri, correspond- 
ing to, and tvjtos, stamp or type; stem tvtt- 
(rvnTeiv), to strike.] The original, or that of 
which the type is the representation; the per- 
son in whom any prophetic type is fulfilled. 

An-ti-zym'ic. a. [Anti and Gr. ^v^r), leaven.] 
Tending to prevent fermentation ; antiseptic. 

Ant'ler, n. [0. Fr. antoiller, from L. ante ocidarem 
(ran'tum), "a branch before the eyes."] The 
branch of a stag's horn. 

Ant'-H-on, w. An insect which devours ants: — a 
fabulous animal, half ant and half lion. 

An'to-nym, n. [Gr. avri, against, and ovo/xa, 
6vv)xa, name, or term.] A term or word oppo- 
site to another. 

A-nu'rous, a. See Anourous. 

A'niis, n. [L.] The end of the 
alimentary canal. 

An'vil, n. [0. E. anfilte, anfelt, ; 
an, on, and the root of felt, and 
veld.] The iron block which 
blacksmiths use. 

Anx-i'e-tude, n. [L. anxietudo.] Anxiety. 

Anx-i'e-ty (ang-zi'e-te), n. [L. anxktas.] Trouble 

' of mi'nd about some' future event ; concern ; so- 
licitude ; uneasiness ; anxious care. 

Anx'ious (angk'shus), a. [L. auxin.', from anr/ere, 
to choke, to" distress.] Full of anxiety ; uneasy ; 
very solicitous ; concerned. 

Anx'ious-ly (angk'shus-le), ad. With anxiety. 

An'y (en'e),"a. [0. E." senig ; Ger. eiwig; fiom the 
root of one and an.] Every; whoever; whatso- 
ever: — used in composition; as, anywhere, &c. 

An'y-how (en'e-hbu), ad. In any way whatever. 

An'y-thing (en'e-), n., pron., ad. Any thing. 

An'y-wise (en'e-wiz), ad. In any way : — at all. 

A-o'ni-an. a. Relating to Aonia, or to the Muses. 




u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, x» obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



AOKIST 



71 



APOLOGUE 




A'o-risi, n. [Gr. aopto-ro^, unlimited ; a, priv., 
and opt'^eiv, dpio-rds, to define, limit.] (Gram.) 
An indefinite past tense. 
A-o-ris'tic, «. Relating to the aorist. 
A-or'ta, n. [L. ; Gr. doprrj, literally, a strap; 
from'aetpeii', to lift.] (Anat.) The great artery 
or vessel which rises immediately out of the left 
ventricle of the heart. 
A-pace', ml. Quickly; hastily; with speed. 
Ap'a-g6-£ , e, n. [Gr. ; ano, away, and ayeiv, to 
lead.] (Logic.) A kind of demonstration : — the 
same as reduclio ad absurdwm. 
Ap-a-gog'i-cal, a. Showing the ahsurdity of de- 
nying what" is affirmed. 
Ap'a-nage, n. See Appanage. 
A-part', ad. [Cf. Part, in the sense of side.] Sep- 
arately ; at a distance. 
A-part' ment, n. [Fr. appartement ; L. ad, to, and 
' partire, to divide or partition.] A room in a 

house or other building. — pi. Lodgings. 
Ap-a-thet'ic, a. Void of feeling; insensible. 
Ap'a-thy, n. [Gr. dndQet.a ; 
d,'pri\\, and nd9o<;, feel- 
ing.] Want of feeling; 
insensibility ; indiffer- 
ence. 
Ap'a-tite, »■ [Gr. andrr), 
deceit ; from its varied 
and deceptive forms.] A 
lime-phosphate rock. 
Ape, h. [Low Ger. ape; 
Dut. aap ; root found in 
Teutonic, Celtic, and 
Slavic tongues.] A kind 
of monkey : — an imi- Ape " 

tutor.— 2, v. a. [pp. aping, aped.] To imitate; 
to mimic. 
A-peak', ad. [Fr. d pic, vertical. — See Peak.] In 

a posture to pierce; on the point; vertical. 
Ap'ep-sy, n. [Gr. dnenaia ; a, neg., and nenreiv, 

to digest.] Want of digestion. 
A-pe'ri-ent, a. [L. aperire, uperiens, to open, to 
undo ; from ab, away, apart, and parere, to get, 
to take.] Gently purgative ; laxative. 
A-per'i-tive, a. Tending to open ; aperient. 
Ap'er-ture, n. [L. apertura. — See Aperient.] An 
_ opening ; a passage ; hole. 
A 'pe-ry, n. [From ape; the termination -en/ is 

pejorative.] Act of aping; affected. imitation. 
A-pet'a-lofis, a. [Gr. dneraKog ; a, priv., aud 
_ nerakov, a leaf.] Without petals or corollas. 
A'pex, n. [L.] L. pi. Ap'i-ces; Eng. A'pex-es. 
or Ap'i-ces. The tip or angular point ; the top. 
A-phser'e-sis (a-fer'e-sis) [a-fe're-sis, St. Jin. L], 
n. [L. and Gr. ; d<j>cupeei.v, to take away ; dno, 
away, and aipeeiv, to take.] (Rhet.) The* taking 
of a letter or a syllable from the beginning of a 
word. 
A-pha'§i-a (a-fa'zhe-a), n. [Gr. a, priv., and 
<f>dpai, to speak; (pdais, speech.] Loss of the 
mental faculty of speech :— written also aphony. 
A-phe'li-on, n. ; pi. A-phe'li-a. [Mod. L. ; Gr. 
ano, away from, and 17X105, the sun.] The point 
of a planet's orbit that is farthest from the sun 
and opposite to the perihelion. 
A'phis, n. ; pi. Aph'i-des. [Mod. L. ; Gr. d^etSifc, 
lavish, abundant; probably referring to the pro- 
digious rate of multiplication.] Plant-louse. 
A-pho'ni-a, or Aph'o-ny., n. [Gr. oupiovia ; a, 
priv., and (piavrj, voice.]' (3Ied.) A loss of voice 
or speech. 
Aph'o-rlsm, n. [Gr. d<popio>ids, a definition, a 
statement of principles ; d$opl$eiv, to define ; 
ano, off, and opi'^eiv, to bound;, bpo?, a limit.] 
A short, pithy sentence ; a maxim ; a laconic 
^ precept ; adage. 

Aph-o-rls'tic, ) a. Having the form of aph- 
Aph-o-ris'ti-cal, J orism. 
Aph-o-ris'ti-cal-ly, ad. With aphorisms. 
Aph'o-rize, v. n. [pp. aphorizing, aphorized.] To 
make or employ aphorisms 



Aph-ro-di"si-ac, a. [Gr. d^poSicr-ia/cd? ; 'A6po- 
Sltti,' Venus (lit. "foam-born;" d<ppos, foam).] 
Promoting sexual desire. 
Aph' thong (or ap'thong), n. [Gr. a^^oyyos, voice- 
less; (pdoyyos, sound; <p6eyyea6ai, to utter.] A 
letter or combination of letters not sounded. 
A-phyl'lous, or Aph'yl-lous, a. [Gr. d^vAAos, 

leafless ; '<pv\\ov, leaf.] Destitute of leaves. 
A'pi-a-ry, n. [L. apiarium; apis, a bee.] A place 

where bees are kept. 
Ap'i-cal, a. Belonging to an apex. 
Ap'i-cls, n. pi. Tips ; tufts. See Apex. 
A-pI"cian (a-pish'yan), a. [From Apicius, a fa- 
mous epicure of antiquity.] Luxurious; refined. 
A'pi-cult-ure (-yur), «. [L. apis, a bee, aud cul- 

tura, culture.] The rearing of bees. 
A-piece', ad. [A, the article, and piece.] To the 
' share of each : — for one. 
A'pish, a. Like an ape ; foppish; silly. 
Ap-la-cen-ta'li-a, n. pi. [Mod. L. ; Gr. d, neg., 
and placenta: these animals are not nourished 
before birth by means of a placenta.] The low- 
est class of mammals, including the marsupials 
and monotremes. 
Ap-la-nat'ic, a. [Gr. d, neg., aud 7rAa»'dei»', to 

wander.]' Free from aberration. 
A-plas'tic, a. [Gr. d, neg., and plastic] Not 

plastic'; not easily moulded. 
A-plomb (a-plom), n. [Fr., perpendicular, down- 
right; d'plomb, to the plummet; L. plumbum, 
lead.] Downrightness of manner; self-posses- 
sion ; coolness ; assurance. 
Ap-noe'a, n. [Gr. dnvoia; a, neg.. and nvteiv, to 
breathe; nvo-g, nvoid, breath.] Want of breath. 
A-poc'a-lypse, n. [Gr. d7ro/cdAv»/us ; ano, off 
(negative), and KaAvnTeu; to cover.] The book 
of Revelation : — disclosure. 
A-poc-a-lyp'tic, \a. Relating to the Apoca- 
A-poc-a-lyp'ti-cal, j lypse. 
A-poc'o-pate, v. a. [pp. apocopating, apocopated.] 

To cut off the last letter or syllable of a w ad, 
A-p5c'o-pe, n. [Gr. ; dn-d, off, and Kon-g, a cutting.] 
(Gram.) The cutting off of the last letter or 
syllable of a word. 
A-poc'ry.-pha, 11. pi. & sing. [Gr., hidden, of un- 
known authorship; ano. away, and xpvnreiv, to 
hide.] Books of which the authors are un- 
known, appended to the Old Testament. 
A-poc'ry-phal, a. Not canonical ; uncertain : — 

false; fabulous; mythical. 
Ap'o-dal, ) a. [Gr. anov?, anoSos, footless; novs, 
Ap'o-doiis, j a foot.] Without feet; without ven- 
tral fins. 
Ap'ode, n. An animal without feet. 
Ap-o-deic'tic, } (ap-o-dlk'tik, ap-o-dlk'ti-kal), 
Ap-o-deic'ti-cal, J <i. See Ap'odictic." 
Ap-o-dic'tic, ) a. [Gr. anoSeiKTiKOS ; ano, off, 
Ap-o-dic'ti-cal, j and SeLicvvvai, to show ; root of 
L. (//(■«), to say, and of index.] Demonstrated ; 
evident; absolutely certain. [onstration. 

Ap-o-dix'is, n. [L. ; Gr. dnoSeiiiis.] Evident dem- 
A-pod'o-sis, ». [Gr. ano, back again, and SiSovai, 
' to give.] The conclusion, in a conditional sen- 
tence. 
Ap'o-^ee, n. [Fr. apogee; Gr. d7rdyatoj'; ano, 
away from, and yy, the earth.] (Astron.) The 
point in the apparent orbit of the sun and moon 
in which they are at the greatest distance from 
the earth. It is opposed to perigee. 
Ap'o-graph, n. [Gr. dnoypafyov ; ano, off, and 
ypd<j>eu>, to write.] A copy ; not an autograph. 
A-pol-o-i-et'ic, \ a. [Gr. dTroAoyrjTiico?. — See 
A-pol-o-|-et'i-cal, ) Apology.] Implying apology 

or defence ;' containing excuse. 
A-pol-o-i'et'ics, n.pl. Systematic defence. 
A-pol'o-irist, n. One who makes an apology. 
A-pol'o-gize. v. n. [pp. apologizing, apologized.] 

To miake an excuse ; to plead in defence. 
Ap'o-logue (ap'o-log), n. [Gr. drroAoyos ; ano, 
off, and AdycK, speech.] A fabulous story .con- 
veying moral instruction ; a fable. 



mien, si'r ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, lise— 5, 9, c, g, soft; (3, ja, a, |, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this 



APOLOGY 



APPENDANT 



A-pol'o-i'y, n. [Gr. anokoyia ; ano, away, and 
" Ao-yos, speech.] A pleaded defence: — excuse: — 
a frank confession made with expressions of re- 
gret* — a poor substitute. 

Syn. — He made a satisfactory apology for his 
conduct, and a good excuse for his absence ; his 
vindication was sufficient. 

Ap-o-neu-ro'sis, n. [Gr. ano, off, apart, and vev- 
po'v, a sinew."] The membrane which covers the 
muscles; gristle. 

A-poph'a-sis, n. ; pi. A-poph'a-ses. [Gr. for "de- 
nial ;" ano, off, and "</>dva.i, stem <f>a-, to speak.] 
(Rhet.) A figure by which the orator seems to 
waive what he would insinuate. 

Ap'oph-thegm (ap'o-them), n. [Gr. an6(]>9eyp.a; 
ano, forth, out, ami (pOeyyeaQai, to utter ; </>0ey|ua, 
utterance.] A maxim; aphorism: — a pithy say- 
ing : — written also apothegm. 

Ap-o-plec'tic, \ a. Kelating to or affected by 

Ap-o-plec'ti-cal, j apoplexy. 

Ap'o-plex-y, n. [Gr. anonKrjt; La ; ano, off (en- 
tirely), and n\r)o-creiv, to strike.] A disorder 
■which suddenly takes away all sensation and 
motion. 

Ap'o-rose, a. [Gr. a, priv., and nopos, a pore.] 
Destitute of pores. 

A-pos'ta-sy, n. [Gr. anoo-rao-ia, an6o-rao~i<;, de- 
sertion; a7r6, away, and root o-ra-, to stand.] A 
departure from the principles which one has 
professed ; dereliction. 

A-pos'tate, n. One who renounces his religion, 
or his principles. — 2, a. False; traitorous. 

A-pos'ta-tize, v. n. [pp. apostatizing, apostatized.] 
To renounce one's principles, or religion. 

A-pos'te-mate, v.n. [ apostemating, apostemated.] 
To become an aposteme. 

Ap-os-tem'a-tous. a. Kelating to an aposteme. 

Ap'o-steme, n. [Gr. anoo-r-qp-a, separation, ab- 
scess; ano, apart, and root ara-, to stand.] An 
abscess ; imposthume. [ginal note. 

A-pos'til, n. [Fr. apostille.—See Postil.] A mar- 

A-pos'tle (a-pos'sl), n. [Gr. anoo-roKos, messen- 
ger; and, away, and o-riWeiv, to send.] A per- 
son sent : — one of the twelve witnesses of Christ : 
— a great leader, or chief of a reform. 

A-pos'tle-ship, n. The office of nn apostle. 

A-pos'to-late, n. [L. apostolatus.] Apostleship. 

Ap-os-tol'ic, "I a. Relating to, like, or taught 

Ap-os-tol'i-cal, j by, the apostles. 

A-pos-to-lic'i-ty, n. State of being apostolic. 

A-pos'tro-phe, n. [Gr. ; ano, away, and arpo^, a 
turning; arpe^eiv, to turn.] (Rhet.) A digres- 
sive address of a speaker to a person or thing, 
present or absent : — the mark ['] showing that a 
word is contracted, or the sign of the possessive 
case. 

Ap-os-troph'ic, a. Denoting an apostrophe. 

A-poVtrc-phize, v. a. [pp. apostrophizing, apos- 
trophized.] To address by apostrophe. — 2, v. n. 
To employ an apostrophe in speaking or writing. 

A-poth'e-ca-ry, n. [Gr. anoOrjKr), a storehouse; 
ano, away, and riQivai, to place.] One who dis- 
penses medicines or keeps a medicine-shop. 

Ap'o-thegm (ap'o-them), n. [See Apophthegm.] 
A remarkable saying; a maxim ; an aphorism; 
an apophthegm. 

Ap-o-theg'ma-tist, n. One who uses or collects 
apothegms. ' 

Ap-o-theg-'ma-tize, v. n. [pp. apothegmatizing, 
ap'othegniat'ized.] To utter apothegms. 

Ap'o-them. n. [Gr. ano, apart, and 0e>a, a de- 
posit; rtBevai, to place.] A perpendicular line 
from the centre to a side of a polygon: — a de- 
posit in fluid animal or vegetable extracts. 

Ap-O-the'o-SlS, n. [Gr. anodeuio-is ; Oeoetv, to 
deify; ano, off, completely, and Oeos, a god.] 
Deification : — exaltation. 

Ap-o-the'o-size, v. a. [pp. apotheosizing, apothe- 
osized.] ' To deify. 

Ap'o-zem, n. [Gr. ano^eixa ; ano, off, down, and 
£eeiv, to boil.] A decoction from herbs. 



Ap-pa.ll', v. a. [0. Fr. apallir, to grow pale.— See 
Pale and Pall.] [pp. appalling, appalled.] To 
fright ; to terrify ; to dismay. 

Ap-pall'ing, a. Frightful; filling with dismay. 

Ap'pa-nage, n. [Fr. apanage; L. ad, for, and 
panis, bread.] (Law.) Lands, &c, set apart by 
princes for their younger children: — a perqui- 
site: — a dependency; an adjunct. 

Ap-pa-ra'tus, n. ; pi. Ap-pa-ra'tus, or Ap-pa- 
ra'tus-es. [L. for "preparation," "readiness;" 
hence, appliances, instruments ; from ad, to, and 
parare, to make ready.] Tools, furniture, or 
necessary instruments for any trade or art. 

Ap-par'el, n. [Fr. uppareil, preparation; appa- 
reiller, to fit, to dress; from L. ad, to, and par, 
equal.] Dress ; clothing ; vesture. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
apparelling, apparelled.] To dress; to clothe; 
to adorn. 

Syn. — Common apparel; elegant dress ; gay at- 
tire. Vesture and raiment are terms used on serious 
subjects; clothing, dothes, apparel, garment", garb, 
and dress, on common occasions; vestments belong 
to official dress. 

Ap-par'en-cy., n. Quality of being apparent. 

Ap-par'ent, a. [L. apparere, appurens, to appear, 
to come into sight. — See Appear.] Plain; in- 
dubitable ; seeming ; visible ; open ; evident ; cer- 
tain. — Apparent time, true time, or the time or 
hour as indicated by the sun's passage over the 
meridian : — opposed to mean time. 

Ap-par'ent- ly, ad. Seemingly ; evidently. 

Ap-pa-ri"tion (ap-pa-rlsh'un), n. [L. apparitio. — 
See' Appear.] Appearance: — a preternatural 
appearance ; a spectre. 

Syn. — An apparition to the senses; vision to the 
imagination; an airy phantom; a frightful spec- 
tre ; a pale ghost. 

Ap-pa-ri"tion-al (-rish'un-al), a. Of or pertain- 
ing' to an apparition; resembling an apparition. 

Ap-pax'i-tor, n. [L., an attendant, a lictor.] A 
messenger in a spiritual court. 

Ap-peal', v. n. & v. a. [L. appellare, to accost; 
more remotely ad, to, and pellere, to drive, to 
steer.] [jjp. appealing, appealed.] To refer to 
another tribunal : — to make entreaty. — 2, n. Ap- 
plication for justice to a superior tribunal: — 
accusation ; recourse : — an entreaty : — an earnest 
call. 

Ap-peal'a-ble, a. That may be appealed. 

Ap-pear', v. n. [L. apparere, to come into sight; 

' parere, to be visible.] [pp. appearing, appeared.] 
To be in sight ; to seem ; to become visible : — 
to present one's self. 

Ap-pear' ance, n. The act of coming into sight; 

' semblance; show; probability. 

Ap-pea§'a-ble, a. That may be appeased. 

Ap-peasV, v. a. [Fr. apaiser; L. ad, to, and pax, 

' pacem, peace.] [pp. appeasing, appeased. J To 
quiet; to pacify ; to calm; to allay; to satisfy; 
to reconcile. 

Ap-pease'ment, n. The act of appeasinjr. 

Ap-peas'ivei «. Having a mitigating quality. 

Ap-pel-la-bil'i-ty,H. Capability of being appealed. 

Ap-pel'la-ble, a.' That may be appealed; ap- 

' pealabl'e. [pealing. 

Ap-pel'lant. n. One who appeals.— 2, a. Ap- 

Ap-pel'late. a. Kelating to appeals. 

Ap-pel-la'tion, n. A name; title; term. 

Ap-pil'la-tive, n. [L. appdlativus. — See Appeal.] 
A title": — a common name or noun, opposed to 
a, proper name. — 2, «. Noting a common noun. 

Ap-pel'la-to-ry, a. Containing an appeal. 

Ap-pel-lee',' n.' (Law.) One who is appealed 
against : — opposed to appellor. [lant. 

Ap-pel'lor, or Ap-pel-16r , n. (Law.) An appel- 

Ap-pend', v. a. JX. appendere; ad, to, and pen- 

' dere, to hang.] [pp. appending, appended.] To 
hang or join to ; to add to. 

Ap-pend'a£e, «• Something annexed. 

Ap-pen'dant. a- Hanging to; annexed to. — 2, n. 
An adventitious part. 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y,, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



APPENDICULAR 



73 



APPPvOOF 



Ap-pen-die'u-lar, a. Of or pertaining to an ap- 
pendix or appendage. 

Ap-pen'dix, «. [L.] ; pi. Ap-pen'di-ces, or Ap- 
pen'dix-e§. Something appended :— supplement 
to a book. 

Ap-per-cep'tion, n. [Fr. aperception; L. ad, to, 
and percipere, to perceive.] Consciousness; sell- 
consciousness : — recognition. 

Ap-per-tain'. v. n. [L. ad, to, per, intensive, and 
tenere, to hold.] [pp. appertaining, appertained.] 
To belong ; to relate. 

Ap-per'ti-nent, a. See Appurtenant. 

Ap'pe-tence, \n. [L. appetentia; ad, for, and 

Ap'pe-ten-cy,, ) petere, to seek.] Desire; appetite; 
propensity. 

Ap'pe-tent, a. Very desirous ; desiring. 

Ap'pe-tite, v. [L. appetitus ; ad, for, and petere, 
to seek.] Desire of sensual pleasure ; relish for 
food; keenness of stomach ; hunger. 

Ap'pe-tlze, v. a. [pp. appetizing, appetized.] To 
create an appetite. 

Ap'pe-tiz-ing, a. Exciting appetite ; tempting. 

Ap-piaud', v. a. [L. applaudere; ad, to, and plau- 
dere, to clap the hands.] [pp. applauding, ap- j 
plauded.] To praise by acclamation ; to extol ; 
to laud; to commend highly. 

Ap-plau§e', n. [L. applausus. — See Applaud.] 
Approbation loudly expressed. 

Syn. — He was received with acclamation, and 
his speech met with unbounded applause. 

Ap-plau'sive, «. Applauding; laudatory. 

Ap'ple (ap'pl), n. [Found in various forms in 
Teutonic, Slavic, Celtic, and Lettic languages.] 
A fruit: — pupil of the eye : — eyeball. 

Ap'ple-tree, n. The tree producing apples. 

Ap-pli'a-ble, a. Capable of being: applied. 

Ap-pll'ance, n. Act of applying ; a device or in- 
strument. 

Ap-pli-ca-bll'i-ty, n. Suitableness. 

Ap'pli-ca-ble, a. [Fr., from L. applicare. — See 
App'ly.^] That may be applied ; suitable. 

Ap'pli-ca-ble-ness, n. Applicability. 

Ap'pli-cant, n. One who applies. 

Ap'pli-cate, n. A right line drawn across a curve, 
so as to bisect the diameter. — 2, a. Concrete ; 
applied. 

Ap-pli-ca'tipn, n. Act of applying; state of be- 
ing applied : — address ; entreaty : — attention ; 
assiduity ; intense studv. 

Ap'pli-ca-tive, «. Relating to application. 

Ap'pli-ca-to-ry, a. Including application. — 2, n. 
That which applies. [stract. 

Ap-plled\ j>. a. Practical: not theoretical or au- 

4p-ply', v. a. [0. Fr. aplier ; L. applicare; ad, to, 
and plicare, to fold.] [pp. applying, applied.] 
To put to ; to suit to ; to devote ; to addict : to 
address to ; to busy. — 2, v. n. To suit ; to have 
recourse. 

Ap-po£--£i-a-tu'ra, n. [It. for a "support;" cog- 
nate with Gr. ttoSlov, dim. of-ov?, foot.] (Mas.) 
A note of embellishment or expression. 

Ap-pbint', v. a. [Fr. appointer. — See Point.] [pp. 
appointing, appointed.] To fix upon; to order; 
to direct; to ordain.— 2, v. u. To decree; to re- 
solve. 

Syn. — Appoint a meeting ; fix the time. A ruler 
appoints to an office; an officer orders or directs; 
a physician prescribes ; Providence ordains. 

Ap-pblnt'a-ble, «. That may be appointed. 

Ap-pbint'ed, p. a. Settled : — equipped. 

Ap-pbint-ee', n. One who is appointed. 

Ap-p'dint'ment, n. Act of appointing:— engage- 
ment; stipulation; decree; direction : — equip- 
ment. 

Ap-pbr'tion, v. a. [0. Fr. apportionner. — See Por- 
tion.] '[pp. apportioning, apportioned.] To 
assign in just parts; to allot; to assign; to ap- 
propriate. 

Ap-pbr'tion-ment, n. A dividing into portions; 
distribution ; a share. 

Ap-pb§e', v. a. [Fr. apposer. from L. ad, to, and ] 



ponere, positum, to place ; influenced also by pau- 
sare, to halt, to rest.] [pp. apposing, apposed.] 
To apply to ; to expose. 

Ap-pbsed' (a-pozd'), a. Set over against; mutu- 
ally fitting ; adapted. 

Ap-pbs'er, n. An examiner; an inquirer. 

Ap'po-§ite, a, [L. appositus, from ad, to, and po- 
nere, to place.] Proper ; fit ; suitable : — well put. 

Ap'po-§ite-ljr, ud. Properly; suitably. 

Ap'po-site-ness, »■ Fitness; adaptation. 

Ap-po-si"tion (ap-po-zish'un), n. Examination ; 
application. — (Gram.) The putting of two nouns 
of the same meaning in the same case. 

Ap-po-si"tion-al (-zish'un-al), o. Of or pertain- 
ing'to apposition ; existing in apposition. 

Ap-prais/al, )«. The act of appraising:— es- 

Ap-praise'ment, j timated value. 

Ap-praise', v. a. [A variant of apprize.] [jip. ap- 
praising, appraised.] To set a price upon. 

Ap-prais/er, n. One who appraises. 

Ap-pre'ci-'a-ble (ap-pre'she-a-bl), a. That may be 
appreciated or estimated : — perceptible. 

Ap-pre'ci-a-bly (- s h?-a-ble), ad. In an appre- 
ciable manner or degree ; so as to be appreciable. 

Ap-pre'ci-ate (ap-pre'she-at), v. a. [L. appreUare, 
to appraise; ad, to, and pretivm, price.] [pp. 
appreciating, appreciated.] To estimate duly ; to 
value ; to rate properly. — 2, v. a. & v. n. To raise, 
or to rise, in value. 

Ap-pre-ci-a'tion (ap-pre-she-a'shun). n. The act 
of appreciating; adequate estimation; sympa- 
thetic esteem. 

Ap-pre'ci-a-tive, a. Showing appreciation. 

Ap-pre'ci-a-to-ry, a. Showing appreciation. 

Ap-pre-hend', v. a. [L. apprehendere, to seize: ad, 
to, and prehendere, to take hold of.] [pp. appre- 
hending, apprehended.] To lay hold on ; to 
seize : — to conceive by the mind: — to fear. 

Syn. — Apprehend, arrest, or seine a person ac- 
cused ; apprehend an unpleasant occurrence ; fear 
misfortune. 

Ap-pre-hen'si-ble, a. That may be apprehended. 

Ap-pre-hen'sion. n. The act of apprehending: — 
faculty of conceiving ideas: — fear; suspicion; 

^ dread. [of apprehension. 

Ap-pre-hen'sive, a. Distrustful; fearful: — quick 

Ap-pre-hen'sive-ly, ad. With apprehension. 

Ap-pre-hen'sive-ness, n. The state of being ap- 
prehensive. 

Ap-pren'tice, v. [0. Fr. aprentis, from L. appre- 
hendere, to learn J One who is bound to Berre for 
a term of years, upon condition that the trades- 
man shall instruct him in his art. — 2, r. a. [pp. 
apprenticing, apprenticed.] To put out as an 
apprentice. 

Ap-pren'tice-ship. n. State or term of service. 

Ap-prlse', r. a. [Fr. apprendre, to learn, hence to 
teach, to inform; participle, appris. — See Apphe- 
hext.] [pp. apprising, apprised.] To inform; 
to give notice to. 

Ap-prize\ r. a. [0. Fr. apriser, to price, to ap- 
praise. — See Price.] [pp. apprizing, apprized.] 
To set a price on ; to appraise. 

Ap-prize'ment. n. Appraisement. 

Ap-priz'er. n. One who apprizes; appraiser. 

Ap-prbacV (ap-pruch/), v. n. [Fr. approcher: L. 
ad, to. and proptus t nearer; prope, near.] [pp. 
approaching, approached.] To draw near. — 2, 
r. a. To draw near to : — to be nearly equal to. 
— 3, n. The act of drawing near; access: — an 
avenue ; a way of access. 

Ap-prbach'a-ble, a. Accessible. 

Ap'pro-bate, v. a. [L. approbare, apjiirobatns : pro- 
bare, to prove; probus, good.] [pp. approbating, 
approbated.] To approve ; to license to preach" 

Ap-pro-ba'tion, n. The act of approving; state 
of approving; approval; support. 

Ap'pro-ba-tive [ap'pro-ba-tlv, K. Sm. It. TT7». St. I. 
Mu.) ap-pro'ba-tiv, Ja.], a. Approving. 

Ap'pro-ba-to-ry, a. Approbative. 

Ap-pr66f , n. Approbation: — experience; trial. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, 9, c, §, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
D 7 



APPROPINQUATE 



74 



ARAMAIC 



Ap-pro-pm'quate, v. a. [L. appropinquare ; ad, to, 
and propinquare, to draw nigh ; propinquus, 
neighboring ; prove, near.] [pp. appropinquating, 
appropinquated.] To approach ; to draw near. 
Ap-pro-pin'qui-ty, m. Nearness; near approach. 
Ap-pro'pri-a-ble, a. That may be appropriated. 
Ap-pro'pri-ate, v. a. [L. appropriare; ad, to, and 
proprlus,' one's own.] [pp. appropriating, appro- 
priated.] To take as one's own: — to consign to 
some use. [able. 

Ap-pr5'pri-ate, a. Peculiar; fit; adapted; suit- 
Syn. — An appropriate remark ; adapted or stat- 
able to the case ; a peculiar opinion ; fit for the 
occasion. 
Ap-pro'pri-ate-ly, ad. In an appropriate manner. 
Ap-pro'pri-ate-ness, n. Fitness. 
Ap-pro-pri-a'tion, n. The act of appropriating : — 

any thing appropriated ; consignment. 
Ap-pr5'pri-a.-tor, u. One who appropriates, 
^.p-prov'a-ble, a. Meriting approbation. 
Ap-prov'al, n. The act of approving; approba- 
tion; commendation. 
Ap-prove', v. a. [Fr. approuver. — See Approbate 
and Prove.] [pp. approving, af>proved.] To 
express approbation of ; to like ; to commend ; to 
praise : — to prove. [as to secure approval. 

Ap-prov'ed-ly, ad. In an approved manner; so 
Ap-prov'er, n. One who approves. 
vA.p-prov'ing-ly, ad. In a manner implying ap- 
proval. 
Ap-prox'i-mal, a. Approaching. 
Ap-prox'i-mate, a. Nearly, or fairly, correct. 
jgk.p-prox'i-mate, v. a. [L. approximare, approxi- 
mates; ad, to, and proximare, to draw near; 
proxiruus, next.] [pp. approximating, approxi- 
mated.] To draw near; to approach. — 2, v. n. 
To come near. 
Ap-pr6Vi-mate-ly, \ ad. Nearly ; with near 
Ap-prox'i-ma-tive-ly, J approach to accuracy. 
4.p-prox-i-ma'tion, ». The act of approximating ; 

act of coming near; approach. 
Ap-prox'i-ma-tive, a. Nearly accurate. 
Ap'pulse. or Ap-pulse' [ap'puls, S. W. J. E. F. 
Ja. ; ap-puls', Sm. B. P. C. Wb. St. Mu.~], n. _ [L. 
appellere, appulsus ; ad, to, and pellere, to drive.] 
The act of striking against ; appulsion. 
Ap-pul'sion, n. The act of striking against. 
Ap-piir'te-nance, n. [Anglo-French. — See Apper- 
tain.] 'That which appertains; something be- 
longing; an adjunct. 
Ap-piir'te-nant, a. {Law.) Joined to; belonging. 
A pri-cot, n. [Fr. abricot; 0. Sp. albarcoque; Arab. 
al-burquq; Gr. npaLKOKiov ; all from L. prsecox, 
early ripe ; prse, soon, and coquo, coctnm, to cook, 
to ripen.] A fruit resembling a peach. 
A'pril, n. [L. Aprilis, from aperire, to open, to 

bloom.] The fourth month of the year. 
A pri-o'ri, ad. [L., from the former.'] Theoreti- 
cally ; from abstract reasons ; presumptively. — 
2, a. Arising before experience; transcending 
experience : — innate. 
A-pri-br'i-ty, n. Inuateness; originality. 
A'pron (a'purn) [a'purn, W. P. J. F. K. ; a'prun, 
St. I. S. E. Ja.), n.' [Fr. napperon, napkin:— a 
napperon was corrupted to an apron. — Cf. Fr. 
nappe, L. mappa, a table-cloth.] A part of dress 
worn in front. 
Ap-ro-pos' (ap-ro-po'), ad. [Fr. d propos, to the 
purpose; propos is the L. propositum.] To the 
purpose ; opportunely. 
Aps, n. [Variant of asp, aspen.] The white poplar. 
Apse, n. [See Apsis.] (Arch.) The semicircular 
or polygonal termination to the chancel or choir 
of a church ; an embowed or arched ceiling, 
Ap'si-dal, a. Like an apse or apsis ; belonging to 

an apse or apsis. 
Ap'sis, n. ; pi. Ap'si-de§, [Gr. di/u'9, 
felloe, wheel, arch; anrecv, to 
join, to fit.] (Astron.) One of two 
points in the orbit of a planet, at Apsis. 

the greatest and least distance from the sun. 



Apt, a. 



[L. 
; L. aptere.] 




Apteryx. 



(apisci), aphis, to fit ; cf. Gr. a-rr- 
Fit; proper; ready; quick; 

qualified. 

Ap'te-ral, a. Not having wings or columns. 
Ap'te-rous, a. [Gr. anrepos ; 

d, neg., and nrepov, a wing.] 

Not having wings. 
Ap'te-ryx, n. [Gr. d, neg., and 

■n-repvg, a wing.] A wingless 

New Zealand bird. 
Ap'ti-tude, n. [L. aptitude — 

See Apt.] Fitness ; tendency ; 

aptness. 

Apt'ly, fid. Properly ; pertinently ; readily. 
Apt'ness, n. Fitness; aptitude; appositeness. 
Ap'tote, ■». [Gr. atrTUTov ; d, neg., and ttt(x>t6<s, 

falling, or case.— See Case.] (Gram.) An inde- 
clinable noun. 
A'qua, n. [L.] Water: — used in composition. 
A'qua-for'tis, n. [L. for "strong water."] Nitric 

acid. 
A'qua-ma-rine', n. [L. aqua marina, sea-water: — 

from its color.] A mineral allied to the emerald. 
A'qua-re'ii-a, n. [L. for "royal water."] Nitro- 

hydrochlo'ric acid. 
Aquarelle (ak-wa-rel'), n. [Fr. ; It. acquarella; 



am 



water.] A water-color painting. 




A-qua'ri-um, n. [L. for "watering-trough."] A 
tank for aquatic plants and animals. 

A-qua'ri-us, n. [L.] The Water-bearer; the 
eleventh sign in the zodiac. 

A-quat'ic, ]_ a. [L. aquaticus.] Pertaining to 

A-quat'i-cal, J water; living in the water. 

A-quat'ics, n. A collective name for aquatic 
sports.' [A kind of engraving. 

A'qua-tmt, n. [It. acqna Unto, colored water.] 

A'qua-vl'tee, n. [L., "water of life."] Brandy. 

Aq'ue-duct [ak'we-dukt, W. J. F. Ja. Sm. R. Mu. 
H. 'St. I. C ; a'kwe-dukt, S. P.], n. [L. aquae 
ductus. — See Duct.] An artificial channel for 
conveying water. 

A'que-ous (a'kwe-tis), a. Containing water; 
watery. — Aqueous humor, the fluid which fills 
the chambers of the eye. [or a watery fluid. 

A-quif'er-ous, a. Conveying or affording water 

Aq'ui-form, a. Having the form of water. 

Aq'ui-line, or Aq'ui-line [ak'we-lin, W. P. Sm. ; 
ak'we-lln, S. J. F. Ja. I.], a. [L. aquilinus ; 
aquila, an eagle.] Relating to an eagle ; hooked, 
as an eagle's beak. 

Ar'ab, n. [Gr. 'Apa<// ; 
L. Arabs; Arab. Ar- 
abi; arabah, a desert.] 
A native of Arabia. 

AVa-besque (ar'a- 

be'sk), a. [Fr.] Relating to Arabic architecture 
and sculpture. — 2, n. A decoration in Oriental 
style. 

A-ra'bi-an, a. Relating to Arabia or the Arabs. 

Ar'a-bic, o. Relating to Arabia ; Arabian. — 2, n. 
The language of Arabia. 

Ar'a-bist, n. One versed in Arabic literature. 

Ar'a-ble, a. [L. arabilis; arare, to plough.] Fit 
for the plough or tillage. 

Ar'a-bo-Te-des'co, a. [It. for "Arabian-German ;" 
Tedes'co is from the Ger. Deutsch, German.] 
Noting a style of architecture combining Ger- 
man Gothic with Moorish or degraded Grecian. 

.A-rach'nid, \ n. [Gr. apaxvy, a sjiider.] One 

A-ragh'ni-dan, j of the Arachuida. 

4-raph'ni-da, n. pi. A class of small animals, in- 
cluding spiders, mites, and scorpions. 

A-raph'noid, n. [Gr. dpaxvoeiST??, like a spider's 
web; apa-xviov, a cobweb; apdxvyj, a spider.] 
The innermost membrane covering the brain. 

Ar'a-go-nite. n. [From Araaon, in Spain.] (Min.) 
A variety of carbonate of lime. 

Ar-a-mae'an, "I game ag A ramaic, infra. 

Ar-a-me an, J 

Ar-a-ma'ic, a. Of or relating to or descended from 
Aram, the son of Shem :— specifically, noting a 



Arabesque. 



a, e, 1, 6, 5, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, %, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



ARBALEST 



75 



ARCHITECTURAL 



branch of the Semitic family of languages, com- 
prising Syriac and Chaldee. 

Ar'ba-lest, or Ar'ba-last, n. [A form of Arcuba- 
list.] A large cross-bow. 

Ar'bi-ter, n. [L., "an examiner;" ar for ad, to, 
and bitere, betere, to go.] A judge; an arbitrator. 

Ar'bi-tra-ble, a. Arbitrary :— determinable. 

Ar'bj-trafe, n. [Fr.] Arbitration: — traffic in stocks 
bearing different prices in different markets. 

Ar-bit'ra-ment, n. Determination : — decision. 

Ar'bi-tra-ri-ly., ad. In an arbitrary manner. 

Ar'bi-tra-ry, a. [L. arbitrarius, depending on an 
arbiter'.] Depending on one's own will; bound 
by no law ; despot c; absolute. 

Ar'bi-trate, v. a. [L. arbitrari, arbitrates, to ex- 
amine, to act as arbiter.] [pp. arbitrating, arbi- 
trated.] To decide; to judge of:— to settle by 
arbitration. — 2, v. n. To give judgment. 

Ar-bi-tra'tion, n. (Law.) The determination of 
a cause by persons mutually agreed on by the 
parties. [umpire ; judge. 

Ar'bi-tra-tor, n. [L., from arbitrari, to judge.] An 

Ar'bi-tra-trix, ) n. [L. arbitratrix.] A female ar- 

Ar'bi-tress, J biter. 

Ar'bor, n. [L., "a tree;" in the sense of "a 
bower," and in the obsolete senses of "garden" 
and "lawn," it is a corruption of L. herbarium ; 
0. Fr. herbier.] A place covered with branches 
of trees ; a bower : — an axis or spindle. 

Ar'bo-ral, a. Kelating to trees. 

Ar-bo're-al, a. Frequenting or inhabiting trees ; 
found on trees; of the nature of trees. 

Ar-bo're-ofis, a. [L. arboreus.] Belonging to 
' trees .-—woody. 

Ar-bo-res'cence, n. Growth, as of trees. 

Ar-bo-res'cent, a. [L. arborescere, to grow into a 
tree.] Growing like a tree. 

Ar'bo-ret, n. A small tree or shrub. 

Ar-bo-re'tum, n. [L.] A tree-garden. 

Ar-bor-i-cfilt'ure, n. [L. arbor, a tree, and cul- 
tnra, culture.— See Culture.] Cultivation of 
trees. 

Ar'bor-ist, n. One who makes trees his study. 

Ar'bo-rlze, v. a. [pp. arborizing, arborized.] To 
form like a tree or plant. 

Ar'bor-ous, a. Belonging to a tree. 

Ar'bor-vi'tae, n. [L., "tree of life."] An ever- 
green tree or shrub. 

Ar'bus-cle (ar'bus-sl), n. [L. arbuscula, dim. of 
arbos, or arbor, a tree.] Any little shrub. 

Ar'bute, n. [L. arbutus.] The strawberry-tree. 

Ar'bu-tus, n. [L.] The arbute : — the May-flower. 

Arc, n. [L. arms, a bow.] A segment of a circle ; 
an arch. 

Ar-cade', n. [Fr. ; Late L. areata, an arched 
structure.] {Arch.) A series of arches with a 
walk under them : — a small arch. 

Ar-ca'di-an, a. Relating to Arcadia :— rural or 
pastoral. — 2, n. A native of Arcadia:' — a simple- 
minded person: — an idealist. 

Ar-ca'num, ».; pi. Ar-ca'na. [L., from area, a 
chest.] A secret. 

Arch, n. [0. Fr. arche ; in the sense 
of "curve," from L. arctts, a bow ; 
in the sense of "a vault," it 
probably represents also L. area, 
a chest.] Part of a circle or el- 
lipse ; an arc : — a concave, hollow 
structure ; a vault.— 2, v. a. [pp. 
arching, arched.] To build or 
form with arches; to span; to 
overarch:— to cross, as with an 
arch.— 3, v. n. To bend; to Arch ' 

curve.— 4, a. [Probably with the idea of 
rogue, or arch-buffoon; see next below.] 
_ gish; mirthful. 

Arch [Gr. dpxo?, chief, first], in composition, signi- 
fies chief, or of the first class, as archangel, arch- 
bishop, &c. ; sometimes, of the worst class, as arch- 
traitor, arch-tyrant, &c. Following the Greek, it 
often becomes arehi. 




reh- 
Wag- 



Ar-phse'an, a. [Gr. dpxeuo?, ancient ; apxv, the 
beginning.] (Geol.) Noting the lowest section 
of crystalline sedimentary rocks, comprising the 
Laurentian and Huronian series of strata. 

Ar-chas-o-lofic, \a. Kelating to archaeology ; 

Ar-chse-o-lof'i-cal, J ancient. 

Ar-chse-ol'o-i-ist, n. One versed in archaeology. 

Ar-chse-ol'o-ix (ar-ke-61'o-je), n. [Gr. dpxaio?, 
ancient, and Aoyos, treatise.] The science which 
treats of antiquities ; antiquities. 

Ar-cha'ic, ) a. [Gr. dpxaiKos, old-fashioned; 

Ar-eha'i-cal, J dpxi?, the beginning.] Old; an- 
cient;' gone or going out of use; obsolescent. 

Ar'cha-ism, n. [Gr. dpxeucr/uos.] An ancient 
phrase or idiom. 

Ar'cha-ist, u. An archaeologist; an antiquarian. 

Arch-an'i-el, n. [Gr. dpxdyyeAos.] A chief angel. 

Areh-an-gel'ic, a. Belonging to archangels. 

Arch-bish'op, n. [L. archiepiscopus. — See Bishop.] 
The principal of the bishops; primate; metro- 
politan. 

Arch-blsh'op-ric, n. Office, state, jurisdiction, or 
province of an archbishop. 

Arch-dea'con (arch-de'kn), n. [Gr. apx'Sid/co^os. 
— See Deacon.] An ecclesiastical officer next to 
a bishop ; chief deacon. 

Arch-dea'con-ry, n. The jurisdiction and office 
of an archdeacon. 

Arch-dea'con-ship, n. Archdeaconry. 

Arch-dro-cese, n. [See Diocese.] An archbish- 
opric; the diocese of an archbishop. 

Arch-dii'cal, a. Pertaining to an archduke. 

Arch-duch'ess, n. The wife of an archduke. 

Arch-dueh'y, n. Territory of an archduke. 

Arch-duke', n. Title of a prince of Austria. 

Arch'ed (arch'ed or Srcht) [arch'ed, 8. W. Ja. E. ; 
aren't, K. Sm. H. St.], p. a. Formed like an arch. 

Arch-en'e-my, n. Chief enemy. 

Arch'er, >i. [L. areas, a bow.] One who shoots 
with a bow. 

Arch'er-y, ». The use of the bow. 

Ar-ghe-ty'pal, a. Original ; primitive. 

Ar-che-ty'pal-ly, ad. In relation to an archetype. 

Ar'phe-type, n. [Gr. apxirvnov ; dp^o?, first, and 
Tvnoq, type.] The original of which any copy 
or resemblance is made ; a model. 

Arch-fiend', n. The chief of fiends. 

Ar-phi-di-ac'o-nal, a. Of an archdeacon. 

Ar-chi-e-pis'co-pa-cy, n. The system of church 
government by archbishops. 

Ar-phi-e-pis'co-pal, a. [See Bishop and Episco- 
pal.] Of an archbishop or archbishopric. 

Ar-chi'e-rjr, \n. [Gr. apx°s, chief, and iepev'?, 

Ar-chi'e-rey, /priest.] A collective name for all 
the dignitaries in the Greek Church. 

Ar'chi-niafe, n. An archimagus :— a great wiz- 
ard ; chief of the wizards. 

Ar-chi-ma'gus, n. [Gr. apxas, chief, and ^dyos, 
magician.— -See Magician.] The chief of the 
Magi. 

Ar-chi-man'drite, n. [Gr. apxt/^ai'Sptrr;? ; fj.dv- 
Spa, a monastery.] An Oriental nbbot. 

Ar-phim-e-de'an. a. Relating to Archimedes. 

Arch'ing,'«. A structure made of arches. — 2, a. 
Forming an arch. 

Ar-phi-pel'a-go, )(. [It. arcipelago, the great gulf; 
pelago, a pool ; Gr. dp^os, chief, and n-eAayo?, 
sea; or perhaps a corruption of Gr. atyalov 
7re'Aayo?, the iEgean sea.] A sea which abounds 
in small islands : — specifically, the iEgean sea. 

Ar'chi-tect, n. [L. architects ; Gr. apxt-reKTiuv, 
master builder; apxos, chief, and re/cTwv, 
builder.] A master of the art of building. 

Ar-phi-tec'tive, «. Used in architecture. 

Ar-phi-tec-ton'ic. a. Possessing architectural or 
constructive skill ; constructive. 

Ar-chi-tec-ton'ic, 1 n. [Gr. dpxtTeKTovtKo?. — See 

Ar-phi-tec-ton'ics, J Architect.] The art or sci- 
ence of arranging knowledge into a system: — 
architecture regarded as a science. 

Ar-phi-tect'u-ral, a. Relating to architecture. 



mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 5, 5, £, soft; p, js, p, |, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



ARCHITECTURE 



ARIAtf 



Ar'chi-tect'ure (iir'ke-tekt-yur), v. [L. architec- 
lura.] The art or science of building :— style of 
building. 

Ar'phi-trave, n. [Arch, chief, and L. irabs, trabis, 
a beam.] That part of the entablature which 
lies immediately upon the columns. 

Ar'phlves. [ar'kivz or ar'kivz, 3Iu.], n. pi. [Fr. 
archive, archif; Gr. ap^elov, public office; apxij, 
government.] Places where public records or 
ancient writings are kept :— ancient records. 

Ar'phi-vist, n. A keeper of archives. 

Arch'iy, ad. Jocosely ; shrewdly ; slyly. 

Arch'ness, n. Shrewdness; sly humor. 

Ar'phon (ar'kon), n. [Gr. apx<»v, ruler ; apxeiv, to 
rule.] The chief magistrate of ancient Athens. 

Arch-pres'by-ter, n. A chief presbyter. 

Arch-priest', »-" A chief priest. 

Arch' way, n. A vaulted aperture in a building ; 
an entrance or passage under an arch. 

Ar'co-graph, n. [Arc and Gr. ypdfyeiv, to inscribe.] 
An instrument for describing arcs of circles 
without centres. 

Arc' tic, a. [Gr. dp/criKog, northern ; literally, of 
the'bear (ap^ros), referring to the constellation 
called the Great Bear.] Northern. — Arctic circle, 
the circle which forms the southern limit of the 
northern frigid zone. 

Xrc'ti-tude, n. [L. arclitudo ; arctus, or artus, nar- 
row'.] Contraction; straitness. 

Arc-to-fae'al, "I a. [Gr. ap/cros, northern, and 

Arc-to-ge'al, j yala, the earth.] Noting the colder 
division of the earth, properly of the northern 
hemisphere. 

Ar'cu-ate, a. [L. arcuare, arcuahts, to bend ; arcus, 
a bow.] Bent like an arch or bow. 

Ar-cii-a'tion, n. The act of bending; curvity. 

Ar'cu-ha-list, n. [L. arcus, a bow, and battista, an 
engine for throwing missiles.] A cross-bow. 

Ar-cu-ba-tfs'ter, or Ar-cu-bal'is-ter [ar-kii-bal'- 
is-ter, S. W. P. Ma. ; ar-ku-ba-lis'ter, K. Sm. I. 
M'b.], n. A cross-bowman. 

Ar'das-sine, n. [Per. ardan, silk; whence Fr. ar- 
das'se, ardassine7\ An exceedingly fine variety 
of Persian silk. 

Ar'den-cy, n. Ardor; eagerness; heat. 

Ar'dent, a. [L. ardere, arderdis, to burn.] Having 
ardor ; fiery ; zealous. 

Ar'dent-ly, ad. In an ardent manner; eagerly. 

Ar'dor, n. [L., from ardere, to burn.] Heat ; heat 
of affection ; zeal. 

Ar'du-oiis [ar'du-us, S. P. J. Ja. ; ar'ju-us, TF.], a. 
[L. arduus, high, steep.] High; hard to climb: 
—difficult. 

Syn. — An arduous path up a high mountain : — 
an arduous enterprise ; a difficult task. 

Ar'du-oiis-ly., ad. In an arduous manner; toil- 
somely. 

Ar'du-ous-ness, n. Height; difficulty. 

Are. [See Am.] The indicative mood, present 
tense, plural number, of the verb to be. 

Are, n. [Fr. ; L. area, a level plot.] In the met- 
ric system, a measure of superficial extent, equal 
to 100 square metres, or 119.6 square yards. It 
is the unit of land measure in France. 

A're-a, n. [L., a level and vacant plot; allied to 
earth, perhaps also to arid, dry, and to arena.'] 
The surface or superficial content of any figure 
or space ; any open surface. 

A're-al, a. Of or pertaining to superficial extent. 

Ar'e-ca (or a-re'ka), n. [Malayalam adekka; 
Tamil adaikay ; a'dai. closely clustered, and kay, 
nut.] A palm tree and its nut. 

Ar-e-fac'tion, n. [L. arefacere, to make dry ; arere, 
to' dry, and facere, to make. — See Arid.] The 
act of growing dry ; a drying. 

Ar'e-fy, v. a. [pp. arefying, arefied.] To dry. 

A-re'na, n. [L. arena, or harena, sand.] L. pi. 
A-re'nae, Eng. A-re'nas. The space for comba- 
tants in an amphitheatre. 

Ar-e-na'ceous (-na'shus), a. Sandy. 

Ar-e-na'tion, n. A sort of dry sand-bath. 




Argali. 



A-re'o-la, n. ; pi. A-re'o-lse. [L., dim. of area.] A 
small area ; a spot. 

A-re'o-lar, a. (Anat.) Full of areoles or inter- 
stices. ' 

A're-ole, n. Same as Arkola. 

A-re-om'e-ter. n. [Gr. apouo?, thin, and p.erpov, 
measure.] ' An instrument to measure the spe- 
cific gravity or density of fluids. 

A-re-om'e-try, n. The art of measuring the spe- 
cific gravity' of fluids. 

Ar-e-op'a-§-ite, n. A senator or judge in the 
court of Areopagus in ancient Athens. 

Ar-e-op'a-gus, h. [L. ; Gr. 'Apeios Tra-yog, the hill 

_ of Mars.] The highest court at Athens. 

Ar-e-ta'ics, n. pi. [Gr. apery, virtue.] That de- 

_ pa'rtment of ethics which treats of virtue. 

Ar-e-thu'sa, n. [L. ; Gr. '\pe6ovo-a, tbe name of 
several fountains, and of a nymph, the bucolic 
muse ; root of apSetv, to water.] (Bot.) A plant 
and flower. 

Ar'gal, n. See Argot.. 

Ar-gala, n. [Hind, hargila.] The East Indian 
adjutant or great 
stork. 

Ar-g-a'li. n. [Tungu- 
sian and Mongol.] 
The wild sheep of 
Siberia and Central 
Asia. 

Ar'gand, a. [The in- 
ventor's name.] Ap- 
plied to a large kind 
of lamp, with a cir- 
cular wick. 

Ar'gan-tree, n. [Ar- 
ab, 'arjan.] An African tree. 

Ar'gent, a. [L. argentum, silver.] Silvery; shining 
like silver. — 2, m. White color in coats of arms ; 
silver. 

Ar-|-en-ta'tion, n. An overlaying with silver. 

Ar-ien-tif'er-ous, o. Affording silver. 

Ar'gen-tine [ar'jen-tin, Ja. K. St. Mu. ; ar'jen-tin, 
H. I. Sim.], a. Pertaining to, or like, silver. 

Ar'gil. «. [L. argilla, clay.] Potter's clay ; argil- 
laceous earth. 

Ar-gil-la'ceous (ar-jil-la'shus), a. Clayey. 

Ar-|il-lif er-oiis, a. Producing clay. 

Ar'fil-lite", n. Clay-slate. 

Ar-gil'lous. a. Consisting of clay; argillaceous. 

Ar'five (kr'jiv), a. Of or pertaining to Argolis, 
or to Argos, in Greece.— 2, n. A native of Ar- 
golis or Argos. 

Ar'gol, n. [Perhaps akin to argil, and to Gr. apyiA- 
Aos, clay ; apyo;, white.] Tartar of wine. 

Ar'go-naut. n. [Gr. 'Apyovavrris ; 'Apyco, the ship 
Argo, and i/avrrj?, a sailur.] One of the com- 
panions of Jason in the ship Argo, on the voy- 
age to Colchis :— a shell-fish, or mollusk, the 
paper nautilus. 

Ar-go-nau'tic, a. Kelating to the Argonauts. 

Ar'go-sy, n. [From Ragusa, a Dalmatian port.] 
A large vessel for merchandise. 

Ar'got (or ar'go), n. [Fr.] Thieves' slang of 
Paris and other cities of France; slang; rant. 

Ar'giie (ar'gii), v. n. [L. arguere, to prove.] [pp. 
arguing, argued.] To reason; to dispute.— 2, 
v. a. To prove ; to reason ; to debate. 

Syn.— Argue in defence; reason on the subject; 
dispute in refutation ; debate in the senate. 

Ar'gu-er, n. One who argues ; a reasoner. 

Ar'gu-ment, n. [B. argumentum.] A reason al- 
leged: — the subject of 'any discourse:— a plea. 

Ar-gu-men-ta'tion, n. Process of reasoning. 

Ar-gu-mint'a-tive, a. Consisting of argument : 
— controversial :— disputatious. 

Ar-gute', a. [L. argutus, sharp, keen; part, of 
arguere, to make clear.] Shrill: — subtle: — 
shrewd. 

A'ri-a. n. [It. for "air."— See Air.] (Mus.) An 
air,' song, or tune. 

A'ri-an, n. One of the followers of Arius. 



a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a, e, l, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



AEIANIS3I 



ARRAIGNMENT 



A'ri-an-ism, ». The doctrine of Arius. 

Ar'id' a. [L. aridus; arere, to dry.] Dry; parched 
with heat; barren; unfruitful; jejune. 

A-rid'i-ty, n. [L. ariditas; Fr. aridite.] State of 

" being arid ; dryness. 

Ar'id-ness, n. Dryness ; aridity. 

A'ri-es, n. [L.] The Ram: — the first of the twelve 
signs of the zodiac, which the sun enters at the 
vernal equinox, on the 21st of March. 

Ar-i-et'ta, ». [It., dim. of aria.] A short song. 

A-right' (a-iif), ad. Rightly ; correctly. 

Ar-i-o'so, a. & ad. [It. for " airy. "J (Mas.) Light- 
some; gay. 

A-rI§e\ v. n. [See Rise.] [i. arose ; pp. arising, 

* arisen.] To mount upward ; to get up; to rise: 
— to revive from death : — to proceed from. 

Ar-is-toc'ra-cy, n. [Gr. apiaronpaTia ; dpi<rros, 
best, and* Kparia, rule.] A government by no- 
bles or the principal persons of a state or town ; 
nobility; gentry. 

Ar'is-to-crat, or A-ris'to-crat [ar-is-to-kraf, W. 
P." ; Ar'is-to-kr.it, Ja. Sm. B. ; a-ris'to-krat, C. 
Wb. ; ar'is-'to-krat', St.], n. One who favors aris- 
tocracy : — a haughty man : — a patrician. 

Ar-is-to-crat'ic, )a. Relating to aristocracy ; 

Ar-is-to-crat'i-cal, j haughty. 

Ar-js-to-te'li-an, a. Relating to Aristotle.— 2, ». 
Afoll'ower of Aristotle. 

A-rith'me-tic, n. [Gr. api0p.r?Tuc7? ; apt0/x6s, num- 
ber.] The science of numbers. 

Ar-ith-met'i-cal, a. According to arithmetic. 

A-rith-me-ti"cian (a-rith-me-tish'an), n. One 
who is versed in arithmetic. 

Ark, n. [0. E. arc; L. area.] A chest: — a vessel 
to swim upon the water; — usually applied to 
that in which Noah and his family were pre- 
served: — a large, rude raft, or flat-boat. 

Aries, n. pi. [L. arrha; dim. arrhida, a pledge.] 
Earnest-money. 

Arm, n. [Teutonic— Cf. L. armus, a shoulder; Gr, 
apjaos, a joint.] The limb which reaches from 
the hand to the shoulder: — a bough of a tree: 
— an inlet of the sea: — [L. arma, arms] a branch 
of military service ; a weapon. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
arming, armed.] To furnish with arms; to for- 
tify. — 6. v. n. To take arms. 

Ar-ma'da, v. [Sp.; L. armare, armatum, to arm.] 
An armament for sea; a 
fleet. 

Ar-ma-dil'lo, n. [Sp., dim. 
of armado, one who is 
armed.] An animal hav- 
ing bony armor. 

Ar'ma-ment, ». [L. arma- 
men'tum.] A force for war: 
— equipment. 

Ar'ma-ture, n. [L. arma- 
tnra'.] Defensive armor: — a piece of soft iron 
applied to the magnet; a keeper. 

Arm'-chair, n. A chair with arms. 

Ar-me'ni-an, n. A native of Armenia. — 2, a. Re- 
lating to Armenia. 

Arm'ful, n. As much as the arms can hold. 

Arm'hole, n. A cavity under the shoulder: — a 
hole in a garment for the arm. 

Ar'mi-£-er, n. [L.] A knight or esquire. 
Ar-mi£'er-ous, a. [L. arrna, arms, and gerere, to 

bear.] ' Bearing arms. 
Ar'mil-la-ry, a. [L. armilla, a bracelet; armus, 

shoulder.] ' Resembling a bracelet. 
Ar'mil-la-ry. sphere, n. A skeleton celestial 

globe. 
Ar'mil-lat-ed, a. Having bracelets. 
Arm'ing-press, n. [So called from the old prac- 
tice of impressing heraldic coats of arms on 
books.] A bookbinder's tool for stamping titles 
on the backs of books. 
Ar-min'ian (ar-mm'yan), n . A follower of Ar- 
minius,' who differed from Calvin. — 2, a. Re- 
lating to Arminius. 




Armadillo. 



Ar-min'ian-ijm, 



The doctrine of Arminius. 



Ar-mip'p-tent, a. [L. arma, arms, and potens, po- 
teidis, powerful. — See Potent.] Powerful in 
arms. 

Ar'mis-tice, n. [Late L. armistitium; arma, arms, 
and sistere, to stop.] A cessation from arms; a 
suspension cf hostilities; a truce. 

Arm'let, n. A little arm; a bracelet. 

Ar'mor, «. [L. armatura; 0. Fr. armeure ; Ft. ar- 
vtur'e.] Defensive arms for the body. 

Ar'mor-bear'er (ar'mur-bar'er), n. One who car- 
ries'the armor of another. " 

Ar'mor-er, n. One who makes or sells arms. 

Ar-mo'ri-al, a. Relating to armor ; heraldic. 

Ar'mor-plat'ed, a. Plated or covered with iron 
plates for de'fence : — said of a ship or of a fort. 

Ar'mo-ry, n. [From armor; influenced by L. ar- 
marium, a closet.] A place in which arms are 
deposited : — armor: — ensigns armorial : — a man- 
ufactory of arms. 

Arm'pit, n. The cavity under the shoulder. 

Arm§, h. pi. [See Arm.] Weapons of offence or 
defence. — (Her.) The ensigns armorial of a 
family. 

Syn. — Arms originally meant instruments of 
offence, and iceapons, instruments of defence. 
We say fire-arms, never fire- weapons. Cannons, 
muskets, pistols, &c, are fire-arms ; bows and 
arrows, clubs, stones, &c, are ueapons. 

Ar'my, n. [Fr, armee; L. annare, to arm.] A 
large body of armed men under a military com- 
mander; a host. 

Ar'my-worm (-wiirm), v. A destructive cater- 
pillar, appearing in hosts or armies. 

Ar'ni-ca, ». [Mod. L. perhaps for Gr. irTapixiicri, 
sne'eze'wort ; -mapwixi, to sneeze.] A medicinal 
plant and its tincture. 

A-ro'ma, n. [Gr.] The odorant principle of 
plants ; a pleasant odor. 

Ar-o-mat'ic, \a. [Gr. apw/xariKo?.] Contain- 

Ar-o-mat'i-cal, j ing aroma ; spicy ; fragrant. 

Ar-o-mat'ics, ». pi. Fragrant spices or drugs. 

Ar'o-ma-tize, or A-ro'ma-tize [ar'o-ma-tiz, & W. 
E. K. E. ; a-rom'a-tiz, P- ; a-ro'ma-tlz', St. ; 
a-ro'ma-tiz, Ja. Ma. Sm.], v. a. [Gr. apojixari^eiv.] 
[pp. aromatizing, aromatized.] To scent with 
aromatics. 

A-ro'ma-tous, a. Containing aroma. 

A-rose', i. from arise. See Arise. 

^.-rb*und',arf. [See Round.] In a circle ; on every 
side. — 2, prep. About; near to; encircling. 

A-rbus'al, n. The act of arousing, or state of 
being aroused. 

A-rbuse', v. a. [See RorsE.] [pp. arousing, 
aroused.] To wake from sleep; to rouse. 

A-rbw' (a-ro'), ad. In a row ; in order. 

A-rbynt'" inter). Begone; away. 

Arpeggio (ar-ped'jo), n. [It., from arpa, a harp.] 
A passage Avith the notes of its harmony not 
simultaneous, but in quick succession. 

Ar'pent (or aVpan), n. [Fr. ; L. arepemiis, a half- 
acre (a Celtic word).] A French acre. 

Ar'que-bfise (aVkwe-biis) [ar'ke-buz, St.], n. [Fr. ; 
Dut.' haak, hook, and bus, gun.] A kind of hand- 
gun not now in use. 

Ar-que-bus-ier' (ar-kwe-bus-er 7 ) [-bft-zer 7 , St.], n. 
A soldier armed with an arquebuse. 

Ar'qui-foux (ar'ki-fr)), «. [Fr. ; Sp. alqnifol : cf. 
Sp. cdcofol, alcohol.] A kind of lead ore which 
gives a green varnish to potterv. 

Ar-rack' [ar-rak', W. P. J. F. Ja" ; ar'ak, S. K. St. 
I. X. Sm.], n. [Hind. ; Arab, araq, sweat, juice.] 
A spirit procured by distillation from the sap of 
palm-trees or from rice. 

Ar-raign' (ar-ran'), v. a. [0. Fr. arainer, araison- 
ner ; L. adrationare, to reason; ad, to, and ratio, 
ratinnis, reason. Arrain, in the old legal sense 
of "to demand," is from Fr. aramer, to stretch; 
Goth, hramjan.] [pp. arraigning, arraigned.] 
To bring before a tribunal ; to charge ; to indict ; 
to accuse. 
Ar-raign'ment, w. The act of arraigning. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 



7* 



c, £, soft; p, ja, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



AEKANGE 



78 



AKTISAN 



Ar-rangV, v. a. [Fr. art-anger, — Cf. Range, Bank.] 
[pp. arranging, arranged.] To put in regular 
order; to range; to class; to place. 

Ar-rangVment, n. The act of arranging; order. 

Ar'rant, a. [Variant form of enroll, a vagabond. 
— See Errant.] Bad in a high degree ; vile ; 
manifestly vile : — out-and-out ; complete. 

Ar'ras, n. Rich tapestry, first made at Arras. 

Ar-ras'tre (-tra), n. [Sp. — Cf. L. rostrum, a har- 
row.] A rude machine for grinding ores by 
dragging a heavy stone over them. 

Ar-ray', n. [U. Fr. arei, arai; root of ready.] Or- 
der of battle : — dress ; attire. — 2, v. a. [pp. ar- 
raying, arrayed.] To put in order; to deck. 

Ar-rear', n. [Fr. arriere. — Cf. rkar, and L. retro, 
backward.] That which remains unpaid. 

Ar-rear'a£-e, h. Remainder of an account ; arrear. 

4-r-rect'. a. [L. arrigere, arrectus, to lift; ad, and 
regere, to direct.] Erected ; erect ; attentive. 

Ar-rest', u. [O. Fr. areste, a stop; 0. Fr. aresler, 
Fr. arrtter, to arrest ; L. ad, at, re, backward, 
stare, to stand.] A seizure under legal process: 
—a stop.— '2, v. a. [pp. arresting, arrested.] To 
stop ; to hinder ; to stay ; to catch ; to seize ; to 
apprehend. 

Ar-rest'ment, or Ar-res-ta'tion, ». The act of 
arresting; the state of being 'arrested; arrest:— 
stoppage : — legal attachment. 

Ar-ret', n. [Fr.] A decree ; a decision of a court. 

Ar-ri'val, n. [O. Fr. arrivaille ; Fr. arriver, to ar- 
rive ; 'L. ad, to, and ripa, the shore.] The act 
of coming to any place: — a person or thing that 
has arrived. 

Ar-rlve', v. n. [pp. arriving, arrived.] To come 
to any place. 

Ar'ro-gance, ) n. Assumption of too much im- 

Ar'ro-gan-cy, j portance ; pride. 

Ar'ro-gant, a. [L. arrogans, assuming. — See Ar- 
rogate.] Possessed of arrogance; haughty; 
assuming; despotic; magisterial. 

Ar'ro-gant-ly, ad. In an arrogant manner. 

Ar'ro-gate, v. a. [L. arrogare, arrogatns, to claim ; 
ad, to, and rogare, to ask.] [pp. arrogating, ar- 
rogated.] To claim unduly. 

Ar-ro-ga'tion, ». The act of arrogating :— an un- 
warrantable assumption. 

Ar'row, n. [0. E. arewe, earh ; cognate with L. 
arcus, bow.] A weapon shot from a bow. 

Ar'row-root. n. [From its once supposed efficacy 
in curing poisoned arrow-wounds.] A farina- 
ceous substance and the plant producing it. 

Ar'ro\v-y (ar'ro-e), a. Consisting of arrows :— like 
an arrow; swift; piercing. 

Ar-r*6y'o, n. [Sp., after L. irriguns, watery, over- 
flowing.] A brook ; a streamlet: — a gully. 

Ar'se-nal, w. [Fr. ; It. arzand ; Sp. darsena; Arab. 
dar ac'cinah, workshop.] A magazine of military 
6tores. 

Arsenic, or Ar'se-nic [ars'nik, S. W. J. F. K. 
Mu. ; ar'se-njk, St. I. H. Ja. Sm.~\, n. [L. arsen- 
icum ; Gr. apaeviicov, masculine, strong.] A poi- 
sonous mineral substance. 

Ar-sen'i-cal, a. Containing arsenic. 

Ar'sen-ide, n. A primary compound of arsenic. 

Ar-se'ni-ofis, a. Containing arsenic. 

£3&«3& i> } «• a-*™* •» «<-*■ 

Ar'sis, n. [Gr. for "raising;" alpeiv, to raise.] 
(Mus.) The raising of the hand in beating time : 
— an accented syllable. 

Ar'son, n. [0. Fr. ; L. ardere, arsum, to burn.] 
The act of voluntarily and maliciously burning 
the house of another. 

Art. [See Am.] The second person singular, in- 
dicative mood, present tense, of the verb to be. 

Art. n. [L. ars. artis.) The application of human 
knowledge or skill in the formation of things : — 
opposed to nature : — one of the fine arts, as poetry, 
music, architecture, painting, sculpture, &c. ; or 
one of the useful or mechanical arts: — a trade: — 
artfulness ; artifice ; skill ; dexterity ; cunning. 



Ar-te'ri-al, a. Relating to an artery. 

Ar-te'ri-al-Ize, v. a. [pp. arterializing, arterial- 
ized.] To impart, as to venous blood, the quali- 
ties of arterial blood. 

Ar-te-ri-ot'o-my, n. [Gr. apr-qptoTop-ia ; apr-qpia, 
artery, and Tep.veiv, to cut.] Opening of an ar- 
tery. 

Ar'te-ry, n. [Gr. aprrjpia, probably from aipetv, 
to lift, with the idea of a strap : an old etvmol- 
ogy connects the word with arjp, air; the an- 
cients considered the arteries to be filled with 
air.] One of the blood-vessels which convey the 
blood from the heart to all parts of the body. 

Ar-te'§ian (ar-te'zhan), a. [Fr. arlesien, from 
Arteis, an old name of Artois.] Relating to Ar- 
tois. — Artesian well, a well made by boring. 

Art'f ul, a. Cunning ; sly ; crafty ; dexterous. 

Art'ful-ly, ad. With art; cunningly. 

Art'fiil-ness, n. Quality of being artful. 

Ar-thrit'ic, ) a. [Gr. ap0piTi/cos.] Relating to 

Ar-thrit'i-cal, J arthritis or the gout; gouty. 

Ar-thri'tis, n. [Gr. apflptTis; dpGpov, a joint. — 
See -itis.] (Med.) The gout. 

Ar'thro-pod, ?i._; pi. Ar-throp'o-da, or Ar'thro- 
pods. [Gr. apQpov, a joint, and irous, 7ro86's, 
a foot.] An animal with jointed feet, as iusects, 
spiders, crabs, &c. 

Ar'ti-choke, n. [It. articciocco, arci- 
cioffo; Sp. alcachofa ; Arab, al-khar- 
shuf.] An esculent plant. 

Ar'ti-cle, n. [L. articulus, dim. of 
artus, joint, and in Late L. a dim. of 
ars, artis, meaning a device.] A part 
of speech ; as, a, an, the : — a thing : — 
a literary composition : — a clause of 
an account: — the very moment. — 

fl. Terms; stipulations. — 2, v. a. 
pp. articling, articled.] To draw- 
up, or bind by, articles. 

Sijn. — Articles of indenture; terms 
of settlement; express stipulations; 
conditions of sale. Artichoke. 

Ar-tic'u-lar, a. Relating to articles or joints. 

Ar-tic-u-la'ta, n. jd. [L. for "jointed."] The class 
of jointed animals. 

Ar-tic'u-late, v. a. [L. articulare, artiadatus, to 
joint, to join. — See Article.] [ pp. articulating, 
articulated.] To form words; to pronounce; to 
speak:— to form joints to; to joint. — 2, v. n. To 
speak distinctly. 

Ar-tic'u-late, a. Distinct : — plain : — jointed. 

Ar-tic'u-lat-ed, p. a. Jointed : — distinctly ut- 
tered : — formulated. 

Ar-tic'u-late-ly, ad. In a distinct manner. 

Ar-tlc-u-la'tion, n. Ait of articulating: — a con- 
sonant : — a joint ; a union of bones : — utterance ; 
a sound of the voice. 

Ar-tic'u-la-tive, a. Pertaining to articulation. 

Ar-tic'u-la-tor, n. One who sets up skeletons:— 
one who speaks distinctly. 

Ar'ti-fice, n. [L. artificium; ars, artis, art, and 
facere, to make.] A crafty device ; trick ; fraud ; 
deceit; cunning; art; evasion. [facturer. 

Ar-tlfi-cer, n. [Fr. artificier.] Mechanic; manu- 

Ar-ti-f i"cial (ar-te-f ish'al), o. [L. artificialis.] 
Made by art ; not natural ; fictitious ; not gen- 
uine. 

Ar-ti-fi-ci-al'i-ty (ar-te-f wh-e-al'e-te), n . The 
quality of being artificial : — appearance of art. 

Ar-ti-f i'"cial-ly, ad. By art ; not naturally. 

Ar-til'ler-ist, n. One who manages artillery. 

Ar-til'ler-y, n. [Fr. artillerie ; Late L. articulare, 
to fortify," to provide with arlicula, contrivances, 
or appliances; a dim. of ars, artis, art.] Weapons 
of war ; cannon : — troops that manage ordnance, 
cannon, &c. 

Ar-til'ler-y-man, n. A member of an artillery 
corps." 

Ar'ti-san, or Ar-ti-san' [ar'te-zan, P. J. K. St. 
C Wb. Sm. R. ; af'te-zan, I. H. ; ar-te-zau', S. W. 
F. Ja. Mu.], n. [Fr. ; It. artigiano ; It. artitus ; 




si, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



AKTIST 



79 



ASPEEITY 



Late L. arlitiamts, from artire, to instruct in art.] 
A mechanic; an artificer; a manufacturer; a 
handicraftsman. 

Ar'tist. n. One skilled in the arts ; one who prac- 
tises one of the fine arts. 

Ar-tiste' (ar-test'), n. [Fr.] One skilled in any art, 
but chiefly in a minor art, as cooking, hair- 
dressing, or dancing. 

Ar-tis'tic, ) a. Relating to the arts, or to an 

Ar-tis'tj-cal, J artist. 

Ar-tis'ti-cal-ly, ad. In an artistic manner. 

Ar'tist-ry. n. " The skill or workmanship of an 
artist; artistic effect. 

Art'less, a. Unskilful ; void of art ; simple. 

Art'less-ly, ad. In an artless manner. 

Art'less-ness, n. Want of art ; simplicity. 

Ar'to-type, a. [Art, a product of skill, and type, 
a picture.] Of or relating to. or produced by, 
aitotypy. — 2, u. A picture obtained by aitotypy. 

Ar-tot'y-py, n. A photographic process by which 
pictures are reproduced. 

A-run-di-na'ceous (-slius), a. [L. arundinaeeus ; 
wrundo, a reed.] Of or like reeds. 

Ar-un-din'e-ous, a. [L. arundineus; arundo, a 
reed.] Abounding with reeds. 

A-rus'pex [L.], or A-rus'pice, n. [L. haruspex; 
pi. hamspices, " en'trail-viewer ;" Skr. hint, en- 
trails. J A soothsayer. 

Ar'yan [ar'yan, H. ; a'ri-an or a'ri-an, Mu, L], a. 
[Skr. arya, probably "well-born."] Of or be- 
longing to the Aryans. — 2, n. The name as- 
sumed by the cultivated races of Hindostan and 
Persia, and extended to the parent stock, as well 
as to the various European and Asiatic races de- 
rived therefrom, as Greeks, Latins, Celts, Teu- 
tons, Slavs, and Letts. 

As, <-onj. & adv. [The same as also, whence ah and 
then os.] In like manner; in the manner that; 
that: for example; like; equally. 

As-a-fcet'i-da, n. See Assafcetida. 

As-bes'ti-form, a. Formed like asbestos. 

As-bes'tine, a. Incombustible. 

As-bes'tos, \ [az-best'us. H. Mu.], n. [Gr. ao-0ecr- 

As-bes'tus, / to?, unquenchable; a, not, o-/3eo-ros-, 
vfievvvvai, to quench: — it was said of a certain 
stone called asbestos that when once kindled its 
heat could not be quenched ; perhaps a reference 
to quicklime.] {Mia.) A mineral substance, 
fibrous and incombustible, having sometimes the 
appearance of flax. 

As-car'i-des, n. pi. [Gr.] Intestinal worms. 

4-s-cend', i>. n. [L. aseendere; ad, to. and scandere, 
to climb.] [pp. ascending, ascended.] To rise; 
to move upward. — 2, v. a. To climb up; to 
mount. 

As-cend'a-ble, o. That may be ascended. 

As-cend'ant. n. Height; elevation; superiority: 
— a person of influence : — an ancestor. — 2, a. Su- 
perior; above the horizon. 

As-cen'den-cy, n. Paramount influence. 

As-cen'sion (as-sen'shun), n. [L. ascenaio.] Act 
of ascending ; act of rising or mounting upward. 

As-cen'sion-day, n. The day on which the ascen- 
sion of Christ is commemorated; the last Thurs- 
day but one before Whitsunday. 
ts-cent', n. The act of rising; rise; eminence, 
s-cer-tain/, v. a. [0. Fr. acertaine. — See Per- 
tain.] [pp. ascertaining, ascertained.] To make 
certain or sure; to establish; to determine; to 
find out. 

l.s-cer-tain'a-ble, a. That may be ascertained. 

As-cer-tain'ment, n. The act of ascertaining. 

As-cet'ic, a. [Gr. acncijriKo? : acrKrjT^, a monk ; 
acrKeeii>, to exercise.] Relating to ascetics ; aus- 
tere ; rigorous in self-discipline.— 2, ». A devout 
recluse ; a hermit. 

As-cet'i-cism, w. The practice of an ascetic. 

As-cid'i-an, n. [Gr. icr*ci6iov, dim. of ienco?, a 
leather bag fa descriptive name).] One of a 
group of low marine animal organisms, by some 
regarded as vertebrate. 



As-ci'tes, n. [L. ; Gr. do-Kt-nj? ; ao-Kos, a leather 
bag (a descriptive name).] Dropsy of the abdo- 
men. 

As-cit'ic, or As-cit'i-cal, a. Dropsical. 

As-cri'ba-ble, a. That may be ascribed. 

As-crlbe', v. a. [L. ascribere; ad, to, and scribere, 
to write.] [pp. ascribing, ascribed.] To at- 
tribute as a cause : — to attribute as a quality ; to 
impute. 

As-crip'tion, n. [L. ascriptio.] The act of ascrib- 
ing : — the thing ascribed. 

A-sep'tic, a. [Gr. a, neg., and o-tjtttikos, putres- 
cent.— See Septic] Not putrescible. 

A-sex'u-al, «• [A, neg., and sexual.] Destitute 
of sex : — noting reproduction without congress 
of the sexes. 

A-sex'u-al-ly, ad. Without congress of the sexes. 

Ash, n. [0. E. a&c] A tree ; the wood of the ash : 
— ashes. [shame. 

A-shamed' (a-shamd'), a. [See Shame.] Feeling 

Asn'en, a. Of ash : — uf ashes : — Colored like ashes. 

Ash'e-ry, n. A manufactory of potash: — a place 
for ashes; an ash-hole. 

Ash'es, it. pi. [O. E. asce, ascan.] The dust or 
remains of any thing burnt: — the remains of a 
dead body. 

Ash'-hole, or Ash'-pit, w. A place for ashes. 

Ash'lar, (_ n. [O. Fr. aisler ; L. axilla, and oscts, 

Ash'ler, /axle, beam, plank, through adj. axil- 
laris.] Freestone from the quarry, or squared 
for building. 

A-shore', ad. Onshore; to the shore. 

Ash-Wednes/day, n. [Named from the ashes put 
upon the head's of penitents.] First day of Lent. 

Ash'y, a. Ash-colored : — covered with ashes. 

A-si-at'ic (a-she-at'ik) [a-she-at'ik, H. I. 117,. Mu. ; 
a-zhe-at'ik, St.], a. Pertaining to Asia.— 2, u. A 
native of Asia. 

A-side', ad, [See Side.] To one side ; apart from 
the rest. — 2, n. A remark made to one's self, 
and not supposed to be audible to by-standcrs. 

As'i-nlne, a. [L. asimnusi asinvs, an ass.] Re- 
lating to, or like, an ass. 

As-i-nin'i-ty. n. Obstinate stupidity : assishness. 

Ask, v. a. [0. E. dsdan. — Cf. Skr. i-h, to seek.] 
[pp. asking, asked.] To seek to know by words; 
to request: to bey:: to claim: to demand: to 
question. — 2, r. n. To petition : to make inquiry. 

A-skance', "I ad. [Cf. It. a Bchiancia, aslant.] Side- 

A-skant', J ways; obliquely: aside; askew. 

Ask'er. n. One who asks ; inquirer :— a newt. 

A-skew' (a-sku'), ad. [See Skew.] Aside; ob- 
liquely. 

Ask'ing, a. Suppliant; beseeching. 

A-shant', ad. [See Slant.] In a slanting manner. 

A-sleep', a. & ad. [See Sleep.] Sleeping: at rest: 
— dead. [liquely. 

A-slope', ad. TSee Slope.] With declivity: ob- 

A-so'ma-tous [a-so'ma-tus, J"- 9m. Wb. I. ?Di. ; 
a-som^a-tus, P. St. C.], a. [Gr. io-oi/xaro? ; a, 
neg., and cru>/u.a, o-coaaTo?, body.] Incorporeal. 

Asp, n. [L. aspis; Gr. ao-rrt>.] 
A poisonous serpent: — [0. E. 
msp] the aspen-tree. 

As-par'a-giis. v. [L. ; Gr. acr<}>a- 
payo?.] An esculent plant. p- 

As'pect, n. [L. atrpicere, aspectns : ad, to, and' spi- 
cere, to look.] Look; countenance; air: view. 

As'pen, n. [Properly an adj. from asp, a poplar.] 
A poplar bavins: trembling leaves. — 2, «. Be- 
longing to the aspen-tree. 

As'per, n. [Late Gr. ao-7rpo?, white.] A Turkish 
coin or money of account. 

As'per-ate, r. a. [L. asperare, aaperatus, to rouarh- 
en; asper, rough.] [pp. asperating, asperated.] 
To sound roughly. 

As-pergV, V. a. [L. aspergere ; ad. to, on, and 
spargere. to sprinkle.] [pp. asperging, asperged.] 
To sprinkle. 

As-per'i-ty, v. [L. asperitas; aspier, rough.] 
Roughness; harshness. 



mien, s'ir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, ise— g, <?, c, §, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



ASPEKMATOUS 



80 



ASSETS 



A-sper'ma-tous, a. Same as Aspermotts. 

A-sper'mous, a. [Gr. acrnepixog ; a, priv., and 
airepp.a, a seed.] Destitute of seeds. 

As-perse', v. a. [L. aspergere, aspersum. — See As- 
perge.] [pp. aspersing, aspersed.] To vilify ; to 
slander; to defame: — to sprinkle; to besprinkle. 
Syn. — Men asperse their neighbors by insinua- 
tions ; vilify or defame them by advancing charges 
to injure their character; slander and calumniate 
them by propagating evil reports of them to 
others ; detract from their excellence by under- 
valuing the motives of their good deeds. 

As-per'sion, n. [L. aspersio.] Censure ; calumny : 

' — sprinkling. 

As-phalt', n. Bitumen ; asphaltum. 

As-phal'tic, a. Bituminous ; containing asphalt. 

As-phal'tum, n. [L. ; Gr. aa^aXTov.] Mineral 
pitch; native bitumen. — Anglicized to asphalt. 

As'pho-del, n. [Gr. acr^o^eAos.] The day-lily; 
king's-spear. 

As-phyx'i-a, n. [L. ; Gr. aa^v^ia ; a, neg., and 
tr^u^ts, pulse ; <7</>u£eiv, to throb.] (Med.) Stop- 
page of pulse; suffocation : — suspended anima- 
tion, [terized by, asphyxia. 

As-phyx'i-al, a. Of or pertaining to, or ch'arac- 

^.s-phyx'i-ate, v. a. [pp. asphyxiating, asphyx- 
iated.] To affect with asphyxia; to suffocate. 

As-phyx'i-at-ed, p. & a. Suffering from asphyxia ; 
in a state of asphyxia. 

As-phyx-i-a'tion, n. The act or process of pro- 
ducing asphyxia; the state of asphyxia. 

As-phyx'y, n. Same as Asphyxia. 

As'pic, n.' [Fr. & Port.— See Asp.] The asp, a 
serpent : — a piece of ordnance : — [a form of spike ; 
0. Fr. espic] the spike, a species of lavender, the 
oil of which is used by painters, &c. : — [pet haps 
at first a jelly made of asp's flesh] a kind of jelly. 

As-pir'ant, or As'pi-rant [as-pir'ant, K. Sm. H. 
St. I. B. Wb. ; as-pir'ant or as'pe-rant, Ja. Mu.], 
n. [L. aspirans, aspiraniis, pres. part, of aspirare, 
to aspire.] One who aspires ; a candidate. — 2, a. 
Aspiring. 

As'pi-rate, ». a. [Fee Aspire.] [pp. aspirating, 
aspirated.] To pronounce with full breath, or 
with the sound of. the letter h:— to mark with 
the aspirate. 

As'pi-rate, a. Pronounced with full breath. — 
2, n. A mark to denote an aspirated pronuncia- 
tion :— a rough breathing. 

As-pi-ra'tion, n. An ardent wish :— a sigh :— act 
of pronouncing with a rough breathing. 

A-spIr'a-to-ry, a. Of or pertaining to aspiration 
' or breathing; suited for inhaling air. 

As-plre', v. n, [L. aspirare, aspiratus, to pant for; 

' ad, for, and spirare, to breathe.] [pp. aspiring, 

aspired.] To aim at; to desire eagerly :— to rise 

a ] ft [Ambitious; of lofty aims. 

As-pir'in?, n. Desire of something great.— 2 a. 

A-squint'T ad. [See SQUINT.] Obliquely; not in 
a right line. 

Ass, n. [0. E. assa: L. as*" 
nus.] An animal of burdenj 
— a dolt. 

As-sa-foet'i-da (as-a-fet'e-da), 
n. [Per. aza, mastic, and L. 
foetida, ill-smelling.] A very 
fetid gum-resin, used in 
medicine. 

As-sa-gal', \ n. [Port. 

As-se-gai' (-£l), f azaaaia ; Arab. az-zaghayah ; 
Befbpr, zaghayah.] The missile lance or javelin 
which is the weapon of certain races of Africa. 

As-sail', v. a. [Fr. assaillir; L. ad, at, and salire, 
' to leap.] [pp. assailing, assailed.] To attack 
in a hostile manner; to fall upon ; to assault: — 
to attack with arguments : — to censure. 

As-sail'a-ble, «. That may be assailed. 

4s-sail'ant. w. One who attacks or invades. — 
' 2, a. Attacking; aggressive; hostile. 

As-sart', n. [Law Fr[ assarter ; Law L. exsartare ; 
L. ex, out, and sarpere, sarptmv., to prune.] (Law.) 

a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, <5, i, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i 




A clearing in a forest.— 2, v. a. [pp. assarting, 
assarted.] To clear up, as a forest. 
As-sas'sin, ti. [Fr. ; Arab, haslishashm, pi. of 
hashshash, a hashish-eater ; the Ismaili sectaries 
used to intoxicate themselves with hashish be- 
fore setting out to despatch their victims.] A 
secret murderer ; assassinator. 
As-sas'si-nate, v. a. [pp. assassinating, assassi- 
nated.]* To murder by violence and surprise ; to 
kill. 
As-sas-si-na'tion, n. The act of assassinating. 

As-sas'si-na-tor, n. One who assassinates. 

As-sault', n. [L. ad, at, and saltare, to leap; fre- 

" quentative form of salire. — See Assail.] Attack; 
storm ; hostile violence. — 2, v. a. [pp. assault- 
ing, assaulted.] To attack ; to fall upon. 

As-say' (as-sa'), n. [Fr. essai, 0. Fr. assai, test, 
trial; L. exagium, a weighing, a test; ex, out, 
and agere, to act, to manage ; exigere, to weigh.] 
Examination of ores and metals, or of weights 
and measures; atrial. — 2, v. a. [^.assaying, 
assayed.] To try or prove, as metals; to essay. 

As-say'er, n. One who assays metals. 

As-say'-mas-ter, n. The assayer of the mint. 

As-sem'blafe, n. [Fr.] A collection ; a group. 

As-sem'ble, v. a. [Late L. assimulare, to collect ; 

' ad, to, and simul, together.] [pp. assembling, 
assembled.] To bring together; to collect. — 
2, v. n. To meet together. 

As-sem'bly, n. [0. Fr. assemblee.] A company ; 
collection ; congregation :— a legislature : — a ball 
or party: — a drum-beat or bugle-call. 

Syn. — An assembly of persons ; an assemblage of 
statues ; a group of figures ; a collection of books. 
— A legislative or ecclesiastical assembly ; a com- 
pany of soldiers; a Christian congregation; an 
ecclesiastical or legislative council; a Presbyte- 
rian synod ; a convocation of bishops and clergy ; 
an ecclesiastical or political convention; the 
American congress; the British parliament; the 
German diet. 

As-sent', n. [L. assentare, freq. of asscntire; ad, 

' to, and sentire, to perceive.] Act of agreeing; 
consent; acquiescence. — 2, v. n. [pp. assenting, 
assented.] To express concurrence ; to agree to; 
to consent ; to comply. 

As-sen-ta'tion, n. Act of assenting ; servile assent. 

As-sen'tient' (-shent), «. [L. assenlire, assentiens. 

" _See Assent.] " Assenting. — 2, n. One who as- 
sents. 

As-sert', v. a. [L. asserere, assertum, to join to- 
gether ; to put the hand on the head of, as a 
slave, either in claiming his services, or freeing 
him ; hence, to c'aim, to set free, to declare ; ad, 
to, and serere, to put.] [pp. asserting, asserted.] 
To declare positively ; to maintain ; to affirm ; to 
claim ; to aver. [the thing asserted ; averment. 

As-ser'tion, n. The act of asserting ; affirmation ; 

As-ser'tion-al, a. Characterized by assertion; 

' containing'an assertion. 

As-ser'tive, a. Positive; affirmative. 

As-sert'or, n. [L.] One who asserts:— a vindicator. 

As'ser-to-ry. [as'ser-tur-e, Ja. K. Sm. B. ; as-ser'- 
to-re Wb. N.], a. Asserting ; affirmative 
■ 

] 



As-se'ss',?'- a. [L. assidere, assessvm, to sit by; ad, 
at and sedere, to sit; Late L. assessare, to tax.] 
r' .^o^c-no- assessed.! To charge with any 



snm as a due share; to tax; to rate:— to esti- 
mate officially. 

As-sess'a-ble, a. That may be assessed. 

As-sess'ment, n. Act of assessing ; sum assessed ; 

' tax; rate:— estimation. 

As-sess'or, n. [L., an assisting judge a rater of 

' taxes.V One who assesses:— an assisting judge. 

As-ses-so'ri-al, a. Relating to assessors 

As'sgts [as'sets, S. W. P. J. Ja. K. Sm. H.St. L Mu. 
E • as-sets', C Wb.\ n. pi. LLaw Fr. assets, 
asek' Fr. assez, enough; L. ad satis for satis, 
enough, i.e., enough to cover certain claims.] 
Goods and chattels for the discharge of debts, 
legacies, &c 



9, u. 3C» obscure.— Fire, far, f&st, fall ; heir, her ; 



ASSEVEE 



81 



ASTEKOID 



As-sev'er, v. a. [pp. assevering, assevered], or 

' As-sev'er-ate, r. a. [pp. asseverating, assever- 
ated]. [L. asseverare, asseveratum, to assert sol- 
emnly; ad, to, and severus, serious.] To affirm 
solemnly. 

As-sev-er-a'tion, n. Solemn affirmation. 

£.s-sib-i'-la'tion, n. [L. ad, to, and sibilare, to 
hiss.]' The act of making sibilant; the change 
of pronunciation into a sibilant. 

As-si-du'i-tv, n. [L. assiduitas.] Diligence; close 
application. 

As-sid'u-ous, a. [L. assiduus, diligent; ad, to, 
and sedere, to sit down.] Very diligent; constant. 

As-sid'u-oiis-ly, ad. Diligently ; constantly. 

4is-sid'u-ous-ngss, n. Diligence ; assiduity. 

4.s-sign' (as-sin'), v. a. [L. assignare ; ad, to, and 
signare, to sign ; signum,, a sign.] [pp. assigning, 
assigned.] To mark out; to appropriate; to 
make over; to allot; to transfer.— 2, n. One to 
whom an assignment is made ; an assignee. — See 
Assignee. [signed. 

As-sign'a-ble (as-sin'a-bl), a. That may be as- 

Assignat (as-in-ya/ or as-ig-nat'), n. [Fr. ; so 
called because public lands were assigned as se- 
curity.] A sort of paper money once used in 
France. 

As-sig-na'tion, n. An appointment to meet. 

As-sjgn-ee' "(as-se-ne'), n. One to whom any 
right or property is made over by assignment: — 
a deputy : — an agent. 

As-sign'er (as-sin'er), n. One who assigns. 

As-sign'ment (as-sln'ment), n. Act of assigning ; 
a transfer of property. 

As-sign-or'(as-se-nbr'), ». (Law.) One who assigns. 

As-sim'i-la-ble,'a. That may be assimilated. 

As-sim'i-late, v. v. [L. assiviilare, assimilatns ; ad, 
to, and sirnilis, like.] [pp. assimilating, assimi- 
lated.] To grow like or similar. — 2, v. a. To 
make similar: — to absorb and incorporate. 

As-sim-i-la/tion, ». The act of assimilating: — ( 
conversion of food into nutriment. [latmg. 

As-sim'i-la-tive, a. Having the power of assimi- 

Ass'ish, a.' Pertaining to or resembling an ass; 
stupid; asinine. 

Ass'ish-ness, ». The quality of being assish or 
stupid and obstinate; doltishness; foolishness. 

As-sist', v. a. [L. assistere; ad, at, and sistere, to 
stand.] [pp. assisting, assisted.] To help; to 
aid; to succor: — to be present. 

As-sist'ance, n. Help; aid; succor; support: — 
attendance. 

As-sist'ant, n. One who assists; an auxiliary; a 
helper; coadjutor. 

As-size', n. [0. Fr. assUe; L. ad, to, and sedere 
(sidere), to sit.] (Eng. Law.) A court of judica- 
ture : — an ordinance. 

As-siz'er, ». One who inspects ; an officer who in- 

" spects weights and measures. 

As-so'ci-a-ble (as-so'she-a-bl), a. Capable of being 
associated ; sociable. 

As-so'ci-ate (as-so'she-at), v. a. [L. associare, as- 
sociatus ; ad, to, aud sociare, to join; socius, a 
companion.] [pp. associating, associated.] To 
unite with another; to join; to accompany. — 
2, v. n. To unite in company. 

As-so'ci-ate (as-so'she-at), a. Confederate. — 2, n. 
An intimate acquaintance; a partner; compan- 
ion ; all;/ ; colleague. 

As-so-ci-a'tion (as-so-she-ft'shyn). n. [L. associa- 
tio.] Confederacy; partnership; connection; 
union. 

Sijn. — An ecclesiastical or scientific association ; 
a confederacy of states ; a partnership in trade ; a 
connection between persons ; a combination of in- 
dividuals; a union of parties or states. 

As-so-ci-a'tion-al, a. Relating to association. 

A.s-so-ci-a'tion-al-ism, n. The doctrine or theory 
of association of ideas. 

As-so-ci-a'tion-al-ist. n. One who holds the doc- 
trine of assbciationalism. 

As-so'ci-a-tlve, a. Tending to associate. 



As-sbil', v. a. [Obs. Fr. asoil, pres. indie, of 
asoudre (now absoudre), to absolve. — See Ab- 
solve.] [pp. assoiling, assoiled.] To absolve : — 
to acquit. 

As'so-nance, n. Resemblance of sound. 

As'so-nant, a. [L. assonare, assonans, assonantis ; 
ad,' to, and sonare, to sound; sonus, sound.] 
Having a similar sound. 

As-sort', v. a. [Fr. assortir. — See Sort.] [pp. as- 
sorting, assorted.] To arrange in order; to class. 

As-sort'ment, n. Quantity assorted; class: — an 
" assorted set or lot. 

As-suagV (as-swaj'), v. a. [Obs. Fr. asouager ; L. 
ad, to, and suavis, sweet.] [pp. assuaging, as- 
suaged.] To soften; to ease; to allay; to com- 
pose ; to soothe. 

As-suagVment, n. Mitigation; abatement. 

As-sua'sive (as-swa'siv), «. Softening; easing. 

As'sue-tiide, («. [D. assuetudo ; assuescere, to ac- 
custom ; ad, to, and suescere, to habituate. ] 
Habit; custom. 

As-sum'a-ble, a. Capable of being assumed, 

As-sume', v. a. [L. assumere ; ad, to, and sumere, 
to take.] [pp. assuming, assumed.] To take; 
to claim ; to arrogate. — 2, >;. n. To be arrogant. 

As-sumed', p. a. Taken fur granted :— usurped. 

As-sum'er, n. One who assumes. [sumptuous. 

As-sum'ing, p. a. Arrogant : — pretentious : — pre- 

As-sump'sit (as-sum'sjt), m. [L., "he has taken 
upon himself." — See Assume.] (Law.) A vol- 
untary promise : — a species of action. 

As-sump'tion (as-sum'shun), n. [L. assnmptio. — 
See Assume.] The act of assuming; supposi- 
tion; thing supposed; arrogance; pretence: — 
reception into heaven (as of the Virgin Mary). 
— (Logic.) The minor proposition of a syllogism. 

As-sfimp'tive, «. Of a nature to be assumed. 

As-sur'anc'e (a-shur'ans), n. [See Assure.] The 

" act of' assuring: — confidence; certainty: — want 
of modesty ; self-confidence ; boldness : — security ; 
insurance ; guarantee. 

Syn. — Assurance unaccompanied by a sense of 
propriety often degenerates into impudence or 
shanielessness : — well-founded confidence. 

As-sure' (a-shuV), v. a. [Fr. assurer ; L. ad, to, 

" and securus, safe. — See Sure and Secure.] [pp. 
assuring, assured.] To give confidence ; to make 
secure: — to assert: — to insure. 

As-sured', p. a. Made certain ; guaranteed. 

As-sur'ed-ly. (a-shur'ed-le), ad. Certainly. 

As-sur'ed-ness (a-shur'ed-nOsl, n. Certainty:— 
audacity ; confidence ; hardihood. 

As-sur'er (a-shui-'er), n. One who assures. 

As-siir'l'en-cy, n. The act of rising upward. 

As-siir'gent, a. [L. assurgens, assurgentis ; as&ur- 
gere, to rise up; ad, to, and surgere, to rise. — See 
Surge.] Rising upward or archwise. 

As-syr-i-ol'o-|-ist, n. One versed in Assyriology. 

As-syr-i-31'o-gy, n. That department of archae- 
ology which investigates the antiquities of As- 
syria. 

A-stat'ic, a. [Gr. dcrraro?, unfixed ; a, not. and 
root oVa-, to stand.] Not having a tendency to 
remain fixed : — (of magnetic needles) not affected 
by the earth's magnetism. 

As'tel, n. [C-- Fr. astelle, a shingle; L. hastella, 
dim. of hasta, a shaft.] A ceiling in a mine to 
protect the workers. 

As'ter, n. [L. ; Gr. dorTjp, a star.] (Bot.) A 
genus of plants ; starwort. 

As'ter-isk, n. [Gr. ao-repio-Kos, dim. of aa-r-qp, a 
star.] A mark in printing, as (*). 

As'ter-ism, n. [Gr. aaTepi<7/xds ; a<mf)p, a star.] 
A constellation : — asterisk. 

As'ter-ite, ». [Gr. aa-repirv? ; aerTijp, a star.] 
(Min.) The star-stone. [behind. 

A-stern', ad. [See Stern.] Behind the ship: — 

As'te-rb'id, n. [Gr. da-repoetS^s, star-like; do-r^p, 
a star.] (Astron.) A small planet. — 2, a. Pos- 
sessing radiating lobes or rays like a starfish; 
star-shaped. 



mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, 5, 9, §, soft; p, J5, 0, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tnis. 
/ 



ASTEROIDAL 



82 



ATHIEST 



As-te-rbid'al, a. Relating to an asteroid. 
As-then' ic, a. [Gr. ao-Oevucos ; a, priv., and <r6e- 

vos, strength.] Feeble ; without power. 
Asth'ma (usi'ma), n. [Gr., from aeii/, to blow.] 

A disease attended with difficulty of breathing 

and a cough. 
Asth-mat'ic, "I a. Relating to asthma; afflicted 
^.sth-mat'i-cal, J with asthma. 
As-tig-mat' ic, a. Affected with astigmatism. 
A-stig'ma-tism. n. [Gr. a, priv., and ariy/xa, a 

point, a'focus.j A peculiar defect of the eye, 

which consists in its refracting the rays of light 

differently in different planes. 
A-sti'r', «. [See Stir.] In motion: — out of bed. 
A-stom'a-tous, a. [Gr. a, priv., and orofxa, <tt6- 

jaaro?, a mouth.] Having no mouth ; mouthless. 
As-ton'ish, v. a. [L. ex, out, completely, and to- 

nare, to thunder ; cf. altonare, to stun. — See 

Stun.] [pp. astonishing, astonished.] To im- 
press with wonder or terror ; to amaze ; to sur- 
prise. 
As-t5n'ish-ing\ a. "Wonderful ; surprising. 
As-ton'ish-mcnt, ». Amazement; great surprise ; 

wonder; terror mixed with awe. 
As-tound', v. a. [See Astonish.] [pp. astound- 
ing, astounded.] To astonish; to terrify. 
A-strad'dle, ad. [See Straddle.] With one leg 

on each side. 
As'tra-ga.1, n. [Gr. d<rrpayaAos.] (Arch.) A 

moulding: a die: — ankle-bone. 
As'tral, a. [L. astralis; astru m, a star ; Gr. ao-rr/p, 

ao-rpov.} Starry ; relating to the stars. 
A-stray'. ad. [0. Fr. estraier, to stray ; L. extra, 

outside, and vagare, to wander.] Out of the 

right way or place. [astringe. 

As-triet', v. a. [See Astrtnge.] To contract ; to 
As-tric'tion, n. Act of contracting. 
A- stride', 'ad [See Stride.] With the legs wide 

apart. 
As-trinfe', v. a. [L. astringere, astrictum; ad, to, 

and stringere, to tie.] [pp. astringing, astringed.] 

To draw together; to bind. 
As-trin'fen-cy, n. Quality of being astringent; 

power of contracting. 
As-trin'fent. a. Binding; contracting. — 2, n. A 

medicine which contracts. 
As-trog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. ao-rpov, a star, and ypa- 

4>eiv, to write.] A description of the stars. 
As'tro-labe, n. [Gr. acrrpoAd- 

/3ov ,- ao-rpov, a star, and root 

Aa^-, to take.] An instrument 

formerly used for taking the 

altitude of the sun or stars. 
As-trol'a-try, m. [Gr. ao-rpov, 

a star, and Aarpei'a, worship.] 

The worship of celestial 

bodies. 
As-trol'o-|'er, or As-trol'o-£-ist, 

n. One ve' sed in astrology. 

A, , vff . -. t> i /• Astrolabe, 

s-tro-logic, \a. Relating 

As-tro-log'i-cal, j to, or partaking of, astrology. 

As'tro-logue (as'tro-log), ». [Gr. dcrrpoAo-yos.] 
An 'astrologer. 

As-trol'o-i'y, n. [Gr. ao-rpo\oyia ; ao-rpov, a star, 
and A6709, discourse.] The pretended science or 
art of foretelling events by the aspect of the stars 
or the heavenly bodies. 

As-trom'e-try. n. [Gr. ao-rpov, a star, and ixerpov, 
measure.] That department of astronomy which 
treats of measurement among the stars. 

As-tron'o-mer, n. One versed in astronomy. 

fcgowfeal.}- Belonsiag, a astronomy. 

As-tron'o-mize, v. n. [pp. astronomizing, astron- 
omizedi] To study astronomy, 

As-tron'o-my, n. [Gr. ao-rpovopila ; ao-rpov, a 
star, arid vojuos, law ; vep.eiv, to arrange.] The 
science which teaches the knowledge of the 
heavenly bodies. [astute. 

As-tu'ci-ous (as-tush'us), a. Subtle and designing ; 

^.s-tu'ci-ty, n. Astuteness; craftiness. 




As-tiite', a. [L. astulus, from astus, cunning; the 
derivation from Gr. dcrrv, a city, seems fanciful.] 
Cunning; shrewd; acute. 

As-tute'ly, ad. Shrewdly; cunningly. 

As-tixte'ness, n. Subtlety ; cunning." [parts. 

A-siin'der', ad. [See Sunder.] Apart; in two 

A-swim', a. Afloat; swimming. 

A-sw66n', a. Fainting; swooning. 

A-sy'lum, n. [L. ; Gr. ao-vKov ; a, priv., and 
trvAov, seizure.] L. pi. A-sy'la ; Eng. A-sy'- 
lums. A place of refuge ; a refuge ; a retreat ; 
a shelter ; a harbor. 

Stjn. — An asylum or sanctuary for offenders; an 
asylum for orphans, or for the'deaf and dumb; a 
refuge from danger; a shelter from a storm ; re- 
treat from the toils of life ; harbor for ships. 

As-ym-met'ric, a. Not symmetrical. 

As-ym-met'ri-cal, a. Having the two sides un- 
like ; unsymmetrical. 

A-sym'me-try, ?*. [Gr. ao~ufi.p.erpia (a priv.). — 
See Symmktry.] Want of symmetry. 

As'ymp-tote (As'im-tot) [as'jni-tot, W. Ja. Sm. St. 
1. Mu. R. ; a-sim'tot, 8. K. Ash], n. [Gr. ao-vfx- 
tcoto? ; a, not, o-vv, together, and 7rTu)Tos, fall- 
ing; niirreiv, to fall.] (GeoirT.) A line which 
approaches nearer and nearer to some curve, but 
never meets it. [ing. 

As-ymp-tot'i-cal, a. Approaching, but not meet- 

A-syn'de-ton, n. [Gr. ; a, not, and avvBeros, con- 
nected'; o-vv, together, and Seeiv, to bind.] (Rhet.) 
The omission of the conjunction; as, Yeui, vidi, 
rici. 

At, prep. [Teut. ; cf. L. ad, to ; Skr. adhi, near.] 
Denoting nearness or presence ; toward ; near 
to; by; in; on; with. 

At'a-bal, n. [Sp. ; Arab, at-tabl; al, the, and tail, 
tabor.] A kind of tabor used by the Moors. 

At-a-ghan', n. The same as Yataghan. 

At'a-man, or At-a-man',«. [Russ. ; Pol. hetman, 
probably from Ger. hauplmann, head-man.] A 
military chief or chieftain of the Cossacks; a 
hetman. 

At'a-vism, v. [L. atavus, grandfather's great- 
grandfather; aius, a giandfather.] The recur- 
rence of an hereditary trait in a family after its 
disappearance during one or two generations. 

Ate [at, S. I. F. Ja. K. R. C ; et, Sm. Co. D. St. 
Mu. H.]. Imperfect tense from eat. — See Eat. 

Ate. An affix indicating a salt in which there is 
present an acid whose name terminates in ic. 

Atelier (at-le-a.'), w. [Fr. for "workshop"; cog- 
nate with astel.] An artist's studio. 

Ath-a-na'§ian (ath-a-na/zhan), a. Relating to 
Athanasius or to his doctrine. — 2, n. A follower 
of Athanasius. 

A'the-I§m, ti. Disbelief in the being of a God. 

A'the-ist, n. [Gr. a0eo? ; a, priv., and ©eos, God.] 
One who denies the existence of God: an un- 
believer; an infidel. 

A-the-Is'tic, \a. Pertaining to atheism ; ad- 

A-the-is'ti-cal, J hering to atheism. 

A-the-is'ti-cal-ly, ad. In an atheistical manner. 

Ath'e-lin^, «'. [0. E. ; cf. Ger. adel, nobility (of 
rank) ; Ger. adding, nobleman (now used in an 
ill sense) ; 0. E. edel, patrimony ; Ger. edel, 
noble.] A nobleman : — a prince. 

Ath-e-nse'um, n. [L. ; Gr. 'A6r)valov (temple) of 
Athene, goddess of knowledge.] L. pi. Ath-e- 
nse'a; Eng. Ath-e-nae'ums. A seminary; a 
gymnasium : — a literary association. 

A-the'ni-an, a. Relating to Athens. 

Ath'er-Tne, n. [Gr. aOepivv.] The sand-smelt, a 
little fish about six inches long. 

A-ther'man-cy. w. [See Athermanous.] The 
property of absorbing radiant heat ; impermea- 
bility to heat. 

A-ther'ma-nous, a. [Gr. a, not, and 6epp.aiveiv, 
to heat;' Oepixv, heat.] Applied to substances 
which resist the passage of radiant heat. 

4-thirst', «. [See Thirst.] Wanting drink; 
thirsty : — eager. 



a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, i, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



ATHLETE 



83 



ATTENTION 



Ath'lete, n. [Gr. a9\-r\rri<; ; adXeeiv, to vie, con- 
tend, for a prize; ad\ov, a prize.] A contender 
for victory ; a robust and vigorous person. 

Ath-let'ic, a. [Gr. <x9At)ti.k.6<;.] Kelating to bodily 
exercise ; strong of body ; vigorous. 

4.-throb', a. & ad. [See Throb.] Throbbing; in a 
state of throbbing. [verse. 

A-thwart', prep. [See Thwart.] Across; trans- 

A-tilt', ad. [See Tilt.] In the manner of a barrel 
' tilted :— in a tilt. 

At-lan-te'an, a. Pertaining to Atlas. 

At-lan'tes,' n. id. [Gr. pi. of Atlas.] Male human 
figures, instead of columns, to support a building. 

At-lan'tic, a. [Gr. aTka.vTiKo<;, pertaining to 
Mount' Atlas.] Pertaining to the ocean which lies 
east of America.— 2, n. The Atlantic ocean." 

At'las, n. [L. ; Gr. 'ArAa?, a mythical personage 
who upheld the heavens.] ; pi. At'las-es. A 
collection of maps, said to be named from the 
figure of Atlas upholding the sphere, formerly 
common on geographies: — a large, square folio: 
—a large kind of paper:— the first cervical ver- 
tebra. 

At-mo-lo|'ic, la. Of or pertaining to atmol- 

At-mo-log-'i-cal, j ogy. 

At-mol'o-gist, n. One versed in atmology.^ 

4.t-mol'o-gy, n. [Gr. <xt/u.6?, vapor, and Adyo?, a 
" treatise.] That department of physical science 
which treats of the laws and phenomena of 
aqueous vapor. 

At'mos-phere (at'mos-fer), »?. [Gr. dr/u.6?, vapor, 
and' <r(j>alpa., a sphere.] The mass of fluid or 
air which encompasses the earth ; the air. 

At-mos-pher'ic, \a. Relating to the atmos- 

At-mos-pher'i-cal, j phere. 

A' toll, n. [Maldivian atolu; perhaps from Dra- 
vidian word adal, closing, uniting, ur Singhalese 
etxda, inside. The forms atollon, atoln, are some- 
times seen.] A coral island. 

At'om, n. [Gr. aro/u.0?, an atom ; lit. "indivisi- 
ble;" <i priv., and Tep.vetv, root rofi-, to cut.] 
The ultimate particle of an element; an ex- 
tremely small particle ; a jot. 

A-tom'ic, ) a. Relating to atoms, or consisting 

A-tom'i-cal, j of atoms. 

At'om-ism, n. The doctrine of atoms. 

At'om-ist, n. One who holds the doctrine of at- 
oms, or of the atomic philosophy. 

At-om-i-za'tion, ». The act of reducing to spray. 

At'om-ize, v. a. [pp. atomizing, atomized.] To 
reduce to atoms : — to reduce to a fine spray ; to 
nebulize: — said of liquids. [liquids into spray. 

At'om-iz-er, n. An apparatus for converting 

At'o-my, v. [In the first sense for anatomy, in 
the other senses for atom.] A skeleton : — a mote ; 
a pygmy. [Colloq. or archaic] 

A-tone', v. n. [For at one.] [pp. atoning, atoned.] 
To agree; to be at one: — to stand as an equiva- 
lent; to make expiation. — 2, v. a. To reconcile: 
— to expiate. [tion ; expiation ; propitiation. 

A-tone'ment, n. The act of atoning; reconcilia- 

A-ton'er, n. One who atones or reconciles. 

A-ton'ic, a. Wanting tone ; relaxed. 

At'o-ny, n. [Gr. arovia ; a priv., and toVo?, tone, 
strain ; from reiveiv, to stretch.] (died.) Want 
of tone ; debility. 

A-top', ad. Un the top. . 

At-ra-bi-la'ri-an, ». A person of morbidly mel- 
ancholy temperament ; a hypochondriac. 

At-ra-bi-la'ri-ous, a. Affected with melancholy, 
or bile. [bile. 

At-ra-bil'ia-rjr, or At-ra-bil'i-ar, a. Relating to 

At-ra-bil'ious, a. [L. ater, a'tr'a, black, and bilk, 
bile.] Full of bile; melancholy. 

At-ra-men'tal, ) a. [L. atramentum, ink ; ater, 

At- ra-men' tous, j black.] Consisting of ink; inky; 

_ black. [a Roman house. 

A'tri-um, n. [L.] The hall or principal room of 

A-tro'cious (a-tro'shus), a. [L. alrox, atrocis ; ater, 
black. ] ' Very wicked ; enormous ; outrageous ; 
flagitious; heinous. 



I A-tro'cious-ly, ad. In an atrocious manner. 

A-tro'cioiis-ness, n. Atrocity. [enormity. 

A-troc'i-ty., w. LL. atrocitas.] Great wickedness ; 

At'ro-phie'd (at'ro-fid), p. a. Wasted away or 
consumed by atrophy. 

At'ro-phy, n. [Gr! arpo^ia; a, priv., and Tpofyri, 
nourishment.] A consumption ; a wasting. — 2, 
v. a. [pp. atrophying, atrophied.] To starve or 
cause to waste. — 3, v. n. To become atrophied. 

A-tro'pi-a, or At'ro-pine, n. [L. atropa, bella- 
donna; Gr. 'Atpo'ttgs, "the inflexible," one of 
the Fates; a, not, and rpiTrtiv, to turn.] The 
poisonous alkaloid of belladonna. 

At'ta-ba.1, n. Same as Atabal. 

At-t3.ch', v. a. [Fr. attacker, from tache, a now 
local name for a tack or nail. — See Tack.] [pp. 
attaching, attached.] To seize or arrest by ju- 
dicial process ; to take: — to gain over; to win; 
to affix; to fix. — 2, v. n. To be attached to; to 
affix itself to ; to adhere. 

At-tach'a-ble, a. That may be attached. 

Attache 1 (at-a-sha'), n. [Fr.] A person dependent 
on, or attached to, another person, company, or 
legation ; an adherent. 

At-tach'ment, n. The act of attaching; adhe- 
rence; fidelity; affection.— (Law.) The taking 
of a person or goods by legal process. 

At-tack', v. a. [Fr. attaquer; It. attaccare. — See 
Attach.] [pp. attacking, attacked.] To as- 
sault; to fall upon. — 2, n. [It. attacco ; Fr. at- 
taque.] An assault ; onset ; invasion. 

Syn. — A formidable attack; a violent assault; 
an impetuous onset; invasion of a country. 

At-tain', v. a. [L. attingere, to reach; ad, to, and 
tangere, to touch ; 0. Fr. ataindre ; in some senses 
from L. attinere, attentwn, to hold to, to reach to ; 
ad, to, and tenere, to hold.] [pp. attaining, at- 
tained.] To gain; to obtain; to get; to arrive 
at. — 2, v. n. To reach. 

At-tain-a-bil'i-tj:. "• Quality of being attainable. 

At-tain'a-ble, a. That may be attained. 

4t-tain'der, n. (Lair.) The act of attainting; 
conviction of a crime : — taint ; disgrace. 

At-tain'ment, n. That which is obtained by ex- 
ertion ; acquirement; acquisition. 

At-taint', v. a. [0. Fr. ataindre, to accuse (see 
A (t\im ; L. attingere, to reach, to attack; influ- 
enced also by taint.] [pp. attainting, attainted.] 
To disgrace; to taint. — (Law.) To find guilty of 
a high crime. — 2, n. A stain. — (Law.) A writ. 

At-taint'ment, n. The state of being attainted :— 

At'ta-man,'». Same as Atamax. [attainder. 

At' tar, n. [Per. atar; Arab. Ur, perfume.] Es- 
sential oil, as of roses. « [roses. 

At'tar-gul, n. [Per. gul, a rose.] The attar of 

4-t-tem'per, v. a. [L. attemperare. — See Temper.] 
[pp. attempering, attempered.] To soften; to 
attune. 

At-tempt' (at-temf), v. a. [L. attemptare, atten- 
tare : ad, for, suidtentare, to try.] [pp. attempting, 
attempted.] To try; to endeavor; to essay: to 
make trial of; to undertake.— 2, v. n. To make 
a trial ; to endeavor. — 3, n. An essay ; a trial ; 
endeavor. 

St/n. — A spirited or fruitless attempt; a perse- 
vering trial ; a feeble essay; a mighty effort; an 
earnest endeavor. 

At-tempt'a-ble, a. That may be attempted. 

At-tend', v. a. [L. attendere, to wait upon, to serve, 
to listen to ; ad, to, and tendere, to stretch.] [pp. 
attending, attended.] To wait on ; to accompany ; 
to follow ; to await.— 2, v. n. To listen ; to give 
heed. 

At-tend'ance, n. The act of waiting on ; service ; 
attention: — the persons waiting; a train. 

At-tend'ant, a. Accompanying as subordinate. — 
2, n. One who attends. 

At- tent', a. Attentive. 

4t-ten'tion, n. [L. altentio. — See Attend.] Act 
of attending; heed; civility. 

Syn. — Give attention to learning ; application or 



mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 0, g, §, soft; p, js, p, g, hard ; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



ATTENTIVE 



84 



ATTGITIC 



diligent study is necessary to improvement ; show 
proper attention and cicililies to others ; use vigi- 
lance in your calling; take heed to your conduct. 

At-ten'tive, a. Paying attention; heedful; dili- 
gent; careful; mindful. 

At-ten'tive-ly, ad. Heedfully; carefully. 

At-ten'tive-ness, n. Habit of being attentive. 

At-ten'u-ant, a. Making thio ; diluting. 

4t-ten'u-ints, n. pi. Attenuating medicines. 

At-ten'u-ate, v. a. [L. atteimare, attenuatus ; tenuis, 
thin.] [pp. attenuating, attenuated.] To make 
thin. — 2, v. n. To grow more slender, finer, or 
less ; to lessen. 

At-ten-u-a'tion, n. The act of making thin : — 
that which is made thin. 

At- test', v. a. [L. atlestari; ad, to, and testis, a 
Avitness.] [pp. attesting, attested.] To bear 
witness of; to certify. — 2, n. Witness; a witness. 

At-tes-ta'tion, n. The act of attesting; testi- 
mony ; witness ; evidence : — a certificate. 

At-test'a-tive, j a. Attesting; bearing witness to ; 

At-tes'tive, J pertaining to testimony. 

Aftic, «• Relating to Attica or Athens ; elegant ; 
pure ; classical :— elevated. — Attic story, an upper 
story. — Attic salt, delicate, poignant ' wit. — 2, n. 
A native of Attica : — a garret. 

At'ti-cism, ». The Attic style or idiom. 

At-tire', v. a. [0. Fr. atirer ; d tire, in order. — 
See Tier.] [pp. attiring, attired.] To dress ; 
to array. — 2, n. Clothes; dress; vesture; ap- 
parel; vestments: — the head-dress. 

At'ti-tude, n. [Fr. ; a variant form of aptitude.] 
Posture ; position ; gesture. 

At-ti-tu'di-nal, a. Relating to attitude. 

At-ti-tu'di-nlze, v. n. [pp. attitudinizing, attitu- 
dinized.] To assume postures. 

At-tol'lent, a. [L. attollere, atlollentis, to lift up ; 
ad, to, and tollere, to lift.] Lifting up; raising. 

At-torn' (at-tlirn'), v. n. [Law L. attornare, to turn 
to.— See Turn.] [ pp. attorning, attorned.] To 
transfer service, tenancy, or homage to. — 2, v. a. 
To transfer (as service). 

At-tor'ney (at-tiir'ne), n. ; pi. At-tor'neys. [0. Fr. 
atome. — See Attorn.] One who acts for an- 
other ; one who prepares cases for trial : a lawyer. 

At-tor'ney-ship, n. The office of an attorney". 

At-torn'ment (at-tiirn'ment), n. (Law.) A yield- 
ing of a tenant to a new lord : — assignment. 

At-tract', v. a. [L. attrahere, attractum ; ad, to, 
and trahere, to draw.] [pp. attracting, attracted.] 
To draw to ; to bring near ; to unite ; to allure ; 
to win. fable. 

At-tract-a-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being attract- 

At-tract'a-ble, a. That may be attracted. 

At-trac'tile, a. Having power to attract. 

At-trac'tion (at-trak'shun), ??. Act of attracting; 
power of attracting; allurement: — the power or 
tendency in bodies to approach each other and 
to resist separation, as the attraction of gravity and 
the attraction of cohesion: — that which attracts. 

At-trac'tive, a. Drawing; alluring. 

At-trac'tive-ly, ad. In an attractive manner. 

At-trac'tive-ness, n. Quality of being attractive. 

At-tract'or, n. One who attracts. [tracts. 

At'tra-hent, n. [See Attract.] That which at- 

At-trib'u-ta-ble, a. Ascribable ; imputable. 

At-trib'ute, v. a. [L. attribuere, attribntum ; ad, to, 
and tribuere, to bestow.] [pp. attributing, at- 
tributed.] To ascribe ; to impute. 

At'tri-bute, n. A thing attributed or belonging 
to any one ; a quality ; a propei'ty. 

At-tri-bu'tion, n. Act of attributing. 

At-trib'u-tive, a. Expressing an attribute. 

At-trib'u-tlve-ly, ad. In an attributive manner. 

4 t- trite', «. [L. atterere, allrilus, to wear; ad, to, 
at, and terere, to rub.] Worn by rubbing. 

At-tri"tion (at-trish'un), n. [L.'atlritio.—See At- 
trite.] ' The act of wearing, or the state of being 
worn, by rubbing ; abrasion : — grief for sin. 

At-tune'. v. a. [See Tune.] [pp. attuning, at- 
tuned.] To make musical; to tune. 



A-tween', prep. Between. 
A-twirl', a. k ad. In the act of twirling. 
Au-bade' (o-bad'), n. [Fr. ; Sp. albada ; alba, dawn, 
^ from L. albusj white.] A morning serenade. 
Au-ber£e' (or o-barzh), n. [Fr. ; 0. Ger. heri-berga, 

army -shelter, tent, camp; hence an inn.— See 

Harbor,] A tavern ; an inn. 
Au'burn, a. [L. alburnus, whitish; albus, white: 

influenced in its English meaning by brown.] 

Reddish brown ; of a dark color. 
Auc'tion (awk'shun),«. [L. audio, auctionis ; au- 

gere, aucium, to increase.] A public sale of prop- 
^ erty to the highest bidder. 
Auc'tion-a-ry, a. Belonging to an auction. 
Auc-tion-eer', n. One who sells by auction. 
Au-da'cious (aw-da'shus), a. [L. audotx, audacis, 

bold ; atidere, to dare.] Daring ; fearless ; ad- 
^ venturous; bold; impudent; shameless. 
Au-da'cious-ly, ad. Boldly ; impudently. 
Au-da'cious-ness, n. Audacity. 
Au-dac'i-ty, n. Effrontery ; shamelessness : — bold- 
ness; daring originality. 
Syn. — Audacity marks a daring, boldness, a 

ready character. -The audacity of a knave ; the 

boldness of an advocate ; the impudence of a 

knave ; the effrontery of a villain. 
Au-di-bil'i-ty, n. Capability of being heard. 
Au'di-ble, a. [L. audire, to hear.] Capable of 

being heard. 
Au'di-bly, ad. In an audible manner. 
Au'di-ence, n. [L. audientia ; audire, to hear.] 

The act of hearing ; a hearing : — an auditory ; 

an assembly of hearers. 
Au'di-ent, a. [L. audiens, audientis, pres. part, of 

audire, to hear.] Hearing; listening. 
Au-di-om'e-ter, ». [L. audire, to hear, and Gr. 

/xerpov, measure.] The sonometer when used as 

a test of hearing. 
Au-di-o-met'ric, a. Of or relating to audiometry 

or testing the power of hearing. 
Au-di-om'e-try, n. The art or process of testing 

the sense "of hearing, especially by the audiometer. 
Au'di-phone. n. [L. 

audire, to hear, and 

Gr. $u>vri, sound.] 

An instrument held 

between the teeth to 

assist the hearing. 
Au'dit, n. [L. audire, 

audilus, to hear.] The 

settling of accounts: 

— a hearing. — 2, v. a. 

[pp. auditing, au- 
dited.] To examine, 

as an account. 
Au-di"tion, n. [L. au- 

ditio.] The action, or the sense, of hearing: — 

something heard. 
Au'di-tive, a. See Auditory. 
Au'di-tor, n. [L.] A hearer: — one who audits; 

one employed to take an account. 
Au-di-to'ri-um, n. [L.] That part of a public 

buildingoccupied by the audience. 
Au'di-tor-ship, n. The office of an auditor. 
Au'di-to-ry, a. [L. auditorius.] Relating to the 

sense of hearing; having the power of hearing. 

— 2, n. An audience; an assembly of hearers: — 

a place for lectures. 
Au'di-tress, n. A female hearer. 
Au-£e'an, a. Belonging to Augeas -.—filthy. 
Au'fer," n. [0. E. naugcr, for A. S. nafu-gar, 

nave-piercer ; nafu, nave of a wheel, and gar, 

borer ; a nauger has become an auger.] An iron 

tool to bore holes with. 
Au'ger-bit, v. A bit with a cutting edge or blade 

like that of an auger. 
Aught (awt), «. [0. E. awiht, a whit.— See Whit.] 

Any thing; any part. 
Au'glte, n. [Gr. avyirr^ ; avyq, lustre.] (Min.) 

A crystalline mineral. 
Au-f-it'ic, a. Consisting of or resembling augite. 




Audiphone. 



a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, l, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y. t obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



AUGMENT 



So 



AUTOCEACY 







Aug-ment', v. a. [L. augmentare, for augere, to 
increase.] [pp. augmenting, augmented.] To 
make larger ; to increase. — 2, v. re. To grow 
larger ; to increase ; to intensify. 

Aug'ment, re. [L. augmentum.] Increase. — (Gram.) 
A letter or syllable prefixed to a word. 

Aug-ment'a-ble, a. That may be augmented. 

Aug-men-ta'tion, re. The process of increasing: 
— a part added : — increased size. 

Aug-men'ta-tive, a. That augments, [menting. 

Aug-men'tive, a. Showing augmentation : — aug- 

Au'gur, n. [L. ; probably from avis* a bird, and 
the Skr. root gar, to show, to proclaim; the Ro- 
man augurs practised divination by observing 
the flight of birds. — See Auspice.] One who 
augurs; a soothsayer. — 2, v. re. [pp. auguring, 
augured.] To guess; to conjecture. — 3, v. a. To 
predict by signs ; to foretoken. 

Au'gu-ral, or Au-gu'ri-al, a. Relating to augury. 

Au'gu-ry, re. [L. augurium.] Prognostication by 
signs ; omen. 

Au'gust, re. The eighth month in the year: so 
named in honor of Augustus Caesar. 

Au-gQst', a. [L. augustus, venerable.] Great; 
grand; awful; majestic. 

Au-gus'tan, «. Relating to Augustus. 

Au-gus-tin'i-an, or Au-giis'tine, n. [From St. 
Augustine.] One of an 
order of monks. 

Au-gust'ness, re. State 
of being august. 

Auk, re. [Norse alka.] A 
sea-bird. 

Au'lic, a. [L. aulicus; L. 
aula, Gr. av\r), a court, 
a hall.] Belonging to 
an imperial court. 

Au-mo-ni-ere (o-mo-ne- 

ar), n. ' [Ft., an almo- AUK - 

ner.] A purse hung at the girdle of a religious. 

Aune (on), re. [Fr., an ell ; L. ulna, forearm. — See 
Ell.] An old French cloth measure of various 
length. 

Aunt (ant), n. [L. arnita, a father's sister.] A 
father's or mother's sister: — an uncle's wife. 

Au'ra, n. ; pi. Au'rae. [L. ; Gr. avpa; arj/ou, 
ar)v<u., to blow.] A breath of air : — an exhalation. 

Au'ral, a. Of or pertaining to the ear. 

Au-re'li-a, re. [It.; L. aiirum, gold. — See Chrys- 
alis.] The chrysalis of an insect. 

Au-re'o-la, re. [L., golden, or somewhat golden 
(crown) ; aurum, gold.] Circle of rays ; crown 
of glory. 

Au're-ole, n. The same as Aureola. 

Au'rj-cle, h. [L. auricula, dim. of auris, ear.] The 
external ear :— one of the two venous chambers 
of the heart. 

Au-ric'o-mofis, a. [L. auricomus ; aurum, gold, 
and coma, hair.] Golden-haired; of or relating 
to, or associated with, golden hair. 

Au-ric'ii-la, re. [L. auricula, dim. of auris, ear.] 
A species' of primrose. 

Au-ric'u-lar, a. Conveyed by hearing: — told in 
secret ; as, auricular confession. 

Au-ric'u-late, a. Shaped like an ear. 

Au-rif'er-ous, a. [L. aurifer; aurum, gold, and 
ferre, to carry. J Affording gold. 

Au'ri-fb'rm, a. Ear-shaped; auriculate. 

Au'ri-scope. re. [L. auris, ear, and Gr. root <tkott-, 
_ to see.] An instrument for examining the ear. 

Au-ris'co-px, n. Exploration oi the ear by means 
of the auriscope. 

Au'rist, re. One skilled in disorders of the ear. 

Au'rophs, n. [Ger. urochs or auerochs; first sylla- 
ble akin with aus, out, meaning " wild," and ochs, 
ox. But cf. L. urus, Gr. ovpos, the urus.] Th 

^ urus :— the wild bison of Poland. 

Au-ro'ra, re. [L.] L. pi. Au-r5'rse ; Eng. Au- 
ro'ra?. The dawn; light before sunrise; day- 

^ break: — crow's-foot, a flower: — aurora borealis. 

Au-ro'ra Bo-re-a'lis, re. [L.] A luminosity usu- 



ally appearing in the north, and resembling the 
dawn. A similar light seen toward the south 
pole is the Aurora, Australia, and the two are 
sometimes spoken of as Aurora Polaris, [dawn. 

Au-ro'ral, a. Relating to the dawn ; like the 

Aus'cul-tate, v. a. [L. auscultare, auscultatum, to 
listen to.] [pp. auscultating, auscultated.] 
{Med.) To subject a patient to auscultation for 
the discovery of disease. 

Aus-cul-ta'tion, re. The act of listening. — (Med.) 
A method of distinguishing diseases by the 
stethoscope or the ear. 

Au'spi-cate, v. a. [L. auspicare, auspicatus, to 
take omens ; auspex, an augur.] [lip- auspi- 
cating, auspicated.] To foreshow : — to begin. 

Au'spice, re.; pi. Au'spi-ces. [L. auspicium; au- 
spex, an augur, for avispex; avis, a bird, ''and 
specere, to behold.] An omen drawn from birds; 
favorable appearance : — protection ; influence 
(mostly used in the plural). 

Au-spi"cial, a. Relating to prognostics. 

Au-spi"cious (aw-spish'us), a. Having omens of 
success ; prosperous ; propitious ; lucky. 

Syn. — Auspicious circumstances ; prosperous en- 
terprise; propitious climate; lucky event; favor- 
able wind. 

Au-spi"cious-ly, ad. In an auspicious manner. 

Au-stere', a. [L. austerus; Gr. avarr]p6<;, drying; 
aveiv, to dry.] Severe ; harsh : rigid ; stern ; 
rigorous; ascetic: — simple; unadorned. 

Au-ster'i-ty, ». Severity; great rigor. 

Syn.— Austerity of monastic life ; severity of 
punishment ; strictness or rigor of discipline ; 
sternness of manners. 

Au'stral, a. [L. australis; ouster, the south wind; 
literally, the drying wind. — See Austere.] 
Southern ; toward the south. 

Au-then'tic, ) a. [Gr. avOevri-ito?, original ; 

Au-then'ti-cal, J avQevTr/g, a master; avTos, self, 
and ePTi)s, worker.] Resting on authority ; 
genuine ; true. 

Au-then'ti-cal-ly, ad. Genuinely; credibly. 

Au-then'ti-cate, v. a. [pp. authenticating, au- 
thenticated.] To prove authentic. 

Au-then-ti-ca'tion, re. The act of authenticating. 

Au-then-tic'i-ty, re. Quality of being authentic ; 
substantial correctness ; genuineness; reality. 

Au'thor, n. [Fr. auteur, L. auctor, promoter; o«- 
gere, auction, to increase.] The beginner or 
mover ; the writer of a book ; a writer. 

Au'thor-ess, n. A female author. 

Au-thor'i-ta-tive, a. Having authority ; positive; 
dictatorial ; peremptory. 

Au-thor'i-ta-tive-ly, ad. By authority. 

Au-thor'i-ty, n. [Fr. autorite ; L. auctoritas. — See 
Author.] Right to command: legal power; 
force; influence; rule: — support; testimony; 
evidence : — precedent. 

Au-thor-i-za'tion, n. Act of giving authority. 

Au'thor-ize. v. a. [Fr. autoriser.] [pp. author- 
izing, authorized.] To establish by authority ; 
to give authority to; to make legal; to em- 
power; to sanction. 

Au'thor-ship. n. The occupation of an author: — 
the literary origin of a book. 

Au'to. [Gr. avros, self.] A prefix signifying 
"self." [life. 

Au-to-bi-og'ra-pher, n. One who writes his own 

Au-to-bi-o-graph'ic, "la. Relating to autobi- 

Au-to-bi-o-graph'i-cal, J ography. 

Au-to-bi-og'ra-phy. n. [Gr. avros, self, and bi- 
ography.] The life or biography of a person 
written by himself. 

Au-toeh'thon, re. [Gr. cl-utSs, self, and x^v, 
earth.] One who is supposed to have sprung 
from the soil he lives upon ; an aborigine. 

fn'ffi'SKS*. 1, l«- Satire to the soil j tadig- 

Au-toc'ra-cy., n. [Gr. avro/cpaTeia.] Indepen- 
dence :— autonomy :— the rule of an autocrat. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use — Q, Q, c, §, soft; (S, £, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 

8 



AUTOCRAT 



86 



AVERT 



Au'to-crat, n. [Gr. atiTOKpar^s, ruling by one's 
self; avros, self, and Kp6.ro?, rule.] An absolute 
sovereign. 

Au-to-crat'ic, \a. Kelating to autocracy; ab- 

Au-to-crat'i-cal, J solute. 

Auto da fe T [Port.] f (aw-to-da-fa), «. [Lit., " act 

Auto de fe J [Sp.] >of faith," or "sentence of 
religion."] A sentence of the Inquisition for 
burning a heretic, or the execution of such a 
sentence. 

Au-to-|"e-net'ic, a. [Gr. auTo;, self, and yevvrjTL- 
kos, generative ; root yev-, to produce.] Not due 
to external influences or causes; self-generated 
or produced. 

Au-tof''e-nous, a. [Gr. avroyevr/s ; root yev-, to 
produce.] Developed from distinct and inde- 
pendent centres. 

Au'to-graph, n. [Gr. avroypafyos, self-written ; 
at/To?, self, and ypdcfceiv, to write.] A person's 
own handwriting. — 2, v. a. [ pp. autographing, 
autographed.] To write with one's own hand. 
— 3, a. Written by one's own hand. 

Au-to-graph'ic, or Au-to-graph'i-cal, a. Kelating 
to an autograph. 

Au-tol'a-try, n. [Gr. avros, self, and Xarpeia, 
worship.] Worship of self. 

Au-to-mat'ic, "I a. Like an automaton : — self- 

Au-to-mat'i-cal, / acting : — mechanical : — not vo- 
litional. 

Au-tom'a-ti§m, n. [Gr. avTojuartcr/xog. — See Au- 
tomaton.] Involuntary action. 

Au-tom'a-ton, «. [Gr. auTo^aroc, self-acting: 
avTog, self, and p.e/xaa (root txar-), to strive, to 
work.] Gr. pi. Au-tom'a-ta ; Eng. Au-tom'- 
a-ton§. A machine apparently self-moving, 
and imitating the action of men or animals. 

Au-to-mbr'phic, a. [Gr. avTOfi.op<£>6s ; avros, self, 
and fxopcfrr), form.] Formed after the pattern of 
one's self. 

Au-ton'o-mous, a. [Gr. av-roVojuos.] Self-governed. 

Au-ton'o-my, n. [Gr. avrovop-Ca ; avTos, self, and 
v6p.os, law.] Self-government; political inde- 
pendence. 

Au-toph'a-gous, a. [Gr. avTo4>ayo<; ; avros, self, 
and <j>ayeiv, to devour.] Feeding upon one's self. 

Au'top-sy, n. [Gr. avro\pia; o.vt6<;, self, and o\]jls, 
view. — -See Optic] Ocular demonstration: — 
post-mortem examination. 

Au-top'tic, a. Same as Autoptical. 

Au-top'ti-cal, a. [Gr. avTonriKos. — See Auto and 
Optic] Seen by one's own eyes. 

Au-to-the'i§m, n. [Gr. ai/ros, self, and Oeos, a 
god'.] Worship or deification of one's self; ex- 
cessive self-esteem, [r.] 

Au'to-type, n. [Gr. avros, self, and tv7tos, type 
(see Type), a fac-simile.] Autotypy : — a picture 
taken by means of autotypy. 

Au' to-type, ) a. Of or relating to, or produced 

Au-to-typ'ic. J by, autotypy. 

Au'to-typ-y, { »• A kind of photographic print- 

Au-tot'y-py, j ing. 

Au'tumn (aw'tum), ». [L. euOumnus.) The season 
of the year between summer and winter; fall. 

Au-tum'nal, a. Belonging to autumn. 

Aux-il'ia-ry (awg-zil'ya-re), n. [L. auxilium, help.] 
A helper. — pi Foreign troops in the service of 
nations at war.— 2, a. Assisting.— (Gram.) A 
term applied to a verb that helps to conjugate 
other verbs. 

A-vail'. v. a. [L. ad, to, for, and valere, to be worth, 
. to be strong ; Fr. valoir.] [ pp. availing, availed. 1 
To profit ; to benefit ; to assist. — 2, v. n. To be 
of use or advantage.— 3, n. Use; advantage; 
benefit. — pi. Proceeds or profits from labor, 
sales, Arc. 

A-vail-a-bil'i-ty, n. Availableness. 

A-vail'a-ble, a. That may be used with success; 
profitable; powerful; useful. 

A-vail'a-ble-ness, n. Power; legal force. 

A-vail'a-bly, ad. Powerfully ; validly. 

Av-a-lanche' [av'a-lansh or av-a-lansh', 3Iu. ; av- 



a-lansh', H. ; av'a-lansh, St. ; av'e-lansh, Co. £.], 
ti. [Fr. ; local form of avulance, descent; waler, 
to descend; L. ad valient, to the valley: hvange, 
lavanche, and valanche are variant forms.] A vast 
body of snow, ice, earth, &c, sliding down a 
mountain. 

Avant-courier (a-vang'ko-rer), n. [Fr. avant- 
coureur.l One who is despatched before the rest 
to notify approach ; a harbinger. 

A-vant'-guard (a-vant'gard or a-vang'gard) 
[a-vant'gard, TT. P. J. F. ; a-vong'gard, E. 8m. 
.St.; a-vah-gard, I.; a'van-gard, Mu.], n. [Fr. 
avant-garde, advance guard.] The van; the first 
body of an army. 

Av'a-rice, n. [L. avariiia; avarus, greedy.] In- 
ordinate desire of gain or propeity ; peiiurious- 
ness; covetousness. 

Syn. — Avarice and penuriousness keep what is 
gainejl by covetousness and cupidity. 

Av-a-ri"eious (av-a-rish'us), a. Possessed of av- 
arice; greedy of gain ; covetous; miseily; par- 
simonious; penurious; grasping. 

Syn. — The avaricious are unwilling to part with 
their money; the covetous are eager to obtain 
money ; the niggardly are mean in their dealings 
with others; the miserly, parsimonious, and penu- 
rious are mean to themselves, as well as to others. 

Av-a-ri"cious-ly, ad. With avarice. 

Av-a-ri"cious-ness, n. Covetousness. 

A-vast', interj. [Dut. houd vast, hold fast.] (Naut.) 
Hold; stop; stay. 

Av-a-tar' Tav-a-tar' or av'a-tar, Mu.~\, n. (Hindu 
Myth.) [Skr. avatara, descent; ava, down, and 
root tar, to pass.] The incarnation or meta- 
morphosis of a deity. 

A -vaunt', interj. [Fr. avant, forward, go on; Late 
L. ab ante, from before.] Hence; begone. 

A've [a'va or a've, H. ; a/ve, St, ; a've, I. Mu.~\, n. 
[L. for "hail" or "farewell."] An address to 
the Yirgin Mary, from the first words, Ave, 
Maria : — a shout of welcome or of farewell. 

A-vengV, v. a. [Fr. venger ; 0. Fr. avengier; L. 
vindicare. — See Vindicate.] [pp. avenginjr, 
avenged.] To take vengeance; to punish: — to 
retaliate ; to revenge : — to vindicate. 

Syn. — The wrongs of a person may be avenged, 
and the wrong-doer punished; but to revenge or 
retaliate is unchristian. 

A-ven'£er, n. One who avenges. 

A-ven'tii-rine, n. [It. awenturino, from awentura, 
chance or adventure : — said to have been discov- 
ered by accident.] A species of quartz : — a glass 
imitation of the mineral : — a bright brown color. 

Av'e-nue, n. [Fr.— See Advent.] A passage; a 
way of entrance; an alley: — a wide street. 

A-ver', v. a. [Fr. averer, to prove ; L. ad, to, and 

' verum, true.] [pp. averring, averred.] To de- 
clare positively ; to assert. ~--^ 

Av'er-afe, n. [Fr. avarie ; Hut^avarij ; 0. Fr. 
average; perhaps from It. avere. Obs. Fug. aver, 
goods, "havings;" root of have. The primary 
idea is that of some kind of charge, as in ton- 
nage, wharfage, etc.] A medium; a mean pro- 
portion:— a contribution to a general loss: — a 
charge. — 2, v. a. [jjj>. averaging, averaged.] To 
reduce to a medium : — to estimate : — to do on an 
average. — 3, v. v. To be in a medial state. — 
4, a. Medial : — having a medium : — ordinary. 

A-ver'ment, n. Affirmation: — justification. 

A-verse', a. [L. avertere, aversus. — S^e Avfrt.] 

' Having aversion ; disinclined to; unwilling; re- 
luctant ; loath : — repugnant. 

Syn. — Averse to study; unvriUing to labor; re- 
luctant to perform a task ; loath to receive advice. 

A-verse'ly. ad. Unwillingly ; backwai dly. 

A-ve'rse'ness, «. Unwillingness: dislike. 

A-ver'sipii, v. [L. aversio.] Antipathy; dislike; 
repugnance : — an object of dislike. 

A-vert', v. a. [L. avertere; a, from, and rertere, to 

'turn.] [pp. averting, averted.] To turn aside ; 
to put away. 



a, e, i, o, u, 



y, long; a, e, 5, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her: 



AVERTIBLE 



S7 



AYE-AYE 



A-ver'ti-ble, a. Preventable. [nature of, birds. 
A'vi-aii, a. [L. avis, a bird.] Kelating to, or of the 
A'vj-4-ry, n. [L. aciarhun ; avis, a bird.] A place 

enclosed to keep birds in. 
A-vic'u-lar, a. [L. avicula ; dim. of avis, a bird.] 
Of or pertaining to a bird or birds. [greedy. 

Av'id, a. [L. avidus, from avere, to crave.] Eager ; 
A-vid'i-ty, n. [L. aviditas; Fr. avidite.] Eager- 
ness; greed; voracity. 

Syn. — Avidity of desire; eagerness in a pursuit; 
greediness of gain ; voracity of appetite. 
Av-i-faVna, n. pi. [L. avis, a bird, and fauna.] 

The birds' of a region or geological epoch. 
Av-o-ca'tion, n. [L. a, from, and vocatio, calling. 
— See Vocation.] The act of calling aside: — 
by-work; business that calls aside: — (less cor- 
rectly) employment; vocation. 
Av'o-cet, n. [It. avosetta.] A kind of wading bird. 
A-void', v. a. [0. Fr. evuider, avoider, to empty. 
' — See Void.] [pp. avoiding, avoided.] To shun ; 
to escape from ; to elude ; to eschew ; to evade : — 
to empty ; to quash ; to invalidate. 

Syn. — Avoid quarrels and the gaming-house; 
shun bad company ; escape danger ; elude punish- 
ment ; eschew evil. 
A-void'a-ble, a. That may be avoided. 
A-vb'id'ance, n. The act of avoiding; deprivation. 
Av-oir-du-pbis/ (av-er-du-poiz'), n. & a. [Fr. avoir 
depokte, goods of (or sold by) weight.] A weight, 
of which a pound contains 16 ounces. 
A-vb'flch', v. a. [Fr. avouer; 0. Fr. avocliier ; L. 
adiocare, to call upon (as a defender or witness). 
— See Vouch.] [pp. avouching, avouched.] To 
affirm ; to declare ; to vouch. 
A-vbuch'a-ble, a. That may be avouched. 
A-vb\fr', v. a. [Fr. avouer. — See Avoich.] [pp. 
' avowing, avowed.] To declare openly ; to own ; 

to acknowledge; to confess; to profess. 
A-vb<v'a-ble, a. That may be avowed. 
A-vo-iv'al, n. Open declaration. 
A -vowed' (a-voud'), p. a. Declared. 
A-vb-ft'ed-ly, ad In an open manner. 
A-vb<v'er, n. One who avows or justifies. 
A-vo1v'ry, n. [See Avow.] (Law.) A justification 
by one who has been sued for distraining property. 
A-vul'sion, n. [L. avidsio ; acellere, avulsum, to 

tear away.] The act of tearing away. 
A-wait', v. a. [See Wait.] [pp. awaiting, await- 
ed.] To expect ; to wait for. 
A-wake', v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. awseenan, awacian. 
— See Wake and Watch.] [i. awoke or awaked : 
pp. awaking, awoke or awaked.] To rouse from 
6leep; to wake; to awaken. — 2, a. Not sleep- 
ing; not being asleep. [awakened.] To awake. 
A-wak'en (a-wa'kn), v. a. & v. n. [pp. awakening, 
A-wak'en-ing, ) n. The act of awakening or 
A-wak'en-ment, j waking; revival. 
£.-ward', v. a. [Law Fr. awarder ; 0. Fr. eswarder, 
esguarder, to consider, to attend to. — See Guard 
and Ward.] [pp. awarding, awarded.] To ad- 
judge ; to sentence. — 2, v. n. To decree ; to 
judge. — 3, n. Judgment; sentence; decree: — 
penalty ; that wdiich is adjudged or assigned. 
A-ware', «. [A.-S. gewser. — See Ware.] Vigilant ; 

cautious: — mindful ; informed. 
A-wash' (a-wosh'), a. & ad. [See Wash.] On a [ 

level with the water. 
A-way' (a-wa/), ad. [A.-S. a-weg ; Ger. weg. — See 
Way.] At adistance off; not at home ; off; apart : 
^ — along. — 2, interj. Begone. 
Awe (aw), n. [Old Norse, agi, A.-S. ege, dread.] 
Eeverential fear; reverence; veneration; dread. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. awing or aweing, awed.] To 
strike with reverence. 

Syn. — Stand in- awe of your Creator; regard 
religion and sacred things with reverence, great 
and good men with veneration, and the commis- 
sion of sin with dread. [out. 
A-wea'ry, or A-wea'ried (a-we'rid), a. Wearied 
Awe'some (aw'sum), a. Full of, or causing, awe ; 
. r ful; appalling. 



Awe'-struck. p. a. Impressed with awe. 

Aw'ful, a. That strikes with awe ; dreadful. 

Aw'ful-ly, ad. In an awful manner. 

Aw'ful-niss, n. The quality of being -awful. 

A- while', ad. [A and while.] For a time ; for a 
short time. 

A- whirl', a. WTiirling; in a whirl or tumult. 

Awk'ward, a. [Obs. E. aivk, odd, clumsy, and the 
suffix '-ward, implying manner or direction ; awk 
is Old Norse afug, odd, reversed ; root of off.] 
Wanting dexterity or skill ; unhandy ; clumsy ; 
impolite ; rude : — embarrassing. 

Syn. — An awkward gait or manner; impolite 
manners ; an unhandy instrument ; a clumsy shape. 

Awk'ward-ly, ad. In an awkward manner. 

Awk'ward-ness, n. Clumsiness; inelegance. 

Awl (al), n. [A.-S. sel ; Ger. ahle.] An instru- 
ment to bore holes with. 

Awn, n. [Ger. ahne ; Dan. avn.~\ A beard of grass 
or grain. 

Awn'ing, n. [Fr. auvent; cf. Low Ger. havenv.ng, 
harborage, shelter : — the real history of the word 
is unknown.] A cover of canvas over a boat, 
or over any place without a root', for shade 

Awn'less, a. Having no awn or beard. 

Awn'y, a. Having awns. 

A-woke', i. from awake. See Awake. [askew. 

A-wry' (a-ri'), ad. & a. [See Wry.] Obliquely ; 

Axe (aks), n. [Found in all r-\ l —*=^__ 
Teutonic languages. — Cf. Gr. r~ , ir~f--n^p. 
ai-lvn, axe.] An instrument 1 — * 
for chopping and hewing. Axe# 

Axe'man, n. ; pi. Axe'men. One who wields an axe. 

Ax'i-al, a. Forming, or belonging to, an axis. 

Ax'i-form, a. Formed like an axis. 

Ax'il, ». (Anal.) The armpit.— (Bot.) The angle 
formed by a leaf with a branch. 

Ax-il'la. v. ; pi. Ax-il'lae. [L. ; cf. Ger. achscl, 
shoulder; also axle, axe, and L. ala (wing) are 
kindred words.] (Anal.) The armpit : — same as 
axil. See Axil. 

Ax'il-la-ry. a. Belonging to the armpit, or axil. 

Ax'iom'(aks'yum), n. [Gr. <i£i'<o|u.a., that which is 
held worthy; oi^to?, worthy.] A statement gen- 
erally conceded to be true." 

Syn. — Axiom, maxim, aphorism, apothegm, adage, 
proverb, saying, by-word, saw, truism, these sev- 
eral words all denote phrases which affirm some 
general proposition. Axioms are in science what 
maxims are in morals. An intuitive truth is an 
axiom ; but if needless to detail, it is a truism. 
Silly saws and quaint sayings often become by- 
wortla among the vulgar. The axioms of science; 
the maxims of prudence; the aphorisms of Hip- 
pocrates or Lavater ; the apothegms of Plutarch ; 
the adages of the ancients ; the sayings of the 
wise ; the saws of the vulgar. 

Ax-i-o-mat'ic, )o. [Gr. a(-iofxaTii<.6<;.] Self- 

Ax-i-o-mat'i-cal, ) evident : — indisputable. 

Ax'is, b. ; pi. Ax'e§. [L. ; cf. Skr. akshas, wheel; 
Ger. aehse, axe, axle.] The line, real or im- 
aginary, that passes through any body, on which 
it may revolve ; an axle :— a stem :— [L.j a kind 
of spotted deer of India. 

Ax'le (ak'sl), )n. [Dan. axel; cf. A.-S. 

Ax'le-tree (ak'sd-tre), J eaxl, shoulder. — See Ax- 
illa.] A piece of timber, or bar of iron, on 
which the wheels of a carriage turn. 

Ax'o-lotl, ». [Mexican.] A curious batrachian 

of Mexico. 
Ay, or Aye (a§) [ii'e, W. Ja, Sm. St. ; a'e, P. J. F. 
B. H. ; I, I. C], ad. [A variant of yea; Ger. 

_ja, yes.] Yes: — expressing assent. 

Aye (a), ad. [Ger. je ; Gr. aec',- cf. L. xvum, an 

age.] Always: forever; to eternity. 
Aye-aye, n. [Malagasy name, derived from its 
cry, or, as some say, the cry of surprise uttered 
by the natives when the animal was first discov- 
ered by Sonnerat, which cry was mistaken for 
the native name.] A singular animal of Mada- 
gascar, regarded as a species of lemur 



mien, sir; m6ve, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, gr, $,£, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as z; $ as gz; this, 



AZALEA 



88 



BACKSET 



A-za'le-a, n. [Gr. a^aAeos, dry ; from the brittle 
wood'.]' A genus of shrubby plants having beau- 
tiful flowers. 

Az'i-muth, re, [Arab, as-sumut, the paths ; sand, 
a path, way, or direction. — See Zenith.] (Astron.) 
The arc of the horizon between the meridian and 
a vertical circle passing through a heavenly body. 

Az-i-mu'thal, a. Kelating to the azimuth. 

A-zo'ic, a. ' [Gr. d£wos; d, priv., and far}, life.] 
Without life : — without organic remains. 

Az'ote [az'ot, Sm. B. P. Oyc. H. S. T. I. ; a-zot', 
K. C. Wb. Mu.], n. [Fr. ; badly formed fromGr. 
a, priv., and farj, life: it will not support life 
when breathed.] A kind of gas ; nitrogen. 

A-zot'ic, a. Kelating to, or containing, azote. 

Az'o-tize, v. a. [pp. azotizing, azotized.] To im- 
pregnate with nitrogen. 



Az'tecs, n. pi. The Indian nation of the Nahua 
race inhabiting the table-lands of Mexico at the 
time of the Spanish conquest. 

Az'u-line, n. [Sp. aznl, blue.] A beautiful blue 
color, one of the products of aniline. 

A'zure (a'zhur or azh'ur) [a'zhur, S. E. F. K. I. 
B.; a'zhur, W. Ja. C.) azh'ur,',/. Wb. ; a'zhor, 
Sm. ; azh'ur or a'zhur, H. Mu. ; a'zhur, St.], a. 
[Sp. azul, 0. Sp. uzur, blue; cf. Arab, lazward, 
Per. lajward, lapis-lazuli.] Blue; faint blue; 
sky-colored. — 2, n. The color of the sky : — the 

- sk y- 

Az'y-gous, a. [Gr. d£vyo?, unpaired; d, priv., 
^ and £vy6v, yoke.] Not in pairs ; single. 
Az'y.me (az'ini), n. [Gr. d£u/aos, unleavened; a, 

priv., and C,vp.r), leaven.] Unleavened bread. 
A-zym'ic, a. Unfermented; unleavened. 



B. 



Bthe second letter of the English alphabet, is a 
. vocalized or sonant mute and a labial. 

Baa (ba), n. [An imitative word.] The cry of a 
sheep. — 2, v. re. [pp. baaing, baaed.] To cry 
like a sheep. 

Ba'al, n. [Heb. for "lord."] An idol of the an- 
cient Phoenicians, &c, representing the sun. 

Bab'bitt-met'al, \n. A soft alloy of copper, 

Bab'bitt's-met'al, J zinc, and tin. 

Bab'ble, v. a. [An imitative word.— Cf. Fr. babil- 
ler, Dan. bable.] [pp. babbling, babbled.] To 
prate ; to tell, as secrets. — 2, v. n. To prattle ; 
to chatter ; to prate. — 3, n. Idle talk ; prattle. 

Bab'bler, n. One who babbles. 

Babe, »/. [W. & 0. E. baban; Irish, bab.] An 
infant; a young child ; a baby. 

Ba'bel, re. [Heb. for " Babylon'."— Cf. Gen. xi. 9.] 
A scene of confusion. 

Ba'bl, n. pi. The Persian name for the Babists. 

Ba.b-i-rous'sa, \ n. [Malay, babi, a pig, and rv&a, 

Bab-i-ru'sa, J a deer.] A Malayan animal closely 
related to the wild boar. 

Ba'bish-ness, n. Childishness. 

Bab'i§m, re. [Per. bab, a gate; a title assiimed 
by the founder.] A modern Persian religious 
system, founded by Seyyeed Mohammed Ali, who 
professed to be a prophet. 

Bab'ist, n. A believer in Babism. 

Ba'b6o, 1 n. [Hindi, a child, a prince; hence, a 

Ba'bii, | title of respect, like 
esquire.] A Hindu gentle- 
man or a gentleman of pure 
Oriental descent. 

Ba-b66n', n. [Fr. babouin; cf. 
0. Fr. babou, a grimace, a 
mouth.] A large kind of 
monkey. 

Ba-b66sh', n. [Arab. ; Per. 
paposh; pa, foot, posh, a 
cover.] A slipper w r orn in Baboon. 

Oriental countries. 

Ba'bx, n. [See Babe.] A young child : a babe. 

Ba'by-farm'ing, n. The practice of taking babies 
from the parents and bringing them up. 

Ba'bx-hood (ba'be-hud), n. Infancy. 

Ba'by-ish, a. Like a babe ; childish ; peevish. 

Bac-c'a-lau're-ate, n. [From bachelor; but the 
form was determined by L. bacca laurea, the 
laurel-berry, from which words it was fancied 
that bachelor was derived.] The degree of a 
bachelor. — 2, a. Of or pertaining to the degree 
of bachelor of arts. 

Bac-ca-ra', \n. [Baccarat is the name of a French 

Bac-ca-rat', j town celebrated for its fine glass- 
ware.] A French game at cards : — a variety of 
fine glass-ware. 




Bac'cate, a. [L. baccatus ; bacca, or baca, a berry.] 
Having berries :— berry-shaped. 

Bac'pha-nal, ) a. [L. bcicchanalis, from Bac 

Bac-pha-na'li-an, j chus.] Drunken ; noisy :— re- 
lating to revelry. — 2, w. A drunkard ; debauchee. 

Bac-eha-na'li-a, n. pi. Feasts and revels in honor 
of Bacchus'; orgies. 

Bac'pha-nal§, re. pi. Drunken feasts. 

Bac'chant, n. [L. bacchari, bacchuns, to revel.] A 
reveller ; a priest of Bacchus. 

Bac-phante', re. A priestess of Bacchus ; a female 
reveller. [the Bacchantes ; bacchanalian. 

Bac-phan'tic, a. Characteristic of, or relating to, 

Bac-cif'er-ous, a. [L. bacca, a berry, and ferre, to 
bear. ] ' Bearing berries. 

Bac'ci-form, a. [L. bacca, a berry, and forma, 
form.] Berry -shaped. 

Bac-siv'o-rous, a. [L. bacca, a berry, and vorare, 
to devour.] Feeding on berries. 

Bach'e-lor, n. [Fr. bachelier ; 0. Fr. bacheler ; 
etyni. very doubtful ; probably Late L. baccala- 
rius, a cowherd, or farm-assistant, from vacca 
{bacca), a cow.] An unmarried man: — one who 
has taken his first degree in the liberal arts : — a 
knight of the lowest order. [bachelorship. 

Bach'e-lor-hood (-hud), n. State of a bachelor; 

Bach'e-lor-ship, n. State of a bachelor. 

Back, n. ' [Common to the Teutonic languages, 
chiefly in older forms. — Cf. Pol. opak, the wrong 
way.]' The hinder part of the body in man, 
and the upper part in animals : — the outer part 
of the hand :— the hinder part ; the rear. — 2, ad. 
To tbe place left; behind; again. — 3, v. a. [pp. 
backing, backed.] To mount:— to place upon 
the back : — to justify ; to support :— to second.— 
4, v. n. To move or go backward. — 5, a. Being 
behind or passed by. 

Back'bite, v. a. [i. backbit; pp. backbiting, back- 
bitten or backbit.] To censure the absent. — 
2, v. n. To be a backbiter ; to be in the habit 
of slandering the absent. 

Back'bit-er, n. A privy calumniator or slanderer. 

Back'bit-ing, n. Secret detraction or slander. 

Back'bone, n. Bone of the back ; the spinal col- 
umn :— stability of character: — a main support. 

Back'er, n. A supporter. 

Back-gam'mon, n. [0. E. back, and gamen, to 
play ; or Du't. bakke, a tray, and gammen, game.] 
A game at tables played by two persons with 
box and dice. 

Background, re. The ground in the rear:— ob- 
scurity. 

Back'ing, n. Support:— the collective body of 
supporters. 

Back'r66m, n. A room behind or in the rear. 

Back' set, re. A reverse :— a counter-current. 



a, e, i, 0, 5, y, long; a, e, I, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



BACKSHEESH 



89 



BALCONY 



Bac \. Back'shish (more commonly 

p L'sheesh), n. [Per., a gift.] In 

t < ■ lity of money. 

t), n. A sight taken toward the 

slid', W. E. F. Ja. Sm. H. Wb. ; 
bak t.],v.n. [i. backslid ; pp. back- 

sliding, b* i sadden or backslid.] To fall off; 
to relapse ; to apostatize. 

Back-slid' er. n. One who backslides. 

Back'stair§, n. pi. Stairs in the rear. — 2, a. Em- 
ploying secret or disingenuous methods; in- 
triguing. 

Back'stay, n. A rope to suppoi't a mast. 

Back'stream, n. A side-current, as in a river, 
flowing up-stream. 

Back'sword (bak'sord), n. A sword with one 
sharp edge : — a rustic sword-stick. 

Back' ward, a. [Back and the suffix -ward, noting 
direction.] Unwilling; sluggish; dull; late. 

Back' ward, \ad. With the back forward; 

Back' wards, J toward the back or the past. 

Back'ward-ness, n. State of being backward; 
dulness ; tardiness : — bashfulness. 

Back'wa-ter, n. Water flowing back : — a lagoon. 

Back' wood's, (-wudz), n. pi. Unsettled country: — 
remote forest-region. 

Back'woods-man (bak'wudz-man), n. An inhab- 
itant of a newly-settled country. 

Ba'con (ba/kn), n. [0. Dut. buken, Pg. bacon, 0. 
Fi'. bacon, a fattened pig ; probably from the 
root of back (cf. side of pork), but some derive it 
from the word beech, since pork was fattened on 
beech-nuts.] Hog's flesh salted and smoked. 

Bac-te'ri-fim, w. ; pi. Bac-te'ri-a. [Gr. (Sa/cTrypiov, 
dim. of fioiKTpov, a rod.] A filamentous organism 
propagated in decomposing liquids. 

Bad, a. [Probably 0. E. bseddel, hermaphrodite, 
effeminate; hence worthless; root of both.] Ill; 
not good ; evil ; vicious ; hurtful. 

Bade (bad) [bad, S. W. J. F. K. Sm. E. I. H. St.; 
bad, E.]. Imperfect tense from bid. See Bid. 

Bad£e, v. [Pernaps Celt, bad, a tuft.] Mark of 
distinction; token; sign. 

Badf'er, ». [Probably named from the badge or 
mark on its forehead.] A burrowing quadruped: 
— [perhaps from L. bajidare, to carry] a dealer. — 
2, v. a. To make a badger of; to tease ; to vex ; 
to worry [it is common to worry the badger with 
dogs]. 

Bad'ian (bad'yan), n. [Per. badyam, fennel.] A 
tree of the magnolia family; the star-anise. 

Bad-i-nagV (bad-e-nazh'), n. [Ft., from badin, 
silly.] Playful discourse ; raillery ; foolish talk. 

Bad'ly, ad. In a bad manner; not well. 

Baffle, v. a. [Cf. Port, bafa, mockery; 0. & 
local Fr. beffler, to deceive; Fr. bajfouer, to 
scout.] [pp. baffling, baffled.] To elude; to 
frustrate. 

Baf'fle-ment, n. The act of baffling or state of 
being baffled ; frustration. 

Bag 1 , n. [0. Norse baggi, a bundle ; 0. Fr. bague.] 
A sack: — a pouch; purse: — an udder. — 2, o. a. 
[pp. bagging, bagged.] To put into a bag :— to 
swell :— to kill, as game.— 3, v. n. To swell like 
a full bag. 

Ba-gasse', n. [Fr. ; Sp. bagazo ; cf. baggage, in the 
sense of worthless.] Refuse of sugar-cane. 

Bag-a-telle' (bag-a-teF), n. [Fr. ; It. bagatella, a 
trifle ; Local It. baga, property ; akin to Bag.] 
A trifle ; a toy :— a game played on a board. 

Bag' gage, n. [0. Fr. bagage, from bague, a bag 
or bundle.] The luggage of an army, &c. ; 
goods that are to be carried ; luggage :— [akin to 
bagasse] a worthless woman. 

Bag gage-mas' ter, n. A person whose duty it is 
to take charge of passengers' baggage. 

Bag'ging, n. Material for bags; the act of put- 
ting into bags. 

Bagn'io (bfin'yo), n . ; pi. Bagn'ios. [It. bagno.] 
A bathing-house :— a brothel. 



A musical wind instrument, 
, One who plays on 




mien, sir; move, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.— g, $, c, £, soft; p, js, p, g, hard; § 

8* 



Bag'pipe, n. 

Bag'pip-er, i 
a bagpipe. 

Bag' -wig, n. A wig with a bag 
attached, worn in the eighteenth 
century. 

Bah, interj. An exclamation ex- 
pressive of disgust ; pah. 

Ba-ha'dur, ». [Per. for "val- 
iant."] An Oriental title of 
honor. Bas P l P e - 

Bail, n. [L. bajulare, to carry ; 0. Fr. bailler, to 
carry, to receive, to give.] Surety given for an- 
other's appearance in court: — one who gives se- 
curity : — [L. buculum, a rod] one of two pieces 
of wood laid on top of the wickets in the game 
of cricket:— handle of a bucket. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
bailing, bailed.] To release by or admit to bail : 
— [Late L. bacula, a tub, a dipper; a dim. of 
bacca, a vat, a water-back ; whence Fr. bac, a 
tub, a boat] to free of water. 

Bail'a-ble, a. Capable of being bailed. 

Bail'-bond, n. (Law.) A bond given for appear- 
ance in court. [intrusted. 

Bail-ee', n. (Law.) A person to whom goods are 

Bai'ley, n. [Late Jj.balHum.] A castle wall: — a 
castle court. 

Bail'iff, n. [Late L. bqjulivus, bajtdus } a carrier- 
on, 'or manager; btgulare, to carry.] A subordi- 
nate officer in England, appointed by a sheriff: 
— a steward. 

Bail'i-wick, n. [Bailiff, and -wick in the sense of 
jurisdiction.] The jurisdiction of a bailiff. 

Bail'ment, n. A delivery of goods in trust. 

Bail'or, n. (Law.) One who delivers goods. 

Bail'-piece, n. (Law.) A piece of paper or parch- 
ment containing a recognizance of bail. 

Bairn (barn), n. [Common in various forms in 
the Teutonic languages ; akin to bear, born.] xV 
child. [Scot.] 

Bait, v. a. [0. E. beigfen, cognate with Bite ; 0. E. 
bat, food.] [pp. baiting, baited.] To put meat 
upon a hook: — to give refreshment on a journey : 
— to attack: — to worry. — 2, v. n. To take re- 
freshment: — to flutter. — 3, n. A lure : — a re- 
freshment. 

Baize, n. [Fr. baies, bay-colored cloth.— See Bay.] 
A kind of coarse woollen stuff. 

Bake, v. a. [Cognate forms are found in all Teu- 
tonic languages.] [pp. baking, baked] To dry 
and harden by heat or fire ; to cook or dress iu 
an oven.— 2, v. v. To do the work of baking; 
to be heated or baked :— to become hard. 

Bake'house, n. A place for baking bread. 

Bak'er, n. One who bakes bread, &c. 

Bak'er-y, n. A bakehouse. 

Bak'ing, n. The act of hardening with heat. 

Bal'ance, n. [Fr. balance; L. (libra) bilanx; hi-, 
double, and lanx, a plate or scale.] One of the 
six simple powers in mechanics:— a machine for 
weighing substances ; a pair of scales: — the dif- 
ference of an account:— equilibrium; equipoise: 
— the sign Libra in the zodiac. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
balancing, balanced.] To weigh in a balance; 
to regulate ; to counterpoise :— to make equal. — 
3, v. n. To hesitate : to fluctuate. 

Bal'ance-ment. n. The act of balancing or state 
of being balanced ; mutual equivalence ; adjust- 
ment ; compensation. 

Bal'ance-sheet, n. A sheet containing both sides 
of a Dr. and Cr. account and striking a balance. 

Bal-a-nif er-ous, a. [L. bnlanns, acorn, and ftrre, 
to produce.] Acorn-bearing. 

Bal'a-nb'id, a. [Gr. (SaAavoetSrjs; jSaAavo?, an 
acorn.] Acorn-shaped. 

Bal'co-ny, or Bal-co'ny [bal-ko'ne, S. TT r . P. J. E. 
F. ; baPko-ne,' K. Sm. Wb. H. St. Mi. ; bal'ko-ne, 
J.], n. [It. balcone, augmentative form of balc'o, 
a beam, a scaffold. — See Balk.] A frame of 
iron, wood, or stone, before a window, or on the 
outside of a house ; a gallery. 

os z ; x as gz ; tnis. 



BALD 



90 



BANEFUL 



Bald, a. [0. E. balled, probably from ball, a spot, 
or patch.] Wanting hair; wanting covering; 
naked; unadorned: — inelegant; mean. 

Bal'da-phin, n. [It. baldacchino, adj. from Baldacco, 
Bagdad; it was at first the name of a stuff; 
many fabrics are named from towns.] A kind 
of canopy over an altar; a canopy borne over 
the host in processions. 

Bal'der-dash, n. [Cf. Welsh baldorddus, baldordd, 
chatter, prattle.] A rude jargon; nonsense. 

Bald'ly, ad. Meagrely : — in an unadorned manner. 

Bald'ness, n. State of being bald. 

Bald'pate, n. A head destitute of hair. 

Bal'drick, n. [0. Ger. balderich; 0. Fr. baldric; 
cf. L*. balteus, a belt.] A girdle ; a belt ; a girdle 
worn over one shoulder : — the zodiac. 

Bale, n. [A furm of bull.] A bundle or package 
of goods: — [0. E. balu, evil; common Teutonic] 
damage; loss; misfortune. — 2, v. a. [pp. baling, 
baled.] To bundle up: — [see Bail] to lade out. 

Ba-leen', n. [L. balsena, a whale; Gr. <j)a\aiva. — 
See Whale.] Whalebone; whalebone in plates. 

Bale'-f Ire, n. [0. E. bsel, Norse bal, a fire.] A 
signal fire:— a bonfire. 

Bale'ful, a. Full of misery or mischief. 

Bal'is-ter, n. A cross-bow. See Ballistek. 

Ba-lize'j n. [Fr. balise.] A sea-m irk ; beacon. 

Bilk (hawk), n. [Dut. balk, Ger. balken, It. balco, 
a beam.] A great beam; drawn timber: — a 
ridge of land: — disappointment. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
balking, balked.] To disappoint: — to heap. — 
3, v. n. To stop abruptly or run backward : — 
said of horses. 

Balk'y, a. Apt to stop suddenly ; stubborn. 

Ball, n. [0. E. bal; Fr. balle ; It. bulla, pulla; cf. 
Gr. 7rc£AAa, a ball ; also Boll and Bole.] A round 
body; a globe ; a bullet: — [Fr. bal; It. ballare, to 
dance] an entertainment of dancing. 

Bal'lad, n. [Fr. ballade, balade ; Late L. ballare, 
to dance.] A song; a small, light poem. 

Bal'last, n. [Common in most of the languages 
of maritime countries; perhaps A.-S. but, boat, 
and lilaest, a last, or load ; perhaps from bare, 
empty, and last, a load.] Heavy matter placed 
at the bottom of a ship or vessel to keep it 
steady: — gravel for a road-bed. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
ballasting, ballasted.] To load with ballast. 

Bal'let [balla, Co. D. St. ; bal-la' or bal'let, Wo. H. 
Wb'. I. Mu.], n. [Fr., dim of bal, a dance.] A 
kind of dance performed on the stage. 

Bal-lis'ta, w. [£., from Gr. /SaAAeiv, to throw.] 
An ancient warlike machine for throwing heavy 
6tones, &c. 

Bal'lis-ter [bal'is-ter, J. K. C. ; ba-lTs'ter, Sm.], n. 
[See Ballista.] An ancient warlike 
engine : — a cross-bow : — a baluster. 

Bal-lis' tic, a. Pertaining to projectiles. 

Bal-Hs'tics, n. pi. [See Ballista.] 
The science of projectiles. 

Bal-16Sn', n. [Fr. ballon; It. ballone, a 
great ball ; the termination -one im- 
plies magnitude.] A large, hollow 
ball of silk, &c, filled with gas, which 
makes it ascend and sail in the air. 

Bal-166n'ing, n. The art of managing balloons : — 
the act of running up a stock beyond its natural 
value by fictitious sales. 

Bal'lot, n. [It. ballotta, Fr. baUotte, a ball ; the 
termination is diminutive.] A ball or ticket 
used in giving votes; a vote:— a secret mode of 
voting. — 2, v. n. [pp. balloting, balloted.] To 
vote or choose by ballot. 

Bal'lot-box, n. A box used in balloting. 

Balm' (bam), n. [Fr. baume, 0. Fr. basme, balsam.] 
A fragrant ointment: — a plant. [tree-cricket. 

Balm'-crick'et(bam'-), n. [Ger. baum, a tree.] The 

Bal-mor'al, n. [Gael, bal, a dwelling, morail, 
grand; 'mor, great: the name of a royal resi- 
dence in Scotland.] A kind of figured skirt. 

Balm'y. (bam'e), a. Having the qualities of balm ; 
soothing ; fragrant ; odoriferous. 




Bal'sam, n. [L. balsamurn; Gr. fSd.waixov.] A 
resinous substance : — a shrub. 

Bal-sam'jc, a. Having the qualities of balsam. 

Bal'sam-ine, n. [Gr. 0aAa-afAiV»].] A plant of sev- 
eral species ; touch-me-not. 

Bal'us-ter, n. [Fr. balusbre ; It. balaustro ; Gr. 
fiakavo-Ttov, pomegranate-flower, from some re- 
semblance in the tube of this flower to a column.] 
(Arch.) A small column or pilaster, for support- 
ing a rail to a flight of stairs, or the front of a 
gallery :— often written banister. 

Bal'us-trade, n. [Fr. ; It. baluslrata.—See Bal- 
uster.] A range of balusters. 

Bam-b66', n. ; pi. Bam-boos/. [Malay, bambu; 
Canarese, banbu.] A large kind of reed; a tall 
plant of the reed or grass kind. 

Bam-boo'zle, v. a. [Of. It. bamboccio, a dotard; 
Scot, bumbaze, to puzzle.] [pp. bamboozling, 
bamboozled.] To deceive. 

Ban, n. [Teut. & 0. Fr. bann, ban, a curse, a 
proclamation; whence Late L. bannum, sum- 
mons, interdict: — in the sense of "governor" 
(an Austro-Hungarian word) it is the Per. ban, 
master or keeper.] Public notice: — a curse; 
interdiction :— a governor. — 2, v. a. [pp. ban- 
ning, banned.] To curse: — to interdict: — to 
summon. 

Ba'nal, or Ban'al, a. [Fr., from 0. Fr. ban, a 
feudal proclamation ; hence, an assembly of vas- 
sals ; banal therefore means vulgar, common to 
the multitude.] Commonplace; trivial. 

Ba-na'na, or Ba-na'na [ba-na'na, £>. W.J. E. F. 
Mu. St. Sm. C. ; ba-na'na, P. Ja. K. H. Co. I. Wb.], 
n. [Sp. ; said to "be the native Congo name.] A 
species of plantain and its fruit. 

Band, n. [From bind, a common Teutonic stem.] 
Something that binds ; a bandage ; a tie ; a fillet ; 
a cord: — an ornament worn about the neck: — 
a company ; a crew. — 2, v. a. [pp. banding, 
banded.] To unite togetner; to bind.— ^3, v. u. 
To associate ; to unite. 

Syn. — A band of musicians ; a company of plaj'- 
ers, &c. ; a ship's crew ; a gang of pickpockets. 

Band' age, n. [Fr., from the root of Band, Bind.] 
A fillet; a roller for a wound. 

Ban-dan'na, a. [Hind, bandhnu; the first syllable 
is akin to' Bind : the spots are produced by tying 
the fabric in knots before dyeing.] Noting a 
kind of spotted silk handkerchief. 

Band'box, n. [Originally a box for bands or ruffs.] 
A box used for bonnets, &c. 

Ban'de-let,l»i. [Fr. bamdelette, dim. of 0. Fr. 

Band'let, J bandele, a band.] (Arch.) A flat 
moulding or fillet ; a band ; annulet. 

Ban'dit, n. ; pi. Ban'dits. An outlaw. 

Ban-dit'ti, n. pi. [It. banditi, outlaws— See Ban 
and Banish.] Bobbers :— a company of outlaws 
or robbers. 

Band'-mas'ter, n. The teacher and conductor of 
a musical band. 

Ban'dog, n. [Band, a fastening, and dog.] A large 
fierce dog. 

Band'o-lme, n. [Fr., from bandeau, a hair-band.] 
A gummy preparation for the hair; fixature. 

Ban-dore', n. [Sp. bandurria ; Gr. Travdovpa.] A 
musical instrument ; pandore. 

Ban'dy, n. [See verb below; from its bend or 
curve; Fr. bande, bent.] A club for striking 
a ball : — [Dravidian, vandi] a bullock-cart.— 
2, v. a. [Perhaps from bandy, a club, or Fr. 
bander, to play tennis, which is said to be from 
bande, a band or party of players.] [pp. bandy- 
ing, bandied.] To beat to and fro ; to exchange ; 
to "give and take reciprocally; to toss. 

Ban'dy-leg, n. [From bandy, a club or hockey- 
stick!] A crooked leg. 

Ban'dy.-legged (-legd), «. Having crooked legs. 

Bane, 'n. [A.-S. buna; Dan. bane, death.— Cf. 
Gr. 4>ovq, murder.] A deadly poison: — that 
which ruins ; a pest; ruin :— a disease in sheep. 

Bane'ful, a. Poisonous; noxious; hurtful. 



e, i, o, u, y, 



a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, x, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fail; heir, her; 



BANG 



91 



BAEBATE 



Bang, v. a. [Norse, banga, to hammer ; an ono- 
matopoetic word ] [pp. banging, banged.] To 
beat; to thumj trike. — 2, n. A blow, a 

thump: — a yioli d noise: — [Per. & Hind. ; Skr. 
bhanga, hemp] 

Bah'gle (baiig'gli. >,. [Hind, bangri.] An ankle- 
ring: — a bracele. 

Ban-ian' (ban-yan') [ban-yan', S. TV. J. F. Ja. 
Sm.; ban'yan, Si. I- ; ban'yan, 3Iu. ; ban'ne-an, 
P.], n. [Skr. vunij, a merchant; Beng. baniya, 
one of the trading caste : — the tree and the gar- 
ment are called banian in the former English 
sense of Hindu.] A morning-gown: — one of 
the Hindu commercial class: — the Indian fig 
tree. — 2, «. [So called because the strict banians 
abstain from animal food.] Noting days in 
which seamen have no meat. 

Ban'ish, v. a. [Late L. bannire ; bannum, a proc- 
lamation.— See Ban.] [^.banishing, banished.] 
To condemn to leave one's own country ; to 
drive away ; to exile. 

Syn. — Banished to a foreign country; exiled 
from home ; expelled from college or society. 

Ban'ish-ment, n. The act of banishing; exile. 

Ban'is-ter, n. [Corrupted from Baluster.] A 
pilaster; a baluster. 

Ban'jo, n. [Corrupted from Bandore.] A kind 
of musical instrument. 

Bank, w. [Ger. bank; Fr. banc; Ital. banco; all 
probably of Norse origin, nasalized forms of 
bad, a ridge, or its equivalent. — See Bench.] 
Any steep acclivity rising from a river, sea, &c. ; 
a shoal; any heap piled up: — [It. banco, a 
bench] an establishment for keeping and issu- 
ing money. — 2, v. a. [pp- banking, banked.] 
To enclose with banks ; to embank : — to deposit, 
as money, in a bank : — to cover a fire with ashes 
so as to keep smouldering : — to sail along the 
banks of. 

Bank'a-ble, a. Receivable at a bank. 

Bank'-bill, or Bank'-note, n. A promissory 
note issued by a banking company. [bank. 

Bank'-book (-bCik), u. A pass-book for use at a 

Bank'er, n. One who keeps a bank. 

Bank'ing, n. The management of banks. 

Bank'rupt, n. [Fr. banqueroute; It. bunca rotta, 
broken bench : — it is said that it was once the 
custom to break the bench or counter of an in- 
solvent trader; but the word rotta (L. ruptus. 
rupta) meant " insolvent" as well as literally 
"broken."] A trader unable to pay his debts; 
one subjected to the law of bankruptcy. — 2, a. 
Unable to pay; insolvent. — 3, v. a. [pp. bank- 
rupting, bankrupted.] To reduce to bankruptcy. 

Bank'rupt-cy, n. The state of a bankrupt ; in- 
ability to pay all debts; insolvency. 

Syn. — Act of bankruptcy; state of insolvency ; 
failure in business 

Bank'-stock, n. Stock or capital in a bank. 

Ban'ner, n. [Fr. banniere; Late L. bannum, a 
standard.] A piece of drapery at the end of a 
pole; a military standard or flag. 

Ban'ner-et, n. [0. Fr. baveret (participial), pro- 
vided with a banner.] A knight made on the 
field of battle: — [dim. of banner] a little banner. 

Ban'nock, n. [Gael, bannach; cf. L. panis.] A 
barley or oaten cake. 

Bann§, n. pi. [The same as Ban, or proclamation.] 
The proclamation in a church of an intended 
marriage. 

Ban'quet, n. [Fr. ; It. banchetto, dim. of banco, a 
table :'— its application to a grand feast was per- 
haps at first ironical.] A grand entertainment 
of eating or drinking; a feast — 2, r. a. [pp. 
banqueting, banqueted.] To treat with a ban- 
quet or feast.— -3, v. n. To feast ; to give a feast. 

Ban'quet-mg, n. The act of feasting. 

Ban-quette' (bang-kef), n. [Fr. ; It. banchetta, 
dim. of banco, a shelf.] (Fort.) A small foot- 
bank behind a parapet. [Irish fairy. 

Ban'shee, n. [Irish, bean sidhe, fairy woman.] An 



Ban'tam, a. [Named from Bantam, in Java.] 
Noting a species of small dunghill fowl with 
feathered shanks. 

Ban'ter, v. a. [Probably from bandy; formerly a 
slang word.] [pp. bantering, bantered.] To 
play upon ; to rally : — to challenge. — 2, n. Light 
ridicule ; raillery ; joke. 

Bant'ling, n. [Either handling, from its swathing 
band's, or Ger. bunkliug, a bastard.] A little 
child ; an infant. 

Ban-yan', n. The Indian fig tree. See Banian. 

Ba'o-bab, n. [An African word.] A great tree of 
Africa. 

Baph'o-met, n. [Port. Bafomet, Mahomet ; but sev- 
eral ingenious cabalistic derivations are given.] 
A symbol of the Knights Templar, consisting of 
a sculptured two-headed human figure. 

Bap'ti§m, n. [Gr. ^6.nTio-fj.os.] A rite of the 
Christian church. 

Bap-tis/mal, a. Pertaining to baptism. 

Bap'tist, n. [Gr. Panno-Tris.] One who baptizes: 
— one of a denomination that denies the valid- 
ity of infant baptism and practises immersion. 

Bap'tis-ter-y, n. A font, or chapel, for baptism. 

Bap-tis'ti-cal, a. Relating to baptism. 

Bap-tiize', v.' a. [Gr. fSarrTLC,eiv, pdnTeiv, to dip.] 
[pp. baptizing, baptized.] To immerse in water; 
to administer baptism to. 

Bar, n. [Old Fr. barre ; It. barra ; remoter ety- 
mology doubtful.] A long piece of wood or 
metal : — what is laid across a passage to hinder 
entrance ; a bolt ; obstruction ; a gate : — a rock 
or bank of sand at the entrance of a harbor: — a 
tribunal ; the place in courts of law where law- 
yers plead, or where criminals stand: — the body 
of lawyers : — an enclosed place in a tavern. — 
(Mus.) A line or the space marked off by a line. 
— 2, o. a. [ pp. barring, barred.] To fasten with 
a bar: — to hinder; to prohibit: — to shut out; to 
exclude. 

Barb, n. [L. barba, beard; the horse and pigeon 
are named from Barbary, which is itself probably 
named from the Berbers, a native- race; barb for 
horse-armor is corrupted from Bard.] Any thing 
like a beard: — a point that stands backward in 
an arrow or a fish-hook :— armor for a horse: — a 
Barbary horse: — a fancy pigeon. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
barbing, barbed.] To furnish with armor; to 
jag. 

Bar'ba-can, n. [Fr. barbacane, Sp. barbacana, possi- 
bly Per. barbnr-l;hanah, a house on the wall.] A 
fortification before the walls of a town: — a for- 
tress at the end of a bridge : — an opening in a 
wall for guns. 

Bar-ba'does cheVry, n. [From the island of Bar- 
bados; Port, barbadas, bearded; from the beard- 
like air-plants which grew on the trees.] A 
West-Indian tree yielding a pleasant, tart fruit. 

Bar-ba'does. tar. n. A variety of bituminous oil 
used in'medicine and surgery. 

Bar-ba-resque' (-resk), a. [Fr.] After the man- 
ner of barbarians. 

Bar-ba'ri-an, n. [Fr. barbarien.—See Barbar- 
ous.] A rude or uncivilized person. — 2, a. Un- 
civilized; savage. [civilized; barbarous. 

Bar-bar'ic, a. [Gr. 0ap/3apuc6s.] Foreign ; un- 

Bar'ba-ri§m, n. [Gr. /SapSaptcrjuo?, foreign mode 
of speech.] Inhumanity; ignorance of arts; 
brutality : — an impropriety of speech. 

Bar-bar'i-ty, «• Savageness; cruelty. 

BaVbar-ize,' v. a. [Gr. /Sap0api^eiv (in sense 2).] 
[PP- barbarizing, barbarized.] To render bar- 
barous. — 2, v. ii. To commit a barbarism : — to 
become barbarous. 

Bar'bar-oiis, a. [L. barbants, Gr. /Sap^apo?, a 
term applied to all persons not Greeks: its ori- 
gin is doubtful.] Rude; uncivilized; inhuman: 
— contrary to good use in language. 

Bar'bar-ous-ness, n. Barbarity. 

Bar'bate, a. [L. barbatus, bearded; barba, a beard.] 
Having hairs; bearded. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, c, £, soft; p, ja, p, g, hard ; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



BAEBATED 



92 



BAREA( 



Bar'bat-ed, p. a. Jagged with points ; bearded. 

Bar'be-cue, n. [Sp. & native Haytian barbacoa, a 
frame on which meat or coffee is dried.] A hog 
or ox roasted whole. — 2, v. a. [pp. barbecuing, 
barbecued.] To roast whole. 

Barb'ed (barb'ed or barbd), p. a. Having barbs. 

Bar'bel (bar'bl), n. [L. barbus; dim. barbellus; 
from its beard-like appendages ; barba, dim. bar- 
bella, a beard.] A river fish: — a fleshy knot in 
the mouth of a horse : — a fleshy filament. 

Bar-beTlu-late, a. [Late L. barbellula, dim. of 
barbella, a beard.] Covered with small bristles. 

Bar'ber, n. [Fr. barbier ; L. barba, a beard.] One 
who' shaves ; a hair-dresser. 

Bar'ber-ry, n. [Fr. berberis ; It. berberi; Late L. 
barb'eris; the Arabic word to which it is often 
referred is from the Latin.] A shrub and its 
acid fruit; the berberry. 

Bar'bet, n. [Fr., probably from its beard-ilke 
hair's; L. barba, beard.] A species of dog: — a 
tropical bird of various species. 

Bar-bette', a. [Fr., dim. of barbe, beard, from the 
bristling appearance of barbette guns.] Noting 
a gun not in casemate. 

Bar'bi-can, n. See Barbacan. 

Bar'bi-ton, n. [L. & Gr.] A kind of lyre. 

Bar'ca-role, n. [It. barcaruolo, a boatman; barca, 
a barge.] A Venetian boatman's song. 

Bard, n. [A Celtic word,; but as horse-trappings 
it is the Fr. barde ; cf. Arab, bardaah, mule-sad- 
dle; Sp. albarda, pack-saddle.] A Celtic min- 
strel ; a poet : — horse-armor : — horse-trappings. 

Bard' ling, n. An inferior bard. 

Bare, a. [Ger. baar ; Dan. bar.] Naked; un- 
clothed; uncovered: — unadorned; poor; indi- 
gent; scanty; mere. — 2, v. a. [pp. baling, 
bared.] To strip; to uncover.— 3, v. imp. from 
bear. [Antiq.] Did bear. 

Syn. — Bare ground; bare feet; naked fields; 
uncovered plants ; bare recital ; unadorned nar- 
rative; poor accommodations: indigent circum- 
stances; scanty supply; mere attendance. 

Bare'faced (bar'fast), a. Shameless ; impudent. 

Bare'faced-ly. (bar'fast-le), ad. Impudently. 

Bare'faced-ness ('bar'fast-nes), n. Effrontery. 

Bare'foot (bar'fut), a. & ad.' Having no shoes on. 

Barege (ba-razh'), n. [Fr., the name of a town ; 
fabrics are very often named from towns.] A 
thin woollen stuff. 

Bare'head-ed (bar'hed-ed), a. With the head bare : 
— uncovered out of respect. 

Bare'ly, ad. Nakedly : — merely : — scarcely. 

Bare'ness, n. State of being bare ; nakedness. 

Bar'gain (bar'gin), n. [0. Fr. bargaine ; bargai- 
gner ; Port, barganhar, to trade ; probably from 
barca, barga, a ship.] A contract; a verbal 
agreement ; stipulation :— an advantageous pur- 
chase. — 2, v. n. [pp. bargaining, bargained.] 
To make a contract. 

Bar-gain-ee', n. One who accepts a bargain. 

Bar'g-ain-er, or Bar-gain-br', n. (Law.) One who 
sells to another, called the bargainee. 

Bar£e, n. [0. Fr. ; Late L. & Port, barga ; cf. 
Bark, and Gr. /3apis, Coptic bari, a skiff.] A 
boat for pleasure or for burden. 

BargVman, n. The manager of a barge. 

Ba'ric, a. Containing barium. 

Ba-ril'la, n. [Sp.] A plant from which alkali is 
obtained : — impure carbonate of soda. 

Ba.r'i-t5ne, w. See Bary- 
tone. 

Ba'ri-um, n. [See Ba- 
ryta.] (Chem.) The 
metallic base of baryta. y 

Bark, n. [Dan. & S\v. /f' 
bark; Norse bUrkr.] The -^g 
rind of a tree: — [It., 
Sp., & Port, barca; 
Fr. barque. — Cf. Barge] 
a three-masted vessel, 
foremast and main-mast square-rigged: — [A.- 




beorcan, bercan, borcian, t i 

dog. — 2, v. a. [pp. bark i . 

of bark. — 3, v. n. To ma 
Bark'en, a. Consisting of 
Bark'en-tine, n. (Naut.) 
foremast is rigged as in «, ship, and the main- 
mast and mizzen-mast are schooner-rigged. 
Bar'ley, n. [A.-S. bserlic. — See Bear and Bere.] A 
bearded cereal grain, [the third part of an inch. 
Bar'ley-cbrn (bar'le-kbrn), n. A grain of barley : — 

Bar'ley-wa'ter, n. Decoction of barley. 

Barm, n. [Ger. b'drme ; Sw\ barma.] A ferment- 
ing substance; yeast. 

Bar'me-clde, a. [From a well-known character 
in the Arabian Nights' Entertainments, named 
after a celebrated Persian family.] Appealing 
to or gratifying the imagination only ; specious 
but unreal ; imaginary. 

Barn, n. [A.-S. bereern, berern ; bere, barley, and 
sern, storehouse.] A house for hay, grain, &c. 

Bar'na-cle, n. [Perhaps Gael, baimeach, a limpet, 
or pernacida, a dim. of L. perna, a mussel : it was 
fabled that the barnacle (crustacean) grew upon 
trees and was transformed into a goose.] A 
shell-fish (a cirriped crustacean) that grows 
upon timber lying in water: — a kind of goose. 
— pi. [Local Fr. berniques, spectacles ; 0. ~ 
bernac, a horse-muzzle.] An instrument 
holding a horse :— spectacles. 

Barn' -owl, n. A small spe- 
cies of owl. 

Bar'o-graph, n. [Gr. /3apo?, 
weight, and ypa^etv, to 
record.] An instrument 
for recording the changes 
in the pressure of the air. 

Ba-rom'e-ter, n. [Gr. ^<xpo9, 
weight", and p-erpov, meas- 
ure.] An instrument to 
measure the weight and 
pressm-e of the atmosphere. 

Bar-o-met'ric, 1 a. Ke- 

Bar-o-met'ri-cal, J lating to a barometer. 

Ba-rom'e-try, n. The art or process of using the 
barometer. 

Bar'on, n. [Late L. baro, a man; 0. Fr. bar, 
male; possibly connected with L. vir, a man, or 
A.-S. beam, a warrior.] A nobleman: — one of 
the lowest degree or rank of nobility in Eng- 
land, next below a viscount. — (Law.) A hus- 
band, as opposed to feme. — Baron of beef, two 
sirloins together. 

Bar'on-age, n. The position of a baron. 

Bar'on-ess, n. A baron's wife. 

Bar'on-et, n. [Dim. of baron ; a lesser baron.] A 
person of the rank next below that of a baron. 

Bar'o-net-age, n. The body of baronets. 

Bar'o-net-cy, n. The position of a baronet. 

Ba-ro'ni-al, a. Relating to a baron or barony. 

Bar'o-ny.'w. The lordship or fee of a baron. 

Ba-roque' (ba-rok'), n. [Fr. ; L. verruca, a wart; 
influenced also by the logical mnemonic sign 
called Baroko, which was called the stumbling- 
block of the logicians, and the opprobrium of 
the scholastic sysiem.] A style of architecture 
characterized by discordant details and incon- 
gruous ornamentation ; rococo. — 2, a. Gro- 
tesque ; fantastic. 

Bar'o-scope, n. [Gr. |3apo?, weight, and root aicon-, 
to see.] A sort of barometer. 

Ba-rouche' (ba-rosh'), v. [Local Ger. barutsche ; 
It. baroccio, from L. birotus, two-wheeled ; rota, 
a wheel.] A four-wheeled, open carriage; a 
coach without a roof. 

Barque (bark), n. A kind of ship. See Bark. 

Bar' rack, «. [Sp. barraca ; probably akin to bar, 
because once made of bars, or poles.] A large 
building to lodge soldiers in : — a hut ; a cabin. 

Bar-ra-c66n', n. [An augmentative form of bar- 
rack'.] An African fort or pen ; a place for keep- 
ing slaves. 




a, e, i, o, u, y, 



a, e, l, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her 



BAEEAGE 



93 



BASIS 



Bar'ra£-e, n. [Fr., from barrer, to bar.] A weir 
or dam in a river. 

Bar-ran'ca, n. [Sp.] In Mexico and South 
'America', a chasm or ravine in the mountains. 

Bar'ra-tor, n. [Sp. baratador, 0. Fr. baraleor, a 
cheater ; barater, to cheat ; 0. Fr. bared, deceit ; 
0. Norse, baratta, trouble; Celtic, brad, brath, 
treachery.] An encourager of lawsuits : — a re- 
ceiver of bribes: — a defrauder. 

Bar'ra-try, n. [Port, barataria, Sp. barateria, 
fraud.] Foul practice in law: — an act committed 
by a shipmaster or mariners by which owners or 
insurers are defrauded. 

Bar'rel, n. [Late L. barile ; Sp. barril, probably 
from bar, a bar or stave.] A round wooden ves- 
sel : — measure : — any thing oblong and hollow ; 
a cylinder. — 2, r. a. [pp. barrelling, barrelled.] 
To put into a barrel or barrels. 

Bar'rel-vault, n. (Arch.) A semicircular vault. 

Bar'ren, a. [0. Fr. baraine, unfruitful; probably 
allied to bar, male. — See Baron.] Not prolific ; 
unfruitful; sterile: — not copious; unmeaning; 
uninveiitive. — 2, n. An unfertile tract of land. 

Bar'ren-ness, n. State of being barren. 

Bar'ret, or Bar-rette', n. [See Bieetta.] A 
kind of cap. 

Bar-ri-cade', n. [Fr., from Fr. barrique, Sp. bar- 
rica\ a cask : — casks full of stones and earth are 
used for street barricades.] A fortification made 
of trees, earth, Arc, to keep off an attack: — an ob- 
struction formed to block up streets. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. barricading, barricaded.] To fortify ; to 
stop up. 

Bar-ri-ca'do, n. <& v. Same as Barricade. 

Bar'ri-er (bar're-er) [bar're-er, W. P. J. F. Ja. I. 
St. H.'Mu. Wb. K. 8m. ; biir'yer, S. R], n. [Fr. 
barriere; Late L. barrere, from barra, a bar.] 
A boundary : — a defence ; a fortress : — an ob- 
struction ; a bar. 

Bar' ring, prev. or part. [From bar, v. a.] Except; 
excepting. 

Bar'ris-ter, n. [From the bar of a court of jus- 
tice.] A counsellor at law, admitted to plead 
at the bar; an advocate ; a lawyer. 

Bar-roque', v. & a. [Fr.] See Baroque. 

Bar'row, n. [Akin to Bear and Bier.] A small 
hand-carriage:— [Ger. berg, a, hill; coguate words 
are found in many Aryan languages] a hillock 
or mound of earth :— [Dut. barg ; Ger. barch; Sp. 
barrdco] a castrated hog. ^^ '^ 

Bar'-shot, n. Shot or balls joined |P&gg^^ 
by a bar. [room . ^^^^^ 

Bar'-tend'er, n. A waiter in a bar- Bar-shot. 

Bar'ter, v.'n. [Probably from the 
same source as Barrator; Fr. barater and Sp. 
bandar mean to sell, to traffic, as well as to 
cheat.] [pp. bartering, bartered.] To traffic by 
exchanging goods.— 2, v. a. To give in ex- 
change.— 3, n. Traffic by exchanging commodi- 
ties :— a rule of arithmetic. 

Bar-ti-zan', n. [For braiticing. — See Brattice.] 
A kind of parapet. 

Bar'ton (bar'tn), n. [0. E. bere tun, barlev en- 
closure ; bere, barley, and tun, a word akin to 
town.] A farm-yard ; a farm. [plant. 

Bar'tram, n. [L. pyrethmm.] The pellitorv, a 

Bar'wood (-wud), n. [Because imported in bars. 
— Cf. Logwood.] A red dye-wood. 

Bar-y-cen'tric, a. Pertaining to the centre of 
gravity. 

Ba-ry'ta [ba-rl'ta, K. Sm. R. St. I. Mu. ; bfir'e-ta, 
W b.], n. [Gr. /3apu<r, heavy.] (Mm.) A pon- 
derous earth ; an oxide of barium. 

Ba-ry'tes, n. A ponderous earth ; baryta. 

Ba-ryt'jc, a. Relating to baryta. 

Bar'y-tone, a. [Gr. £apvTovos ; /3apv'?, heavv, and 
rovos, pitch or tone.] Noting a grave accent,— 
2, n. A male voice higher than bass :— a Greek 
word not accented on the last syllable. 

Ba'sal, a. Relating to the base, foundation, or 
bottom; fundamental. 




Ba-salt' [ba-zalf, H. ; ba-salt' or bas'alt, I. ; ba- 
zolt', JV. ; ba-salt', St. H.], n. [L. 
basaltes; said to be an African 
word.] A grayish-black stone. 

Ba-sal'tic [ba-sal'tik, Ja. Sm. R. C. 
I. St. ; ba-sal'tik, K. ; ba-zol'tik, 
Wb.; ba-zal'tik, Mu.], 'a. Re- 
lating to basalt. 

Bas-bleu (ba-blii), n. [Fr. for "blue 
stocking."] A literary woman ; a 
blue-stocking. »™«». 

Base, n. [L. basis; Gr. j3a<ri?, a pedestal, a step 
(a verbal noun from jScuVeiv, stem |3a-, to go).] 
The bottom or foundation of any thing; the ped- 
estal of a statue; basis: — bass:— an ingredient 
of a compound, as of alkalies, earths, and metals, 
in their relation to acids and salts. — 2, a. [Fr. 
bas, Late L. bassus, low, short.] Mean; vile; 
dishonorable ; disgraceful ; shameful ; paltry ; 
low : — illegitimate : — having little value, as 
metals : — deep, grave, as sound ; bass. See Bass. 
—3, v. a. [pp. basing, based.] To lay the base 
of; to found. 

Syn. — Base ingratitude; mean compliance; 
vile flattery ; dishonorable conduct ; disgraceful 
proceedings ; loiv as to birth. 

Base'-ball, n. A popular game at ball, developed 
from the old game of base or prison-bars. 

Base'-biirn, a. Born out of wedlock: — plebeian. 

Base'less, a. "Without a base or foundation. 

Base'ly, ad. In a base or unworthy manner. 

Base'ment, n. [From base; Fr. soubassement.] The 
lowest, or partly sunken, story of a building. 

Base'ness, «. Meanness ; vileness. 

Base'-vi'ol, n. See Bass-viof,. 

Ba-sha', n. Same as Pacha. 

Ba-shaw', n. [Turk, bash, a head.] A Turkish 
governor. See Pacha. 

Bash'ful, a. [Obs. E. bash, to abash, and full.] 
Diffident; shamefaced; shy. 

Bash'ful-ly, ad. In a bashful manner. 

Bash'ful-ness, n. Modesty ; rustic shame. 

Bash'i-ba-zouk',«. [Turk., a foolish fellow; lit- 
erally, '"'one with his head turned.''] In the 
Turkish army, an irregular soldier who acts as 
a skirmisher or in guerilla warfare. 

Ba'sic, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to abase or serving 
as a base ; having an excess of the basic element. 

Ba-sic'i-ty, n. (Chem.) The state or property of 
being' basic or serving as a base : — the property 
of an acid to combine with a base. 

Bas'il, n. [Same as Bezel.] The angle to which 
the edge of a tool is ground : — [Fr. basile : Gr. 
^ao-i'Aeio?, royal ; /SacriAev'?, a king] an aromatic 
herb. —2, v. a. [pp. basilling, basilled.] To 
grind a tool to an angle. 

Ba-§il'i-an, a. (Eccl.) Noting an order of monks 
founded in the fourth century by St. Basil. 

Ba-§il'ic, la. Belonging to a' basilica or to a 

Ba-§il'i-cal, J basilicon. 

Ba-§il'i-ca, n. [Gr. /Sao-tAiKo?, royal ; the vein 
was once believed to be connected with the most 
vital organs.] The middle vein of the arm: — 
a regal hall : — a magnificent church (originally 
the name of such churches as had been royal or 
imperial halls or public buildings). 

Ba-§il'i-can, a. Of or pertaining to a basilica. 

Ba-§il'i-c5n, n. [Gr. jSao-iAiicov, royal ; from its 
supposed sovereign virtues.] An ointment. 

Bas/i-lisk, «, [Gr. /3ao-iA.icr/co5, dim. of 0ao-iAev?, 
a king; said to have been named from its crest.] 
A fabulous serpent :— [many kinds of weapons 
were formerly named from serpents] a species 
of cannon.— (Zobl.) A saurian reptile. 

Ba'sin (ba'sn), n . [Fr. bassin; 0. Fr. bacin; Late 
L. bacchinus ; akin to back, a tub or vat.] A small 
vessel to hold water :— a small pond :— a hollow : 
— a dock. 

Ba'sis, n. ; pi. Ba'ses. [Gr. jSao-tg.— See Base.] 
Foundation; base; that on which any thing is 
raised: — pedestal. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use— 5, g, c, £, soft; fS, £, p, £, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tiis. 



BASK 



94 



BAWBEE 



Bask, v. a. [0. Norse, bathask, to bathe one's self; 
reflexive of hatha, to bathe.] [pp. basking, 
basked.] To warm by exposing to the sun or to 
heat. — 2, v. n. To lie in the sun or in warmth. 

Bas'ket, n. [Origin unknown ; there are similar 
Celtic words, to which it is generally referred.] 
A vessel made of twigs, rushes, &c. 

Basque (bask), n. [L.Vasco; Fr. Basque.] A lady's 
garment: — a person (French or Spanish) who 
uses the Basque or Pyrenean language ; a Bis- 
cayan. — 2, a. Relating to Biscay or its language. 

Bass, n. [A.-S. baers ; Ger. barsch; Local Eng. 
barse; connected apparently with perch.] A sea- 
fish : — [same as Bast] the linden tree : — a mat. 

Bass, n. (Mus.) The lowest part of harmony. — 
2, a. (Mus.) [See Base.] Low; deep; grave. 

Bas'set, n. [Probably Fr. basset, a low stool. — Cf. 
Fr. 'bassette, a reef.] A game at cards.— (Geol.) 
The outcrop of strata. 

Bas'set-hbrn, n. A tenor clarinet . 

Bas-set'to, n. [It.] A small bass-viol. 

Bas'so, n. [It.] (Mus.) The bass or base part :— 
a singer of bass. 

Bas-soon', n. [Fr. basson; It. bassone, augmented 
'form of basso.] A musical wind instrument. 

Bass-re-lief , n. [It. basso-rilievo, low relief.] 
Sculpture, the figures of which do not stand far 
out from the ground ; low relief. 

Bass'-vi'ol, n. A musical stringed instrument; 
a violoncello. 

Bass' wood (-wud), n, The lime tree and its wood. 

Bast, n. [Ger. bast; Dan. bast; Sw. basta, to tie.— 
Cf. Baste.] Bark of the bass or linden tree used 
for cordage and mats. 

Bas'tard, n. [Sp. bastardo ; Fr. bdtard; 0. Fr. 
bastard, from bast, Late L. bastum, a pack-saddle.] 
A child born out of wedlock.— 2, a. Illegiti- 
mate ; spurious ; base. 

Bas'tar-dy, n. [0. Fr. bastardie.] Illegitimate 
birth : — unlawful paternity. 

Baste, v. a. [Sw. basa, to beat; Icel. beysta; Sw. 
bb'sta, to strike ; but cf. Fr. baton, baston, and 
bastinade.] [pp. basting, basted.] To beat with 
a stick :— [Gael, baist, to dip] to drip with butter 
or gravy: — [Fr. bdtir, bastir, to sew; cognate 
with Bast] to sew slightly. 

Bas-tile' fbfis-tel', K. 8m. I. St. ; bas'tel, W. E. ; 
bas-tel' or bas'tel, Mu.], n. [Late L. bastire, to 
build; whence bustilia, buildings.] Formerly a 
prison in Paris. 

Bas-ti-nade', or Bas-ti-na'do, n. [Fr. bastonnade ; 
baton (baston), a stick ; Sp. bastonada.] The act 
of beating with a cudgel on the soles of the feet. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. bastinading, bastinaded.] To 
treat with the bastinade. 

Bast'ion (bast'yun), n. [Fr. ; Late L. bastire, to 
build.] A huge mass of earth or masonry stand- 
ing out from a rampart, with two faces and two 
flanks. 

Bat, n. [Celtic 
bat, a stick ; 
Fr. batte.—Cf. 
Beat.] A club: 
— a broken 
brick : — a flat- 
tened tuft or 
pad :— [0. E. & 
Norse, balclce] 
a small animal 
having wings. 
— 2, v. a. & v. n. 
[pp. batting, batted.] To strike with a bat. 

Batch, n. [From bake. — Cf. match, speech, breach, 
and watch, from make, speak, break, and wake.] 
The quantity of bread baked at once ; quantity 
of any thing made at once. 

Bate, v. a. [See Abatk.] [pp. bating, bated.] To 
lessen ; to lower ; to abate. — 2, v. n. To fall off. 

Bat-eau' (bat-o'), n. ; pi. Bat-eaux' (bat-oz/). [Fr. ; 
0. Fr. batel— See Boat.] A long, light boat. 

Bath [bath, W. P. J. Ja. K. Sm. I. H. St. ; bath, 




Mu.; bath, R. C], n. ; pi. Baths. [A.-S. bsed; 
Ger. bad. — Cf. Ger. bahen, to foment.] A place 
to bathe in ; a wash ; act of bathing : — an ancient 
Hebrew liquid measure of about 6% gallons. 

Bath' -chair (-char), n. [Once used by invalids at 
the springs of Bath, in England.] A band- 
chair in which an invalid is wheeled about. 

Bathe, v. a. & v. n. [Ger. baden; A.-S. badian. — 
See Bath.] [pp. bathing, bathed.] To wash 
in a bath ; to soften. 

Bath'er, n. One who bathes. 

Batn'ing-tub, n. A vessel for bathing. 

Bath-met'al, n. An alloy of copper and zinc in 
imitation of silver : — called also Prince's metal. 

Ba'thos, n. [Gr. /3a0o?, depth.] (Bhet.) A ludi- 
crous descent from elevated to mean thoughts 
or language ; anticlimax. 

Bath-x-met'ric, \a. Of or pertaining to ba- 

Bath-x-met'ri-cal, J tbymetry or to the deep sea. 

Ba-thym'e-trjr, n. [Gr. |3a0v?, deep, and juerpov, 
measure!] The art of deep-sea sounding. 

Bat'ing, prep, or part, from bale. Excepting; ex- 
cept ; abating ; barring. 

Baton (ba-ton'), n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. baston; It. bas- 
tone. — See Batten.] A club; a staff; a field- 
marshal's staff. [animal of the frog kind. 

Ba-tra'phi-an, n. [Gr. /Barpaxo?, a frog.] An 

Bats'man, n. One who wields a bat, as in cricket. 

Bat'ta, V [Canarese, bhatta, rice, paddy ; Tamil, 
pad'di, rice, i.e. subsistence.] A money-allowance 
to troops : — extra pay to officers. 

Bat-tal'ion (bat-tal'yun), n. [Fr. bataitton, dim. 
of baiaille, battle-array. — See Battle.] A body 
of soldiers in an army, variable in number from 
500 to 1000 men ; a troop. 

Bat' ten, v. a. & v. n. [Ger. batten, to profit; akin 
to better.] [pp. battening, battened.] To feast or 
fatten: — to make fast with battens. — 2, n. [A 
variant of baton.] A strip of board : — a skylight 
shutter. 

Bat'ter, v. a. [Fr. battre.— See Beat.] [pp. bat- 
tering, battered.] To beat down; towearout; 
to dull. — 2, n. [0. Fr. bature, beating, something 
beaten.] Mixture of ingredients; dough : — slope. 

Bat'ter-ing-ram, n. An ancient military engine 
for battering down walls. 

Bat'ter-y;, n. [Fr. batterie ; It. batteria.— See Bat- 
ter'.] A raised work upon which cannons are 
mounted: — a combination of instruments used 
in electricity and galvanism. — (Law.) A violent 
assault upon a man's person. 

Bat'ting, n. [From bat, a pad or felted mass.] 
Cotton or wool for quilting. 

Bat' tie, n. [Fr. bataille; from Late L. batuere, to 
beat; cognate with beat and batter.} A hostile 
encounter between tw r o armies or fleets ; a fight ; 
a combat. — 2, v. n. [pp. battling, battled.] To 
contend in battle. 

Syn. — Fight and engagement do not necessarily 
imply the use of weapons, as do battle and com- 
bat. A bloody battle; a general engagement; a 
single combat; & fight between dogs or armies. 

Bat'tle-ar-ray', n. Order of battle. 

Bat'tle-axe, n. A weapon of war. 

Bat' tie-door, n. [Sp. batidor, a beater, or beetle.] 
An instrument with a flat board, used to strike 
a shuttlecock. 

Bat'tle-ment, n. [0. 
Fr. batlaille, a tur- 
ret : akin to bastile; 

influenced by Bat- - I «" 1 — i * ""' ■""" l » > 

TI.E.] A wall or Battlement, 

parapet with em- 
brasures or interstices; a breastwork. 

Bat'tue, n. [Fr., from battre, to beat.] A hunt of 
game by beating it out of the bushes or other 
hiding-place. 

Bau'ble, n. Same as Bawble. 

Baw'bee, n. [From the laird of Sillebawby, a 
mint-master in 1541.] An old Scottish coin of 
the value of a halfpenny or an American cent. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



BAWBLE 



95 



BEATING 



Baw'ble, n. [0. Fr. baubel, babel, a. trinket; Fr. 
babiole; akin to babe.] A gewgaw ; a trinket. 

Bawd, n. [Akin to bold; but cf. Fr. baud, merry, 
and Welsh bawaidd, dirty.] A procurer or pro- 
curess ; a pimp. 

Baw'di-ness, n. Obscenity or lewdness. 

Baw'dry, n. Practice of bawds; obscenity. 

Baw'dy, a. Filthy; obscene; unchaste. 

Bawl, v. n. [Icel. baida, Sw. bola, to low.] [pp. 
bawling, bawled.] To hoot; to shout; to cry.— 
2, v. a. To proclaim as a crier. 

Bay, a. [L. badius, reddish; Fr. bat] Inclined 
to a chestnut color; reddish. — 2, n. [Late L. 
baia; Fr. baie.] An arm of the sea; a >julf :— 
[Port, baga, from L. baca, bacca, a berry] the 
laurel-tree : — [same as abeyance] the state of 
being kept oft'. — 3, v. n. [Fr. uboyer; It. abba- 
jare; Li baubari.] [pp. baying, bayed.] To 
bark, as a dog.— 4, v. a. To bark at. 

Bay'ber-ry, n. A shrub that bears an oily berry. 

Bay'ber-ry-tal'low, n. Fragrant green wax of 
the bayberry ; myrtle-wax. 

Bay'o-net, n. [Either from Bai/onne, in France, 
or from 0. Fr. bayon, an arrow' or bolt.] A dag- 
ger fixed to a musket.— 2, v. a. [pp. bayoneting, 
bayoneted. 1 To stab with a bayonet. 

Bayou (bi'G or bi'o), n. [Fr. boyau, a bowel or gut.] 
An outlet of a lake ; a narrow inlet or creek. 

Bay'-rum, n. A fragrant hair-wash and cosmetic 
obtained by distilling bay-leaves with rum. 

Bay'-salt, «. Salt marie of sea-water. 

Bay'-win'dow, n. A bow-window; a window form- 
ing a bay or recess. 

Bay' wood (-wud), n. Honduras mahogany. 

Ba-zaar' (ba-zar), w. [Per. bazar.] An Eastern 
market; a' market-place :— a collection of shops. 

Bdell'ium (del'yum), n. [Gr. pSeMiov ; cf. Heb. 
b'dola'kh, pearl.] An aromatic gum. 

Be, v. n. [i. was; pp. being, been. Irregular in 
various parts.— See Am, Art, Is, Are, Were, 
Wert, Wast.] [Cf. Gr. <j>veiv ; L. fui, fore ; A.-S. 
beon, to become.] To have some certain state ; to 
exist. — It is used as an auxiliary in conjugating 
other verbs, by means of which the passive voice 
is formed. — Be as a prefix is sometimes inten- 
sive, sometimes pejorative, and sometimes ex- 
presses the idea of making. 

Beach (beck), n. [Norse, balcki, aback or ridge; 
but perhaps cognate with beck, a brook.] The 
sea-shore; the strand. — 2, e. a. & v. n. [pp. 
beaching, beached.] To ruu, as a ship, upon the 
beach. 

Bea'con (be'kn), n. [A.-S. beacn.— See Beckon.] 
Something raised on an eminence for giving 
notice to navigators, or to alarm ; a light-house. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. beaconing, beaconed.] To afford 
light; to light up. 

Bea'con-a£-e (be'kn-aj), n. Money paid for main- 
taining' beacons: — a, system of beacons. 

Bead (bed), n. [A.-S. beda, bede, prayer; beden, 
to urge, to pray. — See Bin.] One of many little 
balls strung upon a thread, used for necklaces or 
rosaries. — (Arch.) A small globular ornament ; 
a drop; a bubble. — 2, v. n. [pp. beading, bead- 
ed.] To form beads or bubbles on the surface. 

Bea'dle (be'dl), n. [Ger. buttel; 0. E. bydel; Late 
L. bidellus; root of bid, to command.] An in- 
ferior officer of a court, public body, or parish : 
— a messenger. 

Bea'dle-ship, ». The office of a beadle. 

Bead'roll, ». A list of persons to be prayed for. 

Beads/man, n. [0. E. beodeman. — See Bead.] A 
man employed to pray. 

Bead'y, a. Bead-shaped, small, and clear. 

Bea'gle (be'gl), n. [Cf. Celtic beag, little.] A 
small hunting hound. 

Beak, n. [Late L. beccus ; It. becco : Fr. bee; 
probably Celtic ; root of pick and peak.] Bill of 
a bird:— a thing pointed. 

Beak'ed (be'ked or bekt), a. Having a beak. 

Beak'er, n. [Ger. becher; Late L. bicarium; Gr. 




j3iko?, a bowl or cup.— See Pitcher.] A drink- 
ing cup or vessel : — a chemist's cup. 

Beam, n. [0. E. beam, a tree ; Ger. baurn.] A tim- 
ber in a building :— a part of a balance :— pole 
of a chariot: — a collection of parallel rays of 
light ; gleam .—a stag's horn.— 2, v. n. [pp. beam- 
ing, beamed.] To shine forth; to emit rays; 
to be radiant. 

Beam'y, a. Radiant; shining:— horned. 

Bean, n. [A.-S. bean; Ger. bohne.] A garden vege- 
table ; kind of pulse. 

Bear (bar), v. a. [A.-S. beran; L. ferre; Gr. <£>e- 
peiv ; Skr. stem bhar.] [i. bore (bare) ; pp. bearing, 
borne.] To carry ; to convey ; to transport :— to 
support; to endure; to suffer.— 2, v. n. [i. bore; 
pp. bearing, borne.] To suffer; to endure; to 
be patient :— to be fruitful or prolific ; to press. 
—3, v. a. [i. bore (bare) ; pp. bearing, born or 
borne.] To bring forth, as a child; to give 
hirth to. — 4, n. 
[Ger. bar; A.-S. 
bera ; Skr. bhalla. 
— Cf. L. ferns, 
wild ; Gr. B-qp, 
<f>r)p, beast.] A 
rough, savage 
animal : — a de- 
presser of stocks. 
— (Astron.) The Bear . 

name of two con- 
stellations, called the Greater and Lesser Bear; 
in the tail of the Lesser Bear is the pole-star. — 
5, v. a. [pp. bearing, beared.] To endeavor to 
depress or lower the price of stocks. 

Syn. — Bear a burden ; carry a load : — conveyed 
in a carriage ; transported in a ship. — Bear afflic- 
tion ; support a burden ; endure or suffer pain. 

Bear, or Bere, n. [0. E. bere.— See Barley.] A 
kind of barley. 

Bear'a-ble, «. Endurable ; that may be borne. 

Bear'-bait-ing, n. The act of baiting bears with 
dogs. 

Beard (berd) [berd, W. P. J. E. F. Ja. K. Sm. L H. 
St. R. C. ; berd, S. ; bard, Wm. Johnston], n. [Ger. 
hart; A.-S. beard; Slavic, bardo.] The hair that 
grows on the lips and chin : — a barb on an ar- 
row or hook : — an awn. — 2, v. a. [pp. bearding, 
bearded.] To take or pluck by the beard :— to 
oppose to the face. 

Beard'ed (berd'ed), a. Having a beard. 

Beard'less, a. Without a beard; youthful. 

Bear'er (bar'er), n. A carrier; a supporter. 

Bear'-gar-den, n. A place where bears are kept. 

Bear'herd, n. One who tends bears. 

Bear'ing (bar'ing), n. The position of one place 
from another: — behavior; mien: — that part of 
an axle which rests on its support. 

Bear'ing-rein (-ran), n. A check-rein. 

Bear'ish, a. Having the quality of a bear; surly. 

Bear'-ward (bar'ward), n. A keeper of bears. 

Beast, n. [L. bestia ; 0. Fr. beste ; Fr. bite.] An 
irrational animal ; a brute. 

Beast'li-ness, n. Brutality; filthiness. 

Beast'ly, a. Like a beast ; brutal ; coarse. 

Beat (be't), v. a. [A.-S. beatan; Fr. battre.— See 
Batter, Pat.] [i. beat; pp. beating, beaten or 
beat.] To strike ; to bruise : — to tread : — to con- 
quer; to vanquish; to surpass.— 2, v. u. To 
move in a pulsatory manner ; to dash, as a flood : 
— to throb. — 3, n. A stroke ; a pulsation ; act of 
striking : — the round of a watchman or patrol. 

Beat'en (be'tn), p. from beat. See Beat. 

Be-a-tlfic, \a. [L. beatificus, making happy.] 

Be-a-tif'i-cal, j Affording heavenly bliss : happy. 

Be-at-i-fi-ca'tion, n. [Late L. beatificatio.] The 
act of beatifying: — an act of the pope pro- 
nouncing a deceased person beatified in heaven. 

Be-at'i-fy, v. a. [L. beatijico ; beatus, happy, and 
facto, to make ; beare, beatus, to bless.] [ pp. be- 
atifying, beatified.] To bless; to make happy. 

Beat'ing, n. The act of striking: — flogging. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. — 5, <?, c, §, soft; fS, £, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 



BEATITUDE 



BEECHNUT 



Be-at'i-tude, n. [L. beatiiudo.] Blessedness ; hap- 
piness; bliss: — an ascription of blessedness. 

Beau (bo), re. ; pi. Beaux (boz). [Fr. beau, bel, 
handsome; L. bellus, fine.] A man of dress; a 
fop ; a coxcomb : — a gallant. 

Beau-I-de'al (bO-I-de'a.1), n. [Fr. beau-ideal] An 
ideal model of excellence : — ideal excellence. 

Beaujolais (bo-zho-lfi), re. [The name of a dis- 
trict in France, from Beaujeu, its old capital.] A 
red Burgundy wine. 

Beau-monde' (bo-mond'), re. [Fr.] The gay or 
fashionable world ; fashionable people. 

Beau'te-ous [bu'te-us, P. J. Ja. R. C. ; bu'te-us, 
I. ; bu'te-us, H. St. ; bQ'tyus, E. F. K. ; bu'ehe- 
us, TT.], a. Fair; beautiful. 

Beau'ti-ful (bu'te-ful), a. Having beauty; fair; 
handsome; fine; pretty; graceful. 

Syn. — Beautiful is the strongest and most com- 
prehensive of these epithets. A beautiful woman ; 
beautiful scenery ; a handsome man ; a handsome 
building ; a fine lady ; a fine prospect ; a fair 
skin; a pretty child : graceful manner. 

Beau'ti-ful-ly, ad. In a beautiful manner. 

Beau'ti-fy, r. a. [pp. beautifying, beautified.] To 
adorn ; to embellish. — 2, r. n. To grow beautiful. 

Beau'ty (bii'te), n. [Fr. beaute, from beau, hand- 
some.] That assemblage of graces, or propor- 
tion of parts, which pleases the senses, especially 
the eye or the ear ; a particular grace : — a beau- 
tiful person or woman. 

Beau'ty-spot. n. A 
patch or foil placed 
on the face to 
heighten beauty by 
contrast. 

Bea'ver (be'ver), re. 
[A.-S. beofor; Ger. 
biber; Czech, bobr ; 
L. fiber; cf. Skr. 
babhrus, brown, an 
ichneumon.] A fur-bearing rodent animal : — the 
fur of the beaver :— a hat :— [Obs. Fr. baviere, a 
bib ; bare, saliva] a visor ; the lower face-guard 
of a helmet. 

Be-calm' (be-kam'), v. a. [pp. becalming, be- 
calmed.] To still; to quiet; to calm: — to keep 
from motion, as a ship. 




Beaver. 



Be 



from become. See Become. 



Be-cause', conj. [0. E. bi cause, by reason.] For 
this reason that ; on this account that; for this 
cause that ; for. 

Bechamel (ba-sha-mel), re. [The inventor's name.] 
A delicate sauce or broth flavored with cream. 

Be-charm', r. a. [pp. becharming, becharmed.j 
To captivate ; to charm. 

Beck, v. n. [Shortened from beckon.] [pp. beck- 
ing, becked.] To make a sign with the head. — 
2, v. a. To call by a motion of the head. — 3, re. 
A sign with the head ; a nod :— [Ger. bach ; A.-S. 
belch- ; Dut. bsek] a brook. 

Beck'on (bek'kn), v. n. [A.-S. biecnan, beacnian ; 
beacn, a sign, a beacon.] [pp. beckoning, beck- 
oned.] To make a sign.— 2, r. a. To make a 
sign to. — 3, n. A sign without words; a beck. 

Be-clbud', v. a. [pp. beclouding, beclouded.] To 
dim ; to obscure ; to cloud. 

Be-come' (be-kum'), v. n. [A.-S. becuman, to come 

by, to attain, to happen; Ger. bekommen.— See 

Come.] [i. became ; pp. becoming, become.] To 

. enter into some state ; to be changed to ; to be. 

— 2, v. a. To add grace to ; to befit ; to suit. 

Be-eom'ing, a. Graceful; suitable; comely; fit; 
proper'; meet. 

Syn. — Becoming dress or manner; graceful atti- 
tude ; suitable furniture ; fit for the season ; proper 
or meet for the occasion. 

Be-c$m'ing-ly, ad. In a becoming manner. 

Be-com'ing-ness, ". Decency; propriety. 

Bed, re. ' [A.-S. and Dut. bed; Ger. bett; Goth. 
badi.] Something to sleep on ; a couch :— a bank 
of earth raised in a garden : — the channel of a 



river, or any hollow:— a vein of ore ; a layer: a 
stratum.— 2, v. a. [pp. bedding, bedded*.] To 
place in bed:— to plant in earth:— to lay in 
order; to stratify.— 3, ». h. To lie. 

Be-dab'ble. v. a. (pp. bedabbling, bedabbled.] To 
wet; to besprinkle. [bespatter: to dash. 

Be-dash', v. a. [pp. bedashing, bedashed.] To 

Be-daub', v. a. [pp. bedaubing, bedaubed.] To 
smear; to daub over. [make dim by lustre. 

Be-daz'zle, w. a. [pp. bedazzling, bedazzled.] To 

Bed' -bug, n. A fetid insect that infests beds. 

Bed'cham-ber, re. A chamber for a bed. 

Bed'clothes, n. pi. Coverlets and sheets, or clothes, 
for a bed. See Clothes. 

Bed'ding, re. The materials of a bed.— (Geo?.) The 
lie or position of beds or layers. 

Be-deck', v. a. [pp. bedecking, bedecked.] To 
deck ; to ornament ; to adorn. 

Bede'-house, n. [0. E. bede, prayer (see Beap), 
and house: — a house for bedesmen; these were 
often paupers, who were required to prav for 
their benefactors.] A hospital ; an almshouse. 

Be-dev'il (be-dev'vl), ». a . [pp. bedeviling, be- 
deviled.] To throw into disorder :— to abuse ; to 
corrupt. [To moisten gently. 

Be-dew' (be-dii'), v. a. [ pp. bedewing, bedewed.] 

Bed'fast, a. [Bed, and fast, firmly fixed.] Bed- 
ridden; confined to the bed. 

Bed'fel-low, re. One lying in the same bed. 

Bed'-hang-ings, n. pi. Curtains of a bed. 

Be-dight' (b'e-dft'), v. a. [See Bight.] [i. bedight 
'or bedighted ; pp. bedighting, bedighted or be- 
dight.] To adorn: — to dress. 

Be-dim', v. a. [pp. bedimming, bedimmed.] To 
"make dim ; to darken. 

Be-di'zen (be-di'zn) [be-di'zn, S. W. P. F. Ja. K. 
S. 31. Ii. ; be-diz'zn, C- TIT). St. ; be-diz'zn or be- 
di'zn, H. I.], v. a. [See Dizex.] [pp. bedizen- 
ing, bedizened.] To dress gaudily. 

Be-di'zen-ment, ». The act of bedizening or state 
of being bedizened. 

Bed'lam. n. [The old priory of St. Mary of Beth- 
lehem, in London, became a hospital "for luna- 
tics.] A hospital for lunatics. 

Bed'6u-in. re. [Arab, badauiy, pi. badairin, desert 
dwellers ; badw, a desert.] A nomadic Arab. 

Bed'-piece, or Bed' -plate, n. The foundation 
plate of an engine or machine. 

Bed'post, re. The post of a bedstead. 

Be-drag'gle, v. a. [pp. bedraggling, bedraggled.] 
To soil in the dirt. [To drench ; to soak. 

Be-drench', v. a. [pp. bedrenching, bedrenched.] 

Bgd'rid. or Bed'rid-den, a. [From bed, and ride, 
to be borne.] Confined to the bed by sickness, 
age, or infirmity. 

Bed'room, re. A room to sleep in. 

Bed'side, re. The side of a bed. 

Bed'-sore, re. A sore produced in a person wbo has 
been long bedridden. 

Bed'stead (bed'sted), re. [Bed, and stead, to sup- 
port.] The frame of a bed. 

Bed'straw, n. Straw for a bed: — a plant of sev- 
eral kinds. [of a bed. 

Bed' -tick, re. A case, or tick, to hold the feathers 

Eed'time, n. Time to go to bed or to rest. 

Bee. re. [A.-S. beo ; Dut. 
by; Ger. biene.] An in- 
sect that makes honey 
and wax. 

Bee'-bread, re. The pol- 
len of flowers used by 
bees in feeding their 
young. 

Beech, re. [A.-S. boece, 
bece, boc ; Ger. buche ; L. 
fagus ; Gr. <t>ay6s, ^rjydj, root of fyaye'iv. to eat ; 
'from its edible nuts.] A well-known forest tree 
and its wood. 

Beech'en, a. Made of beech. 

Beech'mast, re. The fruits or nuts of the beech. 

Beech'nut, n. A nut of the beech. 




Bee. 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, 



tt, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her | 



BEEF 



97 



BEHINDHAND 




Beef, n. [Fr. boeuf, ox; L. bos, bovU ; Gr. j3ous.] 

Flesh of an ox, bull, or cow : — an ox. 
Beef -eat-er, ». One who eats bee!': — [the deriva- 
tion from bufetier, sideboard-man or fagfe£~man, 
is not historically correct] a yeoman of the king 
of England's guard. [broiling. 

Beefsteak, n. [See Steak.] A slice of beef for 
Bee'-glue, n. A substance with which bees cement 

their combs to the hives ; propolis. 
Bee'hive, n. A box or case for holding bees. 
Bee'-line, n. [The bee is said to fly homeward in 

a straight line.] A straight line ; air-line. 
Been (bin) [bin, 8. W. J. Sm. C Wb. : ben, P. F. 
Ja. K. B. L, B. G. White, St.], p. from the verb be. 
Beer, n. [Ger. & Dut. bier; A.-S. beor ; Fr. biere. — 
Cf. bere, barley.] Liquor made of malt and hops. 
Bees/wax, re. AVax made by bees. 
Bees'-wing, ». [From its filmy appearance.] A 
crust consisting of scales of tartar formed on 
port and other wines. 
Beet, re. [L. beta; Fr. bette.] A garden vegetable. 
Bee' tie. re. [A.-S. bitula, bitela; root of Bite.] An 
insect of which there 
are many species ; a 
coleopteran : — [A.- S. 
bielel, betel, bilel ; root 
of Beat] a heavy 
wooden mallet. — ,2, 
v. n. [pp. beetling, 
beetled.] [Probably 
alluding to the prom- 
inent eyes of some 
beetles.] To jut out; to hang over. — 3, v. a. To 
beat with a beetle or mallet : — to produce figures 
on by means of a beetle or beetling-machine. 
Bee'tle, \n. A machine for prn- 

Beet'ling-ma-chine', J during figures on fabrics 
by pressure' from corrugated or indented rollers. 
Bee'tle-brov^ed, a. Having prominent brows. 
Beeves (bevz), n. ; pi. of beef. Cattle; oxen. 
Be-fair, c. a. [i. befell ; pp. befalling, befallen.] 1 
To betide; to happen to. — 2, v. re. To happen; 
to occur. [to become ; to fit. 

Be-fit', v. a. [pp. befitting, befitted.] To suit; 
Be-flt'ting, p. a. Becoming; suitable; fit. 
Be-fog', v. a. [pp. befogging, befogged.] To 

involve in fog:— to mystify. 
Be-fo61\ v. a. [pp. befooling, befooled.] To in- 
fatuate ; to make a fool of. 
Be-fore', prep. [A.-S. beforan.— See Fore.] Far- 
ther onward; in the front of; in presence of; 
prior to ; superior to. — 2, ad. Sooner than ; in 
tiinepast; previously to; hitherto: — farther on- 
ward. 
Be-fore'hand, ad. [Hand may note direction, as 
in forehand, right-hand. — Cf. L. prse memu, in 
readiness.] In anticipation ; previously; ante- 
cedently; at first. [to pollute; to foul. 
Be-foul', y. a. [pp. befouling, befouled.] To soil; 
Be-friend', v. a. [pj>. befriending, befriended.] 
To favor; to assist. [decorate with fringes. 
Be-fringV. v. a. [pp. befringing, befringed.] To 
Be-fud'dle. v. a. [pp. befuddling, befuddled.] To 
confuse or stupefy, as with drink ; to bemuddle. 
Beg, v. n. [0. E. & Anglo-Fr. beggen; A.-S. bede- 
cian; Goth, bidjan, to ask. — See Bid. Others de- 
rive it from the bag or wallet of mendicants ; 
others from beghard, an old term nearly synony- 
mous with Beguin, a male member of a religious 
society now represented by the Bcguines.] [pp- 
begging, begged.] To ask alms; to live upon 
alms. — 2, v. a^ To ask humbly and earnestly, 
as a person in want ; to crave ; to entreat for. 
Be-gan', v. See Begin. 
Be-gass', h. [See Bagasse.] The sugar-cane after 

being cut and crushed: — also spelled megass. 
Be-fem', v. a. [pp. begemming, begemmed.] To 

stud, as with gems. 
Be-£et\ v. a. [A.-S. begitan, to get.— See Get.] 
\i. begot (begat) ; pp. begetting, begotten or be- 
got.] To generate ; to procreate. 



Beg/gar, n. [See Beg.] One who lives by beg- 
ging'.— 2, v. a. [pp. beggaring, beggared.] To 
reduce to beggary ; to impoverish : — to exhaust. 

Beg'gar-li-ness, n. Meanness ; poverty. 

Beg'gar-ljc, a. Mean; poor; needy. 

Beg'gar-y.,' h. Indigence; waut; poverty. 

Be-§il't\ p. a. Gilded or gilt. 

Be-§in', v. a. [A.-S. beginnan, onginnan; Goth. 
duginnan ; by some referred to A.-S. ginan, to 
open, to yawn (see Yawn) ; by others to the 
root of genus, generate.'] [i. began ; pp. begin- 
ning, begun.] To take the first step ; to com- 
mence. — 2, v. a. To enter upon ; to commence ; 
to originate. 

Syn. — Begin a work ; begin to write ; co 
an operation; enter upon an employment. 

Be-fin'ner, n. One who begins; a tyro. 

Be-fin'ning, re. The first origin; first act; first 
part; commencement; origin. 

Be-gi'rd', v.a. [A.-S. begyrdan.— See Gird.] [i. be- 
girt or begirded; pp. begirding, begirt or be- 
girded.] To gird; to bind round ; to surround ; 
to shut in. 

Be-gnaw' (be-naw'), v. a. [pp. begnawing, be- 
gnawed.] To bite ; to eat away. 

Be~-gone', interj. [Be gone.] An exclamation com- 
manding to go away ; haste away. 
' Be-go'ni-a, n. [Named in honor of M. Begon.] A 
genus of ornamental plants, natives of Central 
and South America. 

Be-got', i. &p- from beget. See Beget. 

Be-got'ten (be-got'tn), p. from beget. 

Be-grime', v. a. [pp. begriming, begrimed.] To 
"soil with soot or dirt; to grime. 

Be-grfidgV. v. a. [pp. begrudging, begrudged.] 
To envy the possession of; to grudge. 

Be-guile'' (be-glf), v. a. [See Gvile and Wile.] 
[pp. beguiling, beguiled.] To impose upon ; to 
deceive pleasingly ; to allure ; to divert ; to amuse. 

Beguinage (ba-gen-iizh), n. [Fr.] A convent of 
Beguines. 

Beguine (ba-gen), «. [Fr., from Lambert Begv.e, 
their founder.] One of a certain order of re- 
ligious women. 

Be'gum, n. [Per. begam, Turk, bigim, princess, 
fern, of big, or beg, a bey or ruler.— See Bey.] A 
Hindu princess. 

Be-gun', p. from begin. 

Be-half (be-haf), n. [0. E. bihalve, beside, a 
prep, from hi, by, and half, a half, a side.] Favor ; 
cause favored ; interest ; account ; sake ; support ; 
vindication. 

Be-have', o. a. [A.-S. behabban; be. by or about, 
and habban, to have, to hold. — See Have.] [pp. 
behaving, behaved.] To conduct; to demean; 
to carry: — used often with the reciprocal pro- 
noun : — to conduct one's self well. — 2, v. n. To 
act; to conduct one's self. 

Be-hav'ior (be-hav'yur), re. Manner of behaving 
'or of conducting one's self; conduct; deport- 
ment : — action. 

Be-head', v. a. [A.-S. belieafdian; be, priv., and 
'heafod, head.] [pp. beheading, beheaded.] To 
deprive of the head. 

Be-held', i. & p. from behold. 

Bi'he-moth [belie-moth, W. P. J. F. SL I. Ja. Sm. 
N. B. C ; be-he'moth, Ash, Mu., Maunder], n. 
[Heb., plural form of bliemah, a beast. — Cf. 
Egypt, pehemau, "water-ox."] An animal de- 
scribed in Job, perhaps the hippopotamus. 

Be-hest', n. [A.-S. behses (corrupted to biheste) 
long and properly meant "a promise" (from 
hatan, to call ; see Hight ; bihatan, to promise), 
but acquired the sense of the cognate hest, a 
command.] Command; precept; mandate. 

Be-hind', prep. [A.-S. behindan, from behind; be, 
and hindan, behind; Ger. hinten.] At the back 
of; following; remaining after ; inferior to. — 2, 
ad. In the rear ; backward ; back. 

Be-hind'hand, ad. & a. [On type of the much 
older beforehand. It appears to replace the old 



mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, 5, £, soft; p, p, g, §, hard; § as z ; xasgz; tnis. 

e g 9 



BEHOLD 



98 



BELUGA 



behindan, from behind.] In a backward state ; 
in arrears ; backward ; tardy. 

Be-hold', v. a. [A.-S. bihuhlun, to hold by; hence 
to keep, to observe, to look..] [i. beheld; pp. 
beholding, beheld (beholden).] To see ; to ob- 
serve attentively ; to look at. — 2, v. n. To look. 
— 3, interj. See ; lo ; observe. 

Syn. — A person beholds that which excites in- 
terest or admiration ; he sees involuntarily ; looks 
attentively ; observes and views carefully. 

Be-hold'en (be-hold'dn), p. a. Bound in grati- 
tude; obliged; indebted. 

Be-hold'er, n. One who beholds or sees. 

Ee-h66f ,' n. [Dut. behoef; Ger. behvf; cognate 
with have and heave, in the sense of to take up, 
to acquire.] Profit ; advantage ; benefit. 

Be-ho6v'a-ble, a. Fit; expedient. 



Be-h66ve', or Be-hove 



. [A.-S. behofian. — See 
Behoof.] [pp. behooving or behoving/behooved 
or behoved.] To be fit for ; to be due ; to be in- 
cumbent on ; to become. 

Beige (baj or bazh), n. [Fr., gray, undyed; It. 
bigio. — Cf. Baize.] Undyed serge, a material for 
ladies' dresses, &c. 

Be'ing, p. from be. Existing. — 2, n. Existence; 
a particular state: — a person; any living creat- 
ure, [decorate with jewels. 

Be-jew'el, v. a. [pp. bejewelling, bejewelled.] To 

Be-ju'co" (ba-hu.'ko), n. [Sp.] The Indian cane, 
a reed-like twining plant of tropical America. 

Be-la'bor, v. a. [See Labor.] [pp. belaboring, 
belabored.] To beat soundly ; to ply. 

Be-late', v. a. [pp. belating, belated.] To retard ; 
to make too late. 

Be-lat'ed, a. Benighted ; too late. 

Be-lay', v. a. [A.-S. belecgan; Dut. beleggen; by, 
about, and lay, in the sense of entwine.] [pp. 
belaying, belayed.] Tobluckup; to attack; to 
besiege. — (Naut.) To fasten, as a rope. 

Be-lay'ing-pm, n. {Naut.) A strong pin round 
which ropes are belayed. 

Belch, v. n. [A.-S. bealciun ; 0. E. bollcen.] [pp. 
belching, belched.] To eject wind from tbe 
stomach. — 2, v. a. To throw out with violence. 
— 3, n. An act of belching; an eructation. 

Bel'dam, n. [0. E. bcl, fair, implying a relation- 
ship' (cf. Fr. beau-pere), and dam, a mother; in 
later use ironical, with a reference to Fr. belle 
dame, fair lady.] An old woman; a hag. 

Be-lea'guer, v. a. [Dut. belegeren, from leger, a 
camp; Ger. belagern. — See Leaguer.] [pp. be- 
leaguering, beleaguered.] To besiege; to beset. 

Be-lem'nite, n. [Gr. fie\etJ.vov, thunder: — once 
thought to be a petrified thunder-bolt.] (Geol.) 
A fossil, the relic of an extinct molluscous ma- 
rine animal ; vulgarly called thunderstone or 
arrow-head. 

Bel-esprit (bel'es-pr?'), n. ; pi. Beaux-esprits 
(boz'es-pre'). [Fr.] A man of wit. 

Bel' fry, n. [Fr. beffroi; 0. Kr. berfrey ; 0. Ger. 
bercfrit, a movable tower, a watch-tower: from 
tbe association of a bell with a tower the form 
belfry was developed.] A tower for a bell. 

Be'li-al, n. [Heb.] Worthlessness : — the devil. 

Be-li'bel, v. a. [pp. belibelling, belibel'ed.] To 
'traduce ; to libel. 



to calumniate. 
To slander 



Be-lie', v. a. [pp. helving, belied.] 

Be-lief (be-lef ), n. [0. E. bileafe, for A.-S. ge- 
leafa, akin to Ger. glavbe, faith, to Lovf, and to 
LrrF.] The act of believing; thing believed ; 
creed; faith:— confidence. 

Syn. — Truxt in opinion is called belief; in re- 
ligious opinion or divine testimony, 'faith; in 
pecuniary worth, credit; in moral probity, confi- 
dence: — the articles of belief, creed- 

Be-liev'a-ble, a. That may be believed. 

Be-lieve' (be-leV), v. a. [See Belief ; 0. E. bi- 
leven; A.-S. gelefan ; Goth, galaubjan; Ger. glau- 
ben.] [pp. belif-ving, believed.] To exercise 
belief in; to credit; to trust; to think true.— 
2, v. n. To have belief; to think. 



Be-liev'er, n. One who believes. 

Be-like',' ad. Probably ; likely. [Antiq.] 

Be-lit'tle, v. a. [pp. belittling, belittled.] To 
make little ; to detract from ; to minimize. 

Bell, n. [A.-S. belkm, to roar.] A hollow, sound- 
ing vessel of metal : — a blossom : — a bubble. 

Bel-la-don'na, n. [It. for " fair lady;" said to be 
employed by ladies to enlarge the pupil of the 
eye.] A poisonous plant; deadly nightshade. 

Bell'-bird, n. A name common to several birds, 
from their bell-like notes. 

Belle (bel), v. [Fr.— See Beau.] A young lady 
admired for beauty ; a gay young lady. 

Belles-lettres (bel-let'tr) [bel-la'tur, W. J. F. K. ; 
bel-let'tr, P. Ja. Sin. R. I. H. St. ; bel'let'tr, E. 
C. Wb.], n. pi. [Fr. for "fine, or polite, letters."] 
Polite literature, as rhetoric, poetry, criticism, 
and philology ; classical authors. 

Bel-let- ris'tic, a. Of or pertaining to belles-lettres. 

Bell'-floly-er, n. A bell-shaped flower. 

Bell'-found-er, n. One who casts bells. 

Bell' -hang- er, *;. One who hangs bells. 

Bel-li-cose', a. [L. bellicosus, warlike ; bellum, war.] 
Warlike ; belligerent. 

Bel-lifer-ent, a. [L. belligerare, belligeraniis, to 
wage war; bellum, war, and gerere, to wage.] 
Waging war; engaged in war.— 2, n. A party 
carrying on war. 

Bel'ling, n. [A.-S. bellan, to bellow.] The cry of 
the deer. 

Bell'man, n. A public crier: — a bell-ringer. 

Bell-met'al (bel-met'tl), n. An alloy or mixture 
of copper and tin, used for making bells. 

Bel'low (bel'lo), v. n. [A.-S. bellan, bylgian, to bel- 
low; 0. E. belwen.] [pp. bellowing," bellowed.] 
To make a noise as a bull ; to cry aloud ; to roar. 
— 2, n. A loud outcry ; a roar. 



a roaring. 
W. P. J. F. K. Sm. R. ; 




Bellows. 



Bel low-ing, n. Loud noise 

Bel'lows (bel'lusj [beTlus, S. 
bel'oz, JV. Ja. D. Co. St. 
I.], n. sing. & pi. [Sw. balg, 
Dan. badger, bellows ; A.- 
S. bylig, a bag; blast-belg, 
also bely, a bellows; akin 
to Belly.] A machine for 
blowing the fire. 

Bel'lows-fish (bel'lus-), n. 
(Ich.) A spiny-finned fish : 
— called also trumpet-fish. 

Bel'lu-Ine, a. [L. belhdnus, beastly ; bellua, a 
beast.] Bestial ; beastly ; brutal. 

Bell'-wetn-er, n. A sheep carrying a bell. 

Bell'-wort "(-wiirt), n. [See Wort.] (Bot.) A 
name common to various plants producing bell- 
shaped flowers. 

Belly, n. [A.-S. beelig, bielg, a bag, the belly; 
O. E. bely.] That part of the body which con- 
tains the entrails; abdomen: — a protuberance. — 
2, v. n. [pp. bellying, bellied.] To swell out. 

Bel'ly-ache, n. Pain in the bowels; colic. 

Bel'ly-band, n. A girth for a horse. 

Be-long', v. n. [Ger. & Dut. belanq, consequence, 
concern ; belangen, to concern. J [pp. belonging, 
belonged.] To be the property of; to appertain ; 
to adhere ; to have relation ; to relate. 

Be-long'ings, n. pi. What belongs to a person or 
thing; 'property. 

Be-16ved' (be-luvd').p. Loved; as, He was much 
beloved.— 2, a. (be-luv'ed). Much loved; dear; as, 
a beloved son. 

Be-low', prep. [See Low.] Vnder in place, time, 
or dignity ; inferior in excellence ; unworthy of, 
— 2, ad. In a lower place ; on earth. 

Belt, n. [A.-S. belt, L. balleus, belt.] That which 
encompasses; a girdle; a cincture; a sash; 



band : 



[pp. belting, belted.] To 



gird witb a belt ; to encircle. 
Belt'ing, n. Belts collectively ; the system of belts 

conveying power to the machinery of a factory. 
Be-lu'ga, n. [Knss., from belo, white.] A species 

'of whale, called white-fish .—a kind of sturgeon. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, i, 



y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



BELVEDERE 



99 



BEREFT 



Bel've-dere, n. [It., "fair view:" bello, beautiful, 
and' vedere, to see, or a sight.] (Arch.) A pa- 
vilion, gallery, or structure on the top of a house 
or palace, or on an eminence. 

Be-mask', v. a. [pp. bemasking, bemasked.] To 
hide ; to conceal ; to mask. [in the mir3. 

Be-mire', v. a. [pp. bemiring, bemired.] To drag 

Be-moan', v. a. [pp. bemoaning, bemoaned.] To 
lament ; to bewail. 

Be-moan'ing, n. Lamentation. 

Be-mock', v. a. [pp. bemocking, bemocked.] To 
treat with mockery ; to mock. 

Bench, n. [A.-S. bene; a variant of Bank.] A long 
seat : — a tribunal of justice ; the court ; the body 
of judges: — a natural terrace. 

Bench'er, n. A senior member of a society gov- 
erning the English inns of court. 

Bench' -show, n. [From the bench or table on 
which the animals are shown.] An exhibition 
of dogs or other animals. [by a judge. 

Bench- war' rant (-wor'rant), n. A warrant issued 

Bend, v. a. '[A.-S. bendan; allied to Bind and 
Band.] [i. bent or bended; pp. bending, bent 
or bended.] To make crooked : — to direct to a 
certain point; to incline; to bow. — i, v. n. To 
be incurvated : — to yield. — 3, n. A curve; a 
crook; a flexure; a bent: — bend-leather; a band. 

Bend'-leath'er (-leth'er), n. [From bend, a band 
or fillet, a word now chiefly heraldic ; Fr. bande ; 
0. Fr. bende. Half a butt, or full hide, of sole- 
leather is a side or bend.] Strong sole-leather. 

Bend'er, n. A diunken spree; a carousal [Low] : 
— a person or thing that bends. 

Be-neath' [be-nC-th', H. I. St.], prep. [Be, loca- 
tive, and A.-S. nidan, below ; Ger. nieden. — Cf. 
Nether.] Lower in place, rank, excellence, or 
dignity; under; unworthy of. — 2, ad. In a 
lower place ; below. 

Ben'e-dict, n. [L. benedictus, blessed ; from a char- 
acter in Shakespeare's "Much Ado about Noth- 
ing."] A cant term for a married man ; a newly- 
married man. 

Ben-e-dlc'tine, a. Belonging to St. Benedict. 

Ben-e-dic'tion, n. [L. benedictio ; benedicere, to 
bless; bene, well, and dicere, to speak.] An in- 
vocation of happiness ; a blessing: — institution 
of an abbot. 

Ben-e-fac'tion, n. [L. bemfuctio; beneficere, to 
benefit (q. v.).] Act of conferring a benefit; a 
benefit conferred ; donation; gift. 

Syn. — Benefactions to the poor; donations for 
charity ; an unexpected gratuity; a free gift. 

Ben-e-fac'tor, n. [L.] One who confers a benefit. 

Ben-e-fac'tress, n. A female benefactor. 

Ben'e-f Ice, ». [L. beneficium, a favor, bene, well, 
and facere, to do. J An ecclesiastical living. 

Ben'e-f Iced (ben'e-flst), a. Having a benefice. 

Be-nef'i-cence, n. [L. beneficent in.] Active good- 
ness ; a kind action ; kindness ; bounty ; charity. 

Be-nef i-cent, a. [L. beneficus, comp. beneficentior.] 
Bountiful; munificent; benevolent; kind; lib- 
eral ; generous. 

Ben-e-fi"cial (ben-g-fish'al), a. [L. beneficialis.] 
Conferring benefits; advantageous; serviceable: 
— entitled to benefits. 

Ben-e-f I"cial-ly, ad. Advantageously. 

Ben-e-fl"cia-ry. (ben-e-f Ish'ya-re), o. [L. bene- 
ficiarius.] Holding something from another: — 
pertaining to benefits, or to ""a benefice.— 2, n. 
One who is possessed of a benefice: — a person 
benefited : — a student assisted by charity. 

Ben'e-f It, n. [L. be nef actum ; Fr. bienfait; 0. Fr. 
ben/el; L. bene, well', and facere, to do.] An act 
of kindness; good office; favor; akindness; ser- 
vice: — advantage; account; avail; gain; profit. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. benefiting, benefited.] To do good 
to ; to assist ; to help. — 3, v. n. To gain advantage. 
Syn. — Princes confer benefits ami favors on 
subjects; subjects perform services for rulers; 
neighbors do acts of kindness to one another. 
Advantage of situation ; gain or profit in trade. 



Ben-e-fit-ee', n. One who receives, or is to re- 
ceive/a benefit; a beneficiary. 

Be-nev'o-lence, n. [L. benevolentia.] Disposition 
to do 'good ; good-will ; kindness ; benignity ; 
humanity : — an arbitrary tax. 

Syn. — Benevolence is the desire of doing good ; 
beneficence, actual goodness. The great should 
manifest condescending benignity; Immunity ex- 
tends to all ; kindness to friends and neighbors; 
tenderness to the suffering. — See Philanthropy. 

Be-nev'o-lent, a. [L. bene, well, and velle, volentis, 
to wish.] Disposed to do good ; kind ; humane ; 
benignant ; beneficent. 

Ben-ga-lee', n. [Native, BangalL] A native of 
Bengal : — the native language of Bengal. 

Ben-ga.1' -light (beu-gawl'-litj, n. A vivid light 
used in signalling and in pyrotechny. 

Be-night' (be-nit'j, v. a. [Be, intensive, and night.] 
[pp. benighting, benighted.] To involve in 
dai kness. 

Be-night'ed, p. a. Involved in mental or moral 
darkness : — grossly ignorant. 

Be-nign' (be-nin'), a. [L. beniynus, kind, gentle; 
bene, well, and -genus, born.] Kind; gentle; 
gracious; mild. 

Be-nlg'nant, a. [A variant of benign, on type of 
'maU'jna'ut.] Kind; gracious; good. 

Be-nig'ni-ty., n. [L. benignita*. ] Goodness of 
heart; benevolence; beneficence; graciousuess ; 
kindness. 

Be-nign'ly. (be-r.Tn'le), ad. Favorably. 

Bgn'i-§on (ben'ne-zn), n. [0. E. beneysun, 0. Fr. 
beneyzon, benediction.] Blessing: benediction. 

Benitier (ba-ne-te-a), n. [Fr. benir, to bless; b&mt, 
blessed.] The vessel used in Koman Catholic 
churches for holy water. 

Bent, i. & p. from bend.— 2, n. State of being 
bent; flexure; declivity: — inclination; ten- 
dency; purpose:— [Ger. biase ; A.-S. binet, beonet] 
grass ; a stalk of grass. 

Ben'tham-Ism, ». The system of Jeremy Ben- 
tham'; utilitarianism. [Bentham. 

Ben'tham-ite, n. One belonging to the school of 

Be-numb' (be-nCim'), r. a. [A.-S. benomen, part, 
from beniman, to deprive; cf. Numb, and Local 
Eng. nim, to take ; Ger. nehmen, to take.] [jjp, 
benumbing, benumbed.] To make torpid. 

Ben'zlne, n. Same as Bevzoi.b. 

Ben-zo'ic, a. (Client.) Relating to benzoin. 

Ben-zbin', n. [Fr. benjoin ; It. benzol; Arab, luban 
jaivi, olibanum of Java.] A resinous juice of a 
tree in Sumatra, &c. : — called also gum-benjamin. 

Ben'zole, n. [Benzoin and L. oleum, oil.] A fluid 
commonly obtained from petroleum, and used 
in varnishes, &c. 

Ben'zo-llne, n. Same as Benzole. 

Be-paint', v. a. [pp. bepainting, bepainted.] To 
cover with paint. [mark with pinches. 

Be-plnch', v. a. [pp. bepinching, bepinched.] To 

Be-pow'der, *•. a. [pp. bepowdering, bepowdered.] 
To dress out ; to powder. 

Be-prai§e\ v. a. [pp. bepraising, bepraised.] To 
praise greatly; to laud. 

Be-queath', v. a. [A.-S. civedan, to say, whence 
'quoth ; be here makes thp verb transitive.] [pp. 
bequeathing, bequeathed.] To leave by will to 
another; to devise :— written also bequeathe. 

Be-quest', »*. Something left by will; legacy: — 
the act of bequeathing. 

Be-rate', ?'. o. [See Rate.] [pp. berating, berated.] 
To revile ; to vilify ; to abuse. [berberry. 

Ber'be-rlne, n. An alkaloid from the root of the 

Be'r'ber-rx, h. A berry. See Barberry. 

Bere, n. A species of barley. See Bear. 

Be-reave', v. a. [A.-S. reafian, to plunder. — See 
Reave and Rob.] [i. bereaved or bereft; pp. be- 
reaving, bereaved or bereft.] To strip; to de- 
prive of; to dispossess. 

Be-reave'ment, n. The act of bereaving; state 
of being bereaved ; deprivation ; loss. 

Be-reft', i- & p. from bereave. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, Q, c, £, soft; p, $5, p, §, hard; § as z; ? as gz; this, 



BE RETT A 



100 



BETHINK 




Be-ret'ta, n. Same as Biretta. 

Berg, n.' [Ger. berg, a mountain.] An iceberg. 

Ber'ga-mot, n. [Bergamo, a town of Italy.] A 
sort 'of orange : — a variety ot pear :— a perfume : 
a kind of mint. 

Ber'gan-der, n. [0. E. berg, a burrow, and Gander ; 
from its habits; but cf. Ger. bergente, mountain 
duck ; berg, a moun- 
tain, and ente, a 
duck.] A species 
of large duck ; shel- 
drake. 

Berg' gilt, 1 n. [Sw. 

Ber'gilt, J berggalt ; 

berg, a rock, and Berggilt. 

gcdta, a swine.] A 

sea-fish resembling the perch: — sea-perch. 

Be-rhyme', v. a. [See Rhyme.] [pp. berhyming, 
berhymed.] To form in rhyme; to rhyme. 

Ber-lin', or Ber'lin [ber-lin', S. W. J. F. Ja. H. '; 
ber'lin, P. K. Sm. P. Wb.], n. A kind of coach. 

Ber-lin' -wool, )(-wul), n. A name common to 

Ber'lin-wool J various kinds of dyed worsted 
yarns used for knitting, &c. 

Berme, or Berm, n. [Fr. berme; Norse barmr, a 
border.] (Fo7-t.) A narrow level space along 
the interior slope of a parapet. 

Ber'ry, n. [Ger. beere; A.-S. berige; Dan. bur.] 
Any small fruit containing seeds. 

Ber'serk, or Ber'serk-er, n. [Icel. berserk, accu- 
sative of berserker, probably at first meaning a 
bear-sark, or bearskin coat.] A warrior charac- 
terized by frenzied, reckless daring. 

Berth, n. [0. E. barth, a shelter ; A.-S. beorgan, 
to protect. — Cf. Board.] A station of a ship : — 
a place or box to sleep in : — a station ; employ- 
ment : — sea- room. 

Berth' age, n. The occupation of a berth : — cost 
of using a berth. [stone. 

Ber'yl (ber'il), n. [Gr. firjpv\kos.] A precious 

Be-seech', v. a. [A variant of Seek.] [i. besought ; 
pp. beseeching, besought.] To entreat ; to im- 
plore ; to supplicate. 

Be-seem', v. a. [Be and seem.] [pp. beseeming, 
beseemed.] To become ; to be fit for. 

Be-set', v. a. [A.-S. besettan ; Goth, bisatjan. — 
See Set.] [i. beset; pp. besetting, beset.] To 
besiege ; to surround ; to waylay ; to embarrass ; 
to fall upon. 

Be-set'ment, n. The act of besetting, or state of 
being beset; that which besets; embarrassment. 

Be-set' ting, p. a. Habitually assailing. 

Be-shrew' (be-shru'), v. a. [0. E. schreiven, to 
curse; schrewe, shrewe,evi\, bad; literally, biting, 
cutting. — Cf. Shred, Shrewd, Shrew.] [pp. 
beshrewing. beshrewed.] To wish a curse to. 

Be-side', prep. [See Side!"] At the side of: — over 
and above ; distinct from ; other than. 

Be-side', \ad. More than that; moreover; not 

Be-sldes\ Jin this number; except; else. 

Be-&i&e§' , prep. Aside from. 

Be-siege' (be-sej'), v. a. [See Siege.] [pp. be- 
sieging, be'sieged.] To invest with an armed 
force ; to lay siege to. 

Be-sieg'er, n. One who besieges. 

Be-stque', \ (be-zek'), n. [Fr. besigue or besy.] A 

Be-zique' J game at cards. 

Be-slime', v. a. [See Sltme.] [pp. besliming, be- 
slimed.] To soil ; to daub with slime. 

Be-smear', v. a. [See Smear.] [pp. besmearing, 
besmeared.] To bedaub; to soil; to smear. 

Be-smirch', v. a. [See Smirch.] [pp. besmirching, 
besmirched.] To soil ; to discolor ; to smirch. 

Be-smut', v. a. [See Smut.] [pp. besmutting, 
besmutted.] To soil with smoke or soot. 

Be'som (be'zum), n. [A.-S. besema; Ger. besen.] 
A broom made of twigs. — 2, v. a. . [pp. besom- 
ing, besomed.] To sweep with, or as with, a 
besom. [To infatuate ; to stupefy. 

Be-sot', v. a. [See Sot.] [pp. besotting, besotted.] 

Be-sot'ted, p. a. Stupid; sottish. 



Be-sbught' (be-sawf), i. from beseech. 

Be-span'gle, v. a. [See Spangle.] [pp. bespan- 
gling, bespangled.] To adorn with spangles. 

Be-spat'ter, v. a, [See Spatter.] [pp. bespatter- 
ing, bespattered.] To soil by spattering. 

Be-speak', v. a. [See Speak; be makes the verb 
transitive.] [i. bespoke; pp. bespeaking, be- 
spoken.] To order or speak for beforehand :— to 
speak to ; to address : — to betoken ; to forebode ; 
to show. 

Be-spread' (be-spred'), v. a. [See Spread.] [L be- 
spread ; pp. bespreading, bespread.] To spread 
over. 

Be-sprent', a. [Part, from 0. E. bespreng, to 
sprinkle. — See Sprinkle.] Sprinkled over. 

Bes'se-mer, a. [Named after the inventor.] Not- 
ing 'a process for making steel by blowing air 
through melted pig-iron. 

Best, a. ; superl. of good. [0. E. betest, betst, the 
regular superlative from better ; Ger. best; Dut. 
best.] Most good ; that has good qualities in the 
highest degree. — 2, ad. ; superl. of well. In the 
highest degree of excellence or goodness. 

Be-stain', v. a. [See Stain.] [pp. bestaining, 
bestained.] To mark with stains. 

Be-sted', \ v - a - L^ ee Stead.] [i. besteaded or 

Be-stead',j bested (bestad) ; pp. besteading, be- 
steaded or bested (bestad). J To profit ; to be 
useful ; to place in circumstances good or ill. 

Best'ial (best'yal) [bes'che-al, W. J. ; best'yal, E. 
K. Sm. R. C. H. St. ; bes'te-al, P. Ja. I. ; bes'chal, 
S.], a. [L. bestialis; bestia, a beast.] Belonging 
to a beast ; beastly. 

Eest-i-al'i-ty. (best-ye-al'e-te^, n. Quality of 
beasts; beastliness: — an unnatural crime. 

Best'ial-ize, v. a. [pp. bestializing, bestialized.] 
To make like a beast. 

Best'ial-ly. (best'yal-le), ad. Brutally. 

Be-stick', v. a. [See Stick.] [i. bestuck ; pp. be- 
sticking, bestuck.] To stick over with. 

Be-sti'r', v. a. [See Stir.] [pp. bestirring, be- 
stirred.] To put into vigorous action. 

Be-stow' (be-sto'), v. a. [0. E. be, by, and stowen, 
"to stow, to place. — See Stow.] [pp. bestowing, 
bestowed.] To place ; to stow : — to give ; to con- 
fer ; to grant. 

Sgn. — Bestow charity; confer honors; grant 
privileges ; give presents ; impart information. 

Be-stow'al, \n. The act of bestowing; that 

Be-stow'ment, ( which is bestowed ; a gift. 

Be-strew' (be-stru' or be-stro') [be-strlV, S. J. H. 
N. St. Ja. K. Sm. ; be-stro', W. E. F.], v. a. [A.-S. 
bestreowian; Sw. bestr'd ; Dut. bestrooljen. — See 
Strew.] [i. bestrewed; pp. bestrewing, be- 
strewed, bestrewn or bestrown.] To sprinkle 
over. 

Be-stride', v. a. [See Stride.] [i. bestrode or be- 
strid ; pp. bestriding, bestridden or bestrhl.] To 
stride with the legs extended over; to step over; 
to ride on astraddle. 

Be-stud', v. a. [See Stud.] [pp. bestudding, be- 
studded.] To adorn as with studs. 

Bet, n. [From abet, in the sense of backing or 
supporting; akin to Scot, wad, a pledge. — See 
Wager.] A wager. — 2, v. a. [i. betted ; pp. bet- 
ting, betted : — the i. and pp. often take collo- 
quially the form bet] To lay, as a wager. 

Be-take', v. reflex. [On model of take; but at 
least in part derived from 0. E. beteach, to in- 
trust, command, give, or teach. — Cf. Take.] 
[i. betook; pp. betaking, betaken.] To apply; 
to move ; to remove. 

Be'tel (be'tl), n. [Tamil vettilei; Skr. viti.] An 
Indian masticatory plant; the pan-leaf: — incor- 
rectly, the areca-nut. 

Beth'el, n. [Heb. for " house of God."] A chapel, 
as for seamen. 

Be-think', v. a. [See Think.] [i. bethought; 
pp. bethinking, bethought.] To call to mind or 
memory ; to remind. — 2, v. n. To consider ; to 
think. [Antiq.] 



a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a, e, l, 5, fi, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, e, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



BETHUMP 



101 



BIBULOUS 



Be-thump\ v. a. [See Thump.] [pp. bethump- 
ing, bethumped.] To beat ; tu thump. 

Be-tlde', v. a. [Be confers transitive power on the 
Verb; A.-S. tiden, Norse tidha, to happen. — See 
Tide.] [i. betid or betided ; pp. betiding, betid.] 
To happen to ; to befall. — 2, v. n. To happen ; 
to become. 

Be-tlme', ad. Seasonably; betimes. 

Be-time§', ad. Seasonably; soon; early. 

Be-to'ken (be-to'kn), v. a. [A.-S. bitacnien, bitolc- 
nen; Ger. bezeichnen. — See Token.] [pp. beto- 
kening, betokened.] To foreshow by tokens or 
signs ; to signify : to denote. 

B€ton (ba-tdii), n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. betun; L. bitumen.] 
A kind of concrete or cement. 

Bet'o-ny, n. [L. betonica, belonia, vettonica; named 
from the Vettones, an old Spanish tribe.] A 
plant; a vulnerary herb. 

Be-took' (be-tuk'), i. from betake. 

Be-tray', v. a. [0. E. betraieu; L. tradere, to be- 
tray, from trans, over, across, and dare, to give.] 
[pp. betraying, betrayed.] To give up or dis- 
close treacherously: — to divulge, as a secret: — 
to entrap. [being betrayed. 

Be-tray'al, n. Act of betraying; treachery: — the 

Be-tray'er, n. One who betrays. 

Be-trim',' v. a. [See Trim.] [pp. betrimming, be- 
trimmed.] To deck ; to dress ; to trim. 

Be-troth', v. a. [A.-S. bitreudien; treowsian, to 
pledge. — See Troth and Truth.] [pp. betroth- 
ing, betrothed.] To contract to any one in order 
to marriage ; to affiance ; to pledge. 

Be-troth'al, n. Betrothment. 

Be-troth'inent, n. The act of betrothing; an en- 
gagement'relating to marriage. 

Bet'ter, a. ; comp. of good. [A.-S. be/em; Ger. bes- 
ser; Goth, batiza; akin to Boot, and to the local 
beet, to amend. It has influenced beat in the 
sense of to surpass.] Superior. — 2, ad. In a 
higher degree ; rather.— 3, v. a. [pp. bettering, 
bettered.] To improve; to meliorate.— 4, n. 
Superiority ; a superior : — [see Bet] one who bets. 

Bet'ter-ment, w. An improvement. 

Bet' tor, n. One who bets or lays wagers. 

Bet'ty, n. [Also called Jimmy and Jenny; origi- 
nally thieves' slang.] An instrument to break 
open doors. 

Be-tween', prep. [A.-S. betweonum, belweon; the 
last syllable is twain, two.] In the intermediate 
space of; from one to another; betwixt. 

Be-twixt', prep. [A variant of between; cf. 0. Fris. 
tvcishi ; A.-S. betweox; Ger. zwischen.] In the 
middle of; between. 

Bev'el, n. [Fr. bevetm^ bureau, a carpenter's rule; 
Sp. baivel, a mason's square.] An oblique angle 
not a right angle or half a right angle :— a kind 
of square movable on a centre :— used also as an 
adjective.— 2, v. a. [pp. bevelling, bevelled.] To 
cut to a bevel angle. 

BeVel-ling, n. Act of cutting to a bevel. 

Bev'er-age, n. [Fr. breuvage; 0. Fr. bevrage ; Tt. 
beveraggio; from L. bibere, to drink.] Drink; 
liquor to be drunk. 

BeVy, n. [Supposed to have meant at first "a 
drinking party ;" It. bem, 0. Fr. bevee, drink ; L. 
bibere, to drink ; the Fr. and It. when used in 
the sense of a " flock" are probably imitations 
of the English.] A flock of birds :— a company. 

Be-wail', v. a. [Be, as a sign of the transitive 
verb, and wail.] [pp. bewailing, bewailed.] To 
weep for; to bemoan.— 2, v. n. To express grief; 
to weep. 

Be-wail'a-ble, a. That may be lamented. 

Be-wail'ing, n. Lamentation. 

Be-ware', v. a. for. ». [A.-S. ivser, cautious, wary; 
warian, to guard.] To regard with caution.— 
[A verb defective, and not conjugated.] 

Be-wil'der, v. a. [See Wilder and Wild.] [pp. 
bewildering, bewildered.] To perplex; to en- 
tangle. 

Be-wil'der-raent, n. Perplexity. 



Be-witch', v. a. [See Witch.] [pp. bewitching, 
bewitched.] To charm; to fascinate. 

Be-witcb/e-ry, j Fascination ; enchantment. 

Be-witch'ment, J ' 

Be-witch'ing, a. Fascinating; enchanting. 

Be-witch'jng-ly, ad. In an alluring manner. 

Be-wray' (be-ra/), v. a. [0. E. bewreien ; A.-S. 
'uregan, to accuse; cf. Ger. rage, censure.] [pp. 
bewraying, bewrayed.] To betray ; to expose. 

Bey (ba), n. [Turk, bey and beg, governor.] Gov- 
ernor of a Turkish province. 

Bey'lick (ba'lik), n. [Turk, beylik or beglih] A 
province governed by a bey. 

Be-yond', prep. [A.-S. bigeondan; gennd, across; 
'Goth, jaind, yonder. — See Yon.] On the farther 
side of; farther onward than; before; above; 
past. — 2, ad. At a distance ; yonder. 

Be-zant', n. See Byzant. 

Bez'el [bez'el, P. K. G TIT). I. St. ; bez'zl, Sm. ; 
be'zel, «/«.], n. [Sp. bitel; Fr. biseau.] That 
part of a ring in which the stone is fixed. 

Be-zique', n. See Besique. 

Bl'zoar (be'zor) [be-zo'ar, 27*.], n. [Arab, bazahr ; 
Per. pad-zuhr, antidote ; pud, expelling, zahr, 
poison.] A calculous concretion once consid- 
ered an antidote to poisons. 

Bhang, n. [Per. bang ; Skr. bhanga, hemp.] In- 
dian hemp: — hasheesh. 

Bi. A prefix from the Latin signifying twice, or 
double. 

Bl'as, n. [Port. & Fr. Mais; It. sbiesco, askew; 
locally, sbias, bimcin, possibly from Late L. bifax, 
two-faced.] Weight on one side of a bowl: — 
partiality ; bent ; prepossession ; inclination. — 
2, c. a. [pp. Massing or biasing, biassed or bi- 
ased.] To cause to incline to one side ; to influ- 
ence ; to prejudice. — 3, a. One-sided; oblique. 
— <t, ad. Obliquely. 

Bi-ax'i-al, or Bi-ax'ile, a. [Bi, and Axial.] Hav- 
ing two axes. 

Bib, n. [L. bibere, to drink.] A piece of linen put 
on a child's breast. 

Bl-ba'cious (-shus), a. [L. bibax. bibacis; bibere, 
to drink'.] Addicted to drinking. 

Bib'ber, n. A tippler; a toper; a sot. 

Bl'ble* (bi'bl), n. [Late L. Mblia; (Jr. ra ^ifiMa, 
the books.] The bonl.\ by way of eminence ; the 
volume of the sacred Scriptures. 

Bib'li-cal, a. [Late L. biblicus. — See Bible.] Ec- 
lating to the Bible. 

Bib-li-og'ra-pher, ». One versed in bibliography. 

Bib-li-o-graph'ic, ) a. Relating to bibliogra- 

Bib-li-o-graph'i-cal, ) phy. 

Bib-li-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. /3t3Aiovpa^)ia ,• /StjSXt'oi', 
a book, and 7'pa^eti/, to write.] The science, 
knowledge, and history of books. 

Bib-li-ol'a-ter. n. A worshipper of a book:— a 
worshipper' of the Bible, especially of its letter. 

BIb-li-ol'a-try, n. [Gr. ^t^At'o^', a book, and 
Xarpeia.' worship.] Worship of a book : — exces- 
sive reverence for the letter of Scripture. 

Bib-li-ol'o-gy, n. [Or. /SijSaiW, a book, and Adyo?, 
a treatise.] Biblical literature; a treatise on 
books; bibliography. 

Bib'li-o-man-cy, ». [Gr. )3t/3Atoi', a book, and 
ixavreia, divination.] Divination by a book. 

Bib-li-o-ma'ni-a. n. [L. : Gr. (Si/SAior, a book, 
and jxai'ia, madness.] The rage for possessing 
curious books ; book-madness. [books. 

Bib-li-o-ma'ni-ac, n. One who has a rage for 

Bib-li-o-ma-ni'a-cal, a. Relating to bibliomania. 

Bib'li-o-phile, v. [Gr. 0i/3A<.'ov, a book, and <f>i\os, 
a friend.] A lover of books. 

Blb'li-o-pole, n. [Gr. fiifZ\ioTTu>\r]<; : nJj\r)<;, a 
seller; 7ru>Ae'ei.v, to sell.] A bookseller; a bibli- 
opolist. 

Bib-li-op'o-list, n. A bookseller. 

Bib-li-o-the'ca, n. [L. ; Gr. 0(./3Aio0tjkt? ,• Or/K-q, a 
repository.] 'An apartment for books ; a library. 

Bib'u-lous, a. [L. bibulm ; bibere, to drink.] Ab- 
sorbing; spongy : — intemperate. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, c, £, soft; p, p, p, §, luird; s as z ; ? as gz ; this. 

9* 



BICAMEKAL 



102 



BILK 



Bl-cam'e-ral, a. [Bi, and L. camera, a ch amber.] 
Consisting of two chambers or houses of legis- 
lature, [capsules. 

Bi-cap'su-lar, a. [See Capsule.] Having two 

Bi-car'bo-nate, n. [See Carbonate.] A salt hav- 
ing two equivalents of carbonic acid to one of 
the base. 

Bice, n. [Fr. bis, dark-gray ; It. bigio ; originally 
it seems to have been L. bis, twice, used adjec- 
tively and pejoratively, noting a second-rate sub- 
stance.] A green or light blue pigment. 

BI-ceph'a-lous, a. [Bi, and Gr. /cec/xiAij, a head.] 
Having two heads. 

Bi'ceps, a. [L., "two-headed;" bi, and caput, a 
head.] Having two heads :— applied to muscles. 

Bi-chro'mate, w. [See Chrome and Chromate.] 
A salt having two equivalents of chromic acid 
to one of the base. 

BT-cip'i-tal, \ a. [L. biceps, bicipitis. — See Bi- 

Bi-cip'i-tous, J ceps.] Having two heads or two 
origins. 

Bick'er, v. n. [A.-S. biker, a strife ; bikeren, to 
strive ; a frequentative form, perhaps akin to 
Pick or Beak.] [pp. bickering, bickered,] To 
dispute; to quiver: — to ripple: — to run with 
short, rapid steps ; to sound as if running with 
rapid steps ; to prattle. 

Bick'er-ing, n. A quarrel ; a skirmish. 

Bi-con'cave, a. [See Concave.] Concave in two 
aspects ; doubly concave. 

Bi-con'vex, a. [See Convex.] Convex on both 
sides, as a lens. 

Bi-corn'ous, or Bi-cb'rn'ute, a. [L. bicornis, two- 
horned ; comu, a horn; cornutus, horned.] Hav- 
ing two horns. 

Bi-cus'pid, a. [See Cusp.] (Anat.) Having two 
cusps. — 2, n. A premolar tooth in man. 

Bi'cy.-cle, or Bi'cy-cle, n. [Bi, and Gr. kvkXos, a 
wheel.] A velocipede with two 
wheels running in the same 
track. 

Bi'cy-cling. or Bi'cy-cling, n. 
The act or art of riding on a 
bicycle. 

Bi'cy-clist, or Bi'cy-clist, w. 
One expert in the use of a bi- 
cycle. 

Bid, r. a. [A.-S. beodan, beden, to offer, to com- 
mand ; biddan, to ask, to beg, to require.] 
[i. bade or bid ; pp. bidding, bidden or bid.] To 
order; to command: — to propose; to offer: — to 
desire ; to invite ; to call. — 2, n. An offer to give 
a certain price. 

Bid'da-ble, a. Docile; obedient. 

Bid'den (bid'dn), p. from bid. Commanded. 

Bid'der, n. One who bids or offers a price. 

Bid'ding, n. Command: — offer of price. 

Bide, v. a. [A.-S. bidan; Vut.biten; local Ger. 
beiten.) [i. bode; pp. biding, bode.] To endure; 
to suffer ; to wait for. — 2, v. n. To dwell ; to re- 
main ; to abide. 

Bi-den'tal, or Bi-den'tate, a. [L. bidental; bi, 
and dens, dentis, a tooth.] Having two teeth. 

Bi-det', n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. bider, to trot.] A little 
horse; a chamber bathing-vessel. 

Bi-en'ni-al, a. [L. biennis; bi, two, and annus, a 
year.]' Continuing two years; occurring once 
in two years. 

Bi-en'ni-al-ly, ad. Once in two years. 

Bier, n. [A.-S. bier, ber ; Fr. Mere; root of bear, 
to carry.] A frame for conveying the dead. 

Biest'ings, n. pi. [Ger. biest; Dut. biest; Fris. 
bjiisL] The first milk of a cow after calving; 
colostrum. double. 

Bi-fa/ri-oiis. a. [L. bifarivs, double.] Twofold; 

Bi'f id,' a. [L. bifidus; bi, twice, and findere, fidi, 
to split.] Cleft in two ; having two parts. 

Bif'i-lar, a. [Bi, and L. filum, a thread.] Having 
two threads. 

Bi-no'rous. a. [Bi, and L. flos, floris, a flower.] 
(Bot.) Having two flowers. 




Bicycle. 



Bi-fo'li-ate, a. [L. bi, and folium, a leaf.] (Bot.) 
Having two leaves. 

Bi' forked (bi'fbrkt), a. Having two prongs ; two- 
forked ; bifurcate. [a double form. 

Bi'form, a. [L. biformis; forma, form.] Having 

Bi-fiir'cate, v. n. ' [pp. bifurcating, bifurcated.] 
To divide into two prongs or branches ; to branch 
into two ; to fork. 

Bi-fiir'cate, a. [L. bifurcus ; Late L. bifurcatus; 
furca, a fork.] Having two prongs or forks. 

Bi-fur-ca'tion, n. Division into two branches. 

Big, a. [Possibly connected with Scot. & Local 
Eng. big, biggen, to build, to dwell in ; obs. bighj, 
habitable, commodious.] Bulky; great; large; 
huge. ^ [barley. 

Big, or Bigg, n. [Dan. byg.~\ A kind of winter 

Big'a-mist, n. One guilty of bigamy. 

Big'a-my, n. [Bi, and Gr. ydfxos, marriage.] The 
crime of having two wives, or husbands, at once. 

Bi-gem'i-nate, a. [Bi, and L. gemina&us, doubled ; 
geminus, a twin.] {Bot.) Doubly two-forked. 

Big'gin. n. [Fr. beguin, a child's cap; named 
from the sisterhood of Beguines.] A child's cap : 
— [a variant of jnggin; but there is good au- 
thority for the statement that the name "big- 
gin," formerly applied to a form of coffee-pot, 
was really the name of its inventor] a can, or 
small wooden vessel : — a piggin. 

Big'-hb'rn, n. A large wild sheep found in the 
western mountains of North America. 

Bight (bit), n. [Ger. bucht, a bay ; akin to Bow.] 
A small bay or inlet of the sea :— a bend or coil 
of a rope when folded. 

Big'ot, n. [Fr. bigot; It. bigotto, from bigio, gray; 
gray was a color much affected by strict religion- 
ists; many other derivations have been sug- 
gested.] One unreasonably devoted to some 
party, opinion, or practice ; a blind zealot. 

Big'ot-ed, a. Full of bigotry ; prejudiced. 

Big'ot-ry, n. Blind zeal; great prejudice. 

Bijou (bg'zho'), n. [Fr. ; Cymric, bizon, bisou, a 
finger-ring; bis, a finger.] A jewel; a trinket. 

Bijoutry (be-zhf/tre), a. [Fr. Mjouterie.] Manu- 
facture and trade in jewels; jewelry. 

Bi-ju'gate, \ a. [L. bijugus; bi, twice, and jnga- 

Bi-jii'gous. j tus, yoked ; jugum, a yoke.] Having 
two pairs of leaflets. 

Bi-la'bi-ate, a. [L. bi, two, and labia, a lip.] 
Having two lips. 

Bil'an-der, n. [Dut. bijlander, a coaster; bij, by, 
and land, land.] A Dutch boat or vessel. 

Bi-lat'er-al, a. [See Bi and Latlral.J Having 
two sides. 

Bil'ber-ry, n. [Dan. bollebser; perhaps bell-berry, 
from the bell-shaped flowers ; bscr, a berry.] A 
small shrub and its fruit. 

Bil'bo, n. ; pi. Bil'boe§. [From Bilboa, now Bil- 
bao, in Spain.] A rapier; a sword. 

Bil'boes. (bil'boz), v. pA. A sort of stocks for the 
feet, used for punishing offenders at sea. 

Bile, n. [L. bilis, etymologically akin to Yf.li.ow.] 
A yellow or greenish fluid secreted in the liver 
and collected in the gall-bladder. 

Bilge, k. [A variant of bulge.] The broadest part 
of a ship's bottom : — the protuberance of a cask : 
— called also bulge. — 2, v. v. [pp. bilging, 
bilged.] To spring a leak; to let in water. 

Bilge'-wa-ter, n. "Water lying in the bilge. 

ET1 ia-ry (bil'ya-re), «. Belonging to the bile. 

Bi-lin'gual, a. [L. bUmguis; lingua, a tongue.] 
Having two languages. 

Bi-lin'guous, a. Having two tongues ; speaking 
two tongues; bilingual. 

Bil'ious (bil'yus). a. [L. biliosus ; bilis, Vie.] Par- 
taking of bile. [bilious. 

Bil'ious-ness (bn'yus-nes), n. The state of 1 eing 

Bi-lit'er-al, a. [L." bi, two, and litera, a letter.] 
Consisting of two letters. — 2, n. A word, syl- 
lable, or root of two letters. 

Bilk, v. a. [Probably a variant of ball:] [pp. 
bilking, bilked.] To deceive; to defraud. 



a, e, I, 6, u, y, long ; a, e, i, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



BILL 



103 



BIED'S-EYE 



Bill, n. [A.-S. bile.] Beak of a fowl:— [A.- S. 
bil, a sword ; Ger. bill?, a pickaxe] a pickaxe ; a 
battle-axe : — [Law Fr. bille ; Law L. billa, a 
variant of bulla, a seal] a written paper: — an 
account of money: — a statement of goods pur- 
chased. — {Law.) A declaiation in writing, ex- 
pressing grievance or wrong:- a proposed law 
or act. — Bill of exchange, a note ordering the 
payment of a sum of money.— EM of hiding, a 
written statement of goods shipped. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. billing, billed.] To caress by joining bills. 
— 3, v. a. To make a bill of. [of bills. 

Bill'-bro-ker, n. One who negotiates the discount 

Bil'let, n. '[Dim. of bill.] A note; a letter: — a 
ticket directing soldiers where to lodge: — [Kr. 
billette, dim. of bille, a tree-trunk, a stick] a log 
of wood.— 2, v. a. [pp. billeting, billeted.] To 
place or quarter, as soldiers. 

Bil'let-doux' (hil'la-dC), n. ; pi. Bil'lets-doux' 
(bii'la-doz'). [Fr. for "sweet note."] A love- 
letter, [small hatchet or curve-edged axe. 

Bill' -hook (-huk), n. [Bill, an axe, and hook.] A 

Bill'iards (bll'yardz), n. pi. [Fr. biilard, a cue; 
dim. of bille, a stick.] A game played with balls 
and maces, or cues, on a table. 

Bil'lings-gate, n. [The name of a former gate of 
London, and of a fish-market there, om e famed 
for foul language.] Eibaldry ; foul language. 

Bill'ion (bil'yun), ». [Fr.. lrom bi, noting the 
second power) and million.] A thousand millions ; 
originally a million millions (used chiefly in this 
sense in England). [or battie-axe. 

Bill'man, ». ; pi. Bill'men. One who uses a bill, 

Bil'lon' (or be-yon), n. [Fr. for "base metal;" 
augmentative form of bille, a mass.] An alloy 
of copper and silver. 

Bil'low (bil'lo), n. [Norse, bylgja; Dan. bolge ; 
akin to Bei.l and Bulge.] A wave swollen by 
the wind ; surge ; a breaker. 

Bil'low-y. (bil'lo-e), a. Swelling ; turgid. < 

Bil'ly, n.' [Originally thieves' slang: cf. Betty, 
Jimmy, and Jack.] A policeman's club. 

Bi-ma'nous, a. [L. bi, two, and manus, a baud.] 
Having two hands; bimane. 

Bi-me-tal'lic, a. [Bi and metallic.] Of or re- 
lating to, "or consisting of, two metals: — noting 
a currency in which coins of gold and silver are 
legal tenders. 

Bi-met'al-lism, ». The concurrent use of two 
metals for the standard coin of a country. 

Bi-met'al-list, ». One who favors a bimetallic 
currency. [(less correctly) semi-monthly. 

Bi-month'ly, a. Occurring every two months; 

Bin, a. [A.-S. biun; Late L. benna, a basket; 
Welsh, ben; It. henna, a cart; cf. Dan. bing, a 
bin; Scot, bing, a heap.] A repository for corn, 
bread, or wine. [double. 

Bi'na-ry, a. [L. binurius ; bird, two.] Two; dual; 

Bi'nate, a. [L. bird, two.] {Bot.) Growing in pairs. 

Bind, v. a. [A.-S. hindan ; Ger. binden ; Skr. 
bandh.] [i. bound; pp. binding, bound.] To 
confine with cords ; to fasten to ; to tie together: 
— to cover; to oblige by contract, oath, or kind- 
ness ; to engage:— to pinch. — 2, v. n. To con- 
tract its own parts together. — 3, n. A hop-stem 
bound to a pole :— a ligature: — clay slate. 

Syn. — Bind the hands of a criminal ; tie him to 
the stake; fasten with a cord. — Bind is more co- 
ercive than oblige; oblige than engage.— We are 
bound by an oath; obliged by circumstances; en- 
gaged by promises. 

Blnd'er, >i. One who binds:— a fillet. 

Blnd'er-y, n. A place where books are bound. 

Bind'ing, n. A bandage: — cover of a book. — 
2, p. a. Compelling; obligatory. [plants. 

Bind'-weed, n. The name of various twining 

Bine. w. [A form of bind, influenced by vine.] A 
slender stem of a plant. 

Bin'na-cle, n. [Corrupted from Obs. E. bittacle ; 
Fr. habitude; L. habituculum ; habitare, to dwell, j 
The compass-box of a ship. 



Bin'o-cle, n. [Fr. ; L. bini, two, and oculi, eyes.] 
A magnifying glass with two tubes. 

Bi-noc'ii-lar, u. Having or using two eyes. 

Bl-no'mi-al, a. [L. binominis, later binomius, 
having two names ; bini, two, and nome.n, a 
name.] {Alg.) Noting a root composed of only 
two terms, connected by jdus or minus; — noting 
the nomenclature in which each object has two 
names, the generic and the specific. 

Bin'tu-rong, n. [Malay, binturung.] An Asiatic 
nocturnal quadruped. 

BI-o-£-en'e-sis, v- [Gr. jSi'os, life, and yereo-i?, 
birth.] The origin of life from life by parent- 
age ; the doctrine that living matter arises from 
living matter. 

Bi-o-|re-ne't'ic, a. Of or pertaining to biogenesis. 

Bi-o|-'e-nist.H. One who holds the doctrine or 
theory of biogenesis. 

Bi-og'ra-pher, n. A writer of biography. 

Bi-o-graph'ic, \ a. Relating to biography, or 

Bi-o-graph'i-cal, J the life of a person. 

Bi-og'ra-phy, n. [Late Gr. /Sioypa^ta ; Gr. jSt'os, 
life, and ypd^eiv, to write.] A history of a per- 
son's life: — that branch of zoology which de- 
scribes the life and habits of animais. 

Bi-o-lo&'ic, 



Bi-o-log'i-cal, 



Of or pertaining to biology. 



BI-61'o-£ist, n. One versed in the science of biol- 
ogy ; a student of biology. 

Bi-ol'o-§-y, n. [Gr. jSios, life, and Aoyos, dis- 
course.] The science of life: — inquiry relating 
to the average duration of human life : — the sci- 
ence of living organisms, whether animal or 
vegetable, comprising zoology and botany. 

Bi-o-lyt'ic, a. [Gr. jSios, life, and Kveiv, to dis- 
solve.] " (Med.) Relating to the destruction of 
vitality ; destroying or impairing life. 

Bl'o-plasm, n. [Gr. |3ioj, life, and -Aacr/ua, 
moulded material: irkao-o-eiv, t> mould.] The 
living or germinal self-propagating matter of 
living beings ; living unaltered protoplasm; the 
physical basis of life. 

Bi'o-tax-y, n. [Gr. 0i'o?, life, and rd^is, arrange- 
ment.] Systematic classification of animals and 
plants; taxonomy of organisms. 

Bl'o-tlte, n. [From Biot, a French savant.] Mag- 
nesian or hexagonal mica. 

Bip'a-rous, «. [Bi, and L. parere, to produce.] 
Bringing forth two at a birth. 

Bip'ar-tite, a. [L. biparHtue; partire, to part. — 
See Part.] Having two correspondent parts. 

Bi-par-ti"tion, n. The act of dividing into two. 

Bl'ped, n. [L. bipes, bipedis ; pes, a foot.] An ani- 
mal with two feet. 

Bip'e-dal. «. [L. bipedaUs. — See Biped.] Two 
feet in length: — having two feet. 

Bi-pen'nate, la. [Bi,. and L. pennatns, winged ; 

Bi-pen'nat-ed, ) penna, a wing.] Having two 
wings: — doubly pennate. 

Bi-pet'a-lous, a. [Bi and petal] Having two 
flower-leaves. [pinnate. 

Bl-pin'nate.a. [Bi, and L. pinna, a wing.] Doubly 

Bi-quad'rate (bl-kwod'rat), n. [Bi, and L. quad- 
rat us, squared.] (Alg.) The square of a square, 
or the fourth power. 

Bl-quad-rat'ic, «. Relating to the fourth power. 

Birch, n. [A.-S. berk, birce. — See Birk.] A well- 
known tree of several species. 

Bir'chen (b'ir'chn), a. 3Iade of birch. 

Bird, n. [A.-S. brid, bird, a young bird: perhaps 
akin to Breed. Brood.] A* leathered animal. 

Bird'lime, v. [Bird, and L. limus, slime. — See 
Lime.] A glutinous substance by which the 
feet of small birds are entangled. 

Bird'ling, ». [Ling is a diminutive suffix.] A 
small or young bird. 

Bird-of-Par'a-dise, ». A beautiful Papuan bird: 

Bird's'-eye (birdz'i), v. A plant; a primrose. — 
2, a. Noting a view of an object or place as seen 
from above, as by a bird:— marked with spots 
like birds' eves. 



mien, sir; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 9, c, g\ soft; p, ja, $, §, hard ; § 



? as gz ; this. 



BIKD'S-NEST 



104 



BLACK-BOAED 



Bird's/ -nest, n. The place where birds deposit 
their eggs and hatch their young : — a kind of 
apple custard. 

Bi'reme, n. [L. biremis ; bi, and remus, an oar.] 
A vessel with two benches or banks of oars. 

Bi-ret'ta, \n. [It. beretta; Sp. birreta; doubtfully 

Bir-ret'ta, J referred to L. birrus, a cape, and 
"thence to Gr. nvppo*;, flame-colored; nvp, fire.] 
A name for various kinds of cap ; a clerical cap. 

Bir'gan-der, n. [See Bkrgaxder.] A sort of wild 
goose. ' [birch. 

Birk, n. [A.-S. berk; Sw. bjork; Ger. birke.] The 

Bi'rth, n. [A.-S. byrth, beorth; Ger. geburt; A.-S. 
beran, to bear.] The act of coming into life: — 
extraction ; rank by descent ; lineage. 

Birth'day, n. The day on which any one is born ; 
the anniversary of one's birth. [mark. 

Birth'-mark, n. A congenital mark; a family 

Birth/place, n. The place where one is born. 

Birth'right (birth'rlt), n. The right or privilege 
to which a person is born. 

Birth'-root, n. A name given to various plants 
reputed to be useful in parturition. 

Bis'cuit (blsTvit), n. [Fr. ; It. biscotto ; L. bis, 
twice, and coclus, baked, cooked.] A kind of 
hard, dry bread :— unglazed porcelain. 

Bise (bez), n. [Fr.] A cold north-west wind on 
the Mediterranean ; the mistral. 

Bi-sect', v. a. [L. bi, two, and secure, section, to 
cut.] [pp. bisecting, bisected.] To divide into 
two equal parts. 

Bi-sec'tion, n. A division into two equal parts. 

Bi-seg'ment, n. [Bi, and segment.] One of the 
parts of' a line divided into two equal parts. 

Bi-sex'u-al, a. [Bi, and sexual.] Having two 
sexes. 

Bish'op, n. [Gr. inio-Konos, overseer; ewi, on, 
and (tkottos, looker. — Cf. Ger. bischof, Sp. obispo, 
It. vescovo, Fr. tv'que.] One of the highest order 
of clergy, who has the charge of a diocese :— a 
piece in the game of chess. —2, v. a. [pp. bish- 
oping, bishoped.] To confirm :— to cheat. 

Bish'op-ric, n. The jurisdiction and spiritual 
charge of a bishop ; a diocese. 

Bis/muth, ». [Ger. uismuth, bismuth; not im- 
probably from the root of tceiss, white : its white 
compounds were once used as cosmetics.] A 
reddish-white brittle metal. 

El'son, or Bis'on [bl'sun, K. 
B.'l. N.; biz'on, Jo. Sm. ; 
bi'zn, H. ; bi'zun, St. C. 
0.], n. [L. bison; Gr. 0i- 
<Totv ; Ger. wesent.] A kind 
of wild ox (in the United 
States called the buffalo). 

Bisque (bisk), n. [Fr.— See 

Biscuit.] A kind of por- Bison, 

celain: — a kind of soup. 

Bis-sex'tile, n. [L. bissextilis, pertaining to the 
bissextus or intercalary day ; bis, twice or double, 
and sextus, sixth : the old intercalary day was 
the sixth before the calends of March.] Leap 
year; every fourth year, which has 366 days 
and in which February has 29 days. 

Bis' tort. n. [L. bistorta ; bis, twice, torta, tw : sted 
from the twisted roots.] An astringent plant. 

Bis'tour-y, n. [Fr. bistouri; probably from Pisto 
rium, now Pistoja, in Italy.] A surgical instru 
ment, or knife. 

Bis'tre (bis'ter), n. [Fr.] A brown pigment. 

Bit, n. [From Bite.] The iron appurtenances or 
mouth-piece of a bridle :— a small piece ; a mor- 
sel: — a small silver coin :— a tool for boring. — 
2, v. a. [pp. bitting, bitted.] To put the bridle 
upon a horse. 

Bitch, n. [A.-S. bicce; Norse, bikkya; Yr.biche; 
' Ger. belze; Lap. pittja.] The female dog. 

Bite, v. a. [A.-S. bitan; found in all Teutonic 
languages; cf. Skr. bhid, to divide.] [i. bit; pp. 
biting, bitten or bit.] To crush with the teeth; 
to cut; to wound: — to treat harshly: — to give 





pain by cold : — to cheat ; to trick. — 2, n. Act of 
biting ; seizure by the teeth :— a mouthful : — the 
act of a fish that takes the bait: — a cheat; a 
trick : — a sharper. 

Bit'ing, p. a. Sharp; caustic; sarcastic. 

Bit' stock, n. A brace for a carpenters bit. 

Bitten (bit'tn), p. a. See Bite. 

Bit'ter, a. [A.-S. biter; Norse, bitr ; root of bite.] 
Having an austere taste : — sharp ; cruel ; painful ; 
afflicting : — reproachful. 

Bit'ter-ly, ad. In a bitter manner; sharply. 

Bit' tern, '». [0. E. botor ; 
0. Fr. butor; L. blithe, to 
cry like a bittern.] A bird 
of the heron kind: — [for 
bittering] a bitter liquid 
which drains off in making 
salt: — a substance used to 
adulterate beer. 

Bit'ter-ness, n. A bitter 

taste :— distress :— malice. muern. 

Bit'ter§. n. pi. A liquor containing an infusion 
of bitter herbs or roots. 

Bit'ter-sweet, v. A medicinal plant. 

Bitts! n. pi. [Fr. bitte, It. bitta, 0. E. bceting, a 
cable; probably from root of bite.] (Xuut.) Two 
strong pieces of timber, on which the cables are 
fastened when the ship rides at anchor. 

Bi-tu'men [bi-tu'men, T(". Jo. K. Sm. I. St. E. ; bit- 
u'men," H. ;' bi-tu'men, S. J. F.], n. [L. ; allied 
to pitch, and to Gr. ttltv;, pine.] An inflam- 
mable mineral substance of several varieties; a 
mineral pitch ; asphaltum ; asphalt. 

Bi-tu'min-ize, v. a. [pp. bituminizing, bitumin- 
ized.] " To combine with bitumen. 

Bi-tu'mi-nous, a. Containing bitumen. 

Bi'valve, a. [Bi, and valve.] Having two valves or 
shutters. — 2, n. A shell-fish having two valves. 

Bi-val'vu-lar, a. Having two valves. 

Biv'ouac (biv'wak), n. [Fr. : cf. local Ger. bei- 
iracht, a special night-patrol.] The watching of 
an army in open air, at night, in expectation of 
an engagement : — encampment without tents. — 
2, r. v. [jip. bivouacking, bivouacked.] To en- 
camp without tents. 

Bi-week'ly, a. Fortnightly; (less correctly) occur- 
ring twice a week. 

Bi-zarre', a. [Fr. ; cf. It. bizzarro, choleric; local 
Fr. bigearrer, to contend; Sp. bizarro, bold, spir- 
ited; possibly from Basque bizarra, a beard, 
which was regarded as a sign of manly quali- 
ties.] Odd; fantastic; singular. 

Blab, v. a. [Ger. pluppern, Dan. blabbre, onoma- 
topoetic words.] [pp. blabbing, blabbed.] To 
tell, as secrets; to divulge. — 2, v. n. To tattle; 
to tell tales.— 3, n. A telltale; a babbler:— tattle. 

Black, a. [A.-S. blsec, Icel. blakkr ; perhaps akin 
to Gr. <f>\eyeLv, to burn.] Of the darkest color: 
— cloudy; mournful; horrible; dismal : — wicked. 
— 2, n. A black color:— a negro. — 3. v. a. [pp. 
blacking, blacked.] To make black ; to blacken. 

Black'a-moor [blak'a-mor, P. F. K. Sm. I. St. H. ; 
blak'a-mor, W.\ n. [Black and Moor.] A negro. 

Biack'-'art, n. [From its dark and secret nature : 
— another species of magic, said to have been of 
a beneficent and useful kind, was called "white 
magic.'" The erroneous idea that the word 
necromancy was connected with L. niger, black, 
was also mixed up with the conception of the 
black-art.] Magical art; magic. 

Black'ba.11, n. A ball used in voting :— a compo- 
sition for blacking shoes. — 2, r. a. [ pp. black- 
balling, blackballed.] To reject by blackballs. 

Black'band. )/. [From the coaly matters which 
often blacken it.] One of the most valuable of 
iron ores. [of the bramble. 

Black'ber-ry, n. A plant and its fruit; the fruit 

Black' -birch, n. A North American tree which 
yields a useful furniture wood. 

Black'bird, n. A black singing-bird. 

Black' -board, n. A board or tablet painted black. 



a, e, i, o, ii, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, 



9, u, 



y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 



BLACK-CAP 



105 



BLAZONMENT 



Black'-cap, n. The black raspberry: — a kind of 
bird. 

Black'-cat-tle, re. pi. Oxen, bulls, and cows. 

Black'cock, re. The heathcock, or black grouse. 

Black'en (blak'kn), v. a. [pp. blackening, black- 
ened.] To make black ; to darken : — to defame. 
— 2, v. n. To grow black. [whales. 

Black'fish, n. A name of various fishes and 

Black'fri-ar, re. A Dominican monk. 

Black'guard (blag'gard), n. [Origin doubtful ; at 
an early date the name was given to scullions 
and menial servants.] A base fellow ; a ruffian ; 
a scoundrel. — 2, v. a. [pp. blackguarding, 
blackguarded.] To abuse with vile language. 

Black'-hole, re. A dark dungeon: — a dark cell 
into which refractory prisoners are put. 

Black'ing, n. Paste for blackening shoes. 

Black'jsh, a. Somewhat black. 

Black' -jack. re. A leathern jug: — asulphuret of 
zinc ; blende : — a weapon topped by a metal head 
covered with leather, &c. : — the barren oak. 

Black' -knot, ». A destructive fungus infesting 
plum- and cherry-trees. 

Black-lead', or Black' -lead, n. Plumbago, or 
graphite, a mineral used for pencils. 

Black'leg, //. [Derivation not known.] A gam- 
bler; a sharper. 

Black'-let-ter, re. The old English or modern 
Gothic letter or alphabet. 

Black'ly, ad. Darkly in color; atrociously. 

Black'-mail, re. [From mail, in the sense of 
rent.] A rate anciently paid, for protection, to 
men allied with robbers: — extortion. 

Black'moor, a. A negro: blackamoor. 

Black'ness, n. The quality of being black. 

Black'-pud'ding, )/. A Bausage made of blood, 
fat, and grain : — called also black-poL 

Black-rod', n. (Eng.) The usher of the order of 
the Garter, who carries a black rod. 

Black'smith, u. A smith who works in iron. ' 

Black'thorn, n. The sloe-tree. 

Black'-wal'nut. (?. An American species of wal- 
nut, the dark-colored timber of which is highly 
prized for cabinet work. 

Blad'der, re. [A.-S. blsedre, Ger. blatter, a vesicle; 
root 'of blow, in the sense of to inflate.] The 
organ which contains the urine: — a vesicle: — a 
seed-vessel. 

Blade, re. [Ger. blali, A.-S. bUed ; akin to Blow and 
Flower.] The spire or leaf uf grass or grain; 
leaf :— the sharp part of a weapon, knife, <fcc. : — 
a rafter:— a gay fellow. 

Blain, )/. [A.-S. blegen, Dan. blegn.] A pustule; 
a blotch ; a sore. 

Blam'a-ble, a. Deserving censure ; culpable. 

Blam'a-bly, ad. Culpably ; censurably. 

Blame, v. a. [0. Fr. blame and blasmer, It. bia- 
simo.— See Blaspheme.] [pp. blaming, blame;!.] 
To censure; to charge with a fault.— 2, re. Im- 
putation of a fault; censure. — He is to blame; 
that is, he is blamable. 

Blame'less, a. Free from blame; spotless; un- 
spotted; faultless; irreproachable; innocent. 

Syn. — A blameless character is one free from 
blame ; a spotless or unspotted character is one 
against which no charge has been brought; an 
irreproachable character is one against which no 
charge can be brought. 

Blame'less-ly, ad. Without blame. 

Blame'less-ness, ». Innocence. 

Blame'wor-tny (blam'wur-the), a. Culpable. 

Blanch, v. a. [Fr. Wane, white; blanchir, to 
whiten.] [pp. blanching, blanched.] To whiten : 
—to peel off.— 2, v. n. To grow white. 

Blanc-mange (bla-monj') [blong-mongzh, St.], \ 

Blanc-manger (bla-monj') [blong-mong'zha, St.). J 
re. [Fr. blanc-manger, white food.] Food made 
of milk, sugar, almonds, isinglass, sago, &c. 

Bland, a. [L. blandus.] Soft; gentle; courteous. 

Blan-dil'o-quence, n. [L. blandiloguenlia ; blandus, 
smooth, ami loqni, to speak.] Flattering speech. I 



Blan'dish, v. a. [Fr. blandir, L. blandiri, to flat- 
ter; blandus, smooth.] [pp. blandishing, blan- 
dished.] To smooth; to soothe; to fawn upon. 

Blan'dish-ment. re. [Obs. Fr. blandissement] I he 
act of blandishing; soft words; caresses; kind 
or enticing treatment. 

Bland'ly, ad. In a bland manner. 

Blank, a. [Fr. blanc, It. bianco; from a Teutonic 
root of obscure relationship.] White ; without 
writing; pale: — confused. — Blank verse, metre 
without rhyme. — 2, n. A void space on paper: 
— a paper unwritten: — a lot by which nothing 
is gained. — 3, v. a. [pp. blanking, blanked.] 
To damp ; to confuse ; to efface. 

Blank'et, re. [Fr. blanquette, dim. of blanc, white; 
originally, uudyed cloth.] A woollen cover for 
a bed. — 2, v. a. [pp. blanketing, blanketed.] To 
enfold or cover with a blanket. 

Blare, re. [Low Ger. blaren, Ger. plarren, to bleat] 
A loud sound.— 2, v. re. [pp. blaring, blared.] 
To sound aloud. 

Blar'ney, n. [From Blarney Castle, in Ireland, in 
which there is a stone which is facetiously said 
to confer upon him who kisses it the power of 
successful Mattery.] Gross flattery ; deceitful 
compliment. 

Blase (blii-za), p. & a. [Fr., from blaser, to cloy 
with pleasure. — Cf. Celtic bias, gusto.] Surfeited 
or palled, as with the world. 

Blas-pheme', v. a. [Gr. /SAao-^r^eeu' ; perhaps 
akin to /3A<x7TTeii', to injure.] [pp. blaspheming, 
blasphemed.] To speak in terms of impious 
irreverence of God; to speak evil of.— 2, v. re. 
To speak blasphemy. 

Blas-phem'er, n. One who blasphemes. 

Blas'phe-mous, a. [Gr. ^Aacr^rj^oj.] Containing 
or uttering blasphemy. 

Blas'phe-my, re. [Gr. /3Aaa-$i7/ou'a, evil speaking, 
slander.] An indignity offered to God or sacred 
things, in words or writing. 

Blast, n. [A.-S. bhest; Ger. blasen.— -Of. Xorse 
blasa, to blow; Eng. blaze, to publish; L. flatus ; 
Aryan root, bide-, to blow.— See Blister.] A 
gust of wind; a high wind :— the sound made 
by blowing a wind-instrument :— a blight; a dis- 
ease.— 2, c. a. [pp. blasting, blasted.] To strike 
with a plague; to injure; to blight:— to blow 
up by powder. 

Blas-te'ma, n. ; pi. Blas-tem'a-ta. [Gr. for "a 
sprout."] (Biol.) Formative' material; proto- 
plasm.— (Bot.) A 6prout . :— a thalnis. 

Blast'-fiir-nace, re. A furnace for smelting ore. 

Blas'to-derm, re. [Gr. j8Aa<rTo?, a sprout, and 
<5epi<xa, skin.] A membrane in the fecundated 
ovum or ovule of organisms consisting of flat- 
tened cells, and constituting the basis from 
which the embryo is developed. [toderm. 

Blas-to-der'mic, a. Of or pertaining to the blas- 

Bla'tant, a. [From bleat. — Cf. L. blatire, to babble ; 
Dut. blaet, a boaster.] Bellowing, as a calf; noisy. 

Blath'er-sklte, re. [Scot, bletherskate; blether, to 
babble (Norse, bladra, from bladr, empty talk; 
cf. bladder*, and sbde, a sign of contempt.] A 
talkative, foolish, inflated person; the talk of 
such a person. [Colloq.] 

Blaze, yi. [A.-S. blase, a torch ; akin to Ger. bias, 
pale (formerly "shining").] A dame; a stream 
of light:— [Xorse, blesi, Dut. bles, Ger. blesee; 
akin to Ger. blass, pale or white] a white mark, 
as upon a horse's forehead.— 2, v. re. [pp. blazing, 
blazed.] To flame; to be conspicuous. — [See 
Blast and Blazon.]— 3, v. a. To publish :— to 
mark, as with an axe. 

Bla'zon (bla'zn), v. a. [Fr. Mason, a shield of 
arms; blasonner, to publish, to deck.] [pp. bla- 
zoning, blazoned.] To explain the figures on en- 
signs armorial ; to deck :— to celebrate : to pub- 
lish ; to blaze.— 2, n. The art of drawing coats 
of arms :— show ; divulgation; celebration. 

Bla'zon-ment (bla'zn-ment), re. The act of bla- 
zoning; ostentatious show ; publication. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 9, c, g, soft; p, ja, p, £, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



BLAZONKY 



106 



BLONDE 



Bla'zon-ry. (bla'zn-re), n. The art of blazoning; 

emblazonry ; heraldry. 
Bleach, v. a. [A.-S. blmcan, Ger. bleichen — Cf. A.-S. 
blsec, blue, white, shining.] [pp. bleaching, 
bleached.] To make white ; to whiten. — 2, v. n. 
To grow white. 
Bleach'er-y, n. A place for bleaching. 
Bleak, a. [A.-S. blxc, pale, Dut. Meek, Icel. 
bleikr ; from the idea of paleness or sickliness the 
notion of cheerlessness and coldness has crept 
in.] Exposed to the wind : — cold. — 2, n. A 
small river fish, called also blay. 
Bleak'ly, ad. In a bleak manner. 
Bleak'ness, n. State of being bleak ; cold. 
Blear (bier), a. [A form of Blue; Ger. blerr, 
soreness of the eyes.] Dim with rheum or water. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. blearing, bleared.] To make the 
eyes dim. [Having dim eyes. 

Blear'-eyed (bler'id), «. [Low Ger. bleer-oged.] 
Bleat (blet), v. n, [A.-S. blsetan, Dut. blaten, 
Old Slavic, blejati.~\ [pp. bleating, bleated.] To 
cry as a sheep. — 2, n. The cry of a sheep. 
Bleat'ing, n. The cry of lambs or sheep. 
Bleb, n. [Of. Gael, plub, a drop, and Blubber.] A 

blister ; a bubble ; a vesicle. 
Bleed, v. n. [A.-S. bledan.— See Bloop.] [i. bled; 
pp. bleeding, bled.] To lose blood ; to drop, as 
blood. — 2, v. a. To draw blood; to let blood. 
Blem'ish, v. a. [0. Fr. blemir, blesmir; stem ble- 
miss-. — Cf. Icel. blami, lividity after a bruise; 
also Gr. {SkaTtreLv, to injure; £SAd/u.|u.a, a hurt.] 
[prp. blemishing, blemished.] To maik; to tar- 
nish; to defame. — 2, n. A mark of deformity; 
taint; stain; spot; speck; flaw; delect; fault. 

Syn. — A blemish tarnishes or diminishes beau- 
ty ; a slain or taint spoils; a spot, sped; or flaw 
disfigures. A blemish in a fine painting; a defect 
in speech; a fault in workmanship. 
Blench, v. n. [A.-S. blencan, to blink, to cheat; 
influenced in form and meaning by Flinch.] 
[pp. blenching, blenched.] To shrink ; to flinch ; 
to blink : — {a variant of Blanch] to grow pale. 
Blend, v. a. [A.-S. blandan, Norse, blanda, to mix.] 
[i. blended ; pp. blending, blended or blent.] To 
mix so that tbe different ingredients cannot be 
distinguished; to mingle together; to mix. — 2, 
v. n. To mix or commingle harmoniously; to 
shade into each other, as colors; to mingle. — 
3, n. A mixture. 
Blende, n. [Ger., from blenden, to deceive : it 
looks like galena.] (Min.) The sulphuret of zinc. 
Blen'ny, n. [L. blennius, Gr. £AeVi/o?; jSAeVvos, 

slime.'] A fish of several varieties. 
Bless, v. a. [A.-S. bletsian, bloedsian, to conse- 
crate, to mark with blood ; from blod, blood ; 
blot, sacrifice : form in part determined by Bliss.] 
[i. blessed or blest ; pp. blessing, blessed or blest.] 
To make happy : — to wish happiness to. 
Bless'ed, p. a. Happy; enjoying felicity. 
Bless'ed-ness, n. Happiness; felicity. 
Bless'ing, v. Benediction; divine favor. 
Blest, i. & pp. from bless. See Bless. 
Blet, n. [Fr. blet, soft; blettir, to become soft; L. 
blifeus, insipid.] A softening in fruit; a speck 
or decayed spot on fruit. — 2, r. n. [pp. bletting, 
bletted.] To become affected by overripeness or 
decay, as fruit. 
Blew (blu) [bio, H. St. T.],i, from blow. See Blow. 
Blight (Dlft), n. [Perhaps kindred to blast, blaze, 
or A.-S. blichen, to turn pale.— See Bleach.] A 
disease incident to plants; a blast; blasting; 
mildew. — 2, v. a. [pp. blighting, blighted.] To 
corrupt with blast ; to blast. 
Blight'ed, p. a. Withered; blasted; faded. 
Blind, a. [A.-S. blind, Ger. blind; stem common 
to Teutonic and Lettic tongues.] Destitute of 
sight: — dark: — unseen. — 2, v. a. [pp. blinding, 
blinded.] To make blind; to darken. — 3, n. 
Something to hinder the sight: — a window- 
screen; a cover. . [invisible. 
Blind'-f !sh, n. A genns of fishes whose eyes are 



Blind' fold, v. a. [0. E. blindfelhn, to stiike (fell) 
blind, past part, blindfelled, bliudfuld : the spell- 
ing fold comes from the notion of folding a band- 
age about the eyes.] [pp. blindfolding, blind- 
folded.] To hinder from seeing. — 2, a. Having 
the eyes covered. [over mac adamized roads. 

Blind'ing, re. A layer of sand and gravel spread 

Blind'ly, ad. Without discernment. 

Biind'-man'§-bufF, re. [Bvff here means a stroke 
or buffet.] A play in which one of the company 
is blindfolded. 

Blind'ness, n. Want of sight : — ignorance. 

Blind'side, re. A weakness; a weak side. 

Blind'-sto-ry, re. {Arch.) The triforium of a 
Gothic church, as opposed to clear-story. 

Blind'worm (bllnd'wurm), n. [It is neither blind 
nor a worm, but its eyes are very small.] The 
slow-worm, or slow : — a snake-like lizard. 

Blink, v. n. [A.-S. blencan ; in some senses akin 
to Ger. blinken, to gleam; A.-S. blican ; Norse, 
blikja, to shine.] [pp. blinking, blinked.] To 
wink ; to see obscurely. — 2, v. a. To avoid or 
evade purposely. — 3, n. A glimpse, a glance. 

Bliss, n. [A.-S. blids, bits, happiness ; from blide, 
blithe.] The happiness of heaven ; the highest 
happiness; felicity. 

Bliss'ful, a. Happy in the highest degree. 

Blis'ter, n. [0. Fr. blestre, blostre ; Norse, blastr, a 
swelling, a blast; blasa, to blow.] A thin blad- 
der on the skin ; a pustule ; a vesicle ; a plaster 
to raise blisters. — 2, v. n. [pp. blistering, blis- 
tered.] To rise in blisters or vesicles. — 3, v. a. 
To raise a blister on. 

Blithe, o. [A.-S. blide, Norse, blidr, kind, gentle; 
Dut. blijde, merry.] Gay ; airy ; joyous ; mirthful. 

Blitne'ly., ad. In a blithe manner. 

Bllthe'some, a. Gay ; cheerful ; merry. 

Bliz'zard, n. [Akin to Bluster, Blister, and 
Blast : a running fire or irregular broadside was 
once called a blizzard.] A heavy snow-storm, 
accompanied by a hurricane and extreme cold. 

Bloat, v. a. [Sw. blL't, pulpy, soft; Icel. blotoia, to 
soften.] [^.bloating, bloated.] To swell; io 
make turgid. — 2, v. n. To grow turgid ; to di- 
late. — 3, n. Swelling; state of being bloated. 

Bloat'ed, a. Grown turgid ; inflated ; puffed up. 

Bloat'er, «. [Cf. Sw. blotfisk, soft or undried fish, 
softened or pickled fish ; biota, to steep.] A 
smoked herring. 

Block, w. [Fr. bloc; Ger. block.— See Balk.] A 
heavy piece of wood, mar- 
ble, or stone ; an obstruc- 
tion : — the case that con- 
tains the wheel of a 
pulley ; a pulley : — houses 
conjoined : — a division or 
section of a railroad. Block- 
signal, a signal by which 

one train is not allowed to enter a block of 
a railroad until it has been reported clear by 
telegraph.— 2, v. a. [pp. blocking, blocked.] 
To shut up ; to obstruct : — to shape roughly, as' 
from the block ; to begin to reduce to shape :— 
generally with out. 
Block-a.de', n. [From the verb block.] Act of 
blockading or shutting up a port, town, or for- 
tress.— 2, v. a. [j)p. blockading, blockaded.] To 
shut up by obstruction. 
Block'head, w. A stupid fellow ; a dolt. 
Block'-h'duse, n. [Block and house: Fr. blocus and 
Ger. blochhans seem to.be from the English.] A 
fortress made of trunks of trees, to defend a har- 
bor or a post. 
Block-tin', n. Tin cast into blocks or ingots. 
B16m'a-ry, n. [See Bloomary.] A form of iron 

furnace. 
Blonde, n. [Fr. blond, fern, blonde, yellow-haired ; 
It. Hondo ; Late L. blondvs, yellowish ; root of 
blend, with the idea of mixed color.] A lady of 
fair and light complexion :— a kind of silken 
lace. — 2, a. Of a light complexion. 




a, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



BLOND-LACE 



107 



BLUSTER 



Blond-lace', n. Lace made of silk. 

Blood (blud), n. [A.-S. Mod; Dut. bloed ; Ger. 
blut; perhaps connected with the root of Bloom.] 
The red fluid that circulates in the bodies of 
animals: — offspring; family; descent: — blood- 
royal : — bloodshed : — a rake. 

Blood'ed, a. Of pure blood; thorough-bred; of 
good or approved breed : — said of stock. 

Blood'-guilt-i-ness.(blud'gilt-e-nes), n. The crime 
of shedding' blood'; murder. 

Blood'-gull-ty (-gil-te), a. Guilty of murder. 

Blood'-heat (bltid'het), n. Heat of the same de- 
gree with that of the blood. 

Blood'-hb'und, n. A fierce species of hound. 

Blood'less (blud'les), a. Without blood; pale; 
lifeless : — without bloodshed. 

B16od'-mon-ey, n. Money paid to one who has 
been instrumental in bringing about the death 
of another, either violently or by law ; money 
paid to the nearest of kin of a murdered person. 

Blood'shed, n. Murder; slaughter. 

Blood'shot (blud'shot), a. Reddened by blood. 

Blood' -stone, n. A red precious stone! 

Blood'-suck-er (blud'suk-er), n. A leech: — any 
thing that sucks blood: — a cruel man. 

Blood' -thi'rs-ty, a. Desirous to shed blood ; mur- 
derous ; cruel. 

Blood' -ves-sel, n. A vein or an artery. 

Blood's (blud'e), a. Stained with blood: — cruel. 

Blood'y-flux (blud'e-fluks), n. Dysentery. 

B16od'y-hand, «. (Law.) A hand red with the 
blood of a deer, as evidence of trespass in the 
forest after venison : — called also red-hand. 

Bloom, n. [Norse, Mom; Dut. Moem ; Ger. Mume. 
— Cf. Blow and Blossom.] The opening of flow- 
ers : — an efflorescence ; a blossom : — the prime 
of life: — native flush on the cheek: — the blue 
color upon plums, &c. : — [A.-S. Moma, a lump] a 
mass of iron,— 2. v. n. [pp. blooming, bloomed.] 
To produce blossoms; to flower; to blossom :— to 
be in a state of youth. 

Bloom'a-ry, n. A kind of iron furnace ; a blomary. 

Bloom'ing, a. Having blooms; flowery. 

Bios' som, u. [A.-S. blosme, Moslma; Dut. bloesem; 
Norse, blomstr. — Cf. Bloom, Blow, and L. flos.) 
The flower of a plant. — 2, r. n. [pp. blossoming, 
blossomed.] To put forth blossoms. 

Blot, v. a. [Norse, blettr, Dan. plet, a plot or spot.] 
[pp. blotting, blotted.] To obliterate; to efface: 
— to spot; to stain: — to disgrace. — 2, n. Oblit- 
eration; a blur; a stain. 

Blotch, n. [Allied to Blot; A.-S. blsece, a black 
place. — Cf. Blaze, and Ger. bletz, a patch.] A 
spot upon the skin ; a pustule ; a blot or daub. — 
2, v. a. [pp. blotching, blotched.] To mark 
with blotches. 

Blot'ter, u. A counting-house wa te-book. 

Bloi'ting-pa'per, n. Coarse, bibulous paper. 

Blouse, n. [Fr. ; Late L. belosius ; the French 
word, in the sense of a bag or pocket, has been 
referred to Obi Flemish blulz, an opening.] A 
loose outer garment. 

Blow, n. [Cf. Ger. bluueii, to beat with a beetle ; 
Dut. blouwen, to beat flax; L. plaga, Gr. nXrjyr'j, 
a stroke.] A stroke ; calamity :— egg of a fly :— 
a blossom; bloom :— a blast.— 2, v. n. [i. blew ; 
pp. blowing, blown.] [A.-S. blawuu ; Ger. Mahen ; 
Celt. blagh.] To make a current of air: — to 
sound:— to pant:— [A.-S. Mowan; Ger. blilhen.— 
See Bloom, Blossom, and L. flos, floris, a flower] 
to flower; to bloom.— 3, y. a . To drive by the 
wind ; to fan :— to kindle :— to swell :— to sound, 
as wind music ; to inflate :— to fly-blow. 

Blown (blon), p. from blow. Inflated :— exhausted. 

Blow'-plpe (blo'pip), n. A tube used to produce 
an intensely hot flame. [rustic. 

Blow'zy, a. Sunburnt :— slatternly :— coarse :— 

Blub'ber, n. [Akin to Bubble ; Low Ger. blub- 
bern, to sputter.] The fat of whales :— a bubble. 
— 2, v. n. [pp. blubbering, blubbered.] To weep 
so as to swell the cheeks. 



Blu'cher, n. A kind of half-boot, named after the 
Prussian field-marshal Blilcher. 

Bludf'eon (bludj'un), n. [Perhaps a cant term 
from blood; or Cornish blogon, a club. Dut. blud- 
sen, to bruise, and many other possible deriva- 
tions, have been suggested.] A short stick ; an 
offensive weapon. 

Blue, or Blue [blu, S. W. P. J. E. F. Ja. K. C. I. 
Wb. ; blu, Sm. H. St.], a. [Fr. bleu ; Ger. hlnu ; 
probably kindred to L. flaviis, yellow: color- 
names are often confused in this way.] Of the 
color of blue ; sky-colored : — low in spirits. — 2, n. 
One of the original colors. 

Blue'bell, n. A plant and its blue flower. 

Blue'ber-ry, n. A shrub and its fruit. 

Blue'bi'rd, u. A bird with blue plumage. 

Blue'-book (-buk),n. [From the color of the cover.] 
A book containing the names of persons holding 
office: — the reports and other papers printed by 
parliament. 

Blue'-bot-tle, n. A flower: — a large fly. 

Blue'-eyed (blu'id), a. Having blue eyes. 

Blue'-f Ish, n. A marine food-fish. 

Blue'-grass, n. A valuable pasture-grass. 

Blue' -gum-tree, n. A great Australian tree. 

Blue'-jay, n. An American bird of the jay family. 

Blue' -joint, ». A kind of grass common on wet 
grounds in Canada and the Northern States. 

Blue'-mass, n. (Med.) A drug formed by rub- 
bing metallic mercury with conserve of roses. 

Blue'ness, n. The quality of being blue. 

Blue'pl-ter, n. [Said to mean "blue repeater."] 
Signal flag for sailing. 

Blue'-pill, n. A mercurial pill. [despondency. 

Blues, ». pi. [For "blue devils."] Melancholy; 

Blue -stock-ing, n. A literary woman. 

Blu'ets, n. [Fr. bluet, bleuet, dim. of bleu, blue.] 
A 'name of several plants bearing blue flowers. 

Bluff, w. [Obs. Dut. blaf, broad and steep; Dut. 
blaffen, to bark.] A high, steep bank or shore: 
—a blind.— 2, a. Blustering; surly; blunt:— 
bold :— obtuse.— 3, r. a. [pp. bluffing, bluffed.] 
To repel or drive off with a gruff answer; to 
frighten one from his purpose. 

BlufFness, ». The quality of being bluff. 

Bluffy', a. Abounding in steep banks. 

Blu'ing, n. A substance imparting a blue tint. 

Blu'ish, a. Blue in some degree. 

Blun'der, v. n. [0. E. blondren ; akin to blend, to 
mix, to confuse.] [p t >. blundering, blundered.] 
To mistake grossly ; to err. — 2, ti. A gross mis- 
take ; an error. 

Blun'der-buss, «. [Dut. donderbus, thunder-gun; 
donde'r, thunder, and bus, a gun.] A short gun 
with a large bore:— a blunderhead. 

Blun'der-er, n. One who blunders. [head. 

Blun'der-nead, n. A careless fellow ; a duuder- 

Blun'der-ing. «. That blunders; careless. 

Blunt, a. [Probably akin to Blind, and perhaps 
toBi.uNPER.l Dull on the edge or point: — rough; 
rude; impolite: — abrupt. — 2, v. a. [pp. blunt- 
ing, blunted.] To dull the edge: — to repress. 

Bliint'ly, ad. In a blunt manner; abruptly. 

Blunt'ness, n. "Want of edge: — abruptness. 

Blur, n. ' [Cf. Blear.] A blot; a stain; a dark 
spot.— 2, v. a. [pp. blurring, blurred.] To blot; 
to stain ; to obscure. 

Bliirt, v. a. [Onomatopoetic word ; like spirt and 
squirt, it implies a sudden discharge.] [pp. Mint- 
ing, blurted.] To speak impulsively or inadver- 
tently ; to bolt. 

Blush, w. ». [A.-S. ablisian; Dut. Mozen; Dan. 
Musse; akin to Blaze and A.-S. blyxcan, to glow.] 
[pp. blushing, blushed.] To redden in the 
cheeks from shame, confusion, or modesty ; to 
redden. — 2, n. The color in the cheeks raised 
by shame, confusion, &c. ; reddish color. 

Blush' ing, p. a. Showing blushes ; modest. — 2, n. 
The exhibiting of blushes. 

Blus'ter, v. n. [Fris. Mustern ; blilssen, to blow.] 
[pp. blustering, blustered.] To make a loud 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, $, c, §, soft; p, ja, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



BLUSTERER 



108 



BOLL 




noise; to roar, as a storm; to boast; to bully. — 
2, n. Noise ; boast ; tumult ; roar. 

Blus'ter-er, n. A boaster. [turbulent. 

Blus'ter-i'ng, n. Tumult ; noise.— 2, p. a. Stormy; 

Bo'a, w. [L.] A huge serpent, — called also boa 
constrictor (see Constrictor) : — a fur tippet. 

Boar (bor), n. [A.-S. bar; 
Dut. beer; Ger. bar; 
Buss, borovu.] The male 
swine ; wild pig. 

Board, n. [A.-S. bord; 
Dut. boord; Ger. 6or£; 
Goth, baurd.] A piece of 
sawed timber, broad and 
thin: — a table: — food; 
diet : — a number of persons who manage some 
trust; a council; a court: — deck or side of a 
ship. — 2, v. a. [pp. boarding, boarded.] To enter, 
as a ship, by force : — to lay with boards : — to fur- 
nish with food. — ?,, v. 11. To receive food ; to 

Board' er, n. One wbo boards. [diet. 

Board'ing, n. The material with which a thing is 
boarded ; boards : — living at the table of another. 

Board'ing-school, n. A school where the scholars 
board. 

Boast (host), v. n. [Welsh, bostio ; Gael, bosd. — Cf. 
Ger. bauschen, to swell.] [pp. boasting, boasted.] 
To brag; to vaunt. — 2, v. a. To brag of; to 
magnify. — 3, n. Vaunting speech : — a boasting. 

Boast'er, n. One who boasts; a braggart. 

Boast' ful, a. Addicted to boasting. 

Boast'ing, n. Ostentatious language. 

Boast'ing-ly., ad. Ostentatiously. 

Boat, n. [A.-S. bat; Norse, batr, belt; Dan. baud; 
Ger. boot; Fr. bateau; Sp. batel, batea. — Cf. 
Butt, a vessel.] A small vessel to row or sail 
in. — 2, v. a. [pp. boating, boated.] To convey 
in a boat. 

B5at'a-ble, a. Navigable with boats. 

Boat' -hook (-huk), n. A pole with a hook. 

Boat'ing, n. The act of conveying in a boat. 

Boat'man, n. One who manages a boat. 

Boat' swain (bot'swan or bo'sn) [bot'swan, Co.; 
bot'swan or bo'sn, W. I. Wb. J. F. Ja. Sm. ; 
bG'sn, S. P. K. E. H. St. ; bot'sn, £.], n. [Boat 
and sivain.] {Nant.) An officer on board a ship, 
who has charge of her rigging, anchors, cables, 
boats, &c. 

Bob, v. ii. [Cf. Ger. beben, to shake ; Celt, baban, a 
cluster.] [pp. bobbing, bobbed.] To play back- 
ward and forward. — 2, n. Something that plays 
loosely : — a wig : — a cluster. 

Bob'bin, n. [Fr. bobine; origin doubtful, — said to 
be from L. bombycina, silk.] A pin to wind 
thread upon : — a stick tied to a latch-string. 

Bob'bi-net, n. [For bobbin-net : it resembles lace 
made with bobbins.] A kind of netted gauze. 

Bob'o-Hnk, v. A singing-bird ; rice-bird. 

Bob'tailed (-tald), a. Having a short tail. 

Bob-white', n. [Named from its note or call.] 
The North American partridge or quail. 

Bock'-bier, \n. [Ger. bock-bier; probably for 

Buck'-beer, J Mmbeck beer: Eimbeck is a town in 
Germany.] A strong sort of lager beer. 

Bock'ing, n. [From Booking, a town of England.] 
A coarse woollen stuff. 

Bode, v. a. [A.-S. boda, a messenger ; bod, mes- 
sage ; bodian, to announce ; Ger. bote., a mes- 
senger.] [pp. boding, boded.] To portend; to 
forebode. — 2, v. n. To be an omen ; to presage. 
— 3, i. & p. from bide. 

Bod'ice (bod'js), n. [Formerly written bodies : pair 
of bodies.] Short stays for women. 

Bod'i-less, a. Incorporeal; without a body. 

Bod'i-ly, a. Relating to the body ; corporeal. — 
2, ad. ' Corporeally : with the body completely. 

Bod'ing, a. Foreboding; presaging; ominous. — 
2, n. A foreshowing ; an omen. 

Bod'kin, 11. [0. E. boydekin.—Cf. Irish bideog, 
Welsh, bidoq, a dagger.] An instrument to 
draw a thread through a loop: — a punch; a 



borer:— an instrument used to dress the hair: — 
a dagger. 

Bod'y, n. [A. S. bodig ; 0. Ger. botich; Gael, bo- 
dhaig.] The material substance of an animal : — 
matter opposed to spirit : — a person :— a collec- 
tive mass : — the main army : — a corporation : — 
the main part ; the bulk ; the substance :— a solid 
figure:— a system.— 2, v. a. [pp. bodying, bod- 
ied.] To produce in some form. 

Syn. — Body in the sense of a dead body is ap- 
plicable to both men and brutes ; corpse, to men ; 
carcass, to brutes. 

Bod'y-guard (bod'e-gard), n. A life-guard. 

Bod'yj-snatch'er, n. A robber of graves. 

Bod'x-snatch'ing, n. The act or practice of steal- 
ing bodies from the grave for dissection. 

Bo'er, u. [Dut. for "farmer;" Ger. baiter; Eng 
boor.] A South African of Dutch origin. 

Bog, n. [Irish, bogach, from bog, soft.] A marsh; 
a morass ; a quagmire.— 2, v. a. [pp. bogging, 
bogged.] To whelm, as in mud. 

Bog'gle, n. [See Bogle.] A bugbear; a spectre. 
— 2, v. n. [From the noun, influenced by the 
idea of to balk, as a horse.] [pp. boggling, bog- 
gled.] To start ; to hesitate ; to doubt. 

Bog'gler, n. One who boggles ; a doubter. 

Bog'fy;, a. Full of bogs; marsh}'; swampy. 

Eo'gieijw. [Allied to Bugbear; Local E. bug, a 

Bo'fj:, J terror (see Bogle) ; but the car truck of 
this name seems to be a variant of Buggy.] A 
scarecrow ; a goblin : — a kind of car truck so 
mounted as to take curves readily ; a trolly. 

Bo'gle (bo'gl), n. [Cf. Welsh bwg, a ghost; bu-gid, 
terror.] A phantom; a goblin. 

Bog'-ore, n. Iron ore found in boggy ground. 

B5'gus, a. [Probably akin to Bogie and Hum- 
bug.] Counterfeit; spurious. 

Bog'-wood (-wud), n. Wood found in peat bogs, 
especially hard wood, as oak. 

Bo-hea' (bo-he'), n. [Corrupted from Wu-hi, or 
Woo-e, the name of a range of hills in China.] A 
species of black tea. 

Bo-he'mi-an, n. A native of Bohemia: — the 
French name for a gypsy ; — hence, a person who 
sets the conventionalities of society at defiance; 
a literary man or artist of irregular or uncon- 
ventional habits. — 2, a. Regardless of the con- 
ventionalities of society ; gypsy-like ; vagabond ; 
dissolute. 

Bo-he'mi-an-i§m, n. The manner of life of a Bo- 
hemian ;' literary vagabondism. 

Boil, v. n. [Fr. bouillir ; 0. Fr. boillir ; L. bvllire, 
to bubble; bulla, a bubble.] [pp. boiling, boiled.] 
To be agitated by heat ; to bubble. — 2, v. a. To 
cook in boiling water; to seethe. — 3, u. [A.-S. 
byl; Ger. beide ; Icel. bolu.] A painful tumor 
becoming a pustule. 

Boil'er, ii. One who boils : — the vessel in which 
water is boiled or steam generated. 

Bbil'ing, n. The act of boiling ; ebullition. 

Bois'ter-ous, «. [Obs. E. boistom, rough ; Welsh, 
bwst,' wild ; bvystus, savage ; Low Ger. buster, 
wild.] Loud; stormy; furious. 

Bois'ter-ous-ly, ad. In a boisterous manner. 

Bois'ter-ous-ness, n. Turbulence ; noise. 

Bold, a. [A.-S- bald, beald ; Dan. bold ; Icel. balldr.] 
Daring; brave; confident; impudent: — executed 
with spirit; striking to the sight: — steep and 
abrupt ; strong. [faced type. 

Bold'-face, n. (Print.) A strongly-marked, full- 

Bold'ly, ad. In a bold manner ; daringly. 

Bold'ness, n. Courage ; confidence. 

Bole, n- [Gr. j3o>Ao?, a clod or mass ; L. bolus.] A 
friable, clayey earth : — [Norse, bolr, bulr, a tree ; 
Ger. bohle, a plank] a tree-trunk. 

Bo-le'tus, n. [L. ; Gr. /3wA(.'tt?s.] A genus of fungi. 

Bo'lide,' ii. [Fr. ; L. bolis, bolidis, a meteor ; Gr. 
/3oXi's, a missile; /3<xAAeiv, to throw.] A large 
and brilliant shooting star ; a fire-ball. 

Boll, 11. [A.-S. bolla; Dut. bol— See Bowl.] A 
round stalk or stem : — a pod : — a measure of corn 



a, e, i, o, 5, y, long; a, e, 5, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



BOLL-WORM 



109 



BOOKWORM 




or salt, equal to six bushels.— 2, v. a. [pp. boil- 
ing, boiled.] To form a seed-vessel, as a plant. 

Boll'-worm (-wiirm), n. An insect-larva that 
eats the bolls of cotton. 

Bo-logn'a-sau'sate (bo-lon'ya-), n. [Once made 
at Bologna, in Italy.] A sausage made of bacon, 
veal, and pork suet. 

Bol'ster, n. [Dan. bolster, a bed-tick; Sw. bolster, 
abed; Ger. pokier, a pillow; Sp. bolsa; allied to 
Ball.] A long pillow or cushion. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
bolstering, bolstered.] To support : — to swell out. 

Bolt, n. [A.-S. bolt; Ger. . , •.. : .... , 

boh.] An arrow: — the . .! !| 
bar of a door :— an iron ; 
or a wooden pin : — [Fr. 
bluteau, 0. Fr. buletul, a 
sieve; It. buratto ; 0. Fr. 
buleter, to sift] a sieve ; a 
bolter: — a sudden start :;:; ;- : 
or spring. — 2, v. a. [pp. ° D ' 

bolting,"bolted.] To fasten: — to blurt out: — to 
sift : — to swallow quickly. — 3. v. u. To spring out 
suddenly. — I, ad. Perpendicularly:— with sud- 
den collision ; suddenly and unexpectedly. 

Bolt'er. n. A sieve : — a kind of net. 

Bolt'head, n. A long glass vessel. [made. 

Bolt'ing-eloth, n. Cloth of which bolters are 

Bolt' -rope. n. A rope to which sails are sewed. 

Bo'lus, n. [L.— See Bole.] (Med.) A large pill. 

Bomb (bum), n. [Sp. bwmba ; cf. L. bombus, a 
booming noise; Gr. j86/og3os.] A hollow ball 
or shell filled with gunpowder, to be thrown out 
from a mortar; a bomb-shell. 

Bom-bard', v. a. [Fr. bombardier; bombarde, an 
old form of cannon. — See Bomb.] [pp. bombard- 
ing, bombarded.] To attack with bombs. 

Bom-bard-ier', n. A corporal of artillery. 

Bom-bard'ment, n. An attack with bombs. 

B8m-bast\ or Bom'bast [bum-bast', P. J. F. ; 
bum-bast', W. S. E. J. Sm. C ; bam'bfist, W. 
Wb. St. Ash, R. ; bum-bast' or bum'bast, H. ; 
bom'bast, J.], n. [0. F. bombace, wadding; Gr. 
/3oju./3a|, a loud expression ; Late L. bombax, cot- 
ton, for L. bombyx, Gr. /36/x/3i'£, silk.] Inflated 
style or high-sounding language ; fustian. — 2, a. 
High-sounding; inflated: pompous; bombastic. 

Bom-bas'tic, a. Containing bombast; of great 
sound with little meaning; inflated. 

B6m-ba-zette\ /*. [Cf. Bombazine.] A thin wool- 
len stuff resembling bombazine. 

B6m-ba-zine' (bum-ba-zan'), r». [Fr. 6 

L. bombycimis, silken.] A slight stuff made of 
silk and" worsted. 

Bomb'-ketch (bum'-), \ n. A ship for throwing 

Bomb'-ves-sel (bum'-), /bombs. 

Bomb'-proof, n. A place designed to be proof 
against bombs or projectiles. 

Bomb'-shell, n. A shell or bomb to be filled with 
powder and thrown by a mortar. [silk-worm. 

Bom'byx (bom'biks), ». [L. ; Gr. /36>0v£.] The 

Bo-nan'za. n. [Sp., " fair weather," "good luck."] 
A mining term to signify an abundance of metal 
or ore. [bison. 

Bo-na'sus, n. [L. ; Gr. jSoVaero?.] A wildox or 

Bon-bon', n. [Fr., "good-good."] A dainty; a 
sweetmeat. 

Bond, a. [A form of Band.] Any thing that 
binds; a cord or chain ; ligament:— union : — a 
written obligation to fulfil a contract.— pi. Im- 
prisonment— 2, a. [In the adjectival sense it in 
part represents the Norse bonde, A.-S. bonda, a 
husbandman ; later, a vassal, a serf (from bua, to 
dwell; buande, a farmer; Ger. bauer).] Bound; 
being in a servile state.— 3, v. a. [pp. bonding, 
bonded.] To give bond for; to secure. 

Bond'afe, n. Captivity ; imprisonment ; slavery. 

Bond'ed, p. & a. Fitted to receive goods on bond; 
put into bond; secured by bonds; btxrdened by 
a bond or a mortgage. 

Bond'maid, n. A female slave. 

Bond'man, n. ; pi. Bond'men. A man slave. 



Bond'-ser-vant, or Bond'-slave, n. A slave. 
Bond' -ser- vice, n. Slavery. [another. 

Bonds'man, n. One who is bound as security for 
Bond wom-an (-wuni-an), n. A female slave. 
Bone, n. [A'.-S. ban; Ger. bein; Dut. & Dan. been; 

Scot, bane.] The hard substance in an animal 

body which supports its fabric ; piece of bone. — 

2, v. a. [pp. boning, boned.] To take out bones 

from : — to supply with bone. 
Bone'-black, n. Animal charcoal. 
Bone'-dust, b. Ground or powdered bone. 
Bone' -lace, n. Lace woven with bobbins. 
Bone'set, n. The plant called thoroughwort. 
Bone'set-ter, n. One who sets bones. [horse. 

Bone'-spav-in, n. A disease in the hock of a 
Bon'f ire, n. ' [Originally bone-nre, a fire in which 

bones were burnt ; this was at first a heathen 

ceremony.] A fire made for joy or triumph. 
Bon-hom-mie, ) (bon-om-me), n. [Fr. bonhomie, 
Bon-hom-ie J good-nature ; bon-homme, a good 

man, an old rustic] Genial simplicity of heart 

and manners ; good nature. 
Bon'i-face, n. [A jolly innkeeper in Farquhars 

Be'avti Siratogern, a play of 1707.] An innkeeper. 
Bo-ni'to. n. [Sp., "pretty," or "pretty good."] A 

large marine fish. 
Bon-mot (bon-mo'), n. [Fr., "good saying.''] A 

jest ; a witty reply or repartee. [maid. 

Bonne (bon), n. [Fr., "good woman."] A nurse- 
Bonne'-boughe', n. [Fr., " good mouth," or 

"good mouthful."] A delicate morsel. 
Bon'net, n. [Fr. bonnet, bonet, originally the name 

of the material of which the cap or hat was 

made.] A covering for a woman's head ; a cap : 

— a little ravelin : — a sail. 
Bon'net-piece, n. [From the figure of the king, 

represented as wearing the bonnet, or Scottish 

cap.] A Sc<>ts coin of native gold of the time 

of James I. 
Bon'ni-ly, ad. Gayly ; handsomely. 
| Bon'ny,, a. [L. bonus, Fr. bon, good ; but cf. Celt. 
i 6a«, fair.] Handsome: beautiful: — merry. 
B6n'ny,-clab'ber, b. [Irish, bainne, milk, claba, 

thick.] Thick sour milk. 
Bon-ton (bon'tou'), >t. [Fr., "good tone."] Style 

of fashionable society ; high mode, [a privilege. 
Bo'nus, h. [L., "good."] A premium given for 
Bon-vivant (boii've-vaii'i, ». [Fr., "good liver."] 

A boon companion ; a luxurious liver. 
Bo'ny., a. Consisting of bones; full of bones. 
Bonze, n. [Port, bonzo ; Jap. bonzo or bozi ; prob- 
ably Chinese fa-oze, teacher of the law.] A priest 

of .Japan or China. 
Boo'by, n. [Ger. bv.be, a boy, a fool, or lubber; L. 

pttptts, a boy : Sp. 6060. a fool.] A dull, stupid 

fellow : — a bird. 
B56ddh'i§m. n. See Buddhism. 
Book (bfik) [buk, P. J. E. F. Sm. Wb. St. I. H. X. ; 

bok, S. W. Jn. K. E. C], n- [A.-S. bnc ; Dut. 

boel- ; Dan. bog ; Ger. buch ; possibly allied to A.-S. 

bok, a beech-tree ; it is said that bark and thin 
• beech boards were once used for writing-tablets.] 

A volume in which we read or write ; a subdi- 
vision of a volume. — 2, v. a. [pp. booking, 

booked.] To register in a book. 
Book'bind-er (buk'-), n. A binder of books. 
Book' case (buk'kas), n. A case for books. 
Book'ish (buk'jsh), a. Given to books. 
Book'ish-ness (buk'-), n. Devotion to books. 
Book'-keep-er, n. A keeper of accounts. 
Book'-keep-ing, n. The art of keeping accounts. 
Book'-mak-er, n. A man who arranges bets at 

races : — a compiler. 
Book'-plate, n. A ticket attached to a book to 

indicate ownership, place in library, &c. 
Book'-post. »• A department of the post-office, 

by which books are mailed and sent. 
Book'sell-er, n. A seller of books. 
Book'-store, n. A bookseller's shop. [U.S.] 
Book'worm (buk'wurmi, v. A worm that eats 

holes in books : — a hard student. 



mien, sir; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 



-?. 9, £i k, soft; p, 0, ft, |, hard; § as z; ?asgz; this. 

10 



BOOM 



110 



BOTCHERY 




Boomerau 



bene, a prayer.] A 
benefit.— 2, «. [Fr. 
merry; kind; boun- 



Boom, n. [E. beam ; Ger. baum, a tree ; Dut. 
boom.] A lung pole used to spread out the clew 
of the studding sail : — a pole set up as a mark : 
— a bar of wood laid across a river: — [a freshet 
in a river is locally called a boom: probably an 
imitative word] a loud noise: — a sudden and 
rapidly-increasing demand for a commodity ; an 
enthusiastic popular movement. [U.S.] — 2, v. n. 
[pp. booming, boomed.] To rush with violence ; 
to swell: — to give forth a loud sound. 

Boom'e-rang, n. [Native Australian, wamurrang 
or bu'marin.] A missile 
which can be thrown 
so as to return to the 
thrower. 

B6om'ing,p. &a. Sound- 
ing loudly ; resound- 
ing: — in full flood. 

Boon, n. [Norse, bon, A.-S 
favor granted; a gift; a 
bon, L. bonus, good.] Gay 
tiful. 

B66r, n. [Ger. bauer ; Dut. boer ; originally, gebvr, 
inmate of a bur (bovver), or dwelling; root 6m, to 
dwell; influenced in meaning by the cognate 
buan, to inhabit, to cultivate.] A rude peasant ; 
a clown ; a rustic. 

Boor'ish, a. Clownish; rude; rustic. 

Boor'ish-ly, ad. In a boorish manner. 

Boor'ish-ness, n. Clownisbness ; rusticity. 

Boost", n. [Probably a form of Push.] A lift by 
pushing.— 2, v. a. [pp. boosting, boosted.] To 
lift by pushing. [Vulg.] 

Boo'sy, a. [Dut. buizen, Local Ger. bausen, to drink 
deeply.] Partially intoxicated; tipsy; bousy. 

Boot, v. a. [A.-S. bot, Goth, bota, Ger. busse, ad- 
vantage ; root of Better.] [pp. booting, booted.] 
To profit :— to put on boots.— 2, n. Profit ; gain : 
— [Fr. botte, boute; Late L. botta ; It. botta ; possi- 
bly kindred to Bottle and Butt] a covering 
for the leg and foot : — a receptacle or box in a 
coach ; a covering, as of leather, in a coach or 
chaise. — To boot, over and above. 

Boot'ed, a. Having boots on. 

B6ot-e"e\ n. A kind of short or half boot. 

B68tn, n. [Sw. bod; Ger. bnde; 0. Icel. bud; Pol. 
buda; Czech, bonda; Norse, bua, boa, to dwell; 
probably influenced by Gaelic forms. — See 
Bothy.] A temporary house built of boards. 

Boot' -jack, n. A utensil for pulling off boots. 

BSot'less, o. [A.-S. botleas; bot, boot, advantage, 
and -less, privative.] Useless; without success. 

Boot' -tree, n. A last for stretching a boot. 

Boo'ty, n. [Ger. beute; Fr. butin; Norse, byti, ex- 
change; buta, to deal out; influenced also by 
boot, advantage.] Plunder ; pillage ; spoil. 

Boo'zy, a. See Boosy. 

Bo-peep', n. A play among children. 

Bo-rac'ic, a. Relating to borax or boron. 

Bor'age (bur'aj), n. [Fr. bourrage; Late L. bor- 
rago, borago ; Sp. boraja ; perhaps from Late L. 
borra, short wool ; others derive these words 
through the Spanish from Arab, abu rachli, 
"father of sweat," alluding to the sudorific 
qualities of the plant.] An annual garden plant. 

Bo'rax, n. [Late L. for Arab, al-boraq, natron ; 
Per. burah, borax.] {Chem.) A salt formed of 
boracic acid and soda. 

Bor'der, n. [0. E. & Fr. bordure ; Fr. border, to 
bound ; bord, side, from a Teutonic root.] The 
outer part or edge of any thing; exterior limit ; 
frontier; side; margin; verge. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
bordering, bordered.] To be near ; to approach. 
— 3, v. a. To adorn with a border. 

Bbr'der-er, n. One dwelling near a border. 

Bbr'der-ing, n. Paper for the upper part of the 
wall's of a room. — 2, a. Neighboring ; very near. 

Bor'der-land, n. Land lying on the frontiers of 
two adjoining countries; borders. 

Bore, v. a. [A.-S. borian; Ger. bohren ; Norse & 
A.-S. bor, an auger. — Cf. L. forare, to pierce.] 



[pp. boring, bored.] To make a hole in ; to per- 
forate : — [by some referred to bur, as a sticker; 
by others to bother] to weary or vex by what is 
disagreeable. — 2, v. n. To make a hole ; to 
pierce. — 3, n. A hole ; the size of any hole:— a 
borer : — [Norse, bara, a wave ; Fr. barre] a tide 
swelling above another tide: — one who annoys 
or wearies ; annoyance. — 4, i. from bear. 

B5're-al, a. [L. borealis.] Northern; coming 
from' the north. [The north wind. 

Bo're-as, n. [L. ; Gr. /3opeas ; Buss, borei, north.] 

Bore'c51e, n. [Dut. boerenkool, "farmers' cab- 
bage."] A species of winter cabbage. 

Bore'dom, n. The state of being bored or wearied. 

Bor'er, n. A person or thing that bores; a tool 
for boring: — a wood-eating worm. 

Bo'ric, a. Pertaining to boron. 

Born, p. from bear. Brought forth. 

Borne, p. from bear. Carried; conveyed. 

Bo'ron, n. [First syllable from borax, second from 
carbon.] (Chem.) An element found in borax. 

Bor'ough (bur'o), n. [A.-S. burg; Ger. burg, a 
castle; Norse, borg ; Scot, burgh; A.-S. beorgan, 
to shelter.] A corporate town. 

Bor'row (bor'ro), v. a. [Dut. borg, loan, or pledge ; 
A.-S. beorgan, to shelter, to keep; borgian, to 
borrow.] [pp. borrowing, borrowed.] To take 
or receive on credit for a time : — to appropriate. 

Bor'row-er, n. One who borrows. 

Bor'row-ing, n. Act of one who borrows. 

Bbrt, 'n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. bord, bastard.] The small 
debris of diamonds in cutting, ground into pow- 
der for lapidary-work. 

Bos'cage, n. [Fr. bocage ; 0. Fr. boscage; It. bos- 
cagg'io. — See Busn.] A wood; a grove. 

Bosh, n. [Turk, bosh, worthless.] Nonsense ; ab- 
surdity, [thicket; a grove. 

Bosk, n. [A variant of Bush; It. bosco.] A 

Bos'ky, a. Woody ; rough ; swelled. 

Bos'om (buz'um or bo'zuin) [biiz'um, S. H. St. Sm. 
Na'res; bo'zum, W. P.' J. F. Ja. R. C. L Wb.], n. 
[Ger. bxisen ; A.-S. bosm.] The breast ; the heart ; 
any receptacle. — Bosom, in composition, implies 
intimacy, fondness; as, liosorn -friend, &c. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. bosoming, bosomed.] To enclose in the 
bosom: — to conceal. 

Boss, n. [Fr. bosse ; It. bozza, a swelling.] A 
stud ; a knob ; a raised w'ork : — [Dut. baas, mas- 
ter, uncle. — Cf. Ger. base, aunt, cousin, gossip] a 
master or head workman. — 2, v. a. [pp. bossing, 
bossed.] To be master of; to rule. — 3, v. n. To 
act as a boss or master. 

Bos'sage, n. A stone that has a projection. 

Bossed (bost), a. Having bosses; studded. 

Bos'sy, a. Prominent; studded. 

Bos'ton, n. [Named by the French, in honor of 
the siege of Boston, in 1776.] A game at cards. 

Bot, n. [0. E. bond, a weevil; A.-S. buddu.] A 
small larva in the entrails of horses. 

Bo-tan'ic, \ a. Relating to botany ; containing 

Bo-tan'i-cal, j herbs or plants. 

Bot'a-nist,' n. One versed in botany. 

Bot'a-nize, v. n. [«r. /Soravi^eii', to gather plants.] 
[pp. botanizing, botanized.] To study botany or 
plants. 

Bot'a-ny, n. [Gr. Pordvri, a plant; referred to 
fioo-neiv, to pasture.] The branch of natural 
history which treats of plants. 

Bo-tar'go, n. [Sp. botarga ; Arab, bvtarhhah ; Copt. 
outaraMon ; Gr. rapLx*-ov, a pickle; Tapixo?, a 
mummy.] A sausage made of the roes of the 
mullet-fish. 

Botch, n. [Local Fr. boche, a boss, a pimple.— See 
Boss.] A red pustule; a pimple; a blotch:— a 
botcher:— [Sw. batch, & patch; Ger. batzen, to 
mend] a clumsy addition ; a piece of work un- 
skilfully performed.— 2, v. a, [pp. botching, 
botched.] To mend awkwardly; to patch. 

Botch'er, n. A mender of old clothes; a bungler. 

Botch'er-ly., a. Clumsy; patched. 
I Botch'er-y, k. Work ill performed. 



I, o, u, y, long ; 



o, u, y. 



short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



BOTCHY 



111 



BOWER 



Botch's, a. Marked with botches. 

Bot'-fl^, n, The insect of which the hot is the 
larva. 

Both, a. [ Goth, bajoths; Norse, badar ; Ger. beide ; 
A.-S. ba, begen; akin to Gr. a/x^i-; L. umbo; 
Skr. ubhau; Zend, uba; Slav, oba; Lith. aba.] 
One and the other; the two. — 2, conj. As well ; 
on the one side. 

Both'er, v. a. [See Pothf.r ; but perhaps from a 
Celtic root.] [pp. bothering, bothered.] To per- 
plex ; to confound ; to pother. — 2, n. Vexation ; 
trouble. 

Both-er-a'tion, n. Bother; annoyance. [Colloq.l 

Both'er-some, a. Vexatious; troublesome. [Col. J 

Both'y, n. [Scot.; Gael, both, bothag, a hut; or 
a dim. of Booth.] A barrack for laboring men. 

Bo'-tree, n. [Singhalese, bo or bogaha ; Skr. bodhi, 
"perfect knowledge :" under it Buddha obtained 
full enlightenment.] The sacred tree of Hin- 
dostan and Ceylon: —called peepvi, and pipaL 

Bot'ry-bld, \a. [Gr. iSorpvoeiSTj? ; /3brpu?, a 

Bot-ry-bi'dal, j grape-cluster.] Resembling, or 
having the form of, a bunch of grapes. 

Bot' tie, n. [Fr. bouteiUe : Sp. botella ; Late L. bu- 
tts or budcula, a butt (q. v.).] A vessel with a 
narrow mouth, for liquor: — the measure or con- 
tents of a bottle. — 2, v. a. [pp. bottling, bottled. J 
To enclose in bottles. 

Bot' tie-head, \ n. (Zob'l.) A whale of the Atlantic 

Bot' tie-nose, J allied to the sperm whales. 

Bot' torn, u. [A.-S. botm, Dut. bodem, Ger. boden ; 
Skr'. budhn '. ground, bottom.] The lowest part: 
— the ground underwater: — the foundation: — 
a dale:— a valley; low alluvial land: — a ship; 
the part of a ship under water: — endurance. — 
2, v. a. [pp. bottoming, bottomed.] To found 
or build upon. 

Bot'tom-land, n. Alluvial land. 

Bot'tom-less, a. Without a bottom. 

Bot'tom-ry, n. The borrowing of money on a 
ship's bottom, which is pledged as security. 

Bou-doir' (bd-dwbr 7 ), ,/. [Fr. for "sulking place;" 
bonder, to pout.] A small private room. 

Bough (b'ifi), u. [A.-S. I'hj, Ger. bag, Norse, 
bogr, a shoulder; Skr. bakus, Gr. tttjxw;, arm.] 
A branch of a tree. 

Bought (b&wt), i. X p. from buy. 

Bougie (bo'zhe), //. [Fr., from Bougiah, a town 
of Algeria.] A wax candle: — a surgical tube 
or instrument. 

Bouillon (b ',1-yOng'), n. [Fr. ; bouillir, to boil 
((/. ».).] Broth: BOup. 

Bould'er, n. Same as Bowlder. 

B6u'le-vard\ ;/. [Fr. ; It. baiuarda, Sp. balwirtc, 
Ger." boUwerk, a bulwark (q. v.) : at first the name j 
of a rampart, this word afterwaids designated a 
street which occupies the place of a demolished | 
rampart, and at last any broad street.] A wide 
public walk or street. 

Bouleversement (bol-vgrs-raon), n. [Fr. ; boule, 
a ball, and versa; to turn.] Subversion; over- 
throw; upsetting. 

Bounce, v. n. [Dut. bonzen. Low Ger. bunsen, to 
strike.] [pp. bouncing, bounced.] To spring: 
to leap :— to boast.— 2, n. A heavy blow :— a 
leap :— a boast. 

Bb'un'cer, n. A boaster ; a bully : — a lie. 

Bound, n. [0. Fr. bodne, boude, bounde ; Late L. 
bodena, bulina ; akin to butt; Fr. bout, a bound.] 
A limit; boundary:— a leap. —2, v. a. [pp. 
bounding, bounded.] To border; to terminate; 
to limit; to circumscribe; to enclose; to restrain. 
— 3, v. n. [Fr. bondir, to bound, to re-echo; L. 
bombitare, to resound ; bombus, a sounding.] To 
jump; to rebound.— -1, /. &p. from bind.— 5, a. 
[Norse, buinn, part, from bun, to get ready.] Des- 
tined; intended to go :— determined. 

Bbun'da-ry. ». That which bounds or limits; the 
mark of a limit ; a bound ; term. 

Bbfin'den, p. from bind. Bound.— 2, a. Obliged ; 
indispensable :— beholden to. 




ux 



Bouquetin. 
[Fr.. a bud: Old 



Bbund'less, a. Without bound; unbounded; un- 
limited; undefined. 

Syn. — Boundless ocean ; unbounded desires ; un- 
limited power; undefined limits. 

Bbund'less-ness, n. Exemption from limits. 

Bbun'te-ofls [boun'te-us, P. J. Ja. R. ; bbun'tvus, 
S. E. F. K. ; bbun'che-us, TV.], a. [See Bounty.] 
Liberal ; kind ; bountiful. 

Bbun'te-ous-ly. ad. Liberally; munificently. 

Bbun'te-ous-ness, n. Munificence. 

Bbun'ti-ful, «. Liberal; beneficent; kind. 

Bbun'ti-ful-ly, ad. Liberally ; generously. 

Bbun'ty, n. [Fr. bonte, goodness; L. bonitas, from 
bonus, good.] Beneficence: — generosity; liberal- 
ity ; munificence : — a premium : — money given 
to promote any object, or to men who enlist. 

Syn. — Bounty aud beneficence are characteristics 
of the Deity as well as of his creatures ; generosity, 
liberality, and munificence are human qualities. 

Bouquet (bo-ka' or'bG'ka) [bG'ka, Ja. 8m, St. B. ; 
bo-ka', H. Wb. K. C], n. [Fr. ; It. boxchetto, dim. 
of bosco, wood; Fr. boi<.~\ A bunch of flowers: 
— delicate flavor of wine. 

Bou'que-tln, n. [Fr. ; Old Provencal, bocstagn, 
an inversion of Ger. 
steinbocl; rock-goat.] 
The ibex of the Alps. 

Bourgeois (bur-jbis'), n. 
[Fr. ; probably with 
the idea of "middle 
class" or "average." 
— see next definition.] 
A printing type a 
size next larger than \ 
brevier : — (b irzh-wa'J 
[see Burgess] a person 
of the middle class. 

Boiir'geon (biir'jun), v. ». 
bur/an, to lift.] [pp. burgeoning, burgeoned.] 
To sprout; to shoot into branches' 

Bourn (born or born) [born, W. J. Ja. 8m. 7?. O. : 
br>rn, S. St. H. I. P. E. K. ; born or born, F.], n. 
[Fr. b<n-, to. formerly bonne, borne, bodne.-— See 
Bound.] Abound; a limit :— [Gael, bum, water; 
Ger. bom,s\ spring: Scot. Imrn, a brook] a rivulet. 

Bournouse (bCr-ni's'l, n. See Burnoosb. 

Bourse (bors), n. [Fr., a purse, an exchange. — 
See PURSB.] An exchauge where merchants 
meet. See Burse. 

Bbu-stro-phe'don, n. [Gr. : literally "ox-turn- 
ing," i.e., like the course of a ploug'h.] A mode 
of writing from right to left aud then from left 
to right. 

Bout, />. [Cf. Ger. bncht, a bight or bend: Dut. 
bocht ; influenced by About.] A turn : — a trial ; 
an attempt. 

Bb'vine. a. [L. bovmus, from bos, bovis, an ox.] 
Relating to oxen, cows, Arc. 

Bow (bod), r. a. [A.-S. buyan, Dut. buigen, Ger. 
biegen, Skr. blmj-.] [pp. bowing, bowed.] To 
bend; to bend the body in token of respect; to 
depress. — 2, v. n. To bend ; to make a reverence. 
— 3, )?. An act of reverence or respect: — [ap- 
parently identical in origin with Bough, g. >■.] 
the rounding parr of a ship's side: the fore end 
of a ship or boat : — one who rows the bow-oar in 
a be >at. 

Bow (bo), h. [A.-S. boga, Dut. bong. Ger. bogen; 
A.-S. bogan, to bend.] An instrument for shoot- 
ing arrows:— a rainbow:— any thing curved: — 
an instrument with which the viol, violin, dec, 
are struck. 

Bbw'el, v. n. [Fr. bayou, a gut. 0. Fr. boel, bond; 
L. botellux and botulus, a sausage ; whence also 
Fr. boudin, E. pudding.] [pp. bowelling, bow- 
elled.] To take out the bowels. 

Bbw'els (bbu'elz), n. pi. The intestines; the en- 
trails : — figuratively, pity, tenderness. 

Bbw'er, n. [A.-S. bur, dwelling: buan, to dwell; 
Aryan root bhu, to dwell.] A chamber ; a shady 
recess: — [see Bow] a bow-anchor : — [Ger. bauer, 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use— 5, Q,, c, £, soft; 0, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



BOWEKY 



112 



BEAIDING 



a peasant, a clown.— See Boor] the name given 
to two knaves in the game of euchre, the right 
bower being the knave of trumps, and the left 
boicer the knave of the suit of the same color 
as trumps. 

Bbw'er-x, «. Shady ; having bowers. 

B6w'ie-knife, n. [From Boivie, its inventor.] A 
large knife carried by hunters in the southwest- 
ern part of the United States. 

Bowl (bol), n. [A.-S. boUa, Norse, bolli, But. bol ; 
root vital, signifying to swell.] A vessel to hold 
liquids : — the hoi low part of any thing : — a basin. 
—2, n. [bol, S. W. J. K. Sm. C. I. St. H. Wb. ; 
boul, P. E. Ja. ; boul or bol, F.] [Fr. bovle, 
a ball; L. bulla, a bubble; root thai, to swell.] 
A round mass to be rolled along the ground. 
— 3, v. a. [pp. bo w ling, bowled.] To roll as a 
bowl. — 4, v. n. To play at bowls. 

Bbwl'der, n. [Local Sw. bullersten, 0. E. bulder- 
ston; Sw. butter, noise, bulra, to rumble, and sten, 
stone. — Cf. Sw. kluppersten, a pebble.] A large, 
round stone. 

Bow' -legged (bo'legd), a. Having crooked legs. 

Bowl'er, or Bowl'er, n. One who plays at bowls. 

Bow'Hne, or Bbw'line [bbu'lin, S. W. J. E. F. ; 
bou'hn, Si. ; bo'lin, A'. Sm. R. ; bo'lin, Ja. C. I.], 
n. [Boic and line; Sw. boglina, Dut. boeglijn, Fr. 
bouline, Sp. boliua.] (Xau't.) A ship's rope fast- 
ened near the middle of the leech. [bowls. 

Bowl'ing, or Bbwl'ing, n. The act of throwing 

Bowl'ing-al'ley, n. An enclosure for bowling. 

Bowl'ing-green, n. A level piece of ground, kept 
smooth for playing with bowls. 

Bow'man (bo'man), n. ; pi. Bbw'men. An archer. 

Bbw'-bar, n. The oar nearest the bow of a boat; 
also the man who handles this oar. 

Bowse, v. n. [pp. bowsing, bowsed.] (Xaut.) To 
haul or pull. — 2, n. A hard pull. 

Bow'-shot (bo'shot), n. The space which an arrow 
may pass in its flight. 

Bow'sprit, n. [Bow and sprit; Dut. boegspreif, 
Ger. bugspriet, Sw. bogspr'dt.] A mast projecting 
from the head of a ship to carry the sails forward. 

Bow'string, n. The string of a bow :— a Turkish 
punishment by strangling -with a cord. 

Bbw'-win'dow, n. A projecting window. 

Bbw'-wood (-wtid), n. The wood of the Osage 
orange, used by the Indians for bows. 

Box, n. [L. pyxis, Gr. 77-vfi?, Ger. buchse, Dut. 
bos, bus.] A case made of wood; chest; case: — 
[perhaps Gr. ttv£, with the fist; or, better, Dut. 
bask, a blow; most of the cognate German and 
other similar modern European words are from 
the English] a blow given by the hand : — [Gr. 
7rv£os, L. bwxus] a hard wood ; an evergreen 
shrub or tree.— 2, v. a. [pp. boxing, boxed.] To 
enclose in a box ; to strike. — To box the compass, 
to rehearse its points. — 3, v. n. To fight with 

Box'ber-ry, n. See Checkerbeert. [the fists. 

Box'-coat, n. A great-coat used by coachmen. 

Box-el' der, n. A kind of maple-tree. 

Box'en (bok'sn), (7. Made of boxwood. 

Box'er, n. One who fights with his fists. 

Box'haul, r. a. [pp. boxhauling, boxhauled.] 
(Nevui.) To veer a ship on her heel. 

Box'ing, v. Sparring: — fisticuffs. 

Box' wood (-wud), n. The wood of the box. 

Boy, n. [Fris. boy, a young gentleman ; Dut. boef, 
a knave ; Ger. bnbe, a boy, a knave ; L. puer, 
Gr. 7TCU5, a boy. — Cf. Sw. poike, Finn, poika, Esth. 
poeg, a son; Tamil, peyau, a boy. This root 
seems to be not merely Aryan, but also Dra- 
vidian and Ugrian.] A male child ; a youth. 

Bby'ar, n. [Kuss. boydrin ; Servian, bolyar ; Bourn. 
boier.] A Roumanian gentleman : — formerly, a 
Bussian nobleman. 

Bby'hood (boThud), n. The state of a boy. 

Bby'ish, a. Belonging to a boy ; childish. 

Bby'ish-ness, n. Childishness. 

Brab'ble, v. n. [Dnt. bralbelen.] [pp. brabbling, 
brabbled.] To clamor. — 2, n. A clamor. 



Brace, v. a. [0. Fr. brace, Fr. bras, L. brachiam 
or bracchium, an arm ; the verbal forms have the 
idea of "to embrace," to hug.] [pp. bracing, 
braced.] To tie up ; to strain up ; to bind. — 2, n. 
Cincture ; bandage ; a strap : — a crooked line 
[—^-v] :— a piece of timber framed in with bevel 
joints ; a prop :— a pair. 

Brace'let (bras'let), n. [Fr. ; from bras, the arm. 
— See Brace.] An ornament for the arm: — 
armor for the arm. 

Braph'ial (brak'yal or bra'ke-al) [brak'yal, & W. 
J. F. Ja. K. C. ; bra'ke-al, St. I. Sm.]', a. [L. 
bracchialis, brachials; brachium or bracchium, an 
ann.] Belonging to the arm. , 

Braph'i-o-pod, n. [Gr. fipo.xiwv, arm, and novs, 
iroSos, foot; named from the arm-like appen- 
dages.] A molluscoid animal. 

Brach'man (bra'man), n. See Brahman. 

Bra-ehyg'ra-pher, n. A short-hand writer. 

Bra-chyg'ra-phy, n. [Gr. ^pa^v'?, short, and 
•ypa(/>eiv, to write.] Short-hand writing. 

Bra-chyl'o-i-y, n. [Gr. /3/jaxvs, short, and Aoyos, 
speech.] (lihet.) Laconic speech. 

Brac'ing, n. A system of braces; braces collec- 
tively. — 2, a. Invigorating. 

Brack, n. [A.-S. brae. — See Break.] A crack ; a 
flaw: — [Ger. brack, trash, inferior goods; akin to 
Wreck and Break] a low grade. 

Brack'en (brak'kn), n. [A.-S. bracce; Sw. br'dken. 
— See Brake.] A fern ; a brake. 

Brack'er, n. A sworn inspector or assorter. 

Brack'et, n. [0. Fr. brache, dim. braquet. — See 
Brace.] A piece of wood for support.— pZ. 
Hooks [thus] to enclose a word or words. 

Brack'ish, a. [Ger. brack, refuse; brackwasser, 
worthless water; Obs. E. brack, brine. — See 
Brack.] Somewhat salt ; saltish. 

Brack'ish-ness, n. Saltishness. 

Bract, n. [L. bractea, a thin plate.] A small leaf; 
a set of leaves. 

Brad, n. [Icel. broclclr, a spike; Dan. braad, a 
goad ; Celt, brod, a sting. — Cf. Puod.] A sort of 
nail without a head. 

Brae, n. [Scot. ; Celt, bre, a peak ; bruach, a hill- 
side.] A hill-side ; a slope. 

Brag, v. n. [Welsh, brae, boastful ; Armoric, brvga, 
Fr. braguer, to display, to vaunt ; Bragi was the 
Norse god of eloquence »pA poetry.] [pp. brag- 
ging, bragged.] To boast; to vaunt. — 2, n. A 
boast ; a game at cards. 

Brag-ga-db'ci-b (-do'she-o), n. [A character in 
the "Faerie Queene ;" from brag.] A boaster. 

Brag'gar-dl§m, n. Boastfuluess. [tatious. 

Brag'gart, n. A boaster. — 2, a. Boastful ; osten- 

Brahm, n. [Skr., prayer, worship.] The eternal, 
self-existent spirit in Hindu mythology. 

Brah'ma, «. A divinity of the Hindu triad. 

Brah'man, ) n. [Skr., a worshipper, a priest.] A 

Brah'min, J member of the highest caste of the 
Hindus; a priest of Brahma. 

Brah'ma-na§, n. pi. [Skr.] The prose portion 
of the Vedas, consisting of rules for ceremonies, 
explanation of rites, legends, &c. 

Brah'man-ee, \n. [Hind, brahmani.] The wife 

Brah'man-ess, j of a Brahman. 

Brah-man'i-cal. a. Pertaining to the Brahmans. 

Brah'man-i§ni, \ n. (Hind. Myth.) The system 

Brah'mi'n-ism, J of the Brahmans ; the worship of 
Brahnia and his kindred deities. 

Brah'ma-sa-maj', \n. ["Society of Brahm," or 

Brah'mo-so-maj', j "worshipping assembly."] A 
modern theistic society or sect of India. 

Brah'mo-ism, n.. The religious system of the 
Brahnia-Samaj. Its leading features are belief 
in God, in immortality, and in revelation. 

Braid, v. a. [A.-S. bredan, Icel. bregthn, bregda, 
to weave.] [pp. braiding, braided.] To weave 
together; to plait.— 2, n. A texture ; something 
braided : — a sort of lace : — a knot. 

Braid'ing, n. Braids collectively; material for 
braids. 



e, I, o, 5, y, long; a, e, l, 6, u, y, short, 



e, i. o 



u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; hSir, her ; 



BKAIL 



113 



BEAZIL 



Brail (bral), n. [0. F. braid, trouser-band ; Fr. 
braie, breeches. — See Breeches.] (Naut.) A 
small rope.* — 2, v. a. [pp. brailing, brailed.] 
To haul with brails. 

Brain, n. [A.-S. bregen, brgsgen; Dut. brein. — Cf. 
Gr. Ppey/xa, top of the head. J The soft mass en- 
closed in the cavity of the skull, regarded as the 
seat of sensation and reflection: — understand- 
ing. — 2, v. a. [pp. braining, brained.] To dash 
out the brains of. 

Briiin'less, a. Silly ; foolish ; thoughtless. 

Brain' -pan, n. The skull containing the brains. 

Brain' sick, a. Diseased in the understanding. 

Brai§e, \ v. a. [Fr. braise, embers ; Sp. brasas, 

Braize, J cinders ; Sw. brasa. to flame.] [pp. brais- 
ing, braised.] To stew slowly, as beef, with 
vegetables, &c. 

Brake, n. [Dut. braalc, from the root of Break.] 
An instrument for dressing flax : — [A.-S. bracan, 
to knead] a kneading-trough: — [Ger. brack, Dut. 
brak, fallow, i.e., broken, rough ground; hence 
a plant growing on such ground] fern: — a 
thicket: — [Old Dut. brake, a clog] an apparatus 
for retarding the motion of a wheel. — 2, v. a. 
Did break. — See Break. 

Brake'man, n. One who manages a brake. 

Bram'ble, n. [A.-S. brembel; Dut. braam, a black- 
berry; the stem brum implies wandering, twin- 
ing ; Skr. root bhram-.] A prickly or thorny 
shrub ; brier. [chaffinch. 

Bram'bling, n. [i.e., bramble-finch.] A mountain 

Bram'bly, a. Covered with brambles. 

Bran, n. [W. bran, Breton, brenn, refuse, bran.] 
The outer coat of grain separated from the flour ; 
the refuse of sifted meal. 

Branch, n. [Late L. branca, Fr. branche, Breton, 
brank, an arm ; usually referred to L. brachmm, 
an arm; but cf. Gr. Ppa.yx<-ov, a fin.] The shoot 
or bough of a tree; a limb: — an offshoot: — off- 
spring. — 2, v. n. [pp. branching, branched.] To 
spread or shoot out.— 3, v. a. To divide into 
branches. [(fins).] The gills of fish. 

Bran'chi-se, n. pi. [L., for Gr. pi. /3payx<.a, gills 

Bran'chi-al, a. Relating to the branchiae. . 

Bran'chi-o-pod, n. [Gr. fipdyx<-ov, a gill, and 
iroO?, 7ro86s, a foot.] A crustaceous animal that 
walks by means of its gills. 

Branch/let, n. A little branch. 

Branch'^, a. Full of branches. 

Brand, n. [A.-S. brand, a sword, a burning ; brin- 
nan, to burn, to flash. — See Burn.] A piece of 
wood partly burnt: — brand-iron :— mark of in- 
famy; stigma:— mark (properly, a mark burnt 
in) : — a sword : — [with the idea of burning] a 
kind of blight.— 2, v. a. [pp. branding, branded.] 
To mark with a brand. 

Brand'-ir-on (brand'i-urn), n. An iron to brand 
with : — a trivet to seta pot upon. 

Bran'dish, v. «. [Fr. brandir, part, brandissant ; 
Norman Fr. brande, a sword. — See Brand.] [pp. 
brandishing, brandished.] To flourish, as a 
weapon. — 2, n. A flourish, as of a. weapon. 

Bran'dish-Ing, n. [Corrupted from brattishing.] 
(Arch.) A term applied to open 
carved work, as of a crest or 
parapet. 

Brand'-new, a. New, as from the 
forge-fire.— See Brand. 

Bran'dy.,«. [Ger. brannlwein, burnt 
wine, for "distilled wine" (see 
Burn); Dut. brandewijn; bran- 
den, to burn, to distil.] A strong 
liquor distilled from wine. 

Bran'gle, v. n. [A variant of 
Wrangle.] [pp. brangling, 
brangled.] To wrangle; to 
squabble. — 2, n. A wrangle; a Brandishing. 
brawl. 
Brarik, n. [Gaulish L. brance or brace, a kind of 
grain.] Buckwheat :— [a Celtic word] a halter; 
Bran'-new, a. Brand-new. [a bridle. 




Bran'ny, a. Having the appearance of bran. 
Brant, n. [Icel. brand-gas, Ger. brenl-gavs, per- 
haps from brennen, to burn, from its color.] A 
species of goose. 
Brash, n. [Fr. breclie, trash; It. breccia (q.v.); 
from Break. — See Breach.] Rifuse; trash; 
polar ice broken into fragments. — 2, a. Brit- 
tle: — quick-tempered: — [Gael, bras, impudent, 
rash] impudent. ; over-confident. 
Bra'sier (bra'zher), n. [See Brass and Braze.] 
A worker in brass: — [Fr., from braise, embers. — 
See Braise] a pan to hold coals:— written also 
brazier. [of a crucible or a furnace. 

Brasque (brask), n. [Fr.] The charcoal lining 
Brass, n. [Icel. bras, solder; akin to Braise, q. v.} 
An alloy of copper and zinc, of a yellow color : — 
boldness ; impudence. 
Brass'y, a - Partaking of brass : — impudent. 
Brat, n. [Perhaps Celt, brat, a rag.] A child: — 

so called in contempt. 

Brat'tice, ) n. [Fr. breteche ; Ger. bret, a 

Brat'tish-ing, j board; 0. Ger. tach, fence, cover ; 

Fr. bretesser, to fortify.] (Mining.) A partition 

or fence ; a brettice. 

Bra-va'do, or Bra-va'do, n. [Sp. bravada ; bravear, 

to threaten.] A boast ; a menace. 
Brave, a. [Fr. brave, It. bravo; Armoric, brae, 
fine; Scot, braw, handsome, well dressed; Sw. 
bra, good. — Cf. Brag.] Courageous; gallant; 
intrepid : — gayly or gallantly dressed. — 2, n. A 
brave man; an Indian warrior. — 3, v. a. [pp. 
braving, braved.] To defy ; to set at defiance. 
Brave'ly, ad. In a brave manner. 
Bra've-ry, n. Courage; intrepidity: — display. 
Bra'vo, or Bra'vo [bra'vo, W. P. J. F. Ja. H. St. 
C. ; bra'vo, Sm. E. Wb.], n. [Ital.J A daring 
villain ; a bandit; an assassin. — 2, interj. Weil 
done. 
Bra-vii'ra, n. [It., spirit.] (Mis.) A kind of 
song requiring great vocal ability in the singer. 
Brawl, v. n. [Frequentative of brag; Welsh 
braivl, Dut. brallen, to boast.] [pp. brawling, 
brawled.] To quarrel noisily; to roar. — 2, v. a. 
To drive or beat away.— 3, n. A noisy quarrel ; 
uproar. 
Brawl'er, n. A wrangler; a noisy fellow. 
Brawl'ing, n. The act of quarrelling. 
Brawn, n. [0. Fr. braon, slice of flesh; akin to 
Ger. braten, to roast.] The hard flesh of a boar: 
— a boar: — food prepared from swine's flesh: — 
the muscular part of the body :— the arm :— bulk. 
Brawn'i-ness, n. Strength ; hardness. 
Brawn's, a. Muscular; fleshy: — unfeeling. 
Brax'y, n. [Gael, bragsaidh ; possibly allied to 

A.-S. broc, sickness.] A disease among sheep. 
Bray (bra), v. a. [0. Fr. brayer; Ger. brechen, 
to break.] [pp. braying, brayed.] To pound, 
or grind small.— 2, v. v. [Fr. braire, Late L. 
bragare; allied to Brag, Bark, and Break.] 
To make a noise like an ass. — 3, »?. The noise 
of an ass or mule ; a harsh cry. 
Bray'er, n. One that brays; an instrument to 

temper printers' ink with ; a pestle. 
Bray'ing, n. Clamor; noise. 

Braze, v. a. [Fr. braser. — See Bratsr and Brass.] 
[pp. brazing, brazed.] To solder with brass; to 
harden. 
Bra'zen (bra'zn), o. Made of brass: — impudent. 
— 2, v. n. ovv. a. [pp. brazening, brazened.] To 
be impudent ; to behave with effrontery. 
Bra'zen-faced (brii'zn-fast), a. Impudent. 
Bra'zen-ly (bra'zn-le), ad. In a bold manner. 
Bra'zen-ness (bra'zn-nes), n. Brassiness: — impu- 
dence; effrontery. 
Bra'zier (bra'zher), n. [See Brastkr, Braise, 
and Brass.] A worker in brass :— a pan for coals : 
—written also brasier. 
Bra-zil' [bra-zel', S. W. J. Ja. K. Sm. St. ; bra-zll', 
I. P. C. Wb.], n. [Port, brasilete, from braza, a 
live coal (see Braise). The wood took its name 
from its color. The original brazil was an old- 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 
h 



10* 



g, hard; §asz; x as gz ; tfiis, 



BRAZIL-NUT 



114 



BREW 



world dye-wood, which pave name to an imagi- 
nary country ; afterward the name of the coun- 
try was given to the present empire of Brazil, 
and the uame of the wood to an important Bra- 
zilian product.] A kind of wood for dyeing. 

Bra-zil'-nut, n. A large nut from Brazil. 

Breach, n. [Fr. breche, A.-S. brece; a softened 
form of break.] The act of breaking ; infraction; 
a gap: — difference; quarrel: — injury. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. bread ling, breached.] To make a "breach 
in, as a wall by artillery ; to rupture ; to break. 

Breach's, a. Apt to break fences; unrulv. 

Bread (bred), n. [Ger. brod, Dut. brood, Tcel. 
braud; thought to be akin to Bray or Brew.] 
Food made of ground grain : — food in general ; 
support of life ; sustenance. 

Bread' -corn, n. Corn of which bread is made. 

Bread' -fruit, n. A large tropical fruit. 

Bread' -stuff, n. Materials for bread, as grain, 
meal, flour. 

Breadth, n. [A.-S. brsedu, Icel. breidd. — See 
Broad.] Measure from side to side. 

Bread'-win-ner, n. One who supports a family. 

Break (brak),' v. a. [A.-S. brecav, Ger. brechen, 
L. frango, fraclum; Aryan root bhrag.] [i. broke 
(brake) ; pp. breaking, broken or broke.] To 
part ; to rend ; to burst, or open by force ; to 
divide ; to dislocate ; to crush ; to shatter : — to 
tame: — to make bankrupt: — to discard: — to in- 
fringe, as a law : — (MU.) To degrade or reduce to 
a lower rank by way of punishment. — 2, v. n. 
To part in two; to burst; to burst forth: — to 
open, as the morning: — to become bankrupt; to 
fail. — 3, n. A breach; an opening; a pause:— a 
line drawn ; a dash : — the dawn :— a fly-wheel. 

Break'a£e, n. Act of breaking; allowance for 
what is broken. 

Break'-down, n. The act of breaking down; a 
smash ; destruction :— a riotous dance. 

Break'er (brak'er), n. A person or thing that 
break's : — a wave broken by rocks : — a surge. 

Break' fast (brek'fast), n. [Break and fast.] The 
first nieal in the day. — 2, v. n. [pp. breakfast- 
ing, breakfasted.] To eat breakfast. 

Break'neck (brak'nek), n. A steep place. — 2, a. 
Very hazardous. 

Break'wa-ter, n. A wall or other obstacle raised 
at the entrance of a harbor. 

Bream (brcm), n. [0. Fr. bresme, Ger. bressen, 
0. Ger. brahsema.] A small fresh-water fish. — 2, 
v. a. [pp. breaming, breamed.] (Naut.) [Dut. 
brem, broom, furze; furze and other light com- 
bustibles were used in burning the adherent 
matters from a ship's bottom.] To clean a ship. 

Breast (brC-st), ». [A.-S. breost, Dut. borst, Ger. 
brust; connected with Burst, and signifying a 
swelling.] The fore part of the human body, 
between the neck and belly ; the bosom : — nip- 
ple:— the heart : — the conscience. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
breasting, breasted.] To meet in front. 

Breast'bone, ». A bone of the thorax; sternum. 

Breast' pin, n. A pin or brooch for the breast. 

Breast'plate, n. Armor for the breast. 

Breast' -wheel, n. A form of water-wheel. 

Breast'work (brest'viirk), n. A work thrown up 
round a fortified place ; a parapet. 

Breath (breth), n. [A.-S. brseth; Ger. brodem, 
vapor.] The air drawn in and expelled by the 
lungs: — life: — an instant: — respite; pause: — a 
slight breeze :— odor ; fragrance. 

Breath'a-ble, a. That may be breathed. 

Breathe, v. n. [pp. breathing, breathed.] To draw 
air into the lungs and expel it; to live; to take 
breath. — 2, v. a. To exhale :— to utter privately. 

Breath'er (breth'er), n. One who breathes. 

Breath'ing, n. Respiration :— aspiration : — vent: 
— an accent ; an aspirate. 

Breath'less, a. Out of breath ; dead. 

Brec'cia (bret'cha), w. [It. — See Brash, Breach.] 
A kind of pudding-stone ; a stone composed of 
fragments. 



Brec'ci-at-ed (brek'she-at-ed), a. Noting rocks 
composed of fragments cemented together. •» 

Bred, i. & p. from breed. 

Breech [brech, S. W. P. J. F. Ja. Sm. B. I. C. ; 
brich, E. K. Wb. St. ; brich or brJch, B.], n. 
[A.-S. broc; pi. brec, breeches.] The lower part 
of the body : — the hinder part of a gun, &c. — 
2, v. a. [pp. breeching, breeched.] To put into 
breeches. — 3, v. n. [Same as Breach.] To leap 
out of the water, as a whale. 

Breech'es (brich'ez) [biich'ez, W. E. H. St. Ja. Sm. 
B. ; brech'ez, P. /. C], n. pi. [A.-S. 6rec (pi. 
of broc), Fris. brek (brok), Irish, brog, Breton. 
brseges, L. braccse or bracse ; said to be akin to 
Break, as something divided ; but cf. Gael. 
breacan, a plaid, from breac, spotted.] A garment 
worn by men over the lower part of the body. 

Breech'ing (brich'ing), u. A strap behind the 
haunches of a horse. [breech. 

Breech'-load-er, n. A fire-arm loaded at the 

Breech'-load-i'ng, a. That receives its load at the 
breech (said of a fire-arm). 

Breech' -pin, 1 n. A plug screwed in at 

Breech'-screw (-skru), J tlie breech of a fire-arm. 

Breed, v. a. [A.-S. bredan, to nourish; Ger. briiten, 
Dut. broeden, to brood ; Welsh, brwd, warm ; 
akin to Brew.] [i. bred ; pp. breeding, bred.] 
To procreate; to give birth to :— to nourish ; to 
foster :— to educate ; to bring up. — 2, v. n. To 
be with young; to produce. — 3, n. A race of 
animals ; a cast ; a kind ; a family ; progeny. 

Breed'er, n. One that breeds. 

Breed'ing, n. Education ; manners ; nurture. 

Breeze, n. [Fr. brise, Sp. brisa, It. brezza, a misty 
wind.] A gentle gale ; a soft wind : — [Fr. bris, 
rubbish, debris ; briser, to break ; akin to Breach, 
Break ; but cf. 0. Fr. brese, braise, live coals ; 
and E. brash] coal-dust ; cinders. 

Breez'y, or. Fanned with gales; full of gales: — 
brisk; lively. [Colloq.J 

Brent, a. [Akin to Burn, Burnish ; 0. Fr. brunir, 
burnir, to polish.] Burnished; shining; new; 
unwrinkled. — 2, n. A species of goose ; brant. 

Brest, n. [A form of Breast.] {Arch.) The torus 
of a column. 

Breth'ren, n. [The vowel-change in the first syl- 
lable is the umlaut so common in German ; the 
plural in en is also a relic of the old Teutonic 
usage.] Plural of brother; brothers. 

Bret'on, n. A native of Bretagne or Brittany, in 
France. — 2, a. Of or pertaining to Bretagne; 
Armorican ; Armoric. 

Brett, n. [See Bkitzska.] A britzska. 

Bret'tish-ing. n. See Brandishing. 

Bret'zel, ". [Ger. ; L. brachile, a bracelet; brachhis, 
the arm.] A hard brittle cake, properly in the 
form of a ring: — written also pretzel. 

Breve, n. [L. brevis, short.] (Mus.) A short note 
of time.— (Law.) A short precept ; a writ or brief. 

Bre-vet', or Brev'et [bre-vef, K. Sm. H. I. C. Wb. ; 
brev'et, Ja. St. B.], n. [Fr. ; Late L. brevetum, 
from L. brevis, short. — See Brief.] A commis- 
sion to an officer in the army which gives him 
a title and rank above his pay. 

Brev'ia-ry. (brev'ya-re), n. [L. breciarium ; brevia- 
rins, abridged; brevis, short.] An abridgment; 
epitome :— a Catholic priest's office-book. 

Brev'iate, n. A short compendium ; a brief. 

Brev'i-ate, v. a. [L. breviare, breviatum, from 
brevis, short.] [j)p. breviating, breviated.] To 
abbreviate ; to abridge. 

Brev'ia-ture, n. Abbreviation. 

Bre-vilr' (bre-ver'), v. [Fr. breviaire, Obs. Fr. 
brevier, a breviary ; it is said that this type was 
used in printing breviaries.] A small printing 
type, in size between bourgeois and minion. 

Brev-i-pen'nate, a. [L. brevis, short, and penna, 
feather, wing.] Having short wings. 

Brev'i-ty;, n. [L. brevitas.] Conciseness; briefness. 

Brew'(bru), v. a. [A.-S. breowen, Ger. brauen.] 
[pp. brewing, brewed.] To make malt liquor: 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



BEEWAGE 



115 



BEISKNESS 



—to plot ; to foment. — 2, v. n. To perform the 
act of a brewer. — 3, n. That which is brewed. 

Brew'afe (bru'aj), n. Any thing brewed. 

Brew'er (bru'er), n. One who brews. 

Brew'er-y. (bru'er-e), n. A place for brewing. 

Brew'ing'(bru'ing), n. The act of one who brews : 
— quantity brewed at once. 

Brew'is (bi u'js), n. [A.-S. briwas, broth, brewage. 
— See Broth.] Bread soaked in fat liquid. 

Bri'ar, n. See Brier. 

Brib'a-ble, a. That may be bribed. 

Bribe', n. [0. Fr. bribe, a present; originally, a 
fragment, a piece of bread ; from Bret, breca, to 
break.] A reward given to a judge, an officer, a 
voter, &c, to influence his conduct. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. bribing, bribed.] To give a bribe to; to 
gain by bribes. ' 

Brib'er, n. One who gives bribes. 

Bri'ber-y, n. The crime of taking or giving 
bribes or rewards for bad practices. [curiosity. 

Bric-a-brac, n. [Fr. bric-d-brac.] Articles of 

Brick, n. t [Fr. brigue, a brick, a fragment; Dut. 
brick, breilc, a piece, a brick ; breken, to break.] 
A mass, chiefly of clay, shaped, and burnt in a 
kiln : — a small loaf. — 2, v. a. [pp. bricking, 
bricked.] To lay with bricks. 

Brick' -bat, n. A piece of brick. 

Brick'kiln (-kil), n. A kiln to burn bricks. 

Brick'lay-er, n. One who lays bricks. 

Brick'-pan'e, n. [See Pane, Pan, Panel.] (Arch.) 
A frame filled in with bricks. — 2, v. a. [pp. brick- 
paning, brick-paned.] To fill in with bricks. 



Brick'-tea, 



The name given to brick-shaped 



masses of tea formed in moulds. 

Brick'work (-wiirk), n. Work made with bricks. 

Brick'-yard, n. A yard in which bricks are made. 

Bri'dal, n. [For bride-ale; 0. E. ale, a feast; like 
the recent use of Tea.] A nuptial festival; a 
wedding.— 2, «. Belonging to a wedding; nuptial. 

Bride, n. [A.-S. bryd, Ger. braut.] A woman 
newly married or about to be married. 

Bride'groom, n. [A..-S*-bryd-guma ; guma, L. homo, 
a man; Ger. brautiyam, bridegroom.] A man 
newly married or about to be married. ' 

Brldes'maid, n. She who attends upon the bride. 

Bride'well, n. [From St. Bride's, or Bridget's, well, 
London.] A house of correction ; a. jail. 

Bridge, n. [A.-S. bricg, Scot, brig, Ger. brucke, 
Dan. bro.] A pathway erected over a river, canal, 
&c: — the upper part of the nose : — the supporter 
of the strings of a violin, &c— 2, v. a. [pp. 
bridging, bridged.] To form a bridge over. 

Bri'dle (bri'dl), n. [A.-S. bridel, Dut. brielel, Fr. 
bride; Fr. brelclle, a strap; akin to Braid.] The 
instrument by which a horse is governed :— a 
restraint; a curb.— 2, v. a. [pp. bridling, bri- 
dled.] To put a bridle on ; to restrain.— 3, v. n. 
To hold up the head. 

Bri-d66n', «. [Fr. bridan, from bride, a bridle.] A 
snaffle and rein of a bridle, which act indepen- 
dently of the bit. 

Brief (br5f i, a. [L. brevis, short ; Fr: bref.] Short ; 
concise; contracted. — 2, n. A writing; extract. 
— (Law.) A writ or precept : — minutes of a case. 

Briefless, a. Having no professional employ- 
ment (said of young lawyers). 

Briefly, ad. In a few words; concisely. 



Bri'er, n. [A.-S. brei-e, 
brut/ere, heath ; cf. 
Breton brug, heath.] 
A prickly shrub ; the 
bramble. 

Bri'er-y, a. Full of bri- 
ers'; rough; prickly. 

Brig, n. [Short for 
Brigantine.] A 

square-rigged vessel 
with two masts. 

Bri-gade', n. [Fr. ; It. 
brigata, from brigare. 



Irish, briar, a thorn ; Fr. 




Brig, 
to fight.— See Brigand.] 



A party or division of troops, consisting of sev- 



eral battalions. — 2, v. a. [pp. brigading, bri- 
gaded.] To form into a brigade. 

Brig-a-dier', or Brig-a-dier'-^en'er-al, n. An 
officer who commands' a brigade. 

Brig' and, n. [Fr. ; It. brigante, a busybody, a 
robber; brigare, to fight, to be engaged; briga, 
strife, business — Cf. Goth, brikan, to break ; 
brakja, a rupture, a struggle.] A robber; a free- 
booter, [der; robbery. 

Brig'and-afe [brig'an-daj, St.], n. [Fr.] Plun- 

Brig'an-tine [brig'an-tln, S. W. J. F. Jet. K. R. I. 
W. ; brig'an-tiu, St. Sm. N.], v. [It. brigantina, 
originally, a pirate-ship. — See Brigand.]' A ves- 
sel ; a small brig ; an hermaphrodite brig. 

Bright (brit), a. [A.-S. brihl, beorht, Icel. bjartr ; 
Skr. bhraj, to shine. — Cf. L. jiagro, flamma.) 
Shining; full of light; reflecting light -.—clear ; 
lucid : — witty. 

Bright'en (bri'tn), v. a. [pp. brightening, bright- 
ened.] To make bright: — to make witty: — to 
make illustrious. — 2, v. n. To grow bright. 

Bright'ly. (brit'le), ad. In a bright manner. 

Brightness (brit'nes), n. Lustre : — acuteness. 

Bright' some (brit'sum), a. Bright; brilliant. 

Brill, u. ' [Corn, briihel, pi. brithelli, or bri'U, mack- 
erel ; brith, spotteil.] A kind of flat-fish. 

Brill'iance, or Brill'ian-cy (bril'yan-se), n. Daz- 
zling' brightness; lustre; splendor; radiance. 

Syn. — The brightness of the moon ; lustre of the 
stars or of silk; spleudor of light ; brilliancy of 
diamonds. BrigMness may be obscured; lustre 
tarnished; splendor and brilliancy diminished. 

Brill'iant (bril'yant), a. [Fr. briUant; briller, to 
sparkle; Late L. beryllare, from beryUus, a 
beryl.] Shining; sparkling. — 2, n. A diamond 
of the finest cut : — a kind of figured muslin : — 
the smallest kind of type. 

Brim, n. [A.-S. & Norse, brim, surf; Ger. br'dme, 
Dut. brsemme, border; Skr. bhram, to whirl; 
bhrimi, whirlpool; but perhaps a variant of 
Brink.] The edge; the upper edge of any ves- 
sel : — the bank of a fountain, river, &c. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. brimming, brimmed.] To fill to the top. — 
3, v. n. To be full to the brim. 

Brim'fiil, a. Full to the top; quite full. 

Brim'mer, n. A bowl full to the top. 

Brim'ming, a. Full to the brim ; brimful. 

Brim'stone, n. [0. E. brenstone, Scot, briuistane, 
literally, "burning stone."— See Burn.] A yel- 
low mineral ; sulphur. 

Brin'ded, a. [A form of branded; cf. A.-S. brin- 
nan, to burn.] Of a varied color; streaked. 

Brin'dle, n. A brindled or streaked color. — 2, a. 
Blinded, or brindled. 

Brin'dled (brin'dld), a. [Dim. form of brinded, 
which is now seldom used.] Brinded; streaked. 

Brine, n. [A.-S. bryne, brine, or a burning, from 
its taste; brinnan, to burn; Dut. brem, formerly 
brijn, brine.] Water impregnated with salt. 

Bring, c. a. [A.-S. bringan, Dut. brengen, Ger. 
bringen ; Skr. bhri, to bear.] [i. brought; pp. 
bringing, brought.] To fetch from another 
place ; to convey or carry to ; to attract ; to draw 
along; to induce. 

Syn. — A master sends his servant to fetch a 
parcel, which, having received, he carries in his 
hand and brings home to his master. 

Brin'ish, or Bri'ny, a. Saltish ; like brine. 

Brink, w. [Sw. brink, a declivity ; Dan. brinlc, 
edge.— Cf. Welsh bryn, a hill ; bron, breast.] The 
edge of any place ; a precipice. 

Brisk, a. [Irish, brisg, Welsh, brysg; not improbably 
related to Frisk.] Lively; active; spirited ; 
quick. — 2, v. n. [pp. brisking, brisked.] To 
come up briskly ; to assume an independent as- 
pect : — with up. 

Bris'ket, n- [Fr. brechet, 0. Fr. brischet, bruschel; 
Breton, brusk, the breast : probably related to 
Breast.] The breast of an animal. 

Brisk'ly,, ad. In a brisk manner; actively. 

Brisk'ness, n. Liveliness; activity. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. — 5, 9, 5, §•, soft; fi, p, p, g, hard ; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



BKISTLE 



116 



BKOOCH 



Sris'tle (bris'sl), n. [Ger. borste; A.-S. byrst '; Dut. 
borstel— Cf. Obs. & Local E. brustle, bristle, and 
Fr. broussaillex, brush-wood ; all probably akin to 
Brush.] The stiff hair on a swine's back. — 

2, t'. a. [pp. bristling, bristled.] To erect; to 
fix bristles to. — 3, v. n. To be erect, as bristles. 

Bris'tly. (hris'le), a. Thick-set with bristles. 

Bris'tol-board, n. [From the place of its manu- 
facture.] A kind of fine pasteboard. 

Bri-tan'ni-a, n. A sort of mixed metal. 

Bri-tan'nic, a. Kelating to Great Britain. 

Brit'ish, a. Belonging to or made in Britain. 

Brit'on, n. [Said to be for Celt, bryth, painted, 
from the ancient British custom of painting the 
body.] A native of Britain: — one of the old 
Celtic race of Britain. 

Brit' tie, a. [A.-S. breotan, Sw. bryta, to break ; 
variants from the great stem brak, which last 
gives the local bridle, brittle.— Cf. L. fray His, 
from the same root.] Apt to break; fragile; 
easily broken. 

Brit'tle-ness, n. Aptness to break. 

Britzska (bris'ka), ». [Russ. brilzscKka; Pol. 
bryczkn, dim. of bryJca, a freight- wagon.] An 
open four-wheeled pleasure-carriage. 

Broach (broch), n. [Fr. broclie ; Late L. broceus, 
a point; akin to Prick.] A spit. — See Brooch. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. broaching, broached.] To spit : — 
to pierce ; to tap : — to let out ; to give out. 

Broad (brawd), «. [A.-S. brad; Dut. breed; Dan. 
bred; Ger. breit] Wide; large; ample; exten- 
sive ; comprehensive : — clear ; open : — gross ; 
coarse ; indelicate. — 2, n. A lagoon or mere. 

Syn. — Broad cloth, broad brim ; wide entrance ; 
large field, house, or family; ample space; ex- 
tensive prospect ; comprehensive survey ; clear 
sunshine. — Broad or coarse language; indelicate 
allusion. 

Broad-ar'row, n. A British government mark 
( $*■ ) on all solid materials used in the national 
ships, dock-yards, &c, to prevent embezzlement. 

Broad' axe (brawd'aks), n. An axe with a broad 
edge for hewing timber. 

Broad'-brim, n. A Quaker. [Colloq.] 

Broad'cast, n. A method of sowing seeds by cast- 
ing them abroad with the hand. — 2, a. & ad. 
Sown by hand extended; widely diffused. — 

3, v. a. \_pp. broadcasting, broadcast or broad- 
casted.] To sow broadcast. 

Broad'-church, n. The section of the Church of 
England which professes to hold views less ex- 
clusive than those of either the Low Church or 
Evangelical or the High Church section, [cloth. 

Broad' cloth, n. [From its breadth.] A fine woollen 

Broad'en (brfiw'dn), v. a. [pp. broadening, broad- 
ened.] To make broad. — 2, r. n. To grow broad. 

Broad'-gauge (gaj), a. Noting a railroad whose 
width is 4 feet 8}4 inches or upward. 

Broad'ly. (brawd'lej", ad. In a broad manner. 

Broad-pen'nant, n. A square pennant carried at 
the mast-head of a commodore's vessel. 

BroSd'-sheet, n. A sheet printed for circulation. 

Broad' side, n. The side of a ship : — a discharge 
of all the guns at once from the side of a ship. 
— (Printing.) One side of a whole sheet of paper. 

Broad'sword (brawd'sord), n. A cutting sword 
with a broad blade. 

Broa.d'\vi§e, ad. In the direction of the breadth. 

Bro-cade', n. [Sp. brocado; Fr. brocher, to em- 
broider, to stitch; broche, a needle. — See Broach.] 
A kind of stuff or cloth, embroidered with gold, 
silver, or silk. 

Bro-cad'ed, a. Dressed in, or woven as, brocade. 

Bro'cage, n. Brokerage. See Brokerage. 

Broc'ard [brok'ard, ,S/. Wr. Wb. ; bro-kard', I. M], 
n. [Said to be from one Burkhard, a mediaeval 
canonist ; but the French use brocard also in the 
sense of a keen sarcasm, a sharp retort, in which 
meaning it seems connected with broche, a 
skewer, or spit. — See Broach.] A law maxim ; 
a fundamental rule. 



Broc'a-tel, n. Coarse brocade : — variegated marble. 

Broc'co-li (brok'o-le), n. [It. pi. of broccolo, a 
sprout ; dim. of brocco, a shoot ; Late L. broceus, 
a point.— See Broach.] A kind of cabbage. 

Br5-chure\ n. [Fr. for "stitching," a "stitched 
pamphlet;" brocher, to stitch; broche, a needle. 
—See Broach.] A pamphlet. 

Brock'et, n. [Fr. broquart, from the broche, or 
snag,' of its antlers.] A red deer, two years old. 

Bro'gan, n. [Dim. of brogue.] A thick, coarse 
shoe' : — a brogue. 

Brogue (brog), n. [Celt, brog, 
a shoe.] A rude kind of shoe : 
— [so called humorously, be- 
cause, like the shoe of the Brogue, 
same name, it was characteristic of the Irish] a 
corrupt or local accent or intonation : — [Irish, 
briogais, breeches] in the plural, breeches. 

Broi'der, v. a. [pp. broidering. broidered.] See 
Embroider. 

Brbil,ii. [Fr. brouiller, to confuse ; bread, a thicket; 
0. Fr. bruiller, to roast, to broil. These verbs 
seem respectively related to Brawl and Brew, 
but are said to be distinct from briiler, to burn.] 
A tumult ; a quarrel ; a brawl. — 2, v. a. [pp. broil- 
ing, broiled.] To cook by laying on the coals. 
— 3, v. n. To be on coals, or in the heat. 

Brbil'er, v. One who, or that which, broils. 

Broke, i. & p. from break. 

Bro'ken (bro'kn), p. from break. 

Bro'ken-heart'ed (bro'kn-), a. Having the spirits 
crushed by grief or fear ; contrite. 

Bro'ken-wind'ed, «. Having short breath or 
diseased respiration. 

Bro'ker, n. [Obs. E. broke, to deal, whence some 
take this word, appears to be derived from the 
noun. — Cf. Late L. abrocator, a broker; also 
Dan. brug, trade, custom, usage ; Dut. broeck, 
custom ; E. brook, to endure. Some derive it 
from Fr. broc, a jug ; brocanteur, a dealer in junk 
or rubbish, also a broker; originally, one who 
retailed liquids by the jugful.] One who makes 
bargains for others ; a factor : — a dealer in 
money or securities. 

Bro'ker-age, n. Money or percentage paid to a 
broker for effecting a sale or purchase: — the 
business of a broker. 

Bro'mide, n. A neutral compound of bromine 
and! some other simple body. 

Bro'mine, n. [Gr. /3po>;uo?, /3p6,uos, a strong smell.] 
(Che'm.) A substance often extracted from bit- 
tern, or sea-water. 

Bron'phi-al, a. Relating to the air-passages. 

Bron-phit'ic, a. Affected with, or relating to, 
bronchitis. 

Bron-phi'tis, n. {Med.) Inflammation of the 
lining membrane of the bronchia, or branches of 
the windpipe. 

Bron'cho-cele, n. (Med.) The goitre. 

Bron-phot'o-mx, n. [Gr. ppoyxos, windpipe, and 
To/otrj (re/jLvetv), a cut.] A surgical incision of 
the windpipe or larynx. 

Bron'phus, u. ; pi. Bron'phl. [L. ; Gr. fipoyxos, 
windpipe.] A large branch of the windpipe. — 
The smaller ramifications are called bronchia 
[Gr. Ppoyxt-a, pi.]. 

Bron'co, n. [Sp., rough, rude.] A half-domesti- 
cated beast :— a cross between a tame horse and 
a mustang ; a native horse of California. 

Bronze, or Bronze [bronz, S. W. J. F. Ja. ; bronz, 
Svi. E. Co. On. H. St. I. Wb. ; bronz or bronz, 
K. R. ; bronz or brunz, N.], n. [Fr. ; It. brovzo ; 
akin to Burn, Brown.] A factitious metal com- 
pounded of copper and tin. — 2, v. a. [pp. bronz- 
ing, bronzed.] To harden, or color, or make, 
like bronze. 

Brooch (broch) [broch, W. J. E. Ja. Sm. H. I. St. 
N. R. ; broch, S. P. F. K. C], v. [Fr. broche, a 
pin.— See Broach.] A jewel; an ornament; a 
pin. — 2, v. a. [pp. brooching, brooched.] To 
adorn with jewels. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long.; 5, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, j,, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



BBOOD 



117 



BUCK-BOARD 



BrSod, v. n. [Dut. broed, Ger. brut ; root of Breed.] 
[pp. brooding, brooded.] To sit on eggs: — to 
muse.— 2, «. Offspring ; progeny :— number of 
cbickens, &c., hatched at once :— a production. 

Brook (bruk) [bruk, P. J. F. Sm. Wb. H. I. St.; 
took, S. W. E. Ja. G], n. [A.-S. broc, a spring, 
root of Break ; Ger. bruch, a marsh ; Dut. broek, 
a mere.] A running water; a rivulet.— 2, v. a. 
[A.-S. brucan, to use; Icel. bruka, L. frui, /ruc- 
tion, to enjoy.] [pp. brooking, brooked.] To 
bear ; to endure. 

Syn. — Rivulets flowing into each other make 
brooks, and brouks, rivers. 

Broom, n. [A.-S. brom; Dut. brera, heath; allied 
to Bramble.] A small shrub :— an instrument to 
sweep with ; a besom. — 2, v. a. [pp. brooming, 
broomed.] To clean a ship :— to sweep. 

Br66m'-cbm, n. A plant from whose tops brooms 
are made. 

Broom' stick, n. The handle of a broom. 

Broom'y, a. Full of, or consisting of, broom. 

Broth (brawth or brOth) [broth, W. P. F. Ja. St. 
I. Sm. C ; brawth, S. /. K. Wb. H.], n. [A.-S. 
& Nurse; root of Brew; Gael, brothas, Scot. 
brose.] Liquor in which flesh has been boiled. 

Brotft'el [bruth'el, St. I.J, n. [0. E. brothel-house; 
A.-S." breihel, a wretch, abrothen, base, brut, to 
break (cf. Brittle) ; but the form was deter- 
mined by Fr. borcle, bordel, a hut, a brothel, a 
house of boards. — See Board. Bordel as an 
English word is obsolete.] A house of lewdness. 

Broth'er, n. ; pi. Brotn'ers and Bretfr'ren. [Dut. 
broed'er, Norse, brother, Ger. bruder, Celt, brathair, 
Czech, bratr, L. frater, Gr. ^parrjp, Per. bruder, 
Skr. bhratri.] A male born of the same parents : 
— one of the same society : — one closely united. 
— Brothers are persons of the same family or the 
same society; brethren (used in the solemn style), 
persons of the same society. 

Brotn-er-hood (bruth'er-hud), n. The quality of 
being a brother : — a fraternity. 

Broth'er-ly, a. Affectionate; like a brother. ( 

Brougham (brC/am), n. [From Lord Brougham.] 
A small carriage. 

Brought (braut), i. & p. from bring. 

Brow, ». [A.-S. bru, Dut. braauw, Russ. brove, 
Gael, bra, Skr. bhru.] The arch of hair over the 
eye : — the forehead : — the edge of a hill ; brink. 

BrS<v'beat (brou'bet), v. a. [Literally, to beat 
with the brows; to frown down.] [i. browbeat; 
pp. browbeating, browbeaten.] To depress with 
severe, stern, or haughty looks or words. 

Bro<v'beat-ing. n. The act of depressing by stern 
or threatening looks or arrogant speech. 

BrS-ftn, «. [A.-S. brun, Dut. bruun, Ger. brawn, Fr. 
brun ; root of Burn.] Inclining to black or red; 
dark. — 2, /*. The name of a dark color. 

Brown'ie (broun'e), n. [Scot., from his swarthy 
face.] 'A spirit formerly supposed to haunt old 
houses. 

Brb^n'ish, a. Tending to brown. 

Bro-ftn-stiid'y, n. [So called as being dark and 
gloomy.] Pensive musing; revery. 

Browse, v. a. [0. Fr. brouser, brouster, Fr. brou(er.~\ 
[pp. browsing, browsed.] To eat, as branches. 
— 2, v. n. To feed on branches or leaves. — 3, n. 
[Ger. bross, 0. Fr. brost, a sprout.] Tender 
branches or leaves. [a bear. 

Bru'in, n. [Dut. bruin, brown.] A cant term for 

Bruise, v. a. [0. Fr. bruiser, Fr. briser; cf. A.-S. 
brysan, to bruise; cognate with Burst.] [pp. 
bruising, bruised.] To crush or mangle with 
blows. — 2, n. A hurt from a blow ; contusion. 

Bruit, n. [Ft. bruit, from bruire, to make a noise, 
to roar.] Noise : report. — 2, v. a. [pp. bruiting, 
bruited.] To report: 

Brumaire (bra-mar), n. [Fr., fog-month ; brume, 
fog; L. bruma, winter; properly, the winter sol- 
stice ; bnana, for brevima, shortest (day) ; brevis, 
short.] The second month of the calendar of the 
first French republic ; October 23 to November 21. 




Bru'mal, a. Belonging to the winter. 

Brurn'ma-fem, a. [Colloquial name of Birming- 
ham, England, noted for cheap wares.] Cheap 
and showy. 

Bru'mous, a. _Foggy; vaporous. 

Bru-nette' (bru-net'), n. [Fr. ; brun, brown.] A 
girl or woman with a brown or dark complexion. 

Brunt, n. [A.-S. brunt, stroke ; Dan. brunst,brynde, 
heat, ardor; Icel. brenna, to burn.] Shock ; vio- 
lence ; blow; stroke. 

Brush, n. [Fr. brosse, a brush or bush, brousscaUes, 
brush-wood ; Ger. biirste, a brush, borste, a bris- 
tle ; akin to Broach, Bristle.] An instrument 
of bristles to clean any thing :— a painter's pen- 
cil : — tail, as of a fox : — a skirmish : — a thicket; 
brushwood.— 2, v. a. [pp. brushing, brushed.] 
To clean, rub, or sweep with a brush : — to 
paint : — to skim lightly. — 3, v. n. To move with 
haste :— to fly over. 

Brush'-tiir-key, n. An 
Australian bird resem- 
bling a turkey. 

Brush' wood (brusb/wud), '•^*g*£ jSP^Z'*. 

n. Small bushes. $^<&Wz ^9t 

Brush's, a. Bough or /^JW~7^ k-^Uv 
shaggy, like a brush. ■ j J^^^ffz^^^^^f z - 

Brusk, a. Rude; abrupt Brush-turker. 

in manner; brusque. 

Brusque (brusk), a. [Fr. ; It. bm*co, rough (used 
of wines).— Cf. L. labrusca, wild (used of vines,).] 
Blunt or rough in manner or speech ; brusk. 

Brusque'ness (briisk'nes), n. BluntnesS or rough- 
ness of manner or speech. 

Brusquerie (briis-ke-re), n. [Fr.] Brusqueness. 

Brus'sels, a. Noting a kind of carpet. 

Bru'tat a. Like a brute ; 6avage ; cruel. 

Bru-tal'i-ty,, n. Savageness; cruelty. 

Bru'tal-ize,' 0. n. [pp. brutalizing, brutalized.] 
To grow brutal.— 2, v. a. To make brutal. 

Bru'tal-ly,, ad. In a brutal manner ; churlishly. 

Brute", a. ' [L. brutus, stupid.] Senseless: dull :— 
savage; bestial. — 2, >i. An irrational animal; a 
beast : — a brutish person. 

Bry-ol'o-£j:, n. [Gr. fipvov, moss, and Adyos, 
treatise.] (Bot.) The science of mosses. 

Bry'o-ny., n. [Gr. /Spuwt/ia.] A wild, climbing 
plant. 

Bry-o-zo'a, n. pi. [Gr. /Spvov, moss, and ^iov, an 
animal.] The same as Polvzo \. 

BQb'ble, n. [Dut. bobbel, Dan. boble, Sw. bubbla, 
Ital. bubola.] A vesicle of water : — any tiling 
empty ; a cheat ; a fraud.— 2. r. n. [pp. bub- 
bling, bubbled.] To rise in babbles; to run 
gently. — 3, v. a. To cheat; to impose upon. 

Bii'bo, n. ; pi. Bu'boes. [Gr. /3ov0c6i'.] A tumor 
in the groin, armpit, ice. : — [L.] the horned 
owl. 

Buc'cal, a. [L. bucca, a cheek. — Cf. Fr. bouche, 
mouth.] Relating to the cheek. 

Bfio-ca-neer', n. [Fr. boucauier, from boucan, the 
West Indian name for a hurdle on which meat 
is smoked; the first buccaneers were in many 
cases employed in smoking and drying meats, 
and in similar occupations.] One of the pirates 
that formerly infested the West Indies. 

Bu'ehu, n. [A Hottentot word.] A South African 
plant whose leaves are used in medicine. 

Buck, n. [Celt, buac, dung of cows: liquor used 
in bleaching; from Gael, bo, W. bu, L. bos, a 
cow (dung of animals is still used in finishing 
some kinds of cloth).] Lye in which clothes 
are soaked and washed: — [A.-S. boc, Ger. bock, 
Dan. bid; a ram, a he-goat ; found in Teutonic 
and Celtic languages ; Skr. bukka, a goat] male 
of certain animals, as deer, sheep, goats. Ac. : 
— a dashing fellow. — 2, v. a. [pp. bucking, 
bucked.] To wash and soak in lye. — 3, v. n. 
To leap up and round the back. 

Buck'-board, v. [Local, buck, a wagon, a cart- 
body.] A vehicle having two axies and four 
wheels, with a seat. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, <?, 9, £, soft; p, £, p, f , hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



BUCKET 



118 



BULLOCK 



Bfick'et, re. [A.-S. buc, E. back, a vat ; Irish, buicead, 
a bucket ; Buss, bah, a vat ; Fr. buquet, a trough. 
Heraldic E. bouget, a leathern bucket, is the same 
as Budget.] A vessel for water; a pail. 

Bfick'eye, re. [Named from its nut, which is like 
a deer's eye in size and color.] A kind of horse- 
chestnut tree of various species. 

Buc'kle, n. [L. bucculu, a boss on a shield ; dim. 
of buccu, a cheek ; Fr. boucle. — Cf. Ger. biigel, E. 
bugle.] An instrument to fasten straps. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. buckling, buckled.] To fasten with a 
buckle. — 3, v. n. To bend. 

Buck'ler, re. [Fr. bouclier ; L. buccula; forms much 
like this are found in most European languages.] 
A kind of shield for the arm. 

Buck'ram, re. [Fr. bougran, 0. Fr. boucaran; ori- 
gin disputed.] A sort of stiffened linen cloth. — 

2, a. Stiff like buckram ; precise. 
Buck'sheesh, ) n. [Per., a gift; now also Hind., 
BGck'shish, J Turk., & Arab.] See Backsheesh. 
Buck' shot, re. Heavy shot used by sportsmen and 

hunters for large animals. 

Buck'skin, n. Leather made of a buck's skin. 

Buck' thorn, re. A shrub with cathartic berries. 

Buck'wheat, re. [Dut. boekiceit, Ger. buchweizen, 
beech-wheat : the seeds are shaped like beech- 
nuts.] A plant ; a kind of grain. 

Bu-col'ic, a. [Gr. /3ovkoAik6s; /3ovk6Ao?, a herds- 
man ; /Sous, an ox.] Pastoral. — 2, n. A pastoral 
poem : — a writer of pastoral poetry. 

Bud, n. [Dut. bot; Breton, bod, a tuft; 0. Fr. 
boter, to push. — Cf. Butt and Button.] The 
first shoot of a plant ; germ. — 2, v. re. [pp. budd- 
ing, budded.] To put forth shoots or buds. — 

3, v. a. To inoculate, as a tree or a plant. 
Buddh'a (bo'da), n. [Skr. for "wise," "enlight- 
ened."] The founder of Buddhism. 

Buddh'i§m (bC/dizm), m A religion, whose fol- 
lowers are called Buddhists. 

Buddh'ist, n. A follower of Buddha. 

Bud' ding, a. Youthful. 

Budfe, >'. re. [Fr. bouger ; Prov. bolegar, L. bidli- 
care, freq. of bullire, to boil.] [pp. budging, 
budged.] To stir; to wag; to move off. — 2, a. 
[0. E. budge, lamb-skin, used in trimming the 
gowns of scholars; 0. Fr. bouge, L. bulga, a 
leather bag; akin to Bellows.] Stiff; surly; 
formal : — scholastic. 

Bud'get, re. [Fr. bougette, dim. of bouge, a bag. — 
See Budge.] A bag; a stoi-e or stock :— a state- 
ment respecting the public finances. 

Buff, u. [Short for buffalo.] A sort of leather 
made of a buffalo's skin : — a light yellow : — a 
military coat. — 2, a. Light yellow. 

Buf'fa-15, h. [Sp. bufalo; L. bufalus, bubalus; Gr. 
/SovjSaAo? ; akin to /3ou?, ox. j A kind of ox ; 
incorrectly, the bison. 

Buf fa-lo-grass, n. The name common to various 
species of grass covering the prairies. 

Buf fa-16-robe. re. The skin of the bison pre- 
pared with the hair on it. 

Buffer, re. [Obs. E. buff, to strike (as in rebuff) ; 
0. Fr. buffe, a blow.] An elastic cushion at- 
tached to a railroad carriage for breaking the 
shock when one carriage strikes another. 

Buffet, re. [0. Fr., dim. of buffe, a slap.] A blow 
with the fist : a slap. — 2, v. a. [pp. buffeting, 
buffeted.] To strike with the hand. — 3, v. n. 
To play at boxing ; to box. — 4, n. [Fr. ; origin 
doubtful.] A cupboard ; a refreshment-room. 

Buffo, «. [It.] A comic actor in an opera. 

Buffoon', v. [It. buffone; buffet, a trick.] A person 
who makes sport by low jests; a low jester; a 
droll ; a mimic ; a clown. 

Buf-foon'e-ry, u. Practice of a buffoon ; jests. 

Bug, re. [Welsh, bvg, a hobgoblin, an object of dis- 
gust.] A bed-bug : — an insect. [vain terror. 

Bug'a-b66, «. [A nursery word.] A bugbear; a 

Bug'bear (bug'bar), ». [Bug and bear, which in 
0. E. often means a monster.] A frightful ob- 
ject; a false or imaginary terror. 



Bugle. 



Bug'fy. a. Abounding with, or full of, bugs. — 
2, n. [Said to be an East Indian word.— Cf. 
Bogey.] A light four-wheeled carriage drawn 
by one horse. 

Bu'gle, n. [Ger. biigel.— Cf. Buc- 
klk.] A shining bead of black 
glass: — [L. buculns, bullock; dim. 
of bos, ox] a sort of wild ox : — 
a bugle-horn :— [L. bugillo] a plant. 

Bu'gle-horn, re. [Properly, the horn of a bugle, or 
bullock.] A hunting-horn :— a trumpet. 

Bu'gler, n. One who plays on the bugle. 

Bu'gloss, n. [Gr. fiovyXwo-aos ; fiovs. ox, and 
y\ioo-o-a, a tongue.] A plant; the ox-tongue. 

Buhl (bul), n. [From M. Bovle, a noted wood- 
carver.] Ornamental furniture, inlaid with tor- 
toise-shell, metals, &c. 

Buhr'stone (btir'ston), n. [Burr and stone.} A 

' silicious stone used for millstones. 

Build (bild), v. a. [A.-S. bold, Scot, beeld, a house, 
a shelter; 0. Sw. bylja, to build; root of Norse 
bua, to dwell.] [i. built or builded ; jip. build- 
ing, built or builded.] To make, as an edifice; 
to construct ; to raise.— 2, v. v. To construct : — 
to depend on.— 3, n. Structure ; form ; make. 

Build'er (bild'er), re. One who builds. 

Build'ing (bild'ing), re. A fabric ; an edifice. 

Bulb, re. [Gr. /3oA/36?, L. bulbus.] A round root, 
as of an onion or a tulip. [bous. 

Bul-ba'ceous (bul-ba'shus), a. [L. bidbaceus.] Bul- 

Biil-bif er-ous, a. [Bulb, and L. ferre, to bear.] 
Bearing bulbs. 

Bul'bous, a. [L. bidbosus.] Having bulbs; pro- 
tuberant, [bird. 

Bul'bul, n. [Per.] A nightingale :— a singing 

BuLfe, re. [0. Sw. bulcga, to swell ; Icel. bolginn, 
swollen. — See Bulk.] A leak : — a protuberance ; 
bilge.— 2, v. n. [pp. bulging, bulged.] To take 
in water : — to bilge : — to swell. 

Bulk, re. [Icel. bulla, a heap; Dan. bulk, a lump.] 
Magnitude; size : — the mass; the main part :— 
a jutting out :— a body; a dead body; carcass. 
— 2, v. n. [pp. bulking, bulked.] To present 
an appearance of size or importance; to swell. 

Bulk'head (bulk'hed), n. [Akin to E. balk, a 
board; 0. E. bulk, a box, a bunk, a stall ; Icel. 
bolkr, a beam, a partition.] A partition in a 
ship, between two decks. 

BQlk'i-ness, n. Greatness in bulk or size. 

Bulk'y, a. Of great size :— massy ; large. 

Syn. — A btdky vessel ; a massy shield ; massive 
silver ; a large house. 

Bull, re. [Icel. boli, Dut. but, Russ. vol.] The male 
of cattle:— the sign Taimis of the zodiac: — [L. 
bulla, a leaden seal, a bubble] a letter or edict of 
the pope; a seal or stamp : — a gross blunder in 
language : — one who seeks to raise the price of 

. stocks or shares. 

Bul' lace, n. [Celt, bolos, Gael, buknstear, a sloe.] 
A sort of wild, sour plum. [of papal bulls. 

Bul'la-ry, n. [Late L. bullarium.] A collection 

Bull'-bait-ing, n. Fight of bulls with dogs. 

Bull'dog, n. A courageous species of dog. 

Bul'let, re. [Fr. bonlet, dim. of boule, a ball ; L. 
bulla, a bubble.] A round ball of metal; shot. 

Bul'le-tin, orBul'le-tin [bul'et-ten, J. Jo. St. 8m. 
B.;' bul'et-in, F.' C. H. I. Wb.], n. [Fr. ; It. 
bulletino, dim. of bidletta, a passport, dim. of 
bulla, a papal bull.] An official account of public 
news or events. 

Bull' -fight (-fit), n. A combat with a bull. 

Bull'f inch, n. A bird of the sparrow kind. 

Bull' -frog, n. A large species of frog. 

Bull'-head, n. A fish : — a stupid fellow. 

Bull'-head'ed, \a. Obstinate : unyielding. 

Bull'-necke'd (-nekt), J [Colloq.l 

Bull'ion, n. [0. Fr. bouillon, a mass; bullione, a 
mint; from L. bulla, a seal.] Gold or silver in 
mass. 

Bul'lock, u. [A.-S. bidluca; dim. of bull.] An ox; 
a castrated bull. 



e, l, o, u, y, 



a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



BULL'S-EYE 



119 



BUKGLAKIOTJSLY 



BuH'§'-eye (bulz'I), n. (Arch.) A circular open- 
ing in a window : — a thick glass lens in the 
deck, &c, of a ship. 
Bull-ter'ri-er, u. A small fierce dog. 
Bull' -trout, n. A large kind of trout. 
Bul'ly, n. [Cf. Sw. ballerbas, Low Ger. buller-bak, 
Dut. bvdderbas, a noisy fellow, Sw. bullra, to 
bluster; influenced by Bull.] A noisy, quarrel- 
some fellow.— 2, /•. a. [Cf. E. slang bully-rag, to 
worry, as if to worry a bull with a red rag.] 
[pp. bullying, bullied.] To overbear with men- 
aces. — 3, v. u. To bluster; to threaten. — i, a. 
[Cf. Ger. bnhle, gallant : often used in an ill 
sense.] Dashing; brisk; mettlesome ; jovial : — 
first-rate ; capital. [Low.] 
BuT'rush, n. [From bull, indicating largeness, and 

rush.] A rush growing by or in water. 
Bul'wark, n. [Ger. bolltoerk, Dan. bnlvzerk ; Dan. 
bul, E. bole, a log, and work, a structure. — Cf. 
Boulevard.] A bastion; a rampart; a. fortifi- 
cation ; a security; protection. 
Bum, n. [For bottom.— Cf. Fris. bom.] The but- 
tocks. — 2, v.n. [Same as boom ; imitative.] [pp. 
bumming, bummed.] To make a noise. 
Bum-bai'liff, n. [Said to be for bound-bailiff, a 
bailiff who has given bonds; but perhaps with 
the idea of one who seizes a culprit by the rear 
of his garments: "shoulder-marshal" also oc- 
curs.] An under-bailiff. 
Bum-be'lo [bum'be-lo, Wb. ; bum'be-lo, I.], u. 
[It. bombola; just as cupola is in vulgar English 
cupelo, and gondola is gundelow.] A glass flask. 
Bum'ble-bee, n. [From bum, or boom, to hum; as 
humblebee, from hum.] A large bee; humblebee. 
Bum' boat, n. [Dut. bumboot; from boom (or from 

Dut. bun, a tank) and bout.] A clumsy boat. 
Bum'kin, n. [Boom, a spar, and dim. suffix -kin.] 

A short boom in a ship. 
Bum'mer, n. [Probably from Ger. bummler, a 
loafer'; bummeln, to loiter.] A forager; a va- 
grant, lawless soldier :— an idle fellow without 
visible means of support. [Slang.] 
Bump, n. [Cognate with Bunch, Bvx, Bunk. — 
Cf. Welsh pwmp, a lump ; also a loud sound.] A 
swelling; a protuberance. — 2, v. a. [Imitative 
word, like thump or boom. — Of. L. bombus, Gr. 
/36/xpos, a humming noise.] [pp. bumping, 
bumped.] To strike; to thump. — 3, v. n. To 
make a loud noise. 
Bump'er, n. [From bombard, a cannon; hence, a 
driiik'ing-vessel. The derivation from Fr. au 
bon pere, a health drunk "to the good father" 
(tbe pope), is not now accepted.] A cup or glass 
filled to the brim. 
Bump'kin, n. [For bumkin, a stick, a block.— See 

Blockhead.] A clown ; a rustic. 
Bump'tious, a, [Inclined to bump or strike 
against others.] Domineering: — quarrelsome; 
offensively self-assertive. 
Bun, u. The more common form of bunn. 
Bunch, h. [Softened form of bunk.]. A cluster; 
a collection ; a lump. — 2, v. a. [pp. bunching, 
bunched.] To tie up into a bunch or bunches. 
— 3, v. n. To swell out in a bunch. 
Bunch'y, a. Growing in, or full of, bunches. 
Bun'dle, n. [Ger. biindel, Dut. bondel, A.-S. byndel. 
— See Bind.] A parcel bound together; a roll. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. bundling, bundled.] To tie up 
in a bundle. 
Bung, n. [Dut. bom, 0. Dut. bonne, a spigot ; Fr. 
bonde.] A stopper for a barrel or cask. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. bunging, bunged.] To stop, as a barrel. 
Buh'ga-low, n. [Hind, bangala, literally a "Ben- 
gal house."] A thatched house in India. 
Bung'-hole, n. Hole at which a barrel is filled. 
Bun'gle, v. n. [A frequentative and pejorative 
word. — Cf. Icel. bongan, a rude performance ; 
Sw. bonka, buuka, to thump; Local Ger. bungen, 
to beat.] [pp. bungling, bungled.] To perform 
clumsily.— 2, v. a. To do clumsily ; to botch.— 
3, n. A botch : — a gross blunder. 




Bun'gler, n. A bad or awkward workman. 
Bun'gli'ng, a. Clumsy ; awkward. 
Bun'ion, n. An excrescence. See Bunyon. 
Bunk, n. [Sw. bunke, a heap, a coop ; Icel. bunki, 
a heap.] A case of boards for a bed : — a piece of 
timber crossing a sled. [V. S.] — 2, v. n. [pp. 
bunking, bunked.] To retire to a bunk ; to sleep 
in a bunk. — 3, v. a. To pile up deceitfully, as 
wood, so as to increase the apparent quantity. 
Bunk'er, n. [A form of bunk. — See also Bulk, 

Bank, and Bench.] A coal-bin; a chest. 
Bunn, n. [Fr. bugnet, beignet, a cake ; O. Fr. bigne, 

bugne, a swelling.] A kind of sweet cake. 
Bun'ny, n. [Gael, bun, a stump; Sc. bunt, a rab- 
bit's tail, a bunch.] A child's name for a squirrel 
or rabbit 
Bunt, a- [Probably a variant of bunch ; Sw. bunt, 
a bunch.] Tbe swell of a sail : — a blight on 
plants : — [a form of butt or bump] a push. — 2, 
v. a. [pp. bunting, bunted.] To push with the 
head; to butt. 
Bunt'ing, n. [Ger. bunt, party-colored.] A bird : 
— [0. E. bonteu. Local E. bunt, to sift, as meal; 
hence bunting was a sifting-cloth, a bolt ; bunt is 
only a variant of boll] a thin woollen stuff. 
Bunt'line, n. A rope for hoisting a sail. 
Bun'yon, n. [It. bugnone, a swelling; augmented 
form' of bugno, 0. Fr. bugne, a bunch.] An ex- 
crescence or swelling on the ball of the great toe. 
Buoy (bwby or boy) [bwby, S. W. J. F. K. Sm. D. 
Wb. C. ; boy, P. St. Co. E. 
Ja. j boo'i, H. ; boy or bwby, 
I.], n. [Fr. borne, 0. Fr. 
boye, Dut. boei, a buoy, a 
fetter; L. boix, an ox-col- 
lar; bos, an ox.] A piece of 
cork or of wood, or an empty 
cask, floating on the water, 
to indicate shoals, anchor- 
ing-places, &c. — 1, v. a. [ pp. buoying, buoyed.] 
To keep afloat.— 3, v. n. To float. 
Euoy'an-cy, n. The quality of being buoyant. 
Buoy'ant [biiy'ant, St. ; boCi'ant, it.], a. Float- 
ing; light; elastic: — cheerful; hopeful; not 
easily depressed. 
Bur, n. A rough, prickly head of a plant ; burr. 
Biir'bot. n. [Fr. barbate; L. barba, a beard.] A 

kind of fish with beard-like appendages. 
Biir'den (biir'dn), n. [A.-S. byrthen, Ger. burde; 
stein of Bear.] A load; what is borne; some- 
thing grievous:— a cargo; freight : — [Fr. bom- 
don, drone or bass, humblebee, staff; Late L. 
burdo, an organ-pipe, a staff, a drone-bee; akin 
to burr, to buzz] a verse repeated in a song: — 
the main topic— 2, v. a. [pp. burdening, bur- 
dened.] To load ; to encumber. 
Biir'den-some, o. Heavy; grievous; severe. 
Bur'dock, n. [Burr and dock.] A coarse weed. 
Bureau (bu-ro' or bu'ro), n. [Fr. ; from 0. Fr. 
buret, a coarse baize with which tables were cov- 
ered ; Gr. irvppos, flame-colored.] Fr. pi. Bu- 
reaux; Eng. Bu-reaus' (bu-roz'). A chest of 
drawers; a cabinet:— an office; a counting-house. 
Bu-reau'cra-cy. (bii-ro'krase), ». [On type of 
aristocracy.] A system by which the business of 
government is carried on in departments. 
Bu-reau-crat'ic, a. Relating ti bureaucracy. 
Bu-rette', n. '[Fr. ; dim of bnire, a vessel ; L. bi- 

bere, to drink.] A chemist's graduated tube. 
Bur'geon (biir'jun), v. n. [Fr. bourgeon, a bud; 
root of Burr.] [pp. burgeoning, burgeoned.] To 
bourgeon ; to bud. 
Bur'gess, n. [0. E. burgeys, Fr. bourgeois. — See 

Borough.] A citizen :— a representative. 
Burgh (biir'ro), n. [Scottish form of borough.] A 

corporate town or borough. 
Burgh'er (biir'ger), n. A freeman; a citizen. 
Biirg'lar, u. [Fr. bonrg, a town, and 0. Fr. laire, 

lere, L. latro, a thief.] One guilty of burglary. 
Burg-la'ri-oiis, a. Relating to housebreaking. 
Burg-la'ri-ous-ly, ad. Like a burglar. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, g-, 9, g, soft; p, £, p, §, hard; s as z ; 5 us gz j this. 



BURGLARY 



120 



BUSTLE 



Biirg'la-ry, n. (Law.) The crime of housebreak- 
ing by night, with an intent to commit felony. 

BUr'go-mas-ter, n. [Dut. burgemeester, a borough- 
master.] A magistrate in a Dutch city :—(0rnUh.) 
the large arctic gull. 

Bur-g68\ n. [Probably corrupted from Fr. ragout, 
a stew.] (Naut.) Oatmeal gruel. 

Bur'grave, n. [Ger. burggraf ; burg, a castle, and 
graf, a count.] A governor of a castle. 

Bur'gun-dy, n. Wine made in Burgundy. 

Bur'i-'al (ber'e-al) [ber'e-al, W. P. J. F. Sm. H. I. 
N. C. ; ber'yal, S. E. K. ; bur'e-al, Ja.], n. [From 
bury ; A.-S. birgels, a tomb, byrgan, to bury.] The 
act of burying ; interment ; sepulture ; funeral. 
Syn. — Buriitl in a grave or the earth ; interment 
in a vault or tomb. Interment, sepulture, and 
funeral are accompanied with religious ceremo- 
nies; burial may or may not be. 

Bu'rin, n. [Fr. ; It. borino ; root of Bore.] A grav- 
ing-tool ; a graver. 

Burke, v. a. [The name of a man who committed 
the crime in 1829.] [pp. burking, burked.] To 
murder in order to obtain a body for dissection. 

Burl, v. a. [0. Fr. bouril, a tuft, a flock ; Late L. 
burra, a tuft of wool.] [pp. burling, burled.] To 
dress cloth as fullers do. — 2, n. A knot in wool 
or in wood. 

Bur'laps, or Biir'lap, n. [0. E. borel, Fr. bure, 
0. Fr. buret, coarse cloth ; and lap, to wrap : bur- 
laps is used for wrapping goods in.] A coarse 
hempen cloth. 

Bur-lesque' (bur-lesk'), n. [Fr.; It. burlesco, 
ridiculous ; burla, mockery.] A composition or 
piece of poetry intended to excite ridicule ; ludi- 
crous representation. — 2, a. Ludicrous; sport- 
ive. — 3, v. a. [pp. burlesquing, burlesqued.] To 
turn to ridicule. [comic opera. 

Bur-let' ta, n. [It. ; dim. of burla, mockery.] A 

Bur'li-ness, n. State of being burly. 

Biir'ly, a. [0. Ger. burlih, high ; Sc. buirdly, 
strong; Icel. burthr, strength.] Great in size; 
bulky ; tumid. 

Burn, v. a. [A.-S. beornan, bsernan, byrnan, also 
brinnan; Fris. bama ; Ger. brewnen.] [i. burnt 
or burned; pp. burning, burnt or burned.] To 
consume with fire ; to wound with fire ; to scorch. 
— 2, v. n. To be on fire; to be inflamed. — 3, n. 
A hurt or effect caused by fire : — [see Bourn] 
a rivulet or brook. 

Biirn'er, n. A person or thing that burns : — the 
tube' through which burning gas issues. 

Bur'net, n. [Said to be from bum, referring to its 
acrid qualities.] A perennial plant ; an herb. 

Biirn'ing, n. Inflammation ; fire ; flame. — 2, a. 
Flaming; vehement; hot. 

BUrn'ing-glass, n. A glass which concentrates 
the sun's rays and produces intense heat. 

Burn'ing-mir'ror, n. A concave mirror, or com- 
bination of mirrors, concentrating the sun's rays 
into a focus so as to produce great heat. 

Biir'nish, v. a. [Fr. brunir, pres. part. brunissayU 
or burnissant, to polish or to brown ; root of 
Burn, Brown.] [pp. burnishing, burnished.] To 
polish. — 2, v. ii. To grow bright. — 3, n. A gloss. 

Biir'nish-er, n. A person or thing that burnishes. 

Biir-noose', n. [Arab, bumus.] A kind of upper 
garment in Arabia and North Africa ; also, a 
short cloak worn by ladies : — variously written 
bernovse, bornouse, and boumouse. 

Burnt, i. & p. from burn. 

Biu-nt'-of-fer-ing, n. An offering made by burn- 
ing the victim upon the altar. 

Burr, u. [Of. Dan. borre, burdock; It. borra, 
clippings ; L. burrse, trash ; Gr. fieppov, rough ; 
Gael, borra, a knob, bior, a thistle.] The lobe 
of the ear : — the head of a plant : — [imitative] 
roughness ; a brogue or rough accent. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. burring, burred.] To speak with a burr. 

Burr'-oak (-ok), n. [From the rough, burr-like 
acorn-cup.] An American oak yielding a close- 
grained, durable timber. 



Bur'row, n. [0. E. borivgh, bunvhe, a shelter; 
identical in origin with borough.] A hole in the 
ground for rabbits, &c. — 2, v. n. [pp. burrow- 
ing, burrowed.] To lodge in holes. 

Bur'row-er, n. He who, or that which, burrows : 
— specifically, a burrowing animal. 

Biirr'-stone, n. See Buhr-stone. 

Biir'ry, a. Full of burrs. 

Biir'sar, n. [Late L. bursarius. — See Burse.] A 
treasurer in colleges, &c. 

Bur'sar-ship, n. The office of bursar. 

BUr'sa-ry, n. The treasury of a college. 

Burse, n. [Fr. bourse; Late L. bursa, a purse; 
Gr. ^upa•a, a skin.] An exchange where mer- 
chants meet ; bourse : — a purse ; a bag. 

Burst, v. n. [A.-S. berstan, Dut. & Ger. bersten; 
Teut. stem brast, an extension of brak.— See 
Break.] [i. burst; pp. bursting, burst.] To 
break or fly open ; to rupture.— 2, v. a. To 
break open suddenly.— 3, n. A sudden disrup- 
tion; a rupture : — an explosion. 

Biir'tnen (biir'thn). n. A load. See Burden. 

Bur'y (ber'e) [ber'e, S. W. J. P. E. F. K. Sm. E. 
C. ; bur'e, Ja.], v. a. [A.-S. byrigan, byrgan; 
akin to beorgan, to protect.] [pp. burying, bur- 
ied.] To cover with earth ; to put into a grave ; 
to inter with funeral rites ; to entomb : — to con- 
ceal ; to hide ; to cover up. 

Bur'y.-Ing (ber'e-ing), n. Burial ; sepulture. 

'Bus, n. A colloquial abbreviation of omnibus. 

Bus'by, n. A tall military bear-skin cap. 

Bush, n. [Dut. & Dan. busk, Sw. buske, Ger. busch. 
— Cf. Fr. Lois, wood, and Dut. bos, a boss, a tuft.] 
A thick shrub : — a bough of a tree : — a forest 
region : — a thimble. — 2, v. a. [pp. bushing, 
busbed.] To stake with bushes or branches. 

Bush'-bean, n. A dwarf bean. 

Bush/el, n. [0. Fr. boissel ; Late L. buscellus ; bus- 
sola,' a little box. — See Box.] A dry measure of 
8 gallons : — a thimble. [garments. 

Bush'el-ler, or Bush'el-man, n. A repairer of 

Bush'man, n. One of a race of South-African sav- 
ages, apparently allied to the Hottentots. 

Bush'ran-i-er, n. A highwayman. 

Bush'whack-er, n. A backwoodsman ; an assas- 
sin ; one who lies in ambush with evil intent. 

Bush'whack-ing, n. [Amer.] Travelling or push- 
ing one's way through bushes : — fighting in gue- 
rilla style from behind bushes. 

Bush'y, a. Thick like a bush ; full of bushes. 

Bus'i-ly. (biz'e-le), ad. In a busy manner. 

Business (blz'nes), n. That which one does for a 
livelihood ; employment ; an affair; engagement ; 
concern; trade: — matter in question. 

Busk, n. [Fr. busque, busk, a form of bust, or bod- 
ice.] A piece of steel or whalebone worn by 
women to strengthen the stays. — 2, v. a. [Norse 
buask, for bua, to prepare, and sik, one's self.] 
[pp. busking, busked.] To dress; to equip. 

Biis'kin, n. [Flem. brosekin, dim. of Dut. broos, 
a shoe; Sp. borcegui; It. borzacchino.] A kind 
of half boot : — a high shoe worn by actors of 
ancient tragedy :— tragedy. 

Bus'kined (bus'kjnd), a. Dressed in buskins. 

Buss, n. [Ger. bus; Sw. puss; Gael, bus, mouth. — 
Cf. L. basium, 0. E. bass, a kiss; Fr. baiser, to 
kiss.] A kiss: — [Ger. bilss ; Dut. buis; akin to 
Box] a boat for fishing. — 2, v. a. [pp. bussing, 
bussed.] To kiss. [Low.] 

Bust, n. [Fr. buste, It. busto ; Late L. buxis, buxi- 
dis, a box, a chest. — See Box.] A statue of the 
human figure as far down as the breast : — the 
human breast. 

Bus'tard, n. [0. Fr. bistarde ; Late L. avis tarda, 
slow bird ; Fr. outarde. There is doubt whether 
the L. tarda in this case really means slow ; it 
seems to be used substantively in some places.] 
A large game-bird. 

Bus'tle (bus'sl), v. n. [Icel. bustla, to splash, to 
bustle ; busll, stir. — Cf. Busy, also Rustle and 
Hustle.] [pp. bustling, bustled.] To be busy 



a, e, l, o, u 



y, long ; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



BUSY 



121 



BYZANTINE 



or active. — 2, n. A tumult; hurry; stir :— [Fr. 
bosse, a hump ; bosselure, a protuberance] a pad 
worn on the back. 

Bus/y (biz'ze), a. [A.-S. bysig, Dut. besig; A.-S. 
bysgian, to employ. J Employed with earnestness; 
active; officious; bustling; troublesome. — 2, v. a. 
or reflex, [pp. busying, busied.] To make or 
keep' busy; to employ. 

Bus'y-bod-y (biz'-), n. A meddling person. 

But, conj. [A.-S. butan, from be, by, and utan, the 
outside; Dut. buiten, except.] Except; except 
that; besides; unless; yet; now; otherwise 
than that. — 2, prep. Except. — 3, ad. Only ; no 
more than. — 4, n. [Fr. bout, but, the end; 0. Fr. 
boter, buter, to thrust ; akin to Put and Beat.] A 
boundary; a limit; end of a thing. — 5, v. n. 
[pp. butting, butted.] To touch at one end ; to 
end on; to abut: — mostly with on, upon, or 
against. 

Butch'er, n. [Fr. boucher, from bouc, a he-goat, — 
See Buck.] One who kills animals for food : — a 
murderer. — 2, v. a. [pp. butchering, butch- 
ered.] To kill and dress for food ; to slaughter ; 
to murder ; to slay with cruelty. 

Butch'er-y, «. The trade of a butcher : — slaugh- 
ter; massacre; carnage: — the place where ani- 
mals are killed ; shambles; abattoir. 

But' -end, n. The blunt end of any thing. 

But'ler, n. [Fr. bouteillier, 0. E. boteler, from Fr. 
bouieille, a bottle. — See Bottle.] A servant in- 
trusted with the care of wines and liquors. 

BGt'ler-age, n. A duty of two shillings formerly 
paid oil every tun of wine imported into Eng- 
land ; it was once a perquisite of the king's 
butler. 

But'ler-ship, n. The office of a butler. 

But'ment, k. A support; abutment. 

Butt, n. [See Bur.] A mark :— a blow with the 
head : — an object of ridicule; the end, or but : — 
[Fr. botle, a boot, a butt.— Cf. A.-S. byt, a cask, Sp. 
bota, a wine-skin] a cask containing two hogs- 
heads : — a hinge. — 2, v. a. [pp. butting, butted.] 
To strike with the head, as a ram. 

Butte (but or but) [but, St. I. Wb. ], ». [Fr.] *A 
mountain peak or hill. 

But'ter, u. [A.-S. buter; Dut. boter; L. butyrwm; 
Gr. fiovrvpov ; (Sou?, ox, cow, and rvpo<;, cheese.] 
An oily substance obtained by churning cream : 

-any substance like 
butter. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
buttering, buttered.] 
To spread with but- 
ter. 

But'ter-cup, n. The 
crow-foot ; a flower. 

But'ter-fly, n. [Prob- 
ably from butter and 
fly, from the yellow Butterfly, 

color of some of the common kinds.] A beautiful 
winged insect. 

But'ter-Ine, n. A kind of factitious butter. 

Biit'ter-is, n. [Fr. boutovr; bouter, to thrust.] A 
tool to pare a horse's hoof. 

But'ter-milk, n. Whey of churned cream. 

But'ter-nut, n. A tree and its fruit ; oilnut. 

But'ter-scotch, n. A kind of confection or sweet- 
meat, [of many species. 

Biit'ter-wort (-wiirt), n. An insectivorous plant 

Biit'ter-y, a. Having the appearance of butter. — 
2, ,i. [From butter, replacing 0. E. boteUrie, a 
room for bottles.] A room for provisions ; a 
Pantry. [end.] The rump. 

But'tock, n., or But'tocks, n. pi. [Dim. of but, the 

But'ton (but'tn), n. [Fr. bouton; akin to Bud and 
But.] A knob or catch for fastening clothes ; a 
round mass of metal :— the bud of a plaut :— sea- 
urchin.— 2, v. a. [pp. buttoning, buttoned.] 
To fasten with buttons. 

But'ton-hole, n. A hole to admit a button. — 2, 
v. a. [pp. button-holing, button-holed.] To 
detain in conversation. 





But'ton-wood (-wud), n. [From its globular 

aments, containing the nutlets.] The plane-tree. 
But' tress, v. a. [0. Fr. bouteret, pi. bouierets; from 

bouter, to thrust.] [pp. buttressing, buttressed.] 

To support ; to prop. — 2, n. An abutment or 

external support to a wall ; a prop ; a support. 
Bu-ty-ra'ceous (bu-te-ra'shus) [bu-te-ra'shus, St. 

I. F. Sm. R.; but-e-ra'shus, P. K.' C. Wb.], a. 

Having the qualities of butter. 
Bu'tyr-Ine, n. [L. bulyrum.—See Butter.] Ole- 
aginous matter in butter. 
Bux'om, a. [A.-S. buhsom, Ger. biegsam, yielding, 

obedient ; A.-S. bugan, Ger. biegeu, to bend. — See 

Bow. The word at first meant pliant, yielding ; 

next, gracious, or agreeable ; the other meanings 

have been acquired.] Comely and healthful; 

gay ; lively ; brisk ; wanton ; vigorous. 
Buy (bi), v. a. [A.-S. bicgan, bygan ; Goth. bugjan.~] 

[i. bought; pp. buying, bought.] To obtain or 

to acquire by paying a price; to purchase; to 

bargain for : — to bribe. 
Buy'er, n. One who buys; a purchaser. 
Buzz, v. n. [An imitative word.] [pp. buzzing, 

buzzed.] To hum like bees; to whisper. — 2, r. a. 

To spread by whispers. — 3, n. Noise, as of bees; 

a whispering hum. 
Buz'zard, n. [Fr. busard, or buse ; L, buteo, Late 

L. busk>.] A species of hawk ; misapplied in the 

U. S. to a bird of 

vulturine habits : — a 

dunce; a blockhead. 
By (bi or be) [bi or be, 

W. Sm. ; bi 07- bf, S. 

J. ; bi, H. St. I. P. F. 

Ja.K. C], prep. [A.-S. 

big. bi, Ger. bei, Dut. 

bij.— Cf. Skr. abhi, Gr. 

aix<bi.] At; in; near; 

for. — It denotes the 

agent, instrument, 

way, or means; as, it 

was performed by you. 

— 2, ad. Near ; beside 

3 (or Bye), n. [Cf. an aside.] Something not 

the direct and immediate object; as, by the by 

(or bye). — By, in composition, implies something 

out of the direct way; irregular; private ; as, it 

by-lane, a by-road, a by-paih. 
By ? and By', ad. In a short time ; soon. 
By-cock'et, n. [0. Fr. bicoquet, a doubly cocked 

cap ; bi,' twofold, and the root of Cock.— Cf. Sp. 
in, a kind of cap; Fr. bicoque, a hut.] A 

kind of cap ; abacot. 
Bye, ». {Cricket.) A run on a ball not struck. 
By'-end, n. Private advantage ; self-interest. 
By'-gone, a. Gone by ; past. 
By'-law, n. A private or local law or rule. 
By'-past, a. Past; gone by. 
By'-path, /*. A private or obscure path. 
By'-play, n. Action carried on at one side. 
Byre, n. [Fr. bouverie, a stable or stall for oxen ; 

Gael, buarth, a cow-yard; L. bos, a cow: others 

make it a form of bower.] A cow-house. 
By'-road, n. A by-way :— a by-path. 
Bys'so-lite. /*. [Gr. j3vcra-os, linen, and At'^os, a 

stone.] Fine asbestos: — the name is also given 

to other filamentous minerals. 
Bys'sus, n. [L. ; Gr. jSvcrcro?, fine linen. — Cf. 

Heb. buss.] Cotton : — a tuft of hairs by which 

some shell-fish adhere to rocks. 
By'-stand-er, n. A looker-on ; a spectator. 
By' -way, ». A private or obscure way. 
By' word (bT'wiird), h. A common saying; 

passing word; a proverb : — a reproach. 
By-zant', n. A gold coin of the Greek Empire. 
Byz'an-tine [biz-an'tin, St. I. ; bj-zan'tln, Wb.], 

a. Of or relating to Byzantium or to the Em- 
pire of which it was the capital : — noting a 

style of decorative art exhibiting an engraft- 

ment of Oriental ornamentation on classic 

form. 



passing; in presence. 



mien, sir; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 
F 



11 



S. £> soft; fS, {&, p, g, hard; 



z ; x as gz\ this. 



122 



CAECUM 



C. 



Cthe third letter of the alphabet, has two 
j sounds : one hard, like k, before and a, o, u, also 
before I and r; the other soft, like s, before e, i, 
and y ; with h it forms a digraph having three, 
or even four, distinct sounds. 

Cab, n. [Heb ftaft, hollow.] A Hebrew measure 
of nearly 3 pints :— [Fr. cabriolet] a kind of chaise. 

Ca-ba.1', n. [Fr. cabale, from cabala (q. v.).] A 
junto or small body of men united to effect some 
sinister purpose : — intrigue. — 2, v. n. [pp. cabal- 
liug, caballed.] To form close intrigues. 

Cab'a-la, n. [Heb. qabbalah, tradition, from qua- 
baJL, to' receive.] A system of Jewish theosophy 
or rabbinical tradition ; secret science. 

Cab'al-ism, n. The science of the cabalists : — any 
system based on mystery and esotericism. 

Cab'al-ist, n. One skilled in Jewish traditions. 

Cab-a-lis'tic, ) a. Kelating to the cabala; se- 

Cab-a-lis'ti-cal, j cret ; occult. [to a horse. 

Cab'al-Hne. a'. [L. caballus, a horse.] Belonging 

Cabas (ka'ba), n. [Fr. ; Port, cabaz. — Cf. Arab. 
gafaz, a cage.] A lady's reticule or basket. 

CaVbage, n. [Fr. cabus, headed; L. capitatus, 
headed, from caput, a head. — Of. It. capuccio, a 
little head.] A genus of edible plants :— some- 
thing which has been stolen. — 2, v. n. [pp. cab- 
baging, cabbaged.] To form a head, as a plant. 
— 3, v. a. [Fr. cabasser, to steal ; to put in a 
cabas, or basket] To steal in cutting clothes. 

Ca'ber, n. [Gael. cabai\ Welsh, keibr, Sp. cabrio, 
rafter; commonly referred to L. capreolus, a 
rafter, a prop; also a he-goat. — See Chevkon.] 
A heavy stick tossed in games. 

Cab'in, n. [Fr. cabbie and cabane; Celt, caban, 
dim. of cab, a hut.] A room: — a small house; 
a cottage :— an apartment in a ship. 

Cab'i-net. ». [Fr., a dim. from cabiue, a variant of 
cabane, a cabin.] A closet : — a set of boxes and 
drawers : — a room in which consultations are 
held :— the collective body of ministers of state 
who conduct the government of a country. — 2, 
a. Of or belonging to a cabinet or body of min- 
isters of state. [wooden furniture. 

Cab'i-net-mak'er, n. A maker of articles of 

Ca'ble, n. [Fr. cable, Late L. capulum, captain, 
from capere. to hold, to tak" ; L. capulus, a han- 
dle.] A large rope or chain by which the 
anchor of a ship is held : — a submarine tele- 
graph. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. cabling, cabled.] 
To send by submarine telegraph. [by cable. 

Ca'bled (ka'bld), a. Fastened with a cable : — sent 

Ca'ble-gram, n. [From cable, on type of Tele- 
gram.] A message sent by telegraphic cable. 

Cab'man, n. The driver of a cab. 

Ca-boo'se', n. [Put. kabuis, Dan. Icabys ; in Dut. 
also kombuis, E. camboose, Fr. cambuse ; said to 
be from Dut. horn, a dish, and buis, a pipe.] 
(Xavt.) Cook-room of a ship :— a car used for an 
office, &c, and attached to trains. 

Cab'ri-o-let' (kab're-o-la'), n. [Fr., dim. of cabri- 
ole, a goat-leap ; L. caper, a goat ; Late L. capri- 
olus.] A one-horse chaise; a cab. 

Ca'cao (ka'ko) [ka-kbw' or ka-ka'o, H. ; ka-ka'o, 
I. Tli. St. ; ka-ka'o or ka'ko, WbJ], n. '[Mex. 
cacauatl.] The chocolate-tree and its fruit. 

Cach'a-lot [kash'a-lot, St. ; kash'a-lot or kash'a- 
lo, L], n. [Fr.— Cf. Catalan quichal, a tooth : 

' this animal is a whale with true teeth, and with 
no baleen.] The spermaceti whale. 

Cache (kash), n. [Fr., from cacher, to secrete.] A 
hole dug in the ground for preserving goods. 

Ca-phec'tic, «. Having an ill habit of body. 

Cachet (kash'a), n. [Fr., from cacher, to hide, to 
secrete.] A seal; a letter: — a state letter de- 
priving one of liberty. 



Ca-phex'y [ka-kek'se, P. Ja. K. Sm. C. I. St. Th. 
Wb. ; kak'ek-se, W. J. F.\ n. [Gr. Kaice£ia ; 
kclkos, bad, and e|t?, habit.] Ill state of body. 

Caph-in-na'tion, n. [L. cachinnatio, from cacltin- 
nare, to laugh ; Skr. kakk.] Loud laughter. 

Ca-phin'na-to-ry, a. Pertaining to or consisting 
in cachinnation. 

Ca-chou' (ka-sho'), n. [Fr. for "catechu."] An 
aromatic confection used to correct the breath. 

Ca-cique' (ka-sek'), n. [Fr.] See Cazique. 

Cac'kle, v. n. [Dut. kakelen, Dan. kagle.— Cf. 
Cachinnation and Giggle.] [pp. cackling, 
cackled.] To make a noise like a hen, &c. — 2, n. 
The noise of a hen or goose : — prattle. 

Cac'o-dox-y, n. [Gr. kclk:6s, had, and 86£a, opin- 
ion.] Heterodoxy; heresy. 

Cac-o-e'the§, n. [L. ; Gr. naKor)6r)<;, of ill habit ; 
icaicos, bad, and ^o?, custom.] {Med.) An in- 
curable ulcer : — a bad custom ; a bad habit. 

Ca-coph'o-nous, a. Harsh-sounding. 

Ca-coph'o-ny, n. [Gr. k.o.ko4>wvIo. ; ko.ko<;, ill, and 
'4>uivq, sound.] A harsh sound. 

Cac'tus, n. [L. ; Gr. kciktos, the cardoon.] L. pi. 
Cac'ti ; Eng. Cac'tus-e§. A name of various 
thick-leaved plants.' 

Cad, v. [Perhaps for cadet.] A boy that attends 
an omnibus: — a low, mean fellow; a vulgar 
person ; a snob. [Slang.] 

Ca-das'tral, a. Pertaining to a government survey. 

Ca-das'tre, n. [Fr., from Late L. capistratnm, a 
'poll-register; L. caput, ahead.] A government 
survey and register of lands. 

Ca-da'ver, n. [L.] A dead body ; a corpse. 

Ca-dav'er-ous, a. Like a dead body ; ghastly. 

Cad'-bait, \n. The larva of the caddice-ny, a 

Cad'-bate, J favorite bait with anglers. 

Cad'dice-fly, \ n. An insect whose larva? are used 

Cad'dis-fly, j for bait. See Cad-bait. 

Cad' dice-worm (-wiirni), n. Same as Cad-bait. 

Cad'dis, n. [Celt, cadas, cotton, lint.] A kind 
of tape :— [Ger. kiider, probably akin to kb'der, 
bait] a worm or grub ; the larva of the caddis-fly. 

Cad'dy, n. [Malay, kali, a commercial weight.] A 
small box for tea: — [same as cad] an errand-boy. 

Cade, «. [Gael, caedach, forward.] Tame; bred 
by hand ; as, a cade lamb. — 2, n. [Kuss. kade, 
a cask, L. cadus, a bottle, Gr. /cafios, a jar.] A 
cask; a herring-barrel :— [Provencal Fr.] a spe- 
cies of juniper : — [Scot. Iced, kid, or keb. — Cf. Scot. 
ket, matted wool ; filth] a sheep-tick. 

Ca'dence, n. [Fr. ; It. cadenza; L. cadere, cadens, 
to fall.] The fall of the voice as the sentence 
draws to its close, in reading or speaking: mod- 
ulation : — tone or sound : — the close of a phrase 
or passage in music. 

Cade-oil', n. The oily tar of a species of juniper. 

Ca-det', »• [Fr. ; Local Fr. captdet, Late L. capi- 
'tettus; L. caput, the head. — Cf. Sp. cabdillo, a 
master.] A younger brother :— a volunteer in 
the armv :— a pupil in a military school. 

Ca'di (ka'de), n. [Arab.] A Turkish judge. 

Cad'mi-um, »?. [Gr. KaS/xeia, calamine.] 
A metal much like zinc. 

Cad're (or kii'dr), n. [Fr. ; L. quadrum, a 
square.] The skeleton or outline of a 
regiment. [wand. 

Ca-dVceus (-shus), n. [L.] Mercury' 

Ca-du'ci-ty, n. Frailty ; tendency to fill. 

Ca-du'cous, fl. [L. caducus ; cadere, to 
'fall.] Falling like leaves. 

Cse'cal (se'kal), a. Of or pertaining to, or 
formed like, the caecum ; having only 
one opening. 

Cse'cum, n. [L. for "blind."] A blind 
pouch: — the pouched part of the intestine. 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long ; a, e, I, o, u, y, shorl; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fS.ll ; heir, her; 



C^ESUEA 



123 



CALIGIIS T OUS 



Cse-§u'ra (se-zu'ra) [se-zkoo'ra, H. ; se'zu-ra, I.], 
n. [L". for a "cutting;" cseclere, to cut.] L. pi. 
Cse-§u'rae ; Eng. Cse-svi'ras. A metrical break 
in a verse or line. 
Cse-su'ral, a. Relating to the caesura. 
Cafe (ka'f a), n. [Fr.] Coffee : — a coffee-house. 
Caf-fl'ic, a. (Chem.) Derived from cuffee. 
Caf-fe'ine, n. The active principle of coffee. 
Caf-taii', n. [Turk.] An Oriental robe. 
Cafe, n. [Fr. ; L. cavea, a cage, a cave ; cams, 
hollow.] An enclosure for birds or beasts. — 2, 
v. a. [pp. caging, caged.] To enclose in a cage. 
Ca-ic', or Ca-ique', n. [Fr. ; Turk, kaik.] A Turk- 
ish boat or skiff; a Turkish or Levantine galley. 
Cai'man (ka'man) [ki'man, H.}, n. See Cayman. 
Cairn (karn), m. [Genitive case of Celt.' earn, 

stone; cam, to heap.] A heap of stones. 
Cais-son' (ka-son') [ka-son', P. E. F. Urn. ; kas'- 
sCn, kas-siin', St. ; kas'son, /. ; ka'es-son. Ja.], 
n. [Fr. ; augmented form of caisse, a chest.— 
See Cask.] A chest of bombs or powder; a 
wooden case or frame. 
Cai'tiif. n. [0. Fr. caitif, ckaitif, Fr. chetif, vile; 
L. eaptivus, a prisoner, a wretch. — See Captive.] 
A mean villain ; a knave. — 2, a. Base ; servile. 
Caj'e-put, n. [Malay, kayu, tree, and putih, white.] 

Ah East India tree and its volatile oil. 
Ca-j51e', v. a. [Fr. cajoler ; 0. V. cageoler, to chat- 
ter, like a bird in a cage [see Cage] ; hence, to 
wheedle; to flatter.] [pp. cajoling, cajoled.] To 
flatter; to coax ; to deceive. 
Ca-jol'er-y, n. Flattery; wheedling; deceit. 
C|j'u-put,'/(. See Cajeput. 

Cake, n. [Dut. koeck; Norse, Jeaka; Ger. Inchen ; 

L. coquere, to cook.] A kind of delicate bread : 

—a mass. — 2, v. a. [pp. caking, caked.] To 

form into cake. — 3, v. n. To grow hard. 

Cal'a-bar-bean, u. A poisonous African bean. 

Cal'a-bash, h. [Sp. calabaza; Arab, qar, a gourd, 

and aybas, dry.] A gourd : — the gourd-plant. 
Cal-a-boose', n. [Sp. calubozo ; Arab, quluh, castle, 

and bus, hidden.] A prison ; a jail. 
Cal'a-ma-ry, n. [Sp. calamar; Gr. KaXa/xdpiov ; 
/cdXaiuo?, a pen; from the pen-shaped internal 
shell, with a reference to the ink, a secretion 
ejected by the animal.] A cuttle-fish ; a squid. 
Cal-a-mif er-oiis, a. [L. calamus, a reed, and ferre, 

to bear.]' Producing reeds. 
Cal'a-mine (or -min), n. [A corrupt form from 
Gr. KaSfi-eia (see Cadmium); but according to 
some authors, because it forms reed-shaped masses 
in the furnace (L. calamus, a reed; Gr. KaAouAi- 
vos, made of reeds).] An ore of zinc. 
Cal'a-mint, n. [Gr. /caAd^ti'Sos ; /caAa^o?, a reed, 

and ixivBa, mint.] An herb; a kind of mint. 
Ca-lam'i-toiis, a. [L. calamitosus.] Full of ca- 
lamity; miserable; distressing; unfortunate. 
Ca-lam'i-ty, n. [L. calamitas; a very doubtful ac- 
count derives it from calamus, a straw,— a storm 
which breaks down the grain being a public 
calamity.] Misfortune; distress; disaster. 
Cal'a-mus, n. [L. ; Gr. icdAa/uo?; Skr. kalamas. — 
Cf. Arab, keleni, E. haulm, L. admits, a stem.] 
L. pi. Cal'a-mi ; Eng. Cal'a-mus-es. A reed : 
— sweet-flag and its root: — a' genus of palms. 
Ca-lash', n. [Fr. caliche ; Ger. kahsche; Czech, 
kolesa; Fol.kolaska; Russ. koliaska; Russ. kolo, 
dim. koleso, a wheel.] An open carriage with a 
movable covering :— a head dress, [ing of lime. 
Cal-ca're-ous, a. [L. calcarius ; calx, lime.] Partak- 
Cal-ced' o-ny , or Cal'ce-do-ny, u. See Chalcedony. 
Cal-ce-o-la'ri-a, n. [L. calceolus, a slipper; calx, 

the heel, or foot.] A plant and its flower. 
Cal'cic, a. Pertaining to, containing, or consist- 
ing of calcium or lime. 
Cal-ci-fi-ca'tion, n. The process of changing into 
lime, or into'a substance containing much lime. 
Cal'ci-fy, v. n. [pp. calcifying, calcified.] To 
become changed into lime. — 2, v. a. To change 
into lime or a lime-like substance; to impreg- 
nate with lime. 



Cal'ci-mine, n. [L. calx, calcis, lime, and mina, 
smooth.] A wash for walls. — 2, v. a. [pp. cal- 
cimining, calcimined.] To wash or color with 
calcimine. 

Cal-ci'na-ble, or Cal'ci-na-ble, a. That may be 
calcined or reduced to powder. 

Cal-ci-na'tion, n. The act of pulverizing by fire. 

Cal-cin'a-to-ry, n. A vessel used in calcination. 

Cal-cine ? (lial-sm', kal'sin, or kal'siu), v. a. [Fr. 
calciner. — See Calx.] [pp. calcining, calcined.] 
To reduce to ashes or powder by heat : — to oxi- 
dize. — 2, v. n. To become a calx by heat. 

Cal'ci-trant, a. [L. calcitrare, calciirantis, to kick; 
calx, the heel.] Kicking; refractory. 

Cal-ci-tra'tion, n. The act of kicking. [lime. 

Cal'ci'-um, n. [See Calx.] The metallic base of 

Cal'ci-um-light (-lit), n. See Lime-light. 

Calc-sin'ter, n. [See Sinter.] A calcareous de- 
posit. 

Cal'cu-la-ble, a. That may be computed. 

Cal'cu-late, v. a. [L. calcidare, calculates, from 
calculus, a pebble (used as a counter).] [pp. cal- 
culating, calculated.] To compute; to reckon. 
— 2, v. n. To make a computation. 

Cal-cu-la'tion, n. Computation; reckoning. 

Cal'cu-la-tor, n. A computer; a reckoner. 

Cal-cu-lose', or Cal'cu-lous, a. Stony; gritty. 

Cal'cu-lfis, u. ; pi. Cal'cu-li. [L. for "pebble ;" 
pebbles were used in counting; L. calculus is a 
dim. of calx, a stone.] (Med.) A calcareous con- 
cretion ; the stone. — (Math.) A method of com- 
putation. 

Cal'dron, n. [Sp. cahleron, L. caldarius, a boiler; 
cabins, or calidus, hot : caiere, to be hot.] A pot ; 
a boiler; a large kettle. 

Cal-e-do'ni-an, a. Scotch; Scottish. 

Cal-e-fa'cient, a. [L. calefacere, ccdefacientis, to 
maike hot; calidus, hot, and faoere, to make.] 
Making warm or hot. 

Cal-e-fac'tion, n. The act of heating-. 

Cal-e-fac'tive, a. [See Calefy.] That makes hot. 

Cal-e-fac'to-ry, a. That heats; heating. 

Cal'e-fy. v. a. & v. v. [L. ealefio, to grow hot.] 
[pp. calefying, calefied.] To grow or make hot. 

Cal'en-dar, n. [L. calendorium.—See Calends.] 
A yearly register; an almanac; a kalendar.— 
2, r. a. [pp. calendaring, calendared.] To enter 
in a calendar. 

Syn. — Almanac is properly a divider of time by 
the year, calendar by the month, and ephemerU 
by the day. An annual almanac, church calendar, 
nautical ephemeris. 

Cal'en-der, v. a. [Fr. calandre, a cylinder. — See 
Cylinder.] [ pp. calendering, calendered.] To 
dress by hot-pressing. — _', ,/. An engine to cal- 
ender; one who calenders : — [Name or title of 
the Hindu Mussulman founder, said to signify 
"pure gold"] an Eastern dervise. 

Cal'ends, n. pi. [L. kalendse; root of Gr. /caAetV, 
to call.] The first day of each month in the 
ancient Roman calendar. 
Cal'en-ture. n. [Fr. ; L. caiere, to be hot; Sp. ca- 
leritura, a fever.] A furious delirium or feverish 
distemper incident to hot climates. 
Calf (kaf), j). ; pi. Calves (kavz). [A.-S. cealf; 
Ger. kalh; Dot. A- Sw. half.] The young of' 
cow 
of the 
Cal'i-ber, or GaTi-hre (kal'e-bur), n. [Fr. calibre; 
referred to L. qua libra, "of what weight," or 
to Arab, kalib, Per. kalab, a mould.] The bore 
of a gun ; the diameter of a bullet : — capacity of 
mind; size : — sort or kind. 
Cal'ice (kal'is), n. A cup. See Chalice. 
Cal'i-co, n. ; pi. Cal'i-coes- [From Calicut, a town 
of India.] A printed cotton cloth or fabric, 
coarser than muslin. 
Ca'lif, ». See Caliph. 
Ca-lif-i-nos'i-ty, n. Dimness ; obscurity. 
Ca-li|'i-nous, a. [L. caliginosus ; from caligo, 
shade'.] Obscure ; dim ; dark. 



-[Norse, kalfi; Celt, hedpa] the thick part 
leg. 



mien, sir; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, g, £\ soft; p, ja, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



CALIPASH 



124 



CAMELOPAKD 




Cal-i-pash', n. See Callipash. 

Cal-i-pee', n. See Callipee. 

Cal'i-per§, n. pi. [From caliber.] 
Compasses with bowed shanks for 
taking the caliber of round bodies. 

Ca'liph [ka-lef or ka'lif, H.], n. 
[Arab, khalifah, a successor.] A 
successor or vicar: — a title of the 
successors of Mahomet. 

Cal'iph-ate, n. Government of a 

[caliph. Calipers. 

Cal-i-sa'ya, n. [South American name.] A va- 
riety of cinchona-bark. 

Cal-is-then'ic, a. .Relating to calisthenics. 

Cal-is-then'ics, n. pi. [Gr. /<aA6s, beautiful, and 
aOevos, strength.] Exercise for health, strength, 
or elegance. 

Ca'lix, or Cal'ix [kal'ix, H. ; ka'lix, St.], n. [L. 
calix; Gr. kvAi£; Ger. kelch: it is distinct from, 
yet akin to, Calyx (g. v.).] A cup. 

Calk (kawk), v. a. [L. calcare, to tread, to kick, 
to beat; calx, the heel.] [pp. calking, calked.] 
To stop or stuff, as the seams between planks. 

Calk'er (kawk'er), n. One who calks. 

Calkin (kal'kin or kawk'in) [kawk'in, St. I.], n. 
[Cf. L. calear, a spur; calx, the heel.] A promi- 
nence in a horseshoe, to prevent slipping : — 
written also calker, cuwker, and cork. 

Call, v. a. [A.-S. ceallian; Dut. kallen ; Norse, 
ka.Ua; not related, it would appear, to Gr. 
nake.lv, L. calere, to call.] [pp. calling, called.] 
To name ; to summon ; to convoke. — 2, v. n. To 
cry out : — to make a call. — 3, n. An address ; a 
summons ; a divine vocation : — a short visit. 

Syn. — Call a servant, bid him come; sum mutt 
a witness; convoke an assembly. — There was a 
king of Judasa named Herod, improperly called 
or styled the Great. [plants. 

Cal'la, n. [L. calla or calsa.] (Bol.) A genus of 

Call'er, n. One who calls. 

Cal'lid, a. [L. callidus, expert ; from callnm, hard 
skin : horny skin in the bands is a proof of ex- 
ercise.] Crafty; shrewd; well skilled. 

Cal-li-graph/ic, a. Relating to calligraphy. 

Cal-lig'ra-phjj, n. [Gr. *aA6?, beautiful, and 
'ypacfreLV, to write.] Beautiful writing. 

Call'ing, n. Vocation; profession: a call. 

Cal-li'o-pe, n. [Gr. name of the muse of heroic 
poetry; *aA6?, fair, and 6\p, voice.] A musical 
instrument operated by steam ; a steam-whistle. 

Cal-li-pash', n. [A form of carapace or of calabash. 
— Cf. Sp. galupago, a tortoise.] The upper or 
green part of the sea- turtle. 

Cal-li-pee', n. [Probably a punning variant of 
the' word Callipash; Gr. xaAe7ros, difficult (of 
digestion), fern. xaAe7rij.j The lower or yellow 
part of the sea-turtle. 

Cal'li-pers, n. See Calipees. 

Cal-los'i-ty, n. [L. callositas; callus, hard skin.] A 
swelling without pain, [indurated; insensible. 

Cal'lous, a. [L. callosns; callus, hard skin.] Hard; 

Cal'low (kal'lo), a. [A.-S. calv, Dut. kaal, Ger. 
kahl, L. calcus, Skr. khah-ata, bald.] Unfledged; 
naked : — undeveloped ; unshaped. 

Cal'lus, n. [L.] An induration of the flesh. 

Calm' (kam), «. [Fr. calme; chonier, 0. Fr. ch.au- 
mer, to rest; L. color, Port, calma, Gr. Kav/xa, 
heat.] Quiet; serene; undisturbed; unruffled; 
tranquil ; sedate ; composed. — 2, n. Serenity ; 
quiet; repose. — 3, v. a. [pp. calming, calmed.] 
To still ; to pacify ; to quiet. 

Calm'a-tive (kam'a-tiv), n. A medicine for sooth- 
ing the system. — 2, a. Tending to calm. 

Calm'ly. (kam'le), ad. Serenely; quietly. 

Calm'ness (kani'nes), n. Tranquillity. 

Cal'o-mel, n. [Gr. /caAo?, fair, and /xeAas, black; 
it is a white substance derived from dark ingre- 
dients.] A chloride of mercury. 

Ca-lor'ic, n. [L. calor, heat ; Fr. calorique.] 
'{Chern.) The principle which produces the sen- 
sation of heat ; heat. 



Cal-o-ric'i-ty, n. The property of developing heat. 

Cal'o-rie (kal'o-ri), n. [Fr.] A unit of heat. 

Cal-o-rif'ic, a. [L. calorificus; calor, heat, and 
facere, to make.] Causing heat; heating. 

Cal-o-rim'e-ter, «. [L. calor, heat, and /xerpov, 
a measure.] An instrument to measure heat. 

Cal-o-rim'e-try, n. The art or process of ascer- 
taining the quantity of heat contained in a body. 

Ca-loy'er, n. [Late Gr. <a\6yepog ; /caAos, good, 
and yepos (Gr. yepcov), an old man.] A monk of 
the Greek church. 

Cal'trop, \ n. [A.-S. calcetreppe; Fr. chaussetrappe ; 

Cal'throp, j probably L. calx, the heel, and trap. 
The Ital. calcatreppo or calcalreppolo shows the 
influence of L. tribidns, a thistle.] A military 
instrument with four spikes :— a kind of thistle. 

Cal'u-met, n. [Fr. ; a dim. form; L. calamus, a 
reed.] An Indian pipe; emblem of peace. 

Ca-lum'ni-ate, v. a. [L. calumniari, calumniatus, 
to defame.] [pp. calumniating, calumniated.] 
To accuse falsely; to injure by false reports; to 
slander; to asperse; to vilify ; to traduce ; to de- 



fame, 
Ca-lum-ni-a'tion, r 
Ca-lum'ni-a-tor, n. 
Ca-lum'ni-a-to-ry, 
Ca-lum'ni-ous, 
Cal'um-ny, n. [L 



False accusation ; slander. 
[L.] A slanderer. 
a. Containing calumny ; 
slanderous ; abusive. 
calumnia. — Cf. calvere, to in- 
trigue.] A false accusation maliciously made ; 
abuse ; slander ; defamation. 

Calve (kav), v. n. [A.-S. cealfian, from cealf, a 
calf; Ger. kalben.] [pp. calving, calved.] To 
bring forth a calf; to bring forth. 

Calv'ing (kav'ing), «. The act of producing a 
calf: — the breaking off of icebergs from glaciers 
that have reached deep Mater. 

Cal'vin-ism, n. The doctrine of Calvin. 

Cal'vin-ist, n. An adherent to Calvinism. 

Cal-vin-is'tic, \a. Relating to Calvin or Cal- 

Cal-vin-is'ti-cal, J vinism. 

Calx,'«. [L.— 'Cf. Gr. x^f, gravel; Celt, carraig, 
Goth, hallus, a stone.] L. pi. Cal'ces; Eng. 
Calx'e§. Lime or chalk ; an earthy, friable sub- 
stance left after burning. 

Ca'ly.x [kal'ix, Co. Sm. H.], n. [L. ; Gr. k<x\v£ ; 
Skr. kalika, a bud. — See Chalice.] L. pi. Ca.1'- 
y-ces ; Eng. Cal'yx-es. (Bot.) A flower-cup. 

Cam, n. [Dan. kam,, comb, ridge ; Ger. kamm, 
comb or cog.] An eccentricity or projection on 
a wheel or shaft, chiefly for converting circular 
into reciprocal motion. 

Ca-ma'ieu (ka-ma/yS), n. [Fr.] A cameo. 

Cam'ber, n. [L. camerare (see Camera), to arch; 
Fr. canibrer, Sp. combar, to bend.] (Arch.) The 
arching of a beam or a deck. — 2, v. n. [pp. cam- 
bering, cambered.] To curve upward. 

Cam'bist, n. [L. cambire, to barter.] A person 
skilled in exchanges. 

Cam'bri-an, a. Noting the primordial portion of 
the Silurian rocks : — so named from their preva- 
lence in Wales (Cambria) : — Welsh. 

Cam'bric, n. [From Kamerik, the Flemish name 
of Cambraij, in France.] A fine white linen or 
cotton fabric, used for ruffles, &c. 

Came, i. from come. 

Cam'el, n. [L. camelus ; 
Gr. /ca/aeAo; ; Heb. ga- 
mah] A large quadru- 
ped ; a machine. 

Ca-meTli-a [ka-me'lj-a, 
St. ; ka-mel'li-a, II. I. 
Th.% n. [From G. J. 
Kamel, a Jesuit mis- 
sionary and traveller.] 
A beautiful flowering 
shrub, originally from 
the East. 

Ca-mel'o-pard, or Cam'- 

el-o-pard, n. [Gr. & L. camelopardalis ; Gr. k&- 
jaeAo?, a camel, and 7rapSaAi?, a leopard.] A tall 
African ruminant animal; the giraffe. 




Camel. 



a, e, l, o, u 



y, long ; a, e, i, 5, Q, y, short, 



y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 



CAMEO 



125 



CANDY 



Cam'e-o, n. ; pi. Cam'e-o§. [Fr. camaieu; It. cam- 
meo; probably kindred to Gem.] A kind of 
onyx : — a precious stone, or shell, having imita- 
tive designs engraved on it in bass-relief. 

Cam'e-ra, n. [L. ; Gr. (cajuapa. — See Chamber.] 
A vault : — a caniera-obscura or a camera-lucida. 

Cam-e-ra-lis'tics, n. pi. [Ger. cameralist, a finan- 
cier"; L. camera, a vault: later, a treasury.] The 
science of public finance. 

Cam'e-ra-lu'ci-da, ». [L. for "light or bright 
chamber."] An instrument used in tracing 
outlines of reflected pictures. 

Cam'e-ra-ob-scu'ra, n. [L. fur " dark chamber."] 
An optical machine for throwing images of exter- 
nal objects upon a surface in a darkened space. 

Cam-i-sade', n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. camise, a shirt.] 
Same as camisado. 

Cam-i-sa'd5 [kam-e-sa'do, S. W. P. Sm. I. ; kam- 
e-sa'do, Ja.], n. An attack in the dark ; liter- 
ally, an attack in shirts: the shirt was worn 
over the other garments, so that the soldiers 
might see one another in the dark. 

Cam'i-sole, n. [Fr. ; dim. of 0. Fr. camise, a 
shirt.] A dressing-jacket; a strait-jacket. 

Cam'let, n. [Arab, hhamlat; from khami, plush or 
pile.] A stuff made of wool, or hair, silk, Ax. 

Cam'o-mlle, n. [Gr. xafxaifxy\\ov, earth-apple; 
Xa.fi.ai, on the earth, and fx.r)\ov, apple ; from its 
smell.] An odoriferous plant. 

Camp, ». [L. campus, a field.] The ground for 
the tents of an army; a place of the encamping 
of an army. — 2, v. n. [pp. camping, camped.] To 
encamp. 

Cam-paign' (kam-pan'), n. [Fr. campaigne; L. 
campaniv.s, level; campus, a field;] A large, 
open country: — the time an army keeps the 
field in one year. — 2, v. n. [pp. campaigning, 
campaigned.] To serve in a campaign. 

Cam-paign'er (kam-pan'er), n. An old soldier. 

Cam-pan'i-fb'rm, a. [Late L. campana, a bell.] 
Shaped like a bell. 

Cam-pa-ni'le, n. [It.] A bell-tower. 

Cam-pa-nol'o-ix n. [Late L. campana, a bell,, 
and Gr. \6yos, a treatise.] Art of ringing bells. 

Cam-pan'u-la, n. [Late L., dim. of campana, a 
bell.] (Bot.) The bell-flower. 

Cam-pan'li-late, a. Bell-shaped. 

Cam-phene', n. [From camphor; the suffix -ene 
implies resemblance.] Pure oil of turpentine. 

Cam'phor, n. [Skr. Jcarkura, Arab, Jeafur, Gr. na- 
(jyovpa, camphor; Malay, lcapur, camphor or 
chalk; Ger. kampfer; It. canfora; Sp. aZcan/or.] 
A resin, or concrete, fragrant juice of a tree : — 
formerly written camphire. 

Cam'pho-rat-ed, \ a. Impregnated with camphor ; 

Cam-phor'ic, / containing camphor. 

Cam'pi-on, n. [It. camjnone; perhaps from Gr. 
Ka.fi.nw', a turn, a joint ; perhaps kindred to Flem. 
kampiue, a heath, L. campus, a field.] A plant 
and its flower. (In French, campion is the name 
of certain ferns.) 

Camp'-meet'ing, n. A religious assembly in tents 
or booths. 

Camp'-stool, n. A folding seat or chair. [tion. 

Cam'-wheel, n. A wheel having a cam or projec- 

Cam'wood (-wCid), «. [Said to be West African 
kambi.] An African dye-wood. 

Can, n. [A.-S. canna; Norse, kanna; Ger. Icanne; 
possibly L. canna, a small vessel, a reed ; Gr. 
kolvvw-] A metal cup or vessel for liquors. — 2, 
v. «.. [A.-S. canaan, to know ; whence ic can, du 
canst, he can, in pies, indie. ; Ger. kennen, to 
know, konnen, to be able. — See Ken, Know, 
Could, Cunning.] [/. could.] To be able.— 
Used in forming the potential mood; as, I can 
do it. — 3, v. a. [pp. canning, canned.] To en- 
close in a can. 

Ca-na'di-an, a. Of or belonging to Canada. 

Ca-naille' (ka-nal'), w. [Fr. ; root of L. canis, a 
dog.— See Kennel.] The lowest of the people ; 
the dregs of the people ; lees ; dregs. 



Ca-na.1', n. [Fr. ; L. canalis, a tube, a trench; 
root of Yawn ; Skr. khan, to dig. — See Channel. 
L. canna, a reed, has influenced this word and 
its derivatives.] A watercourse made by art; 
an artificial passage for water; a conduit: — a 
duct iu the body of an animal. 

Ca-nard' (ka-nar'), n. [Fr. for "duck;" root of 
Ger. kahn, a boat ; that is, a boat-bird, or swim- 
ming bird; the application to fabricated news is 
of doubtful origin ; it is said that ducks were 
commonly hawked about the streets for sale, 
and that placards of news were sold in like 
manner, and the name canard was extended 
from them, and from the other wares of the huck- 
sters, to fabricated intelligence of any kind.] A 
hoax ; a ridiculous fabrication. 

Ca-na'rx-bird, n. [Named from the Canary Is- 
lands;' the islands are said to be named from 
their great dogs; L. canis, a dog, canarius, per- 
taining to dogs.] A singing-bird. 

Can'can {or koii-kon), n. [Fr. ; often nearly 
synonymous with canard, a hoax ; but a canard 
is a deliberate invention ; cancan is rather a sub- 
tle and malicious report, an indecent or scan- 
dalous rumor; afterward a riotous and shame- 
less kind of dance; probably the word, which 
often means a "clatter," is an imitation of the 
cackling of ducks.] An indeceut dance. 

Can'cel, v. a. [Fr. canceler ; originally, to cross 
out with lines drawn in the form of lattice- 
work; L. cancellus, a grating, cancetti, lattice- 
work, a chancel ; cancellus is a dim. of cancer, a 
crab, or a lattice.] [pp. cancelling, cancelled.] 
To blot out ; to efface ; to obliterate ; to erase ; 
to annul ; to abolish. 

Can'cel-lat-ed, a. Cross-barred, like net-work. 

Can-cel-la'tion, n. Act of expunging. 

Can'cel-lous, a. [See Cancel.] Kesembling lat- 
tice-work. 

Can'cer, n. [L., a crab.] A crab : — the fourth sign 
(Crab) in the zodiac, that of the summer solstice. 
— [So called from the enlarged veins, or " roots," 
which sometimes resemble crabs' claws.] (Med.) 
A scirrhous and malignant tumor. 

Can'cer-ous, a. Having the qualities of a cancer. 

Can'cri-fbrm, a. Like a cancer; cancerous. 

Can'croid, a. Resembling or akin to the crabs : — 
of the nature of cancer. 

Can-de-la'brum, n. [L., from candela, a candle.] 
L. pi. Can-de-la'bra: Eng. Can-de-la'brums. 
A branched candlestick. [glowing with heat. 

Can'dent, «. [L. candere, candentis, to glow.] Hot; 

Can'did, a. [L. Candidas, white; candere, to glow; 

Skr.' chand, to shine.] Fair; frank; ingenuous. 

S;in. — Candid remark; impartial judge; fair 

statement; open countenance; frank manner; 

ingenuous disposition ; plain dealing. 

Can di-da-cx, n. See Candidateship. 

Can'di-date, n. [L. candidatus, white-robed; ap- 
plicants for office wore ■white robes. — See Can- 
did.] One who proposes himself, or is proposed, 
for some office or station. 

Can'di-date-ship, ) n. The state of being a candi- 

Can'di-dat-ure, J date 

Can'did-lE, ad. In a candid manner; fairly. 

Can'die, n. [L. candela; from candere, to glow.] 
Tallow or wax surrounding a wick, used for 
giving light. 

Can'dle-mas. n. [Candle and moss; candles are 
blessed oh that day in churches.] The feast of 
the purification of the Virgin Mary, February 2. 

Can'dle-stick. n. An instrument to hold candles. 

Can'dor, ". [L. candor, whiteness, fairness.] A 
disposition or feeling free from prejudice ; frank- 
ness ; openness ; fairness. 

Can'dx, v. a. [It. candi; Arab. & Per. qand, 
sugar; Skr. kharid, a piece, a lump, sugar. — Cf. 
Skr. khandava, sweetmeats.] [pp. candying, 
candied.] To conserve with sugar. — 2, r. n'. To 
grow congealed. — 3, n. A conserve of sugar; 
sweetmeat. 



mien, sir ; m5ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — £ Qr, c,§, soft; p, js, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 

11* 



CANDY-TUFT 



126 



CANVASS 



Can'dy-tuft, n. [Said to be named from the island 
of Candia.] A plant and its flower. 

Cane, n. [L. canua ; Gr. Kawa, k6.vt\ ; Heb. qaneh.] 
A reed : — sugar-cane : — a walking-staff. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. caning, caned.] To beat with a cane. 

Cane' brake, u. A thicket of canes. 

Ca-nel'la, n. [Late L. ; from the cane-like quills 
'of the dried bark.] A medicinal bark. 

Ca-nes'cent, a. [L. canescere, canescentis, inceptive 
'form of cauere, to be white.] Whitish; hoary. 

Ca-nic'u-la, n. [L. for " little dog."] The dog-star. 

Ca-nic'u-lar, a. Belonging to the dug-star. 

Ca-nlne' [kan'm, H.], a. [L. commas; canis, a 
'dog.] Relating to or like a dog. 

Can'is-ter, n. [L. canistrurn, Gr. Kavaarpov, a 
basket of reed; icdvr), or <6.vva, a reed.] A box 
for tea, &c. : — a basket : — a kind of cannon-shot. 

Can'ker (kang'ker), n. [0. E. cancre, a variant 
of cancer.] An eating or corroding humor : — 
corrosion :— a disease in trees. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
cankering, cankered.] To grow corrupt; to de- 
cay. — 3, v. a. To corrupt; to corrode. 

Can'ker-oiis, a. Corroding like a canker. 

Can'ker-worm (-wiirm), n. A destructive worm; 
an insect or sort of small caterpillar. 

Canned (kand), p. & a. Preserved in cans. 

Can'nel-coal. ». [For candle-coal.'] A variety of 
coal which burns with a bright flame, [canned. 

Can'ner-y, n. A place where meat, fruit, &c, are 

Can'ni-bal, n. [From Caribal, an old form of 
Carib. ' The Caribs were a man-eating tribe 
dominant in the West Indies. The name signi- 
fies "a valiant man," and was varied to Sp. 
canibal from association with canino, dog-like, 
voracious.] A man who eats human flesh. 

Can'ni-bal-ism, n. The eating of human flesh. 

Can'non, n. ; pi. Can'non, or 
Can'non§. [It. cannone, Fr. 
canon; from L. canna, a reed, 
a tube. The It. termination 
-one implies largeness.] A 
military engine for projecting 
balls ; a great gun for battery, &c. 

Can-non-a.de', r. a. [pp. cannonading, cannon- 
aded'.] To attack with great guns. — 2, n. An 
attack with cannon. 

Can'non-ball, "1 n. A ball or solid projectile for a 

Can'non-shot, J cannon or a great gun. 

Can-non-eer', n. One who manages cannon. 

Can'nSt, v. n. To be unable: — a word com- 
pounded of can and not, noting inability. 

Can'ny, a. [Scot, ken, to know.— See Can.] Cau- 
tious ; prudent : — easy : — skilful. 

Ca-noe' (ka-n<V), n. [Carib, canoa, a boat.] An 
Indian boat made of bark or a hollowed tree ; a 
small boat. [canoe. 

Ca-no'ist, or Ca-noe'ist, n. One who manages a 

Can' on, n. [Gr. KavJjv, a rule, a standard; K.avr\, 
Kavva, a reed.] A rule or law, especially in ec- 
clesiastical matters : — a list or catalogue :— the 
received books of Holy Scripture : — [L. ; Late 
L. canonicus, one on the canon or clergy-list] a 
clerayman or dignitary in a cathedral : — a large 
printing type. — Canon lam, ecclesiastical law. 

Canon, \ (kan'yon), n. [Sp. cation, a tube, a can- 
Canyon j noii.] A deep, narrow gorge, or gulch, 
in the bottom of which a stream flows. 

Can'on-ess, n. A woman having a prebend._ 

Ca-n5n'i-cal, a. [L. canonicus.] Included in, or 
according to, the canon. 

Ca-non'i-cal-ly, ad. In a canonical manner. 
Ca-non'i-cals. n. pi. Full dress of a clergyman ; 

'dress prescribed in the canons. 
Ca-non'i-cate, n. The office of a canon. 
Can-on-ic'i-ty, n. Quality of being canonical. 
Can'on-ist, n.' A man versed in canon law. 
Can-on-is'tic, a. Belonging to a canonist. 
Can-on-i-za'tion, n. Act of making a saint. 
Can'on-ize, v. a. [From canon in the sense of a 
list'.] [pp. canonizing, canonized.] To declare 
one a saint. 




Cannon. 



Can'on-ry, "I n. Office of a canon : — a benefice 

Can'on-sliip, J in a cathedral church. 

Can'o-py, n. [Fr. conopte, 0. Fr. canape; L. co- 
nopenm ; Gr. Kuivunreiov, a bed with mosquito- 
netting; Kix)V(xi\p, a gnat; kwvos, a cone, and <Li|/, 
face.] A covering over a throne or bed, or over 
the head : — a projecting moulding. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
canopying, canopied.] To cover with, or as 
with, a canopy. 

Ca-no'rous, a. [L. canorus ; canere, to sing.] Mu- 
sical ; tuneful ; harmonious. 

Cant, n. [L. caviare, freq. of canere, to sing; 
Walloon, canter, to sing.] A corrupt dialect; 
an affected manner of speech : — jargon; slang: 
— a toss ; a throw. — 2, «. Of the nature of slang : 
— colloquial. — 3, v. n. [pp. canting, canted.] To 
speak whiningly or affectedly. — 4, v. a. To sell 
by auction : — to toss :— [It. canto, a side ; Dut. & 
Sw. kant, an edge. — Cf. L. canthus, Gr. /cdv0os, a 
rim] to give a turn or an inclination to. 

Can't. A contraction for cannot. Compare shan't. 

Can-tab'i-le, n. [It.] {Mas.) A piece peculiarly 
adapted for singing; a cantilena; a melody. — 
2, «cZ. In a melodious manner; as in singing. 

Can'ta-loupe [kan'te-lop, H.], n. [Named from 
Cantalupe, a castle in Italy.] A muskmelon. 

Can-tan'ker-ous, a. [Possibly Celt, cean, head, 
tana, shallow, cearr, -wrong: the word is origi- 
nally Anglo-Irish.] Ill-natured; contentious. 

Can-ta'ta, or Can-ta'ta [kan-ta'ta, & W. St. P. J. 
'E. F. Sim. C. ; kan-ta'ta, Ja. I. A'.], n. [It,, from 
L. cantare, to sing.] A poem set to music. 

Can-teen', u. [Fr. confine; It. cantina, a cellar, 
cantinetta, a cooler, a kind of pail.] A vessel for 
carrying liquors: — a drinking-house : — a can- 
tine; a mess-chest. 

Can'ter, n. One who cants :— [said to be for Can- 
terbury gallop, from the ambling gait of the pil- 
grims who rode to Canterbury] an easy gallop. — 
2, v. n. [pp. cantering, cantered.] To gallop 
easily or gently. 

Can'tha-ris. n. ; pi. Can-thar'i-des. [L. ; Gr. <av- 
Bapis.] Spanish flies, used for blistering. 

Can'ti-cle, n. [L. cantlculum, dim. of canticvm, a 
song; canere, cantum, to sing.] A song: — Song 
of Solomon. 

Cantilena (ka'n-te-la'na), n. [It. & L. ; in Latin 
it designated an old or familiar ditty.] A mel- 
ody; a sentimental song: — formerly a kind of 
ballad, warlike, historical, or religious. 

Can'ti-le-ver, n. [Cant in the old sense of a cor- 
ner," or a border, and lever, a prop or support.] 
(Arch.) A projection which supports a cornice, 
moulding, bridge, &c. 

Can-til-la'tion, n. [L. cantillare, dim. of cantare, 
frequentative of canere, to sing.] A chant. 

Can-tine' (kan-t5n'), n. [Fr.] A bottle-case, or 
set of bottles and glasses to contain liquor. 

Can'tle, n. [Fr. chanteav, 0. Fr. caniel, chantel, 
dim. of cant or chant, a piece.— Cf. Cant.] A 
fragment; a piece: — the protuberant part of a 
saddle behind. 

Can' to, ". ; pi. Can'to§. [It. ; L. cantos, a song.] 
A section of a poem : — a treble part in music. 

Can'ton, n. [Fr. & Sp. ; It. cantone, augmented 
form of It. canto, Fr. & 0. E. cunt, a border, a 
piece.] A division of a country :— a canto. — 
2, r. a. [pp. cantoning, cantoned.] To divide 
into parts : — to allot quarters to, as troops. 

Can'ton-al, a. Relating to a canton. 

Can'ton-ment [kan-ton'ment, I. St. ; kan-ton'- 
ment, A.], n. [Fr. cantonnement.] Quarters for 
soldiers. 

Can' tor, ». [L. for "a singer."] The leader or 
precentor of a choir. 

Can'vas, «. [Fr. canevas, from L. cannabis, hemp, 
Gr. Kavvafiis, Per. kanab, E. hemp.] A coarse 
linen, hempen, or cotton cloth for sails, tents, 
&c. : — the sails of a ship. 

Can'vass, v. a. [0. Fr. canabasser, to sift through 
canvas.] [pp. canvassing, canvassed.] To sift; 



a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her: 



CANVASSER 



127 



CAPTIVATE 



to examine ; to debate : — to solicit, as votes of 
electors. — 2, v. n. To solicit votes. — 3, u. An 
examination :— solicitation. 
Can'vass-er, n. One who canvasses. 
Ca'ny, a. Full of canes; consisting of canes. 
Can-zo'ne, n. [It.; Fr. chanson; L. cantio, a song.] 

\Mus.) ' A lyric poem : — a song or air. 
Can-zo-net', *'• [It. canzonetta.] A little song. 
Caoutchouc (ko'chuk) [ku'chuk, St. ; kow'chfik or 
ko'chuk, H.], n. [South American, cauchuc or 
cahuchu.) Gum-elastic or India-rubber. 
Cap, n. A covering for the head : — the top. — 2, 
v. a. [A.-S. cseppe, Late L. cappa or capa, a cape 
or cope; Sp. c«/>«, Basque, capa, a cape, cloak; 
the Late Latin, at least, sometimes meant a cap, 
or hood, as well as a cape. — Cf. Fr. cap, the head ; 
but the latter is L. caput, while the other is of 
doubtful origin.] [pp. capping, capped.] To 
cover the top or end ; to furnish with a cap : — to 
complete : — to excel. 
Ca-pa-bil'i-ty, n. Capableness; capacity. 
Ca'pa-ble, a. [Fr. ; Late L. capabilis, compre- 
hensible, — Inter, able to hold; L. capere, to 
take, to hold.] Having capacity; intelligent; 
susceptible; adapted to; qualified for; able. 
Ca-pa'cious (ka-pa/shus), a. [L. capax, capacis; 
capere, to contain.] Holding much; comprehen- 
sive ; extensive ; wide ; large. 
Ca-pac'i-tate, v. a. [pp. capacitating, capaci- 
tated.] To make capable ; to enable. 
Ca-pac'i-ty, n. [Fr. capacite, L. capacitas. — See 
Capacious.] State of being capacious or capa- 
ble; capaciousness; room: — ability. [to foot. 
Cap-a-pie', ad. [Fr. depied en cap.] From head 
Ca-par'i-son, n. [Fr. caparacon, Sp. caparazon, a 
saddle-cover, variants of Fr. chaperon, Sp. capi- 
ron, a hood, these being augmented forms of Sp. 
capa, a cover, Fr. chape, a cope. — See Cap.] A 
superb dress for a horse. — 2, v. a. [pp. capari- 
soning, caparisoned.] To dress pompously. 
Cape, n. [Fr. cap, It. capo ; from L. caput, a head.] 
A headland :— [Sp. capa, Fr. cape.— See Cap and 
Cope] neck-piece of a cloak. . 
Ca-pell'meis-ter (ka-pel'mis-ter), n. [Ger. for 
"chapel-master."] The director of music at 
court : — kapellmeister. 
Ca'per, n. [L. caper, a goat. — See Capriole.] A 
leap; a prank : — [L. capparis, Gr. /can-n-apt?, Per. 
habar] a plant and its bud; a pickle. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. capering, capered.] To dance ; to leap; to 
_skip. [A sort of writ. 
Ca'pi-as, n. [L. for "thou mayst take."] (Law.) 
Cap-il-la'ceous (kap-il-LVshus), a. [L. capillaceus; 

capilla, a hair.] Hairy. 
Cap-il-lar'i-ty, //. Quality of being capillary. 
Cap'il-la-ry, or Ca-pil'la-ry, a. [L. cap Maris ; ca- 
pilla, a hair, which is akin to caput, '■,!/, Uis, the 
head.] Long and slender, like a hair; small; 
minute. — Capillary attraction causes the rising of 
fluids above the level in minute vessels, and of 
sap in_vegetables.— 2, ». A small blood-vessel. 
Cap-il-lose', a. [L. capillosus ; capilla, a hair.] 

Hairy. 
Cap'i-tal, a. [L. capitalis; caput, capitis, the head; 
the latter akin to Ger. haupt, E. head.] Relating 
to the head; affecting the head or life:— chief : 
—large :— excellent.— Capital crime, a crime pun- 
ished by death.— Capita? punishment, a punish- 
ment that takes away life.— 2, ». [L. capitellum 
or capihdum, the top of a column.] The upper 
part of a column :— the chief town or city :— 
principal sum ; the stock of a bank, a company, 
tradesman, ivc.:— a large letter. 
Cap'i-tal-ist, n. One who has a capital. 
Cap-i-tal-i-za'tion, n. The act of capitalizing or 
converting into capital :— the employment of 
capital letters. 
Cap'i-tal-ize, v. a. [pp. capitalizing, capitalized.] 

To convert into capital :— to print in capitals. 
Cap'j-taMy, ad. In a capital manner ; chiefly. 
Cap-i-ta'tion, n. [L. capitatio ; caput, ahead.] Nu- 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use— g, Q, c, g, soft; p, ja, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz 



meration by heads : — taxation on each indi- 
vidual; poll-tax. [principal public edifice. 

Cap'i-tol, u. [L. capitolinm ; caput, the head.] A 

Ca-pit'u-lar, I n. [Late L. cupitulure, a writing 

Ca-pit'u-la-ry, j in chapters, or heads.] A stat- 
ute ; a body of statutes : — a member of a chap- 
ter. — 2, o. [L. capihdum, a chapter, dim. of 
0(pul, a heading.] Relating to a chapter. 

Ca-pit'ii-late, v. n. [Late L. capituluri, capitulatus, 
to arrange terms or heads of agreement.] [pp. 
capitulating, capitulated.] To yield on ceitain 
stipulations; to surrender by treaty. 

Ca-pit-u-la'tion, n. [Late L. capitulatio.] Act of 
capitulating'; surrender :— reduction into heads. 

Ca-pi'vi (ka-pe've), n. Lalsam. See Copaiba. 

Ca'pon (ka'pn), n. [L. cupo, Gr. Ko-muv. — (_'f. Gr. 
Korrrecv, to cut; Slavic, skopiti, to castrate.] A 
castrated cock. [change into a capon. 

Ca'pon-ize, v. a. [pp. caponiziug, caponized.] To 

Caponniere (kap-o-ner'), n. [Fr.] {Fort.} A 
covered lodgement, with a littie parapet. 

Cap'-pa-per, )/. Coarse paper :— foolscap. 

Capriccio (ka-pret'cho), )/. [It.] (Mus.) A loose, 
irregular species of composition. 

Ca-price', n. [Fr. caprice, It. cappriccio ; probably 
from L. caper, capra, a goat ; some take it from 
It. capo, head, and riccio, bristling; bristling hair 
being regarded as a sign of strong emotions; 
riccio also means a hedgehog; L. ericeua.] A 
sudden start of the mind ; freak ; fancy ; v> him. 

Ca-pri"cious (ka-prish'us), a. Apt to change; 
changeable; fickle; whimsical. 

Ca-pri"cious-ly, ad. Whimsically. 

Ca-pri"cious-ngss (ka-prish'us-nc-s), n. Quality 
of being capricious ; caprice. 

Cap'ri-cbrn, n. [L. capricurnus; caper, a goat, and 
coruu, a horn.] The tenth sign of the zodiac, 
which the sun enters about December 21. 

Cap-ri-61e\ ». [Fr. cabriole, from It. capriolo, a 
kid, capriol i, a kid's leaping; cajniolare, to caper; 
L. cwpreolua, a wild goat.] A leap made by a 
horse without advancing :— dance. 

Cap'si-cum, n. [Neo-Latin ; L. capsa, a pod, or Gr. 
KaTrVeii/, to bite.] The red pepper, or its fruit. 

Cap-size', v. a. & v. n. [Cf. Sp. capuzar, to sub- 
merge.] [pp. capsizing, capsized.] To over- 
turn ; to upset. 

Cap'stan, n. [Sp. cabrestante, 
for cidira, goat, or engine, 
esUtnte, standing, or upright; 
Fr. cabestan.] [Naut.) A ma- 
chine employed in ships to 
weigh anchors, and to draw 
up any great weight : — called 
also capatern. Capstan. 

Cap'su-lar, \ a. Relating to a capsule; hollow, 

Cap'su-la-ry, J as a chest. 

Cap'su-late, or Cap'su-lat-ed, a. Enclosed. 

Cap'sule, n. [L. capsula, dim. of capsa, a case, a 
pod.] (Bot.) The seed-vessel of a plant.— (Anat.) 
A membranous sac. 

Cap' tain (kap'tjn), n. [Fr. capitaine, It. capitano; 
L. capitaneus, chief, from caput, a head.] The 
commander of a ship, of a troop of horse, or of a 
company of foot. 

cP'tainSp. j "■ The P° st or office of a ca P tain - 

Cap'tion, ». [Ij. captio, a seizure, from caprrr, to 
take.] The act of taking a person by judicial 
process; a seizure; an arrest :— [badly formed 
from L. caput, the head] the heading of a page 
or chapter (in the last sense scarcely in good use). 

Cap'tious (kap'shus), a. [L. captios'ns ; capture, to 
snatch, frequentative of capere, caiilum, to take.] 
Apt to cavil; fault-finding. 

Cap'tious-ly, ad. In a captious manner. 

Cap'tious-ness, n. Inclination to find fault. 

Cap'ti-vate, v. a. [L. captirare, captiualus, to take 
captive; captivus, a captive: capere. cap turn, to 
take.] [pp. captivating, captivated.] To take 
prisoner : — to charm : to fascinate. 

this. 




CAPTIVATING 



128 



CAREEN 



Cap'ti-vat-ing, o. Tending to captivate or charm ; 
fascinating. 

Cap-ti-va'tion, re. The act of captivating; charm. 

Cap'tive, re. [L. captious (n. & a.), captive. — See 
Captivate.] One taken in war; a prisoner. — 
2, a. Made prisoner; taken by force. 

Cap-tiv'i-ty, ii- State of a captive ; bondage. 

Cap'tor, n. [L.] One who takes prisoners, &c. 

Capt'ure (kapt'yur), re. [Fr. capture; L. captura; 
capere, captura, to take.] Act of taking : — a prize. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. capturing, captured.] To take 
as a prize. 

Syn. — Capture of an enemy ; seizure of property ; 
a rich prize. 

Cap-u-chin' (kap-yu-shen'), n. [It. cappucino, a 
cowl, a capuchin friar ; dim. of cappuccio, a cowl, 
itself an augmented form of cappa, a cape, a 
hood. — See Cape.] A Franciscan friar or nun : 
— a garment : — a pigeon. 

Cap-y.-ba'ra, or Cap-y-ba'ra, n. [Guarani, capi- 
u-bara, " he of the water-grass," or rushes ; capi, 
grass, u, water, ba, of the, ra, he.] A South 
American rodent resembling the guinea-pig, but 
in size equalling a small swine. 

Car, n. [O. Fr. car, Fr. char, L. carrus, Ger. harre, 
Celt, car, karr. — Cf. L. currus, a chariot ; Skr. 
char, to move.] A cart; a vehicle or carriage 
used on a railroad :— a chariot of war :— a con- 
stellation ; the Great Bear. 

Car'a-bine (kar'a-bin, St. I. K.], re. [Fr.] A fire- 
arm ; a carbine. 

Car-a-bi-neer', re. One armed with a carabine. 

Car'ac, «. [See Carrack.] A large Spanish ship. 

Car'a-cal, n. [Turk, karah, black, and kulak, ear.] 
A kind of lynx. 

Car'a-cole, re. [Fr. caracole, a gambol, a half-turu ; 
Sp. caracol, a snail, a turning ; Gael, car, or ca- 
rach, a turn.] An oblique tread of a horse. — 
2, v. n. [pp. caracoling, caracoled.] To move in 
caracoles. 

Car'afe, n. [Fr. carafe; It. caraffa; Ger. karaffe ; 
Per. karaba, a flagon, a carboy ; Arab, garafa, to 
draw, as water.] A bottle for water or wine. 

Car-a-gheen', n. [Irish for "rock-moss."] A 
kind of sea-moss; Irish moss. 

Car'a-mel, re. [Fr. caramel, Sp. caramelo ; Arab. 
kora, a ball, or Gr. Kapvov, a nut, and Gr. yu.e'Ai, 
L. mel, honey,] A confection : — burnt sugar. 

Car-a-pace', re. [Catalan, carabassa, a calabash 
(q.'v.); but as applied to a tortoise it maybe 
connected with Sp. galdpago, a tortoise. — Cf. 
Gr. Kapafios, L. carabus, a crab, a beetle. — See 
Crab.] The upper shell, as of a tortoise or a crab. 

Car'at, re. [Arab, qirat, a kind of bean used as a 
weight ; Gr. Kepdnov, dim. of /cepas, /ceparos, a 
horn.] A weight of four grains, with which 
diamonds are weighed : — unit of fineness for gold. 

Car-a-van' (or kar'a-van), ». [Per. karwan.] A 
body of travelling merchants or pilgrims : — a 
large carriage. 

Car-a-van'sa-ry, n. [Per. karwan, a caravan, and 
sar'ai, an inn.] A kind of inn in the East. 

Car'a-vel, n. [Sp. carabela, Fr. caravelle, Gr. *ca- 
papos, a kind of ship. — Cf. L. carabus, a boat of 
skins.] A light ship or vessel. 

Car'a-way, re. [L. careunt, Gr. icdpov, Fr. carvi, 
Sp. dlcarahueya, Arab. karwiyaya.] A plant and 
its spicy seed. [carburet. 

Car'blde, n. [From carbon, on type of oxide.] A 

Car'blne, or Car-bine', n. [Fr. carabine, 0. Fr. 
calabrien, calabrin, in which form, as in 0. E , it 
designated a soldier rather than a weapon ; 0. Kr. 
calabre was a war-engine ; probably connected in 
idea with Fr. coideuvre, 0. E. culver, a serpent 
(see Culverin), in the sense of a piece of can- 
non ; it is said to represent also Late L. chada- 
bula, a catapult (q. v.), and the Gr. /carajSaAAeiv, 
to overthrow.] A small fire-arm. 

Car-bin-eer', n. Same as Carabineer. 

Car-bol'ic, a. [Carbon, and L. oleum, oil.] Noting 
an antiseptic acid. 



Car'bon [kaVbun, H. 27/.], n. [L. carbo, carbonis, 
a coal, charcoal ; Aryan root kar, to burn.] 
(Cliem.) The pure base of charcoal. 

Car-bo-na'ceous, a. Containing carbon. 

Car-bo-na'ri, n. pi. [It.] Colliers: — radical re- 
formers in Italy. 

Car'bon-ate, n. (Chem.) A substance formed by 
the union of carbonic acid with a base. 

Car-bon'ic, a. Relating to, or containing, carbon; 
as, carbonic acid gas. 

Car-bo-nif'er-ous, a. Affording coal. 

Car'bon-ize, v. a. [pp. carbonizing, carbonized.] 
To char; to convert into charcoal. 

Car'boy, n. [Per. karaba, a flagon ; Arab, qirbah, 
a water-skin.] A large glass bottle. 

Car'bun-cle (kar'bung-kl), re. [L. carbunculus, 
dim. of carbo, a coal.] A beautiful gem or pre- 
cious stone : — a hard, inflammatory tumor. 

Car'bu-ret, re. (Chem.) A compound of carbon 
and some metallic or other simple substance. 

Car'ca-net, n. [Dim. of Fr. carcan, a collar; Bre- 
ton, kerchen, the breast; Icel. querk, the throat.] 
A chain or collar of jewels. 

Car'cass, n. [Fr. carcasse, a body ; carquois, a 
quiver; It. carcassa, a shell, bomb; carcasso, a 
quiver, a hulk ; Per. tarkash, Late L. tarcasius, a 
quiver.] A dead body of any animal ; the human 
body, in contempt : — a bomb. 

Car-cj-no'ma, re. [Gr. /capxiVcojuta, or Kap/ctVo?, a 
crab, a cancer; Skr. karkas, a crab.] A malig- 
nant tumor ; a cancer. 

Car-ci-nom'a-tous, a. Cancerous. 

Card, n. [L. carta, Gr. xdprr], Fr. carte, paper.] A 
small square piece of pasteboard tised for pur- 
poses of business, civility, or playing at games : 
— a note ; a message of civility ; a billet : — [L. 
carduvs, a thistle or teasel ; carere, to card] an 
instrument for combing wool : — a paper contain- 
ing the points of the compass. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
carding, cardpd.] To comb; to open, as wool. — 
3, v. n. To play at cards ; to game. 

Car'da-mom, n. [L. cardamornum, Gr. KapSa/uto- 
p.ov. — Cf. Gr. KapSap.ov, cress ; dp.iDp.ov, a kind 
of balsam; Kiwdpiapov, cinnamon (q. v.).] A 
medicinal, aromatic seed. 

Card' -board, n. A kind of pasteboard. 

Car'di-ac, \ a. [L. cardiacvs, Gr. KapSiaicos ; 

Car-di'a-cal, J KapSta, the heart (q. v.).] Relating 
to the'heart : — cordial ; strengthening. 

Car'di-nal, n. A dignitary in the Catholic church, 
next in rank to the pope : — a cloak. — 2, a. [h. 
cardinalis, from cardo, a hinge, that on which a 
thing turns.] Chief; principal. — Cardinal num- 
bers, one, two, three, &c, in distinction from the 
ordinal numbers, first, second, third, &c. — Car- 
dinal virtues (with the ancients), prudence, tem- 
perance, justice, and fortitude. — Cardinal points, 
north, south, east, and west. — Cardinal sig)is, 
Aries, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn. 

Car'di-nal-ate, \n. The office or rank of a car- 

Car'di-nal-ship, j dinal. 

Car'di-nal-bird, n. [Named from its color, which 
resembles the "purple" (in reality a scarlet or 
"cardinal red") of a cardinal's vestments.] A 
fine red bird. [flower. 

Car'di-nal-flb^-er, re. A handsome red wild 

Car'di-Si'd, n. [Gr. Kap8io<riS>js, heart-shaped; 
/capita, the heart.] An algebraic curve. 

Car-d66n\ ?/. [Sp. cardon, a thistle; L. carduus.] 
An esculent vegetable. 

Care, n. [A.-S. cam, cearu, care, sorrow; Goth. 
kara, sorrow; not connected with L. cura, care.] 
Solicitude ; anxiety ; caution : — charge. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. caring, cared.] To be anxious; to be in- 
clined. 

Syn. — Care for business; care for the flock; 
charge of youth. — Solicitude or concern for what 
is in danger; anxiety for what is in great danger. 
— Take care; give heed; use caution. 

Ca-reen', v. a. [Fr. carene, L. carina, a keel; Fr. 
'cartner, to careen.— Cf. E. to keel over.] [pp. 



0. u, y, 



long ; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



CAREENAGE 



129 



CARPET 



careening, careened.] (Xavt.) To lay a vessel 
on one side, iu order to calk and repair the other. 
— 2, v. n. To lie on one side. 

Ca-reen'af e, n. A place for careening ships : — the 
act or the expense of careening. 

Care'ful, a. Full of care ; provident ; cautious. 

Care'ful-ly., ad. Heedfully; providently. 

Care'ful-ness, ». Vigilance ; anxiety ; care. 

Care'less, a. Having no care ; heedless; inatten- 
tive; remiss; negligent; cursory. 

Care'less-ly. ad. In a careless manner. 

Care'less-ness, n. The hahit of being careless. 

Ca-re'nage, n. [Fr. curettage.] See Careenage. 

Ca-reer', n. [Fr. carriere, a race-course, a road. — 
'See Car and Carry.] A course ; a race ; a pro- 
cedure. — 2, v. n. [pp. careering, careered.*] To 
run with swift motion. 

Ca-ress', v. a. [Fr. caresser; L. cants, beloved.] 
'[pp. caressing, caressed.] To treat with fond- 
ness; to fondle. — 2, n. [Fr. caresse.] An act of 
endearmenr. 

Ca'ret, n. [L. for "there is wanting;" carere, to 
lack.] This mark [•*], which shows where some- 
thing interlined should be read. 

Care'worn, a. Burdened with care. 

Car'g5, n. ; pi. Car'goes. [Sp. cargo, carga; car- 
gar, to load, to charge (q. v.).] The lading of a 
ship or merchant-vessel ; freight ; burden. 

Car'i-bou, or Car'i-boo, n. [Said to be Fr. cerf- 
boeuf, "bull-stag;'' about Manila the buffalo is 
called carabao; the word is probably, however, of 
North American origin.] The American reindeer. 

Car'i-ca-ture, n. [It. caricatura, from caricare, to 
load, 'to charge; used with the idea of some- 
thing overloaded or exaggerated. — See Charge.] 
An overcharged and ludicrous likeness of a per- 
son or a thing. [tured.] To burlesque. 

Car-i-ca-ture', v. a. [pp. caricaturing, carica- 

Car-i-ca-tii'rist, n. One who caricatures. 

Ca'ri-es, n. [L. for "rottenness."] Rottenness 
of 'a bone. [Shaped like a keel. 

Car'i-nat-ed, a. [L. carinatus, from carina, a keel.J 

Car'i-ole (or kari-al, H.], n. [Fr. ; It. carriuobi, 
dim. of carro ; L. carrus, a car (q. v.).] A light 
one-horse carriage. 

Ca-ri-os'i-ty, n. Ulceration of a bone. 

Ca'ri-oiis, a. [L. cariosus, from caries (q. v.).] 
Rotten ; ulcerated, as a bone. 

Cark. n. [Norman Fr. hark, cargo, charge (q. v.). 
— Cf. Kymric karg, burden, care, anxiety.] 
Anxiety; worriment. 

Cark'ing, a. Perplexing; wearing. 

Carle, n. [A.-S. carl, male; Sw. karl, a man ; A.-S. 
ceorl, a freeman, a churl.] A churl : — [literally, 
male hemp, from its size] a kind of hemp. 

CaVlings, j/. pi. Fr. escarlingue, carlingtte, a beam ; 
Sp. carlinga.] Timbers lying fore and aft to 
fortify the smaller beams of a ship. 

Car-lo-vln'gi-an, a. Relating to or descended 
from Charlemagne. [car. 

Car'man, n. ; pi. Car'men. A man who drives a 

Car'mel-ite. n. [The order is dedicated to Our 
Lady of Mount Carmel.] One of a certain order 
of friars or nuns. 

Car-min'a-tive, n. [L. carminare, to card wool ; 
hence, to expel foreign elements; or possibly L. 
carmen, carminis, a song, a charm , still other ex- 
planations are given.] Medicine to dispel wind. 
— 2, a. Expelling wind. 

Car'mine, or Car-mine', n. [Sp. carmin, from cdr- 
mes, kermes.— See Crimson and Kermes.] A 
bright red or crimson color, paint, or pigment, 

Car'nage, n, [Fr. carnage; L. caro, earn is, flesh.] 
Slaughter; massacre; butchery. 

S/ju. — Dreadful carnage ; destructive slaughter; 
treacherous massacre ; horrid butcher//. 

Car'nal, a. [L. carnalis; caro, carnis, flesh.] 
Fleshly; not spiritual ; lustful. [suality. 

Car-nal'i-ty, n. [L. carnalilas.] Fleshly lust ; sen- 

Car'nal-ly, ad. In a carnal manner. 

Car-nas'si-al, a. Adapted for eating flesh. 



mien, sir; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use. — £, 
i 



Carnassier (kar-nas'ser or kar-nas-se-Ii), a. & n 
[Fr. ; Late L. caruacerius, an executioner.] Not- 
ing animals that live exclusively on flesh. 

Car-na'tion, ?j. [Fr. carnation, It. carnagione ; 
from L. caro, carnis, flesh.] A flesh-color : — a 
fine flower, a variety of the pink. 

Car-nel'ian (kar-nel'yan), >t. [Also written cor- 
nelian; Fr. cornaline; from L. cornu, a horn, 
from its horny look; influenced by L. carneus, 
fleshy, from its color.] (JSftu.) A red or flesh- 
colored precious stone ; a species of chalcedony. 

Car'ne-oiis, a. [L. carneus, fleshy ; caro, carnis, 
flesh.] Fleshy ; fat ; carnal. 

Car'ni-val, n. [Popularly derived from L. caro, 
carnis, flesh, and vule, farewell ; but in reality it 
represents L. camis levamen, a solace of the body ; 
it has, however, been shaped strictly by the pop- 
ular etymology.] A season of festivity before 
Lent : — revelry and feasting. 

Car-niv'o-ra, n. pi. [L.] The flesh-eating animals. 

Car'ni-vore. n. A flesh-eating animal ; a zobph- 
agan; a sarcophagan ; a carnassier. 

Car-niv'o-rous, «. [L. carnivorus; caro, carnis, 
flesh, and vorare, to eat. J Feeding on flesh. 

Car'ob, n. [Arab. kluu-rub.] A tree and its pod. 

Car'ol, n. [0. Fr. curole, a song, carol, or dance ; 
Breton, koroll, Manx, carval, Cornish \- Welsh, 
carol; Gael. carrull, harmony ; Celt, ear, a turn.] 
A song of exultation ; hymn ; a lay. — 2, p. n. 
[pp. carolling, carolled.] To sing; to warble. — 
3, e. a. To celebrate in song. 

Car'om, \ v. n. [Shortened for carambole ; Fr. 

Car'rom, J caramboler.] [pp. caroming, caromed.] 
To strike together, as billiard-balls.— 2, n. [Fr. 
carambole, carambolage ; Sp. carambola.] A colli- 
sion of two or more balls in billiards. 

Car'o-mel, n. [See Caramel.] Sugar melted till 
it acquires a brown color; caramel. 

Ca-rot'id, a. [Gr. pi. Kapaj7i6e? ; Kapo?, torpor, 
sleep; napoew, to stupefy, because heavy sleep 
was supposed to follow an increase of blood to 
the head; others derive the Gr. /captortSe? from 
•copa, the head, and ous, tiros, the ear.] A term 
applied to two arteries.— 2, n. One of two ar- 
teries of the neck, which convev the blood to 
the head, 

Ca-rou'sal, «. [From Carouse.] A bacchanalian 
festival; a revelling; a canmse :— [Fr. carrousel, 

' a tilt; Ital. caroselh, garosello : from gara. con- 
tention. — Cf. yue-n-a, war] a military pageant. 

Ca-rSu§e', a. n. [Ger. garaus, end. finishing stroke; 
gar, completely, aus, out; formerly a drinking- 
cry.] [pp. carousing, caroused.] To drink 
hard ; to revel.— 2, n. A noisy drinking-match. 

Carp, n. [Sw. Imp, Icel. 
Jcahfi, Ger. harp/en. 
Found in the Teuton- 
ic and Celtic lan- 
guages.] A pond or 
fresh-water fish. — 2, 
v. n. & v. a. [L. car- 
pere, to pluck, to slan- 
der. In the obsolete 
sense of "to speak" 
or "to talk" it is allied to Norse larpa, to boast.] 
[pp. carping, carped.] To find fault; to cavil. 

Car'pal. a. [See Carpus.] Pertaining to the wrist. 

Car'pel. n. [Neo-L. carpellum ; Gr. Kapiros, fruit ; 
this' seems allied to L. carpere, to pluck, to 
gather.] (Bot.) One of the parts of a compound 
pistil, fruit, or seed-vessel. 

Car'pel-la-ry, a. Relating to carpels. 

Car'pen-ter, n. [Fr. charpentier ; L. carpentorius, 
a wagon-maker ; carpentvm, a wagon.— Cf. Celtic 
carbad, a carriage or litter ; L. corbl% Celt, carb, 
a basket.] A builder of houses. 

Car'pen-try, v. The trade or art of a carpenter. 

Car'pet, n. [Fr. carpette; Late L. carpeta, thick 
cloth ; L. carpere, carptum. to pluck, to card, as 
wool.] A cloth covering for the floor. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. carpeting, carpeted.] To spread with carpets. 

9. 5. £> soft; p, £, p, §, liard; s as z ; ? as gz ; tnis. 




Carp. 



CAKPET-BAG 



130 



CASK 



Car'pet-bag, n. A hand satchel. 

Car'pet-ing, n. Materials for carpets. 

Car'pet-knight (-nit), n. A soldier of untried 
valor or of no repute for courage. 

Carp'ing. p. a. Captious; censorious. — 2, n. Act 
of cavilling ; censure. 

Car'pus, n. [Late L. ; Gr. Acap^o?.] The wrist. 

Car'rack, n. [Late L. carraca; allied to L. carrus, 
a car, and E. carry.] A ship for freights. (Antiq.) 

Car-ra'ra, a. [From Carrara, in Italy.] .Noting 
a white marble used for statuary. 

Car'riage (kar'rjj), u. [0. Fr. cariage, Fr. char- 
riage, cart;;ge ; in Eng. at first a verbal noun from 
Carry. — Cf. L. carruca, Gr. K.apov\a, a carriage.] 
Act of carrying; conveyance :— a vehicle with 
wheels: — behavior; conduct; deportment. 

Car'ria£e-a-ble, a. Passable for a carriage. 

Car'ri-er, ». One who carries. 

Car'rj-on [kar'yun, A".], n. [0. Fr. caroigne, Fr. 
charogne, Sp. carofla ; L. caro, camis, flesh.] 
Putrefying flesh. — 2, «. Relating to or feeding 
on carcasses. [short piece of ordnance. 

Car-ron-ade'. «. [From Catron, in Scotland.] A 

Car'rot, n. [L. carota; Gr. xaptoTov.] An esculent 
garden vegetable. 

Car'rot-y, a. Like carrots; reddish. 

Car'ry, v. a. [0. Fr. carter, Fr. charier, to cart. 
— Cf. Car, Chariot.] [pp. 'carrying, carried.] 
To convey; to transport; to bear: — to effect: — 
to gain :— to behave. — 2, ». «. To convey ; to 
transport. — 3, n. A portage, or place where it 
is necessary for travellers to carry their canoes. 

Car'ry-all, n. [For cariole.] A light four-wheeled 
carriage. 

Car'ry-ing-trade, n. Commerce between two 
countries carried on in ships of a third country. 

Cart, ». [0. Fr. curette; Fr. charrette (dim. of char, 
a car); Irish, cairt; W. cart. — See Car, Chariot.] 
A carriage for burden, with two wheels.— 2, v. a. 
[pp. carting, carted.] To carry in a cart. — 3, v. n. 
To use carts for carriage. 

Cart' age, n. The act of carting, or charge for it. 

Carte (kart), n. [Fr., a card, q. v.] A bill of fare : 
— [Fr. quaite, L. quartus, fourth; it is the fourth 
position in fencing] a kind of thrust and parry. 

Carte-blanche' (kart-blansh'), n. [Fr. for "white 
paper."] A blank paper intrusted to a person, to 
be filled up as he pleases : — unconditional terms. 

Gar-tel' (kar-teF or kai'tel), n. [Fr. cartel; It. cai- 
tello ; L. chartula, dim. of charta, a paper.] An 
agreement between two states at war, relative 
to the exchange of prisoners : — a ship for ex- 
changing prisoners : — a challenge. 

Car-te'§ian (kar-te'zhan), «. Relating to Des- 
cartes, or to his philosophy. 

Car-thu'§ian (kar-thu'zhan), n. A monk of the 
Cliartreux. — 2, a. Relating to monks so called. 

Car'ti-lage, n. [L. cartilago, gristle.] An elastic 
substance ; gristle. [ing of cartilage. 

Car-ti-lag'i-nous, a. [L. cartilaginosus.] Consist- 

Car-tog'ra-'pher, n. A maker of maps. 

Car-tog'ra-phy, n. [L. charta (later carta), a paper 
"(chart) ;' Gr. x° L P Tr l'>^ aU( i ypa(j>en>, to write.] The 
construction of maps. 

Car-t36n', n. [Fr. & Sp. carton, It. cartone, paste- 
board, augmented forms of Fr. carte, Sp. & It, 
carta, paper.] A sketch or pattern for tapestry; 
a painting or drawing on large paper. 

Car-touche (kar-tCch'), n. [Fr. cartouche, It. car- 
tuccia, cartoccio.— See Card.] A case to hold 
musket-balls and powder; a portable box for 
cartridges : — a wooden bomb filled with shot : 
—a discharge given a soldier.— (Arch.) A modil- 
lion ; a cornice : — a carved ornament. 

CaVtridge, n. [Corrupted form of cartouche.'] A 
case filled with ammunition : — a charge of pow- 
der in a case. 

Car'tridge-box, n. A box for cartridges. 

Cart'u-la-ry, n. [Late L. cartnlarium or charlula- 
riiim; charta, a paper ; chartula, a document.] A 
book of records : — [Late L. cartularius] a recorder. 



Cart' -wright (kart'rlt), n. A maker of carts. 

Car'un-cle, n. [L. caruncnla, dim. of euro, flesh.] 
A protuberance of flesh. 

Ca-run'cu-lar, a. Relating to a caruncle. 

Carve, v. a. [0. E. kerven; A.-S. ceorfan; Ger. 
kerben ; Dut. kerven.] [i. carved; pp. carving, 
carved or carven.] To cut matter into elegant 
forms ; to sculpture : — to cut meat at the table. 
— 2, v. n. To cut stone or meat. 

Car'vel, n. Same as Caravel. 

Carv'er, n. One who carves ; a sculptor. 

Carv'ing, n. The act of a carver; sculpture. 

Car-y-a te§, n. pi. See Caryatides. 

Car-y-at'i-de§, n. pi. [L., for Gr. KapvdriSe?, lit- 
erally, "women of Carya?," a town in Laconia.] 
{Arch.) Figures of women, used instead of col- 
umns. 

Cas'ca-bel, n. [Sp. ; from L. scabellmn, a stool, a 
toe-castanet ; dim. of scammtm, a stool.] The 
knob of a cannon. 

Cas-cade' [kas'kf.d, Co. D.~], n. [Fr, cascade; It. 
cascata, part, of cuscare, to fall ; L. cusare, cas- 
sure, to waver ; cuclere, casum, to fall.] A small 
cataract ; a waterfall. 

Cas-ca-ril'la, n. [Sp., dim. of cascara, bark.— Cf. 
casca, bark; casco, a potsherd; cascar, to break. 
— Cf. Cashier and Quash.] A medicinal bark. 

Case, n. [Fr. casse ; L. capsa, a chest, from cupere, 
to receive.] A box ; a sheath ; a cover : — [Fr. cus, 
L. ca.svs, a fall, a lot; cuclere, casus, to fall] condi- 
tion ; circumstance ; state : — a cause in court : — 
the frame containing a printer's types : — an in- 
flection of nouns.— 2, v. a. [pp. casing, cased.] 
To put in a case ; to encase. 

Case'hard-en (kas'har-dn), v. a. [pp. casebar- 
dening, casehardened.] To harden on the out- 
side, as iron, or to convert the outside of iron 
into steel. [ous principle of cheese. 

Ca'se-ine, n. [L. caseus, cheese.] The nitrogen- 

Case ? -knife (kiis'nif), «. [So called because for- 
merly kept in a case or sheath.] A table-knife. 

Case'mate, n. [Fr. casemate ; It. casumalla ; Sp. 
casamata; probably casa, a house, and malar, to 
kill; since the besiegers were assailed from it.] 
A vault : — a casement. 

Ca§e'ment (kaz'ment or kas'ment), n. [From case, 
a frame.] (Arch.) A part of a window opening 
upon hinges : — a moulding. 

Ca'se-ous (ka'se-us or ku'she-us), a. [L. caseus, 
cheese.] Resembling cheese. 

Case' -shot, n. Iron or bullets enclosed in a case. 

Cash, n. [Fr. came, a case, or chest ; L. capsa, a 
box. — See Case.] Money; ready money; coin: 
— applied also to bank-notes :— a Chinese copper 
coin pertorated for stringing, and worth scarcely 
one-sixth of a cent. — 2, v. a. [pp. cashing, 
cashed.] To pay money for; to turn into money. 

Cash'-book (-buk), n. A book in which accounts 
of receiving and payiug money are kept. 

Ca-shew'-tree (ka-shii'tre), n. [Kative Tupi name, 
cussn, acajou, &c. ; oca, a branch, jv, a berry.] A 
"West-Indian tree which bears the cashew-nut : — 
called also the acajou or acqjaiba. 

Ca-shier' (ka-sher'), n. [From Cash ; Fr. caigsier.] 
"One who has charge of the money in a bank, &c. 
— 2, ?;. a. [Ger. cassiren, Fr. casser, to break, 
also to discharge; in the sense of "to break*' it 
represents L. gtiassare, to quash ; in the sense of 
"to discharge" it stands for L. cassvs, empty, 
cassare, to annul.] [pp. cashiering, cashiered.] 
To discard :— to dismiss from a post or an office : 
—to break. 

Cash'mere, or Cash-mere', n. A shawl made of 
the finest wool of the Cashmere goat. 

Cash'me-ret, n. A fabric resembling cashmere, 
used for ladies' dresses. 

Cas'ing, n. The act of covering :— a covering. 

Ca-si'no, n. [It., dim. of casa, a house.] A build- 
ing for social amusements. 

Cask, n. [Sp. casco, a shell, a cask ; origin dis- 
puted.] A hollow wooden vessel. 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a., e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



CASKET 



131 



CATALYTIC 



A large 




Cassowary. 



Cas'ket, re. [Fr. casquelte, a cap, dim. of casque ; 
but the E. casket in meaning corresponds with 
the Fr. cassette.] A small box for jewels : — a 
coffin :— a small rope for fastening a sail. 

Casque (kask), re. [Fr. casque, Sp. casco, a cask, a 
helmet.] A helmet; armor for the head. 

Cas-sa'da, or Cas'sa-da, re. See Cassava. 

Cas-sa'tion, re. [L. cassare, cassation, to annul; 
cassus, empty, vain.] Reversal of a sentence. 

Cas-sa'va, or Cas'sa-va [kas-sa'va, St. R. ; kas- 
sa'va or kas-sa'va, J.], re. [Sp. casabe; native 
Haytian, k'asabi.] ' The plant whose root yields 
tapioca ; also, a flour prepared from its root. 

Cas'si-a (kash'she-a), re. [L. cccsia, cassia; Gr. 
<aa La. ; Heb. qetsiah; qatsa, to cut.] A sweet 
spice : — a tree. 

Cas' si-mere [kaz'i-mer or kaz'i-mer, H.], n. [Fr. 
cassimir. — Same as Cashmere.] A thin woollen 
cloth : — written also kerseymere. 

Cas' sock, re. [Fr. casaque ; It. cassacca, from casa, 
a house, a shelter; L. casa, a cottage.] A long 
garment of a priest. 

Cas'so-wa-ry, re. [Malay, kasuwa7-is.] 

bird much like an ostrich. 
Cast, v. a. [Norse, kasta, 
to throw ; kostr, a heap.] 
[i. cast; pp. casting, 
cast.] To throw; to 
fling; to send; to scat- 
ter : — to condemn : — to 
compute ; to contrive : — 
to shed : — to found : — to 
bring forth abortively. — 
2, v. n. To grow into a 
form ; to warp. — 3, n. A 
throw ; a casting : — a 
mould ; a shape : — a shade 
of color; air or mien : — a stroke or touch : — a 
glance of the eye : — an assignment of parts. 

Cas'ta-net, n. [Sp. caxtafteta; Sp. castafta, L. cas- 
tanea, Gr. k6.o-to.vov, a chestnut; said to be 
named from the sound, which resembles the 
snapping of chestnuts in the fire.] A smafl 
shell of ivory or hard wood, which stage-dancers 
rattle. 

Cast'a-way, re. A person lost or abandoned. 

Caste', re. [Port, casta, breed; L. cast/is, pure, 
chaste.] A distinct, hereditary class of people. 

Cas'tei-lan, n. [Late L. caslelUoms ; custellum, a 
castle.] The governor of a castle. 

Cas'tel-la-ny, re. The lordship of a castle. 

Cas'tel-lat-ed, a. Formed like a castle. 

Cast'er, re. One who casts : — a vial ; a small wheel. 

Cast'ers, re. pi. A frame for holding bottles. 

Cas'ti-gate, v. a. [L. casligare, castigatus, to chas- 
ten'; castas, chaste, pure.] [pp. castigating, cas- 
tigated.] To chastise ; to correct, [correciion. 

Cas-ti-ga'tion, re. [L. castigatio.] Punishment; 

Cas'ti-ga-tor, re. [L.] One who corrects. 

Cas'ti-ga-to-ry, a. [L. castigatorius.] Punitive; 
corrective. 

Cas-tile'-soap. n. Olive-oil soap. 

C&st'ing, n. The act of throwing, casting, or 
founding; a vessel or thing cast. 

Cast'ing-vote, u. The vote given by a presiding 
officer when the other votes are equally divided. 

Cast-Ir'on (-i'urn), re. Iron moulded in a foundry. 

Cas' tie (kas'sli, n. [L. castellum, dim. of castrnm, 
a camp.] A fortified house or mansion; a for- 
tress : — a piece in the game of chess ; rook. — 
2, v. a. [pp. castling, castled.] (Chess.) To 
cover the king with a castle, by a move. 

Cas'tled (kas'sld), a. Furnished with castles. 

Cas'tle-guard (-gard), re. A feudal tenure. 

Cas' tor, n. [L. ; Gr. k6o-tu>p ; Skr. htstiui, Malay 
kasiuri, musk; Per. khaz, a beaver.— Cf. khazidan, 
to creep, which might give khaztar, a creeper.] 
A beaver : — one of the Twins, or Gemini (Castor 
and Pollux): — a wheel or trundle: — a heavy 
woollen cloth. 

Cas'tor-bil, re. Oil from seed of the Pahna Christi. 



! Cas-tra-me-ta'tion, re. [L. castra, a camp, and 
melir'i, to'measure, to lay out.] The act of form- 
ing camps. 

Cas'trate, v. a. [L. castrare, castration. — Cf. Skr. 
Castra, a knife.] [pp. castrating, castrated.] To 
emasculate ; to geld. [trating. 

Cas-tra'tion, re. [L. castratio.] The act of cas- 

CS.st' -steel, re. Steel fused and cast into bars. 

Cas'u-al (kazh'yu-al), a. [L. casualis; casus, 
chance ; cadere, casum, to fall (as a lot).] Hap- 
pening by chance ; fortuitous ; incidental. 

Cas/u-al-ly, ad. Accidentally. 

Cas'ii-al-ty (kazh'yu-al-te), n. An unforeseen ac- 
cident, or event, or misfortune ; chance. 

Cas'u-ist (kazh'yu-ist), re. [Fr. casuiste; Late L. 
casus conscientipe, a question of conscience.] One 
versed in casuistry; one who settles cases or 
questions of conscience. 

Cas-u-is'ti-cal, «• Relating to casuistry or cases 
of conscience. 

Cas'u-is-try (kazh'vu-Ts-tre), re. The science which 
settles cases or que>tions of conscience. 

Cat, re. [Dut. & Dan. kat; Ger. hater, katze ; Celt, 
cat; Breton, kuz; Russ. lot: Turk. Jcedi ; Arab, qitt; 
Sp. goto; Fr. chat; L. catus, eatta.] A domestic 
feline animal: — a kind of whip: — [Icel. kaU, a 
kind of ship] a coal-ship : — a double tripod. 

Cat'a. A prefix from Gr. Kara, down, through- 
out, against, <fec. Before the sound of h it be- 
comes cath; before a vowel it is often c it. 

Cat-a-ghre'sis, n- ; pi. Cat-a-chre'ses. [Gr. Kara, 
against, xp6.ofj.ai, to use/xpTJo-i?, use.] (Rhet.) 
A harsh metaphor ; abuse of a trope. 

Cat-a-phres'tic, a. [Gr. Kara^preo-TiKos, misusing, 
misused.] Forced; far-fetched. 

Cat'a-clysm, re. [Gr. (caraKAvcr/uds ; Kara, down, 
and kKv^slv, to dash or wash.] A deluge : — a 
shower-bath. 

Cat-a-cly^'mal, a. Pertaining to or characterized 
by a cataclysm. 

Cat'a-comb (-kom), re. ; pi. Cat'a-comb§. [Gr. 
Kara, downward, and kv>/3tj, a hollow. — Cf. Skr. 
foiutbha, a pot.] A subterraneous place for bury- 
ing the dead. 

Cat-a-cbus'tics, re. [See Cata and Acoustics.] 
The science of reflected sounds, or echoes. 

Cat-a-di-op'tric, |«. [Gr. Kara, against, im- 

Cat-a-di-op'tri-cal, j plying reflection, and SiW- 
rpov, a 6py-glass. — See Dioptrics.] Reflecting 
and refracting light. 

Cat-a-falque' (-falk'), re. [Fr. ; Sp. eatafalco ; catar, 
to see, to examine (0. Ger. skala, a spectacle), 
and palco, a stage or scaffold ; palco is the E. balk, 
a beam.] A lofty structure used at state funerals. 

Cat'a-lan, n. A native or inhabitant of Catalonia. 

Cat-a-lec'tic, re. [Gr. (caraAre«Ti>c6s, halting, stop- 
ping; KaraX^yeLV, to cease. j A verse wanting 
one syllable. 

Cat'a-lcp-sy, re. [Gr. KardArj^i?, a seizure ; Kara, 
down, \aixf36vei.v, to seize.] (Med.) A disease 
in which the action of the senses is suspended. 

Cat-a-lep'tic, a. [Gr. /caraAre^TiKos.] Pertaining 
to or affected by catalepsy. 

Cat'a-logue (kat'a-log), re. [Gr. KardAoyos, a list; 
kot6, down, and Aeyeti/, to tell, to reckon.] A 
list of names of persons, or the titles of books, 
&c. — Catalogue raisonnc, a catalogue of books 
classed under the heads of their several subjects. 
— 2, i'. a. [pp. cataloguing, catalogued.] To 
make a list of. 

Ca-tal'pa, n. [Said to be named from the Catawba, 
a river and former Indian tribe of North Caro- 
lina.] (Dot.) A flowering tree. 

Ca-tal'y-sis, n. [Gr. KardAvcris, dissolution ; 
/card, down, and Aveir, to loosen.] Chemical 
action depending on the presence of a substance 
which itself undergoes no change. 

Cat-a-lyt'ic, n. [Gr. KaraAvrtKo?, solvent.] (Med.) 
A medicine which acts by the destruction or 
counteraction of morbid agencies in the blood. — 
2, a. Acting in an unexplained way. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, <}, c, £, soft; p, £, p, § , hard; § as z; 5 as gz ; this. 



CATA1TAKAN 



132 



CATHETER 



katmaran, a raft ; Ma- 




Cat-a-ma-ran', v. [Hind 
lajalaui, kettamaram, j- 
tied timber; ketta, a % 
tie, and maram, tim- 
ber.] (Naut.) A sort 
of raft: — [Cf. Ger. 
hatze, a cat ; also a bag, 
or crone ; but catama- 
ran is said to bave 
once meant a fire-raft 
or fire-ship, whence Uaumaran. 

its meaning extended to a scold or spitfire] a 
scolding woman (a ludicrous use of the word). 

Cat-a-me'ni-a, n. pi. [Gr. Karap.rii'ia ; Kara, 
down, throughout (sense of " every"), and p-qv, a 
munthj Menstrual discharges. 

Cat-a-me'ni-al, a. Relating to catamenia. 

Cat'a-mbunt, \ n. [i.e., cat of the mountains.] 

Cat-a-mbun'tain, j A ferocious wild animal ; a 
wild-cat. 

Cat'a-phract, n. [Gr. Kard<bpaKTo<;, fully armed; 
Kara, throughout, and <ppdao-eiv, to enclose.] A 
horseman in full armor : — [Gr. KaTa<ppdKTn<f[ 
defensive armor, as for a hoisu and its rider. 

Cat'a-plasm, n. [Gr. KaTdn\ao-p.a ; Kara, over, 
and nXda-a-ew, to mould.] A poultice; a soft 
plaster. 

Cat'a-pult, n. [Late L. catapulta; Gr. KaTaniKr-qs ; 
Kara, down, and ndWeiv, to hurl.] An ancient 
military engine for throwing stones. 

Cat'a-ract, n. [Gr. KaTappdnTr)<; ; Kara, down, 
and pa<r<re<.v, to dash ; or the latter parr may be 
pi\yvvixi, payrjUL, to break.] A waterfall ; a cas- 
cade : — {Med.) A disease of the eye, consisting 
in the opacity of the lens or its capsule. 

Ca-tarrh' (ka-taV), n. [L. catarrhus ; Gr. Kardp- 
pos; Kard, down, and peeiv, to flow.] {Med.) 
A discharge of fluid ; a cold; influenza. 

Ca-tarrh' al, )o. Eelating to, or characterized 

Ca-tarrh'ous, J by, a catarrh or cold. 

Ca-tas'tro-phe, n. [Gr. Karao-Tpocbiq ; Kara, 
down, over, and cnpefyeiv, to turn.] A falling 
out of events; result; a final event; calamity. 

Cat-a-stroph'ic, a. Pertaining to a catastrophe. 

Cat' -bird, n. ' [From its cry, which is like that of 
a cat.] A bird allied to the mocking-bird. 

Cat'-boat, v. [Icel. kati. a small vessel.] A small 
boat with one sail. 

Cat'call, n. A small squeaking instrument. 

Catch, v. a. [It. cacciare, Fr. chasser, 0. Fr. cachier, 
chacier, to chase; L. captare, frequentative of 
capere, to take.— See Chase.] [i. caught or [obs.l 
catched ; pp. catching, caught or [obs.] catched.J 
To lay hold on with the hand ; to seize ; to stop ; 
to ensnare; to take; to receive. — 2, v. n. To be 
contagious :— to lay hold. — 3, v. Seizure ; an 
advantage taken ; a snatch : — a hold : — any thing 
that catches : — a song, or part of a song, sung 
in succession. 

Catch' -drain, n. A drain for surface-water. 

Catch'er, n. The person or thing that catches. 

Catchfly, n. A plant of various kinds. 

Catch'ing. p. a. Apt to catch ; contagious. 

Catch'ment, n. The superficies from which water 
may be collected :— collection, as of water. 

Catch'pen-ny, n. A woi'thless publication. — 2, a. 
Blade for money ; made merely for selling. 

Catch'poll, v. A sergeant; a bumbailiff. 

Catch'up, n. [See Catsip.] A sauce or condiment. 

Catch'word (-wiird), n. A word under the last 
line of a page, repeated at the top of the next. 

Catch' work (-wiirk), n. [Because it catches or col- 
lects water.] An irrigation system for hill-sides. 

Cat-e-chet'ic, \a. [Gr. Karr)xyTiic6<;.] Consist- 

Cat-e-chet'i-cal, J ing of questions and answers. 

Cat'e-chise, v. a. [Gr. Ka-r^x^eiv , to instruct ; 
from KaTTjxeeiv, to din down, to impress: Kara, 
down, and tjxv, sound, din.] [pp. catechising, 
catechised.] To instruct by asking questions 
and receiving answers; to question ; to interro- 
gate : — written also catechize. 



Cat'e-chism, n. [Late Gr. Kar^icr/ud?.] A form 
of instruction by questions and answers : — an 
^elementary book. [teaches the catechism. 

Cat'e-phist, «. [Late Gr. Kary\x i -o-rri<;.'] One who 

Cat'e-phu [kat'e-koo, H. ; kat'e-shoo, St. I. ; kat'- 
e-tshoo, AT.], n. [Japanese, hate, tree, and chu, 
juice; Malay, kashu; Fr. cachou.) An astringent 
vegetable substance used in medicine, and as a 
dyestuff. 

Cat-e-chu'men, v. [Gr. KaTT^oii/uevo?, instructed. 
—See Catechise.] One who is in the rudiments 
j>f Christianity; a pupil little advanced. 

Cat-e-gor'i-cal, «. [Gr. KanryopiKos, affirmative. 
— See Category.] Absolute; positive, as opposed 
to hypothetical: — direct; expr^s-. 

Cat-e-gor'i-cal-ly, ad. Directly ; positively. 

Cat'e-go-ry, n. [Gr. Karrjyopia, accu>atiin, charge, 
list: from Karriyopeveiv, to speak against, to ac- 
cuse, to charge, to indicate, to prove, to assert; 
Kard, against, dyopeveiv, to harangue ; dyopd, a 
market-place, an assembly.] A class or order 
containing a gre;it number of genera or species : 
— an order of ideas; a predicament. 

Cat'e-na, or Ca-te'na, n. [L. for "a chain."] A 
chain of quotations' from authors. 

Cat'e-na-ry, v. [L. catenarius, pertaining to a 
chain.] A curve line formed by a rope or chain 
suspended by both ends. 

Cat r e-nate, v. a. [L. catenare, catenatum, to chain.] 
[pp. catenating, catenated.] To link toeether; 
to chain. [ne. tion. 

Cat-e-na'tion, n. [L. catenatio.] A regular con- 

Ca'ter, r. n. [0. E. acater, acatour, afterward 
cater, buyer; It. acheter, to buy; L. ad, to, and 
capfare, to take, to procure.] [pp. catering, ca- 
tered.] To procure or provide food. 

Cat'e-ran, In. [Celt, ceatharnach.] Formerly, 

Cath'e-ran, J in Scotland, a predatory irregular 
soldier; a raider. 

Ca'ter-cbr-nered, a. [Fr. quatre, four.] Diagonal. 

Ca'ter-er, n. A provider; a purveyor. 

Ca'ter-lss, n. A woman employed to cater. 

Cat'er-pil-lar, n. [Fr. chatepelevsc ; chate, a she- 
cat, and p'eleuse, hairy. — Cf. E. "woolly-bear," a 
kind of caterpillar.] An insect which devours 
leaves : — a larva of a 
moth or butterfly. 

Cat'er-waul, v. n. [Cat, 
and waid, a wail or 
yell.] [pp. caterwaul- Cater pl llar. 

ing, caterwauled.] To make a noise as cats. 

Cates, n. pi. [Formed from cater: as the cater was 
at first a buyer, so the provisions he b mght were 
called catts.] Dainties; viands; food. [[head. 

Cat'f ish, n. An American fish; the pout; bull- 
Cat' gut, w. [A misnomer, since the substance is 
prepared from the intestines of sheep and other 
animals, and not from those of cats.] A string 
for musical instruments : — a species of canvas. 

Cath. See Cata. 

Cath'a-rine-wheel, ) v. [St. Catherine is said to 

Cath'e-rine-wheel, J have been torn with a spiked 
wheel.] A sort of firework in the form of a 
wheel: — a circular ornament in a Gothic window. 

Cat'har-pings, n. pi. [From cat, a kind of tackle, 
and harpings, braces, — both nautical terms.] 
(Naut.) Small ropes used to brace and tighten 
the shrouds. 

Ca-thar'tic, n. [Gr. *ca0apn*:6?, purging; na.0aL- 
pew, to purify.] A purging medicine. — 2, a. 
Tending to purge or purify ; purgative ; cleansing. 

Ca-the'dra, or Cath'e-dra, n. [Gr Ka6e8pa, a seat ; 
Kara, down, and e8pa, a seat.] A bishop's chair : 
— a place of authority. 

Ca-the'dral, v. [Late L. cathedralis, cathedra; Gr. 
'icaBeSpa,' a seat.] The head church of a diocese, 
in which is the seat or throne of a bishop. — 2, a. 
Relating to a cathedral. 

Cath'e-ter, v. [Gr. Kaderrjp : Ka0LT)p.i, to send in, 
to sound ; Kara, down, and itj/lu, I send.] A tube 
to draw off urine ; a surgeon's sound. 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a., e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



CATHOLIC 



133 



CAVY 



Cath/o-lic, a. [Gr. xafloAiKos, general; Kara, 
through, and 0A09, the whole.] Utiversal ; gen- 
eral : — liberal. — CulltoUc church, literally, the 
whole or undivided Christian church. — 2, n. A 
member of the Catholic church. 
Ca-thol'i-cism, n. The doctnue of, or adherence 
to, the' Catholic church. 

Cath-o-Hc'i-ty, n- The doctrine of, or adherence 
to, the Catholic church; Catholicism; liberality. 

Ca-thol'i-con, u. [Gr. ; neuter form of kol0o\ik6<;. 
' — See Catholic. I A universal remedy ; panacea. 

Cat'kln, n. [Dim. of cut; 0. Dut. kultekeu, a little 
cat, an anient. — Cf. pussy, a child's name for an 
ament ; Gael, cailin, Fr. chaton, Ger. kdtschen, a 
kitten, an anient.] A kind of inflorescence; an 
ament. [name] a dismembering knife. 

Cat'ling, re. A kitten: — [from the inventor's 

Cat'mmt, \ n. [Gat and mini; Fr. cataire, chutuire, 

Cat' nip, J from chut, a cat ; also nepete, L. nepetu, 
catnip.] A strong-scented perennial plant or 
herb, much liked by cats. 

Cat-o'-nlne'-tails, n. A whip with nine lashes. 

Ca-top'tri-cal, a. Relating to catoptrics. 

Ca-top'trics, w. pi. [Gr. kcltoittpikos, reflecting; 
ndToirrpov, a mirror; Kara, down, back, and 
bnTOfiai., I see.] That part of optics which 
treats of reflected light or reflected vision. 

Cat's'-eye (kats'i), n. [Named from its gleam, 
like that of a cat's eye.] A silicious mineral. 

Cats'kill,<(. [From the CatskUl mountains.] {Geol.) 
Noting the fourth and closing period of the De- 
vonian age in America. 

Cat's' -paw, n. [From the story of the monkey 
which induced the cat to draw chestnuts out of 
the fire.] The dupe of an artful person. 

Cat' sup, 11. [Fast Indian, ki/jap.] A sauce. 

Cat' -tail, n. A tall aquatic plant. 

Cat' tie, k. pi. [0. E. cutel, chalet, chetel, property, 
chattels ; Late L. capitate, property, capital ; 
L. caput, the head, the individual person ; vivum 
capitate, live stock. — See Capital and Chattel.] 
Beasts of pasture, as oxen, cows, &c. 

Cat'tle-show, n. An exhibition of cattle. 

Cat'ty, ». A Chinese weight of l]4 pounds. 

Cau-ca'sian, a. Relating to Mount Caucasus. 

Cau'cus, it. ; pi. Cau'cus-es. [Said to be from the 
Culkers'' club of Boston," Mass., 1703.] A meet- 
ing preparatory to an election. 

Cau'dal, «. [L. cuudu, a tail.] Relating to the 
tail of an animal. 

Cau'date, or Cau'dat-ed, a. Having a tail. 

Cau'dex, n. ; pi. Cau'di-ces. [L.] (Bot.) The 
trunk or stem of a tree. 

Cau'dle, n. [O. Fr. caudel, chaudel, Fr. ckaudeau, 
a warm drink; Fr. chaud, 0. Fr. dudd, L. catdns, 
calidus, hot; culere, to be hot.] A mixture of 
wine, gruel, &c. 

Caught (kawt), /. & p. from catch. 

Caul, n. [Celt, cull, calla, a veil ; Fr. cole, a hood.] 
Part of a woman's cap; a kind of net-work: — 
a membrane covering the intestines. 

Cau-les'cent, o. [L. cunlis, Gr. /cavAds, a stem.] 
Having'a perfect stem. 

Cau'li-flS-w-er (or kol'e-fiou-er), n. [L. Caulis, Gr. 
(cauXds, a stem, a cabbage ; Fr. chou-fleur, liter- 
ally flower-cabbage ; Sp. colirlor.} A 'species of 
cabbage, differing little from' broccoli. 

Cau'line, a. Belonging to a stem or stalk. 

Cau'lis, n. [L.] (Bot.) A stalk or stem. 

Caulk (kawk), v. a. See Calk. [ing, a cause. 

Cau'sal, a. [L. causalis.] Relating to, or expivss- 

Cau-sal'i-ty, n. The agency of a cause.— (Phren.) 
The faculty of tracing cause and effect. 

Cau-sa'tion, n. [L. causatio.] The act of causing. 

Cau-§a'tion-ism, n. The doctrine that every 
event results from causation, or that for every 
phenomenon there is a causal force. 

CSu'sa-tive, a. [L. causativus.] Acting as a cause. 

Cau'§a-tive-lx, ad. In a causative manner. 

Cause, w. [L. causa or caussa.] That which pro- 
duces an effect : — reason ; motive ; object : — side ; 



party : — a suit at law ; legal process. — Final cause, 
the end for which a thing is, or is done. — 2, v. u. 
[pp. causing, caused.] To effect as an agent; to 
produce. 

Cause'less, a. Having no cause; groundless. 

Cause' way, n. [Corrupt form of causey; Fr. 
chaussee, Sp. calzada, a paved road; Late L. via 
culciutu, paved (literally cemented) road.] A 
way or road formed of stones and other sub- 
stances, and raised above the adjacent ground. 

Cau'sey, u. Same as Causeway. 

Caus'tic, n. [L. causticus ; Gr. KavcrriKos ; Kateii>, 
to burn.] A corroding and burning substance. 
— 2, a. Searing: burning; pungent; severe. 

Caus-tic'j-ty, n. The quality of being caustic. 

Cau'ter, n. [L. & Gr.] A searing-iron. 

Cau'ter-ism, n. The application of cautery. 

Cau-ter-i-za'tion, /;. The act of cauterizing. 

Cau'ter-ize, v. a. [Gr. /cavTr,pi<££eci'.] [pp. cau- 
terizing, cauterized.] To burn with a cautery ; 
to sear. 

Cau'te-ry, n. [Gr. KavTrtpiov.] An instrument 
or drug for cauterizing ; a caustic : — cauteriza- 
tion ; cauterism. 

Cau'tion, n. [L. cav.lio ; cavere, cavtttin, to heed.] 
Provident care; prudence: — foresight; a pro- 
visionary precept; a warning: — surety. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. cautioning, cautioned.] To give notice of 
danger; to warn. 

Cau'tion-a-ry, a. Given as a pledge ; warning. 

Cau'ti6us'(kaw'shus), u. [L. cuutus.] Using cau- 
tion ; prudent ; very careful ; wary; watchful. 

Cau'tious-ly, ad. In a cautious manner. 

Cau'tious-ness, n. Watchfulness; care. 

Cav-al-cade', n. [Fr. ; It. eavalcata ; cavalcare, to 
ride ; cavullo, a horse. — Cf. L. caballus, Gr. «a- 
jSaAArj?, Celt, capull, Icel. kupall, a horse.] A 
procession on horseback. 

Cav-a-lier' (kav-a-ler'), n. [Fr. ; It. cavaliere.— 
See Cavalcade.] An armed horseman: — a 
beau ; a gentleman attending a lady :— a knight : 
—a partisan of Cliarh s I. of England.— 2, a. 
Gay; haughty; supercilious. 

Cav-a-lier'ish, a. Of or pertaining to the Cava- 
liers; after the manner of, or resembling, a cav- 
alier; somewhat supercilious. 

Cav-a-lier'ly, ad. Haughtily: disdainfully. 

Cav'al-ry, n. [Sp. cubulleria ; It. cirulleria.—See 
Cavalcade.] Troops or soldiers that serve on 
horseback. 

Cav-a-ti'na, n. [It.] (Mus.) A short air. 

Cave, b. [L. cavea, from caws, hollow. — Cf. Skr. 
gaha, guha, Canarese gavi, Tamil kebi, a cave.] 
A cavern; a grotto; a cell.— 2, v. a. [pp. caving, 
caved.] To make hollow.— 3, v. n. Tu fall in. 

Ca've-at, n. [L. for " let him beware ;" cavere, to 
heed.] (Law.) A kind of process to stop pro- 
ceeding : — a caution ; a hint. 

Cav'en-dish, v. A particular sort of tobacco. 

Cav'ern, ». [L. caverna, from earns, holluw.] A 
hollow in the ground; a cave. 

Cav'ern-ous, a. [L. cavernosws.] Full of caverns. 

Ca-viare' (ka-ver' or kav-yar') [ka-ver', S. W. J. 
F. R. ; kav-e-ar', P.; kav'e-ar, " Ju. ; kav-yar', 
Sm. ; kav-e-ar'a, N. ; kav-yar', H. ; kav'e-ar, 
St.], n. [Fr. caviar, caviul ; It. caviaro; Turk. 
haryar.] Food or sauce prepared from the roes 
of sturgeon, &c. 

Cav'il, r. n. [L. cavillarl, to taunt; cavilla, a jeer, 
a scoff.] [pp. cavilling, cavilled.] To raise 
captious objections; to carp. — 2, v. a. To treat 
with objections.— 3, n. A captious objection. 

Cav'il-ler, n. A captious disputant. 

Cav'i-ty, u. [Fr. cavite; Late L. cavitas; cams, 
hollow.] Hollowness; a hollow place. 

Cavo-rilievo (kii'vo-re-le-a'vo), «. [It. for "hol- 
low relief."] (Sculp.) A kind of rilievo, the 
highest surface of which is only level with the 
plane of the original stone. 

Ca'vy, >/. [Brazilian (Tupi), cuhiai.] A South 
American rodent animal. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, c, £, soft; p, £, p, §, hard; § as z ; x us gz ; this. 

12 



CAW 



134 



CENTAKE 




Caw, v.n. [Imitative word ; Dan. Icaa, Dut. Jcaauw, 
a daw.] [pp. cawing, cawed.] To cry as the 
rook, raven, or crow. — 2, n. The cry of a rook, 
raven, or crow. [ — a reef. 

Cay, n. [Sp. cayo ; Fr. caye.] An island, or key : 

Cay-enne'Jka-en') [ka-yan' or ka-yen', H. ; ki- 
en' or ka-en', I. ; ki-an', Earnshaw], n. [From 
Cayenne, in French 
Guiana.] A pungent 
red pepper ; capsicum. 

Cay'man [ki'man, if.], 
n. [Carib, acoyaman.) 
The American alliga- 
tor, [ote. 

Cay-ote', n. See Cov- 

Ca-zique' (ka-zek'), v. 
'[A Carib nai'ne.] Fur- Cayniau. 

merly a title of the chief of some tribes of Indians. 

Cease, v. n. [Fr. cesser; L. cessare, to loiter, to 
cease ; cedere, cessum, to go, to yield.] [ pp. ceas- 
ing, ceased.] To leave off; to fail; to stop. 

Cease'less, «. Without stop; incessant. 

Ce'dar, 'n. [L. cedrus ; Gr. /ce6pos.] A large ever- 
green tree. 

Ce'dar-bi'rd, n. A bird, the waxwing. 

Ce'darn, a. Belonging to the cedar; cedrine. 

Cedei v. a. [L. cedere, cessum, to yield.] [pp. 
ceding, ceded.] To yield ; to resign ; to transfer. 

Ce-dil'la, n. [Port, cedilha ; Fr. ctdille; It. zedk/Ua, 
'dim. of zeta, the Greek name of the letter z.] A 
mark placed under the letter c [thus, c], to make 
it sound soft, like s, — also to note the soft sound 
of g, s, and x. [ing to the cedar-tree. 

Ce'drine, a. [L. cedrinus; Gr. /cefynvos.] Belong- 

Ceil (sel), v. a. [Fr. del, It. cielo, a canopy, heaven ; 
L. csehim, a vault, heaven ; Gr. koi'Aos, hollow.] 
[pp. ceiling, ceiled.] To overlay the inner roof. 

Ceil' ing, ». The covering of the inner roof. 

Cel'a'-don, n. [Fr. celadon: taken from the name 
of a character in D'TJrfe's Aslree (1610-18). Many 
recent color-names are purely arbitrary.] A soft 
sea-green color : — tinted porcelain on which the 
color is put on the clay wet and burnt in at the 
first baking. 

Cel'an-dlne, n. [Fr. chflidoine ; Gr. ^eAiSo^iov, 
swallow-wort ; xeAiSuiv, a swallow.] A plant ; 
swallow-wort. 

Cel'e-brant, n. [L. celebrans, celebrantis, pies. part. 
of'celebrare, to celebrate.] One who celebrates. 

Cel'e-brate, v. a. [L. celebrare, celebratum, to fre- 
quent, hence to honor; celeber, populous.] [pp. 
celebrating, celebrated.] To distinguish by rites ; 
to commemorate : — to praise ; to extol. 

Syn. — Americans celebrate the declaration of 
independence ; Christians commemorate the death 
of Christ; a child is praised for good conduct; 
a man is extolled for heroic actions. 

Cel'e-brat-ed, p. a. Having celebrity ; renowned; 
famous; eminent; illustrious. [ebrating. 

Cgl-e-bra'tion, n. [L. celebratio.] The act of cel- 

Cel'e-bra-tor, n. [L.] One who celebrates. 

Ce-leVri-ty, n. [L. celebritas.] Fame; renown; 
'distinction: — a personage of distinction. 

Ce-ler'i-ty, n. [L. celeritas ; celer, swift.] The 
'velocity "of a body in motion; swiftness; rapid- 
ity ; speed ; (juiciness. 

Cel'er-y, n. [It. sellaro ; Fr. celeri; Local It. seleri, 
seleni; L. selinon; Gr. aeAii'ov, parsley.] A plant 
used for salad. 

Ce-les'tial (se-lest'.yal), a. [L. cselestis; Fr. celeste.; 
0. Fr.'celestiel; L. csehim, heaven.] Heavenly; 
ethereal. — 2, n. An inhabitant of heaven : — a 
Chinese (humorous). 

S>in. — Celestial globe ; heavenly bodies ; heavenly 
joys; ethereal regions ; ethereal fire. 

Ce-les'tial-ly, ad. In a heavenly manner. 

Cll'es-tine, n. [Order founded by Pope Celestine 
V.*] A monk of a religious order. — [L. cseles- 
linus, heavenly ; csehim, heaven ; from its color.] 
(Min.) The blue sulphate of strontia. 

Ce'li-ac, «. Relating to the belly ; cceliac. 



Cel'i-ba-cy, n. [L. cselibatus; cselebs, unmarried.] 
State of a person unmarried; single life. 

Cel'i-bate, n. [L. cxlebs, cielibis, unmarried.] Cel- 
ibacy': — a bachelor. — 2, a. Unmarried; single. 

Cell, n. [L. cella, a cell, a hut.— Cf. Gr. KaAta, a 
hut; Skr. gala, a house, a stall.] A small, close 
room ; a cavity ; a cave .—a small vesicle : — a hut. 

Cel'lar, n. [L. ceUarium, a pantry ; cella, a cell.] 
A room in the ground under a house. 

Cel'lar-age, n. Room of a cellar : — a charge for 
storage in a cellar. [butler. 

Cel'lar-er, or Cel'lar-ist, n. [L. cellarius.] A 

Cel'lu-lar, o. [L. cellula, dim. of cella, a cell.] 
Consisting of cells or cavities. 

Cel'lu-lbxd, n. [From the cellulose of which it is 
largely composed.] A composition of gun-cotton 
and camphor subjected to high pressure and heat. 

Cel'lu-lose, n. (Chem.) The proximate principle 
composing the cell-membrane of plants. 

Celt [selt, St. Wb. I. ; kelt or selt, H.], n. [L. Cel- 
tse, Gr. KeArai, pi.— Cf. W. celtiad, Gael, ceiltach, 
a forester.] An ancient inhabitant of Gaul, &c. : 
— [L. celtis, a chisel] a stone chisel. 

Cel'tic [sel'tjk, &m. G. Wb. ; sel'tik or kel'tik, Jo.], 
a. [L. celtkns; Gr. kcAtikos.] Relating to the 
Celts or Gauls. — 2, n. The language of the Celts. 

Cem'ent [sem'ent, S. W. P. J. K. C ; se'ment, E. 
Ja.) se-ment', Sm. St. I. H.], n. [Fr. cwnenf; 
L. csementwn, a chip, a rough stone, from csedere, 
to cut.] A substance which unites; mortar: — 
a bond of union. 

Ce-ment', v. a. [pp. cementing, cemented.] To 
unite by the use of cement. — 2, v. n. To cohere ; 
to unite. 

Cem-en-ta'tion, n. The act of cementing. 

Cem'e-ter-y, v. [Gr. Koi/u.-qTiypiov ; /coi/xaetv, to 
put' to sleep, to hill to sleep; Keivai, to lie down.] 
A place or edifice where the dead are buried. 

Cen'o-bite, ». [L. coenobita, a monk; ccenobivm, 
Gr. KOivofSiov, a convent; koivos, in common, 
and /3ios, life.] A monk in a convent. 

Cen-o-bit'i-cal, a. Living in community. 

Cen'o-taph, n. [Gr. icevoTatbiov ; Kei'os, empty, 
and t<x5>os, tomb.] A sepulchral monument for 
one whose body is buried elsewhere. 

Cense, r. a. [For incense.'] [pp. censing, censed.] 
To perfume with incense. — 2, n. [L. census, a 
registration, a tax ; censere, to estimate.] A tax : 
— a census. [in which incense is burnt. 

Cen'ser, n. [Fr. encensoir.— See Incense.] A pan 

Cen'sor, n. [L., a valuer, a critic; censere, to 
give an opinion.] An inspector of morals : — a 
censurer : — a critic. 

Cen-so'ri-ous, a. [L. cevsorius.] Full of censure ; 
'censorious : — relating to a censor : — addicted to 
censure ; severe. 

Cen-so'ri-ous-ness, n. A disposition to censure. 

Cgn'sor-sMp, n. The office of a censor. 

Cen'si-al (sen'shu-al), o. [L. censualls.] Relating 
to a census. 

Cen'su-ra-ble (sen'shu-ra-bll, a. Deserving cen- 
sure ; b'lamable; culpable; faulty. 

Cen'su-ra-bly (sen'shu-ra-ble), ad. Culpably. 

Cen'siire'(sen'shur), n. [L. censwra, a judgment ; 
censere, to estimate, to rate.] Imputation of 
wrong; blame; reproach: — judicial sentence. — 
2, v. a. [ censuring, censured.] To blame ; to 
condemn: — to reprove; to reproach; to accuse. 
— 3, v. n. To judge. 

Cen'sus, n. [L. ; censere, censvm, to estimate, to 
compute.] An official enumeration of the in- 
habitants of a country. 

Cent, n. [L. centum ; Fr. cent.] A hundred ; as, 
six per cent : — an American copper coin. 

Cen'tal, n. [L. centum, a hundred.] A weight of 
a hundred pounds; a hundred-weight.— 2, a. 
Relating to, or consisting of, a hundred. 

Cen'tare (or son-tar), n. [Fr. cent, a hundred, 
and are (q. v.).] In the metric system, a measure 
of area equal to the hundredth part of an are, 
or one square metre (1550 square inches). 



a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



CENTAUR 



135 



CERTIFY 



Cen'taur, n. [Gr. Kevravpos ; said to be from 
Kevrenv, to goad, and ravpos, a bull ; this is 
very doubtful.] A fabulous being, half man and 
half horse : — the Archer in the zodiac. 

Cen'tau-ry, n. [L. cenUiurea, Gr. xevravpeiov ; 
from the Centaurs, who used it in curing wounds.] 
A plant of several species. [old. 

Cen-te-na'ri-an, n. A person one hundred \ears 

Cen'te-na-ry, i*. [L. centenarius, relating to a 
hundred.] The number of a hundred : — a cele- 
bration once in a hundred years ; a centennial. 
2, a. Relating to a hundred. 

Cen-ten'ni-al, //. [L. centum, a hundred, covins, a 
year.] The commemoration of any thing which 
occurred one hundred years ago ; a centenary. 
— 2, a. A hundred years old ; associated with 
the celebration of a centennial : — consisting of a 
hundred years. [dredth. 

Cen-teVi-mal,«. [L. centesknus, hundredth.] Hun- 

Cen-ti-fo'li-ous, a. [L. centum, a hundred, and 
folium, a leaf.] Having a hundred leaves. 

Cen'ti-grade, a. [L. centum, a hundred, and gra- 
cilis, a step.] Having a hundred degrees. The 
centigrade thermometer has 100 degrees between 
the freezing and the boiling point of water. 

Cen'ti-gram, \ n. [Ft. centigramme ; L. centum, 

Cen'ti-gramme, J a hundred, and Fr. gramme.) 
The hundredth part of a gramme. 

Cen'ti-li-tre (san'te-le-tr), n. [Fr. ; L. centum, a 
hundred, and Fr. 'litre.] The hundredth part of 
a litre. 

Centime (san'tem'), n. [Fr. ; L. centesimus, a hun- 
dredth; centum, a hundred.] A hundredth part 
of a franc ; a hundredth part. [of a metre. 

Cen-tim'e-ter, n. A measure, the hundredth part 

Centimetre (san'te-ma-tr), n. [Fr. ; L. centum, a 
hundred, and E. metre.] A centimeter. 

Cen'ti-ped,w Cen'- 
ti-pede, u. [L. ^"^l^U VU ( ( < M if / 
centipeda; centum, ~ 
a hundred, and 
pes (pi. pedes), a 
foot.] A poison- 
ous insect having many feet 

Cent'ner, n. [Ger. ; L. centenarium, relating to a 
hundred.] A cental; a hundred-weight, 

Cen'to, n. ; pi. Cen'tos. [L. cento; Gr. xivrpuiv, 
patchwork ; xevreeiv, to stitch, to prick.] A col- 
lection of scraps from various authors. 

Cen'tral, a. [L. centralis ; centrum, a centre.] Re- 
lating to, or placed in, the centre. 

Cen-tral-i-za'tion. n. Act of centralizing : — ten- 
dency toward a central authority. 

Cen'tral-ize. <•. a. [pp. centralizing, centralized.] 
To make central : — to place under a central au- 
thority. 

Cen'tre (sen'ter), n. [L. centrum ; Gr. Keurpov, a 
point, a goad; Kevreeiv, to goad.] The central 
point of a circle or any other tiling; exact mid- 
dle. — 2, v. a. [pp. centring, centred.] To place 
in a centre. — 3, v. re. To be in the midst. 

Cen'tre-bit, n. A tool for drilling holes. [keel. 

Cen'tre-board, n. A board that replaces a boat's 

Cen'tric, a. [Gr. Kei>Tpi/c6?.] Placed in, or per- 
taining to, the centre; central; middle. 

Cen-trif'u-gal, a. [L. centrum, a centre, and fu- 
(jere, to flee.] Flying from the centre. 

Cen-trif'u-gence, ». Centrifugal tendency. 

Cen-trip'e-tal, a. [L. centrum, a centre, and petere, 
to seek.] Tending or drawing toward the centre. 

Cen-tro-bar'ic, a. [Gr. KevrpojSapiKd? ; Kevrpov, 
centre, and 0apos, weight.] Relating to the cen- 
tre of gravity. 

Cen-tum'vi-rl, n. pi. [L. for "a hundred men."] 
The hundred judges in the Roman republic. 

Cen'tii-ple, a. [L. centuplex, centuplus; centum, & 
hundred, and plicare, to fold ; centuplus is perhaps 
derived from centum, and plus, more.] A hun- 
dred-fold. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. centupling, centu- 
pled.] To multiply a hundred-fold. 

Cen-tu ri-a-tor, n. [Late L., from centuriare, to 




divide into hundreds.] An historian who distin- 
guishes time by centuries. 

Cen-tu'ri-on, u. [L. centurio, centurion is ; centum, 
a hundred.] A Roman military officer, who 
commanded a hundred men. 

Cen'tu-ry, n. [L. centurio, a hundred together; 
centum, a hundred.] A period of one hundred 
years ; a hundred. 

Cen'tii-ry-plant, n. A plant, so called from the 
belief that it does not flower till it is one hun- 
dred years old : — the agave. 

Ce-phal'ic, a. [Gr. Ketf>aAiKos ; Ke$aA7j, the head. 
—See Head.] Relating to the head. 

Ce-phal'o-pod, n. A mollusk of the highest group. 

Ceph-a-lop'o-da, n. pi. [Gr. <ce<|>aAij, head, novs, 
7ro66s, a foot : the locomotor organs are attached 
to the head.] The highest group of mollusks. 

Ce-ram'ic, a. Noting the plastic art, or pottery. 

Ce-ram'ics, n. pi. See Kerajiic. 

Ce'rate, n. [L. ceratum, Gr. tcripwrov ; L. cera, Gr. 
/crjpos, Celt, ceir, wax.] An unguent of wax. &c. 

Cere, v. a. [See Ceeate.] [pp. cering, cered.j 
To cover with wax; to wax. — 2, n. [From its 
waxen look.] The naked skin on a bird's bill. 

Ce're-al, a. [L. cerealis; Ceres, goddess of har- 
vests".] Relating to grain or corn. — 2, n. Any 
kind of grain. 

Cer-e-bel'lar, \a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to 

Cer-e-bel'lous, J the cerebellum. 

Cer-e-bel'lum, n. ; pi. Cer-e-bel'la. [L., dim. of 
cerebrum, the brain.] (Anat.) The posterior part of 

Cer'e-bral, a. Relating to the brain, [the brain. 

Cer-e-bra'tion, n. Action of the brain. 

Cer'e-bro-spi'nal, a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to 
the brain and spinal cord. 

Cer'e-brum, n. [L.— Cf. Scot, hairns, O. E. hemes. 
Ger. him, the brain; Gr. <6.pa, the head. 
The upper portion of the brain; the brain. 

Cere'-cloth, n. Cloth dipped in melted wax. 

Cere'ment, n. Cere-cloth, anciently used in em- 
balming; a garment for the dead. 

Cer-e-mo'ni-ai, a. [L. casrimoniaiis.] Relating to 
ceremony'; formal; ritual. — 2, n. Rite; ritual. 

Cer-e-mo'ni-ous, a. [L. csBremcmiosus.] Full of 
ceremony; scrupulous; exact; formal: precise. 

Cer-e-mo'ni-ous-l.y, ad. In a formal manner. 

Cer-e-mo'ni-ous-ness, n. Great formality. 

Cer'e-mo-ny, u. [L. cseremonia, — Cf. Skr. karman, 
rite, action.] An outward rite :— external form 
in religion, in state, or in manners. 

8yn. — Ceremony of kneeling; rite, of baptism; 
religious observance ; form of government. 

Ce're-iis, n. [L. for "waxy," from their waxen 
appearance.] A genus of cactuses, some of which 
are remarkable for flowering at night. 

Ce-rif er-ous, «. Wax-bearing; wax-producing. 

Ce-rise' (se-rez'), a. [Fr. for '•cherry.'* — See 
'Cherry.] Cherry -colored ; cherry. 

Ce'ri-um, n. [Named for the planet Ceres. — Cf. 
Mercury. The chief planets formerly had 
metals named in their honor.] A rare metal. 

Cer'nu-oGs, a. [L. cernuus ; cemuere, to fall head- 
long.] Drooping; pendent. 

Ce-r66n\ n. [Sp. sera, a package ; seron, a large 
package.] A package covered with skins. 

Cer'tain (ser'tin), a. [L. certus, sure; cernere, to 
sift: Fr. certain, sure.] Sure; indubitable; un- 
failing; fixed; regular: — some or one. 

Cer'tain-ly, ad. Indubitably; without fail. 

Cer'tain-ty (ser'tin-te), n. Quality of being cer- 
tain'; real state; truth; fact: — regularity. 

Cer'tes. ad. [Fr.] Certainly ; surely. [Antiq.] 

Cer-tifi-cate, ft. A testimony in writing properly 
authenticated ; a credential. 

Cer-tif i-cate, v. a. [Late L. certificare, cerlificalus ; 
certus, certain, and facere, to make.] [pp. cer- 
tificating, certificated.] To give a certificate to. 

Cer-ti-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of certifying. 

Cer'ti-fy, v. a. [Fr. certifier, Late L. certificare.] 
[pp. certifying, certified.] To give certain in- 
formation to ; to give assurance ; to attest. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. — £, (?, c, £, soft; fS, £, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



CERTIORARI 



136 



CHAMFER 




Certiorari (ser-she-o-ra/ri), n. [L. ; pres. passive 
infinitive of certiorate, to apprise, for certiorem, 
facere, to render more certain.] (Law.) A writ 
from a superior court to an inferior one. 

Cer'ti-tiide, n. [Late L. certitude-.] Certainty ; free- 
dom from doubt. [blue. 

Ce-ru'le-an, a. [L. cseruleus, blue.] Sky -colored ; 

Ce-ru'men, n. [Late L., from L. cera, wax.] The 
'wax of the ear. [White lead ; carbonate of lead. 

Ce'ruse, n. [Fr. ; L. cerussa ; from cera, wax.] 

Cer'vi-cal, a. [L. cervix, cercicis, the neck.] Be- 
longing to the neck. 

Ce-§a're-an, a. [Probably from L. csedere, csesum, 
"to cut.]" The Cesarean operation is the act of 
cutting a child out of the womb. 

Ces'pi-tose, ) a. [L. csespes, csespitis, a turf ; csedere, 

Ces'pi-tous, / to cut.] Consisting of turfs ; turfy : 
— growing in tutts. 

Cess, v. a. [For assess.] [pp. cessing, cessed.] To 
rate ; to assess. — 2, n. A tax. 

Ces'sant, a. [L. cessare, cessantis, to cease.] In- 
termittent; ceasing action. 

Ces-sa'tion, n. [L. cessatio ; cessare, cessatum, to 
cease (q. v.).} The act of ceasing or stopping; a 
stop ; a rest ; intermission ; a pause of hostility. 

Ces'sion (sesh'un), n. [L. cessio ; cedere, to cede 
(q. v.).] The act of ceding. 

Cess'p661, n. [The same as Local E. suss-pool. — 
Cf. Celt, sos, a dirty mess ; cf. also L. secessws, a 
latrine.] A cavity or well for sewage. 

Ces'tus, n. [L. cestus: Gr. /ceo-To?, stitched.] A 
girdle :— [L. csestus] an ancient form of boxing 
gauntlet. 

Ce-ta'ce-a, n. pi. [L. cetus, Gr. 
k tjto?,' a' whale.] (Zob'l.) Whales, 
an order of mammals living in 
water, but not fishes. 

Ce-ta'cean (se-ta'shan), n. A whale. ««»«»• 

Ce-ta/ceous (se-ta'shus), a. Of the whale kind. 

Chafe, v.'a. [Fr. chavffer, L. calefacere, to warm; 
ofdere, to grow warm, and facere, to make.] [pp. 
chafing, chafed.] To fret' by rubbing :— to make 
angry. — 2, v. n. To rage ; to be fretted ; to fret. 
— 3, n. A fret : — a heat ; a rage : — an abrasion. 

Chafer, n. One who chafes :— [A.-S. ceafor; Lut. 
keve'r; Ger. kiifer] an insect, the beetle. 

Chaff, n. [A.-S. ceaf, chsef; Dut. leaf; Ger. kaff.] 
The husks of grain, corn, or grasses : — worthless 
matter ; refuse : — cut hay : — [for chafe, to rub. 
— Cf. Ger. toff, idle words] talk addressed to a 
person with the view of befooling him. [Colloq.] 
— 2, v. a. [pp. chaffing, chaffed.] To ridicule, 
banter, or befool a person by talk. [Colloq.] — 
3, v. n. To employ chaff or sportive talk by way 
of ridicule. [Colloq.] 

Chaffer, v. n. [A.-S. ceap, a price (see Cheap), 
and fare, procedure, business; Ger. tomfen, to 
buy.] [pp. chaffering, chaffered.] To treat 
about a bargain ; to haggle ; to higgle ; to bar- 
gain :— to talk much and idly ; to chirp ; to chat- 
ter. — 2, v. a. To buy; to exchange. 

Chaf'fer-er, n. One who chaffers. [of finch. 

Chaffinch, n. [Chaf and finch.] A bird, a kind 

Chaffy, a. Full of chaff; light; foul; bad. 

Chafing-dish, n. [Fr. chavffer, to warm.— See 
Chafe.] A dish kept hot by a lamp. [leather. 

gha-green\ n. [See Shagreen.] A rough-grained 

gha-grin' [sha-grin', Wb. JV.], n. [Fr. chagrin, 
care, fret; properly, a sort of leather, some 
kinds of which are used in rasping and polish- 
ing.] Mortification ; fretfulness; ill humor; 
vexation. — 2, v. a. [pp. chagrining, chagrined.] 
To vex ; to tease ; to mortify. 

Chain, n. [Fr. chqine; L. catena.] A series of 
links or other things connected: — bondage; a 
bond : — a fetter : — a manacle : — a connected se- 
ries. — 2, v. a. [pp. chaining, chained.] To fasten 
with a chain. [gether. 

Chain'-gang, n. A line of convicts chained to- 

Chain'-shot, n. Shot or balls joined by a chain. 

Chair, n. E[Fr. chaire ; L. cathedra (q. v.).] A 



movable seat : — a seat of authority, or of a pre- 
siding officer :— a sedan.— 2, v. a. [ pp. chairing, 
chaired.] To place in a chair. 

Chair'man, n. The presiding officer of a meeting 
or assembly : — one who carries a sedan. 

Chair'man-ship, n. The office of a chairman. 

ghaise (shaz), n. ; pi. ghais'es. [Fr. chaise, a 
variant of chaire. — See Chair.'] A kind of light 
two-wheeled pleasure-carriage. 

phal-ced'o-ny, or phal'ce-do-ny, n. [L. chalcedo- 
nius, for Gr. xuAktjSujv, properly the name of the 
city of Chalcedon.] A silicious stone used in 
jewelry. 

phal-ced o-nyx, n. [Chalcedovy and onyx.] A 
prt cious stone ; a kind of agate. 

phal-da'ic, a. [Gr. XaASauco?.] See Chaldee. 

phal-dee', a. [Gr. XaASaios.] Relating to Chal- 
dsea. — 2, m. The ancient language of Chaldasa. 

Chal'dron, or Chafdron, n. [Fr. chaudron, a cal- 
dron (q. v.).] A measure of 36 bushels. 

Chalet (sha-1,1), w. [Fr.] In Switzerland, a wooden 
cot ; a summer hut for herdsmen. 

Chal'ice, n. [L. calix, Gr. kuAi£, Skr. tolaga, a 
cup; related to Calyx.] A cup or goblet; com- 
munion-cup. 

Chalk (chawk), n. [A.-S. cealc ; L." calx, calcis.- 
Cf. Gr. x* At £i rubble.] A white carbonate of 
lime, much used in the arts.— 2, v. a. I pp. 
chalking, chalked.] To mark with chalk. 

Chalk'y. (chawk'e), a. Consisting of chalk ; cov- 
ered with chalk; like chalk ; white. 

Chal'lenf'e, v. a. [0. Fr. chalenge, calonge, an ac- 
cusation ; L. calumnia, a false charge.] [pp. 
challenging, challenged.] To call to answer for 
an offence by combat : — to accuse ; to censure : 
— to claim, as due: — to object to, as a juror. — 
2, n. A summons to fight a duel ; a call : — a de- 
mand : — an exception against. 

Challis (shal'le), n. [Fr.— Cf. Fr. chdle, a shawl 
(q. v.).] A fine woollen fabric. 

pha-lyb'e-ate, a. [L. chalybs, Gr. x« Aui A> steel.] 
Impregnated with iron. [tary. 

pham, n. [See Khan.] A khan or prince of Tar- 

Cham'ber, n. [Fr. chambre ; L. camera, Gr. /ca- 
p.dpa, a vault; akin to Celt, cam, crooked.] An 
apartment in an upper story of a house ; a bed- 
room ; a room : — a cavity : — a legislative body : 
— a court. — 2, v. n. [vp. chambering, cham- 
bered.] To lodge : — to be wanton. — 3, v. a. To 
shut up, as in a chamber. 

Cham'ber-ing, n. Intrigue ; wantonness. 

Cham'ber-lain, n. [Fr. chambellan, It. camerlengo, 
Ger. kdmmerling ; chamber, and ling (as in hire- 
ling), a diminutive termination, at first merely 
adjectival.] An officer of state :— a high officer 
in European courts : — a servant who has the care 
of the chambers. 

Cham'ber-maid, n. A maid who takes care of bed- 
rooms and waits 
on a lady. 

Cham'ber- mii'sic, 
n. Music suita- 
ble for perform- 
ance in private 
houses. 

gha-me'le-on, n. 
[Gr. x a / aatAea,v > 
\ap.ai, ground, 
and AeW, a lion.] 
An animal of the 
lizard kind, noted 
for changing its color. 

Cham'fer, v. a. [Fr. chanfrein, a chamfer, a horse's 
forehead, originally a bridle ; L. camns, a bridle, 
and from, frontis, the forehead, as in E. headstall; 
the iast syllable in Fr. is shaped by L. frenmn, a 
rein. — Cf. Per. gam, a bridle.] [pp. chamfering, 
chamfered.] To make furrows or gutters, as on 
a column ; to flute ; to bevel ; to channel. 

Cham'fer, or Cham' fret, n. A furrow; a gutter; 
a bevel ; a slope. 




Chameleon. 



a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; q., e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fSst, fall; heir, her; 



CHAMFRON 



137 



CHAR 



Cham'fron, In. [See Chamfer.] Head-armor for 

Cham'front, J a horse. [Antiq.] 

Chamois (sham'e or sha-moi'), n. [Fr. ; Ger. gems; 
Sp. gamezuo, a buck ; gamuza, camuza, a chamois ; 
gamo, a deer.] A kind of antelope or wild Alpine 
goat, whose skin is made into soft leather, also 
called chamois, or shammy. 

pham'o-mlle, n. A plant. See Camomile. 

Champ, v. a. [Imitative. — Cf. Local Sw. kiimsa, 
to chew; Gr. ya^ai, jaws, gums; Skr. jafnbha, 
gambhds, jaw.] [pp. champing, champed.] To 
bite : to chew ; to devour. — 2, v. n. To bite with 
much action. 

Cham-pagne' (sham-pirn'), n. [Late L. campania, 
a plain.] A kind of sparkling wine from Cham- 
pagne in France. 

fham-paign' (sham-pan'), n. [Late L. campania, 
a plain ; L. campus, a field.] Flat, open coun- 
try. — 2, a. Open ; flat. 

Cham'pak, n. [Skr. champaca.] A fine tree of 
India, with flowers having a rich odor. 

Cham' per-tor, n. One who is guilty of champerty. 

fham'per-ty, n. [L. campus partitas, a divided 
field; 'Fr. champart, rent in kind, or on shares; 
champ, a field, and part, share.] (Laic.) The 
maintenance Of a man in his suit, upon condi- 
tion of having part of the thing, if recovered. 

gham-pign'on (sham-pin'yun), «. [Fr. ; Late L. 
campinolius. from campus, a field.] A mushroom. 

Cham'pi-on, n. [Late L. campio ; campus, a field, 
a contest; whence A.-S. cempa, a champion, and 
Ger. kampfen, to fight.] A single combatant; a 
hero : — the first in skill : — a judicial combatant. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. championing, championed.] To 
act as champion for. 

Cham'pi-pn-ship, n. The rank or condition of 
being a champion. 

Chance, n. [Late L. cadentia, that which falls, 
the fall of the dice ; L. cadere, cadentis, to fall ; 
Fr. chance.] An event without an apparent cause ; 
a fortuitous event; accident; fortune. — 2, a. 
Fortuitous; happening by chance. — 3, v. n. [pp t 
chancing, chanced.] To happen ; to occur. 

Chan'cel, n. [L. cancellus, cancelli, a grating, a 
lattice.] The part of a church in which the altar 
is placed. 

Chan'cel-lor, n. [Fr. chancelier, Late L. cancella- 
rius; L. cancellus, a lattice or screen, the bar of 
a court.] A high officer of state or of a univer- 
sity : — a judge of a court of equity or chancery. 

Chan'cel-lor-ship, n. The office of chancellor. 

Chance-med'ley, n. (Law.) The casual killing of 
a person when the slayer is doing a lawful act. 

Chan'cer-y, u. [Late L. eancellaria, a place of 
public records; cancellarius, a chancellor (q. v.).] 
(Lair.) A high court of equity : — proceedings in 
equity. [of the probability of events. 

Chan'ces, »• pi. A branch of analysis which treats 

Chan'cre (shangk'er), u. [Fr. ; a variant of Can- 
cer.] A venereal ulcer. 

Shan-de-lier', n. [Late L. candelaria, a candle- 
stick; candela, a candle [q. v.).] A branched and 
hanging frame for candles or lamps. 

Chand'ler, i/. [Late L. candelarius ; L. candela,a 
candle.] A dealer: — a candle-maker. 

Chand'ler-y, n. Articles sold by a chandler. 

Change,' e. a. [Fr. changer, 0. Fr. changier, Late 
L. cambiare, L. cambire, to exchange.] [pp. 
changing, changed.] To put one thing in the 
place of another ; to alter ; to vary ; to exchange. 
—2, v. n. To undergo change.— 3, ». [Late L. 
cambium, exchange.] Variation; alteration: — 
small money. 

Chan£e-a-bil'i-ty,, \n. Instability ; inconstancy ; 

Change'a-ble-ness, j quality of being changeable. 

Change' a-ble, a. Subject to change"; inconstant ; 
variable; mutable.; capricious; fickle. 

Chan|-e'less, a. Invariable ; constant. 

Change'ling, n. A child left or taken in the place 
of another -.—an idiot : — one apt to change. 

Chang'er, n. One who changes. 



Chank'-shell, n. [Skr. Qankha — See Conch and 
Cockle.] A large porcellanous shell ; the sacred 
shell of the Hindus. 

Chan'nel, n. [0. Fr. chanel, Fr. canal.— See Ca- 
nal.]' The bed of running water: — a long 
cavity ; a groove : — a strait. — 2, v. a. [pp. chan- 
nelling, channelled.] To cut in channels. 

Chanson (shan'sou), n. [Fr. ; L. cantio, cantos, a 
chant, a song.] A song. 

Chant, v. a. & v. n. [Fr. chanter, L. cantare ; canere, 
to sing.] [pp. chanting, chanted.] To recite 
musically, as in the church service ; to sing. — 
2, n. A song ; a part of the church service. 

Chant'er, n. One who chants ; a singer : — the 
tube of a bagpipe. [loud crower. 

Chan'ti-cleer, n. [Chant and clear.] A cock; a 

Chan' try, n. [Fr. chantrerie.] A chapel for priests 
to pray and sing mass in for the souls of the 
donors. 

pha'os, n. [L. & Gr. for "abyss," a "chasm." — 
Cf. Gr. x aLVe <- v , to gape, and L. hiatus, a gap.] A 
confused mass of matter; confusion : — a chasm. 

pha-ot'ic, a. Confused; indigested. 

Chap (chap or chop), v. a. & v. u. [Dut. koppen, 
Sw. kappa, Gr. Konreiv, to cut. — See Chip and 
Chop.] [pp. chapping, chapped.] To cleave; 
to split. — 2, n. A cleft ; an aperture. 

Chap (chop), n. [Sw. haft, Icel. Jcjaptr, a jaw.] 
The jaw. [boy: — a fellow. 

Chap, n. [For chapman, a pedler, a customer.] A 

Chap-ar-ral', n. [Sp. chaparra, a kind of oak; 
Basque, achaparra; aitza, stone, abarra, oak.] 
A thicket of evergreen oaks : — a thicket of 
bramble-bushes. [lers. 

Chap' -book (-buk), n. A book to be sold by ped- 

Chapeau (shap'o), ». [Fr. ; Late L. capellus.—iice 
Cap.] A hat or cap. 

Chap'el, n. [Late L. capella, a hood, a chapel; 
originally, a canopy over the eucharistic ele- 
ments.] A place of public worship :— a build- 
ing or place of worship subordinate to a church ; 
a meeting-house. 

Chap'el-ry, n. The jurisdiction of a chapel. 

5hap'er-6n, ». [Fr. for "a hood;" hence, a pro- 
tector; originally a dim. of chape a cape.] A 
kind of hood or cap : — an attendant on a lady. — 
2, v. a. [pp. chaperoning, chaperoned.] To at- 
tend on in public. 

Chap'fallen (chop'faln), a. Having the lower 
chap depressed : — dispirited: silenced. 

Chap'i-ter, n. [L. capitellum, dim. of cajmt, a head ; 
Fr. cha'piteau.~\ (Arch.) The capital of a column. 

Chap'lain, n. [Fr. chapelain : Late L. capellanus; 
capella, a chapel.] One who performs divine 
service in the army, the navy, a public body, or 
a family. 

Ch^ulnSp.}"- The office of a chaplain. 

Chap'let, n. [Fr. chape, a cope or cape, whence 
0. Fr. chapel, a cap ; Fr. chapelet, a little head- 
dress.] A garland or wreath for the head : — a 
string of beads; a rosary. 

Chap'man, n. [A.-S. ceapman; ceap, trade, and 
man, man ; Ger. kaufmarm, a merchant.] A 
buyer and seller; a pedler. 

Chaps (chops), n. pi. The mouth ; the jaws. 

Chap'ter, n. [L. capitulwn, capiteUum. — See Chap- 
iti'.r.] A division of a book : — an assembly 
of the clergy of a cathedral, comprising canons, 
prebendaries, &c, of which the dean is the head : 
— a decretal epistle. — 2, v. a. [pp. chaptering, 
chaptered.] To divide into chapters, as a book ; 
to insert chapter-headings in. 

Char, u. [Celt, cear, red, or blood.] A delicate 
kind of fish. — 2, v. a. [A.-S. cierr, Ger. leehr, a 
turn; A.-S. cyrran, to turn.] [pp. charring, 
charred.] To burn to a black cinder. 

Char, or Chare, n. [A.-S. cierr, Ger. kehr, a turn.] 
Work done by the day ; a small job : — in America 
called chore. — 2, v. n. [pp. charing, chared.] To 
work by the day. — 3, v. a. To perform a business. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. 



"C <?. ?> t« so /' »' Pt Pi £> § • hard ; s as z ; x as gz ; this. 

12* 



CHAR-A-BANCS 



138 



CHATEAU 



Char-a-bancs (shar-a-bon), n. [Fr. for "car with 
benches."] A light, open vehicle, furnished with 
benches, used in mountainous districts. 

phar'ac-ter, n. [Gr. x a P aKT ^Pt a mark ; xapda- 
o<=iv, to 'furrow. J A distinctive mark, property, 
or quality by which any person or thing is dis- 
tinguished from otbers; personal qualities: — a 
mark; a letter: — a personage: — reputation. — 
2, v. a. [pp. charactering, charactered.] To 
engrave ; to inscribe. 

Char-ac-ter-is'tic, n. [Gr. xapaKTrjpio-n/cos.] That 
which distinguishes or marks the character. — 
2, a. Constituting or agreeing with the char- 
acter; indicating character. [izing. 

Char-ac-ter-i-za/tion, n. The act of character- 

Char'ac-ter-ize, v. a. [Gr. x a P aKT VP^ eiV -] [jPP- 
characterizing, characterized.] To give a char- 
acter of : — to engrave or imprint ; to mark. 

Cha-rade', n. [Ft. ; Sp. charrada, a clownish act; 
charro, a rustic] A species of riddle. [wood. 

Char'coal, n. [See Char.] Coal made bj burning 

Chard, n. [Ft. carde ; L. cardaus, Ft. chardon, a 
thistle. — See Cardoon.] The blanched stalks of 
a salad-plant. 

Chare, n. & v. See Char. 

Charge, v. a. [Fr. charger, Late L. carricare, carcare, 
to load; carrus, a car.] [pp. charging, charged.] 
To intrust : — to impute as a debt : — to accuse : — 
to command; to enjoin: — to load: — to assail. — 
2, v. n. To make an onset. — 3, n. Care ; pre- 
cept; mandate; trust: — accusation; imputa- 
tion: — expense; cost: — attack; onset; a quantity 
of powder and ball. 

Charf e'a-ble, a. Capable of being charged : — im- 
putable. 

Charge-d'affaires (shar-zha'daf-far'), n. [Fr. for 
" one charged with affairs."] A foreign minister 
of the. third or lowest class. 

Charg'er, n. One who charges : 
— a large dish : — a war-horse. 

Char'i-ly.acL Warily; frugally. 

Char'i-ot, n. [Fr. chariot, char- 
rette ; Late L. caretta, for L. 
carrus, a car; Fr. char.] A 
carriage of war, pleasure, or 
state. [drives a chariot. 

Char-i-ot-eer', n. One who 

Char'ism (kar'izm), n. [Gr. xapio"M«-, a gift-] A 
miraculous gift. 

Char'i-ta-ble, a. Full of charity; benevolent; 
kind; bountiful; candid; liberal. 

Char'i-ta-ble-ness, n. Disposition to charity. 

Char'i-ta-bly, ad. Kindly; benevolently. 

Char'i-ty, n.' [Fr. charite ; L. caritas, dearness; 
canis, beloved.] Good affection; tenderness; 
love ; kindness ; benevolence ; liberality ; alms. 

Charivari (sha're-va-re'), n. [Fr. ; Late L. chari- 
varium, chalvaricum, 0. Fr. caribari, chalirali, 
Local Fr. qneriboiry, chanavari, taribari ; said to 
be from Late or Modern Gr. x a ^ v fi°-P ia -> kettles ; 
but it probably is like the Eng. tilly-valhj, a word 
meaningless in itself.] A mock serenade of vile, 
noisy music. 

Char'la-tan, v. [Fr. ; It. ciarlatino, a quack; ciar- 
lare, to chatter.] A gnack; a mountebank. 

Char-la-tan'i-cal, a. Quackish ; empirical. 

Char'la-tan-ism, n. [Fr. charlatanisme.] Charla- 
tanry. ' [dfceit. 

Char'la-tan-ry, n. [Fr. charlatanerie.] Quackery ; 

Charleys-wain', n. [i.e., "churl's, or peasant's, 
wagon;" Sw. karlvagn, Dan. karlsvogn.] (Aslron.) 
The Great Bear, a constellation. 

Char'lock, n. [A.-S. cerlic— Cf. Garmc and Leek.] 
A weed ; wild mustard. 

Char'lotte-russe, n. [Fr. for " Russian charlotte," 
a charlotte in French cookery being a side-dish 
of apple-marmalade with toast.] A dish made 
of cake and whipped cream. 

Charm, n. [Fr. charme; L. carmen, a song, an in- 
cantation.] A philter; a spell ; enchantment. — 
2, v. a. [pp. charming, charmed.] To enchant; 




Greek chariot. 



to fascinate ; to delight : — to subdue ; to control. 
— 3, v. n. To act as a charm. 

Charm'er, n. One who charms or enchants. 

Charm'i'ng, p. a. Highly pleasing; delightful. 

Charm'ing-ly, ad. Delightfully; pleasingly. 

Char'nel-house, n. [Fr. charnel, L. carnalis, per- 
taining to flesh or to the flesh ; caro, carms, flesh.] 
A place where the bones of the dead are re- 
posited ; an ossuary. 

gharpie (shar'pe), n. [Fr. charpir, to pull out; 
L. carpere, to pluck, to card.] Lint for surgeons 1 

Charr, n. A fish, the char. [use. 

Chart, n. [L. charta, Gr. x°-P rr li a paper.] A de- 
lineation of coasts, shoals, islands, rocks, &c. ; a 
map. [bling paper. 

phar-ta'ceous (-shus), a. [L. chartacens. ] Resem- 

Char'ter, v. a. [L. chartarium, archives ; charta, 
a paper.] [pp. chartering, chartered.] To let, 
or hire, as a vessel :— to establish by charter ; 
to incorporate. — 2, n. A writing bestowing 
privileges or rights : — privilege ; immunity. 

Char'ter-par'ty, n. [Fr. charte-partie, a divided 
charter: the document was cut in two, and one- 
half given to each party.] (Com.) An indenture 
or agreement between merchants and seafaring 
men relating to merchandise. 

Char'tism, n. The principles of the Chartists. 

Char'tist, n. [From "the people's charter," in 
which they claimed certain privileges as rights.] 
An adherent to the charter : — a radical reformer 
in England. 

phar-tog'ra-pher, n. A maker of maps. 

phar-tog'ra-phy, ». [See Cartography.] Map- 
making. 

phar'tu-la-ry, n. [Late L. chartularius, a recorder; 
chartularium, a register; chartula, a document; 
charta, a paper.] A mediaeval archivist :— a rec- 
ord or register. 

Char'-wo-man (-wum-an), v. [See Char.] A 
woman who does chores or jobs. 

Char'y, a. [A.-S. cearig, sad, careful; cearu, care.] 
Careful ; cautious ; sly ; wary. 

Chase, v. a. [Fr. chasser, to hunt; L. capture, to 
catch ; Late L. caciare, to pursue.] [pp. chasing, 
chased.] To hunt; to pursue; to drive: — [see 
Enchase] to engrave : — to cut, as a screw. — 
2, n. Hunting ; pursuit : — ground stored with 
game : — [Fr. chasse, a frame. — See Case] a frame 
into which types made into pages are fastened : 
— bore of a gun. 

Chasm, n. [Gr. xo-o-fxa; xo-o-kslv, xatVeiv, to gape.] 
A cleft; an opening ; a vacuity. 

5has-seiir', n. [Fr. for "huntsman;" chasser, to 
hunt.] A light infantry soldier : — a light cav- 
alryman. 

Chaste, o. [Fr. ; L. castus, Gr. Kadapog, Skr. pud- 
dha, pure.] Observing chastity ; modest; without 
taint; pure; uncorrupt. 

Chaste'ly, ad. In a chaste manner; purely. 

Chast'en' (chas'sn), v. a. [0. Fr. chastier, Fr. 
chutier, L. castigare ; castas, pure; termination en 
as in harden, soften.] [pp. chastening, chastened.] 
To chastise ; to correct ; to punish : — to pui-ify ; to 

Chaste'ness, v. Chastity ; purity. [refine. 

Chas-tise'. v. a. [From Chaste, Chasten, with the 
termination ise, ise signifying to render.] [pp. 
chastising, chastised.] To punish; to correct: 
to chasten : — to restrain. 

Chas'tise-ment, n. [Fr. chdtiment.] The act of 
chastising ; punishment. 

Chas'ti-ty, n. [L. castitas ; Fr. chastete.] State or 
quality of being chaste ; purity ; modesty. 

Chas'u-ble, n. [Fr. ; Late L. casvbula, casibnla, 
dim. of casula, a mantle; dim. of casa, a cottage, 
a shelter.] A vestment worn by priests. 

Chat, v. n. [For chatter.] [pp. chatting, chatted.] 
To prate ; to converse at ease. — 2, n. Idle or 
familiar talk :— a little bird. 

Chateau (sha-to'), n. ; pi. Chateaux (sha-toz'). 
[Fr. chateau.— See Castle.] A castle :— a coun- 
try-seat. 



a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a, e, 5, o, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



CHATELAINE 



139 



CHERUP 



fhat'e-laine (shat'e-lan), n. [Fr. ; Late L. castel- 
laniis, a castle-warden, a keeper; caslellum, a 
castle.] A guard for a watch, fan, or satchel, 
pha-toy'ant, a. [Fr. ; chat, a cat; chatoyer, to change 
in lustre like a cat's eye.] Of changeable lustre. 
— 2, re. Cat's-eye, a precious stone. 
Chat'tel (chat'tl or chat'el), n. [L. capitate, prop- 
er^. —See Cattle.] Any movable property; 
goods; furniture. 
Chat'ter, v. >t. [Dut. kwetteren, Sw. kvittra, Dan. 
kviddre, to twitter ; imitative words.] [pp. chat- 
tering, chattered.] To make a noise like birds, 
or with the teeth : — to talk idly or carelessly. — 
2, re. Noise, as of birds ; prate ; chat. 
Chat'ter-box, n. An incessant talker. 
Chat'ter-er, re. One -who chatters ; an idle talker. 
Chat'ter-ing, ». Idle talk; chatter. 
Chat'ti-ness, re. The state of being chatty ; talk- 
ative disposition or habits. 
Chat'ty. a. Chattering; conversing freely. 
Chaunt (chant), v. & re. See Chant. 
phauvinism (sho'vjn-Izm), re. [From one C'hauvin, 
once noted for his extreme devotion to Napo- 
leon.] Unbounded admiration and love for 
France : — fanatical patriotism or party spirit. 
Chaw, i: a. [pp. chawing, chawed.] See Chew. 
Cheap, a. [0. E. cheap, bargain, price ; A.-S. ceap, 
""" price; 0. E. good cheap, a good price, came to 
be used adjectively like Dut. goed-koop, cheap. — 
Cf. Fr. bon-marche.] Bearing a low price ; common. 
Cheap'en (che'pn), v. a. [A.-S. ceapiun, Dut. koopen, 
Ger. kaufen, to buy; related to L. caupo, a huck- 
ster, Gr. k6.tt7]Ko<;, a pedler, Euss. kupiie, to 
buy.] [pp. cheapening, cheapened.] To attempt 
to buy ; to chaffer : — to lessen in value. 
Cheap'ly (cbep'le), ad. At a small price. 
Cheap'ness, n. Lowness of price. 
Cheat, r.'a. [From Escheat: escheators were noto- 
riously unscrupulous.] [pp. cheating, cheated.] 
To defraud ; to impose upon ; to trick.— 2, «. A 
fraud ; a trick : — deceiver; cheater. 
Check, v. a. [Fr. tehee; It. scacco ; Icel. skak; Port. 
xaque; found in many European languages; 
originally a chess term, from Per. shah, the 
king.] [pp. checking, checked.] To repress; to 
curb : — to reprove. — 2, v. n. To stop ; to clash : to 
interfere. — 3, ». A stop; restraint; curb :— are- 
proof- — a ticket :— an order for money : — a kind 
of linen or cotton cloth, woven in squares; a 
mark : — a square mark or checker. 
Check'er, v. a. [From Check ; 0. Fr. eschequicr, a 
chess : board.] [pp. checkering, checkered.] To 
vary; to diversify.— 2, n. One who checks; a 
rebuker : — a square spot on a board. 
Check'er-ber-ry, n. [Because its fruit checkers, 
or dots, the ground.] An American creeping 
plant and its bright red berry. 
Check'er-board. re. A board to play checkers on. 
Check'ers, n. pi. [From the checkered board ub 
which it is played.] A game : —called also 
draughts. 
Check'less, a. Uncontrollable; violent. 
Check'niate, n. [Per. shah-mat, the king is 
dead. — Cf. Sp. matar, to kill.] A movement on 
a chess-board that gains and ends the game. — 
2, v. a. [pp. checkmating, checkmated.] To de- 
feat or control by a movement ; to finish. 
Check'-rein (-ran), n. See Bearing-reix. 
Cheek, ». [A.-S. ceace, Dut. Jcaak, Sw. Mil; a jaw.] 
The side of the face below the eye : — the side of 
a wall or vein : — [Slang] confidence ; impudence ; 
insolence. 
Cheek'-bone, re. The bone of the cheek. 
Cheek'y., a. Saucy; forward; impudent. [Slang.] 
Cheep, v. n. & v. a. [Imitative.] [pp. cheeping, 
cheeped.] To peep; to chirp.— 2, ». A peep; a 
squeak. [Not much used.] 
Cheer, n. [0. E. chere, appearance, the face ; 0. Fr. 
chere, Late L. cara, face; Gr. <dpa, the head.] 
Entertainment ; gay ety : — food : — a shout. — 
. 2, v. a. [pp. cheering,' cheered.] To incite; to 



encourage ; to applaud ; to exhilarate ; to animate. 
— 3, v. u. To grow gay or cheerful. [gay. 

Cheer' ful, o. Animated ; moderately joyful ; lively ; 
Syn. — A cheerful countenance; animated ex- 
pression ; lively imagination ; gay color. 
Cheer' ful-ly, ad. In a cheerful manner. 
Cheer'ful-ness, ». Animation; moderate joy. 
Syn. — Habitual cheerfulness ; occasional mirth; 
animation in manner of speaking. 
Cheer' i-ly, ad. Cheerfully; briskly. 
Cheer'i-ness, n. Cheerfulness. 
Cheer'iess, a. Without gayety or gladness. 
Cheer'ly,a. Brisk; gay ; cheerful. — 2, ad. Cheer- 
I ily ; heartily. 
Cheer'y, a. Gay ; sprightly ; cheerful. 
Cheese, n. [L. caseus ; Celt, cais ; A.-S. cese.~\ Food 

made of the curd of milk. 
Cheese'-cake, n. A cake of curds, sugar, &c. 
Cheese' -mon-£er, n. A dealer in cheese. 
Cheese'-press, «. An engine for pressing curds. 
Chees'y, a. Like cheese. 
Chee'tah, n. [Hind., spotted; chhit, a spot; Skr. 

chitra, spotted.] The hunting leopard. 
Chef (shaf), n. [Fr.] A chief or head person ; a 

head cook. 
Chef-d'oeuvre (sha-dovr 7 ), re. ; pi. Chefs-d'oeuvre. 

[Fr.] A capital performance ; a masterpiece. 
(Zhei-rop'te-ra, n. pi. [Gr. x et P) tlie hand, and 
nrepov, pi. nrepd, a wing.] The bats, as an order 
of mammals. 
phe-16'ni-an, n. A tortoise. [Bleaching-liquor. 
phem'ic (kem'ik), a. Same as CHEMICAL. — 1, n. 
phem'i-cal, a. Pertaining to chemistry, 
phem'i-cal-ly, ad. In a chemical manner, 
ghe-mise' (she-mez'), n. [Fr. for "a shirt;" Late 
L. cwnisia. — Cf. Ger. hemd, 0. Irish caimmse, 0. 
Welsh camse, a shirt.] A woman's shift. 
Chem-i-sette\ re. [Fr.] A waistcoat. [ship, 

phem'ism, n. Chemical force, action, or relation- 
phem'ist, n. A person versed in chemistry, 
phem'is-try [kim'is-tre or kem'is-tre, H.], n. [See 
Alchemy.] A science which investigates the 
composition, the nature, and the properties of ma- 
terial substances and their mutual combinations. 
Che-nille' (she-nel'), n. [Fr., a caterpillar : prob- 
ably Late L. canictda, a little dog; Local It. con, 
a silk-worm.] A kind of silk cord, used as trim- 
ming for dresses. 
Cheque (chek), re. An order or draft on a banker 

for money : — same as Check. 
Cheq'uer (chek'er), v. & n. See Checker. 
Cher'ish, v. a. [Fr. chtrir, part, eherissant ; Fr. 
cher\ L. cams, dear.] [pp. cherishing, cherished.] 
To support ; to encourage ; to nurse. [of cigar. 
Che-root', n. [Said to be a Manila word.] A sort 
Cher'ry, n. [Gr. /cepacros ; L. cercaus; Fr. cerise; 
said to be from the town of Cerasus in Pontus.] 
A small stone-fruit.— 2, a. Red; ruddy; like 
a red cherry. 
Cher'ry.-b'ird, n. (Ornith.) The American wax- 
wing, which feeds on cherries. 
Cher'ry-pit, re. A play with cherry-stones : — a 

cherry-stone. 
Cher'ry-tree, n. A tree that bears cherries, 
pher'so-nese (ker'so-nes) [ker'so-nez, St. I.], n. 
[Gr. xepco^c ? > X^P " ?) land, mainland, and 
vrjo-o?, island.] A peninsula. 
Chert, n. [Irish, ceart, Local Sw. lart, a pebble.] 

(Mm.) A kind of flint; hornstone. 
Chert'y, a. Like chert; flinty. 
Cher'ub, re. ; pi. Cher'ubsrt»rZ Cher'u-bim. [Heb. 
k*ruv, keruv. — Cf. Assyrian Mrubu, a divine 
winged bull.] A celestial spirit ; an angel. 
Che-ru'bic, \ a. Relating to cherubs or cher- 
Che-ru'bi-cal, J ubim; angelic. [Chekub. 

Cher'u-bim,' re. [Heb. Ifc'mvnn.] The plural of 
Cher'u-bin, n. Cherub; angel: — cherubim. 
Cher'up, v. n. [Imitative. — See Chirp.] [pp. 
cheruping, cheruped.] To chirp; to chirrup : — 
to use a cheerful voice. — 2, v. a. To quicken ; 
to chirrup. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, 9, c, §, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; s as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 



CHERVIL 



140 



CHIME 




Cher'vil, n. [Gr. ^atpe'^vAAoi', pleasant leaf; x at '- 
peiv, to rejoico, and 4>vX\ov, leaf.] A plant with 
an esculent root. 

Chess, n. [Fr. tehees; Ger. schach; from Per. 
shah, a king; literally, "game of kings." — See 
Check.] A game in which two sets of pieces 
are moved in opposition to one another : — a coarse 
grass. 

Chess' -board, n. A board to play chess on. 

Chess'man, n. A piece or puppet for chess. 

Chest, n. [Gr. kiVttj; L. cistu; A.-S. cyste; Ger. 
kiste.] A large box or coffer: — the thorax of 
the human body ; the breast. 

Chest/nut (ches'uut), n. [Fr. chdtaigne ; L. casta- 
nea ; Gr. tcaenavov, or icapvov Kao-ravaiov, nut 
of Gastana, a city in Pontus.] A tree and its 
nut. — 2, a. Colored like a chestnut ; brown. 

Che'tah, n. See Cheetah. 

ghev-'a-lier' (shev-a-ler'), n. [Fr. ; cheval, L. ea- 
bulhis, a horse.] *A knight ; a gallant man; a 
cavalier. 

Chevaux-de-frise (shev'G-de- 
frez'), n. pi. [Fr. for " horse 
of Friesland," a jocose 
name.] (Fort.) A piece of 
timber furnished with spikes Chcvaux-de-frise. 
to defend a passage. 

Cheviot (chiv'i-ot or chev'i-ot) [che'vj-ot, I.], n. 
[From the Cheviot Hills in England and Scotland.] 
Noting a breed of sheep in Scotland especially 
valued for their wool : — a rough woollen fabric, 
used for men's clothing. 

CheVron (shev'ron), n. [Fr. for "a rafter," from 
chevr'e, a goat ;' the rafters are likened to two 
butting goats. — Cf. L. capreolus, a kid, a prop.] 
{Arch.) A zigzag ornament.— (Mil.) A mark or 
badge on the sleeve. 

Chew (chu), v. a. [A.-S. ceon-an; Dut. Jcaawen; 
Ger. kauen ; Russ. jecate ; a variant of Chaw. — 
See Jaw.] [pp. chewing, chewed.] To crush 
or grind with the teeth ; to masticate ; to rumi- 
nate. — 2, v. v. To ruminate ; to muse. — 3, n. 
A cud ; a quid. 

phi-a'ro-os-cu'ro, phi-ar-os-cu'rS, or phi-a'ro- 
scu'ro, n. [It. for "clear-obscure."] The art 
of combining light and shade in painting ; dare- 
obscure, [smoking-pipe. 

Chibouque (che-b6k'), »• [Turk.] A Turkish 

Chic (shik), n. [Fr. ; Ger. geschick, tact; ge- 
schicken, to despatch.] Style ; knack ; address ; 
elegance. — 2, a. Stylish ; graceful. 

£hi-cane' (she-kan'), n. [Fr. chicane, a quibble, a 
wrangle ; originally a kind of game like polo ; 
Late Gr. t^vkolviov, Per. chuvgan, polo, or a bat.] 
A mean trick; chicanery. — 2, v. n. [j>p- chican- 
ing, chicaned.] To prolong a contest by tricks. 

Chi-can'er-y, n- [Fr. chicanerie.] Mean arts of 
wrangling ; sophistry ; trickery ; tricks. 

Chic'co-ry, ». [L. chiconum ; Gr. Ktxwpiov; Fr. 
chico'ree.'] A perennial plant ; succory. 

Chick, n. The young of a bird ; a chicken. 

Chick'a-dee, n. [From its note.] The black-cap 
titmouse. 

Chick'a-ree, n. [From its call.] A red squirrel. 

Chick' en, n. [A.-S. cicen; Dut. Mcken. — Of. Ger. 
kuchlein.] The young of a bird, particularly of a 
hen : — a term for a young person. 

Chick'en-pox, n. A mild eruptive disease. 

Chick'pea (chik'pe), n. [Fr. chiche; It., cece; L. 
cicer.] A kind of pea. 

Chick'weed, v. [Chick and weed; it is greatly 
relished by birds.] An annual plant or weed. 

Chic'o-ry, n. Same as Chiccory. Chicory is the 
more common spelling. 

Chide, r. a. [A.-S. cidav. — Cf. Pan. kiede, to 
harass.] [*'. chid; }ip. chiding, chidden or chid.] 
To reprove; to scold; to check. — 2, v. n. To 
clamor; to scold. 

Chld'ing, v. Rebuke : quarrel : — noise. 

Chief, a. [Fr. chef, a chief, a head ; L. eapvt, the 
head; 0. Fr. chief.] Principal; most eminent; 



first; primary. — 2, n. A commander; leader; 
head. 

isyn. — Chief city; principal person; first in 
rank. — Chief among savages; commander of an 
army ; leader of a party ; head of a famiiy. 

Chief-jus' tice, n. The principal judge. 

Chiefly, ad. Principally ; eminently. 

Chieftain, n. [L. capitanus; 0. Fr. chevetain. — See 
CAPTAiN and Chief.] A leader; a commander; 
a chief. 

Chief tain-ry,, 1 n. State, dignity, or rank of a 

Chief tain-ship, J chieftain. 

£hif-fon-nier\ n. [Fr. ; chiffe, chiffon, a rag : pos- 
sibly akin to Chaff, Chip, or more probably 
to Shiver. In the Pvouchi patois (north of 
France) chife means "a cut;" Sp. chifiar, to 
pare.] A rag-picker. 

ChifFonniere (shlf-fon-ne-ar'), n. [Fr.] A work- 
table ; a what-not. 

Chig-non (sheu-yorj), n. [Fr. for "the back of 
the neck ;" properly "a little chain" (Fr. chaine, 
chafnon). from the chain of vertebral processes 
on the back of the neck.] The haw- of a woman, 
gathered and resting on the back of the neck. 

Chi'go (che'go), n. [Said to be a Peruvian word.] 
See Chigre." 

Chig're (chig'ger), n. [Said to be a Peruvian 
word.] A small insect of the flea kind, that 
lodges under the skin. 

Chil'blain, n. [Chill and blain.] A sore or in- 
flammation in the feet, hands, &c, caused by 
cold or frost. 

Child, n. ; pi. Chil'dren. [A.-S. cild, pi. cildrii, 
cildre. — Cf. Celt, gille, a lad, a servant.] An 
infant ; a very young person ; a son or daughter. 

Child'bear-ing, n. The act of bearing children. 

Child'bed, n. State of a woman in labur. 

Child'bi'rth, n. The act of bringing forth. 

Childe (child or child), n. [Cf. Sp. infante, a 
prince.] A nobleman's son. [Autiq.] 

Chil'der-mas-day', n. [Childer, old and now 
local' pi. of child, and mass.] The day on which 
the feast of the Holy Innocents is solemnized, 
Dec. 28. 

Child'hood(-bud), n. [A.-S. cild-had.] The state 
of children ; infancy ; the properties of a child. 

Child'ish, a. Like a child ; trifling; puerile. 

Child'ish-ly, ad. In a childish manner. 

Child'jsh-ness, n. Puerility; triflingness. 

Child'iess, a. Having no child. 

Child' -like, a. Like or becoming a child. 

phil'i-ad (kil'e-ad), n. [Gr. x tAl(i ?) x tAl " 5 °5-] A 
thousand. 

phil'i-arch, n. [Gr. x t ^ L ° i PX r l'> i X 1 '* 101 * a thou- 
sand, and ap\iLv, to rule.] A commander of a 
thousand men. 

phil'i-a§m,7i. [Gr. x<-Aiao>(.6?.] The millennium. 

phil'i-ast, n. [Gr. x tA <-ao">"ij?.] A millenarian. 

Chilli a. [A.-S. celan, to cool; cyle, coldness ; Dut. 
kill, a chill. — See Cold and Cool.] Cold ; de- 
pressed; cold of temper. — 2, n. Chilliness; a 
shivering; cold: — in casting iron, the process by 
which the surface is suddenly cooled : — the metal 
mould into which iron is cast in order to be 
chilled. — 3, v. a. [pp. chilling, chilled.] To 
make cold ; to depress : — to harden cast-iron by 
suddenly cooling it. 

Chil'li-ness, n. A sensation of shivering. 

Chil'ly, or Chil'li, n. [Sp. chile.] Red pepper; 
capsicum. 

Chil'ly, a. Somewhat cold.— 2, ad. Coldly. 

Chimb' (chim), n. [Dut. kim; Sw. kimb; Ger. 
kimme.] The end of the staves of a barrel, &c. : 
— written also chime and chine. 

Chime, n. [Dan. lame, Local Sw. kimma, kimba, 
to chime ; 0. Fr. chinbe, a cymbal. Not improb- 
ably from root of Cymbal.] A sound of bells ; 
concord of sound. — 2, v. n. [pp. chiming, 
chimed.] To sound in harmony ; to agree. — 3, 
v. a. To move, strike, sound, or cause to sound 
in harmony. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



CHIMERA 



141 



CHOICE 



phi-me'ra, n. [L.] ; pi. phi-me'ras. [Gr. xip-aipa, 
a she-goat, a monster with a goat's body; x^ a - 
po?, a goat. — Cf. Icel. gymbr, a lamb.] A feigned 
monster : — an odd fancy ; an illusion. 

ghi-mere', n. [Fr. simarre; It. zimarra.] A bish- 
op's robe. 

phi-mer'i-cal, a. [See Chimera.] Imaginary; 
fanciful; unreal. 

phi-mer'i-cal-ly, ad. In a chimerical manner. 

Chim'ney, n. ; pi. Chim'neys. [Fr. cheminee : Late 
L. caminata ; L. camiiuts, Gr. Ka/xii/os, a furnace ; 
Kaiet-v, to burn.] A passage through which 
smoke ascends; a flue. 

Chim'ney-cbr'ner, n The fireside. 

Chim'ney-piece (chlm'ne-pes), >/. The ornamental 
work round a fireplace. 

Chim'ney-pot, n. A pot or tube put on the top 
of a chimney to induce a draught. 

Chim'ney-swal'low (-swGl'lo), m. A species of 
swift; a swallow-like bird, building its nest in 
chimneys. 

Chim'ney-sweep'er, n. A cleaner of chimneys. 

Chim-pan'zee, n. [West African.] A large ape. 

Chin, n. [A.'-S. cut ; Dut. kin ; Gr. yivv<; ; Ger. kirm. 
— Cf. Icel. kinn, Dan. kind, Goth, kinnus, L. gena, 
Skr. ganda, the cheek.] The lowest part of the 
human face. 

Chi'na, it. [Name of the country whence at first 
it was imported.] Porcelain. 

Chl'na-as'ter, n. A plant and its flower. 

Chl'na-clay, n. See Kaoline. 

Chl'na-grass, n. (Bnt.) The fibre of a Chinese 
nettle, from which is manufactured grass-cloth. 

Chi'na-ink, ». See Indian-ink. 

Chin'ca-pin, \n. [Fr., from an American Indian 

Chin'qua-pin. J name.] Tbe dwarf chestnut. 

Chinch, n. [Sp. chinche, It. cimice, L. cimex, cimi- 
cts, a bug.] A bed-bug: — a destructive insert. 

Chm-chil'la, n. [Sp.-Amer., apparently a dim. of 
local chinch'', a skunk; the latter name (properly 
'•a bed-bug") is given to 
the skunk on account of 
its offensive smell, which, 
however, the chinchilla 
does not have.] A small 
South American animal 
noted for its fine fur. 

Chine, n. [Fr. Cchine, the 
spine; Ger. schiene, a 

splint.— Cf. Shin.] The backbone or spine:— 
[see Chimb] the ends of c, barrel or cask (written 
also c'limb and chime) :— [A.-S. cinu, Dut. keen, a 
cleft; A.-S. cinon, to split] a deep groove or cleft 
worn into sea-cliffs by a stream. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
chining, chined.] To cut into pieces or chines. 

Chi-nese', n. The language or people of China. 

Chink,)). [Dim. of chine, a cleft.] A narrow aper- 
ture; an opening:— a slight jingling or tinkling 
sound. — 2, v. a. [pp. chinking, chinked.] To 
shake so as to make a sound. — 3, c. n. To sound 
by striking each other. 

Chintz, n. [Hind, chhint, chhit, chintz; ckhinia, 
chhit, a spot; Skr. chilra, spotted.— Cf. Cheetah, 
also Ger. zitz, Dut. sits, chintz.] Cotton cloth 
printed with colors. 

Chip, v. a. [A dim. variant of Chop.] [pp. chip- 
ping, chipped.] To cut into small pieces; to 
hack. — 2. >-. n. To break or crack ; to chap. — 
3, n. A small piece cut or broken off. — 3, p. n. 
[Imitative.] To chirp like a small bird. 

Chip'muck, 1 ». [Called also chipping-sguirrel, 

Chip'munk, J from its call.] A striped squirrel; 
a ground-squirrel. 

Clrip'ping, n. Act of cutting off; a chip. 

Chip'ping-bird, ) n. A small North Ameri- 

Chip'ping-spar'row, j can bird. 

Chip'py, n. See Chipping-bird. — 2, a. Covered 
with chips. 

phi-rog-'ra-pher, n. A writer. 

Phi-ro-graph'i'c, ]_ a. Relating to chirography ; 

phi-ro-graph'i-cal, J written. 




Cuiuohilla 



phl-rog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. x et P) ^ ie hand, and ypd- 
4>slv, to write.] Art of writing, handwriting. 

phi-roT'o-£-y, v. [Gr. x et P, the hand, and \6yos, 
discourse.] The art of conversing by the hands 
and fingers ; dactylology. 

phi'ro-man-cy, n. [Gr. x et P> the hand, and fxav- 
Teia, divination.] Divination by the hand; 
palmistry. 

phi-ron'o-my, n. [Gr. x et P. the hand, and vo/u.os, 
law.] The'science or rules of gesticulation and 
pantomime. 

phl-rop'o-dist, n. [Gr. x ei P> the hand, and novs, 
tto&os, the foot.] A surgeon for the hands and 
feet, or for corns and bunyons. 

Chirp, v. n. [Imitative ; similar words are found 
in many languages.] [pp. chirping, chirped.] 
To make a cheerful noise, as birds. — 2, n. The 
voice of birds or of insects. 

Chirp' ing, u. The gentle noise of birds. 

Chirrup, v. a. [pp. chirruping, chirruped.] To 
quicken; to cheer up. — 2, n. A chirp. 

phi-riir'£e-on, n. [Gr. x eL P ov Py o< >- — See Chirur- 
gery.] A surgeon. [Antiq.] 

phi-rur'|-e-ry, n. [Gr. x et P ou PY ta >' X et P> the 
hand, and ep\etv, to work.] Surgery. 

phi-rur'£i-cal, a. [Gr. xeipovpyiKos.j Surgical; 
pertaining to surgery. 

Chis/el, n- [Fr. ciseau; 0. Fr. ciscl, chisel; Late L. 
ciseUvs, scwefovm; L. sicihcula, dim. of sicilis, a 
sickle ; from secare, to cut, influenced by sdndere, 
to cut. But cf. It. cesello, a chisel, which seems 
to be from csddere, csesum, to cut.] A tool for 
paring wood or stone. — -l, v. a. [Fr. ciseler.] 
[pp. chiselling, chiselled.] To cut or carve 
with a chisel : — to cheat. 

Chit, ». [A.-S. cid, sprout.— Cf. Kith.J A child; 
a baby : — a sprout of corn. 

Chit' -chat, n. Prattle; idle talk; chat. 

Chit'ter-lings. n. pi [Local E. chitter, to shiver, 
to tremble ; from their gelatinous quality.] Food 
made of swines' entrails. 

Chi-val'ric [chiv'al-rik, L C; Bhlv'al-rlk, N.], a. 
Relating to chivalry : chivalrous. 

phiv'al-rous, a. Knightly; gallant. 

£hiv'al-ry, or Chiv'al-ry, v. [Fr. chevaJcrie • chc- 
val, L. cabattus, a horse.] The system of knight- 
hood, with its usages and customs; knighthood : 
— the body of knights. [A sedative drug. 

phlo'ral, n. [First syllables of chlorine and alcohol] 

phlo'ral-ism, n. The morbid condition of the 
system sometimes induced by chloral. 

phlo'rate, )'. (C/iem.) A salt composed of chloric 
acid and a base. 
j phlo'ric, a. Noting an acid containing chlorine. 

phlo'ride. n. (Chem.) A conqiound of chlorine 
and some other substance. 
, phlo'rine, n. [Gr. x^ajpo?, crreen ; the gas is of a 
greenish color.] An element obtained from com- 
mon salt. 

Chlo'ro-form, n. [Fii-st syllables of chlorine and 
fornnjl] (Chem.) A liquid obtained by distilling 
a mixture of chloride of lime with diluted alco- 
hol -.—used to produce insensibility in surgical 
operations. — 2, v. a. [j>p. chloroforming, chloro- 
formed.] To put under the influence of chloro- 
form ; to render insensible by chloroform. 

phlo'ro-phyl, n. [Gr. x^wpos, green, and <f>vkKov, 
a leaf.] The green coloring-matter of plants. 

phlo-ro'sis. n. [From Gr. x^^po?, green.] (Med.) 
The green sickness. 

phlo-rot'ic. a. Affected by chlorosis. 

Choak (chok), v. a. See Choke. 

Chock, n. [Akin to Choke.] A sort of wedge to 
confine a cask. 

Chock'-full, a. Quite full. 

Choc'o-late, n. [Mex. chocolail.] A preparHtion 
of cacao; the liquor made by a solution of it. 

Choice, «. [Fr. choir; choisir, Goth, kiusan, to 
choose.— See Choose.] The power or act of 
choosing; election; option :— best part :— thing 
chosen. — 2, a. Select ; precious ; very valuable. 



mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, Q, c, £, soft; p, &, p, g, hard; s as z ;? as gz ; this. 



CHOIR 



142 



CHROMATICS 



pholr (kwlr), n. [Fr. choeur ; L. chorus. — See Cho- 
rus.] An assembly or band of singers; quire : 
— the part of a church where the singers are 
placed: — the chancel. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. 
choiring, choired.] To sing together. 

Choke, v. a. [Icel. koka, to gulp ; akin to Cough 
and Chuckle: imitative.] [pp. choking, choked.] 
To suffocate; to stop up. — 2, v.n. To be choked 
or obstructed. — 3, n. A contraction in the bore 
of a, gun. 

Choke' -damp, n. [Choke, and damp, a vapor or 
gas.] Carbonic acid; a noxious vapor in coal- 
mines and wells. 

Choke' -pear, n. An unpalatable pear. 

phol'a-gogue, n. [Gr. x o ^ a Y to 7°? > X° Ao ?> bile, 
and" aye.i.v, to lead ; dyw-yos, leading.] A medi- 
cine carrying oft bile. 

phol'er, n. [L. cholera, Gr. x° Ar ?> bile-.— Cf. Gall : 
the "ancients associated melancholy and anger 
with excess of bile.] The bile : — anger; rage. 

phol'e-ra, n. [L. for "bile," or "biliousness;" 
Gr. xoAipa, cholera.— See Choler.] (Med.) A 
disease accompanied by vomiting and purging, 
with great pain. 

phol-e-ra'ic, a. Pertaining to cholera. 

phol'e-ra-mbr'bus, n. [L. for "cholera the dis- 
ease"."]' A painful disease attended with purging 
and vomiting. 

phol'er-Ic, a. [Gr. xoAepi/co?.] Full of choler; 
arii/rii ; irascible. 

pho-li-am'bic, n. [Gr. x^Aos? lame, and 'iapjSos, 
an iambus, from its halting movement.] A kind 
of verse. 

Choose, v. a. [A.-S. ceosan; Dut. kiezen ; Ger. kiesen ; 
Goth, kiusan ; akin to L. gustare, to taste, Skr. 
jush, to relish.] [i. chose; pp. choosing, chosen.] 
To prefer ; to pick out ; to select ; to elect. — 

2, v. n. To have power of choice ; to prefer. 
Chop, v. a. [0. Dut. koppen, Dut. kappen, Ger. 

kappen, Sw. kappa, (Jr. Koirreiv, to cut.] [pp. 
chopping, chopped.] To cut with a quick blow. 
— 2, v. n. To do or act with a quick motion. — 

3, n. A small piece or cut of meat; a cleft: — 
[Hind, chhap, a stamp, a copy] a permit ; quality. 

Chop'-fall'en (-fal'in), a. See Chap-fallen. 

Chop'-hSuse, n. A house of entertainment. 

Chop'ping, p- a. Stout; large :— tumbling. 

Chops, n. pi. The mouth of a beast. See Chaps. 

Chop'stick, n. An instrument used in China, &c, 
to eat with. [choragus. 

pho-ra£-'ic, a. [Gr. xopayiKos.J Pertaining to a 

pho-ra'gus, n. [Gr. xop«7°s / X P°Si chorus, and 
ayeiv, to lead.] The leader or patron of an an- 
cient Greek chorus. 

pho'ral, a. [Late L. ch oralis ; chorus, a choir.] 
Belonging to, or singing in, a choir. — 2, n. [Late 
L. chorale.'] A kind of psalm-tune. 

pho'ral-ly, ad. In the manner of a chorus. 

phord, n. ' [L. chorda, Gr. x°P s V> a £ llt . a string. 
— See Cord.] The string of a musical instru- 
ment :— a certain combination of notes ; har- 
mony.— (Geom.) A right line which joins the 
two ends of an arc of a circle. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
chortling, chorded.] To furnish with strings. 

Chore, n. A small job. [U.S.] See Char. 

pho-re'a, n. [Gr. x°P eta > a dance.— See Chorus.] 
St. Vitus's dance. 

pho-ri-am'bic, n. [Gr. x°peto?, a trochee (literally, 
"belonging to the chorus"), and iap0os, an 
iambus.] The foot of a verse consisting of four 
syllables; as, anxietds. 

pho'ri-on, n. [Gr. x°P t0V > ^- corhvm, Skr. kar, 
leather, skin,] (Anat.) Tlie exterior membrane 
that inwraps the foetus. 

phor'is-ter, n. [Fr. choriste.] A singer in cathe- 
dral's, of in a concert : — a leader of a choir. 

pho'ro-graph, n. [Gr. x w P°?> place, and ypa^etv, 
to describe.] An instrument or kind of pro- 
tractor used for constructing triangles. 

phor-o-graph'ic, 

phor-o-graph'i-cal, 



Relating to chorography. 



pho-rog'ra-phy, n. The description of a place ; 
the art of forming maps of particular regions. 

pho'rbid, n. [Gr. x o P oet ^s i X°P t0,/ > skin, and 
elSos, form.] One of the coats of the eye. 

pho'rus, n. ; L. pi. pho'ri ; Eng. pho'rus-es. [L. ; 
Gr. x°P°?> a song and dance ; a hand of singers.] 
A band of singers; a concert: — a song between 
the acts of a tragedy : — verses of song in which 
the company join tho singer.— 2, v. a. & v. n. 
[pp. chorussing, chorussed.] To sing as in a 

Ch5§e, i. from choose. See Choose. [chorus. 

Chose (shoz), n. [Fr. ; It. cosa; from L. causa, a 
cause (q. v.).] A thing; personal property 

Chos'en (chf/zn), p. part, from choose. 

Chough (chuf), n. [A.-S. ceo, Dan. kaa, Dut. kaauw, 
a chough, or daw, — from the cry.] A bird like 
a crow. 

Chouse, v. a. [Turk, chiaus, chaush, a herald, a 
sergeant; alluding to a chiaus who in 1609 com- 
mitted great fiauds in London.] [pp. chousing, 
choused.] To cheat; to trick. — 2, n. A bubble ; 
a trick or sham. 

Chow'-chSw, n. [Pidgin-English (not Chinese) 
for " food," or " a meal."] A pickle composed of 
various ingredients, as cucumbers, tomatoes, &c. 

Chow'der, n. [Fr. chaudiere, a caldron.] Food 
made of fresh fish boiled with biscuit, pork, &c. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. chowdering, chowdered.] To 
make into chowder. 

Chow'ry, n. [Hind.] A fly-brush or fly-fan. 

phres-tom'a-thy, n. [Gr. xPW T o^o-0eia ; xPW* 
toV, good," and ixadelv, to learn.] A book of in- 
struction. 

phrism, n. [Gr. xp^pa ; xP teiv > *° anoint.] Unc- 
tion used in sacred ceremonies. 

phris/ma-to-ry, n. [Late L. chrismatorium.] A 
little o'il-vessel. 

phris'om (kriz'um), w. The white vesture anointed 
with chrism formerly put on a child in baptism. 

phrist'en (kr'is'sn), v. a. [A.-S. cristen, a Chris- 
tian; christnian, to christen.] [pp. christening, 
christened.] To baptize; to name. 

phris-ten-dom (kiis'sn-dum), n. [A.-S. cristendom; 
Ger. chridenthum.] The regions the inhabitants 
of which profess Christianity ; the whole body 
of Christians. 

phris'ten-ing (kris'sn-ing), n. Baptism. 

phris'tian (krist'yan), n. [Gr. xP<-o-Tiavo? ; Xpicr- 
tos, Christ, or anointed.] A disciple of Christ; 
a believer in Christianity :— in a general sense, 
an inhabitant of Christendom. — 2, a. Pertain- 
ing to Christ or to Christianity; ecclesiastical. 

phris-ti-an'i-tx (krlst-ye-an'e-te), n. [L. chrisH- 
anitas'.] The religion taught by Christ; the re- 
ligion of Christians. 

phris'tian-Ize, v. a. [Gr. X P^ Tiav ^ LV -] IpP- 
christianizing, christianized.] To render Chris- 
tian. 

phris'tian-name, n. A name given in baptism. 

phrist'nias (kris'mas), n. [Christ and mass.] The 
festival' of Christ's nativity, December 25; 
Christmas-day. 

phrist'mas-box, n. A box for collecting Christmas 
presents : — a Christmas present. 

phrist'mas-eve, n. The evening next before 
Christmas. 

phrist'mas-tide, n. The Christmas season. 

phrist'mas-tree. n. A small tree set up in the 
house, with presents, &c, hanging from it for 
distribution on Christmas-eve. 

phris-tol'o-ix n. [Gr. Xpicrro?, Christ, and 
A070?, a treatise.] A treatise relating to Christ. 

phro'mate, n. A salt containing chromic acid. 

phro-mat'ic, o. [Gr. xP^^ti/cos ; xpuna-, color: 
it is said that in music intermediate notes were 
once written in colors; but probably the term 
indicates simply a "shading," like a variation 
in tint or color; in Gr. the term may mean 
"florid," "artificial."] Belating to color, or to 
semitones in music. 

phro-mat'ics, n. The science of colors. 



a, e, 1, 0, 5, y, long; a, e, 1, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



CHROMATOGRAPHY 



143 



CICELY 



Ghro-ma-tog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. xP^no., XP^V-cltos, 
color, 'and ypd<pe<.v, to write.] A discourse on 
colors. 
Chrome, n. A sort of metal ; chromium, 
phro'mic, a. Noting an acid containing chromium, 
phro'mi-um, n. [Gr. xP^p-a, color, paint: inany of 
its compounds are used as pigments.] A whitish, 
brittle metal. 
Chro'mo, n. A picture printed in oil-colors. 
phro'mo- lith'o-graph, n. A lithographic picture 

in oil-colors :— often abbreviated into chroma. 
Chro'mo- lith-o-graph'ic, a. Pertaining to, or 

produced by,'chronio-lithography. 
Chro'mo- li-thog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. xP^P-a, color, 
and Lithograph.] The process of producing 
lithographs in various colors. 
Ghro'mo-sphere, n. [On type of atmosphere; Gr. 
XpOifJLo., color, and o-(ba7pa, a sphere.j The at- 
mosphere of the sun, outside the photosphere. 
Chro-mo-spher'ic, a. Of or pertaining to the 

chromosphere, 
phron'ic, a. [Gr. xP 0VLK °s ; xpoi'o?, time.] Of long 

duration, as a disease : — opposed to acute. 
phron'i-cle, n. [Gr. xpovi/ca (J3i/3Aia) ; from xpovos, 
time."] An historical register of events; annals; 
archives; a record; a history. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
chronicling, chronicled.] To record; to register, 
phron'i-cler, /*. A recorder of events. 
Chron'o-gr'am, n. [Gr. xp° vo s, time > ancl YP«/"-^«> 
a writing.] An inscription in which the date 
is expressed by numeral letters. 
Chron'o-graph, n. [Gr. xP° v0< *< time, and ypa<^si.v, 
to record.] An electric instrument for measuring 
- and recording time. 

phro-nol'o-ier, ) n. One who is versed in chro- 
phro-nol'o-|ist, J nology. 

Ghron-o-lo£-'ic, \a. Relating to chronology; 
phron-o-lo| , 'i-cal, j in the order of time. 
Chron-o-lol'i-cal-ly, ad. By chronology. 
Chro-nol'o-gy, n. [Gr. xpo^oAoyi'a ; xP° v °s, time, 
and A0705, treatise.] The science of computing 
and adjusting the dates of events : — a tabular 
view of events and dates. 
Chro-nom'e-ter. n. [Gr. xpoco?, time, and p.irpov, 
a measure.] A time-keeper, or instrument for 
measuring time with exactness. 
Ghron-o-met'ric, ) a. Relating to the measure- 
Ghron-o-met'rj-cal, / merit of time, 
phrys'a-lid, n. A chrysalis. 

Chrys'a-Ks, n. ; pi. phry-sal'i-de§. [Gr. xpvo'aA- 
At? ; from xP v <t°s, gold.— Cf. 
Late L. aurelia, a chrysalis; 
from aurnm, gold ; referring 
to the color of some kinds.] 
The pupa of an insect; au- Chrysalis, 

relia. 
Ghrys-an'the-mum, n. [L. ; Gr. xpwos, gold, and 

avOep-ov, flower.] A genus of plants. 
Ghrys-el-e-phan'tine, «. [Gr. xpwos, gold, and 
eAe^dvrlvos, made of ivory ; e'AecSas, an elephant ; 
ivory.] Made of gold and ivory, 
phrys'o-ber-yl, ». [Gr. xpv<ros, gold, and flrjpvK- 

A05, beryl.] A precious stone, 
phrys'o-lite, v. [Gr. XP V<T ^^> S°ld, and At'flo?, 

stone'.] A precious stone. 
Chrys'o-prase, n. [L. chrysoprasvs ; Gr. xP vcr ^i 
gold, 'and npao-ov, a prase, a leek. — See Phase.] 
A pale-green precious stone. 
Chub, n. [Probably named from its chubby shape. 

— Cf. Sw. kulbb, a block.] A river-fish. 
Chub'bed, a. Plump; chubby. 
Chub'by, a. [Cf. Local Sw. kubbug, fat, plump.] 

Plump; short and thick. 
Chuck, v. n. [Imitative, like Cluck.] [pp. chuck- 
ing, chucked.] To make a noise like a hen. — 
2, v. a. To call as a hen : — [a form of Shock, or 
Shake] to strike gently :— to throw by a quick 
motion ; to pitch. — 3, n. The voice of a hen : — 
a pat or blow : — a part of a turning-machine. 
Chuc'kle, v. n. [Imitative, and allied to Choke.] 
[pp. chuckling, chuckled.] To laugh convul- 



sively ; to laugh inwardly with triumph. — 2, v. a. 
To call as a hen : — to fondle. — 3, n. A short, 
suppressed laugh, express:ve of satisfaction, ex- 
ultation, or derision. 
Chum, n. [Said to stand for comrade. — Cf. A.-S. 

cuma, a guest.] A chamber-fellow ; associate. 
Chu'nam, n. Stucco; mortar; lime. [India.] 
Chunk, n. [Local E. chump, a block ; junk, a lump. 
— Cf. Hump.] A short, thick piece of any thing. 
Chunk'y, a. Short and thick. 

Church, n. [A.-S. circ, cirice; Scot, kirk; Ger. kirche ; 
from Gr. Kvpi.aK.6v, the Lord's house ; Kvpios, 
lord, master.] The collective body of Christians : 
— a particular body of Christians : — a place of di- 
vine worship : — the clerical body, in distinction 
from the laity : — ecclesiastical authority. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. churching, churched.] To assist to return 
thanks in church. 

Syn. — The use of church in the sense of a house 
of public worship is limited, in England, to 
houses of the kind belonging to the Episcopal or 
established form of religion, the houses of public 
worship among the dissenters being styled meet- 
ing-houses or chapels ; but in this country this 
distinction is not adhered to. [church. 

Chiirch'ing, n. The act of returning thanks in 
Chiirch'iy, a. Befitting the church. 
Chiirch'man, n. An ecclesiastic : — an Episcopalian. 
j Chiirch'-mem-ber, it. One in communion with 
i a church. [poses. 

Church'-rate, n. A rate or tax for parish pur- 
Church' -war-den, n. An officer of the church. 
Chiirch'-yard, n. The burial-ground adjoining a 

church, or belonging to a church. 
Churl, n. [A.-S. eeorl, a freeman, a husbandman ; 
Scand. & Ger. karl, a man.] A surly man : — a 
miser : — a rustic. 
Chiirl'ish, a. Rude ; brutal :— avaricious. 
Chiirl'ish-ness, n. Rudeness: niggardliness. 
Churn, n. [Icel. kirna, Sw. kania, a churn ; Ger. 
& But. kcriK-n, to churn; from the root KERNEL, 
CORN. The idea seems to be the extraction of 
the kernel or quintessence.] A vessel in which 



cream is churned. — 2. r. 



pp. churning, 



churned.] To agitate, as in a churn.— 3. ,-. n. To 

. work at a churn ; to imitate the action of a churn. 

Chiirn'ing, //. The act of making butter. 

Chuse, v. a. See Choose. [spout: a shoot. 

Chute (shut), n. [Fr.] An inclined trough or 

Chfit'ney, n. [Hind. ehatnL] A condiment or pickle. 

Ghy-la'ceous (-shus), a. Belonging to chyle. 

Chyle, n. [Gr. xvAos, juice ; x" €tl S X* 6t "> to pour.] 
A milky fluid formed in the alimentary canal 
and separated from the chyme. 

Chy-li-fac'tion, b. The act or the process of 
making chyle. [chyle. 

Chy-li-fac'tive, or chyl-i-fac'tive, a. making 

Ghy-li-fi-ca'tion, v. Process of becoming chyle. 

Chy'lous (ki'lu's), a. Consisting of chyle. 

Chyme, n. [Gr. x u M°? ; X veLV i X« a S to pour.] A 
soft pap produced in the stomach by the diges- 
tion of food. 

Chym'is-try, n. See Chemistry. 

Cib'ol, n. [Gr. Kama, onions; L. csepa, an onion, 
dim. (late) crcpula ; Fr. ciboule, Sp. ceboUa, an 
onion; but Fr. & Sp. represent L. csepuHu, an 
onion-field, onions collectively.] A sort of small 
onion. 

Ci-bo'ri-um. n. [L. ; Gr. Kt/Siopiov, a cup, — prop- 
erly, a water-lily.] A pyx or cimbarium. 

Ci-ca'da, n. [L.] ; pi. Ci-ca'dse, or Ci-ca'das. The 
harvest-fly, or tree-locust. 

Ci-ca'la, or Ci-ca'la, n. [It.] A 
cicada. 

Cic'a-trice, n. [L. cicatrix.] A scar. 

Cic-a-tri-za'tion, n> Act of healing 
a wound. 

Cic'a-trize, v. a. & v. n. [pp. cica- 
trizing, cicatrized.] To heal : to 
skin over. [kinds. 

Clc'e-ly, n. A plant of several Cicada. 




mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, Gr, 5, g, soft; p, £, e, g, hard; § 



as z ; $ «s gz ; 



this. 



CICERONE 



144 



CIRCUMSCRIBE 



Cicerone (che-che-ro'ne or sis-e-ro'ne), ii. ; It. pi. 
Ciceroni (che-ehe-io'ne) ; Eng. Clc-e-ro'nes. 
[It.; literally, a Cicero; that is, an orator,' a 
talker.] A guide; one who explains curiosities 
or antiquities. 

Cic-e-ro'ni-an, a. Resembling Cicero. 

Cicisbeo (che-chjs-ba'o or se-sis'be-o), n. [It.] A 
gallant attending a lady ; a dangler about 
women. 

CI'der, n. [Sp. sidra; Fr. cidre; L. sicera, Gr. 
aiicepa, Heb. shekar, strong drink. — Cf. Magyar 
csiger, Koumanian cigher, cider; Arab, su.hr, sakr, 
drunkenness.] The juice of apples fermented. 

Ci-devant (s^-de-vah'), ad. [Fr. ; literally, here- 
before.] Formerly. 

Ci-gar', n. [Sp. cigarro ; said to be from cigarral, 
'a garden, an orchard, one kind of tobacco being 
called garden-tobacco; cigarral, an orchard, is 
from cigarra, a cicada, which especially frequents 
groves.] A little roll of tobacco for smoking. 

Cig-a-rette', n. [Fr.] A small cigar :— a small 
smoking-tube formed by rolling up a pinch or 
two of tobacco in tissue-paper. 

Cil'i-at-ed, a. Furnished with cilia. 

Ci-li"cious (se-15sh'us), a. [L. cilicimv, Gr. ki\'l- 
'kiov, ha'ir-cloth, a garment of goafs hair; liter- 
ally, cilician cloth.] Made of hair. 

Cil'i-um, n. : pi. Cil'i-a. [L., an eyelid,— later, an 
eyelash.] A hair, or'a hair-like filament, [ing. 

Ci'ma, n. [See Cyma.] (Arch.) A kind of mould- 

Cim-ba'ri-um, n. [Late L. ; Gr. ki>/u/3i'ov, a cup; 
0. Fr. cimarre, a wine-bowl.] A vessel in which 
the eucharist is reserved ; a ciborium. 

Cnn'e-ter, n. A Turkisli sword. See Scymitar. 

Cim-ine'ri-an, a. [From Cimmeria, now the Cri- 
mea, formerly thought to be a Very dark coun- 
try, probably from some notion of the long 
nights of the Arctic regions.] Extremely dark. 

Cin-cho'na, n. [Named in 1742 in honor of the 
"Countess of Chinchon (Spain, 1638).] Peruvian 
or Jesuits' bark, or the tree which produces" it. 

Cin'cho-nine, n. An alkaloid of cinchona. 

Cinct'ure (slngkt'yur), n. [L. cinctura, a girdle; 
cingere, cinctus, to gird.— Cf. ^kr. karichi, a girdle.] 
A band worn round the head or the body ; belt; 
sash ; girdle. 

Cin'der, n. [Icel. sindr, Dan. & Sw. sinder, Ger. 
sinter, dross ; probably not the Fr. cendre, L. 
civift, cineris, ashes.] Kelics of burnt coal or 
wood :^— ashes :— a mass ignited and quenched. 

Cin-e-mat'ics, ». See Kinematics. [Cineheous. 

Cin-e-ra'ceous (-shus), a. [L. cineraceus.] Same as 

Cm'e-ra-ry, a. [L. cinerarius; cinis, cinfris, ashes. 
— Cf. Gr.'/covi?, dust; Skr. kana, powder.] Re- 
lating to, or like, ashes. 

Cin-e-ra'tion, n. Act of reducing to ashes. 

Ci-ne're-oiis, a. [L. cinereus.] Like ashes ; ash- 
colored. [Like ashes. 

Cin-e-ri"tious (sin-e-rish'us), a. [L. cinericius.] 

Cm'na-bar, n. [Gr. nivvafiaai ; Per. zingifrah, zin- 
jafr!] A red sulphuret of mercury. 

Cin'na-mon, w. [L. cinnamomum, Gr. Ktva.ixoifj.ov, 
Heb'. qinnamon, possibly allied to qaneh, cane. — 
But cf. Malay kajumanis, cinnamon ; kaju, Avood, 
mani% sweet.'] The spicy bark of a tree of Asia. 

Cinque (singk), v. [Fr. cinq, L. quinque, five.] The 
number five in dice. 

Cinque'-foil (singk'-), n. [Fr. cinq-feuilles, five 
leaves.] An astringent plant. 

Cl'on, n. A shoot to be engrafted. See Scion. 

Ci'pher, n. [Fr. cMffre; Arab, sifr.— See Zero.] 
The' arithmetical character : — a figure ; a char- 
acter : — a secret manner of writing, or a key to 
it. — 2, v. n. [pp. ciphering, ciphered.] To 
practise arithmetic ; to compute by figures. — 
3, v. a. To write in occult characters. 

Cir-cen'sian (sir-sen'shan), a. [L. circensis.— See 
Circus.]' Of the circus. 

Ci'r'ci-nate, a. [L. circinare, circinatus. to make 
round ; circimis, a pair of dividers.] Polled up or 
turned like a shepherd's crook. 



Ci'r'cle,n. [A.-S. circul ; Fr. cercle; L. circitlus, dim. 
of circus; Gr. Kt'pxos, a ring.] A curved line-con- 
tinued till it ends where it began, having all its 
parts equidistant fioui a common centre: — the 
space included in a circular line: — a round 
body ; an orb ; a sphere ; a globe :— a compass : 
— a circumlocution : — a class of people; a com- 
munity ; a company : — a district; a province. — 
2, v. a., [pp. circling, circled.] To move round; 
to enclose. — 3, v. n. To move circularly. 

C'ir'clet (sir'klet), n. A little circle. 

Cir'cuit (sir'kit), n. [L. circuire, circuitus, to go 
around ; circuit/, around, and ire, to go.] Act of 
moving round: — the space enclosed; extent: — 
a course : — visitation of judges : — a district or 
tract of country visited by the judges of a court. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. circuiting, circuited.] To move 
round. 

Cir-cu'i-tous, a. Roundabout ; not direct. 

Cir-cu'i-tous-ly, ad. In a circuitous manner. 

Cir'cu-iar, a. Round, like a circle: spherical; 
circulating. — Circular letter, a letter sent to sev- 
eral persons on some common affair. — 2, n. A 
circular letter. 

C'ir'cu-late, v. n. [pp. circulating, circulated.] 
To move round ; to spread. — 2, v. a. To spread ; 
to diffuse. 

C'ir-cu-la'tion, n. Act of circulating; circular 
motion: — extent of diffusion: — currency of 
money, or of a substitute for money. 

Ci'r'cu-la-to-ry,, u. A chemical vessel. — 2, a. Cir- 
cular ;' going round. [much used as a prefix. 

Ci'r'cum. [L. for "around," "about."] A word 

C'ir-cum-am'bi-en-cx, »• Act of encompassing. 

Ci'r-cum-am'bi-ent, a. [See Ambient.] Surround- 
ing.' 

Ci'r-cum-am'bu-late, v. n. [L. circum, about, and 
ambulare, to walk.] [pp. circumambulating, 
circumambulated.] To walk round. 

Ci'r'cum-ci§e, v. a. [L. circum, around, and cse- 
der'e (-cidere), cisum, to cut.] [pp. circumcising, 
circumcised.] To cut off the foreskin. 

Cir-cum-ci"sion (sir-kum-sizh'un), n. The act 
of circumcising; a Jewish rite. 

Cir-cum-dQct', v. a. [L. circum, about, and du- 
cere, ductum, to lead.] [pp. circumducting, cir- 
cumducted.] To lead about : — to nullify. 

Cir-cum'fer-ence, n. [L. circumferentia ; circum., 
"about, and ferre, to bear.] A line that bounds 
the space of a circle ; periphery; orb; cirple. 

Cir-cum-fe-ren'tial (-shal), a. Circular. 

CiVcum-flect, ) v. a. [L. circumflectere, to bend ; 

C'ir'cum-flex, J circum, around, and fectere, ftexwm, 
to bend.] [pp. circumflecting, circumflected.] 
To mark with the circumflex. 

C'ir'cum-flex, n. An accent denoting a long syl- 
lable, — marked in Greek ["], in Latin [ A ], 

C'ir-cum-fuse', v. a. [L. drcurnftmdere, circum- 
fusum; fundere, to pour.] [pp. circumfusing, 
*circumfu8ed.] To pour round. 

Ci'r-cum-fu'sion, n. A pouring round. 

Cir-cum-ja'cent, a. [L. circuuijacere, circumjacen- 
tis ;'jacere, to lie, to throw.] Lying round ; sur- 
rounding. 

Ci'r-cum-lo-cu'tion, n. [L. circumlocutio ; circum, 
around, and loqui, locutus, to talk.] A circuit or 
compass of words ; periphrasis : use of indirect 
expressions. 

Ci'r-cura-loc'u-to-ry, a. Periphrastical. 

Cir-cum-nav'i-ga-ble, a. That may be circum- 
navigated or sailed round. 

Ci'r-cum-nav'i-gate, v. a. [L. circumnavigare ; 
circum, around, and navigare, to sail ; naris, a 
ship.] [pp. circum navigating, circumnavigated.] 
To sail round. 

C'ir-cum-nav-i-ga'tion, n. Act of sailing round. 

Ci'r-cum-nav'i-ga-tor, n. One who sails round. 

Cir-cum-po'lar, a. [See Pole.] Round or near 
the pole. 

Cir-cum-scribe', v. a. [L. circum, around, and 
scribere, scriptum, to write.] [pp. circumscribing, 



u, y, long; a, e, I, 5, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



CIKCUMSCEIPTION 



145 



CLAIM 



circumscribed.] To write around ; to enclose ; 
to bound ; to limit. 

Cir-cum-scrip'tion, n. [L. circumscriptio.] The 
act of circumscribing; boundary; limitation; 
bound. 

Cir-cum-scrip'tive, a. Marking the outlines. 

Ci'r'cum-spect, a. [L. circumspectus, prudent; cir- 
cum, around, and specere, spectus, to look.] Cau- 
tious; discreet. [fulness. 

C'ir-cum-spec'tion, n. [L. circumspeclio.] Watch- 

Cir-cum-spec'tive, a. Attentive ; cautious. 

Ci'r'cum-spect-iy, ad. Cautiously. 

C'ir'cum-spect-ness, n. Vigilance ; caution. 

Ci'r'cum-stance, n. [L. circumstantia, a surround- 
ingj an attribute; circum, around, and stare, 
stands, to stand.] An adjunct of a fact; some- 
thing adventitious ; incident; event. -*-pl. One's 
state or condition ; state of affairs. — 2, v. a. [ pp. 
circumstancing, circumstanced.] To pLice rela- 
tively or in some situation. 

Ci'r-cum-stan'tial (-sbal), a. Accidental ; not es- 
sential; incidental :— particular; minute. 

C'ir-cum-stan'tial-ly, ad. In a minute and par- 
ticular manner. 

C'ir-cum-stan'tials, n. pi. Things not essential. 

Cir-cum-stan'ti-ate (-she-at), v. a., [pp. circum- 
stantiating, circumstantiated.] To place in a par- 
ticular condition : — to substantiate by particulars. 

C'ir-cum-val-la/tion, n. [L. circumvallatio ; cir- 
cumvallare, to wall in ; circum, around, and val- 
lare, vallatus, to build a wall ; vallum, a wall 
(q. v.).] A trench bordered with a parapet; an 
enclosing fortification. 

Cir-cum-vent', v. a. [L. circumvenire, to deceive; 
circum, around, and venire, ventum, to come.] 
[pp. circumventing, circumvented.] To deceive ; 
to cheat. [deceit ; trick. 

Ci'r-cum-ven'tion, n. [L. circumventio.] Fraud ; 

Cir-cum-vent'ive, a. Deluding; cheating. 

Cir-cum-vo-lu'tion, n. The act of rolling round. 

Ci'r-cum-volve', v. a. & v. n. [L. circum, around, 
and volvere, volutum, to roll.] [pp. circumvulv- 
ing, circumvolved.] To roll round. 

C'ir'cus, n. ; pi. Ci'r'cus-e§. [L. ; Gr. /tip/cos*, <pi- 
ko<>, a ring.] An area for sports, with seats 
around for spectators. 

Cirque (s3rk), n. [Fr. for "circle," or "circus."'] 
A circle : — a round valley. [like a tendril. 

Cir'ri-fbrm, a. [Cirrus and form.] (Bot.) Formed 

Cir'ri-ped, n. [L. cirrus, a curl, or tuft, and pes, 
pedis, a foot.] One of a group of crustaceans, 
including the barnacles. 

Cir'rus, ». ; pi. Cir'rl. [L., a tuft or curl ; root of 
Circle.] A curled or tufted form of clouds ; the 
fringe-like locomotive or prehensile organ of 
certain invertebrates. 

Cis-al'pine, a. [L. cisalpinus; cis, on this side of, 
and Alpes, the Alps.] On this side of the Alps. 

Cis-at-lan'tic, a. [L. cis, on this side of, and At- 
lantic] On this side of the Atlantic. 

Cis' co, n. [Probably from a North American In- 
dian name.] A fresh-water fish.. 

Cls'pa-dane, a. [L. cis, on this side, and Padus, 
Po; padanus, of the Po.] South of the river Po. 

CIs'soTd, n. [Gr. Kto-o-oeiSrjs ; kkto-os, ivy, and 
etSo?, form.] (Geom.) A kind of curve. 

Cist, n. [L. cista ; Gr. kio-ttj ; E. chest; Scot. & Celt. 
kist: cyst is an entirely distinct word, though 
often confounded with it.] A case; a hullow 
tumor. See Cyst. 

Cis-ter'cian, n. [From CUeaux (L. CiMercium), in 
France, the site of their first abbey.] One of a 
^congregation of Benedictine monks. 

Cis' tern, ». [L. cisterna; from cista, a chest, as 
caverna is from cavea, a cave.] A reservoir or 
receptacle for water; a fountain; a vessel to 
hold water. [A plant ; the rock-rose. 

Cis'tus.'w. [Late L. ; L. cislhus, Gr. kicttos, ki'o-0os.] 

Cit, ». A citizen : — used in contempt. 

Cit'a-ble, a. Suitable to be quoted :— liable to be 
summoned. 




Cit'a-del, n. [Fr. citadelle; It. citadella, a small 
town, dim. of citld, formerly citade, a town; L. 
cicitas, civitalis, a city.] A fortress, on a com- 
manding position, near a city. 

Ci-ta'tion, n. [L. cilatio.] Quotation; words 
quoted : — summons to appear before a judge. 

Ci'ta-tc-rx, a. Calling; containing citation. 

Cite, v. a. [Fr. citer ; L. citare, freq. of ciere, to 
call.] [pp. citing, cited.] To summon to an- 
swer in court : — to give the words of another ; 
to quote. 

Cith'a-ra, n. [L. ; Gr. KiOdpa. — See Guitae.] An 
ancient form of the guitar. 

Cith'ern, n. A kind of guitar. 

Cit'i-zen (-zn), n. [Fr. citoyen, 0. Fr. cileain; cite, 
a city (q. v.). The z in reality stands for y. 
Formerly printers, chiefly in Scotland, used the 
letter z for y. The custom still survives in a few 
proper names (as Dalzell, da-yel') and in some 
Scottish legal words (as spuilzk).] An inhabi- 
tant of a city ; a freeman. 

Cit'i-zen-ship, n. fetate or rank of a citizen. 

Cit'rate, n. {Chem.) A salt formed of citric acid 
and a base. [citron, lime, or lemon. 

Cit'ric, a. [L. citrus, the orange.] Kelating to the 

Cit'rine, a. Like a citron ; of dark yellow. — 2, n. 
A species of yellow quartz. 

Cit'ron, n. [Gr. Kirpov ; L. citrus, the orange- 
tree.] A fruit resembling a lemon. 

Cit'y, n. [Fr. cite; L. ciritas, cicituiis; civvs, a citi- 
zen; root of Hive, Home, and Quiet (Skeat).] 
A large town incorporated. — (Eng.) A corporate 
town which is the see of a bishop. — 2, a. Re- 
lating to a city. 

Cive. //., or Cives, n. pi. [L. cfepa, 
an onion. — See Cibol.] A spe- 
cies of leek. 

Civ'et, n. [Fr. civelle ; Late Gr. 
C,aTriTiov; Arab, zabad, zub id ; 
Per. zabad.] A small quadru- <-»vet. 

ped ; a musky perfume from the civet. 

Civ'ic, a. [L. civicus; ciris, a citizen.] Relating 
to civil affairs or honors. 

Civ'il, «. [L. civilit; civis, a citizen.] Relating 
to the community, municipal: — intestine: — po- 
litical, opposed to criminal; — complaisant; well- 
bred; genteel; polite. — Civil lav, the law of a 
state or country; the Roman law. — Civil war, 
an intestine war. 

Ci-vil'ian (se-vil'yan), n. One versed in civil law : 
' — one'iuacivil capacity. 

Ci-vil'i-ty. i*. [L. cirUilas ; ciris, a citizen.] The 
quality of being civil; urbanity; refinement; 
politeness; courtesy; attention; complaisance. 

Civ-il-i-za'tipn. n. The act of civilizing; civility: 
— culture; state of being civilized. 

Civ'il-ize, v. a. [pp. civilizing, civilized.] To 
reclaim from savageness ; to educate and polish ; 
to enlighten. 

Civ'il-Iz-er, n. One who civilizes. 

Civ'jl-ly,'<r<J. In a civil manner : — politely. 

Civ'il-ser'vice, n. The body of unmilitary public 
servants : — the public service. 

Clab'ber, n. [Irish, clabar, mud ; claba, thick.— 
Of. tapper, to curdle.] Thick sour milk ; bonny- 
clabber. — 2, v. u. [pp. clabbering, clabbered.] 
To become thick or coagulated : — said of milk. 

Clack, n. [Dut. Uakken, to clatter; Fr. claque, a 
sharp noise : — a purely imitative word.] An 
often repeated and importunate noise : — an in- 
strument that strikes: — prate. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
clacking, clacked.] To make a sudden, sharp 
noise. 

Clad, p. from clothe. Clothed. See Clothe. 

Claim, v. a. [0. Fr. clamer, to call for; L. clamare, 
to call out. — Cf. L. calare, Gr. KaXelv, to call.] 
[pp. claiming, claimed.] To demand as due : — 
to profess ownership of; to request; to require. 
— 2, n. A demand as of right, or of a thing 
due; thing claimed; a title; pretension: — a 
miner's term for ground located and worked. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, <?, 5, g, soft; p, p, p, £, hard; § as z ; 5; as gz ; tnis. 
Q k 13 



CLAIMABLE 



146 



CLAVICULAR 



Claim'a-ble, a. Th;it may be claimed. 

Claim'ant, n. One who claims. 

Clair-voy'ance, n. [Fr.] Clear-seeing; sight of 

things invisible to the eye. 
Clair-vby'ant, a. [rr. char, clear, and voyant, 

seeing ; voir, L. tidere, to see.] Relating to 

clairvoyance. — 2, n. One who has, or claims, 

the power of clairvoyance. 
Clam, n- [A variant of Clamp; Dan. klamme, a 

clamp, or squeeze ; Sw. Mamma, to squeeze ; 

A.-S. clom, a bond; Ger. klemmen, to pinch.] A 

small bivalve mollusk or shell-fish. — 2, v. a. 

[From Clammy.] [pp. clamming, clammed.] 

To clog with any glutinous matter. — 3, v. n. To 

he moist; to stick. 
Clam'ber, v. n. & v. a. [Akin to Cltmb, and to 

Ger. Mammer>i, to clasp ; Icel. Mambra, to clamp.] 

[•pp. clambering, clambered.] To climb with 

difficulty. — 2, n. A difficult climb. 
Clam'my.'a. [A.-S. clam, .clay; Dut. Mam, moist.] 

Viscous ; glutinous ; slimy. 
Clam'or, ». [L. clamor; clamare, to call out.] A 

loud" noise; an outcry; vociferation; an uproar. 

— 2, v. n. [pp. clamoring, clamored.] To make 

outcries ; to vociferate. 
Clam'or-ous, a. Vociferous ; noisy 
Clamp, n. [Dut. Mump ; klampen, to 

grapple; Dan. Mampe, to clamp.] 

An instrument to clasp or hold ry, Jl* 

pieces together.— 2, v. a. [pp. clamp- | * 'f 9 



■&JkJ 



Clamps. 



ing, clamped.] To strengthen by a 
clamp : — to stamp. 

Clan, n. [Celt, claim, offspring : said to be from 
L. planta, a plant, a slip.] A family; a tribe. 

Clan-des'tine, a. [L. clandestine; akin to clam, 
secretly.] Secret; hidden. 

Clang, n. [Imitative: Gr. /cAa-yyvj, a clang; L. 
clangere, to clang.] A sharp, shrill noise; clank. 
— 2, v. n. [pp. clanging, clanged.] To make a 
shrill noise. — 3, v. a. To strike together with a 
noise. [shrill sound ; clang. 

Clan'gor, n. [L., from clangere, to clang.] A loud, 

Clank, n. [Imitative; Dut. blank, a clank.] A 
shrill noise, as of a chain; clang. — 2, w. n. [pp. 
clanking, clanked.] To make a shrill noise; to 

Clan'nish, a. Disposed to unite in clans, [chink. 

Clan'njsh-ly, ad. In a clannish manner. 

Clan'nish-ness, n. A disposition to unite in clans, 
or after the manner of clans. 

Clan' ship, ». Association of persons in clans. 

Clans/man, ».'; pi. Clans/men. Member of a clan. 

Clap, v. a. [Icel. Mappa; Dut. Happen; Ger. klap- 
pen, Hap fen ; Dan. Mappe ; Fr. clapper ; Russ. chlo- 
pate.] [pp. clapping, clapped.] To strike to- 
gether so as to make a noise ; to applaud with 
the hands : — to add one thing to another. — 
2, v. n. To strike the hands together in ap- 
plause : — to begin or move briskly. — 3, n. A 
loud explosion ot thunder : — an act of applause ; 
a blow: — [Dut. klapoor ; 0. Fr. clapoir ; Irish, 
clab, thick] a venereal infection. 

Clap'board (klab'bord), n. A thin, narrow board, 
used for the covering of wooden houses: — a 
stave. — 2, v. a. [pp. clapboarding, clapboarded.] 
To cover with clapboards. 

Clap'per, n. One who claps ; tongue of a bell. 

Clap'-trap, n. [Originally a trap or machine to 
create applause in a theatre.] An artifice to in- 
snare. 

Claque (klak), n. [Fr.— See Clack.] In theatres, 
a band of persons hired to applaud a piece. 

Clar'ence, w. [From William IV. of England, 
once Duke of Clarence; the title came to Eng- 
land through Philippa of Hainault, heiress of 
the honor of Klarenza, a Frankish duchy in 
Greece.] A light, four-wheeled carriage. 

Clar'et, n. [Kr. clairet, 0. Fr. claret; Late L. 
e&aretum, clarified wine; L. darns, clear.] A spe- 
cies of reddish French wine. 

Clar'i-chord, n. [L. clams, clear-sounding, and 
chorda, a string.] A musical instrument. 



Clar-i-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of clarifying. 
Clar'i-f I-er, n. He who or that which clarifies. 
Clar'i-fy, v. a. [Fr. clurifier ; L. clarificare ; clams, 
clear, and facere, to make.] [pp. clarifying, clar- 
ified.] To make pure or clear; to purify, as 
liquor:— to brighten.— 2, v. n. To clear up; to 
grow bright. 
Clar'i-net, n. [Fr. clarinette, Sp. clarinete ; a dim. 
variant from Clakion.] A musical wind in- 
strument; a kind of hautboy :— often written 
clarionet. 

Clar'i-on, n. [Fr. clairon, 0. Fr. clarion, claron ; 
Sp. c'larin; Late L. clario ; L. clarus, clear.] A 
kind of trumpet, of a shrill, clear tone. 

Clar'j-tude [L. claritudo], or Clar'i-ty [L. claritas], 
n. Brightness. 

Clash, v. n. [A variant of Clack.— Cf. hack, hash; 
crack, crash ; Ger. & Sw. klalsch, a clash.] [pp. 
clashing, clashed.] To act in opposition ; to col- 
lide ; to strike together with noise. — 2, v. a. To 
strike against.— 3, n. A noisy collision of two 
bodies. 

Clasp, n. [Kindred to Clamp, and to Clip in the 
sense of to embrace. — Cf. grasp, from grip and 
grab.] A kind of hook : — an embrace. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. clasping, clasped.] To shut with a clasp; 
to embrace. 

Clasp'er, n. He who or that which clasps. 

Clasp'-knife, n. A knife which folds into the 
handle; ajackknife. 

Class, n. [L. classis or clasis, class, assembly, fleet; 
root cal, to call, convoke, as in calare, clamare, to 
call out.] A number of persons or things equal in 
rank ; a rank : an order ; a division ; a set, as of 
pupils or of students. — 2, v. a. [pp. classing, 
classed.] To arrange in classes ; to classify. 

Clas'sic, \ a. [L. classwus, having rank ; classis, a 

Clas'si-cal, f class.] Relating to authors or works 
of the first rank; Greek or Latin. 

Clas'sic, n. An author of the first rank, com- 
monly of Greek or Latin : — a work of a classic 
author : — one versed in the classic authors. 

Clas'si-cal-ly., ad. In a classical manner. 

Clas'si-cize, v. a. [pp. classicizing, classicized.] 
To make classic. 

Clas'sj-f I-a-ble, a. That may be classified. 

Clas-si-fi-ca'tion, w. Act of arranging into 
classes ;' arrangement. 

Clas-sif i-ca-to-ry, a. Of or relating to classifica- 
tion ; classifying. 

Clas'si-f i-er, ». One who classifies : — one who 
is skilled in systematic classification. 

Clas'si-fy, v. a'. [L. classis, a class, and fieri, to 
become.] [pp. classifying, classified.] To ar- 
range in classes ; to class. 

Clas'sis, «. ; pi. Clas'seg, [L.— See Class.] Order; 
body ; class : — a convention : — a judicatory. 

Class'mate, w. One of the same class. 

Clat'ter, v. n. [Imitative: Dut. Mater, a rattle; 
khdereu, to rattle.J [pp. clattering, clattered.] 
To make a confused noise. — 2, v. a. To cause 
to sound and raitle.— 3. m. A confused noise; 
a rattle. 

Clat'ter-ing, n. A noise ; a rattle ; a clatter. 

Clause, n. [Late L. clansa, a period ; properly a 
perfect passive participle from L. claudere, to 
close.] Part of a sentence: — a member: — an 
article or stipulation. 

Cla'vate, a. [L. clavare, clavatvm, to nail ; clavus, 
a nail.] Club-shaped :— set with knobs. 

Clave, v. a. & v. n. Did cleave. See Cleave. 

Clav'e-cin, n. [Fr. clavecin; Late L. claviajuiba- 
lum) L. clavii, a key; Sp. clavecimbalo, literally 
a keyed cymbal.] A harpsichord. 

Clav'i-phord, n. [Late L. clar ichor dhtm ; L. clavis, 
a key, and chorda, a string.] See Clakichord. 

Clav'i-cle, n. [L. clavicida, dim. of clavis, a key ; 
from its shape.— Cf. Gr. /cAet's, a key ; akin to L. 
claudere, to shut.] The collar-bone. 

Cla-vic'u-lar, a. Relating to the clavicle, or col- 
lar-bone. 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



CLAVIER 



147 



CLIMATIZE 




Claw. 



Clavier (kla've-a), n. [Fr. for "keyboard," Ger. 
for "piano ;" L. cluvis, a key.] An assemblage of 
all the keys of an organ or piano-forte ; a key- 
board : — a piano-forte. 

Claw, n. [A.-S. clown; Dut. Maauw ; Scand. Mo; 
Ger. Idaue: probably akin to Cleave, Glue, and 
Clew.] The nail or foot of a 
bird or animal. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
clawing, clawed.] To tear with 
claws; to scratch. [claws. 

Clawed, a. Furnished with 

Claw-ham'mer, n. A hammer 
with a clutch to extract nails. 

Clly (kll), n. [A.-S. clseg ; Dut. 
& Ger. klei.] An unctuous, 
tenacious earth ; argillaceous 
earth ; alumina. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
claying, clayed.] To cover 
with clay ; to purify with clay. 

Clay'ey, a. Consisting of or like clay : — soiled. 

Clay' more, n. [Gael, claidheamh (pron. nearly 
kli-ev) ; Welsh deddyf, a sword, and Gael, mor ; 
Welsh manor, great.] A large two-handed sword. 

Clean, a. [A.-S. cleeue. — Cf. Celt, glan, pure : pos- 
sibly akin to 0. Ger. Heine, tine, Ger. Mein, 
small.] Free from dirt and impurity ; not foul : 
— elegant; neat: — entire: — innocent. — 2, ad. 
Quite; perfectly; completely. — 3, ». a. [pp. 
cleaning, cleaned.] To free from dirt ; to cleanse. 

Clean'li-ness (kleu'le-nes), n. Cleanness. 

Clean'ly (klen'le), a. Clean; neat; pure. 

Clean'ly (klen'le!, ad. In a clean manner. 

Clean'ness, n. Neatness; purity. 

Cleanse (klenz), v. a. [A.-S. clensian.— See Clean.] 
[pp. cleansing, cleansed.] To free from dirt or 
impurity ; to purify ; to scour ; to clean. 

Clear (kl:-r), a. [L. clams, bright, ioud, illustrious: 
Fr. clair, U. Fr. der.] Bright; serene; perspicu- 
ous; transparent: — indisputable; manifest: — ex- 
empt; free. — 2, ad. Plainly; clean; quite. — 3, 
n. Space within walls or any covering. — i, v. a. 
[pp. clearing, cleared.] To make clear; to free 
from obscurity ; to acquit :— to cleanse. — d, v. n. 
To grow bright, fair, or disengaged. 

Clear'ance, n. Act of clearing : — the certificate 
given by the collector of a port that a ship has 
been properly entered and cleared. 

Clear'ing, n. Justification; successful defence : — 
a plot or field cleared of trees. 

Clear'in<r-house, n. The place where daily bal- 
ance's between banks are settled. 

Clear'ly, ad. Brightly; plainly; evidently. 

Clear'nes3, n. Transparency; distinctness. 

Clear'-sto-ry, ) n. [Probably because it is bright 

Clere'-sto-ry, j and well lighted. — See Blind- 
story.] A story or row of windows in a Gothic 
church, rising above the roof of the nave. 

Cleat, n. [Allied to Clot; Ger. Mette, a burr.] A 
piece of wood for fastening or strengthening :— a 
thin metallic plate. 

Cleav'a-ble, a. That may be divided or cleft. 

Cleav'age, n. Act or manner of splitting. 

Cleave (kl 5 v), v. n. [A.-S. cleofian; Dut. Meven; 
Dan. hlsebe ; Ger. Meben : perhaps akin to Glue.] 
[i. cleaved (clave); pp. cleaving, cleaved.] To 
adhere; to stick; to hold to; to unite aptly. — 2, 
v. a. [A.-S. cleofan ; Dut. Moven ; Icel. kljufa ; Ger. 
klieben. — Cf. Gr. y\v(i>eiv, to hollow, L." glubere, 
to peel.] [t. clove or cleft (clave) ; pp. cleaving, 
cloven or cleft.] To split ; to divide ; to separate. 
— 3, o. n. To part asunder; to separate. 

Cleav'er, n. A butcher's axe or large knife. 

Clef, ri [Fr. clef, a key; L. clavis.] {Mus.) A 
character or mark for the key. 

Cleft, i. &p. from cleace. [Icel. kluft ; Dan. Mo ft; 
Sw. Myfl, a cave: akin to v. a. Cleave.] Di- 
vided. — 2, u. A space made by splitting ; crevice. 

Clem'a-tis, n. [Gr. KA^an's, dim. of icAjyjxa, 
xA»j/xaTo?, a twig; nXdetv, to lop or prune ] A 
plant and its flower. [mildness. 

Clem'en-cy, n. [L. dementia.] Lenity; mercy; 



Clem'ent, a. [L. clemens, dementis.] Mild; gen- 
tle ; 'merciful ; kind. 

Clench. See Clinch. 

Clench'er, n. An unanswerable argument. 

Clepe, v. a. [A.-S. cleopian, dipian, to call ; Scot. 
dep, to tell. — Cf. Dut. Mappeu, to prattle.] [i. 
dent; pp. cleping, clept or yclept.] To call. — 
2, c. ». To call. [Obs.] 

Clep'sy-dra, or Clep-sy'dra, n. [L. & Gr. ; Gr. 
KAeTTTeiv, L. clepere, to steal, to withdraw, and 
vSuip, water.] A water-clock among the ancients. 

Cler'gy, n. [L. clericatus, Fr. clerge, clergie, clergy, 
learning; Late L. clericus, a priest; Gr. kAtjqi.- 
kos, clerical; xA^pos, a lot, — later, clergy.] The 
bod}' set apart for the services of religion ; priest- 
hood ; — opposed to laity. [tion. 

Cler'|-y-a-ble, a. (Law.) Admitting benefit of 
clergy,'or exemption from punishment. 

Cler'£-y-man, n. One of the clergy. 

Cler'ic, n. ' A clergyman or clerk. 

Cler'ic, \ a. Relating to the clergy, to a clerk, 

Cler'i-cal, J or to a writer. 

Clerk(klarko)-klerk),/j. [L. clericus. — See Clergy.] 
A secretary or book-keeper : a writer : — one ap- 
pointed to read the responses in the church ser- 
vice : — a clergyman ; a scholar ; a shopman's 
assistant. 

Clerk'ly, or Clerk'like. a. Like a clerk ; learned. 

Clerk'ship, u. The office of a clerk. 

Clev'er, a. [Local Dan. ilever; possibly related 
to Gael. gle-mhc>r, very excellent, or "to 0. E. de- 
liver, 0. Fr. delivre, active.] Dexterous; skilful ; 
ingenious.— [U.S.] WeH-msposed; kind; honest. 
Syn. — Clecer in managing business; dexterous 
in performance; a ski'/ul physician ; an ingenious 
mechanic ; an expert bowman. 

Clev'er-ly, ad. In a clever manner. 

CleVis, \n. [Icel. Mori, a forked stick. — See 

Clev'y, / Cleave.] An iron in the form of a bow, 
on the end of the tongue of a cart, wagon, &c. 

Clew (klu), /(. [A.-S. cliwen, dive; Dut. Mmven; 
probably akin to L. glomus, globus, a ball.] A 
thread wound upon a ball; guide; direction: — 
corner of a sail. — 2, v. a. [pp. clewing, clewed.] 
To direct : — to raise the sails. 

Cliche (kle-sh.1), n. [Fr. ; diquer, to click, to tap, 
to clap.] A cast ; stereotype or electrotype plate ; 
photographic negative. 

Click, v. n. [Fr. difucr (antiquated), to clap ; Dut. 
Mirken. to rattle : imitative. — See Clack, i'mxk.] 
[pp. clicking, clicked.] To make a sharp, small 
noise. — 2, o. a. To catch or snatch hastily. — 3, ;;. 
Latch of a door : — a sharp sound. 

Cli'ent, n. [L. diens, clieutis : for duens, hearing; 
cliiere, Gr. <cAveii>, to bear.] A dependant (cor- 
relative of patron) : — one who employs a lawyer. 

Cli'en-tage (kli'en-tij), n. Clients collectively ; a 
body of clients : — state of being a client. 

Cli'en-tele, n. [Fr. clientele; L. cUentda.] The 
body of clients collectively. 

Cliff, n. [A.-S. clif; Dut. & Icel. klif; Dut. klip; 
Dan. Mippte; Sw. Mippa : probably akin to Climb 
and Cleave, to adhere.] A steep rock ; a preci- 

Cliffy, a. Broken ; craggy. [pice. 

Cllm-ac-ter'ic (or klj-mak'ter-ik), n. [Gr. kAi- 
p.ax.Tr)p, a ladder-step ; K\lp.a£, a ladder; KAiVeiy, 
to lean.] A critical year in human life, w r hen 
some great change is supposed to befall the body. 
The 63d year is called the grand climacteric. 

Clim-ac-ter'ic, \ a. [Gr. KAt/aaKTrjpiKo?.] Re- 

Clim-ac-ter'i-cal. J bating to critical periods of life. 

Cli'mate, n. [Fr. dimat; L. clima, dimatis, Gr. 
K\ipia, <cA<.>aTos, a slope, a zone, a clime ; kAi- 
veiv, to slope.] A space upon the surface of the 
earth, being a belt of the globe parallel to the 
equator [obs.] : — a region or tract of land [obs.] : 
— constitution or state of the atmosphere, rela^ 
tive to heat, moisture, &c. ; temperature. 

Cli-mat'ic, a. Relating to a climate. 

Cli'ma-tize, v. a. [pp. climatizing, climatized.] 
To acclimate. — 2, v. n. To become acclimatized. 



mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 9, §r, c, £, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § an z ; x as gz ; this. 



CLIMATOLOGY 



148 



CLOUD 



CH-ma-tol'o-ix n. [Gr. /cAijua, climate, and Ad- 
709, discourse.] A treatise on climate. 

Climax, n. [Gr. KAiju.a£, a ladder; nklveiv, to 
lean.] Gradation ; ascent. — (Ehet.) A figure by 
which the sentence rises gradually, from that 
which is lower or less impressive, to that which 
is higher or more impressive. 

Climb (klim), v. n. [A.-S. climban, clymmian ; Dut. 
klimmen.] [i. climbed (clomb) ; pp. climbing, 
climbed (clomb).] To ascend with labor ; to get 
or mount up. — 2, v. a. To ascend ; to mount. 

Climb'er (klim'er), n. One who climbs. 

Clime, n. [L. clinta; Gr. K\i/xa.] Climate ; region. 

Clinch, v. a. [0. Fr. clenche, Dan. & Ger. Idinke, a 
latch; Dut. klinken, Dan. Miitke, to rivet. — See 
Clinic] [pp. clinching, clinched.] To grasp; 
to contract ; to rivet. — 2, v. n. To hold fast ; to 
adhere. — 3, u. A clincher; a hold-fast; a grip : 
— a pun ; a witty saying : — part of a cable. 

Clinch'er, n. One that clinches ; a cramp : — an 
unanswerable reply. 

Cling, v. n. [0. E. clingen, to stiffen, to adhere ; 
A.-S. clingan, to shrivel; Dan. klynge, to cluster.] 
[i. clung ; pp. clinging, clung.] To hang upon 
by twining round ; to adhere. 

Cling' stone, n. A kind of peach, the pulp of 
which adheres to the stone. 

Cling'y, a. Apt to cling ; adhesive. 

Clin'ic, ) a. Pertaining to a bed : — confined to 

Clin'i-cal, j the bed ; bedridden. 

Clin'ic, n. [L. cliuicus, one bedridden; Gr. k\ivi- 
kos, of a bed; k\Lvt}, a bed ; nKlvetv, to recline.] 
One confined to a bed of sickness : — a medical 
lecture at the bedside or in presence of patients. 

Cli-nique (kle-nek), n. [Fr.] (Med.) That branch 
of medical education which imparts instruction 
by the examination of patients in the presence 
of the students. 

Clink, v. a. [Imitative, like clank, click, cluck: 
Dut. klinken, to tinkle, Dan. klinge, Sw. klingu, 
Icel. klingja, Ger. klingen. [pp. clinking, clinked.] 
To ring ; to jingle; to clank. — 2, v. n. T>> emit 
a small, sharp noise. — 3, n. A sharp tinkling 
noise ; clank. 

Clink'er, n. [Dan. klinke; Dut. blinker; klinken, to 
clink.] Slag which forms in stoves and furnaces. 

Clip, v. a. [Icel. klippa ; Dan. klippe : akin to Clip, 
to embrace, 6ince both imply pressure.] [pp. 
clipping, clipped.] To cut with shears; to cur- 
tail :— [A.-S. clippan, akin to Cleavb] to embrace. 
—2, n. A clasp :— a stroke : — wool produced in a 
season. 

Clip'per, n. One who clips: — a barber: — [from 
the colloquial clip, to run, with the idea of mov- 
ing the legs swiftly, like a pair of shears. — Cf. 
Cutter] a sharp, fast-sailing vessel. 

Clip'ping. n. Act of cutting ; a part cut off. 

Clique (klek), n. [Fr. clique, Ger. klicke, a faction; 
Fr. cliquer, to rattle, with the idea of a noisy 
party ; or from root of Ger. gleich, like ; a circle 
of equal fellows.] A party; a coterie. 

Clo-a'ca, n. [L.] A sewer; a drain: — the com- 
mon outlet of the alimentary and urinary canals 
in some animals. 

Cloak (klok), «. [0. Fr. cloque, cloche, a bell, a 
cloak ; Late L. cloca, a bell, a cape. — See Clock.] 
An outer garment ; a cover. — 2, v. a. [ pp. cloak- 
ing, cloaked.] To cover as with a cloak ; to hide. 

Cloak'ing, n. Cloth for cloaks. 

Clock, n. [A.-S. clucga, Irish, clog, clogan, Welsh, 
clock, Late L. cloca, Fr. cloche, Icel. Mukka, a bell ; 
Dut. klok, Sw. klocka, Ger. glocke, a bell, a clock.] 
A machine to show time : — an insect; a beetle : 
— embroidery on a stocking. 

Clock'-work (-wiirk), n. The machinery of a 
clock; well-adjusted work. 

Clod, «. [A variant of Clot; Sw. Model, kladd, a 
lump.] A lump of earth or clay :— a dolt. — 'I, 
v. n. [pp. clodding, clodded.] To gather into 
«oncretions ; to clot. — 3, v. a. To pelt with clods. 

Clod'hop-per, n. A clown ; a rustic. 






Clod'pate, \ /?. A stupid fellow ; a thick-skull ; a 

Clod'poll, /blockhead; a dolt. 

Clog, v. a. [Scot, dag, a clot, an encumbrance. — 
Cf. A.-S. clseg, Dan. kleg, clay.] [pp. clogging, 
clogged.] To encumber; to obstruct. — 2, v. n. 
To coalesce : — to be encumbered. — 3, n. An en- 
cumbrance: — a block : — [Fr. claque, Irish clacche, 
shoes ; probably akin to 0. E. clog, a log, a block, 
as seen in "Yule-clog" and "clog-almanac"] 
a wooden shoe. [used. 

Clog-al'ma-nac, n. A wooden calendar, now dis- 

Clog'-dance, m. A dance in clogs or wooden shoes. 

Clog'gy, a. Clogging up; obstructing; viscous. 

Cloisonne' (klwa-zo-na), u. [Fr. ; from doison, a 
partition.] Enamel-work in which each color 
is marked off by a metallic partition. 

Clois'ter, n. [Fr. cloitre; L. claustrum, an enclo- 
sure ;' claudere, clausum, to shut.] A monastery ; 
a nunnery: — an ar- 
cade ; a piazza. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. cloistering, clois- 
tered.] To shut up in 
a cloister. 

Cloke, n. An outer gar- 
ment. See Cloak. 

Clon'ic, a. [Gr. kAovos, 
agitation.] Convul- 
sive. Cloister. 

Clo§e, v. a. [Fr. clos, part, of clore, to shut ; L. 
claudere, clamnm, to shut. — Cf. Gr. /cAei'eti/, to 
shut.] [pip. closing, closed.] To shut : — to con- 
clude ; to terminate : — to enclose : — to join ; to 
unite. — 2, v. n. To coalesce; to unite; to end. 
— 3, n. Conclusion ; end ; pause ; cessation. 

Close [kloz, H.], u. [Fr. clos.] An enclosed place ; 
a field : — a passage ; a narrow street : — the pre- 
cinct of a cathedral or abbey. 

Close, a. [See the verb.] Shut fast; tight:— 
compact : — solid : — secret ; trusty ; sly ; retired : 
— intent :— near to : — penurious : — restricted to 
few ; not open. — 2, ad. Densely ; closely. 

Close'-fist-ed, a. Penurious; parsimonious. 

Close'-hauled, a. Heading close to the point 
whence the wind is blowing. 

Close'lj;, a <i. In a close manner : — secretly. 

Close'ness, n. Quality of being close : — secrecy. 

Close'-st661, n. A chamber cabinet. 

Clos'et, n. [Fr. closeau, 0. Fr. closet, an enclosure, 
a garden. — See Close.] A small room ; a cup- 
board. — 2, v. a. [pp. closeting, closeted.] To- 
shut up in a closet ; to conceal. 

Clos/ing, »/. Period ; conclusion ; termination. 

Clos'ure (klo'zhur), n. Act of shutting up. 

Clot, n. [A.-S. date, a burr; Dut. kluit, a clod; 
klont, a clot; Icel. & Sw. Mot, a ball; Ger. Moss, 
a lump ; Motz, a block. — Cf. A.-S. cleotan, to split.] 
Any thing clotted; coagulation : — a clod. — 2, v. a. 
& v. n. [pp. clotting, clotted.] To form clots; 
to coagulate. 

Cloth (kloth or klawth), n. ; pi. Cloths (klawthz). 
[A.-S. clad; Icel. klsedi; Dan. klsede.— Cf. Ger. 
klvid, Dut. Meed, a garment.— See also Clout.] 
Any thing woven for dress ; a woven fabric : — a 
covering for the table : — the clerical profession. 

Clothe (kloth), v. a. [Ger. kleiden ; Dut. kleeden ; 
Scand. Mseda.— See Oloth.] [i. clothed or clad ; 
pp. clothing, clothed or clad.] To cover with 
garments; to dress; to invest. 

Clothes, (klothz or kloz), n. pi. Garments; dress; 
vesture ; apparel. 

Cloth'ier (kloth'yer), n. A maker or seller of 
cloth or clothes :— a fuller of cloth. 

Cloth'ing, n. Dress; vesture; clothes. 

Clot'ty, a. Full of clots ; clotted. 

Cloture (klo-tur'), n. [Fr. ; from clore, to close.] 
The act or power of closing discussion in a delib- 
erative body. 

Cloud, n. [A.-S. dud, a mass: akin to Clot.] A 
collection of vapors suspended in the air, and 
so condensed as to be visible : — something that 
covers; obscurity: — a crowd. — 2, v. a. [pp. 



a, e, I, 0, u, y, long ; a, e, 1, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, £• obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



CLOUDINESS 



149 



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clouding, clouded.] To darken with clouds; to 
obscure.- — 3, v. n. To grow cloudy or obscure. 
Clbud'i-ness, w. State of being cloudy ; obscurity. 
Clbud'iess, a. Without clouds ; clear. 
Cloud' -rack, n. Broken clouds. 
Cloud' v., a. Covered with clouds; dark, 
dough" (kluf or klof), n. [Dut. kloof; Icel. klofi: 

akin to Cleave.] A cliff; a ravine. 
Clough (kluf ), n. [Late L. claims, a certain weight ; 

0. Fr. clou.] Allowance in weight. 
Clout, b. [A.-S. dut; Gael, dud; Welsh, clwt] A 
cloth for any mean use ; a patch ; a stroke or 
blow. — 2, v. a. [pp. clouting, clouted.] To 
patch ; to cover with a cloth : — to strike [Vulg.]. 
Clove, i. from cleave. — 2, n. [Fr. clou, L. etavus, a 
nail, from its shape.] A spice : — a weight : — 
[see Clough] a cleft; a gorge in a mountain. 
Clb'ven (klo'vn), ». from cleave. Cleft. 
Clb'ven-foot-ed (klo'vn-fut-ed), a. Having the 

foot divided." 
Clove' -pink, n. [It has somewhat the odor of 

cloves.] A carnation pink. 
Clb'ver, n. [A.-S. clstfre; Dut. Haver; Dan. Hover ; 
Sw." kWfver ; root of Clewe, from its divided 
leaves.] A kind of plant; trefoil. 
Clown,?*. [Icel. klunni; Fris. klanne; Sw.kluns; 
from linntt, a log.— See Clomp. The derivation 
from L. colonus, a colonist, a rustic, is discred- 
ited.] A rustic; a coarse man ; a buffoon. 
Clown ish, a. Coarse ; rough ; ill-bred. 
ClSwn'ish-nass, k. Rusticity ; incivility. 
Cloy, v. a. [0. Fr. cloyer, for doner, to nail ; en- 
cloyer, to stop, to cloy ; influenced in English by 
Clog. J [pp. cloying, cloyed.] To satiate; to 
fill to loathing; to glut. 
Club, n. [Icel. klubba, Humba ; Sw. Hubb, klubba; 
Dan. Hub: akin to Clump.] A heavy stick: — 
[cf. Local Sw. Hubb, a clump, as of trees; a 
crowd, as of men ; various other derivations are 
given] a small society :— a share: — [Sp. basto, 
cudgel, club at cards; but cf. Dan. kVSver, Dut. 
Haver, clover, or club at cards] suit of cards. — 
2, v. u. [pp. clubbing, clubbed.] To join' in a 
common expense. — 3, v. a. To pay to a common 
reckoning : — to beat. 
Club'-foot (-fut), n. A distorted foot. 
Club'-foot-ed (-futed), a. Having crooked feet. 
Club'-hbuse, n. A house in which a club meets. 
Club' -law, n. The law of rude force. [plants. 

Club'-moss, n. A name for various evergreen 
Club' -room, ?;. A room in which a club meets. 
Cluck, v. n. [Dut. kUMen, Dan. khkke, Ger. glucken, 
L. glocire, to cluck ; Dan. kink, a cluck : imita- 
tive.] [pp. clucking, clucked.] To call chick- 
ens, as a hen. — 2, v. a. To call, as a hen calls 
chickens.— 3, n. A call, like that of a hen. 
Clu'di-fbrm, a. [Late L. cludls, a nail, and/o?i??«, 
form.] Nail-shaped; cuneiform; arrow-headed. 
Clue, a. See Clew. 

Clump, n. [Dut. klomp; Dan. & Sw. Hump, kHmp: 
a variant of Clamp or Club.— See Lump.] A 
shapeless mass : — a cluster of trees. 
Clum'§i-ly, ad. In a clumsy manner. 
Clum'§i-ness, n. Awkwardness; unhandiness. 
Clum'sy, «. [0. E. clums, to benumb; Local Sw. 
khmunsen, benumbed with cold : cognate with 
Clamp, Clump.] Awkward; heavy; unhandy. 
Clunch, n. [Allied to Clump and Cling, as wring 
to wrench, hump to hunch, stink to stench, &c.J 
The bed of the lower chalk; an indurated clay. 
Clung, i. & p. from cling. 

Clus'ter, ». [A.-S. clyster, Icel. klaslr ; Icel. klasi, 
Sw. klase, Local Sw. klysse, klifsa, a bunch ; Sw. 
klibba, A.-S. din<m, to adhere, to cleave.] A 
bunch : — collection ; body.— 2, v. n. [pp. clus- 
tering, clustered.] To grow in clusters.— 3, v. a. 
To collect ; to gather. 
Clutch, v. a. [Scot, dook, a claw; cleek, to catch; 
from A.-S. gelseccan, to catch; Iseccan, to seize; 
whence Latch.] [ pp. clurching, clutched.] To 
gripe ; to grasp.— 2, n. Grasp :— a claw :— the 



number of eggs a fowl sits upon.— pf. The 
talons; hands, in a sense of rapacity or cruelty. 

Clut'ter, n. [Welsh, cludair, a heap.] A bustle ; 
disorder ; clatter. — 2, v. n. [pp. cluttering, clut- 
tered.] To make a noise or bustle. — 3, v. n. To 
disorder; to confuse. [sembling a shield. 

Clyp'e-ate, a. [L. clypeas, a shield.] (Bot.) Re-| 

Clys'ter, n. [L. ; Gr. KAvo-rryp ; kAv^siv, to wash; 
L. cluere, to purge.] An injectiou into the rec- 
tum, [with), and implying association. 

Co. A Latin prefix, identical with con (for cum, 

Coach (koch), n. [It. cocchio ; Sp. coche; Fr. coche ; 
Ger. kuteche ; Euthenian, kocija; Servian, kocije ; 
Pol. kocy; Hung, kocsi; Albanian, kotsi; Rouma- 
nian, code; said to be named fr. m Kitsee, for- 
merly Kotsee, a town of Hungary ; some derive 
it from It. cocca, a boat ; Fr. coche, probably al- 
lied to L. concha, a shell. — See Conch. — Cf. Rou- 
manian ghioaca, a shell.] A four-wheeled pleas- 
ure-carriage ; a carriage for travelling : — a tutor ; 
a trainer. — 2, ». ,i. A; ». o." [pp. coaching, coached.] 
To ride or carry in a coach :— to act as coach or 
tutor to ; to prepare one for an examination or 
to pass any ordeal ; to train. 

Coach'-box, n. The seat of the driver of a coach. 

Coach' -dog, u. A spotted dog kept to attend the 
carriage. 

Coach'man, n. The driver of a coach. 

Cb-ad'ju-'tant, a. Helping; assisting. 

Cb-ad-ju'tor, n. [Co, and L. udjutor, assistant ; 
adjuvure,' to assist.] A fel low -helper ; an assist- 
ant : — an assistant bishop. 

Cb-ad-ju'trix, u. [L.] A female assistant. 

Cb-ad-vent'ure, n. [Co and Aoventobe.] A joint 
adventure. — 2, v. u. [pp. coadventuring, coad- 
ventured.] To adventure together. 

Co-ag'u-la-ble, a. Capable of coagulation. 

Co-ag'u-late, v. a. [L. coagulare, coagulatum, to 
curdle; coayiduru, rennet; co, together, and 
agere, to drive.] [pp. coagulating, coagulated.] 
To force into concretions. — 2, v. u. To run into 
concretions. [tion ; congelation. 

Co-ag-u-la'tion, n. Act of coagulating; concre- 

Co-ag'u-lum, n. [L.] A clot : — a mass of curd. 

Coal, h. [A.-S. col; Ger. kohle.] A solid inflam- 
mable substance or fossil used for fuel :— cinder : 
— charcoal. — 2, v. a. [pp. coaling, coaled.] To 
burn to charcoal : — to provide with coal. — 3, v. a. 
To take in coal. 

Cb-a-lesce' (ko-a-les'), v. n. [L. co (cum), together, 
and alescere, frequentative of alere, to feed.] 
[pp. coalescing, coalesced.] To unite in a body 
or in masses; to grow together; to join. 

Cb-a-les'cence, n. Union; concretion. 

Cb-a-les'cent, a. Growing together ; united. 

Cb-a-li"tion (ko-a-lish'un), n. [L. coalitus ; from 
coalesceve, coulilum, to coalesce.] Union into one 
mass, body, or party; junction ; alliance. 

Cbal'-meas-ure, n. A stratum containing coal. 

Cbal'-mine, //. A mine in which coals are dug. 

Cbal'-pit, n. A pit wherein coals are dug. 

Coal'-tar, n. A kind of tar from coal. 

C6am'ing§. n. pi. [For combing*, from comb, a 
ridge.] The raised edges about a ship's hatches. 

Cb-ap'tate. v. a. [L. coaptare, coaptatum : co, to- 
gether, and aptare, to fit.] [pp. coaptating, co- 
aptated.] To adjust, as parts to each other. 

Cb-ap-ta'tion, n. [L. coaplutio.] Adjustment of 
parts to each other. 

Coarse (kors), a. [From course, meaning ordinary, 
in the regular or common course.] Not fine ; 
not refined : — not soft : — rough ; rude : — gross ; 
indelicate ; vulgar. 

Cbarse'ly, ad. In a coarse manner. 

Cbarse'ness, n. Rudeness; grossnoss. 

Coast (kost), n. [L. costa, rib, side ; 0. Fr. coste, 
Fr. cote, a hill-side.] The edge or border of a 
country bounded by the sea ; shore ; frontier. — 
2, v. ». [pp. coasting, coasted.] To sail close by 
or near the coast :— to slide down hill.— 3, v. a. 
To sail near ; to keep close to. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, <?, 5, §, soft; p, p, p, g, liard; §asz; xasgz 

13* 



this. 



COASTER 



150 



CODICIL 



Coast'er (kost'er), n. He who or that which sails 
near the shore ; a small trading-vessel. 

Coast'ing, p. a. Keeping near the coast. — 2, re. 
Act of sailing near the coast : — act of sliding 
down hill. 

Coast' -line, n. The line or boundary of a coast. 
« Coast'wi§e, ad. Along the coast. 

Coat (kot), n. [A.-S. cote, a coat, or cot ; Fr. cotle, 
a skirt ; Late L. cota, cotta, cottus, a tunic ; from 
the root of Cot.] An upper garment : — petticoat : 
— the hair or fur of a beast : — any tegument. — 2, 
v. a. [pp. coating, coated.] To cover; to invest. 

Coat'ing, n. Act of covering ; a covering : — cloth 
for coats. 

Coax (koks), v. a. [Cf. cog, to wheedle, to befool ; 
Welsh coeg, foolish, vain.] [pp. coaxing, 
coaxed.] To wheedle; to cajole; to entice. 

Cob, n. [0. E. cob, a lump, a knob, the head; 
Welsh, cob, cop, a tuft ; Dut. kop, Ger. kopf, the 
head ; Gr. kv^yj, the head ; L. cupa, a cup.] A 
pony : — a coin : — a spike of maize : — a male 
swan : — a composition of clay and gravel. 

Co'balt, or Cob' alt, n. [Ger. ; a variant of kobold, 
a goblin of tlie mines ; Gr. «:6/3aAos ; so called 
because the ore was troublesome to the miners.] 
A gray metal. 

Cob'ble, v. a. [0. Fr. cobler, conbler, L. copulate, 
to join.] [pp. cobbling, cobbled.] To mend or 
make coarsely. — 2, n. [Welsh, ceubal, a skiff; 
ceuo, to dig out.] A fishing-boat : — [dim. of cob, 
a lump] a round stone : — a lump of coal : — a 
diving bird. 

Cob' bier, n. A mender of old shoes. 

Cob'-nut, n. A boy's game :— a large nut. 

Co'bra, or Co'bra-de-ca-pel'lo,«. [Port, for "ser- 
pent of the hood ; 5 ' L. coluber, a snake.] An ex- 
ceedingly venomous snake. 

Cob' web, n. [Welsh, cop, A.-S. coppa, a spider, 
and Web.] The web or net of a spider ; a trap. 
— 2, a. Fine, slight, or flimsy. — 3, v. a. [pp. 
cobwebbing, cobwebbed.] To cover with, or as 
with, cobwebs. 

Co'ca, re. [South American.] A narcotic leaf. 

Co'ca-fne, re. A drug, the active principle of coca. 

Cog-cif'er-ous, a. [L. coccus, Gr. kokko?, a berry, 
'and L." ferre, to bear.] Bearing berries. 

Coc'cu-lus In'di-cus, re. [L.] A poisonous seed. 

Coe'cyx, n. [Gr. kokkvI-, a cuckoo: it is not un- 
like a bird's beak in shape.] A small bone at 
the distal end of the spinal column in man. 

Coch'i-neal, n. [Late L. coccinella, dim. of coccus, 
a berry, or kermes (q. v.); coccimts, scarlet; Sp. 
cochinilla.] A substance consisting of dried in- 
sects, used in dyeing scarlet. 

Coch'le-a-ry, a. [Gr. /coxAia?, a snail, a screw ; 
L. cocl'ea, a snail, a spiral.] Having the form of 
a screw. 

Coch'le-at-ed, a. Of a screw form. 

Cock, re. [Fr. coq, 0. Fr. coc ; imitative of the 
bird's note.] The male of birds: — a handle and 
spout to let out water : — [It. cocca, Fr. coche, a 
notch. — See Cog] part of a gunlock : — [Dan. kok, 
Sw. koka, Icel. kokkr, a lump] a heap of hay : — 
form of a hat : — style of a dial. — 2, v. a. [Gael. 
coc] [pp. cocking, cocked.] To set up : — to fix. 

Cock-ade', n. [Fr. cocarde; coq, a cock; a refer- 
ence to the cock's comb, or to a tuft of cock's 
feathers.] A ribbon or badge on the hat. 

Cock-a-t66', re. [Malay, kakatua; 
kakak, a cackling.] A bird of 
the parrot kind. 

Cock'a-trice, n. [Late L. coca- 
trix, cocatricls, for cocadrillus, 
Sp. cocotriz, a crocodile (q. v.).] 
A kind of serpent fabled to rise 
from a cock's egg : — basilisk. 

Cock'boat, n. [0. E. cog, Dut. 

kog, Welsh, cwcli, Icel. kuggr, Cockatoo. 

Fr. coche, a boat. — Cf. Gr. 

Koyxy), a shell. — See Conch.] A small boat of a 

ship. 




Cock'chaf-er, n. [A.-S. ceafor, Dut. kever, Ger. 
kdfer, a beetle.] An insect; dorr-beetle. 

Cock'-crow-ing, n. Time when cocks crow; early 
morning. 

CSck'er, n. A cock-fighter : — [used in hunting 
woodcock] a kind of spaniel used by sportsmen. 
— 2, v. a. [Welsh, com, to fondle ; gogi, to 
dandle.] [pp. cockering, cockered.] To pamper: 
— to spoil by indulgence. 

Cock'er-el, n. A young cock. 

Cock'et, n. [Fr. cachet; but according to old 
writers it is from L. quo quietus, words formerly 
occurring in the document.] A ticket from the 
custom-house. 

Coc'kle (kok'kl), n. [Gr. koxAos; Fr. coquille. — 
Cf. L. conchylium ; Gr. Koyxvkiov, dim. of noyx*), 
a conch. There are many closely related Celtic 
words.] A small testaceous fish or mollusk : — 
[A.-S. coccel, Gael, cogall, Pol. kukol, tares, weeds] 
a weed. — 2, v. a. [pp. cockling, cockled.] [Welsh, 
gogi, to shake; Gael, gog, a nod.] To contract 
into wrinkles. — 3, v. re. To grow wrinkled. 

Cock'loft, n. [Originally a loft for poultry.] The 
top loft or room. 

Cock'ney, n. ; pi. Cock'ney§. [0. Fr. coquiner, 
Late L. coquinare, to serve in a kitchen, to cook; 
Fr. coquin, a scullion, a rascal, a sneak ; as ap- 
plied to Londoners, it seems to have come from 
an old rustic idea that London was a cocagne 
[Fr.], or fairy-land, abounding in luxuries free 
to all.] A native or citizen of London, — in con- 
tempt. 

Cock'ney-dom, n. The native region or home of 
cockneys; London: — also, cockneys collectively. 

Cock'pit, n. The area where cocks fight. — (Naut.) 
The after part of the orlop deck. 

Cock'roach, n. [Sp. cucaracha; Port, caroucha. — 
Cf. Sp. ctica, a caterpillar, coco, a grub.] An in- 
sect ; a species of beetle. 

Cock's'-comb (-kom), n. A plant; a flower. 

Cock'spiir, n. Virginian hawthorn; medlar. 

Cockswain (kok'swan or kok'sn), n. (Naut.) The 
officer who commands the cockboat : — steersman 
of a boat. 

Co'coa (ko'ko), n. [Port, coco, a mask, formerly a 
skull or head, from the monkey-like appearance 
of the end of the nut. — Cf. Fr. coqne, a shell, L. 
concha, a shell.] A nut-bearing palm-tree : — [for 
cacao] the chocolate-tree, or cacao. 

Co'coa-nut, n. The nut of the cocoa-palm. 

Co-c66n\ n. [Fr. cocon, dim. of coque, a shell, L. 
'concha.] The ball made by the silk-worm : — the 
egg-shaped case of the chrysalis. 

Co-c66n'er-y, n. A place for silk-worms. 

Coc' tile, a. [L. coctilis; coquere, coctum, to cook.] 
Made by baking, as brick. 

Coc'tion, n. [L. coctio ; coquere, to cook.] The act 
of boiling or digesting. 

Cod, n. [A.-S. cod, a bag; Icel. koddi, a pillow; 
Sw. kudde, a cushion ; Bret, god, a pouch ; Ger. 
hode, scrotum.] The case or husk containing 
seeds ; a bag. 

Cod, or Cod'fish, n. [L. gadns ; Gr. 7060s; Local 
Ger. gadde.] A common sea-fish. [composition. 

Co'da, n. [It. ; L. caitda, the tail.] {Mus.) (lose of a 

Cod'dle, v. a. [Fr. cadeler, to pamper; 0. Fr. cadel, 
a starveling, a helpless waif; L. catuhis, Late L. 
catellus, a whelp; the latter probably a dim. of 
cutvs, a cat; in the sense of "to boil" it may be 
allied to Caudle.] [pp. coddling, coddled.] To 
parboil ; to indulge ; to pamper. 

Code, n. [Fr. ; L. codex, caudex, originally scau- 
dex, a tree-trunk, a wooden tablet, a book, a 
writing.] A collection or digest of laws. 

Co'dex, n. ; pi. Cod'i-ce§. [L.] A manuscript; a 
book ; a code. / 

Cod'fer, n. [Variously explained ; perhaps^from 
cottager, a rustic ; probably Scot, cadger, a hawker, 
a pedler.] A rustic ; a clown ; a miser. 

Cod'i-cil, re. [L. codicillus, dim. of codex, codicis, 
a writing.] An appendage to a will. 



a, e, i, 0, u, y, hug; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



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151 



COINCIDE 



Cod-i-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of codifying. 

Cod'i-fy, v. «.' [pp. codifying, codified.] To fcrm 
into a code or system. 

Co-dil'la, n. [Dim. of L. cduda, It. coda, a tail. — 
'Cf. Tailings.] Coarse part of flax or hemp ; tow. 

Cod'ling, n. [Probably an apple to coddle, or boil.] 
A kind of apple : — a small cod. 

Cod'-liv-er oil, n. A medicinal oil distilled from 
the livers of certain fish, chiefly of the cod. 

Co-ef-fi"cien-cy (ko-ef-fish'en-se), n. [See Co-, 
and Efficiency.] .Joint efficiency ; cooperation. 

Co-ef-f f'cient, n. That which unites in action 
with something else : — a numerical factor. — 2, a. 
Cooperating. [mortar for bombs. 

Coe'horn, n. [From the inventor's name.] A small 

Coe'li-ac (se'le-ak), a. [Gr. KoiAiaxos : KocAia, the 
abdomen ; /coiAos, hollow.] Pertaining to the 
belly. [rank. 

Co-e'qual, a. [Co- and equal.] Equal ; of the same 

Co-e-qual'i-ty (ko-e-kwol'e-te), n. State of being 
coequal; equality with another. 

Co-erce', v. a. [L. coercere, to compel ; co, with, 
and arcere, to force.] [pp. coercing, coerced.] 
To restrain ; to force ; to compel. 

Co-er'ci-ble, a. Capable of being coerced. 

Co-er'cion, n. Restraint; check: — compulsion. 

C6-er'cive, a. Restraining : — constraining. 

Co-es-s'en'tial, a. [Co- and essential] Of the same 
essence. 

Co-es-sen-ti-al'i-ty (ko-es-sen-she-al'e-te), n. Par- 
ticipation of the same essence. [nal. 

Co-e-ter'nal, a. [Co- and eternal] Equally eter- 

Co-e-ter'ni'-ty, n. Equal or joint eternity. 

Co-e'val, «. [L. coienis; co-, with, and sevitm, age.] 
Of the same age with another. — 2, n. One of the 
same age. 

Syn. — Coeval is one of the same age ; contempo- 
rary, one living at the same time. 

Co-ex-ist' (ko-eg-zlsf), v. n. [Co- and exist.] [pp. 
coexisting, coexisted.] To exist together. 

Co-ex-ist'ence, n. Existence at the same time. 

Co-ex-ist'ent, ft. Existing at the same time. 

C5-ex-tend\ v. a. [Co- and extend.] [pp. ,coex- 
tending, coextended.] To extend equally. 

Co-ex-ten'sive, ft. Having; the same extent. 

Coffee, n. [ Arab, qahweh.] A berry of the coffee- 
tree, and the drink made from it. 

Coffee-house, n. A house of entertainment. 

Coffee-pot, n. A pot for holding coffee. 

Coffer, n. [Fr. eoffre; Sp. cofre.— See Coffin.] A 
chest; a money-chest : — a treasure. {Arch.) A 
sunk panel in vaults. — 2, v. a. [pp. coffering, 
coffered.] To treasure up. 

Coffer-dam, n. An enclosure formed of piles, to 
exclude water, in order to construct piers, &c. 

Coffin, n. [Gr. ko^ivo?, L. cophinus, a basket : 
0. F. cofin.] A chest in which a dead body is 
interred : — the hoof of a horse's foot above the 
coronet: — a wooden frame used in printing. — 
2, v. a. [pp. coffiuing, coffined.] To enclose in a 
coffin; to cover. [of slaves. 

Cof lie, n. [Arab, kajila, a caravan.] A caravan 

Cog, v. a. [Welsh, coeg, empty, vain ; Gael, coca.] 
[pp. cogging, cogged.] To flatter; to wheedle; 
to falsify : — to fix cogs in a wheel.— 2, r. n. To 
lie; to wheedle.— 3, n. [Celt, cog; Sw. kugga.— 
Cf. It. cocca, Fr. coche, a knot] The tooth of a 
•wheel :— [Dut. hog.— See Cock] a little boat :— 
[Welsh, cognn, a bowl; Gael, cuach, a cup; allied 
to Cock, a boat] a pitcher. [viction. 

Co'i'en-cy, n. Force ; power of compelling con- 

Co'gent, ft. [L. cogere, cogentis, to compel; co-, 
together, and agere, to drive.] Forcible; com- 
pelling assent. 



Syn. — Cogent, reason ; forcible reasoning ; strong 

language; convincing argument. 
Co£'i-ta-ble, ft. That may be thought about. 
Cog'i-tate, v. n. [L. cogitare, cogitation, to think ; 

co-, together, and agitare, to agitate, frequent. 

of agere, to drive.] [pp. cogitating, cogitated.] 

To think ; to meditate. 



Cof-i-ta'tion, n. Meditation; thought. 

Cof'i-ta-tive, ft. Thinking; given to thought. 

Cognac (kon-yak'), n. [Fr. ; the name of a town.] 
A French brandy. 

Cog'nate, ft. [E. cognatus; co-, with, and natus 
[gnatus), born ; nasci (gnasci), to be born.] Allied 
by blood; kindred; akin. [dred. 

Cog-na/tion, n. [L. cugnatio.] Relationship ; kin- 

Cog-ni"tion (kog-nlsk'un), n. [L. cognitio ; co-, 
together, and gnoscere, to know («. v.).] Knowl- 
edge ; perception : — a thing known or perceived. 

Cog'ni-tlve, a. Pertaining to cognition : — know- 
ing.' [examined. 

Cog'ni-za-ble, a. Capable of being perceived or 

Cog'ni-zance (kog'ni-zans or kon'e-zans), a. [Fr. 
connaissance or connoissance ; L. co-, together, 
and gnoscere, to know.] Observation; knowl- 
edge. — (Law.) Judical notice ; trial ; right to try. 

Cog'ni-zant, a. Having cognizance of. 

Cog'nize, v. a. [See Cognizance.] [pp. cognizing, 
cognized.] To perceive; to recognize. 

Cog-no'men, n. [L. ; co-, for cum, together, and 
gnomen, old form of nomen, a name.] The last 
of the three names by which Romans of good 
family were designated : — a surname ; a family 



Cog-nom'i-nal, a. Belonging to the surname. 

Cog-nos'ci-bl'e, ft- That may be known. 

Cog-no' vit, n. [L. for "he knew;" cognoscere, to 
know.]" (Law.) Acknowledgment by the de- 
fendant of the justice of the plaintiff's cause. 

Cog'-wheel, n. A wheel furnished with cogs. 

C6-ha.b'it, v. n. [L. cohabitare; co-, together, and 
hubitare, to dwell.] [pp. cohabit, ng, cohabited.] 
To dwell or live together. 

Co-hab-i-ta'tion, n. [L. cohabitatio.] The act of 
cohabiting. 

Co-heir' (ko-ar'), n. [Co-, together, and heir.] 
A joint heir. 

Co-heir'ess (ko-ar'es), n. A joint heiress. 

Co-here', v. n. [L. cohserere ; co-, and ltserere, hm- 
' 'nu iii, to stick.] [pp. cohering, cohered.] To 
stick together : — to agree. , 

Co-he'rence, \ n. The act of cohering ; cohesion ; 

Co-he'ren-cy, J consistent connection, [connected. 

Co-he'rent, a. Sticking together; consistently 

Co-he'sion (ko-he'zhun), n. [See Cohere.] The 
act of cohering; the attraction by which the 
particles of bodies are kept together. See At- 
traction. 

Co-he' si ve, a. Having the power of sticking. 

Co-he'sive-ness, n. Quality of being cohesive. 

Co'ho-bate, v. a. [Fr. cohober ; Sp. cohobar ; an 
alchemistic word.] [pp. cohobatiug, cohobated.] 
To distil again ; to redistil. 

Co-ho-ba'tion, n. Repeated distillation. 

C5'hort, n. [L. cohors, cohortis, a form of cors or 
chors, a court, an enclosure. — Cf. Gr. ^op-ros, L. 
hortns, a garden.] A body of about five hundred 
soldiers. 

Coif, n. [Fr. coife, L. ciipa, a tub ; Late L. cofia, 
en/en, a cap. — Cf. Ger. Jcopf, the head. — See Cup.] 
Ahead-dress ; a cap ; a hood. 

Coiffure, n. [Fr.] A head-dress ; a coif. 

Cbign, or Cbigne (koin), n. [Fr. coin, coing, coi- 
gnet, a corner; L. ciuieus, a wedge.] A corner : 
— a wooden wedge. 

Coil, v. a. [0. Fr. coillir, cuillir; L. colligere, to 
collect (q. c.).] [pp. coiling, coiled.] To gather 
into a narrow compass ; to twist. — 2, ?>. A twist ; 
a spiral :— [Celt, goill, a struggle] perplexity. 

Cbin, n. [Fr. coin, L. cunetts, a wedge: akin to 
Hone, Cone.] Money bearing a legal stamp; 
metallic or hard money, as gofd and silver. — 2, 
v. a. [pp. coining, coined.] To stamp money : 
— to invent. 

Cbin'afe, n. Act or art of coining : — invention. 

Co-in-cide', v. n. [L. co-, together, and incidere, to 
fall upon; in, on, and cadere, to fall.] [pp. co- 
inciding, coincided.] To occupy the same space ; 
to agree with ; to concur. 



vjnien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, (?, c, £, soft; p, £, p, g, hard; s as z; ? as gz ; this, 



COINCIDENCE 



152 



COLLISION 



Co-in'ci-dence, n. Simultaneous occurrence : — 
the act of coinciding; concurrence ; agreement. 

Co-in'ci-dent, a. Agreeing with ; consistent. — 
2, n. A thing happening simultaneously. 

Coin'er, n. A maker of money : — counterfeiter : — 
inventor. 

Coir, n. [Tamil, cmjer, a rope.] Cocoa-nut fibre. 

Co-i"tion (ko-ish'un), n. [L. coitio ; coire, coitus, 
'to come together; co, together, and ire, to go or 
come.] Copulation. 

Co-join', v. n. [pp. co-joining, co-joined.] To 
join with another. 

Coke, n. [Probably a form of Cake or Cook ; but 
cf. Sw. koka, a clod, Icel. kokkr, a ball.] Coal de- 
prived of its gaseous matter by fire. — 2, v. a. & 
v. n. [pp. coking, coked.] To turn into coke. 

Col, n. [Fr.] A high mountain pass. 

Col'an-der, n. [L. colum, a strainer; colare, colan- 
tis', to strain.] A sieve ; a cullender. 

Col'phi-cum, n. [From ancient Colchis, a country 
now 'in Transcaucasia.] A medicinal plant. 

Col'co-thar, n. [Alchemistic L. calcothar or colco- 
tliar ; invented by Paracelsus.] Red oxide of iron. 

Cold, a. [A.-S. ceuld; Dan. hold; Ger. kalt. — See 
Cool and Chill.] Not hot; not warm; chill; 
frigid: — indifferent; not friendly or affection- 
ate ;. without passion or affection: — reserved. — 
2, «. Privation of heat : — a catarrh. 

C61d'-blood-ed (-blud-ed), a. Having cold blood: 
— without sensibility : — without provocation. 

Cold-chis/el, n. A steel chisel tempered to such 
a degree of hardness as to cut cold metal. 

Cold'-cream, ». A cooling unguent or salve. 

C61d'-heart-ed, a. Wanting feeling. 

Cold'ly, ad. Without heat; without concern. 

Cold'ness, n. Want of heat; frigidity. 

C51e, n. [Ger. kohl; L. caulis, a stalk, cabbage; 
Gr. /cauAos.J A general name for cabbage. 

Co-le-op'te-ra, n. pi. [Gr. koAcos, a sheath, jrre- 
pov, a wing.] (Ent.) Insects of the beetle tribe. 

Co-le-op'ter-an, n. An insect having sheathed 
wings ; a beetle. [sheaths, as beetles. 

<3o-le-op'ter-ous, a. Having four wings with 

Cole' slaw,' n. [Dut. koolsla; kool, cabbage, and 
sla, salad.] A salad of cabbage cut fine. 

Co-les-see', n. A joint lessee. 

Co-les'sor, n. A partner in granting a lease. 

Co'le-us, n. [Gr. /coAeo?, a sheath ; from the tube 
formed by the stamens.] A plant with vari- 
colored leaves. 

Cole'wort (kol'wiirt), n. A sort of cabbage ; cole. 

Col'ic, n. [L. colicus ; Gr. kwAikos, adj. from /cuAov, 
the colon, the intestine.] A painful disorder of 
the bowels. 

Col'ick-y, a. Eesembling colic ; having colic. 

Col-i-se'um, n. See Colosseum. 

Col-iab'o-rate, v. n. [pp. collaborating, collabo- 
rated.] To labor jointly. 

Col-lab-o-ra'tion, n. Joint labor. 

Col-lab'o-ra-tor, n. [Fr. colluborateur ; L. con, 
together, and laborare, to labor.] An assistant, 
or fellow-worker. 

Col-lapse', n. [L. collabi, collapsits, to fall together ; 
con, together, and lubi, to lapse.] A wasting or 
shrinking of the body; the act of falling to- 
gether: — a faint. — 2, v. n. [pp. collapsing, col- 
lapsed.] To fall together, as sides of a hollow 
vessel ; to shrink up. 

Col'lar, n. [Fr. collier; L. collare ; collum, the 
neck.] A ring round the neck ; a neck-band : 
— a badge : — part of a harness. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
collaring, collared.] To seize by the collar. 

Col'lar-bone, n. The clavicle. 

Col' lard, n. A kind of cabbage; colewort. 

Col-late', v. a. [L. conferre, collatum, to bring to- 
gether ; con, together, and ferre, to carry. The 
supine latum, associated with ferre, properly be- 
longs with tollere; and latum stands for tlatum, 
tollatum. — Cf. Gr. tAtjtos, borne.] [pp. collating, 
collated.] To compare things similar ; to bring 
together and examine : — to place in a benefice. 



Col-lat'er-al, a. [Con and lateral; L. lalus, lateris, 
aside.'] Being sidewise; not direct; being side 
by side; running parallel; not immediate: — 
descended from the same stock; not lineal. — 
Collateral security, a separate obligation attached 
to another contract, to guarantee its performance. 

Col-lat'er-al-ly., ad. Side by side : — indirectly. 

Col-la'tion, n. [L. collatio. — See Collate.] The 
act of collating; comparison: — a repast: — the 
act of placing in a benefice. 

Col'league (kol'leg), n. [L. collega, an associate in 
office; con, together, and legare, to send; not con- 
nected with League.] A partner; an associate. 
Syu. — A colleague in office ; a partner in trade ; 
an associate in an enterprise. 

Col-league' (kol-leg'), v. n. [pp. colleaguing, 
colleagued.] To unite with. 

Col-lect', v. a. [L. colliaere, collectum ; con, to- 
gether, and legere, to gather.] [pp. collecting, 
collected.] To gather together; to gain.— 2, v. u. 
To be gathered together ; to accumulate. 

Col'lect, n. [L. collecta, an assembly ; hence, later, 
a prayer for use in public] A short prayer. 

Col-lec-ta'ne-a, n. pi. [L.— See Collect.] A selec- 
tion of passages from various authors ; collections. 

Col-lect'ed, p. a. — Gathered : — self-possessed. 

Col-lect'i-ble, a. That may be gathered. 

Col-lec'tion, n. [L. collectio.] The act of collect- 
ing : — that which is collected :— contribution : — 
assemblage; a group : — a corollary ; a deduction. 

Col-lec'tive, a. [L. collecticus.] Tending to col- 
'lect : — gathered into one mass :— expressing the 
idea of multitude. 

Col-lec'tive-ly, ad. In a general mass. 

Col-lec'tor, n. One who collects or gathers; an 
'officer who collects customs and taxes. 

Col-lec'tor-ate, n. The district of a collector; a 
'collectdrsliip. 

Col-lec'tor-ship, n. The office of a collector. 

Col' lege, ' n. [L. collegium; from collega, a col- 
league (q. v.).] A community : — a society of men 
set apart for learning : — a seminary of learning : 
— a house for collegians : — an electoral body. 

Col-le'gi-an, n. A member of a college. 

Col-le'fi-ate, a. [L. collegiatus.] Pertaining to a 
college.— A collegiate church is one to which a 
college or corporation of clergy is attached. — 
2, n. A member of a college. 

Col'let, ft. [Fr. ; from col, the neck.] The part of 
a ring in which the stone is set; the setting of 
a precious stone. 

Col-lide', v. a. [L. collidere, collisum ; con, together, 
'and Isedere, to dash.] [pp. colliding, collided.] 
To strike together ; to clash. 

Col'lie, \ n- [Celt, colgach, shaggy ; or perhaps for 

Col'ly, J Colin, the old pastoral name. for a shep- 
herd ; Colin stands for Nicholas. — Cf. Gael, cuilenn, 
a puppy.] A variety of dog much esteemed in 
Scotland as a sheep-dog. 

Coll'ier (kol'yer), n. [From Coal; formed like 
lawyer, sawyer.] A digger of coals :— a dealer in 
coals : — a coal-ship. 

Coll'ier-y (kol'yer-e). n. A coal-mine : — coal-trade. 

Col-li-ga'tion, n. [L. colligatio ; colligare, to bind 
together; con, together, and ligare, ligatum, to 
bind.] A tying together : — a grouping together. 

Col-li-ma'tion, n. [L. collhnare, an erroneous read- 
ing for collineare, to collineate.] Act of aiming 
at a mark : — levelling; adjustment; allinement. 

Col-li-ma'tor, n. A telescope for collimation. 

Col-lin'e-ate, v. a. & v. n. [L. collineare; con, with, 
'and lluea, a straight line.] [pp. collineating, 
collineated.] To aim or place in a line : — to lie 
in the same line with another. 

CSl'li-quate, v. a. [L. eon, together, and liquare, 
liquatum, to melt.] [pp. colliquatiDg, colliquated.] 
To dissolve :— to melt. [ing. 

Col-liq'ua-tive, a. Melting :— profuse ; exhaust- 

Col-li''sion (kol-lizh'un), n. [L. collisio. — See Col- 
lide. ] Act of colliding, or of bodies striking 
against each other ; a clash ; interference. 



i, e, l, o, u, y, 



a, e, i, o, u, y, short, a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure.— T 'are, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



COLLOCATE 



153 



COMBINE 



Col'lo-cate, v. a. [L. collocare, collocalus; con, 
together, and locare, to place; locus, a place.] 
[pp. collocating, collocated.] To place; to ar- 
range :— to place together. 
Col-lo-ca'tion, n. Act of placing; arrangement. 
Col-lo'di-on, «. [Gr. koAAoj'^s, glue-like ; koAAcc, 

glue.]' Solution of gun-cotton in ether. 
Col-logue' (-h">g'), v - "• [L. colloqui,' to talk to- 
gether.— See Colloquy.] [pp. colloguing, col- 
logued.] To wheedle : — to plot. 
Col'loid, n. [Gr. koAAoj'Stjs, glue-like; /coAAa, 
glue. J A substance which diffuses very slowly 
by dialysis from a solution into pure water: — 
opposed t.:> crystalloid. — 2, a. Like glue. 

Col'lop, n. [Sw. kalops, a stew; Ger. kloppst, meat 
made tender by beating; klopfen, to beat: akin 
to Clap.] A small cut or slice of meat. 

Col-lo'qui-al, a. Relating to common conversa- 
tion ; conversational ; familiar. 

Col-16'qui-al-i§m, n. A word or phrase used in 
conversation. 

Col'lo-quy, n. [L. colloquium; con, together, and 
loqui, to speak.] A discourse between two or 
more persons ; conversation ; a dialogue. 

Col-lude', ','. n. [L. colludere, collusum ; con, to- 
gether, and ludere, to play.] [pq>. colluding, 
colluded.] To conspire in a fraud. 

Col-lu'sion, n. [L. collusio.— See Collude.] Agree- 
ment to deceive. 

Col-lu'so-ry, a. Containing collusion or fraud. 

Col'o-cynth, n. [Gr. koKokvvOLs.] A kind of cu- 
cumber and its medicinal pulp. 

Co-logne'-wa-ter (ko-lou'-), n. A perfumed liquid, 
first made at Cologne. 

Co'lon, n. [Gr. kojAoi/.] The point, thus [ : ], used 
to 'mark a pause : — the largest of the intestines. 

Colonel (kdr'nel), u. [Sp. coronel; It. colonello ; 
cohmna, a column (q. ».).] Commander of a 
regiment in rank next below a brigadier-general. 

Colonelcy (kiir'nel-sei, n. The office of a colonel. 

Colonelship (kur'nel-ship), n. The office of a 
colonel ; colonelcy. 

Co-lo'ni-al, a. Relating to a colony. « 

Col'o-nist, n. An inhabitant of a colony. 

Col-o-ni-zation, n. The act of colonizing. 

Col'o-mze, v. a. [pp. colonizing, colonized.] To 
establish a colony in.— 2, v. n. To become a 
colonist. 

Col-on-nade', n. A range of columns. 

Col'o-ny, n. [L. eolonhi; colonus, a colonist, a 
farmer; colere, to cultivate,] A body of people 
who remove and settle in .i distant region, con- 
tinuing subject to the mother country: — the 
country planted by colonists. 

Col'o-phon, u. [Gr. ko\o<J)u>v, the top, the finish.] 
The conclusion of a book, containing the date 
and place of publication. 

Co-loph'o-ny. [ko-lofo-ne, W. Ja.; kdl'o-fon e, St. 
H. N. K. §m.],'n. [From Colophon (i.e.', summit), 
a Greek city of ancient Asia.] A black rosin. 

Col-o-quin'ti-da, n. Same as Colocyntii. 

CSl'or (kul'lur)* n. [Fr. andenr ; L. color.] The 
hue or appearance of bodies to the eye:— tint; 
paint; dye: — outward show; semblance; pre- 
tence.— pi. A standard; a flag.— 2, o. a. [pp. 
coloring, colored.] To mark with some hue; to 
paint; to dye :— to palliate; to excuse. — 3, v. n. 
To blush ; to show color. 

C61'or-a-ble, a. Specious ; plausible. 

C61-or-a'tion, n. The act of coloring : — state as 
regards color. [guish colors. 

Col'or-bllnd (kul'lur-blind), a. Unable to distin- 

Col'ored (kul'lurd),"a. Of negro descent. 

Col'or-ing, n. The art or act of applying colors : 
— appearance : — an excuse. 

Col'or-ist, n. A painter who excels in coloring. 

Col'or-less. a. Without color ; transparent : — 
without distinctive character. 

Col'or-ser'i-eant (kul'lur-sar'jent or -ser'jent), n. 
A sergeant who attends the colors of a regiment. 

Co-los'sal, a. Like a colossus ; gigantic. 




Col-os-se'um, n. [L.] A spacious amphitheatre 
at Rome':— a building of great size. 

Co-los'sian§ (ko-losh'anz), n. pi. The inhabitants 
of the ancient city of Colosse. 

Co-los'sus, n. [L. ; Gr. koAo<to-6s.] L. pi. Co- 
'los'si;' Eng. Co-los'sus-e§, A statue of enor- 
mous size. [parturition. 

Co-los'trum, n. [L.] The milk secreted just after 

Col-port' a|e, n. [F.] The business of a colporter ; 
'distribution and sale of books and tracts. 

Col-port' er, «. [Fr. colporteur; col, the neck, and 
portear,'a porter.] A pedler of religious books; 
a book-pedler. 

Colt, n. [A.-S. coll; Local 
Sw. hullt, a boy; Sw. 
kull, a brood.] A young 
horse : — an inexperi- 
enced person. 

Colt'er, n. [L. culler, a 
kni'fe ; It. collro ; Skr. 
karltari, scissors.] The 
sharp iron of a plough. 

Colt'ish, a. Like a colt; playful; frisky. 

Colt's' -foot (-fut), n. A medicinal plant. 

Col'u-brlne, a. [L. colubrinus; coluber, a snake.] 
Relating to a serpent. 

Col'um-ba-ry, or Co-lum'ba-ry , n. [L. columba- 
rium; c'olumba, a dove.] A dove-cot; a pigeon- 
house. 

Co-lum'bi-ad, n. [From Columbia, a name of 
America.] A cannon of large calibre. 

Col'um-bine, n. [Late L., Columbian, from columba, 
a dove ; from the purplish blue or dove-color of 
some kinds.] A plant and its flower. 

Col-u-mel'la, orCol'u-mel, n. [L.,dini. of columna, 
a column.] (Bol.) The axis to which the car- 
pels of a compound pistil are attached. 

Col'umn (kol'um), n. [L. columna; from colurnen, 
or' culmen, the highest point.] A cylindrical 
pillar : — a file of troops : — a perpendicular section 
of a page : — a perpendicular line of figures. 

Co-lum'nar, a. Formed in columns. 

Co-lure', n. [Gr. xoAovpo?, stump-tailed; koAo?, 
'clipped, and ovpa, a tail: a part is below the 
horizon.] (Astron.) One of two great circles 
supposed to intersect each other in the poles. 

Col'za, n. [Fr. colzat; Walloon, colza; But. kool- 
zua'd: kool, cabbage, and zaad, seed.] A species 
of cabbage grown for the oil of its seeds. 

C5m. A Latin prefix, equivalent to con (q. v.). 

Co'ma, n. [Gr. KUfxa.] A morbid sleep : — [L. coma, 
Gr. xop-r), hair] (Bol.) a downy or hairy envelope. 

Com'ate, a. [L. comare, comatus, to be provided 
with hair (coma).] Hairy; like hair. 

Com-a-tose', a. [See Coma.] Lethargic; drowsy. 

Comb' (kom), n. [A.-S. camb, comb, crest ; Sw. & 
Dut. kam ; Icel. kambr.—Cf. Cam.] An instru- 
ment to adjust the hair : — crest of a cock :— cells 
in which bees lodge their honey : — [A.-S. cwmb, 
Dut. kum, Ger. kumpf, a dish; Gr. Kvpfir], a 
basin. — See Cup] a measure. See Comhe. — ~l, v. a. 
[pp. combing, combed.] To divide and adjust 
the hair ; to dress and lay any thing smooth. 

Com'bat, or Com'bat, v. n. [Fr. combaUre; L. 
com, for emu, with, and batuere, Fr. battre, to 
fight.] [pp. combating, combated.] To fight; 
to contend; to act in opposition. — 2, v. a. To 
oppose; to fight. — 3, n. A contest; a battle; a 
fight ; a duel. [posed to quarrel. 

Com'ba-tant, n. One who combats. — 2, a. Dis- 

C6m'bat-er, n. One who fights. 

Com'ba-tive [kum'ba-tiv, C. 0. B.], a. Inclined 
to combat ; pugnacious ; combatant. [to fight. 

Com'ba-tive-ness, n. A disposition or propensity 

Com-bi'na-ble, a. That may be combin-d. 

Com-bi-na'tion, n. The act of combining ; union ; 
association; coalition; plot; conspiracy. 

Com-bine', v. a. [L. combinare ; cum, together, 
and bird, two.] [pp. combining, combined.] To 
join together ; to unite. — 2, v. n. To unite ; to 
coalesce. — 3, n. A coalition. 



mien, sir ; move, n'dr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, <?, 5, §•, soft; p, js, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



COMBUSTIBILITY 



154 



COMMISSION 



Com-bus-ti-bll'i-ty, )ii. Quality of being com- 

Com-bus'ti-ble-ness, J bustible. 

Com-bfis'ti-ble, a. [See Combustion.] That may 
/be burnt. — 2, n. A combustible material. 

Com-bus'tion (kom-bust'yun), n. [L. combuslio; 
comburere, to burn up; com, wholly, and were, 
tishtm, to burn. — Cf. Skr. ush, to burn ; Gr. eijav, 
to singe; aveiv, to kindle.] The act or process 
of burning. 

Come (kum), v. n. [A.-S. cuman; Dut. Jcomen; Icel. 
koma; I>au. homme; Ger. kommen; Skr. yam.'] [i. 
came ; pp. coming, come.] To draw near; to 
advance toward; to arrive: — to happen; to ap- 
pear; to arise. 

Co-me'di-an, u. An actor or a writer of comedy. 

C6m'e-dy, u. [Or. Kop-wSia ; Kwpos, a banquet, 
and' 0J617, an ode.] a' dramatic representation 
of the lighter faults, passions, and lollies of 
mankind; an amusing drama; a, play. 

Come'li-ness, n. Grace ; beauty ; dignity. 

Come'ly, a. [A.-S. cymlic; cyme, suitable, and lie, 
like: root of Become and Come.] Graceful; be- 
coming ; decent. [edere, to eat.] An eatable. 

Co-mes'ti-ble, n. [L. comeslibilis ; comedere, for 

Com'et, u. [L. cometa ; Gr. kojoljjttj?; Kopr\, hair.] 
A heavenly body with a tail or train of light 
and an eccentric motion. 

Com-et-a'ri-um, ) n. A machine to show the rev- 

C6m'et-a-ry, J olutions of comets. 

Com'et ; f-rx, } a< Ee lating to a comet. 

Co-met'ic, J ° 

Com'fit, or Com'fi-ture, n. [0. Fr.— See Confec- 
tion.] A sweetmeat. 

Com'fort, v. a. [Fr. conforter ; Late L. confortare, 
to strengthen ; forth, strong.] [pp. comforting, 
comforted.] To enliven; to console; to cheer. 
— 2, 1/. [Fr. confort.] Support under calamity ; 
countenance ; consolation ; satisfaction ; pleasure. 

C6m'fort-a-ble (kum'fiirt-a-bl), a. [Fr. confor- 
table'.] Possessing comfort ; cheerful ; dispensing 
comfort. — 2. n. A bed-quilt; a woollen tippet. 

Com'fort-a-bly, ad. With comfort. 

C6m'fort-er, n. One who affords comfort : — the 
Holy Spirit : — a stuffed coverlet : — a tippet. 

Com'frey, u. [0. Fr. cumfirie; Late L. confirma, 
strengthener (see Confirm) ; the present form 
is due to Fr. confire, to preserve ; the word seems 
to represent also the" name conferva {q. v.), which 
preserves the idea contained' in o-vpfyvrov, the 
Gr. name of the comfrey.] A medicinal plant. 

Com'ic, a. [Gr. kwuiko?. — See Comedy.] Kelatiug 
to corned}' ; raising mirth. 

Com'i-cal, a. Diverting; droll; ludicrous. 

Com-i-cal'i-ty, ». Quality of being comical. 

Com'i-cal-iy, ad. In a comical manner. 

Co-mi" ti-a (ko-mish'e-a), n. pi. [L. ; cum, together, 
'and ire, hum, to go."] * Popular assemblies of the 
Romans. [tesy; civility; good breeding. 

Com'i-ty, n. [L. comitas; comis, friendly.] Cour- 

Com'ma, «. [Gr. Koppa ; Konreiv, to cut.] (Gram.) 
A point marked thus [ , ]. 

Com-mand', v. a. [Fr. commander ; L. commendare, 
to intrust, — later, to command; cum, with, and 
mandare, to commit.] [pp. commanding, com- 
manded.] To govern ; to order; to lead. — 2, v. u. 
To have authority. — 3, n. Act of commanding; 
power; rule; direction; order; injunction. 

Com-man-dant',M. [Fr.] A military commander. 

Com-mand'er, n. One who commands : — a naval 
officer next in rank above a lieutenant. 

Com-mand'er-y, n. A body of knights : — a lodge 
of Knights Templar. 

Com-mand'ing, a. Ordering; directing; power- 
ful; authoritative; controlling. 

Com-mand'ment. n. A mandate ; a command. 

Com-me-di-eYta, u. [It.] A light comedy. 

Com-mem'o-rate, v. a. [L. commemorate, com- 
memoratum ; memo-rare, to mention ; memor, 
mindful. — See Memory.] [pp. commemorating, 
commemorated.] To preserve in memory; to 
celebrate by some public act. 



Com-mem-o-ra'tion, n. A public celebration. 

Com-mem'o-ra-tive, ) a. Preserving in memory ; 

Com-mem'o-ra-to-ry, J tending to commemorate. 

Com-mence', v. a. & v.n. [Fr. commeneer; 'L.cum, 
together, and iuitiare, to begin; milium, a begin- 
ning; in, into, and ire, Hum, to go.] [pp. com- 
mencing, commenced.] To begin ; to enter upon. 

Com-mence'ment, 11. A beginning: — the time 
when students in college receive their degrees. 

Com-mend', v. a. [L. commendare; cum, with, 
and mandare, to intrust.] [pp. commending, 
commended.] To recommend ; to praise. 

Com-mend'a-ble, a. [L. commendabUis.] That 
may be commended ; laudable ; worthy of praise ; 
praiseworthy. 

Com-mend' a-bly, ad. Laudably. [praise. 

Com-men-da'tion, n. [L, commendatio.] Approval; 

Com-men'da-to-ry, a. [L. commendulorius.] Serv- 
ing to commend : — holding the income, without 
performing the duties, of a benefice. 

Com-men'sal. n. [Fr. for "guest;" L. cum, with, 
and mensa, a table.] An animal, not parasitic, 
but living in or near another for the purpose of 
sharing its food. 

Com-mens-u-ra-bil'i-ty, \n. Capacity of having 

Com-mens'u-ra-ble-ness, J a common measure. 

Com-mens'u-ra-ble, a. [L. commeusurabilis.] Hav- 
ing a common measure. 

Com-mens'u-rate, a. [L. commenswatns ; mensura, 
a measure.]' Equal; coextensive: — adequate; 
corresponding in magnitude. 

Com'ment, or Com-ment', v. n. [L. commentare, 
to consider; cum, with, and mens, mentis, the 
mind.] [pp. commenting, commented.] To an- 
notate ; to expound ; to write notes upon a work. 

Com'ment, n. A note; remark; annotation; ob- 
servation; explanation; exposition. 

Com'men-ta-ry, n. [L. commentarius, a note-book.] 
A book of comments and annotations : — exposi- 
tion : — historical narrative. [tator. 

Com'men-ta-tor, n. [L.] An expositor ; an anno- 

Com'merce, n. [L. commercium, trade; cum, with, 
and merx, mercis, merchandise.] The exchange 
of commodities ; trade; traffic: — intercourse. 

Syn. — Commerce is appropriately, but not ex- 
clusively, applied to traffic between different 
countries ; foreign commerce. 

Com-mer'cial (kom-mer'shal), a. Relating to 
commerce; mercantile. 

Com-mi-na'tion. n. [L. comminatio ; minari, to 
threaten.] A threat; a denunciation. 

Com-min'a-to-ry, a. Denunciatory; threatening. 

Com-mm'glei v. a. [See Mingle.] [pp. comuiin- 
gling, commingled.] To mix together; to blend. 
— 2, v. n. To unite ; to blend. 

Com'mi-nute, v. a. [L. comminuere, comminution; 
com, exjiressing completeness, a,nd miuuere, to 
make small. — See Minute.] [pp. comminuting, 
comminuted.] To grind ; to pulverize. 

Com-mi-nu'tion, n. A grinding; pulverization. 

Com-mi§'er-ate, v. a. [L. commiserare ; cum, with, 
and miserari, to pity; miser, wretched.] [pp. 
commiserating, commiserated.] To feel pity for ; 
to pity ; to compassionate. 

Com-mis-er-a'tion, n. Sorrow for the distresses 
of other's ; pity ; compassion. 

Com-mis-sa'ri-at, n. [Fr.] A body of officers 
charged with supplying an army with provisions. 

Com'mis-sa-ry, n. [L. commissarius. — See COM- 
MIT.]" A delegate; a deputy: — an officer attend- 
ing an army, who inspects muster rolls, regu- 
lates provisions, &c. 

Com'mis-sa-ry-gen'er-al, n. An officer of an 
army' who has the charge of providing supplies. 

Com-mis'sion (kom-mish'un), n. [L. commissio.— 
See Commit.] The act of committing ; a trust : — 
an allowance or compensation : — a document in- 
vesting one with some office or authority ; office : 
— perpetration: — a body of commissioners. — 
2, v. a. [pp. commissioning, commissioned.] To 
empower ; to appoint ; to depute. 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, 1, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



COMMISSIONED 



155 



COMPASS 



Com-mis'sioned (kom-mish'und),p. a. Furnished 
'with a commission. 

Com-nus'sion-er, n. One empowered tp act : — a 
'member of a commission. 

Com-mis'sion-mer' chant, n. One who sells on a 
commission. 

Com-mis-sion-naire (kom-mis-syoninar). n. [Fr.] 
A person attached to a hotel or stationed in pub- 
lic resorts to serve as a guide to strangers. 

Com-mis'sure (koin-mish'yur) [kom'mish-yur, T. 
X. S.], n. [L. commissura; cum, together, and 
mittere, missum, to send.] A joint ; a seam ; a 
suture : — a connecting band. 

Com-mit\ v. a. [L. committere, commissum ; cum, 
'with, and mittere, to send, to intrust.] [^.'Com- 
mitting, committed.] To intrust : — to send to 
prison : — to deposit : — to do ; to perpetrate. 

Com-mit'ment, n. The act of committing: — im- 
prisonment. 

Com-mit'tal, ». Commitment : — pledge. 

Com-mit'tee, n. [Fr. comite. — See Commit.] A 
number of persons appointed to examine or 
manage any matter. 

Com-mix', v. a. & v. n. [See Mix.] [pp. commix- 
'ing, commixed.] To mingle; to" blend; to mix. 

Corn-mode', or Com'mode, n. [Fr.] A lady's 
head- dress : — a small sideboard : — a convenience 
for a bedroom ; a close-stool. 

Com-mo'di-oiis, a. [L. commodus, later commodi- 
osvs ; cum, with, and modus, measure ; that is, 
in good measure.] Adapted to its use or pur- 
pose; convenient; useful: — roomy. 

Com-m5'di-ous-ly, ad. Conveniently. 

Com-mo'di-ous-ness, n. Spaciousness ; fitness. 

Com-mod'i-ty, n. [L. commoditas.] Interest: — 
profit: — wares; goods; merchandise : produce. 

Com'mo-dore, or Com-mo-d5re', n. [Sp. comen- 
dador, commander.] An officer who commands 
a squadron of ships of war. 

Com'mon, a. [Fr. commvn; L. communis; cum, 
implying more than one, and root of mimus, a 
duty, a responsibility, a gift.] Belonging equally 
to the public, to many, or to more than one : — 
vulgar; mean: — not scarce: — public; general; 
frequent; usual.— (Gram.) Both active and pas- 
sive ; both masculine and feminine.— 2, n. An 
open public ground or space. — 3, v. n. [pp. com- 
moning, commoned.] To board with others. 

Com'mon-ag e, n. The right of feeding on a cora- 

Com'mon-al-ty, it. The common people. [mon. 

Com'mon-er, ». A man not noble. 

Com'mon-law, n. Unwritten law, which receives 
its binding force from immemorial usage, dis- 
tinguished from statutes or laws enacted. 

Com'mon-ly, ad. Frequently; usually. 

Com'mon-place, a. [L. locus communis, a general 
argument, a maxim.] Ordinary; common. — 
2, n. A memorandum ; a note : — a trite saying. 

Com'mon-place-book (-buk), «. A book in which 
things are ranged under general heads. 

Com'mons, n. pi. The common people : — the lower 
house of Parliament : — food ; fare. 

Com'mon-sense, n. The natural understanding 
or sagacity of mankind in general. 

Com-mon-weal', n. The public good. 

Coni'mon-wealth, or Com-mon-wealth\ n. [1>. 
res publica; res, interests, wealth, and publico, 
common, public] A state: — a free state; re- 
public : — the community. 

Com-mo'tion, n. [L. commotio ; com- with the idea 
of thoroughness, and motio, motion.] Tumult; 
disturbance; sedition. 

Com-mu'nal, a. Relating to a commune. 

Com-mune', v. n. [Fr. communier. — See Communi- 
cate.] [pp. communing, communed.] To con- 
verse together : — to partake of the communion. 

Com'mune, n. [Fr.] A territorial district :— a body 
of extreme socialists : — communion ; friendly as- 
sociation, [imparted. 

Com-mu-ni-ca-bil'i-ty., n. Capability of being 

Com-mu'ni-ca-ble, a. ' That may be imparted. 



Com-mu'ni-cant, n. A partaker of the sacrament 
of the Lord's supper. 

Com-mu'ni-eate, v. a. [L. communicare, commuiii- 
'catum. — See Common.] [^.communicating, com- 
municated.] To impart; to reveal. — 2, v. n. To 
partake of the Lord's supper: — to have some- 
thing in common. 

Com-mu-ni-ca'tion, n. [L. communicatio.] The 
"act or means of communicating; that which is 
communicated: — a letter: — a conference. 

Com-mu'ni-ca-tive, a. Beady to impart; free. 

Com-mun'ipn (kom-mun'yun), «. [L. c&mnmuio.] 
Fellowship : — celebration of the Lord's supper : 
— a religious body or denomination. 

Com'mu-ni§m, n. [Fr. communisme.] A scheme 
for the overthrow of the institution of private 
property. 

Com'mu-nist, «. An advocate for communism. 

Com-mu'ni-ty, n. [L. communUas.] The common- 
'wealth ; the body of the people ; the public : — an 
association : — society : — common possession. 

Com-mu-ta-bil'i-ty., n. Capacity of exchange. 

Com-mu'ta-ble, a. [L. commulabilis.] That may 
be exchanged. 

Com-mu-ta'tion, n. [L. commutatio.] Substitution. 

Com-mu-ta'tor, b. A device for directing the 
currents in a dynamo. 

Com-mute', v- a. [L. commutare; cum, with, and 
mutare, to change.] [ pp. commuting, commuted.] 
To exchange ; to buy off. — 2, v. n. To bargain 
for exemption. 

Com'pact, n. [L. compactum; com-, together, and 
pacisci, pactus, to covenant ; pactum, a pact, an 
agreement.] A contract; a covenant. 

Corn-pact', v. a. [L. com-, together, and pangere, 
pactum, to fix, to fasten.] [pp. compacting, com- 
pacted.] To join together; to league; to uniie 
closely. — 2, a. Firm ; solid ; close ; terse :— -not 
diffuse. 

Com-pact'ly, ad. Closely; densely; tersely. 

Com-pact'ness. n. Firmness; closeness. 

Com-pan'ion (kom-pan'yun), n. [Fr. compagnon. 
— See Company.] A partner; an associate; a 
comrade. — 2, v. a. [pp. companioning, compan- 
ioned.] To be a companion of; to accompany. — 
3, v. n. To associate. 

Com-pan'ion-a-ble, a. Fond of society; fit for 
society; social; agreeable; sociable. 

Com-pan'ion-ship, »■ Company ; fellowship. 

Com-pan'ion-way, n. A stairway in a ship. 

C6m'pa-ny, n. [Fr. compagnie ; Late L.eoi 

L. cum, together, and panto, bread.] Persons 
assembled: — assembly: — fellowship; a bund; a 
society: — a body corporate: — a subdivision of a 
regiment. [compared; equal; similar. 

Com'pa-ra-ble, a. [L. comparabilis.] That may lie 

Com-par'a-tive, a. [L. comparative.] Estimated 
by comparison. — (Gram.) Expressing more or 
less. 

Com-par'a-tive-ly. ad. In a comparative degree. 

Corn-pare', r. a. [Fr. comparer; L. comparare, to 
adjust; com-, together, and para re, to prepare.] 
[pp. comparing, compared.] To estimate one 
thing by another; to liken.— (Grown.) To show 
the degrees of comparison. — 2, n. Comparison ; 
similitude. 

Byn. — Compare, to show the resemblance; con- 
trast, to show the difference. 

Com-par'i-son, n. The act of comparing; a com- 
parative estimate. — (Bhet.) n 
A simile; similitude. 

Com-part'ment, n. [Fr. com- 
partiment ; L. compartiri, to 
divide ; pars, partis, a share.] 
Division ; separate part. 

Com'pass, v. a. [Fr. compas ; 
Late L. compassus, a cir- 
cuit ; L. com-, together, and 
passus, a step. — See Pace.] 
[j>p. compassing, com- 
passed.] To encircle; to en com] 




Compass. 

•ass ; to grasp : 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — C, Q, c, £•, soft; p, ja, e, £, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



COMPASSABLE 



156 



COMPLOT 



— to procure; to obtain; to attain. — 2, «. A 
circle ; grasp ; space ; extent ; circumference : — 
power of the voice : — a magnetic apparatus for 
steering ships, Ac. 

Com'pass-a-ble, «. Attainable. 

C6m'pass-e§, n. pi. An instrument for dividing, 
measuring, and making circles. 

Corn-pas' sion (koni-pash'un), n. [L. compassio, 
sympathy ; com-, with, <ijid pati, passus, to suffer.] 
Grief for the suffering of others ; pity ; commis- 
eration. 

Com-pas'sion-ate, a. Inclined to pity; merciful. 

Com-pas'sion-ate, v. a. [_pj). compassionating, 
'compassionated.] To feel pity for; to pity; to 
commiserate. 

Com-pas'sion-ate-ly, ad. Mercifully ; tenderly. 

Com-pat-i-bil'i-ty, \n. Consistency; suitable- 

Com-pat'i-ble-ness, j ness ; fitness. 

Com-pat'i-ble, a. [Late L. eomvaMbUis ; com-, to- 
gether, and pati, to endure.] Suitable; not 
incongruous. 

Com-pat'i-bly, ad. Fitly ; suitably. 

Com-pa'tri-ot {or kom-pat're-ut), n. [Late L. 
' compatriota ; cow,-, together, and patriota, Gr. 
7raTpto>TT75, a fellow-citizen.] One of the same 
country ; a fellow-countryman. 

Corn-peer', n. [L. compar, an associate; par, 
'equal. — See Peer.] An equal; a companion. — 
2, v. a. [pp. compeering, compeered.] To be 
equal with ; to mate. 

Corn-pel', v. a. [L. compellere, compulsvs ; pellere, 
'to drive.] [pp. compelling, compelled.] To 
force : to oblige ; to constrain : — to drive. 

Com-pel'la-ble, a. That may be compelled. 

Com-pel-la'tion, n. [L. compellatio ; compellare, to 
address.] Style, or word, of address. 

Com-pel'la-tive, re. A word used in addressing. — 
•2, a. Used in direct address. 

Corn-pel' ler, n. One who compels. 

Com'pend, v. An abridgment ; a compendium. 

Com-pen'di-ous, a. [L. comjiendiosus. — See Com- 
'pendium.] Short; concise ; summary ; abridged. 

Com-pen'di-ous-ly. ad. Shortly; in epitome. 

Corn-pen' di-ous-ness, re. Comprehensiveness, with 
brevity. 

Com-pen'di-um, n. [L. ; com-, together, and pen- 
dere, to weigh; literally, what is weighed and 
put aside as a saving ; hence, a saving, a con- 
traction.] An abridgment; summary; epitome; 
an abstract. 

Com-pen'sate [kom-pen'sat or kcm'pen-siit, E. I. 
N.], v. a. [L. compensare, compensatmn, frequen- 
tative of compendere, to weigh together ; pendere, 
pension, to weigh.] [pp. compensating, com- 
pensated.] To recompense; to pay; to remu- 
nerate : — to make amends. 

Com-pen-sa'tion, n. [L. compensatio.] Something 
paid for service, injury, or privation ; recom- 
pense, [compensates. 

Com-pen'sa-tive, a. [L. compensativus.] That 

Com-pen'sa-to-ry, a. Making amends. 

Com-pete', v. n. [L. competere ; com-, together, 
'and pefere. to strive after.] [ pp. competing, com- 
peted.] To carry on competition. 

Com'pe-tence, ) ». Quality of being competent ; 

Com'pe-ten-cy, J capacity ; sufficiency. 

Com'pe-tent. a. [L. competere, competent^, to strive 
together, to vie ; hence, to compare, to be com- 
parable, to be suitable (see Compete).] Suit- 
able ; capable : — adequate. 
Com-pe-ti"tion (-tlsh'un), n. [L. competilio.] A 
mutual contest for the same object; emulation; 
rivalry. [lous. 

Com-pet'i-tive, a. Relating to competition : emu- 
Com-pet'i-tor, n. [L.] A rival ; an opponent. 
Com-pi-la'tion. v. [L. compilatio.] Act of com- 
piling : — a collection from various auihors. 
Corn-pile', v. a. [L. compilare, to rob, to steal ; 
pUare, to rob.] [pp. compiling, compiled.] To 
collect from various authors. 
Com-pll'er, n. One who compiles. 



Com-pla'cence, ) n. Gratification; satisfaction-, 
Com-pla'cen-cy, J pleasure : — civility. 
Com-pla'cent, a. [L. complacere, complacentis, to 
please; com-, intensive, and placere, to please 
(q. v.).] Civil; affable; complaisant: — gratified. 
Com-pla'cent-ly, ad. In a mild manner. 
Corn-plain', v. n. [0. Fr. complaindre ; L. com.-, 
together, and plangere, to bewail.] [pp. com- 
jjlaining, complained.] To murmur; to find 
fault; to make accusation. 
Com-plain'ant, v. A plaintiff; a complainer. 
Com-plain'er, n. One who complains. 
Com-plain'ing, n. Expression of sorrow. 
Com-plaint', n [Fr. complainte. — See Complain.] 
Accusation; information against: — a lamenta- 
tion : — a disease. 
Com-plai-§ance', re. Civility; courtesy. 
CSm-plai-§ant\ a. [Fr. — See Complacent.] Civil; 

courteous ; polite. 
Com-plai-sant'ly, ad. Civilly ; politely. 
Com'ple-ment, n. [L. complememtum ; complere, 
compietum, to fill.] A full quantity or number : 
— completeness: — that which makes complete. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. complementing, complemented.] 
To join in making complete. 
Com-ple-ment'al, a. Filling up; completing. 
Com-ple-ment'a-ry, a. Supplying a defect ; com- 

plemental. 
Com-plete', a. [L. complere, compietum, to finish; 
com-, and plere, to fill.] Having no deficiency ; 
perfect ; entire ; full ; accomplished. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
completing, completed.] To perfect; to finish. 
Com-plete'ly, ad. Fully ; entirely. 
Com-plete'ness, re. Perfection; completion. 
Com-ple'tion, n. [L. completio.~\ Act of com- 
pleting; accomplishment; perfect state; close. 
Com-ple'tive, a. Filling; making complete. 
Com'plex,'a. [L. ; com-, together, and plicare. to 
fold.] Intricate ; complicated ; entangled ; of 
many parts ; not simple. — 2, ?i. Complication ; 
collection. 
Com-plex'ion (kom-plek'shun), n. [L. complexio, 
compass, circuit, habit ; complecti, cOmplexus, to 
enfold.] The color of the skin or of the external 
parts of any body : — appearance ; aspect. 
Com-plex'ioned (kom-plek'shund), a. Having a 

certain hue or color of the skin. 
Com-plex'i-ty, n. State of being complex ; intri- 
cacy ; involvement. 
Com'plex-ly, ad. In a complex manner. 
Com'plex-ness, n. State of being complex. 
Com-plex'us, n. [L.] A complication; an aggre- 
gation :— a bundle. 
Com-pli'a-ble, a. Disposed to comply. 
Com-pll'ance, n. Act of complying; assent. 
Com-pli'ant, a. [See Comply.] Yielding; civil. 
Com'pli-cate, v. a. [L. complicate, complieatux, 
to entangle ; plicare, to fold.] [ pp. complicating, 
complicated.] To entangle; to involve mutu- 
ally ; to join ; to intertwine. 
Com'pli-cate, a. Complex; complicated. 
Com'pli-cS.t-ed, p. a. Entangled; involved. 
Com-pli-ca'tion, ?). Complexity; entanglement. 
Com'pli-ca-tive, a. Tending to involve. 
Com-plic'i-ty, re. [Fr. complicity ; L. complex, con- 
federate'.— See Complex.] Partnership in crime. 
Com'pli-ment. n. [Fr. ; It. complimento, a civility ; 
L. complere, to finish, to adorn.] An act or ex- 
pression of civility or respect ; delicate flattery ; 
praise.— 2, v. a. [pp. complimenting, compli- 
mented.] To flatter; to praise :— to congratu- 
late.— 3, v. n. To use flattery. 
Com-pli-ment'al, a. Implying compliments. 
Com-pli-ment'a-ry, a. Bestowing compliments; 

expressive of 'civility ; civil ; flattering. 
Com'pline, n., or Com'pline§, re. pi. [Fr. complies, 
Late L. completa; L. complere, to finish.] The 
last prayer at night :— the last of the canonical 
hours in the breviary. 
Com'plot, n. [Fr.— See Plot.] A confederacy in 
a secret plot ; a joint plot. 



a, e, I, o, ii, y, long ; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



C03IPL0T 



157 



CONCATENATION 



Com-plot', v. n. [pp. com plotting, com plotted.] 

To form a plot ; to conspire. 
Com-plu-ten'sian, a. [From Complutum, now Al- 
cal.i de Henares, in Spain.] Xoting the Polyglot 
Bible published by Cardinal Ximenes in 1575. 
Com-ply', v. n. [It. complire; L. cornplere,to fill, 
to satisfy.] [pp. complying, complied.] To 
yield; to consent; to acquiesce. 

Syn. — Comply with a reasonable request; con- 
form to good customs ; yield to superiors; assent 
to what is true ; consent to what is reasonable. 

Com-po'nent, a. [L. componere, components, to 
'compose' (g. v.).] Constituent. — 2, n. A constit- 
uent part. 

Corn-port', v. n. [Fr. comporter, to behave; L. 
comportare, to carry together, — later, to behave ; 
portare, to carry.] [ pp. comporting, cumported.] 
To agree ; to suit — 2, v. a. To bear : — to behave. 

Com-port'ment, n. Behavior; deportment. 

Com-pose', v. a. [Fr. composer; L. com-, together, 
'and pausare, to pause, to rest ; influenced greatly 
by L. componere, compositum; com-, together, and 
ponere, to place.] [pp. composing, composed.] 
To form, as a compound ; to put together : — to 
write, as an author: — to quiet; to adjust; to 
settle ; to constitute : — to arrange, as types. 

Com-posed' (kom-pozd'), /). a. Calm ; quiet. 

Com-pos'ed-ly, ad. Calmly; without agitation. 

Com-pos/ed-ness, n. Sedateness; quiet. 

Com-pos'er, n. One who composes ; an author. 

Com-pos'i-tse, n. pi. [L.] A great order of flow- 
ering plants. 

Com-pos'ite, a. Compounded :— noting the last 
of the five orders of classical architecture. 

Com-po-si"tion (kdm-po-zish'un), n. [L. compo- 
site.] The act of composing; thing composed; 
a mixture ; a written work : — adjustment; com- 
pact : — the act of joining words togethei - . 

Com-pos'i-tor, n. One who sets type. 

Com'post, n. [Fr. compost; It. composta; L. com- 
ponere, compositum, to mix.] A mixed manure. 

Com-post', v. a. [pp. composting, composted.] 
To manure with compost :— to make into a com- 
post. 

Com-pos'iire (-zhiir), n. [See Compose.] Adjust- 
ment; composition: — tranquillity; sedateness. 

Com-po-ta'tion, n. [L. compotatio. — See Potation.] 
The act of drinking together. 

Com-pound', v. a. [L. componere ; com-, together, 
and ponere, to place ; ponere is said to be for 
post sinere, to set behind.] [pp. compounding, 
compounded.] To form of different parts; to 
mingle; to combine: — to adjust. — 2, v. n. To 
come to terms ; to agree. 

Com'pb'und, a. Formed out of many ingredients ; 
not simple :— formed of two or more words. — 
Compound interest, interest charged on both the 
principal and the interest. — 2, n. A mixture of 
many ingredients : — an enclosure. 

Com-pra-dor', n. [Sp., from comprar, to buy.] A 
native' employed by merchants at Chinese ports 
to transact business with the other natives ; a 
head-servant or steward. 

Com-pre-hend', v. a. [L. comprehendere ; com-, 
and prehendere, to seize; pree, lieforehand, and 
obo. hendere, to get.] [pp. comprehending, com- 
prehended.] To contain in the mind ; to under- 
stand : — to include ; to comprise. 

Com-pre-hen-si-bil'i-ty, »• Quality of being com- 
prehensible. 

Com-pre-hen'si-ble, a. That may be compre- 
hended; intelligible; conceivable. 

C5m-pre-hen'si-bly, ad. With comprehension. 

Com-pre-hen'sion, n. [L. comprehensio.] The act 
or power of comprehending ; capacity. 

Com-pre-hen'sive, a. [L. comprehensions.] Ex- 
tensive; capacious; wide; large; broad. 

Com-pre-hen'sive-ly, ad. With comprehension. 

Com-pre-hen'sive-ness, n. Capaciousness. 

Corn-press', v. a. [L. comprimere, compressmn, to 
compress; premere, presxum, to press; frequenta- 



tive forms are pressare and compressare.] [pp- 
compressing, compressed.] To press together ; to 
crowd. [gery. 

Com'press, n. [Fr. compresse.] A pad used in sur- 

Com-pres-si-bil'i-ty., \ n. The quality of being 

Com-pres'si-ble-ness. J compressible. 

Com-pres'si-ble, a. That may be compressed. 

Com-pres'sion (kom-presh'un), n. [L. compressio.] 
The act of' compressing ; forcible condensation ; 
state of being compressed. 

Com-prl'sal, n. The act of comprising ; state of 
being comprised : — summary. 

Com-prise', v. a. [Fr. compris, p. a. from com- 
prendre, to comprehend.] [ j>jj. comprising, com- 
prised.] To contain ; to include ; to comprehend. 

Com'pro-mise, n. [Fr. compromis ; L. compromit- 
tere, compromissum, to promise mutually. — See 
Promise.] An adjustment : — a compact in which 
concessions are made on each side. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
compromising, compromised.] To compound : — 
to adjust a dispute by mutual concessions. — 3, 
v. n. To agree ; to accord. 

Com'prp-mit, v. a. [See Compromise.] [pp. com- 
piomitting, compromised.] To pledge; to prom- 
ise : — to compromise : — to put to hazard. 

Comp-trol'ler (kon-trol'ler), n. (Law.) An officer 
'who examines the accounts of the collectors of 
the public money. See Controller. 

Com-pul'sion, n. [L. comptdsio. — See Compel.] 
Act of compelling ; force. 

Com-pul'so-ri-ly, ad. By force. 

Com-pul'so-ry, a. Compelling : — enforced. 

Com-piinc'tion, n. [L. compunctio, a puncture ; 
compungere, compunctum, to sting; com- inten- 
sive, and pungere, to pierce.] Bemorse ; the sting 
of conscience. 

Com-punc'tious, a. Repentant: — causing com- 
punction. 

Com-pur-ga'tion, n. [L. compurgatio, purification. 
— See Purge.] Act of clearing an accused per- 
son by the testimony of others as to their belief 
in the truth of his protestations of innocence. 

Com'pur-ga-tor, n. One who bears testimony to 
his own belief in an accused person's claim to be 
regarded as innocent. 

Com-put'a-ble, a. That may be numbered. 

Com-pu-ta'tion, n. [L. computatio.] Act of com- 
puting or reckoning ; estimate; calculation. 

Com-pute', v. a. [L. computare; com-, together, 
and jtiitare, to think, to reckon, — properly, to 
cleanse, to set right.] [pp. computing, com- 
puted.] To reckon ; to calculate; to estimate; to 
rate ; to number. 

Com'rade, or Com'rade [kom'rad, H.], v. [Sp. 
eamarada; Fr. camarade; originally, a company, 
a chamber-full ; Sp. camara, a chamber, a cabin.] 
A companion ; an associate. 

Com'rade-ship {or kum'-), ». Fellowship. 

Comtism (koht'jzm), n. The system of philosophy 
propounded by Comte ; positivism. 

Comtist (kont'ist), a. Of or pertaining to Comte 
or his philosophy.— 2, ». A follower of Comte. 

Con, ad. An abbreviation of the Latin word con- 
tra, against; as, to dispute pro and con, — that is, 
for and against: — a Latin prefix, standing for 
cum, a preposition signifying " with." It implies 
association, or union. 

Con, v. a. [A.-S. cunnian, to try ; amnan, to know.] 
[pp. conning, conued.] To study; to commit to 
memory : — to direct the course of, as a ship [in 
the latter sense spelled also cond, conn, and cunn; 
said to stand for to conduct]. 

Co-na'tion, n. [L. conalio; conari, conatus, to 
strive.] An attempt; endeavor; the power of 
making attempts. 

Co'na-tive, a. Pertaining to voluntary efforts. 

Con-cat'e-nate, v. a. [L. concatenare, concatenation ; 
catena,' a. chain.] [pp. concatenating, concat- 
enated.] To link together. 

Con-cat-e-na'tion, n. [L. concatenatio.'] Act of 
"linking"; series of links : — a succession. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nbr, son : bull, bur, rule, use. — Q Q, c, g, soft ; p, p, e> §, hard ; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 

14* 



CONCAVE 



158 



CONCKETELY 



Con'cave (kong'kav), o. [L. concavus; con- and 
cuvus, hollow.] Hollow: - 

opposed to convex. — 'I, u. 1 
hollow ; a cavity. 

Con-cav'i-ty, n. Hollowness, 
'a concave surface. Concave. 

Con-ca'vo-con'cave, a. Concave on both sides. 

Con-ca'vo-con'vex, a. Concave on one side and 
'convex'on the other; convexo-concave. 

Con-ceal', v. a. [L. concelare; con- implying com- 
pleteness, and celare, to hide.] [pp. concealing, 
concealed.] To hide; to secrete. 

Con-ceal'a-ble, a. That may be concealed. 

Con-ceal'rnent, n. Act of hiding; secrecy. 

Con-cede', v. a. [L. concedere, concessum; con-, 
'wholly, and cedere, to yield ] [pp. conceding, 
conceded.] To yield; to admit; to grant.— 
2, v. n. To make concession. 

Con-ceit', n. [0. Fr. conceipt, a concept (q. v.).] 
'Fancy; imagination; notion; opinion; idea: — 
piide; vanity: — a whimsical, but ingenious, 
thought or expression; fancy; affected wit. — 
2, v. a. [pp. conceiting, conceited.] To con- 
ceive ; to imagine. 

Con-ceit'ed, p. a. Vain ; self-conceited. 

" '-ceiv'a-ble, a. That may be conceived. 

jeiv'a-ble-ness, n. The quality of being con- 
ceivable. 

Con-ceiv'a-bly, ad. In a conceivable manner. 

Con-ceive', v. a. [Fr. concevoir ; L. concipere, con- 
ceptual; con-, wholly, and capere, captum, to take.] 
[pp. conceiving, conceived.] To develop in the 
womb : — to form in the mind ; to imagine. — 
2, v. u. To think : — to become pregnant. 

Con-cen'trate (or kon'sen-trate) [kon'sen-trat, St. 
Wb. I.], v. a. [Fr. concentrer, to concentre (q. v.).] 
[pp. concentrating, concentrated.] To bring- 
together, or to a centre ; to condense. — 2, v. n. 
To approach or meet in a common point. 

Con-cen'trat-ed, p. a. Condensed; increased in 
strength by concentration. 

Con-cen-tra'tion, n. Act of concentrating : — the 
state of being concentrated. 

Con-cen'tra-tive, a. Tending to concentration. 

Con-cen'tre (kon-sen'ter), v. n. [Fr. concentrer; L. 
'con-, together, and centrum, centre.] [pp. con- 
centring, concentred.] To tend to one common 
centre. — i, v. a. To concentrate. 

Con-een'tric, a. [Fr. concenlrique.] Having one 
common centre. 

Con-cept', or Con'cept, n. [L. conceptns ; con- 
cipere, to conceive (q. v.).] The subject of a 
conception ; a conception. 

Con-cep'ta-cle, n. [L. conceptaculum. — See Con- 
ceive.] A receptacle; a follicle. 

Con-cep'tion, n. [L. conceplio. — See Conceive.] 
Act of conceiving : — thing conceived ; notion ; 
image in the mind ; thought ; perception. 

Con-cept'u-al, a. Of or relating to concepts, or 
power of forming conceptions. 

Con-cept'u-al-ist, n. One who holds that the 
'mind has the power to form general conceptions. 

Con-cern', v. a. [L. concer»ere, to mix with, — later, 
to regard ; con-, together, and cernere, to sift.] 
[pp. concerning, concerned.] To relate to; to 
belong to; to affect; to interest; to touch; to 
disturb. — 2, n. Business; affair; interest; care: 
— an establishment. 

Con-cern'ing, prep. Relating to. 

Con-cern'ment, n. Concern ; business : — anxiety. 

Con-cert', v. a. [Fr. concerler, Ital. concertare, L. 
conserere, consertum, to join together. The L. 
concertare signifies to contend, to dispute.] [pp. 
concerting, concerted.] To settle; to contrive : 
— to adjust. 

Con'cert, n. A mutual agreement; a plan: — a 
musical entertainment. 

Con-cer-ti'na, n. [It. ; from concerto, concert.] A 
kind of accordion. 

Con-cer'to, n. [It.] A piece of music for a special 
instrument with accompaniments. 



Con-ces'sion (kon-sesh'un), n. [L. concessio.— See 
Concede.] Act of conceding : — thing conceded ; 
a grant. 

Concetto (kpn-chet'to), n. ; pi. Concetti (kon- 
chet'te). [It. for "a conceit."] A verbal con- 
ceit :— affectedly ingenious wit. 

Conph (kougk), n. [L. concha; Gr. Koyxt] ; Skr. 
Qankha.] A marine shell. [external ear. 

Con'phajkong'ka), n. [L. for "a shell."] The 

Con'phoid, n. [Gr. KOYx oetl $ijs ,- Koyxn, a shell, and 
elSos, form.] A mathematical curve. 

Con-phol'o-|-ist, n. One veised in c< nchology. 

Con-phol'o-gy, n. [Gr. xoyxri, a shell, and Aoyos, 
a discourse.] The science of shells, or of mol- 
luscous animals. 

Con-cil'i-ate, v. a. [L. conciliare, conciliatus, to 
unite, to reconcile ; concilium, council, union.] 
[pp. conciliating, conciliated.] To gain by favor ; 
to win ; to reconcile ; to pacify. 

Con-cil-i-a'tion, n. [L. conciliate.] The act of 
conciliating.' [pacifying; persuasive. 

Con-cil'i-a-to-rx, a. Tending to reconciliation; 

Con-cin ni-ty., u. [L. co?ici>tnus, neat, elegant ; 
etymology doubtful.] Fitness:— neatness. 

Con-cise', a. [L. concidere, to cut; concims, brief; 
csedere, to cut.] Brief; short; comprehensive. 

Con-clse'ly., ad. In a concise manner; briefly. 

Con-cise'ness, n. Quality of being concise. 

Con-ci"sion (-sizh'un), n. [L. conckio. — See Con- 
cise.] The act of cutting off: — a faction :— cir- 
cumcision ; brevity. 

Con'clave, n. [L. conclave, a hall ; con-, with, and 
clavis, a key.] An assembly of cardinals : — a 
private meeting or assembly. 

Con-elude', v. a. [L. concludere ; con-, wholly, and 
claudere, to shut.] [pp. concluding, concluded.] 
To determine : — to finish : — to settle. — 2, v. n. 
To infer ; to determine. 

Con-clu'§ion (kon-kir/zhun), n. [L. conclusio. — 
See Conclude.] The act of concluding; final 
decision : — the close ; the end : — inference ; de- 
duction. 

Con-clu'sive, a. Decisive; final; ending debate. 

Con-clu'sive-ly, ad. In a decisive manner. 

Con-coct', v. a. [L. concoquere, concoctus, to boil 
together; coquere, to cook.] [pp. concocting, 
concocted.] To digest; to mature; to plot. 

Con-coc'tion, n. [L. concoctio.} The act of con- 
cocting;' something concocted; digestion. 

Con-com'i-tance, \n. [L. concomitanlia, an ac- 

Con-com'i-tan-cy, j companiment, a train.] State 
'of subsisting with something else. 

Con-com'i-tant, a. [L. concomitari, concornitantis, 
to accompany; comitari, to attend; comes, comitis, 
a companion ; con-, with, and ire, to go.] Ac- 
companying; attending. — 2, n. An attendant; 
companion ; an accompaniment. 

Con-com'i-tant-ly, ad. In company. 

Con'cbrd (kong'kord), n. [L. concors, concordis, 
harmonious ; concordia, harmony ; con-, together, 
and cor, cordis, the heart.] Agreement; union : 
— agreement of words :— harmony of sound. . 

Con-cord'ance, n. [Late L. concordantise.] Con- 
cord: — a' verbal index to- the Scriptures, or to 
any book. 

Con-cbr'dant, a. Harmonious; agreeing. 

Con-cbr'dat, n. [Fr.] Compact; an agreement 
'between' the papal court and any government. 

Con'course (kong'kors), n. [L. concursus; con-, to- 
gether, and currere, cursum, to run.] A conflu- 
ence; an assembly ; a meeting; a multitude. 

Con-crete', v. n. [L. concrescere, concretum, to grow 
together ; crescere, to grow.] [pp. concreting, 
concreted.] To coalesce into one mass. — 2, v. a. 
To form by concretion. 

Con' crete , or Con-cret^' , a. Formed by concretion ; 
compounded : — applied to or connected with a 
subject ; not abstract. 

Con'crete, n. A mass formed by concretion; a 
compound ; a mass compounded with mortar. 

Con-crete'ly., ad. In a concrete manner. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short ; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 



CONCRETION 



159 



CONFERVA 



Con-cre'tion, n. [L. concrelio.] The act of con- 
creting; 'a mass. 
Con-cre'tion-al, a. Implying concretion. 
Con-cu'bi-nage, w. The act of living with a 

'woman as a wife, though not married. 
Cbn'cu-bine, n. [L. concubina; con-, together, 
and cubare, to lie down.] A woman kept in con- 
cubinage. 
Con-cu'pis-cence, n. [D. concupiscent ia, desire; 
'concupiscere, to long for; con- intensive, and cu- 
pere, to wish.] Irregular desire; lust. 
Con-ciir', v. u. [L. concurrere ; con-, together, and 
'currere, to run.] [pp. concurring, concurred.] 
To meet in one point; to agree. 
Con-cur'rence, «. Act of concurring: union. 
Con-cur'rent, a- [L. concurrere, concuiTenUs.] Act- 
'ing in conjunction. — 2. n. A contributory cause. 
Con-cur'rent-ly, ad. With concurrence. 
Con-cus'sion (kon-kiish'un), n. [L. concussio ; con- 
cntere, concusmm, to shake together; qualere, 
quassum, to shake.] The act of shaking; agita- 
tion; the state of being shaken. 
Con-demn' (kon-dem'), v. a. [L, condemnare; con- 
intensive, and damnare, to condemn.] [pp. con- 
demning, condemned.] To find guilty ; to doom 
to punishment; to censure; to blame. 
Con-dem-na'tion, n. [L. condemnation] The act of 
condemning;' sentence of punishment; severe 
censure. 
Con-dem'na-to-ry, a. Implying censure. 
Con-den'sa-ble, a. Capable of condensation. 
Con-den-sa'tion, n. Act of condensing; density. 
Con-dense', v. a. [L. condensare (-ere). — See 
'Dene.] [pp. condensing, condensed.] To 
make dense ; to thicken. — 2, v. n. To grow 
dense or thick. — 3, a. [L. condenms, very dense.] 
Thick; dense; compact. 
Con-dens'er, n. He who or that which condenses : 

' — a vessel for condensing air or steam. 
Con-den' si-ble, a. Same as Condensable. 
Con-de-scend', v. n. [L. condescendere, coudescen- 
swm ; con-, together, and descendere, to come 
down. — See Descend.] [pp. condescending, con- 
descended.] To descend from superior rank; to 
yield; to submit; to stoop. 
Con-de-seend'ing, p. «. Stooping; meek. 
Con-de-scen'sion, n. Descent from superiority; 

voluntary humiliation; complaisance. 
Con-dign' (kon-din'), a. [L. condignus; con- in- 
tensive, and' dignus, worthy.] Merited ; deserved. 
Con'di-ment, n. [L. condimeutum ; condire, to pre- 
serve; for condere, to lay up; con-, together, and 
dare, to give, to bestow.] A seasoning: a sauce. 
Con-di"tion (kon-dlsh'un), n. [L. conditio, prop- 
erly conditio, agreement, terms, relation, nature ; 
con-, together, and root of dicare, to point out, 
to proclaim ; but. L. conditio also is derivable 
from condere (to put together) and condire (to 
preserve, to season), which seem to have influ- 
enced the English in soim' of its senses.] Situ- 
ation ; circumstance ; quality ; state ; rank : — 
stipulation; term of compact ; article; provision. 
—2, v. a. [pp. conditioning, conditioned.] To 
contract ; to stipulate : — to put under conditions. 
Con-di"tion-al, a. Containing conditions; not 

'absolute'; stipulated; dependent. 
Con-di-tion-al'i-ty, n. Limitation by certain 

terms. 
Con-di"tion-al-ly, ad. With limitations. 
Con-di"tioned (kon-dish'und), a. Having quali- 
fies or "properties good or bad; stipulated:— 
limited. — 2, n. That which is restricted by con- 
ditions; that which is relative and limited; that 
which alone is conceivable or cogitable. 
Con-dole', v. v. [L. condolere; dolere, to grieve.] 
[pp. condoling, condoltd.] To lament with and 
for others. — 2, v. a. To lament with or for. 
Con-do'lence, n. Act of condoling; grief for an- 
other's' sorrows; sympathy; pity. 
Con-do-na'tion, n. [L. condonatio.] The act of 
pardoning , forgiveness. 




•'■^■,- 



Condor. 



Con-done', v. a. [L. condonare ; con-, completely, 
'and donate, to give; donum, a gift.] [pp. con- 
doning, condoned.] To pardon; to forgive. 
Con'dor, n. [Peru- 
vian, kuntur.] A 
large bird ; the 
great vulture of 
the Andes: — a 
gold coin of Chili, 
Ecuador, and Co- 
lombia, worth 
rather more than 
89. 

Condottiere (kon- 
dot-te-a'ra), n. ; 
pi. Condottieri 
(kon-dot-te-a're). [It. for "contractor;" L. con- 
ducere, to hire.] In mediaeval Italy, a leader of 
mercenary soldiers: — a mercenary soldier; a 
brigand. 

Con-duce', b. n. [L. conducere ; con-, and dncere, to 
lead.] [pp. conducing, conduced.] To tend; 
to contribute. [bring about. 

Con-du'cive, «. Aiding; promoting; tending to 

Con'duct, n. [L. conducing; conducere, to lead.] 
Management ; behavior: demeanor; depot" t; 
direction; carriage: — escort : — guidance. 

Con-duct', v. a. [L. conducere, conducturm : ducere, 
to lead: dux, dutis, a leader.] [pp. conducting, 
conducted.] To lead; to direct; to manage; to 
guide ; to regulate. 

Con-duc'tion, n. The act of conducting. 

Con-duc'tive, a. Directing: — conducting. 

Con-duc-tiv'i-ty, n. Quality of being conductive. 

Con-duct'or, u. [L.] lie who or that which con- 
ducts ; a leader : — manager : director. — | I' lee.) A 
substance that transmits the electric fluid. 

Con'duit (kiin'dit, kon'dwit, or kon'dit), n. [Ft. ; 
from'conduire, to conduct.] A water-pipe; a canal. 

Con-du'pli-cate, a. [L. condupUcare, to double. — 
See Duplicate.] Doubled together. 

Con'dyle [kon'dil, /.], n. [Gr. (coVSvAos, a knuc- 
kle.] A prominence on the 
head of a bone. 

Cone, n. [L. con us ; Gr. kojvos. — 
Cf. L. aniens, a wedge; Skr. 
fana, a hone.] A solid body, 
the base of which is a circle 
and the summit a point : — the 
compound fruit of pines and similar trees; a 

Con'fab, n. Familiar talk ; chat. [strobile. 

Con-fab'u-late, v. u. [L. eonfabulari, -latus. to con- 
verse; fabulari, to talk; fabida, discourse, Fable; 
fart, to speak.] [pp. confabulatiDg, confabu- 
lated.] To talk together. 

Con-fab-u-la'tion, u. Talk; conversation. 

Con-fec'tion, k. [L. confeclio, a preparation ; con- 
ficere, to make up; facere, factum, to make.] A 
sweetmeat; a preserve. 

Con-fec'tion-er, n. A maker of sweetmeats. 

Con-fec'tion-e'r-y, «• Sweetmeats or candies in 
general : — a place for sweetmeats or candies. 

Con-fed'er-a-cy, n. A league; federal compact; 
confederation ; alliance; association. 

Con-fed'er-ate, v. a. & v. n. [L. confeederare, con- 
fa'deratnm, to league: faedus, foederis, a league.] 
[pp. confederating, confederated.] To join in a 
league. [ally ; accomplice. 

Con-fed'er-ate, a. United in a league. — 2, n. An 

Con-fed-er-a'tion, n. A league ; confederacy. 

Con-fe'r', v. n. [L. conferre ; con-, together, and 
ferre, to bring.] [pp. conferring, conferred.] 
To discourse together; to consult.— 2, v. a. To 
give ; to bestow; to grant. 

Con'fer-ence, n. Formal discourse; an oral dis- 
cussion ; conversation : — an assembly. 

Con-fer'va, n. [L. ; from confervere, to boil to- 
gether (see Fervent) : probably with the idea 
of soldering, or mending: the plant was sup- 
posed to h'-al wounds.] An aquatic plant-growth 
forminu a slime or scum. 




Cones. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — C, Q, 5, g, soft ; p, £, e, §, hard ; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



CONFESS 



160 



CONGEST 



Con-fess', v. a. [L. confiteri, confessus, to confess; 
fateri, to acknowledge ; fori, to'speak.] [pp. con- 
fessing, confessed.] To acknowledge, as a crime 
or fault; to admit; to own ; to grant : — to hear 
the confession of. — 2, v. n. To make confession. 

Con-fess'ed-lv, ad. Avowedly; indisputably. 

Con-f es'sion (kon-fesh'un), n. [L. co)ifessio.] The 
act of confessing ; acknowledgment ; profession ; 
avowal: — a formulary of articles of faith. 

Con-fes'sion-al, w. A confession-chair : — the hear- 
ing of confessions.— 2, a. Pertaining to confes- 
sions, or to creeds. 

Con'fess-or, or Con-fess' or, n. [Late L.] One who 
confesses : — one who makes profession of his faith 
in face of danger : — one who hears confessions. 

Con-fi-dant' (kun'fe-dant or kon-fe-dant'), n. 
[0. Fr. — See Confident.] A confidential friend : 
— one trusted with secrets. 

Con-fi-dante', n. [0. Fr. ; Fr. confidente or confi- 
ante'.] A female confided in. 

Con-fide', v. n. [L. confidere ; fidere, to trust ; fides, 
faith.] [pp. confiding, confided.] To have' con- 
fidence; to trust. — 2, v. a. To trust; to intrust. 

Con'fi-dence, n. [L. confidential Act of confid- 
ing'; trust; firm assurance; reliance: — boldness. 

Con'fi-dent. a. [L. confident. — See Confide.] Hav- 
ing'full belief; positive ; certain : — daring; bold. 

Con-fi-den'tial (-shal), a. Spoken or written in 
confidence ;" private : — trusty ; faithful. 

Con-fi-den'tial-ly, ad. In confidence. 

Con'fi-dent-ly, ad. Without doubt or fear. 

Con-f lg-u-ra'tion, n. [L. configuratio.—See Fig- 
ure.] External form ; figure ; outline. 

Con-f In'a-ble, a. That may be confined. 

Con'fine, n. [L. confinium or confine; confirm, a 
neighbor, neighboring; con-, together, and finis, 
limit.] Common boundary ; border. 

Con-fine', or Con'fine, v. n. [pp. confining, con- 
'fined.] To border upon. 

Con-fine', v. a. To shut up by some bound or re- 
straint; to imprison ; to restrain ; to restrict. 

Con-f ine'ment, n. Restraint :— lying in. 

Con-firm', v. a. [L. confirmare; con- intensive, 
and firmare, to strengthen ; firmus, firm.] [pp. 
confirming, confirmed.] To make firm; to 
strengthen; to put past doubt: to corroborate; 
to establish ; to ratifij : — to admit to communion. 

Con-firm'a-ble, a. That may be confirmed. 

Con-fir-ma' tion.n. [L. conftrmatio.] The act of 
confirming;' evidence; additional or convincing 
testimony : — an ecclesiastical rite. 

Con-firm'a-tive, a. Tending to confirm. 

Con-fi'rm'a-to-ry, a. Serving to confirm. 

Con-f is'ca-ble, a. Liable to forfeiture. 

Con-fis'cate (or kon'fis-kat), ». a. [L. confiscare, 
confiscation; fiscus, a basket, a treasury.] [pp. 
confiscating," confiscated.] To transfer private 
property to the state ; to cause to be forfeited. 

Con-f Is'cate (or kon'fis-kat), a. Forfeited to the 

Con-fis-ca'tion, n. Act of confiscating, [public. 

Con-f is'ca.jto-ry, a. Causing forfeiture. 

Con-fla-gra'tion, n. [L. confiagratio ; con- inten- 
sive," and fiagrare, flagratum, to burn.] A great 
or general fire. 

Con-fHct', v. n. [L. conflictare, frequentative of 
confiigcre. confiiclum ; con-, together, and fiigere, 
to strike.] [pp. conflicting, conflicted.] To 
strive ; to contest ; to fight. 

Con'flict, n. Collision; contest; straggle. 

Con-flict'ing, p. a. Opposing; contending. 

Con'flu-ence, n. [L. confiuentia.] The junction of 
two or'more streams :— a concourse; collection : 
— concurrence; a union; junction. 

Con'flu-ent, a. [L. confiuere, confiuentis, to flow 
together; con-, together, and fluere, to flow.] 
Flowing together ; meeting. 

Con'flux, n. A crowd; a confluence. 

Con-form', v. a. [L. conformare ; con-, together, 
'and formare, to shape ; forma, shape.] [pp. con- 
forming, conformed.] To make like, or of one 
form. — 2, v. n. To comply with ; to yield. 



Con-fdrm-a-bil'i-ty, n. Likeness or agreement in 
form. 

Con-fbrm'a-ble, a. Corresponding with ; agreeable ; 
suitable;' consistent; compliant. 

Con-fdrm'a-bly, ad. Agreeably ; suitably. 

Con-for-ma'tion, n. [L. con form alio.'] Act of con- 
forming ; likeness of form ; form ; structure. 

Con-fdrm'ist, n. One who conforms, especially to 
the worship of the established church. 

Con-fbrm'i-ty, n. Compliance : — similitude. 

Con-found', v. a. [L. confundere, confusum ; con-, 
together, and fundere, to pour.] [2^. confound- 
ing, confounded.] To mingle : — to perplex ; to 
puzzle :— to amaze; to astonish: — to abash; to 
stupefy :— to destroy; to overthrow. 

Con-fbund'ed, p. a. Mixed; confused; abashed; 
astonished :— excessive [Vulg.]. 

Con-fb'und'ed-ly., ad. Excessively. [Low.] 

Con-fra-teVni-ty, n. [L. confralernilas ; con-, to- 
gether, and /rnier, a brother. — See Fraternity.] 
An associated fraternity ; a religious brotherhood. 

Confrere (kon-frar), -,?. '[Fr. ; frere, a brother; L. 
frater.] An associate; a colleague. 

Con-front', or Con-front', v. a. [Fr. confront er ; 
L. con-, together, and frons, frontis, the fore- 
head.] [pp. confronting, confronted.] To set 
face to face ; to face : — to oppose openly or to 
the face : — to compare. 

Con-fuse', v. a. [See Confound.] [pp. confusing, 
confused.] To confound; to perplex. 

Con-fus'ed-ly, ad. Indistinctly; not clearly. 

Con-fii'sion (kon-fu'zhun), n. [L. confvsio.] State 
of being confused ; irregular mixture : — tumult ; 
disorder : — overthrow : — astonishment. 

Con-fu'ta-ble, a. That may be confuted. 

Con-fu-ta'tion, n. Act of confuting; refutation. 

Con-fute', v. a. [Fr. confvter, L. confutare, to 
silence, to refute, — literally, to cool ; akin to 
fundere, to pour, and fultilis, a water-pitcher.] 
[pp. confuting, confuted.] To convict of error; 
to disprove. 

Con'f-e (kon'je) [kon'zha, K. St.], n. [Fr. conge', 
farewell, discharge; 0. Fr. congiet, Provencal, 
comjat, L. commeatns, a furlough, — literally, a 
journey together; com-, together, and meare, 
meatus, to pass.] An act of reverence ; a bow ; a 
courtesy: — leave; farewell. [To take have. 

Con'§e, or Con-fe', v. n. [pp. congeing, congeed.] 

Con'|e. n. [Fr. conge.— QL conge, a measuring- 
cup; L. congius, a gallon: but probably only a 
special use of conge, a discharge, or escape. — 
Cf. Gr. ano(f>vyri, an escape, also a moulding.] 
(Arch.) A sort of moulding. 

Con-teal', v. a. [L. congelare; gelare, to freeze; 
'gelu, frost.] [pp. congealing, congealed.] To 
turn, by frost, from a fluid to a solid state; to 
freeze. — 2, v. n. To gather into a mass by cold. 

Con-feal'a-ble, a. That may be congealed. 

Con-ieal'ment. n. Congelation; a clot. 

Cong-e d'elire (kon'je del-er'), n. [Fr. for "leave 
to elect."] (Eng. Law.) The king's permission 
to a dean and chapter to .choose a bishop. 

Con-|e-la'tion, n. The act of congealing. 

Con'ge-ner, or Con-£e'ner, n. [L. ; con-, and 
genu's, generis, kind.] Oue of the same genus. 

Con-fe-ner'ic, a. Being of the same genus. 

Con-g§'ni-ai, or Con-£en'ial, a. [L. congener; Fr. 
'congenial': on type of Genial.] Of the same 
nature. ; kindred ; sympathetic. 

Con-f-e-ni-al'i-ty, "I n. The state or quality of 

Con-Ie'ni-al-ness, j being congenial. 

Con-|-en'i-tal, a. [L. congenilus ; gignere, genilum, 
'to produce'.] Existing at the time of birth. 

Con'|er (kong'ger), n. [L. conger; Gr. yoyypos.] 
The 'sea-eel. 

Con-f-e'ri-es, n. [L. for "a heap;" con-, together, 
'and gerere, to carry.] A mass of small bodies. 

Con-test', v. a. [L. congerere, congestum, to pile 
'up; con-, together, and gerere, to carry.] [pp. 
congesting, congested.] To heap up; to collect : 
—to crowd ; to overfill. 



i, 0, u, y, long ; a, e, 1, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 



CONGESTED 



161 



CONNOISSEUR 



Con-f-est'ed, a. Noting the condition of an organ 
'in which there is an abnormal accumulation of 
blood : — (Bot.) crowded together ; conglomerate. 

Con-f-es'tion (-jest'yun),/*. A collection of matter ; 
a morbid accumulation, as of blood or other fluid. 

Con-ges'tive, a. Implying congestion. 

Con-glo'bate [kon'glo-bat, H. N. St. I.], v. a. & v. n. 
[L. eonglobare, conglobutum ; globus, a globe.] [pp. 
conglobating, conglobated.] To gather into a 
ball. — 2. a. Moulded into a firm ball. 

Con-glom'er-ate, v. a. [L. conglomerare, conglome- 
ratum ,; glomus, glomeris, a ball or clue.] [pp. 
conglomerating, conglomerated.] To gather into 
a ball or mass. 

Con-glom'er-ate, a. Gathered into a mass. — 2, «. 
A rock formed of stones cemented together. 

Con-glom-er-a/tion, n. Collection into a ball. 

Con-glu'ti-nant, a. Uniting; closing up. 

Con-glu'ti-nate, v. a. [L. conglutinare, congluti- 
nation; gluten, glue.] [pp. conglutinating, con- 
glutinated.] To cement. — 2, v. n. To coalesce. 

Con-glu-ti-na'tion, n. The act of uniting bodies. 

Con-glu'ti-na-tive, a. Tending to unite. 

Con-grat'u-late (kon-grat'yu-lat), v. a. [L. con- 
gratulari, congratulatum ; con- intensive, and 

fratulari, to wish pleasure; gratus, pleasing.] 
pp. congratulating, congratulated.] To wish 
joy to ; to felicitate on a happy event. 
Con-grat-ii-la'tion, n. [L. congratulatio.] An ex- 
pression of joy and sympathy ; felicitation. 

Con-grat'u-la-tor, n. One who congratulates. 

Con-grat'ii-la-to-ry, a. Expressing congratula- 
tion, or wishing joy. 

Coii'gre-gate (kong'-) v. a. [L. congregate, con- 
gregatum; grex, gregis, a flock.] [pp. congre- 
gating, congregated.] To collect together; to 
gather. — 2, v. n. To assemble ; to meet. — 3, «. 
Collected ; congregated. 

Con-gre-ga'tion, n. [L. congregalio.] A collection 
of persons; a meeting; an assembly. 

Con-gre-ga'tion-al, a. Pertaining to a congrega- 
tion or to Congfegationalists ; public. 

Con-gre-ga'tion-al-Ism, n. That mode of ehdrch 
government 'which maintains the independence 
of separate churches. 

Con-gre-ga'tion-al-Ist, n. One who adheres to 
Congregationalism ; an independent. 

Coii'gress (kong'gres), n. [L. congressus or congres- 
sio ; con-, together, and gradi, gressum, to 'go; 
gradus, a step.] An assembly: — the legislature 
of the United States. 

Con-gres'sion-al (-gresh'un-al), a. Relating to 
the Congress of the United* States ; parliament- 
ary, [of Congress. [U. &] 

Con'gress-man (kong'gres-man), n. A member 

Con'gru-ence, ) n. [L. congruentia ; congruere, 

Coh-gru'en-cy, J congruentis, to coincide.] Agree- 
ment; correspondence; consistency. 

Con'gru-ent, a. Agreeing; correspondent. 

Coii-gru'i-ty, n. Suitableness; consistence; fit- 
ness; a" proper adaptation. [able; fit. 

Coii'gru-ous, a. [L. congruus.] Agreeable; suit- 

Con'ic, \a. [Gv. kwvlkos. — See Cone.] Formed 

Con'i-cal, j like a cone ; relating to a cone. 

Con'ic sec'tions. n. })l. Lines 
or curves formed by the inter- Jff\ 
sections of planes with the M : [ m 
surface of a cone. 

Con'i-fer, n. [L. ; conus. a cone, 
and ferre, to bear.] A cone- 
bearing tree. 

Co-nif er-ous, a. Bearing cones. Con ' c sections - 

Co-nl'um, n. [L. ; Gr. tcwveLov.] A plant and 
narcotic drug. 

Con-ject'u-ra-ble, a. Possible to be guessed. 

Con-ject'u-ral, a. Depending on conjecture. 

Con-ject'ure' (kon-jekt'yur), n. [L. conjectura, a 
guess, a forecast ; conicere or conjicere, to cast to- 
gether (future active participle feminine conjec- 
tura) ; con-, together, and jacere, to cast.] A guess 
or surmise. — 2, v. a. [pp. conjecturing, conjec- 




tured.] To judge by guess. — 3, v. n. To form 
conjectures. 
Con-join', v. a. [Fr. conjoindre ; L. conjungere, con- 
junctum; con-, with, and jungere, to join. [pp. 
conjoining, conjoined.] To unite ; to associate. 
— 2, v. n. To league ; to unite. 
Con-joint', a. United ; associated. 
Con-joint'ly, ad. In uniou; together. 
Con'ju-gal, a. [L. conjugalis; conjux, a spouse; 
jugare, to marry, to yoke ; jugum, a yoke.] Re- 
lating to marriage ; matrimonial. 
Con'ju-gate, v. a. [L. conjugare, to unite.] [pp. 
conjugating, conjugated.] To couple: — to in- 
flect, as a verb. 
Con'ju-gate, a. Coupled. — A conjugate diameter is 

a right line bisecting the transverse diameter. 
Con-ju-ga'tion, n. [L. conjugatio.] The act of con- 
jugating; union: — act or form of inflecting verbs. 
Con-ju'gi-al, «. [L. conjugialis; conjugium, mar- 
riage.]' Conjugal. [rent. 

Con-junct', a. [See Conjoin.] Conjoined; concur- 

Con-junc'tion, n. [L. conjunction The act ol join- 
ing ; union. — (Gram.) A part of speech which 
joins parts of sentences and words together. 

Con-junc-ti'va, n. [L. for "connective:" it is 
one of the 'connections of the eye with its 
socket.] The mucous membrane of the eye. 

Con-junc'tive, a. Closely united ; uniting. 

Con-june'tive-ly, ad. In conjunction. 

Con-junct'iy, ad. Jointly; in union. 

Con-junct'ure (kon-junkt'yiir), n. A combina- 
tion of causes or events ; a crisis. 

Con-jii-ra'tion, n. [L. conjuratio, a conspiracy.] 
Incantation : — a plot. 

Con-jure', v. a. [L. conjurare, to swear together, 
to bind by an oath; con- t and jurare, to swear.] 
[pp. conjuring, conjured.] To summon or en- 
join solemnly. 

Con'jure (kun'jur), v. a. [L. conjurare, in its late 
sense of to adjure, to summon by adjuration.] 
[pp. conjuring, conjured.] To influence by 
magic : — to contrive with ill intent. — 2, v. n. To 
practise charms. 

C6n'ju_r-er (kun'jur-er), n. An enchanter. 

Con-nate' (kon-naf, or kon'nat), o. [L. connatus, 
cognate (q. v.) : con-, and nasci, nalus, to be born.] 
Born with another; of the same birth.— (Bot.) 
Growing together.— (Met.) Congenital; inde- 
pendent of experience ; intuitive. 

Con-nat'u-ral, a. [See Natural.] Connected by 
nature; partaking of the same nature. 

Con-nect', v. a. [L. conectere or connectere, con- 
nexum ; con-, together, and neclere, to tie.] [pp. 
connecting, connected.] To join ; to link; to 
unite. — 2, v. n. To cohere ; to be joined : — to 
make a connection. 

Con-nect'ed, p. a. Linked together; related. 

Con-nect'ed-ly, ad. In a connected manuer. 

Con-nec'tion. n. [L. conexio, connexio.] Union; 
junction : — relation : — written also connexion. 

Con-nec'tive, a. [L. conexirus, connexiuus.] Tend- 
ing to connect.— 2, n. That which connects. 

Con-nec'tive-ly, ad. In conjunction. 

Con'ner, \n- [Possibly from con, cunn, to pilot.— 

Cun'ner, J Cf. Pilot-fish.] A North American 
salt-water perch: — a limpet. 

Con-nex'ion, n. Union. See Connection. 

Con-nex'ive, a. Connective. 

Con-ni'vance, n. [L. conicentia.] Act of con- 
niving; a voluntary blindness to an act. 

Con-nive', v. n. [L. conivere, connivere, for (de- 
fective) nirere and nictare, to wink; nicere, to 
beckon.— Cf. Ger. neigen, to bow] [pp. con- 
niving, connived.] To wink; to forbear to see. 
(The popular use of connive in the sense of to 
plot (v. n.) is not authorized.) 

Con-ni'vent, a. Not attentive ; convergent. 

Con-nois-seur', or Con-nois-seiir', n. [0. Fr. ; 
Fr. connoisseur; connaitre, L. cognoscere. to know 
(?.«.)•] A judge in the fine arts or literature ; 
a critic. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g. Q, c, £ , soft; p, ja, ( 

I 14* 



§, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 



CONNOTATION 



162 



CONSOLIDATE 



Con-no-ta'tion, n. [L. con-, together, and notatio, 
expression.'] That which is expressed by, or 
implied in, a word. 

Con'no-ta-tive, a. Significant :— implying. 

Con-note', v. a. [Con-, together, and Notc. — See 
'.Denote.] [pp. connoting, connoted.] To im- 
ply : — to denote an object by implying an at- 
tribute or attributes to it. 

Con-nu'bi-al, a. [L. conubialis, connubialis ; conu- 
bium, marriage ; nubere, to veil, to wed ; nubes, 
a cloud, a veil. — See Nuptial.] Nuptial ; matri- 
monial ; conjugal. [figure resembling a cone. 

Co'nbid, n. [Or. KOivoet6/i<; ; kojvos, a cone.] A 

Co-nbid'al, a. Approaching to a conic form. 

Con'quer (kong'ker), v. a. [L. conquirere, conqui- 
situm,' to go in search of, — later, to capture, to 
conquer; quserere, to seek. — See Quest.] [pp. 
conquering, conquered.] To gain by conquest; 
to vanquish ; to subdue ; to overcome. — 2, o. n. 
To overcome. 

Coh'quer-a-ble, a. Possible to be overcome. 

Coh'quer-or, n. [Late L. conquisitor, conqusestor. — 
See Conquer.] One who conquers. 

Coii' quest (kbng'kwest), n. [Fr. conguite; 0. Fr. 
conqueste. — See Conquer.] Act of conquering ; 
acquisition by victory ; victory ; success. 

Con-san-guin'e-ous, a. [L. consanguineus ; san- 
guis,' sanguinis, blood.] Of the same blood. 

Con-san-guln'i-ty, n. Relationship by blood. 

Con'science (kon'shens), n. [L. conscientia, priv- 
ity, consciousness, moral sense; con-, with, 
and scientia, knowledge. — See Science.] The 
faculty of judging of one's own conduct with 
reference to some standard of right and wrong : 
— the moral sense : — honesty ; scruple ; justice. 

Con-sci-en'tious (kon-she-en'shus), a. Regulated 
by conscience ; scrupulous ; just. [uprightly. 

Con-sci-en'tious-ly, ad. According to conscience ; 

Con-sct-en'tious-nSss, n. Quality of being con- 
scientious ; uprightness. 

Con'scion-a-ble (kon'shun-a-bl), a. [From con- 
science; an ill-formed word".] Reasonable. 

Con'scious (kon'shus), a. [L. consents; con-, 
fully, and scire, to know.] Knowing one's own 
thoughts; knowing by mentiil perception. 

Con'scious-ly, ad. In a conscious manner. 

Con'scious-ness, n. The perception of what passes 
in one's mind. — Reflection is the voluntary action 
of the mind. Consciousness is involuntary. 

Con'scrlpt, a. [L. conscribere, conscriptum, to write 
together, to enroll ; scribere, to write.] Written ; 
registered; enrolled. — Conscript fathers, the sen- 
ators of Rome. — 2, n. One enrolled for the army. 

Con-script', v. a. [^.conscripting, conscripted.] 
To enroll soldiers by conscription. 

Con-scrip'tion, n. An enrolling, as of soldiers. 

Con'se-crate, v. a. [L. consecrare, constcratum ; 
con-, wholly, and sacrare, to devote; sacer, sa- 
crum, sacred.] [pp. consecrating, consecrated.] 
To make sacred ; to appropriate to sacred uses ; 
to dedicate; to devote. — 2, a. Consecrated: de- 
voted, [secrating ; dedication to sacred uses. 

Con-se-cra'tion, n. [L. consecratio.] Act of con- 

Con'se-cra-tor, n. [L.] One who consecrates. 

Con-sec'u-tive, a. [Fr. consecutif; L. consequi, 
covsecutus, to follow upon ; sequi, to follow.] 
Following in order; successive. 

Con-sec'u-tive-ly, ad. Successively, [harmony. 

Con-sen' sus, n. [L.— See Consent.] Agreement; 

Con-sent', n. [L. consentire, consensum, to accord; 
cow-, together, and sentire, to feel. — See Sense.] 
Agreement ; compliance ; assent. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
consenting, consented.] To be of the saine mind ; 
to yield; to agree ; to comply ; to assent. [ant. 

Con-sen-ta'ne-oQs, a. [L. consenlaneus.] Accord- 

Con-sen'tient (kon-sen'shent), a. Agreeing. 

Con'se-quence, n. [L. consequentia ; conseqnere, to 
follow with.] That which follows; the effect 
produced by a cause; an inference: — event; 
issue : — importance ; moment, [sequence ; effect. 

Con'se-quent, «. Following naturally. — 2, n. Con- 



Con-se-quen'tial, «. Following as -the effect; 
consequent :— important : — conceited. 

Con-se-quen'tial-ly, ad. Logically : — eventually : 
— in a pompous, conceited manner. 

Con'se-quent-ly, ad. By consequence. 

Con-ser-va'tion, n. [L. couservatio.] The act of 

Con-serv'an-cy, n. Conservation. [preserving. 

Con-serv'a-tism, n. Opposition to change. 

Con-serv'a-tive, a. Having power to preserve : — 
opposed to great changes. — 2, n. One who opposes 
radical changes in a state : — opposed to refoi-mer. 

Con-serv'a-to-ry, n. A place for preserving jjlants, 
"&c. ; a greenhouse :— a school of music— 2, a. 
Preservative; conservative. 

Con-serve', v. a. [L. conservare ; servare, to keep.] 
[pp. conserving, conserved.] To preserve. 

Con' serve, n. A sweetmeat; preserved fruit. 

Con-sid'er, v. a. [L. considerare, consideratus, to 
'observe; properly, to observe the stars; sidus, 
sideris, a star.] [pp. considering, considered.] 
To think upon ; to ponder. — 2, v. n. To reflect ; 
to deliberate. 

Con-sid'er-a-ble, a. Worthy of regard ; respect- 
able ; deserving notice ; not small. 

Con-sid'er-a-bly, ad. In a considerable degree. 

Con-sid'er-ate, a. Prudent; thoughtful of others. 

Con-sid'er-ite-ly, ad. Calmly ; thoughtfully. 

Con-sid-er-a'tion, n. [L. consider alio.] The act 
of considering ; prudence; contemplation: — im- 
portance :— compensation ; an equivalent. 

Con-sid'er-ing, prep. Having regard to ; if allow- 
ance be made for. 

Con-sign' (kon-sin'), v. a. [L. consignare ; con-, and 
'signare, to mark; signum, a seal, a mark.] [pp. 
consigning, consigned.] To give in trust; to 
intrust; to commit. 

Con-sig'na-to-ry, n. One who affixes his signa- 
ture along with others. 

CSn-sign-ee' (kon-se-ne'), n. [Fr. consigne.] He 
to whom goods are sent or consigned in trust. 

Con-slgn'er (kon-sln'er), n. One who consigns. 

Con-sign'ment (kon-'sln'ment), n. The act of 
consigning : — that which is consigned. 

Con-sign-or' (kon-se-nor') [kon-se-nbr', Ja. Sm.; 
kon-si'nur, N. C K.], n. One who consigns. 

Con-sist', v. n. [L. consistere; sistere, to stand: 
'akin to stare, to stand.] [pp. consisting, con- 
sisted.] To subsist; to be composed. 

Con-sist y ence, 1b. [Fr. cotisistance.] State of 

Con-sist'en-cy, J being consistent; congruity; 
'fixed state : — degree of density or softness. 

Con-sist'ent, a. [L. consistere, cousistentis, to stand 
with.] Conformable; accordant. 

Con-sist'ent-ly, ad. In agreement. 

Con'sis-to-ry, or Con-sis'to-ry, n. [L. consisto- 
rivm, ah assembly'.— See Consist.] A spiritual 
court; an assembly. 

Con-so'ci-ate (kon-so'she-at), n. An associate. 

Con-so'ci-ate, v. a. fL. consociare, consociatum ; 
'soc'ms, a companion.] [pp. consociating, conso- 
ciated.] To associate.— 2, v. n. To coalesce; to 
associate. 

Con-so-ci-a'tion (kon-so-she-a'shun), n. [L. con- 
sociatio.] Alliance; union : — association; an ec- 
clesiastical body or convention [U. S.]. 

Con-sol'a-ble, a. That may be consoled. 

Con-so-la'tion, n. Comfort; solace. 

Con-sol'a-to'-ry., a. Affording consolation ; giving 
comfort. 

Con-sole', v. a. [L. consolari; 
solari, to solace.] [pp. con- 
soling, consoled.] To com- 
fort; to solace. 

Con' sole, n. [Fr. ; L. con, to- 
gether, and solidus, solid, 
strong.] A bracket or shoulder-piece. 

Con-sol'er, n. One who consoles or comforts. 

Con-sol'i-date, v. a. [L. consolidari, consolidatus ; 
con, together, and solidus, firm.] [pp. consoli- 
dating, consolidated.] To make solid. — 2, v. n. 
To grow firm or so)id. 




a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, l, o, u, y, short; a, §, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



CONSOLIDATION 



163 



CONTAGIOUS 



Con-sSl-i-da'tion, n. The act of consolidating. 

Con-sols/, or Con' sols, n. pi. [For consolidated se- 
curities.] A sort of transferable stocks; three 
per cent, consolidated annuities. 

Consomme" (koh-soni-ma), n. [Fr. consommer, to 
consummate.] A kind of soup. 

Con'so-nance, \n. [L. consonanlia, harmony ; so- 
Con' so-nan-cy, ) nare, to sound; sonum, sound.] 
Accbrd'of sound; harmony; agreement. 

Con'so-nant, «. [L. consonare, consonanlis, to har- 
monize, to sound together.] Agreeable; con- 
sistent. — 2, n. A letter which cannot be per- 
fectly sounded without the use of a vowel. 

Con-so-nant'al, a. Relating to a consonant. 

Con'so-nant-ly, ad. Suitably; agreeably. 

Con' sort, n. [L. cousors, consortia ; sors, a lot.] A 
companion ; husband or wife. 

Con-sort', v. n. [pp. consorting, consorted.] To 
associate with. — 2, v. a. To join; to marry. 

Con-spec' tus, n. [L. ; conspicere, to behold ; spe- 
cere, to see.] A general view of a subject; an 
epitome ; an abstract. 

Con-spic'u-ous, a. [L. conspicuus.] Easily seen 
by many; obvious to the sight: — eminent; 
prominent. 

Con-spic'u-ous-ly, ad. Eminently; clearly. 

Con-spir'a-cy, n. The act of conspiring; con- 
certed treason ; a combination ; a plot. 

Con-spir'a-tor, n. [L.] A man engaged in a plot. 

Con-spire', v. n. [L. conspirare, to plot, to harmo- 
'n«ize; con, together, and spirare, to blow; i.e., to 
blow the trumpet together.] [pp. conspiring, 
conspired.] To concert a crime ; to plot : — to 
make harmony. 

Con'sta-ble (kun'sta-bl), n. [Fr. connetable ; L. 
comes stabnli, count of the stable, master of the 
horse.] Formerly a high officer of state : — a 
peace officer. 

Con-stab'u-la-ry, n. [Late L. constabularia.] The 
body of constables in a district; constables col- 
lectively. — 2, a. Relating to constables. 

Con'stan-cjr, n. Firmness of mind; stability. 

Con'stant, a. [L. constare, constantis, to stand 
firm; sture, to stand.] Firm; fixed; unchang- 
ing ; perpetual ; resolute ; steady ; persevering. 
— 2, m. That which is fixed : — a thing which 
does not change. 

Con'stant-ly, ad. Perpetually :— firmly. 

Con-stel-la'tion, u. [L. consteUatio ; Stella, a star.] 
A cluster of fixed stars : — an assemblage of ex- 
cellences or of brilliant persons. 

Con-ster-na'tion, n. [L. const eraatio ; konsternare, 
or consternere, to prostrate; stemare, to throw, to 
scatter:] Astonishment; dismay; fright. 

Con'sti-pate, c. a. [L. constipare, constinatum ; 
stipare, to crowd together.] [pp. constipating, 
constipated.] To pack, or make costive. 

Con-sti-pa'tion, n. Costiveness. 

Con-stit'ii-en-cy, n. A body of constituents. 

Con-stit'u-ent, ". [L. constituere, constituents, to 
compose; statuere, to set; store, to stand.] Ele- 
mentary; constituting. — 2, ». One who deputes ; 
elector :— ingredient. 

Con'sti-tute, v. a. [L. constituere, constilutum.] 
[pp. constituting, constituted.] To establish; to 
form ; to compose : — to depute ; to appoint. 

Con-sti-tii'tion, n. [L. constitutio.] The frame, or 
natural qualities, of body or mind : — the funda- 
mental laws of a state or nation :— form of gov- 
ernment, [stitution; fundamental; legal. 

Con-sti-tii'tion-al, a. Consistent with the con- 

Con-sti-tu-tion-al'i-ty, n. Agreement or aceord- 
ance'with the constitution. 

Con-sti-tii'tion-al-ly, ad. Agreeably to, or in 
accordance with, the constitution. 

Con'sti-tu-tive, a. That constitutes. 

Con-strain', v. a. [L. comtringere, consfrictum ; 
slringere, to strain, to draw tight; 0. Fr. con- 
straindre.] [pp. constraining, constrained.] To 
urge by force; to confine by force ; to compel; to 
force ; to press. 



Con-straint', n. Compulsion ; confinement. 

Con-strict', v. a. [See Constrain.] [pp. con- 
stricting, constricted.] To bind; to contract. 

Con-stric'tion, n. Contraction; compression. 

Con-stric'tor, n. [L.] He who or that which con- 
stricts : — a very large serpent; boa constrictor. 

Con-stringe', v. a. [See Constrain.] [pp. con- 
stringing, constringed.] To constrict. 

Con-struct', v. a. [L. construere, construct/urn; 
struere, to build, to pile up. J [pp. constructing, 
constructed.] To put together the parts of; to 
build; to form; to make : — to construe. 

Con-struct' er, or Con-striict'or, u. One who forms 

' or makes. 

Con-struc'tion, n. [L. construct to.] The act of 
'constructing or btiilding ; fabrication ; form : — 
meaning; interpretation: — the grammatical 
form of a sentence ; syntax. 

Con-striic'tion-al, a. Respecting construction. 

Con-struc'tion-ist. n. An adherent to a particular 
construction or interpretation. 

Con-struc'tive, a. Tending to construct ; formed 
'by construction or by interpretation. 

Con-struc'tive-ly, ad. By construction. 

CSn'strue [kon'stru, P. J. F. Jo. 11 6. St. I. ; kon'- 
stur, S. E. ; kon'stru or kon'stur, U". : kon-stroC, 
If."], v. a. [See Construct.] * [pp. construing, 
construed.] To interpret; to translate. 

Con-sub-stan'tial, a. Of the same nature. 

Con-siib-stan-ti-a'tion (-she-u'ahun), n. [Late L. 
consubstant'udio ; con, together, and substantia, 
substance (q. v.).] The substantial presence of 
the body and blood of Christ with the sacra- 
mental elements. 

Con'sue-tude (kon'swe-tud), n. [L. eonsuetudp, 
consuescere, to grow accustomed ; suescere, incho- 
ative of mere, to be accustomed.] Custom; use. 

C5n-sue-tii'di-na-ry, or Con-sue-tu'di-nal, a. 
Customary. 

Con'sul, «. [L. ; probably from considere, to con- 
sult.] A Roman magistrate: — an officer com- 
missioned in foreign parts to protect the com- 
merce of his country. 

Con'su-lar (kon'su-lar or kon'shu-lar), a. Relating 
to a consul. [of consul. 

Con'sul-ate [-sul- or -shul-, H.], >?. State or office 

Con'sul-ship, ». Office of consul; consulate. 

Con-suit', v. n. [L. considere, consultum, or its fre- 
quentative consultare.] [pp. consulting, con- 
sulted.] To take counsel together.— 2. v. ■■■ To 
ask advice of; to regard. [sulfation. 

Con-sult'a-ry, a. Formed or pronounced on con- 

Con-sul-ta'tion, n. Act of consulting. 

Con-sume', V. a. [L. consumere, consumptum ; con-, 
together, and mmere, to take; from sub, down, 
up, completely, and emere, to buy.] [pp. con- 
suming, consumed.] To waste; to spend; to 
destroy : — to burn up. — 2, v. n. To waste away. 

Con-sum'er, n. One who consumes. 

Con-sum'inate [kon'sum-mat, K. I. V.'h.], v. a. 
[L. consuminare, consummatum, to complete; wmi- 
ma, a sum.] [pp. consummating, consummated.] 
To complete; to perfect; to finish; to accom- 
plish. 

Con-sum'mate, «. Complete ; finished. 

Con-sum'mate-ly, ad. Perfectly; completely. 

Con-sum-ma' tion, n. Completion; perfection. 

Con-sump'tion (kon-sum'shun), u. [L. consump- 
tio. — See Consume.] The act of consuming :— 
decay : — a pulmonary disease. 

Con-sump'tive, a. Destructive : — wasting. 

Con' tact, n. [L. contingere, contactum ; tangere, to 
touch.] Touch; juncture; close union. 

Con-ta'gion (kon-ta'jun), n. [L. contagio.] Prop- 
agation of disease by contact; infection. 

Con-ta'fious (kon-ta'jus), a. Communicated by 
contact, as a disease; infections. 

Syn. — A contagions disease is one which is com- 
municated by contact; an infectious disease is 
sometimes generated through the medium of the 
air, water, exhalations, &c. — An epidemic is a 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use, — 5, <?, c, g, soft ; p, J5, p, g, hard ; § as z ; ? as gz ; tiiis. 



CONTAIN 



1G4 



CONTKADICTION 



disease that attacks great numbers of people at 
the same time; a pestilence, often originates in 
the conditions of the atmosphere. An endemic 
disease is one which characterizes any particular 
country or district. 

Con-tain', v. a. [L. continere ; con-, together, and 
tenere, to hold.] [pp. containing, contained.] To 
hold ; to comprise; to restrain. — 2, v. n. To live 
in continence. 

Con-tam'i-nate, v. a. [L. contaminare, contami- 
natum ; conlumen, contaminis (for contagmen), con- 
tagion ; tungere, to touch. — See Contact.] [pp. 
contaminating, contaminated.] To defile ; to 
pollute. 

Con-tam'i-nate, a. Polluted ; contaminated. 

Con-tam-i-na'tion, n. Pollution; defilement. 

Con-temn' (kon-tem'), v. a. [L. contemnere, con- 
teniptum; temnere, to despise.] [pp. contemning, 
contemned.] To despise ; to scorn. 

Con-tem' plate [kon-tem'plat or kon'tem-plat, K. 
N. I.], v. a. [L. contemplare, contemplatus, to ob- 
serve ; akin to templam, a temple ; probably from 
the observations of the augurs in the temples.] 
[pp. contemplating, contemplated.] To consider 
attentively ; to study ; to meditate. — 2, v. n. To 
muse ; to meditate, [tation ; studious thought. 

Con-tem-pla'tion, n. Act of contemplating; medi- 

Con-tem'pla-tive, «. Thoughtful; meditative. 

Con-tem'pli-tive-ly, ad. Thoughtfully. 

Con-tem'pla-tor, n. One who contemplates. 

Con-tem-po-ra'ne-ous [-ran'yus, H.], a. [L. con- 
temporaneus ; con-, together, and tempus, temporis, 
time.] Living or existing at the same time; 
contemporary. 

Con-tem'po-ra-ry, a. [L. contemporarius. — See 
Contemporaneous.] Living or existing at the 
same time; contemporaneous. — 2, n. One who 
lives at the same time with another. 

Con-tempt' (kon-temf), n. [L. contemptus.— See 
Contemn.] The act of despising; scorn; dis- 
dain: — disgrace.— (Law.) Disobedience to the 
orders of a court. 

Con-temp'ti-ble, a. Worthy of contempt ; vile. 

Con-temp'ti-bly, ad. Despicably ; basely. 

Con-tempt'u-ous, a. Scornful; apt to despise; in- 
solent; disdainful; abusive. 

Con-tempt'u-oiis-ly, ad. With contempt. 

Con-tend', v. n. [L. contendei-e, to strive, to stretch 
out; con-, together, and tendere, to stretch, to 
strive.] [pp. contending, contended.] To strive ; 
to struggle. 

Con- tent', a. [L. continere, contentus, to contain 
(q. v.).] Satisfied; contented; quiet. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. contenting, contented.] To satisfy; to 
please. — 3, n. Satisfaction ; rest :— capacity. 

Con-tent'ed, p. a. Satisfied; easy; content. 

Con-ten'tion, n. [L. contentio. — See Contend.] 
Act of contending; angry contest; dissension; 
discord; strife: — argument. [perverse. 

Con-ten'tious, a. [L. contentiosns.] Quarrelsome; 

Con-ten' tious-ness, n. Proneness to contest. 

Con-tent'ment, n. Satisfaction of mind. 

Con-tents', or Con'tents, n. pi. [See Content.] 
The heads of a book; index: — that which is 
contained in any thing, as a book, vessel, &c. 

Con-ter'mi-nous, a. [L. contermimts ; con-, and 
terminus (q. v.).] Having the same bound : — 
bordering upon; touching; contiguous. 

Con-test', v. a. [L. conteslare, to call to witness; 
testari, to witness ; testis, a witness, an oath.] 
[pp. contesting, contested.] To dispute ; to de- 
bate; to litigate. — 2, v. n. To strive; to contend. 

Con'test, n. A struggle for victory : a combat ; 
dispute; debate; quarrel; competition. 

Con-test'a-ble, a. That may be contested; dis- 
putable'; controvertible. 

Con-test'ant, n. A disputant :— a litigant. 

Con'text, n. [L. contexere, contextum, to weave to- 
gether; texere, to weave. — See Text.] The sen- 
tences which occur near any passage : — a chapter 
from which a text is taken. 



Con-text'ure (kon-tekst'yur), n. The composition 
of parts ; texture : — system. 

Con-ti-gu'i-ty. «• Actual contact: — continuity. 

Con-tig'u-ous, a. [L. contiginis; contingere, to 
touch. — See Contact.] Meeting so as to touch ; 
close; adjoining; adjacent. 

Con'ti-nence, )«. Restraint; self-command: — 

Con' tj-nen-cy., J forbearance of pleasure: — chas- 
tity : — temperance ; moderation. 

Con'ti-nent, a. [L. continere, continents, to con- 
tain.] Chaste :— abstemious. — 2, n. [L. conti- 
nere, continentis, to hold together; tenerre, to hold.] 
A great extent o! land not disjoined by the sea 
from other lands. 

Con-ti-nen'tal, a. Relating to a continent. — 2, n. 
A soldier of the American revolution. 

Con'ti-nent-ly, ad. In a continent manner. 

Con-tin'i-ence, \ n. The quality of being contin- 

Con-tm'gen-cy, J gent : — a fortuitous event. 

Con-tin'f-ent, a. [L. contingere, conlingentis ; tan- 
gere, to touch. — See Contact.] Thatmay ormay 
not happen; accidental; happening by chance ; 
casual.— 2. n. — Chance : — proportion of troops. 

Con-tin'|-ent-ly, ad. Accidentally. 

Con-tin' u-al, a. Incessant; uninterrupted. 

Con-tin'u-al-ly. ad. Without interruption. 

Con-tin'u-ance, n. Duration ; continuation ; per- 
manence'; perseverance :— abode. 

Con-tln-u-a'tion, n. Act of continuing; extension. 

Con-tin'ue (koh-tin'yu), v. n. [L. continuare, con- 
tinuatum, to connect; continnus, unbroken; con-. 
together, and tenere, to hold.] [pp. continuing, 
continued.] To remain in the same state or 
place ; to last ; to persevere. — 2, v. a. To pro- 
tract ; to extend. [close union ; continuance. 

Con-ti-nii'i-tx, n. Uninterrupted connection ; 

Con-tin'u-ous. a. [L. contimms.] Unbroken ; con- 

Con-tin'u-ous-ly, ad. Uninterruptedly, [nected. 

Con-tort', v. a. [L. contorquere, contortum; con-, 
together, and torqnere, to t\\ ist.] [pp. contorting, 
contorted.] To twist; to writhe. — 2, a. Con- 
torted ; twisted ; distorted. 

Con-tbrt'ed, p. a. {Bot.) Twisted 
together, as leaves in a Irad. 

Con-tbr'tion, n. State of being 
twisted :' — act of twisting : — a 
twist; a writhing motion. 

Con-tor' tion-ist, n. One who prac- 
tises contortion ; a gymnast. 

Con-t8ur\ n. [Fr., from tourner, Contorted - 
to turn (q. v.).] The outline of a ficure or body. 

Con'tra. A Latin preposition which signifies 
against : — used in composition as a prefix. 

Con'tra-band, a. [Fr. contrebande; It. contrab- 
bando ; L. contra, against, and Late L. bandum, 
a proclamation.] Prohibited; unlawful.- — 2, n. 
Illegal traffic in time of war :— a prohibited 
article of commerce. 

Con-tract', v. a. [L. confrahere, contractus; con-, 
together, and trahere, to draw.] [pp. contract- 
ing, contracted.] To draw into less compass ; to 
abridge ; to lessen ; to draw together : — to bar- 
gain for : — to betroth : — to procure ; to get : — to 
incur, as a debt. — 2, v. n. To shrink up : — to 
bargain. 

Con'tract, n. A covenant ; a bargain ; an agree- 
I ment ; a compact. — 2, a. Contracted. 

Con-tract'ed, p. a. Shrunk up: — narrow; illib- 
eral : — affianced. 

Con-trac'tile, a. Having power of contraction. 

Con-trac-til'i-ty, n. Quality of contracting. 
i Con-trac'tioii, n. A shrinking; a shortening. 

Con-trac'tor, n. One who contracts. 

CSn'tra-dance', n. [Fr. cmilredanse.] A dance in 
opposite lines ; a country-dance. 

C5n-tra-dict', v. a. [L. contradicere, contradictum ; 
contra, against, and dicere, to speak.] [pp. con- 
tradicting, contradicted.] To oppose verbally; 
to speak against ; to gainsay ; to deny. 

Con-tra-dic'tion, n. The act of contradicting ; 
contrariety ; opposition ; inconsistency. 




i e, I, 5, 5, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, sliort; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



CONTRADICTOKILY 



165 



CONVERSANT 



Con-tra-dic'to-ri-lx, act By contradiction. 
Con-tra-dic'to-ry, a. Opposite to; contrary. 
Con-tra-dis-tinct , a. Having opposite qualities. 
Con-tra-dis-tinc'tion (kon-tra-dis-tingk'shun), n. 

Distinction by opposite qualities. 
Con-tra-dis-tln'guisb. (-dis-ting'gwish), v. a. [Con- 
tra, and Distinguish.] [pp. contradistinguishing, 
contradistinguished.] To distinguish by oppo- 
site qualities. 
Con-tra-In'di-cate, v. a. [Contra, and Indicate.] 
[pp. contra'indicating, contraindicated.] To ex- 
clude or forbid, as in therapeutics. 
Con-tral'to, n. [It. ; contra, against, and alto, tlie 
'high or tenor part.] (Mas.) Counter-tenor or 
alto. — 2, a. Taking or expressing the second 
part in harmony ; singing in contralto. 
Con-tra-pun'tal, a. [See Counterpoint.] Per- 
taining to counterpoint. 
Con-tra-pun'tist, «. One skilled in counterpoint; 

a musical composer. 
Con'tra-ries, n. pi. (Logic.) Propositions which 

destroy each other. 
Con-tra-ri'e-ty, n. Opposition ; inconsistency. 

Con'tra-ri-lj;, ad. In a contrary manner. 

Con'tra-ri-ness, n. Contrariety. 

Con-tra'ri-o3s, o. Contrary ; opposite. 

Con'tra-ri-wlse, ad. Conversely ; oppositely. 

Con'tra-ry, a. [L. contrarius, frum contra, against.] 
Opposite"; inconsistent. — 2, b. A thing or prop- 
osition that is contrary. — <Ja the contrary, on the 
other side. 

Con'trast, n. Exhibition of differences. 

Con-trast', v. a. [Fr. contrasler; L. contra, against, 
and stare, to stand.] [pp. contrasting, con- 
trasted.] To place or exhibit in opposition; to 
show the differences of. — 2, v. n. To stand in 
contrast. 

Con-tra-stim'u-lant, n. [Contra, and Stimulant.] 
(Med.) An agent which counteracts the effects 
of a stimulant. — 2, «. (Med.) Antidotal to or 
counteracting stimulants. 

Con-tra-vene', v. a. [L. contra, against, and ve- 
nire, ventum, to come.] [pp. contravening, con- 
travened.] To oppose; to baffle ; to hinder. 

Con-tra-ven'tion, n. Opposition; obstruction. 

Contretemps (kon'tr-tah'), n. [Fr. contre, against, 
and temps, time or occasion.] An embarrassing 
situation. 

Con-trib'ute, v. a. [L. conlribuere, contribi'lum ; 
tribnere, to pay. — See Tribute.] [pp. contrib- 
uting, contributed.] To give to a common stock ; 
to minister; to aid ; to assist; to help.— 2, v. n. 
To bear a part; to conduce. 

Con-tri-bG'tion, n. The act of contributing :— a 
thing given :— a charitable collection ; a levy. 

Con-trib'u-tive, a. Tending to contribute. 

Con-trib'u-tor, n. One who contributes. 

Con-trib'u-to-rjr, a. Contributing; helping. 

Con'trite [ko'n-trif, P. E. St. 1. Sm.], a. [L.contri- 
tus, bruised; terere, tritum, to bruise, to rub.] 
Grieved or broken-hearted for sin ; penitent. 

Con'trlte-ly, ad. In a penitent manner. 

Con-tri"tion (kon-trish'un), n. [L. contrilio.] Deep 
sorrow for sin ; penitence; repentance; remorse. 

Con-triv'a-ble, a. Possible to be planned. 

Con-trlv'ance, n. Scheme ; device ; plan. 

Con-trive', v. a. [Fr. controuver ; trouver, 0. Fr. 
trover, to find ; L. lurbare, to disturb, to move, to 
6eek after, to find.] [pp. contriving, contrived.] 
To plan out; to devise; to design; to invent; to 
form. — 2, v. n. To form or design; to manage. 

Con-triv'er, n. An inventor; a schemer. 

Con-trol', it. [0. Fr. conlre-role, a duplicate roll 
or voucher.— See Roll.] A check ; restraint ; 
command.— 2, v. a. [pp. controlling, controlled.] 
To govern ; to restrain ; to check :— to regulate." 

Con-trol'ler, n. One who controls or directs ; a 
public officer. See Comptroller. 

Con-trol'ler-ship, n. Office of a controller. 

Con-tro-ver'sial, a. Relating to controversy. 

Con-tro-ver'sial-ist. u. A disputant. 



Con'trc-ver-sy., n. [L. controversia. — See Contro- 
vert.] A literary, scientific, or theological dis- 
pute ; disputation ; debate. 
Con'tro-vert, v. a. [L. coniroversus, opposed; con- 
tro, against, and vertere, versus, to turn.] [pp. 
controverting, controverted.] To debate; to 
dispute. 
Con-tro-vert'i-ble, a. Disputable. [sialist. 

Con'tro-vert-ist, n. A disputant; a controver- 
C6n-tu-ma'cious (kon-tu-nia'shys), a. [L. contu- 
max, conlumacis, stubborn.] Obstinate ; perverse ; 
inflexible ; stubborn. 
Cpn-tu-ma'cious-lx, ad. Obstinately. 
j Con'tu-ma-cy., n. [L. contumucia, stubbornness.] 
Obstinacy; perverseness. — (Law.) Wilful dis- 
obedience to a lawful summons or judicial order. 
Con-tu-me'li-ous, a. Reproachful; rude. 
Con'tu-me-ly, n. [L. contumelia, insult.] Rudeness; 
insolence; reproach; obloquy; indignity; insult. 
Con-tuse', v. a. [L. amhtadere, contusion; hmdere, 
"to beat.] [pp. contusing, contused.] To beat; 
to bruise. 
Con-tu'sion, n. A beating ; a bruise. 
Co-nun drum, n. [Probably a conniption of L. 
commdvm, something to be attempted, j Asoit 
of riddle ; a quibble. 
Con-va-lesce', <■• n. [L. convalescere, convalescenlis, 
to begin to grow well; valeie, to be well. — See 
Valid.] [pp. convalescing, convalesced.] To 
recover health gradually. 
Con-va-les'cence, «• [I*. convalescenlia.] The pe- 
riod 'of recovery of health or Btrength. 
Con-va-les'cent, a. Recovering health.— 2, n. 

One who is' recovering health oi strength. 
Con-vec'tion, n. [L. conuectio; < ,--. together, and 
'■cohere, veciurn, to carry.] The act of conveying 
or transferring : — the transmission of heat or 
electricity through fluids. 
Con-vee'tive, u. Of or pertaining to convection; 

resulting from or accomplished by convection. 
Con-vene', v. n. [L. convenire ; con-, together, and 
to come.] [pp. convening, convened.] 
To come together; to collect. — 2, r. a. To call 
together ; to assemble ; to convoke. 
Con-ven'ience, ) n. Fitness; propriety j ease; 
Con-ven'ien-cy, j accommodation ; opportunity. 
Con-ven'ient, «• [L. convenient, convenientis; origi- 
nally a pres. part, from convenire, to come to- 
gether.] Fit; suitable; commodious; adapted 
to use : — near at band. 
Con-ven'ient-ly, ad. Commodiously ; fitly. 
Con'vent, n. [L. conventus, an assembly; con-, 
together, and venire, renin,,/, to come.] A body 
of monks or nuns; an abb* a ; a monastery. 
Con-ven'ti-cle, )/. [L. comenticuUm, a little assem- 
bly. — See Convent.] An assembly or a meeting : 
formerly, a meeting of English non-conformists. 
Con-ven'tion, n. [L. concent io. — See Convent.] 
An assembly : — an agreement ; a contract : — con- 
ventionality. 
Con-ven'tion-al, a. Stipulated ; tacitly agreed on. 
Con-ven'tion-al-Ism, n. A conventional phrase, 

form, or custom. 
Con-ven'tion-al-ist, n. One who adheres to a 

convention, or to a conventional form. 
Con-ven-tion-al'i-ty, n. State of being conven- 
tional ; a conventional custom. 
Con-ven'tion-al-Ize, v. a. [pp. conventionalizing, 
conventionalized.] To render conventional or 
conformable to usage. 
Con-vent'u-al, a. Belonging to a convent.— 2, u. 

'A monk or nun who lives in a convent. 
Con-vergV, v. n. [L. con-, together, and vergere, 
to turn.] [pp. converging, converged.] To tend 
to one point. 
Con-ver'|-ence, n. Tbe act of converging. 
Con-ver'|-ent, | a. Tending to one point from dif- 
Con-ve'r£'ing, J ferent places. 
Con-ve'r'sa-ble, a. Inclined to converse. 
Con'ver-sant (kon'ver-sant or kon-ver'sant), a. 
[L. conversari, conversantis, to associate ; freq. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, c, g, soft; p, &, p, g, hard; s as ; z ; $ as gz ; this, 



CONVEESANTLY 



166 



COPAECENEE 



Convex. 



from convertere, convex-sum; con-, together, and 
vertere, to turn.] Acquainted with; versed in; 
skilful; connected with ; familiar. 

Con'ver-sant-ly, ad. In a conversant or familiar 
manner; familiarly. [course; talk. 

Con-ver-sa'tion, 11. [L. conversation Familiar dis- 

Con-ver-sa'tion-al, a. Relating to conversation. 

Con-ver-sa'tion-ist, or Con-ver-sa'tion-al-Ist, n. 
A gifted talker; one skilled in conversation. 

Conversazione (kon-ver-sat-ze-o'na), n. ; pi. Con- 
versazioni (-ne). [It.] A meeting for conversa- 
tion. 

Con- verse', v. n. [L. conversari, to associate. — See 
"Convert and Conversant.] [pp. conversing, 
conversed.] To associate : — to talk familiarly. 

Con'verse, u. [See Convert.] Conversation ; ac- 
quaintance : — an opposite reciprocal proposition : 
— a counterpart. — 2, u. Reciprocally opposite. 

Con'verse-ly., or Con-verse'ly, ad. By change of 
order or place ; reciprocally. 

Con-vers'er, u. One who converses. 

Con-ver'sion, n. [L. concersio, a turning. — See 
'Convert.'] Act of converting; change from an 
irreligious to a religious life, or from one re- 
ligion to another. 

Con-vert', v. a. [L. convertere ; vertere, to turn.] 
'[pp. converting, converted.] To change from one 
thing, or from one religion, to another; to turn. 

Con' vert, n. A person who is converted. 

Con-vert'er, n. One who converts ; that which 
'converts'. 

Con-vert-i-bil'i-ty, 1«. State or quality of being 

Con-vert'i-ble-ness, / convertible. 

Con-vert'i-ble, a. Susceptible of change. 

Con -vert' i-bly, ad. By interchange. 

Con'vex, a. [L. convehere, convexum, to bring 
together ; vehere, to carry.] 
Rounding outward :— opposed 
to concave. — 2. n. A convex 
or spherical body. 

Con-vex'i-ty, n. Spherical form ; rotundity. 

Con-vex'o-con'cave, a. Convex on one side and 
concave' on the other. 

Con-vex'o-con'vex, a. Convex on both sides. 

Cpn-vey' (kon-va'), v. a. [Late L. conviare, to con- 
vey j 0. Fr. conveier, convoier ; L. con-, together, 
and via, a way.] [pp. conveying, conveyed.] 
To carry or send to another place ; to transfer. 

Con-vey'ance (kon-va'ans), «. Act or means of 
conveying : — a deed for transferring property. 

Con-vey'anc-er (kon-va'an-ser), n. A person who 
"draws deeds or writings for transferring property. 

Con-vey'ane-Ing (kon-va'ans-ing), n. The busi- 
ness of a conveyancer. 

Con-vict', v. a. [L. convincere, convictvm, to refute ; 
con- intensive, and vincere, to conquer.] [p}>. 
convicting, convicted.] To prove guilty; to de- 
tect in guilt ; to show by evidence ; to convince. 

Con' vict, n. One proved guilty ; a felon. 

Con-vic'tion, n. Act of convicting; state of being 
convicted ; detection of guilt. 

Con-vince', v. a. [See Convict.] [pp. convincing, 
convinced.] To make one sensible of a thing by 
proof; to satisfy. 

Con-vince'ment, n. Conviction; satisfaction. 

Con-vinc'ing, p. a. Producing conviction ; con- 
futing; conclusive; forcible. 

Con-viv'i-al, or Con-viv'ial, a. [L. convivium, a 
feast; con-, together, and vivere, to live.] In- 
clined to, or partaking of, festivity; festive; 
social; gay; jovial; festal. 

Con-viv-i-al'i-ty, n. State or quality of being 
'convivial ; convivial disposition ; festivity. 

Con-vo-ca'tion, n. An ecclesiastical assembly ; an 
assembly of bishops and clergy. 

Con-voke', v. a. [L. convocare; con-, together, and 
vocare, to call. — See Vocal.] [pp. convoking, 
convoked.] To call together by authority; to 
couvene; to assemble. 

Con'vo-lute, or Con'vo-lut-ed, p. a. [See Con- 
volve.] Rolled upon' itself ; rolled together. 



Con-vo-lu'tion, n. A rolling together ; a ridge. 

Con-volve', v. a. [L. convokere, convolutum; vol- 
■vere, to roll.] [pp. convolving, convolved.] To 
roll together. 

Con-vol'vu-lus, n. ; pi. Con-vol'vu-li. [L.] A 
genus of twining plants; bindweed. 

Con-vby', v. a. [See Convey.] [pp. convoying, 
convoyed.] To accompany for defence. 

Con'voy, n. An attendance for defence:— a pro- 
tecting squadron :— the ships protected. 

Con-vulse', v. a. [L. conoellere, concuhvm; vellere, 
to pluck, to pull.] [pp. convulsing, convulsed.] 
To shake; to disturb; to agitate. 

Con-vul'sion, n. [L. convulsio.] State of being 
convulsed; tumult : — contraction of the fibres 
and muscles; a spasm ; a fit, [vulsiou. 

Con-vul'sive, a. Producing, or marked by, con- 

Con'y, or Co'ny, n. [L. cuniculus, 0. F. connil, 
Dut. Tconijn, Ger. Jcaiiinchen, a rabbit. — Cf. Skr. 
Mian, to dig.] A rabbit : — the hyrax. 

C66, v. n. [An imitative word.] [pp. cooing, 
cooed.] To cry as a dove or pigeon. — 2, n. A 
noise like a dove's call. 

Coo'ing, n. The note or invitation of the dove. 

Cook (kuk) [kok, S. W. N. E. Ja.}, n. [L. coquere, 
to cook; coqims, a cook.] One who di esses vict- 
uals. — 2, v. a. [pp. cooking, cooked.] To dress 
or prepare victuals : — to falsify ; to garble. 

Cook'er-y (kfik'er-e), n. Art of cooking. 

Cook'y (kuk'e), n. A kind of sweet cake. 

Cool, a. [A.-S. col; Dut. hoel; Dan. 467; Ger. Icuhl.] 
Somewhat cold ; not ardent, — 2, u. A moderate 
degree or state of cold. — 3, v. a. [pp. cooling, 
cooled.] To make cool; to quiet passion. — 
4, v. n. To lose heat or warmth. 

Cool'er, n. He who or that which cools ; a vessel. 

C66'ley, n. See Coulee. 

Coo'lie, or Cool'y, n. [Hind, hili, a porter, from 
Tamil kuli, wages.] A porter or laborer. 

C661'ish, a. Somewhat cool. 

Cool'ly, ad. With coolness ; without heat. 

Cool'ness, n. Gentle cold : — want of affection. 

C66n, n. A raccoon. [Colloq.] 

C6op, n. [A.-S. cypa, a basket; Dut. htip, a tub; 
Icel. Jmpa, a cup ; L. eupa, a tub ; Gr. /cvtttj, a 



. cttpa, a 
ill.] A 



hole ; Skr. Icupa, a wel 

pen for animals. — 2, v. a. [pp. cooping, cooped.] 

To shut up ; to confine ; to cage. 

Coop'er [kop'er, 8. W. K. Sm. I. ; kup'er, H. St. 
Wb'.], n. [See Coop.] One who makes barrels. 

Coop'er-afe, n. The work of a cooper. 

C6-op'er-'ate, v. n. [Co- and Operatk.] [pp. coop- 
erating, cooperated.] To labor jointly for the 
same end ; to work together. 

Co-op-er-a'tion, n. Joint operation. 

Co-op'er-a-tive, a. Promoting the same end; 
operating for mutual benefit. 

Co-br'dj-nate, a. [L. co-, together, and ordinare, 
or dinatus', to arrange. — See Ordain.] Holdingthe 
same rank. — 2, n. A person or thing of the same 
rank, authority, or importance with another. 

C6-br'di-nate, v. a. [pp. coordinating;, coordi- 
nated'.] To arrange in due relation or harmoni- 
ously. 

Co-6r-di-na'tion, n. Arrangement of a set of 
things so that each holds its due relative posi- 
tion ; harnn nious arrangement. 

C5-6r'di-na-tive, a. Pertaining to coordination; 
coordinating. 

CSot.n. [Dut. koet; Welsh, 
cwtiar ; cwtaii, to cut, to 
dock, and iar; a hen.] 
A black water-fowl ; 
moor-hen. 

Co-pai'ba, 1 n. [S. Ameri- 

Co-pi'vi,' j can.] A liquid 
resin which exudes from Coot, 

a South American tree. 

Co'pal [ko-pal', I. N.], n. [Mexican.] A resin used 
in varnish. 

Co-par'ce-ner, n. (Law.) A joint heir. 




■^*- 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, v., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



COPARCENY 



167 



CORN 



Co-par'ce-ny, n. Equal share of an inheritance. 

C6-part'ner, n. A joint partner; sharer. 

Co-psirt'ner-ship, n. Joint partnership. 

Cope, n. (See Cape.] A priest's vestment ; a con- 
cave arch. — 2, v. a. [pp. coping, coped. J To 
cover, as with a cope. — 3, v. n. [A.-S. ceapian, 
to haggle. — See Cheap.] To contend; to strug- 
gle ; to strive. 

Co-peck', n. [Russ. Icopeika; Jcopye, a lance; from 
a figure it once bore. J A Russian copper coin. 

Cop'ing, n. [See Cope.] Top course or cover of 
a wall. — Coping stone, the top stone of a wall. 

Co'pi-ous, a. [L. copiosus ; copia, plenty ; co-, and 
opes, riches.] Plentiful; abundant; ample: — 
rich ; fluent. 

Co'pi-ous-ly, ad. Plentifully; abundantly. 

Co'pi-ous-ness, w. Plenty; abundance. 

Cop'per, n. [Ger. kupfer; L. cuprum; from Gr. 
KV7rpios, of Cyprus.] A metal of a pale reddish 
color: — a vessel made of copper; a boiler: — a 
coin. — 2, v. a. [pp. coppering, coppered.] To 
cover with copper. 

Cop'per-as, n. [0. Fr. coperose; probably for L. 
cupr'i rosa, the rose of copper.] Sulphate of iron ; 
green vitriol. 

Cop'per-head (-hed), n. A venomous serpent of 
the rattlesnake family. 

Cop'per-Ing, v.. A covering or sheath of copper : 
— the process of covering with such a sheath. 

Cop'per-plate, n. A copper plate on which de- 
sign's are engraved : — an impresssion from the 
plate.— Copperplate printing, the process of taking 
impressions from copperplates. 

Cop'per-smith, n. One who works in copper. 

Cop'per-y, a. Containing or like copper. 

Cop'pice, n. A wood of small trees ; a copse. 

Cop'ro-llte, n. [Gr. Korrpos, dung, and At'flos, 
stone.] Fossil dung of animals. 

Copse (kops), or Copse'-wood (-wud), n. [0. Fr. 
coper, Gr. Kotrreiv, to cut. — Cf. Chop, and 0. Fr. 
copeiz, cut wood.] A wood of small trees. 

Coptic, n. The language of the Copts. 

Cop'u-la, n. [L. ; originally coarnda ; co-, together, 
and aptere, to join. — See Apt.] [Logic.) A word 
which unites the subject and predicate of a 
proposition. 

Cop'u-lar, a. Of or pertaining to a copula. 

Cop'u-late, v. a. [L. copulare, copulatum. — See 
Copula.] [pp. copulating, copulated.] To unite; 
to conjoin.— 2, v. ». To unite as different sexes. 

Cop-u-la'tion, n. Embrace of the sexes. 

Cop'ii-la-tive, a. Tending to unite : — expressing 
a union. — 2, n. A connecting word. 

Cop'y, n. [Fr. copie, copy, or abundance ; L. 
copia, abundance; in Late L. also a pattern, an 
imitation (by copying, books were made abun- 
dant).] A manuscript : — an imitation : — a pat- 
tern to write after ; a model : — a transcript from 
an original : — a single book. — 2, v. a. [ pp. copy- 
ing, copied.] To write, print, or draw after' a 
pattern ; to transcribe ; to imitate ; to follow ; to 
write from ; to learn. 

Cop'y-hold, h. {Law.) A kind of tenure. 

Cop'y-ist, n. One who opies. 

Cop'y.-right (-rtt), n. Sole right to publish a book. 
—2, v. a. [pp. copyrighting, copyrighted.] To 
secure by copyright. 

Co-quet' (ko-ket'), v. a. [Fr. cogueter.] [pp. co- 
quetting, coquetted.] To deceive in love.— 
2, v. n. To trifle in love ; to flirt. 

Co-quet' ry, n. Deceit in love. 

Co-quette' (ko-ket'), n. [Fr. ; fern, of coquet, a 
young cock; cog, a cock; alluding to the vanity 
of the cock.] A vain, gay, affected, deceitful 
girl or woman; a jilt; a flirt. 

Co-quet' tish, «. Having the manners and quali- 
ties of a coquette. 

Co-qui'na (ko-ke'na), »?. [Sp. for "shell-fish." — 
Cf. Cockle.] A shell-limestone. 

Cor'a-cle, n. [Welsh, cwnrgl; cwrwg, a frame, or 
boat.] A leathern boat used by fishers. 



Cor'a-coid, n. [Gr. Kopa/coeiSrjs ; xopaf, a crow, 
and eTSos, form; alluding to its beaked shape.] 
A bone, or process, connected with the scapula. 

Cor'al, n. [L. corallum ; Gr. KopaWiov.] A calcare- 
ous substance, growing in the sea : — a child's toy. 

Cor'al-lme, a. Consisting of coral. — 2, n. A sea- 
plant like coral. [building : — a basket. 

Cbrb, ?(. [L. corbis, a basket.] An ornament in 

Cbr'bel, n. [Fr. corbeille ; L. corbiada, a dim. of 
corbis, a basket.] (Arch.) A projecting stone or 
timber in the form of a basket : — the vase of a 
Corinthian column : — a niche. 

Cor'by, n. [L. corvus; Fr. corbe, corbeo.u.~\ A 
-raven : — written also corbie. 

Cord, «. [Fr. corde. — See Chord.] A rope; a 
string: — a sinew: — a measure containing 128 
cubic feet. — 2, v. a. [pip. cording, coided.] To 
fasten with cords : — to pile in cords. 

Cbrd'afe, u. A quantity of cords; ropes. 

CSr'date, a. [L. cor, cordis, the heart.] Having 
the form of a heart. 

C6r-de-lier' (or kcir-de-le-a), n. [Fr. ; from cor- 
deau, 0. Fr. cordel, a cord ; referring to the rope 
worn about the waist by Francis- ans.] A Fran- 
ciscan friar. — (Fr. Hist.) [From their club-room, 
once a Franciscan chapel.] One of a society of 
Jacobins which existed from 1792 to 171)4. 

Cord'ial (kord'yal or kbr'de-al), »/. [Late L. cor- 
dialis ; from L. cor, cordis, the heart.] A strength- 
ening or exhilarating medicine or drink : — any 
thing that comforts. — 2, a. Reviving ; sincere ; 
hearty ; kind. 

Cord-i-al'i-ty. (kord-ye-al'e-te), n. Quality of 
being cordial ; sincerity ; affection ; heartiness. 

C6rd'ial-lv, ad. Sincerely; heartily. 

Cbr-dii-le'ra. w. (Sp. pron. kbr-del-ya'rS.) [Sp. ; 
0. Sp. cordilla, Sp. cuerda, a cord, a string.] A 
mountain range. 

Cor'don (or kbr-don'), n. [Fr. ; augmentative form 
of corde, a cord or string.] A row of stones : — 
a line of military posts : — a band : a wreath. 

Cor'do-van, n. [From Cordova, a town.] Spanish 
leather :— a native of Cordova. 

Cbr'du-roy, n. [Said to be Fr. corde du roi, king's 
cord: the fabric was called duroij in English.] 
A thick, ribbed, cotton stuff. 

Cbrd'wain-er, ;/. [See Cordovan.] A shoemaker. 

Core, n. [L. cor, heart.] The heart :— the inner 
part of any thing. [or governor. 

C6-re'|-ent, n. [Co- and Regent.] A joint regent 

Co-re-la' tion, ». [Co- and Relation.] Mutual, re- 
ciprocal, or corresponding relation ; correlation. 

Co-re-spon'dent, n. [Co- and Respondent.] One 
associated with another in a suit at law ; a joint 
respondent. 

Co-ri-a'ceous (ko-re-a'shus), a. [L. content, 
leather.] ' Consisting of leather; of a substance 
like leather. 

Co-ri-an'der, h. [L. coriandrnm ; Gr. Kopiavov ; 
/copt?, a bug, from its smell.] A plant and its 
hot, spicy seed. 

Co-rin'thi-an, a. Relating to Corinth :— noting 
one of the orders of classic architecture. 

Cork. ». [Ger. & Dut. leurh; Sp. corcha ; L. corter, 
bark.] A tree and its bark :— a stopple : — a steel 
point on a horseshoe; a calkin. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
corking, corked.] To stop or furnish with corks. 

Cbrk'screw (-skru), n. A screw to draw corks. 

Cbrm, or Cbr'mus, n. [Gr. Kop/mos, a tree-trunk; 
Keipeiv, to clip.'] The 
bulb of a plant. 

Cbr'mo-rant. n. [Fr. cor- 
moran; Sp. cuervo ma-' 
rino, L. conns marinus, 
a sea-crow.] A water- 
bird : — a glutton. 

Corn, v. [A.-S. corn; 
Dut. koorn; Ger. horn. 
— Cf. Grain.] Cereal 
grain of different Cormorant, 

kinds, used for bread, as wheat, rve, maize, &c. 




mien, sir; m6ve, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use, — C, Q, c, §, soft; p, J3, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



CORNBEASH 



168 



COEEOBORANT 



maize :— [L. cornu, a horn] an excrescence on 
the foot. — 2, v. a. [pp. corning, corned.] To 
6piinkle salt; to 6alt moderately; to pickle: — 
to granulate. [called from its fertility. 

Corn'brash, n. A kind of shelly limestone : — so 

Cbrn'-bread, w. Bread from the meal of maize. 

Cbrn'-cob, n. A spike of maize. 

Cbrn'-coc-kle, re. A purple flowering plant. 

Cbr'ne-a, re. [L. ; from cornu, a horn.] The korny 
coat'o'f the eye. 

CSr'nel, n. [L. cornus, from its horny wood ; cornu, 
a horn.] A hardy shrub, and its fruit. 

Cor-nel'ian, n. A stone. See Carnelian. 

Cor'ne-oiis, c. [L. corneus ; cornu, a horn.] Horny. 

Cor'ner, n. [0. Fr. cornier; Late L. comerium, an 
angie ; L. cornu, a horn ; found in the Celtic 
tongues als<>.] An angle: — a secret place: — a 
scarcity of any security or article artificially 
created with a view to enhanced profits. — 2, v. a. 
[p2). cornering, cornered.] To force into a cor- 
ner : — to prevent from escape : — to create a scar- 
city, as of any article, by control of its supply. 

Cbr'ner-stbne, n. The principal foundation-stone : 
— an indispensable support. 

Cor' net, n. [Fr. cornet, cornette ; Sp. corneta; Ital. 
cornetlo, dim. form from L. cornu, a horn.] A 
musical instrument: — [formerly a company of 
horsemen with a cornet-player attending] an 
officer of cavalry, who bears the standard. 

Cbr'net-cy, n. The commission of a cornet. 

Cbr'net-ist, n. A cornet-player. 

Cbr'nice, n. [Gr. kod^vLs, a curved line, a flour- 
ish, L. coronis ; whence Ital. cornice, Fr. comiche, 
a cornice : akin to L. corona, a crown.] The top 
of a column ; a moulding. 

Cbr'nish, a. Relating to Cornwall in England. 

Cbr-nb'pe-an, n. [Probably from cornucopia, from 
its shape'; a rare and irregular word.] (Mus.) 
A wind. instrument of the horn or trumpet kind 
with valves. 

Cbr-nu-co'pi-a, n. [L. ; cornu 
horn, and ' copia, plenty' 
The horn of plenty. 

Cor-nute', a. [L. cornutus.] 
'Having horns. Cornucopia. 

Co-rol'la, n. [L. ; dim. of corona, a crown.] (Bot.) 
'The inner covering of a flower, or second en- 
velope, which surrounds the stamens aud pistil. 

C6Vol-la-ry. {or ko-rol'a-re), n. [L. corollarium, 
a surplus', a gratuity'; properly, the gift of a 
corolla, or garland, besides the regular pay, as 
of an actor.] A consequent truth ; a consequence. 

Co-ro'na, re. [L., a wreath, a crown ; Gr. jcopioyo?, 
curved.] (Arch.) A large flat member of the 
cornice, which crowns the entablature. — (Astron.) 
A luminous ring or halo around the sun or moon : 
— a union of the stamens of a flower into a disk. 

Cor'o-naph, n. [Gaelic] A funeral lament. 

Co-ro'nal, or Cor'o-nal, n. [L. coronalis, of a 
'crown (<[. ».).] A crown; a garland. — (Anat.) 
The frontal bone.— 2, a. Relating io the crown ; 
coronary. 

Cor'o-na-ry, a. [L. coronarius.J Relating to, or 
like, a crown. 

Cor-o-na'tion, n. Act of crowning. 

Cor'o-ner, n. [Late L. coronarius, coronator ; from 
corona, the crown.] An officer whose duty it is 
to inquire how any casual or violent death may 
have heen occasioned. 

Cor'o-net, n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. corone, Fr. couronne, a 
crown.] A crown worn by the nobility. 

Cbr'po-ral, n. [Corrupted from Fr. caporal, a 
corporal ; Ital. capo, a chief; L. caput, the head.] 
The lowest officer of the infantry. — 2, a. [L. 
corporalis; corpus, corporis, the body.] Relating 
to the body. 

Cbr'po-ral-ly, ad. Bodily ; in the body. 

Cbr'po-rate, a. [L. corporare, corporatum, to shape ; 
• corpus, corporis, a body.] United in a body or a 
corporation ; incorporated. 

Cbr'po-rate-ly, ad. In a corporate capacity. 




Cbr-po-ra'tion, n. [L. corporatio.] An incorpo- 
rated body or body politic, created by law, and 
composed of individuals, united under a common 
name, authorized to act as a 8ingle person. 

Cbr'po-ra-tor, n. A member of a corporation. 

Cor-po're-al, a. [L. corporeus ; corjius, the body.] 
Having a material body ; not spiritual ; corporal. 

Cor-po're-al-ly, ad. In a bodily manner. 

Cbr'po-sant, re. [Ital. corpo santo, holy body : it is 
^dreaded by sailors.] An electrical meteor' at sea. 

Corps (kor), n. ; pi. Corps (korz). [Fr. ; L. corpus, 
a body.] A body of forces or troops. 

Corps-d'armee (kor'dar-ma/), n. [Fr.] A com- 
plete grand division of an army ; army-corps. 

Corpse, re. [Fr. corps; L. corpus.] A dead human 
body ; remains ; a carcass ; a corse. 

Ccrpse'-can'dle, n. A candle made for the watch- 
ing of a corpse before burial : — a phosphorescent 
light seen in church -yards. 

Cbr'pu-lence, \n. [L. corpvlentia ; from corpus, a 

C br'pu-len-cy. J body.] State of being corpulent ; 
fatness; fleshiness. 
| Cbr'pu-lent, a. [L. corpulenlus; corpus, a body.] 

Fleshy ; fat ; stout ; lusty. 
I Cbr'pus-cle (kbr'pus-sl) [kor'pus-kl, H. ; kbr- 
pus'kl, N.], n. [L. corpusculum, dim. of corpus, 
a body.] A particle :— an ultimate organic body ; 
a protoplasmic cell. 

Cor-pQs'cu-lar, a. Relating to corpuscles or atoms. 

Cor-ral', n. '[Sp. ; from corro, a ring.] Enclosed 
ground; an enclosure; a cattle-pen. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. corralling, corralled.] To secure in a corral, 
as cattle ; to pen. 

Cor-rect', v. a. [L. corrigere, correclum ; con-, com- 
pletely, aud regere, to lead, to rule.] [p>p. cor- 
recting, corrected.] To free from faults or errors; 
to amend ; to rectify : — to punish ; to chastise. — 
2, a. Free from errors ; accurate ; true. 

Cor-rec'tion. n. [L. correctio. — See Correct.] The 
act of correcting ; punishment; discipline; rep- 
rehension : — amendment. 

Cor-rec'tion-a!, «. Tending to correct. 

Cor-rec'tive, a. Tending to correct. — 2, n. That 
which corrects. 

Cor-rect'iy, ad. Accurately; faultlessly. 

Cor-rect'cr, n. [L.] He who or that which cor- 
rects. 

Cor'rei, or Cor'rie, n. [Scot. ; Gael, cor, a corner.] 
A hollow between hills, or a cleft or glen in a hill. 

Cor-re-late', v. n. [Con-, together, and Relate.] 
[ pp. correlating, correlated.] To have a recip- 
rocal relation, as father and son. — 2, v. a. To 
bring into mutual relation ; to arrange as for 
comparison in order of mutual relations; to 
make coincident. 

Cor-re-la'tion, n. Reciprocal relation. 

Cor-rel'a-tive, a. Having a reciprocal relation, 
'as husband and wife, father and son. — 2, n. He 
who or that which stands in a reciprocal rela- 
tion, as a father and a son. 

Cor-re-spond', v. n. [L. con-, together, and re- 
spondere, to answer; re-, back, again, and upon- 
dere, to promise.] [pp. corresponding, corre- 
sponded.] To suit; to answer; to agree: — to 
interchange letters. 

Cor-re-spond'ence, n. The act or state of cor- 
responding:' relation ; adaptation : — epistolary 
intercourse : — interchange. 

Cor-re-spond'ent, a. Suitable; adapted; fit. — 
2, n. One who corresponds; one who writes or 
interchanges letters. 

Cor-re-spond'ent-ly, ad. In a fit manner. 

Cor-re-spond'ing._p. a. Agreeing to ; suiting. 

Cor'ri-dor, v. [Fr. ; Sp. corredor, a runner, a gal- 
lery ; correr, to run ; L. currere.] A gallery : — 
a covert way. 

Cor-ri-§-en'da, n. pi. [L.— See Correct.] Things 
to be corrected ; corrections to be made. 

Cor'ri-fi-ble, a. Capable of being corrected. 

Cor-rob'o-rant, a. [L. corroboram, corroboranlis. — 
'See Corroborate.] Strengthening. 



a, e, I, b, u, y, long ; a, e, i, o, G, y, short; a, e, i, o, y, x, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



CORROBORATE 



169 



COTANGENT 



Cor-rob'o-rate, v. a. [L. corroborare, corroboration, 
'to strengthen ; robur, strength, or oak. — See Ro- 
bust.] [pp. corroborating, corroborated.] To 
make more certain; to strengthen; to confirm; 
to establish. 

Cor-rob-o-ra'tion, n. The act of confirming. 

Cor-rob'o-ra-tlve, «• Tending to corroborate ; 
'strengthening; confirming. 

Cor-rode', v. a. [L. corrodere, corrosum; con- in- 
tensive, and rodere, to gnaw. [pp. corroding, 
corroded.] To eat away ; to consume. [away. 

Cor-ro'dent. a. Corrosive. — 2, /*. That which eats 

Cor-ro-di-bil'i-ty, «• State of being corrodible. 

Cor-ro'di-ble,'a. ' Capable of being corroded. 

Cor-ro'si-ble, a. Corrodible. 

Cor-ro'sion (kor-ro'zhun), n. [See Corrode.] The 
act of corroding, or eating, or wearing away by 
degrees. 

Cor-ro'sive, a. Consuming; wearing away. — 
2, n. A corroding substance. — Corrosive sublimate, 
bichloride of mercury, a very acrid poison. 

C5r'ru-gate, c. a. [L. corrugare, corrugation ; nt- 
gare, to ridge; ruga, a fold.] [pp. corrugating, 
corrugated.] To wrinkle or ridge up. 

Cor-ru-ga'tion, n. The act of wrinkling ; a ridge, 
or wrinkle.' 

Cor-r3pt', v. a. [L. corrumpere, corruptum : rum- 
pere, to break.] [pp. corrupting, corrupted.] To 
change from a sound to a putrescent state : — to 
debase; to defile: — to destroy the integrity of; 
to bribe. — 2, v. n. To become putrid or vitiated. 
— 3, a. Spoiled; tainted; putrid. 

Cor-rfipt'er, n. One who corrupts or vitiates. 

Cor-rupt-i-bil'i-ty, \ n. Possibility of being cor- 

Cor-rupt'i-ble-ness, J rupted. 

Cor-rfipt'i-ble, a. Susceptible of corruption. 

Cor-rup'tion, n. [L. corruption The act of cor- 
rupting : — quality of being corrupt: — putres- 
cence ; pus : — depravity ; vice : — bribery. 

Cor-rupt'ly, ad. With corruption; viciously. 

Cor-sagV, »■ [Fr. — See Corset.] The waist of a 
gown or dress. 

Cor'sair (kiir'sar), n. [Fr. 'corsaire; L. cursu.% a 
course ; Sp. c/)rsa, a cruise, a voyage. — See 
Course.] a pirate : — a piratical vessel. 

Corse, or Corse, n. [See Corpse.] A dead body. 

CSrse'let, n. [Fr., dim. of 0. Fr. cars, L. corpus, 
the body.] A light armor for the body. 

Cbr'set, n. [Fr., dim. of 0. Fr. cors, L. corpus, the 
body.] An article of dress worn round the 
body ; bodice ; stays. 

Cb'r'tege (kbr'tazh), n. [Fr. cortege, It. corteggio, 
a train; corte, a court, attendants. — See Court.] 
A train of attendants ; a retinue. 

Cor'tes, n. pi. [Sp. corte, a court.] The legisla- 
tive body of Spaiu and of Portugal. 

Cor'tex, n. [L.] Bark of a tree. 

Cb'r'ti-cal, a. Barky; belonging to the rind. 

Co-run'dum, n. [Hind, hurand.] A very hard 
mineral. 

Co-rus'cate, v. n. [L. coruscare, coruseatitm.~] [pp. 
coruscating, coruscated.] To glitter; to flash; 
to shine. 

Cor-us-ca'tion, n. A quick vibration of light. 

Corvee (kor-va/), n. [Fr. ; Late L. corvada, cor- 
roata, for L. corrogata, summoned; con-, together, 
and rogare, to ask.] Compulsory, unpaid labor. 

Cbr-vette', n. [Fr. ; L. corbita, a freight-ship; 
corbis, a basket.] A vessel of war, less than a 
frigate : — an advice-boat. 

Cor'y.mb, n. [L. eorymbus ; Gr. /copvp./3o9.] (Bot.) 
A species of inflorescence. 

Cor-y.-phae'us, ;/. [L. ; Gr. /copu^aio?; Kopv<{>r), 
the head.] The leader of the ancient dramatic 
chorus : — a chief; a leader. 

Cor-x-phee (kor-e-fa), n. [Fr. (fem.); from conj- 
phseus; at first it meant a leading dancer.] A 
ballet-dancer. 

Co-se'cant, n. [For L. complemenfi secans, secant 
of the complement.] The secant of the comple- 
ment of an arc. 



Co'sey, a. [Gael, cosach, snug; cos, a hole, a cave, 
a shelter.] Snug; warm; social; chatty. 

C6'si-ly, ad. In a cosey manner. 

Cos'ln-afe, a. [Law Fr.— See Cousix.] Eelation- 
ship by blood : — a writ to recover lands on which 
a stranger has entered at the death of a collat- 
eral relation. 

Co'slne, u. [For L. complementi sinus, sine of the 
complement.] The sine of the complement of 
an angle or of an arc. 

Co'sj-ness, "• State of being cosey. 

Cos-met'ic, n. [Gr. /coa-^7jTtK6? ; /cda/u.0?, order, 
beauty.] A wash to improve the skin. — 2, a. 
Beautifying. 

Ccs'mjc, \a. [Gr. (coo-^ttxo?; koct/xo?, the 

Cos'mi-cal, J world.] Relating to the wurld : — 
rising or setting with the sun: — pei raining to 
the cosmos or general system of the universe. 

Cos-mog'o-nist, n. One who writes a cosmogony. 

Co§-mog'o-ny;. n. [Gr. Kocrixoyovia. ; koctjuo?, the 
world, and yevew, to produce.] The science that 
treats of the origin of the world. 

Cos-mo-graph'ic, [a. Relating to cosmogra- 

Cos-mo-graph/i-eal, j phy. 

Cos-mog'ra-phy. (koz-mog'ra-fe), n. [Gr. Kocr/jio- 
ypa<f>ia; koct/xo?, the world, and ypdcpeiv, t> 
write.] The science, or a description, of the 
world, including astronomy, geography, and 
geology. 

Cos-mo-pol'i-tan, n. One who regards the inter- 
ests bf mankind at large. — 2, a. Partaking of 
the nature of a cosmopolite ; not provincial or 
insular; liberal. 

Cos-mop'o-li'te. u. [Gr. Kocr/aon-oAtTrj? ; koct/ixo?, 
the world, and ttoAitv)?, a citizen ; n-oAi?, a city.] 
A citizen of the world. 

Cos-mo-ra'ma [-ra'rna, H. St. X], n. [Gr. koct/xo?, 
the 'world, and opa/xa, a spectacle: opaeii/, to 
see.] An optical machine giving a picturesque 
exhibition of the world. 

Cos'mos, n. [Gr. for ; ' world," "order,"' " beauty."] 
The world as a system : — the universe as the em- 
bodiment of harmony. 

Cos'set, n. [Of. It. casiccio, a house-lamb; casa, a 
house.] A lamb brought up by hand. — 2, c. a. [pp. 
cosseting, cosseted.] To make a pet of: to fondle. 

Cost (kost or kawst), n. [0. Fr. coster; Fr. couter ; 
Ger. kosten ; L. conslare, to stand at, to cost ; 
store, to stand.] That which is paid for any 
thing; price; charge; expense :— loss; damage; 
detriment. — 2. p. a. [i. cost; pp. costing, cost.] 
To be bought for. 

Syn. — The price or charge is what is asked for 
a thing; the cost or expense, what is given: the 
worth, what it will fetch; the value, what it 
ought to fetch. [or side. 

Cos'tal, a. [L. costa, a rib.] Belonging to the ribs 

Cos'tate, a. [L. costal u s ; costa, a rib.] Ribbed. 

Cos'ter-mon'ler, /;. [0. <& Local E. costard, an 
apple, — properly, a ribbed apple, L. costa, 0. Fr. 
coste, a rib, and MONGER (q. v.).] A dealer in 
apple-* and other fruit. 

Cos'tive, a. [Sp. constipativo, It. costipativo, Fr. 
constipe, constipated [q. v.).] Constipated. 

Cos'tive-ness. >i. State of being costive. 

Cost'ii-ness. n. State of being costly. 

Cost'ly, a. Expensive; dear; of great price. 

Cost'ma-ry, n. [L. costus; Gr. koctto?; marp may 
be from a supposed dedication to St. Mary.] An 
aromatic garden-herb. 

Cos-tume' [kos'tum, N. J.J, n. [Fr. for "fashion,"' 
'" custom" (a. v.).] Style or mode of dress :— dress. 

Cos'tum-er [kos-tu'mer, X.], n. One who deals 
in, or is expert in, costumes. 

Cot, n. [A.-S. cote ; Dut. hot ; Welsh, act ; Ger. hoth ; 
Late L. cola, a cottage, hut, cover, or coat.] A 
small house ; a cottage ; a hut :— a dove-cot : — a 
cover for the finger : — a small bed ; a hammock. 

Co-tan' tent. n. [From complement and tangent] 
(Math.) The tangent of the complement of an 
angle or an arc. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, 
H 



;on ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, 5, c, g, soft; p, p, £, g, 

15 



hard , 



§ as z ; x us gz 



tnis. 



COTE 



170 



COUNTER-POISON 



Cote, re. A cottage ; a sheepfold ; a cot. 

Co-tem'po-ra-ry, n. See Contemporary. 

C6-te-rie'"(k5-te-re') [ko'ter-e, St.H. I. N. P. K.], n. 
[Fr. ; originally, a club of cottagers, who rented 
land in common; Fr. cottier, a cottager.] A 
small association of friends; a club. [buskin. 

Co-thiir'nus, n. [L. ; Gr. Ko0opvo<;.] An ancient 

Co-ti'dal, a. [Con and Tidal.] Indicating equal- 
ity of tidal level at the same time. 

Co-til'lon (ko-tll'yun), re. [Fr. ; originally, a pet- 
ticoat"; dini. of cotte, a coat (q. v.).] A brisk, 
lively dance, usually by eight persons. 

Cot' quean, re. [Cot, a house, and quean, a wench.] 
A man who busies himself in women's affairs. 

Cot'ta, re. [Late L. cota, cottu, a coat (q. v.).] A 
short surplice. 

Cot'ta£e, re. [See Cot.] A cot; a small dwelling. 

Cot'ta-fer, n. One who lives in a cottage. 

Cot' tar, Cot'ter, or Cot'ti-er, n. A cottager. 

Cot' ton (kot't'n), n. [Arab, qutun; Sp. algodon, 
coton; Fr. coton.] A plant: — the down of the 
cottori-plant : — cloth made of cotton. — 2, a. 
Made of cotton. 

Cot-ton-ade', n. A stout fabric of cotton. 

Cot'ton-£in, .re. A machine 
for cleaning cotton. 

Cot'ton-wood (-wud), n. 
The aspen-tree. 

Cot'ton-y (kot'tn-e), a. 
Full of cotton ; downy. 

Cot-y-le'don, re. [Gr. kotv- 
XrjSiiiV ; kotiJAtj, a cup.] 
(Bot.) The seminal leaf 
of a plant, or the lobe 




CoUoa-giu. 
that nourishes the seed of a plant. — (Anut.) A 



lobe of the placenta. 

Cot-y-led'o-nous, a. (Bot.) Having seed-lobes. 

Couch, v. n. [Fr. coucher ; L. collocare, to place. — 
See Collocate.] [pp. couching, couched.] To lie 
down ; to stoop or bend. — 2, v. a. To lay down ; 
to hide ; to include : — to fix ; to phrase : — to re- 
move, as cataracts from the eye. — 3, n. A seat 
of repose ; a bed. 

Cbuch'ant, a. (Her.) Lying down. 

Couch'ing, it. The act of bending : — the operation 
of removing a cataract. 

C6u'gar (ko'gar), n. [Fr. couguar, from a South 
American name.] The American panther. 

Cough (kof or kawf ), n. [A.-S. hwosfan; Ger. has- 
ten ; Scot, host ; Dut. kugchen. — Cf. Ger. keuchen, to 
puff, to gasp.] A convulsion of the lungs, with 
noise, to get rid of phlegm. — 2, v. n. [pp. cough- 
ing, coughed.] To have the lungs convulsed. — 
3, v. a. To eject by a cough. 

Could (kud), i. from can. Was able. 

Coulee (kG-la/), n. [Fr.] A dry valley ; a chasm. 

Coul'ter (kol'ter), n. See Colter. 

Cbun'cil, n. [Fr. concile ; L. concilium; con-, to- 
gether, and calare, to call.] A body of council- 
lors ; an assembly met for deliberation or to give 
advice ; a convention ; a diet. See Assembly. 

Cbun'cil-lor, n. A member of a council. 

Cbun'cil-nian, re. A member of a council. 

Cbun'sel, n. [Fr. conseil; L. consilium; consulrre, 
to consult (q. v.).] Advice; direction; consulta- 
tion : — secrecy : — a counsellor ; lawyer. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. counselling, counselled.] To give advice; 
to advise. 

CSun'sel-ior, n. One who gives advice : — an at- 
torney at law; a lawyer; an advocate. 

Cbun'sel-lor-ship, n. "The office of counsellor. 

Count, v. a. [Fr. compte ; L. computare, to com- 
pute (q. v.).] [pp. counting, counted.] To num- 
ber ; to tell ; to reckon ; to compute ; to calcu- 
late; to estimate. — 2, v. n. To reckon : — to rely 
on. — 3, n. Number : — a charge in an indict- 
ment : — [Fr. eomte; L. comes, comitis, a compan- 
ion; con-, together, and ire, to go] a title of 
nobility, equivalent to earl. 

Cbun'te-nance, n. [0. Fr. coutenance, deportment; 
L. continental, conduct; continere, to contain 



(q. v.), to comport one's self.] Form of the face ; 
air; look; exterior appearance: — patronage; 
support. — 2, v. a. [pp. countenancing, counte- 
nanced.] To support ; to favor. 

Count' er, n. [See Count.] A reckoner :— the table 
of a "shop, on which money is counted : — coun- 
ter-tenor.— 2, ad. [L. contra; Fr. coutre.] Con- 
trary to; in a wrong way. — 3, a. [Mostly used 
as a prefix.] Adverse ; opposite. 

Cbun-ter-act', v. a. [pp. counteracting, counter- 
acted!] To act contrary to ; to frustrate. 

Coun-ter-ac'tion, n. Opposite action. 

Coun-ter-bal'ance, v. a. [pp. counterbalancing, 
counterbalanced.] To weigh against. 

Cbun'ter-bal-ance, ». Opposite weight. 

Coun-ter-chang-e', v. a. [pp. counterchanoing, 
counterchanged.] To exchange :— to checker. 

Coun'ter-charm, n. That which disenchants or 
dissolves a charm. 

Cbun-ter-charm', v. a. [pp. countercharming, 
countercharmed.] To destroy enchantment. 

Cbun-ter-check', v. a. [p/p. counterchecking, 
counter-checked.] To oppose; to check. 

Cbun'ter-check, n. A stop; rebuke. 

Cbun-ter-draw', v. a. [i. counterdrew; pp. coun- 
terdrawing, counterdrawn.] To trace the lines 
of a drawing through transparent paper. 

Cbun'ter-ev'i-dence, n. Opposite evidence. 

Cbun'ter-ex-ten'sion, n. (Surg.) The fixing of a 
limb during extension. 

Cbun'ter-feit, v. a. [Fr. contrefait, p. from contre- 
faire,' to forge, to imitate ; L. contra, against, 
and facere, to make.] [ pp. counterfeiting, coun- 
terfeited.] To copy wii h an intent to deceive ; to 
feign; to forge; to imitate. — 2, v. n. To feign. 
' — 3, a. Forged ; fictitious ; spurious ; feigned ; not 
genuine ; deceitful. — 4, n. An impostor : — that 
which is counterfeited ; imposition ; forgery. 

Cbun'ter-feit-er, u. A forger; an impostor. 

Cbun'ter-ir'ri-tant, n. A substance which coun- 
ter-irritates. 

Cbun'ter-ir'ri-tate, v. a. [pp. counter-irritating, 
counter-irritated.] To irritate for the purpose 
of relieving irritation. [means of relief. 

Cbun'ter-ir-ri-ta'tipn, re. Irritation applied as a 

Cbfin-ter-mand' - , v. a. [Fr. contrema/nder ; L. con- 
tra, against, and mandare, to command.] [pp. 
countermanding, countermanded.] To revoke. 

Cbun'ter-mand, re. Repeal of a former order. 

Cbun-ter-march', v. n. [pp. countermarching, 
countermarched.] To march back. 

Cbun'ter-march, re. A marching back. 

Cbun'ter-mine, n. (Fort.) A mine to frustrate 
the use of one made by an enemy. 

Cbun-ter-mine', v. a. [pp. countermining, coun- 
termined.] To counterwork. — 2, v. n. To mine 
in opposition; to work secretly in opposition. 

Cbun'ter-pane, n. [Originally, a counter-pawn, a 
pledge (in law) : its present meaning was bar- 
barously acquired by a transfer from 0. Fr. con- 
trepoint, Fr. couriepointe, a back-stitch, an em- 
broidered quilt; from L. culcita puucta, a stitched 
quilt.] A cover for a bed. 

Cbiin'ter-part, n. A corresponding part ; a copy : 
— a duplicate : — a match : — a complement. 

Cbiin-ter-plot', v. a. & v. n. [pp. counterplotting, 
counterplotted.] To oppose one plot by another. 

Cbun'ter-plot, re. A plot opposed to another plot. 

Cbun'ter-pbint, u. [It. conlrappuuto, Fr. coutre- 
poiut,' literally, point against point, or the setting 
of musical notes in harmony.] The art or 
science of harmony : — an opposite point :— coun- 
terpane. 

Cbun-ter-pbi§e\ v. a. [ pp. counterpoising, coun- 
terpoised.] To counterbalance. 

Cbun'ter-pbise, n. Equivalence in weight ; equi- 
ponderance : — a mass of metal used to give 
steadiness to a machine : — a weight in the oppo- 
site scale : — an offset. 

Cbun-ter-pbi'son, n. Antidote :— a poison which 
acts as an antidote to another poison. 



a, e, I, o, 5, y, long ; a, e, i, o, Q, y, short , 



y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



COUNTER-REVOLUTION 



171 



COVET 



Cb&n'ter-rev-o-lu'tion, re. A revolution succeed- 
ing another, and opposite to it. 

Cbun'ter-scarp, n. [See Scarp.] (Fort.) That 
side of a ditch which is next to the camp. 

Cbun-ter-sign' (-sin'), v. a. [pp. countersigning, 
countersigned.] To sign an order of a superior, 
in quality of secretary. [an official signature. 

Cbun'ter-sign (-sin), n. A military watchword : — 

Cbfin-ter-sink', v. a. [i. countersunk; pp. coun- 
tersinking, countersunk.] To let the head of a 
screw or nail into a board, &c, so that it may 
not project. 

Cbun'ter-sink, n. A cavity to receive the head of 
a screw : — a reamer; a tool for countersinking. 

Cbun'ter-stand, re. Stand in opposition ; resist- 

Cbun'ter-stroke, n. A stroke returned. [ance. 

Cbun'ter-ten'or, n. [It. contratenore, a part which 
contrasts with the tenor: it is now replaced by 
the contralto.] A middle part of music; a kind 
of contralto. [Antiq.] 

Cbun-ter-vail', v. a. [L. contra, against, and va- 
Ure, to be effective.] [pp. countervailing, coun- 
tervailed.] To be equal to ; to balance. 

Cbun-ter-work' f-wiirk'), v. a. [pp. counterwork- 
ing, counterworked.] To counteract. 

Cbunt'ess, n. The wife of an earl or a count; a 
woman having the rank of a count or an earl. 

Cbunt'ing-hbuse, ) n. A house or room where 

Cbunt'ing-room, J merchants keep their accounts 
and transact business. 

Cbunt'less. a. Numberless; innumerable. 

Coun'trj-fled (kun'tre-fid), a. Rustic; rude. 

Cofln'try (ktin'tre), n. [Fr. contree, It. contrada, a 
country; L. contra, over against. — Cf. Ger. 
gegend, a country ; gegen, against. The idea is 
that of the region round about, or in the neigh- 
hood, that which lies against.] A large tract of 
land; an inhabited territory; a region; a na- 
tion: — rural parts, — opposed to town or oily. — 
2, a. Rustic; rural; rude. 

Coun'try-dance, re. A kind of dance ; a contra- 
dance.' See Contradance. 

Covin' try-man (kun'tre-man), n. One born in, the 
same country : — a rustic: a farmer. [country. 

Coun'try-seat, n. A mansion or fine house in the 

Cbun'ty, n. [Fr. comte, Late L. comitulus, origi- 
nally^ district ruled by a count (q. v.). ] A shire; 
a circuit or district. 

Coup (koo), n. [Fr.] A stroke; an exploit. 

Coupe (ko-pli'), u. [Fr. ; from couper, to cut, re- 
ferring to its shape.] A 
kind of carriage. 

Coup'le (kup'pl), n. [Fr. 
couple; L. copula, a bond, 
a link.] Two; a pair; 
man and wife : — a link. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. coupling, 
coupled.] ' To join; to 
marry.— 3, v. n. To join Coupe. 

in embraces. [lines of verse ; a pair. 

Coup'let (kuplet), re. [Fr.,dim. of. coiqyle.] Two 

Coup'ling, re. That which connects. 

Coupon (ko-pong'), n. [Fr. ; couper, to cut.] An 
interest certificate attached to transferable bonds. 

Cour'age (kur'aj), n. [Fr. courage ; Sp. corage ; L. 
cor, heart, spirit.] Bravery; valor; heroism. 

Cou-ra'feous (kur-ra'jus), a. Brave; daring. 

Cou-ra/geous-ly (kur-ra'jus-le), ad. Bravely. 

Cou'rier (ko'rer), n. [Fr. courtier, coureur, formerly 
courier, runner, courier; courir, L. currere, to 
run.] A messenger sent in haste; an express; 
a travelling attendant. 

Course (kors), n. [Fr. cours; L. cursus ; currere, 
cursum, to run.] Arace; career ; progress : — seiies: 
— order ; conduct : — a service of dishes : — natural 
bent : — track in which a ship sails : — way; path; 
— tendency; direction. — 2, v. a. [jip. cotirsing, 
coursed.] To hunt; to pursue. — 3, v. re. To 
run; to hunt. [ship.— (Med.) Menses. 

Cburs'e§, n. pi. (Naut.) The principal sails of a 

Cburs'ing (kors'ing), n. The sport of hunting. 




Court (kort), n. [Fr. cour ; 0. Fr. court ; L. chors, 
chortis, an enclosure. — See Cohort.] The palace 
or residence of a sovereign or a prince ; a hall ; 
a palace : — an enclosed place ; a narrow street : 
— a hall or place for administering justice; the 
judge or judges: — a legislative body : — polite 
attention; solicitation. — 2, v. a. [pp. courting, 
courted.] To woo; to solicit; to seek. 

Court'-card, n. [The king, queen, and knave 
were all personages who figured in the royal 
court.] A card with a coated figure. 

Coiir'te-ous (kur'te-us or kort'yus), a. [Fr. cour- 
tol% courtly. — See Court. The courts of princes 
were long the chief schools of social refinement.] 
Elegant in manners; polite; well-bred; civil; ur- 
bane; complaisant; respectful. 

Coiir'te-ous-ly, ad. Politely ; respectfully. 

Coiir'te-ous-ness, n. Civility ; politeness. 

Coiir-te-§an' [kor'te-zan, I. ; kbr'te-zan, A T .], n. 
[Fr. covrtisane, Sp! cortesana, properly, a woman 
who is attached to a court (q. r.).] A prostitute. 

Coiir'te-sy (kiir'te-se), ><. (Fr. courtoisie. — See 
Courteous.] Elegance of manners; politeness; 
civility ; camplawatce. — By courtesy, not of right, 
but by indulgence. 

Coiirte'sy (kurt'se), n. Act of respect or civility 
made by women and girls. — 2, v. u. [pp. courte- 
sy ing, courtesied.] To make a courtesy, [held. 

Court'-hbuse. re, A building in which courts are 

Court'ier (kort'yer), n. One who frequents courts ; 
a person of courtly manners. 

Court' -leet, n. [0. E. leet, a jurisdiction; L. lis, 
UUs, a law-suit.] A court held annually in a 
hundred, lordship, or niannr. 

Court'li-ness, re. Elegance of manners. 

Court'ly, a. Relating to a court; genteel. 

Court'-mar'tial (-shal), n. ; pi. Courts' -mar'tial. 
A military court for trying military offences. ' 

Court' -plas-ter, n. Sticking-plaster for the toilet. 

Court' ship, n. The making of love :— wooing. 

Court' -yard, n. An enclosure within a building. 

Coiis'in (kuz'zn), n. [Fr. ; L. consobrinus, the son 
of a mothers sister; sobrintis, a cousin, for soro- 
rinus; soror, a sister.] The child o; an uncle or 
an aunt : — any one collaterally related more re- 
motely than a brother or a sister. — Cousin-gertnan, 
a first-cousin. 

Cove, n. [A.-S. cofa, Ital. com, a <len. a cave (q. v.). 
— Cf. Basque cofa, a pit; Sp. cueva, a cave.] A 
small creek or bay : — a shelter ; a recess. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. coving, coved.] To arch over; to shelter. 

Cov'e-nant (kuv'e-naut), n. [Fr. eonvenamt; 0. Fr. 
covenant; L. convenwe, to come together. — See 
Convene.] A solemn agreement; a written con- 
tract; a bargain; a deed. — 2, r. u. [pp. cove- 
nanting, covenanted.] To bargain; to contract. 
— 3, v. a. To contract; to stipulate. 

C6v'e-nant-er, n. One who makes a covenant : — 
one who signed the " Solemn League and Cove- 
nant"' in Scotland, in 1638. 

Cov'er, v. a. [Fr. eourrir ; L. cooperire, to conceal ; 
operire, to cover.] [jip. covering, covered.] To 
overspread ; to conceal ; to hide. — 2, n. A con- 
cealment ; a screen ; defence. 

Cov'er-ing, n. Dress; vesture; a cover. 

Cov'er-let, u. [Fr. couvre-lU; couvrir, to cover, and 
lit, a bed.] The upper covering of a bed. 

Cov'er-lid, n. A coverlet. 

Cov'ert, n. [0. Fr. covert; Fr. convert.— See Cover.] 
A shelter; a defence; a thicket. — 2, a. Shel- 
tered; private; insidious. — {Law.) Under pro- 
tection, as a married woman. 

C6v'ert-ly, ad. In a covert manner. 

Cov'er-ture, n. [0. Fr. ; Fr. couverture.] Shelter. 
— (Law.) The legal state and condition of a 
married woman. 

Cov'et (kuv'et), v. a. [0. Fr. coveiler; Fr. convoiter ; 
Ital. cubilare ; L. cupere ; to desire.] [pp. covet- 
ing, coveted.] To desire eagerly or inordinately ; 
to hanker after ; to long for. — 2, v. n. To have 
a strong desire. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, 0, c, §, soft; p, p, 0, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tnis. 



COVETOUS 



172 



CRANKLE 



Cov'et-ous (kuv'et-iis), a. [L. cupidus, eager.— See 
Covet.] Inordinately desirous ; eager for gain ; 
greedy ; avaricious. 

C6v'et-oQs-ly., ad. Avariciously ; eagerly. 

Cov'et-ous-ness, n. State of being covetous. 

Cov'ey (kiiv'e), n. [Fr. couvee, a brood ; couver, to 
bro'od ; L. cubare, to lie down.] A flock, batch, 
or brood of birds. 

Cov'in, n. [Law Fr. covine, agreement; L. con- 
venire, to agree. — See Convene and Covenant.] 
(Law.) A fraudulent agreement. 

Cov'ing, n. [See Cove.] A projection in a building. 

Cov'in-ous, a. Fraudulent; dishonest. 

Cb<v (kbu), n. ; pi. Cbivs, formerly Kine. \A.-S. 
cu; Dut. hoe; Ger. kuh; Skr. go, ghau.] The fe- 
male of the bovine genus of animals. — 2, v. a. 
[Dan. hue, to subdue; probably from Coward. — 
Cf. Ger. Icauen, to squat.] [pp. cowing, cowed.] 
To depress with fear. 

Cow'ard, n. [Fr. couard; It. codoardo, a coward, 
•a hare, from coda, a tail.] One wanting courage ; 
a poltroon. — 2, a. Dastardly ; timid ; cowardly. 

Cbw'ard-ice, n. Fear ; habitual timidity. 

Cbw'ard-ly, a. Fearful ; pusillanimous. 

Cbw'bby, n. A cowherd ; a herdsman. 

CSw'-catch-er, w. An iron frame in front of a 
locomotive for clearing a railway track. 

Cbw'er, v. n. [Welsh, cwrian; Ger. kauern. — Cf. 
Scand. kura, kure, to lie quiet. The latter is re- 
garded as the true source of the English word.] 
[pp. cowering, cowered.] To sink by bending 
the knees : — to sink from fear. 

Cbw'ha§-e (kow'aj, kow'itck), n. [Hind, kawanch.] 
A plant used in medicine. 

Cbw'-herd, n. One who tends cows. 

Cbw'hide, n. The skin of a cow : — a whip. — 2, 
v. a. [pp. cowhiding, cowhided.] To whip with 
a cowhide. 

Cowl, n. [0. E. couel; A.-S. cufle; Icel. kufl; L. 
cucullus, a hood.] A hood : — a' chimney-cover. 

Cbw'-pox, n. The vaccine disease. 

Cbw'ry, n. ; pi. Cbw'ries. [Hindi, kauri; Beng. 
kari.] A small shell used as money. 

Cbw'slip, n. [A.-S. cuflippe, cusloppe; cv, cow, and 
sloppe, dung.] A plant, a species of primrose. 

Cox'comb (koks'kom), n. [For cocVs comb.] A 
fop : — a flower. 

Cox-eomb'i-cal, a. Foppish ; coxcomical. 

Cox'comb-ry (koks'kom-re), n. Foppishness. 

Cox-com'i-cal, a. Foppish ; conceited. 

Cox'swain (kok'swan or kox'sn), n. [Cock, a boat, 
and sworn.] A cockswain. 

Coy, a. [0. Fr. coi, coit; L. quietus, quiet (q. v.).] 
Modest ; reserved ; shy. 

Cby'ly, ad. In a coy manner ; with reserve. 

Cby'ness, n. Reserve ; shyness ; modesty. 

Cby-b'te (koi-o'ta), n. [Mex. cayotl] The small 
barking or prairie wolf: — written also cayote. 

Cby'pii, n. A South American auimal. 

Coz (kuz), n. A cant word for cousin. 

Coz'en (kuz'zn), v. a. [Fr. cousiner, to claim kin- 
dred with, to sponge upon. — See Cousin.] [pp. 
cozening, cozened.] To cheat; to trick. 

Coz'en-af-e (kuz'zii-aj), n. Fraud; deceit. 

Co'zey, or Co'zy, a. ' Snug. See Cosey. 

Crab, n. [A.-S crabba; 
Icel. krabbi; Sw.krabba; 
Ger. krabbe, krebs ; Gr. 
<capa/3os. — Cf. SCARA- 
b.eus.] A marine crus- 
tacean : — a small sour 
apple : — a peevish per- 
son : — an engine or c . 
machine for raising 

weights : — a sign in the zodiac. — 2, a. Sour and 
degenerate, as fruit. [morose; harsh. 

Crab'bed, a. [Root of Crab.] Sour; peevish; 

Crab'bed-ness, n. Sourness ; asperity. 

Crab'-tree, n. An apple-tree which bears crabs. 

Crack, n. [A.-S. cearcian, Dut. kraken, Ger. 
krachen, to crack ; Dut. krak, Ger. krach, a crack.] 




A sudden noise :— a fissure.— 2, v. a. [pp. crack- 
ing, cracked.] To break into chinks; to split.— 
3, v. n. To burst; to open in chinks : — to talk ; 
to brag. — i, a. Excellent ; first-rate. 

Crack'-brained (krak'brand), a. Crazy, [biscuit. 

Crack'er, n. A small firework : — a boaster : — a hard 

Crac'kle, v. n. [Frequentative of Crack.] [pp. 
crackling, crackled.] To make slight cracks; 
to make small and frequent sharp sounds. — 
2, v. a. To cause to crack; to produce slight 
cracks on the surface of, as in the enamel of 
pottery.— 3, n. Pottery which is subjected to a 
process which causes the glaze to crack in all 
directions. 

Crack'ling, n. A small but frequent noise. 

Crack'nel, n. [Fr. craquelin; Dut. krakeling ; from 
Crack.] A kind of hard, brittle cake. 

Cracks'man, n. A burglar. 

Cra'dle, n. [A.-S. cradol, Irish, craidhol, Gael. 
creathall, originally a hurdle, a basket ; L. crates, 
a basket, a crate (q. v.).] A movable bed, on 
which children are rocked : — a case for a brokeu 
bone :— a frame of timber for launching ships : 
— a frame added to a scythe for grain. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. cradling, cradled.]* To cut with a cradle: 
— to rock. 

Craft, n. [A.-S. crseft, Scand. & Ger. kraft, force ; 
Dut. kracht] Manual art ; trade : — cunning ; 
art ; fraud : — small sea-vessels. 

Craft'i-ly, ad. Cunningly ; artfully ; skilfully. 

Craft' i-ness, n. Cunning; stratagem; art. 

Crafts'man, n. An artificer; a mechanic. 

Craft'y, a. Cunning ; artful ; shrewd ; sly. 

Crag, n. [Welsh, craig, Gael, creag, Celt, car, a 
rock.] A rough, steep rock : — the neck. 

Crag'§y, a. Rugged; full of crags; cragged. 

Crags/man, n. One who climbs rocks. 

Crake, n.' [From its cry.— Cf. Croak, and Gr. /cpe'£, 
L. crex, the rail.] A bird, the corn-crake. 

Cram, v. a. [A.-S. crirnman, imp. t. crumm ; Icel. 
kremja, Sw. krama, Dan. kramme, to squeeze ; Ger. 
grimmen, to grip.] [pp. cramming, crammed.] 
To stuff; to thrust in by force. — 2, v. n. To eat 
greedily or beyond satiety : — to study hard. 

Cramp, n. [Dut. & Scand. kramp ; Ger. krampf.] 
A spasmodic, painful contraction of the limbs; 
a check : — a piece of bent iron. — 2, v. a. To 
restrain ; to confine : — to bind : — to affect with 
cramp or spasm. 

Cran'ber-ry, n. [Ger. kravbeere, crane-berry. — 
Cf. Sw. tranb'dr ; trana, a crane.] An acid berry 
used for sauce. 

Cranch, v. a. See Cratjnch. 

Crane, n. [A.-S. cran; Dut. kraan; Ger. krahn, 
kranich; Gr. yepavos.] A bird: — a machine for 
raising weights : — a crooked pipe or siphon. — 
2, v. a. [pp. craning, craned.] To raise with, 
or as with, a crane. — 3, v. n. To rise on tiptoe 
and stretch forward the neck. 

Cranes/bill, n. A plant, the geranium : — pincers. 

Cra'ni-al, a. Relating to the cranium or skull. 

Cra-ni-o-lof 'i-cal, a. Relating to craniology. 

Cra-ni-ol'o-£y, v. [Gr. upavLov, a skull, and 
Aoyo?, discourse.] The science which treats of 
the skull :— phrenology. 

Cra'ni-um [kran'yum, IC], n. [L. & Gr.— Cf. Gr. 
napyvov, the head.] The skull. 

Crank, n. [Dut. kronkelen, to twist; Dan. bringel, 
crooked ; Icel. kranga, to zigzag. — Cf. Lap. 
kranket, to bend. Akin to Crinkle.] The end 
of an axis turned down ; a contrivance for turn- 
ing ; a brace :— a quirk : — whim ; absurd notion : 
— a whimsical person [Colloq.]. — 2, a. [Sw. 
kranga, Dut. krengen,. to careen ; Ger. krank, 
sick.] Liable to be overset, as a ship: — dis- 
torted : — bold ; sprightly. — 3, v. n. [pp. crank- 
ing, cranked.] To run in and out ; to cr.mkle. 

Cran'kle, v. n. [Dut. kronkel, a crinkle (q. v.).] 
[pp. crankling, crankled.] To run into angles ; 
to crinkle.— 2, v. a. To break into bends and 
angles. — 3, n. A bend ; a crinkle. 



a, e, I, 6, 5, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



CEANKY 



173 



CEEOLE 



Crank'j;, a. Full of absurd notions; whimsical; 
short-tempered : — unsteady ; easily upset. 

Cran'ny, n. [L. arena, Fr. cran, 0. Fr. cren, a 
notch.] A chink; a fissure. — 2, v. n. [pp. cran- 
nying, crannied.] To form a cranny or cran- 
nies ; to haunt crannies. 

Crape, n. [Fr. crepe, 0. Fr. crespe ; L. crispus, 
crisp (q. v.).] A species of gauze made of silk, 
often dyed black, and used in mourning, &c. 

Crap'u-lence, n. Sickness caused by excess. 

Crap'u-lous, or Crap'u-lent, a. [L. crapidoms, in- 
clined to drunkenness; crapuleiitus, drunken; 
craptda, Gr. KpanrdKr), inebriation.] Ill from sur- 
feit : — resulting from gluttony or drunkenness. 

Crash, v. n. [Imitative. — Cf. Scand. krasa, Jcrase, 
a piece, a potsherd. — Cf. Crush, Clash, Craze.] 
[pp. crashing, crashed.] To make a loud, sud- 
den noise. — 2, v. a. To break or bruise; to 
crush. — 3, n. A loud, sudden, mixed sound, as 
of things falling : — [L. crassus, thick] a coarse 
linen cloth. [dense. 

Crass, a. [L. crassus, thick. — Cf. Gross.] Gross ; 

Cras'si-tude, v. Grossness; coarseness. 

Cratch, n. [Fr. creche, a cradle, a manger; Prov. 
crepcha, a crib (q. v.).] A frame for hay to feed 
cattle in ; a manger. 

Crate, n. [L. crates, a hurdle. — Cf. Irish creathach, 
a hurdle. — See Cradle.] A pannier for crockery- 
ware, &c. 

Cra'ter, w. [L. ; Gr. Kparr/p, a mixing-bowl ; <epa.v- 
vvfxi, to mix.] The vent or mouth of a volcano. 

Craunch (kranch), v. a. [Dut. schransen, to de- 
vour: imitative ] [pp. craunching, craunched.] 
To crush with the teeth; to chew with noise. 

Cra-vat', n. [Fr. cravate, a cravat, — literally, a 
Croatian tie; Cravate, a Croatian.] Anything 
worn about the neck. 

Crave, v. a. [A.-S. crafirm, Icel. kref/n, Dan. Jcrseve, 
Sw. Jcrafva, to crave; Icel. krafa, a demand.] [pp. 
craving, craved.] To ask earnestly ; to long for. 

Cra'ven (kra'vn), n. [0. Fr. cravante, acravante, 
overthrown ; crevanter, cravawnter, to break, to 
conquer; Late L. crepantare, from L. crepere, to 
break, to cause to rattle. The derivation from 
crave, to beg, is discredited.] A coward ; a pol- 
troon. — 2, o. Cowardly ; base. [longing for. 

Crav'ing, v. Urgent desire. — 2, a. That craves ; 

Craw, n. [Pan. kro ; Sw. Jcrafva, kroe. — Cf. Dut. 
kraag, Ger. kragen, the neck'.] The crop or first 
stomach of birds. 

Craw'fish, or Cray'- 
fish, n. [Cor- 
rupted from Fr. 
ecrevisse ; root of 
Ger. krebs. — See 
Crab.] A crusta- 
ceous fish ; the 
river lobster. Crawfish. 

Crawl, v. n. [Scand. krafla, to grope ; Dan. kravle, 
to creep.] [pp. crawling, crawled.] To creep; 
to move as a worm.— 2, n. The well in a boat : 
—[probably the same as Corral] an enclosure 
of hurdlesfor fish and turtles. 

Cray'on (kra'un), ». [Fr., from crate, L. creta^ 
chalk.] A kind of pencil :— a design or drawing 
done with a pencil or crayon. 

Craze, v. a. [A variant of Crash ; Fr. ccraser, to 
crush ; Sw. krasa, to crack.] [pp. crazing, 
crazed.] To break :— to make crazy.— 2, v. n. 
To be or to become crazed; to act as a crazy 
person. — 3, n. A freak ; a whimsey ; insanity. 

Cra'zi-ness, n. Disorder of mind ; insanity. 

Cra'zy., a. [See Craze.] Weak; disordered in 
mind; insane. 

Creak, v. n. [Imitative.— Cf. Fr. criqiier, to creak ; 
Ital. cricciare, L. crepere, to rattle.] [pp. creak- 
ing, creaked.] To make a harsh noise. — 2, n. 
A. grating sound. 

Cream, it. [Fr. creme ; L. cremor ; probably allied 
to Scot, ream, Icel. rjomi, Ger. rahm, cream.] 
The oily part of milk :— the best part.— 2, v. n. 




[pp. creaming, creamed.] To gather on the 
surface. — 3, v. a. To skim the cream from. 

Cream'-cheese, n. A cheese enriched with cream. 

Cream'er-y, n. A cooperative dairy. [cream. 

Cream'y, a. Like cream; full of, or covered with, 

Crease, '». [Bret, kriz, a crease. — Cf. Welsh crych, 
a wrinkle; Sw. krus, a curl; L. crispus, crisp.] 
A mark made by doubling. — 2, p. a. [pp. creas- 
ing, creased.] To mark any thing by doubling. 

Cre'a-sote, n. See Creosote. 

Cre-ate', v. a. [L. creare, creatum, to make; Skr. 
kri, to make.] [pp. creating, created.] To cause 
to exist; to bring into being; to make; to pro- 
duce ; to form. [created : — the universe. 

Cre-a'tion, n. The act overeating; that which is 

Cre-a'tive, a. Having the power to create; per- 
taining to creation. 

Cre-a'tor, n. One who creates; the Supreme 
Being, who bestows existence. 

Creat'ure (kret'yur) n. [L. crealura. — See Cre- 
ate.] A being "created; a man; a brute; any 
thing created : — a dependant. 

Creche (krash), ». [Fr.— See Cratch.] A pro- 
tectory for infants ; a public nursery. 

Cre'dence, n. [L. credenlia.— See Creed.] Belief; 
credit ; reputation : — [L. credentia, confidence, 
assurance : formerly articles of food or drink 
were tasted at a side-table before being served, 
as a precaution against poisoning] a side-table. 

Cre'dent, a. Believing ; easy of belief. 

Cre-deVtial, a. Giving a title to credit. — 2, n. 
That which gives a title to credit; testimonial. 

Cred-i-bil'i-ty,, n. The quality of being credible. 

Cred'i-ble.'«. ' [L. credibilis.— See Credit.] That 
may be believed; probable. 

Cred'i-ble-ness, n. Credibility. 

Cred'i-blj:, ad. In a manner that claims belief. 

Cred'it. n. [L. credere, creditum, to believe.] Be- 
lief in the veracity or ability of another; belief; 
trust :— good repute ; honor; reputation ; esteem : 
— faith : — influence : — property or sum due, — 
correlative of debt. — 2, r. a. [pp. crediting, cred- 
ited.] To believe ; to confide in ; to give credit to. 

Cred'it-a-ble, a. Reputable ; honorable. 

Cred'it-a-bly, ad. Reputably; honorably. 

Cred'it-pr, n. [L.] One to whom a debt is owed. 

Cre-du'li-ty. »• [Jj. credtditas.] Quality of, being 
credulous"; easiness of belief ; credulousness. 

Cred'u-lous, a. [L. crednlns.] Easy of belief; un- 
suspecting. 

Cred'u-lous-lx, ad. In a credulous manner. 

Cred'u-lous-ness, n. Credulity. 

Creed, n. [L. credo, I believe. — See Credit. — Cf. 
Skr. fraddha, faith.] A summary of articles of 
faith ; a confession of faith. 

Creek [krik or krek, H.\, n. [A.-S. crecca; Dut. 
kreek; Fr. criqite. — Cf. Icel. kriki, Welsh crig, a 
crack, a chink.] A small port ; a bay; an inlet : 
— in some parts of A merica, a small river. 

Creel, n. [Root of Cradle and Crate.] An osier 
or wicker basket. 

Creep, v. n. [A.-S. creopan, Dut. kruipen, Dan. 
krybe, Ger. kriechen, to creep.] [i. crept; pp. 
creeping, crept.] To move slowly, or as a worm, 
insect, or reptile ; to crawl : — to fawn ; to cringe. 

Creep'er, n. A creeping plant : — a small bird. 

Creese, n. A Malay dagger; a kris. 

Cre-mate', v. a. [L. cremare, crematum, to burn.] 
(pp. cremating, cremated.] To burn ; to con- 
sume by fire. 

Cre-ma'tion, n. [L. creviatio.] The act of burn- 
ing : — the burning of a dead body. 

Crem'a-to-ry,. w. A furnace for cremation. — 2, a. 
Pertaining to cremation. 

Cre'nate, a. [L. crena, a notch, a cranny (q. v.).] 
Having notches; notched. 

Cre'ole, n. [Sp. criollo, for cnadillo, or criado, cre- 
ated, well-bred; criar, to create.] A person 
born in Spanish America or the West Indies, 
but of European descent: — in Louisiana, & native 
of French descent. 



mien, s'ir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — C 9, c, §, soft ; p, p, p, j£, hard ; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 

15* 



CKEOSOTE 



174 



CKOCHET 



Cre'o-sote, n. [Gr. icpeas, Kpeuis, flesh, and crux^eiv, 
to preserve,] (Chem.) A powerfully antiseptic, 
oily liquid, obtained from distilling tar. 

Crep'i-tant, a. Crackling; rattling. 

Crep'i-tate, v. n. [L. crepitare, crepilalum ; crcpere, 
to rattle.] [pp. crepitating, crepitated.] To 
make a crackling noise. 

Crep-i-ta/tion, n. A small, crackling noise. 

Crept, i. & p. from creep. 

Cre-pGs'cu-lar, a. [L. crepiisculum, twilight; cre- 
per, dark.] " Relating to twilight. 

Cres-cen'do, n. & ad. [It.; L. crescere,crescendum, 
to increase {q. v.).] (Mus.) Direction to the per- 
former to increase the volume of sound. 

Cres'cent, a. [L. crescere, crescentis, to increase.] 
Increasing; growing. — 2, n. The moon in her 
state of increase : — a thing shaped like the in- 
creasing moon. 

Cres-cent'ic, a. Crescent-shaped. [eral species. 

Cress, n. [A.-S. crease; Ger. kresse.] A plant of sev- 

Cres'set, n. [0. Fr. crasset: akin to Cruse.] A 
great light or beacon ; a torch : — an iron frame 
used by coopers. 

Crest, n. [L. crista; Fr. crete.] A plume of feath- 
ers : — the comb of a cock: — an ornament; a 
tuft : — pride. — 2, v. a. [pp. cresting, crested.] 
To furnish with a crest. 

Crest'fal-len (krest'fal-ln), a. Humiliated. 

Cre-ta'ceous (kre-ta'shus), a. [L. crekt, chalk.] 
Chalky. [idiot afflicted with the j^itre. 

Cre'tin, n. [Fr. cretin ; etymology doubtful.] An 

Cre'tin-i§m, n. A species of idiocy. 

Cre-vasse', n. [Fr. ; crever, to split, to cleave ; L. 
crepare, to burst.] A gap; a gully ; an opening 
in the embankment of a river. [fissure. 

Crev'ice, n. [See Crevasse.] A crack; a cleft; a 

Crew (krii), n. [0. Norse, kru.—Cf. Local Sw. kri, 
to swarm. But the English word crew is more 
proliaMy 0. Fr. & 0. E. accrue, an accrument, a 
reinforcement.] A ship's company; a band. — 
2, i. from crow. 

Crew'el (kru'el), w. [Put. hid, 0. E. crulle, a curl, 
a twist.] A kind of yarn or thread. 

Crib, n. [A.-S. cnjb ; Put. krib ; Pan. krybbe.—See 
Cratch.] A manger; a stall :— a child's bed : — 
a store : — a granary. — 2, v. a. [pp. cribbing, 
criblied.] To confine : — to pilfer. 

Crib'ba£-e, n. [From crib, to steal; or crib, a se- 
cret store.] A game at cards. 

Crib'ri-fbrm, a. [L. cribrum, a sieve, and forma, 
form.] Having the form of a sieve. 

Crick. n. [Probably from crook, a twist.] A pain- 
ful stiffness in the neck or back. 

Crick'et, n. [0. Fr. criquet; criqner, to creak.] An 
insect: — a stool: — [A.-S. cricc, a staff: akin to 
Crook : more probably from cricket, a stool, re- 
ferring to the wicket] a game with bat and ball. 

Crick'et-er, n. A player of cricket. 

Cn'cSid, a. [Gr. KpiKo?, a ring, and eZSo?, form.] 
Ring-shaped. 

Cried, i. & p. from cry. [claims publicly. 

CrI'er, n. One who cries :— an officer who pro- 
Crime, n. [L. crimen, an accusation.] An infrac- 
tion of law ; felony ; a great fault ; misdemeanor ; 
vice; sin. 

Crim'i-nal, a. Of the nature of crime; faulty; 
contrary to law; guilty. — 2, n. A person guilty 
of a crime. 

Crim-i-nal'i-ty, n. State of being criminal. 

Cnm'i-nal-iy, ad. Wickedly; guiltily. 

Crim'i-nate, v. a. [L. criminare, crimination. — See 
Crime.] [pp. criminating, criminated.] To ac- 
cuse ; to charge with crime ; to blame ; to cen- 
sure. 

Crim-i-na'tion, n. Act of criminating. 

Crim'i-na-to"-ry, a. Accusing; censorious. 

Crimp, a. [Put. & Ger. krimpen, to wrinkle. — See 
Cramp.] Friable; brittle; easily crumbled. — 
2, n. An agent for purposes of decoy : — a crisped 
lock of hair. — 3, v. a. [pp. crimping, crimped.] 
To curl or crisp the hair; to plait. 




Crim'ple (krTm'pl), v. a. [Pirn, of Crimp.] [pp. 
crinipling, crimpled.] To contract ; to corrugate. 

Crim'§on (krlm'zn), v. [0. Fr. cramoisi; Per. & 
Arab, qirmisi, crimson, kermes (q. v.). — Cf. Skr. 
krimi, an insect, kermes.] The color of red some- 
what darkened with blue; a deep red color. — 
2, a. Of a deep red.— 3, v. a. [ pp. crimsoning, 
crimsoned.] To dye with crimson. 

Cringe, n. [A.-S. cvingan, to sink down : akin to 
Crinkle.] A servile bow ; mean civility.— 2, v. n. 
[pp. cringing, cringed.] To bow; to fawn; to 
flatter. 

Crin'gle (krlng'gl), n. [Icel. kringla, a ring, an orb, 
a circle; Put. kring, a ring.] {Ncttt.) A hole in 
the bolt-rope of a sail : — an iron ring. 

Crin'kle (kring'kl), v. n. [Put. krinkel, a turn : 
akin to Cringe and Crank. J [pp. crinkling, 
crinkled.] To run in flexures; to wrinkle. — 
2, r. a. To mould into inequalities.— 3, n. A 
wrinkle ; a sinuosity. 

Cri'nbid, n. [Gr. npivov, a lily, and elfios, form.] 
A stone-lily ; a sea-lily : — an enciinite. 

Crin'o-line, n. [Fr. crin, L. crinis, hair, and Fr. 
Uu, L. linum, linen.] An expansive skirt worn 
by women. 

CrI'o-sphinx, n. [Gr. /cptds, a ram, and Sphinx.] 
(Egypt. Ant.) A 
sphinx with a ram's 
head: — written also 
kriosphinx. 

Crip'ple, n. [Ger. 
krilppel ; Icel. kryp- 
pill; Put. kreupel, 
lame : root of 
Creep.] One who Cnosphmx. 

is lame. — 2, v. a. [pp. crippling, crippled.] To 
lame; to make lame. 

Cri'sis, n. ; pi. Cri'se§. [Gr. xptai? ; KpLveiv, to 
judge, to decide.] The time when any affair 
comes to its height; a critical time. 

Crisp, a. [L. crispus.] Curled; brittle; friable; 
short. — 2,v. a. [pp. crisping, crisped.] To curl; 
to twist; to indent. 

Cris'pin, n. [From St. Crispin or Crispinns, one 
of the patron saints of shoemakers.] A shoe- 
maker; a cobbler. [Colloq.] 

Crisp'ness, n. Quality of being crisp. 

CrTsp'y, «. Curled; crisp; short and brittle. 

Criss' -cross, ad. [Said to be for Christ's cross.] So 
as to cross diagonally, — at cross purposes; in- 
harmoniously. 

CrI-te'ri-on, ». ; pi. Cri-te'ri-a. [Gr. Kpn-qpiov. 
— See Critic] A standard by which any thing 
is judged of; a test. 

Crit'ic, n. [L. criticus; Gr. /cpiri/fo? ; *cptT^?, a 
judge, icpiveiv, to decide.] One skilled in criti- 
cism ; a judge of literary merit'; a connoisseur; 
a judge. 

Crit'i-cal, ft. Relating to criticism; exact; dis- 
cerning, captious: — relating to or producing a 
crisis; decisive. 

Crit'i-cal-ly, ad. In a critical manner. 

Crit-ic-as'ter. n. [L., pejorative of criticus, a 
critic] An inferior or bungling critic. 

Crit'i-ci§e, v. a. [pp. criticising, criticised.] To 
examine; to judge; to censure. — 2, v.n. To act 
the critic; to judge. — Often written criticize. 

Crit'i-ci§m, n. The art or act of judging of the 
merits of a performance or a work ; animadver- 
sion; stricture; critique. 

Cri-tique' (kre-tek'), n. [Fr.] A critical exami- 
nation; critical remark; science of criticism. 

Croak (krok), ?;. h. [Imitative.— Cf. L. crocire, to 
croak: found in many languages.] [pp. croak- 
ing, croaked.] To make a hoarse noise like a 
frog; to caw: — to murmur; to complain. — 2, v. 
A cry, as of a frog or a raven. [pessimist. 

Croak'er, n. One who croaks; an alarmist; a 

Cro'at, )/. A native of Croatia. 

Cro-chet' (kro-sha'), n. [Fr., dim. of croc, a hook, 
a crook.] A kind of knitting made with a small 



a, e, I, o, ii, y, long ; a., e, i, o, 5, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, %, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 



CROCK 



175 



CEUCIAL 




Crocodile. 



hook : — a hook for knitting. — 2, v. n. & v. a. 
[pp. crocheting, crocheted.] To knit -with a 
crochet. 

Crock, n. [A.-S. crocea; Dut. kruik; Sw. Jcrulca; 
Ger. krug ; Celt. crog. — Cf. Skr. karaka, a water- 
pot ; Cornish crogen, Welsh crngen, a shell.] A 
vessel : — a seat :— black soot.— 2, v. a. [pp. crock- 
ing, crocked.] To defile with smut or soot. — 
3, v. n. To become smutty or sooty. 

Crock'er-x, n. Earthen-ware. 

Croc'o-dile, or Croc'o-dile, it. [Gr. KpoicoSeiXos, a 
lizard.] A huge rep- . 

Croc-o-dTl'e-an, )«. A ISiSSSBfc^"-""--- •'-'-" 

Croc-o-dll'i-an, /reptile 3^^ 
of the crocodile kind. 

Cro'cus, ». [L. ; Gr. Kp6- 
kos; Arab, karkum; Skr, 
kunkvmcu] L. pi. Cro'- 
ci ; Eng. Cro'cus-es. 
A genus of early' flow- 
ering plants: — a yellow powder; a metal cal- 
cined. 

Croft, n. [A.-S.— Cf. Dut. kroft, a hillock, a down 
or ridge.] A little farm. 

Croft'er. n. The tenant of a little farm. 

Crom'ieph, n. [Welsh crom, bent, and llech, a 
stone.] A series of huge, flat stones raised upon 
other stones set up on end. 

Crone, n. [0. Dut. karonie, kronie, an old sheep : 
from Local Fr. carone, Fr. charogne, carrion (q. v.).) 
An <>ld ewe : — an old woman. 

Cro'ny, n. A bosom companion; an associate. 

Crook '(krCik) [krok, S. II'. I. K. C], ». [Sw. krok ; 
Dut. kreuk; Dan. krog ; Welsh, crwg ; Fr. croc] 
Any thing bent; a bend ; a curve ; a shepherd's 
honk. — .', r. a. [pp. crooking, crooked (kriikt).] 
To make crooked. — 3, v. n. To bend ; to be bent. 

Crook'ed (krdk'ed), a. Bent; not straight ; wind- 
ing ; oblique : — perverse ; untoward :— dishonest. 

Crook'ed-ly. (kruk'ed-le), ad. Not in a straight 
line :— untowardly ; not compliantly. 

Croon, v. n. [Scot. — Cf. Ger. rauncn, to whisper.] 
[lip. crooning, crooned.] To utter a low, mur- 
muring sound; to sing in a low tone; to hum. 
— 2, v. a. To sing or utter in a crooning tone. — 
3, n. A moan ; a tune. 

Crop, ». [A.-S., ear of corn, bird's craw, cluster, 
or bunch ; Dut. krop ; Ger. kropf.] The harvest; 
prod 1 1 ce : — bird's craw. — 2, v. a. [pp. cropping, 
cropped.] To cut off; to mow ; to reap : — to feed 
on. — 3, v. n. To pasture; to eat. [cropped. 

Crop'-eared (krop'erd), a. Having the ears 

Crop'per, n. A severe fall, as from a horse. 

Cro-quet' (krd-ka'), n. [Fr., dim. of croc, a hook, 
a crook.] A kind of game. 

Cro-quette' (kro-kef), ». [Fr., from croquer, to 
crush, to crunch.] A highly-spiced force- meat 
1 >all rolled in bread-crumbs and fried. 

Cro'sier (krf/zher), n. [Late L. crocia, crochia, a 
crook; L. crux, cruris, across; 0. Prov. croisier.] 
An archbishop's pastoral staff. 

Cross (kros or kraus^, n. [L. crur, cruci*, 0. Fr. 
crots, O. Norman croiz, Prov. cros, ant.:, a cross.] 
One straight body or line placed at right angles 
over another: — a gibbet: — the ensign of the 
Chiistian religion : — misfortune; vexation : — an 
animal or a plant produced by interbreeding or 
mixing breeds; a hybrid. — 2, a. Transverse; 
oblique .- — peevish.— 3, v. a. [pp. crossing, 
crossed.] To lay athwart :— to sign with the 
cross : — to cancel : — to pass over : — to thwart: to 
embarrass; to perplex. — i, v. n. To lie athwart 
another thing. 

Cross'bar, n. Part of a carriage ; a lever. 

Cross'-bill, n. Bill of a defendant :— a bird with 
crossed mandibles. 

Cross' -b5w. it. A weapon for shooting. 

Cross'-breed. ». The offspring of parents of dif- 
ferent breeds : — applied to animals. 

Cross' -bun, n. A cake marked with a cross. 



Cross-e?-am-i-na'tiou, n. Examination of a wit- 
ness of one party by the opposite party. 

Cross-ex-am'ine, v. a. [pp. cross-examining, 
cross-examined.] To examine a witness pro- 
duced by the opposite party ; to cross-question. 

Cross'-eyed (-id), a. Having both eyes turned 
toward the nose. [transverse : — ill-natured. 

Cross'-grained (kros'grand), a. Having the fibres 

Cross'ing, n. An impediment; opposition: — in- 
tersection : — the act or process of interbreeding 
or mixing breeds. 

Cross-ques'tion (-kwest'yun), r. a. [pp. cross- 
questioning,' cross-questioned.] To cross-ex- 
' amine. 

Cross' -road, n. A road which crosses a road. 

Crotch, n. [Icel. kroka, Fr. croc, crochet, a hook. 
— See Crook and Crutch.] A hook : — the fork 
of a tree. 

Crotch'et, n. [See Crotch and Crochet.] A note 
in music equal to half a minim; a quarter-note : 
— a piece of timber for a support : — marks or 
hooks in printing, [thus" : — a whim. 

Crotch'et-y, «. Whimsical. 

Cro'ton-bil, it. [Gr. Kponuv, a tick : the seed 
whence the oil is derived resembles a tick.] A 
highly purgative oil. 
I Crouch, v. ». [Variant of Crook.] [pp. crouch- 
ing, crouched.] To stoop low ; to cringe. 

Croup (krop), n. [Fr. croupe.— Cf. Icel. kvopr, a 
hunch: akin to Crop and Group.] The rump 
of a fowl ; the buttocks of a horse : — [Scot, croup 
or croicp, to speak hoarsely ; Local E. crop, the 
throat.— Cf. Crop, and Ger. kropf, goitre] a dis- 
ease in the throat. 

Crou'pi-er, n. [Fr. ; croupe, the rump of a horse, 
the end.— See Crupper.] One who presides at 
the lower end of a table :— one who presides at a 
gaming-table. 

Crow (kro), n. [A.-S. craice ; Dan. krage ; Dut. 
larau ; Ger. krahe.] A large, black . / * v ■ 
bird:— the noise of the cock:— WX y,L '' 
an iron lever.— 2, c. n. [A.-S. 




cnm-cni, Ger. kreihen: imitative] 

[i. crew- or crowed; pp. crowing 

crowed.] To make the noise of< 

a cock: — to boast; to exult; to 

bluster. Crow ' 

Crow' -bar, n. An iron bar, used as a lever. 
Crowd, ». [A.-S. croda.] A confused multitude; 

the populace : — [Welsh, crwth] a fiddle.— 2, r. a. 

[A.-S. creodan, Dut. kruijen, to push.] [pp. 

crowding, crowded.] To press close together; 

to fill confusedly; to encumber; to urge. — 

3, v. n. To swarm ; to be numerous. 
Crow' foot (kro'ffit), n. ; pi. Crow'foots. [Proba- 
bly a corruption of A.-S. clufu-yrt, a buttercup; 

clvf, a clue, a bulb, and wy'rt, wort.] A plant, 

the buttercup. 
Crown, n. [Fr. couronne ; L. corona, a garland; 

Gr. /copcoi-T), the curved end of a bow; Kopwi/t'?, 

curved : Welsh crum, round.] A diadem worn 

on the heads of emperors, kings, 

and ether sovereigns :— top of the 

head : — regal power : — honor : — 

a silver coin : — a garland : — com- 
pletion. — 2, v. a. [pp. crowning, 

crowned.] To invest with the 

crown; to adorn: — to reward: 

— to complete. 
Crb-frn' -glass, n. A fine sort of 

window-glass. [a large flower. trown. 

Crb'&n'-im-pe'ri-al, n. A bulbous plant having 
Crbwn'iiig, n. the finishing of any decoration. — 

2, «. Completing : — rising in the middle. 
Crb<vn'-pa-per, n. A variety of [ aper. so named 

from having had the water-mark of the crown. 
Crown' -wheel, n. The upper wheel of a watch. 
Crow's'-foot (-fut), n.; pi. Crow's'-feet. Wrin- 
kles under the eyes : — a plant, crow-foot. 
Cru'ci-al (kru'she-al), a. [L. crux, cruris, a cross 

(q. ».)".] Transverse :— decisive. 




mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, Q, c, £, soft ; q, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



CRUCIBLE 



176 



CUCURBITACEOUS 



Cru'ci-ble, n. [Late L. crucibulum : akin to Cruse 
and' Crock.] A chemist's melting-pot. 

Cru-cif'er-ous, a. [L. crux, cruets, a cross, and 
ferre, to bear.] Having cross-shaped flowers. 

Cru'ci-f ix, n. [L. crucifixns, crucified.] A repre- 
sentation, in painting or in sculpture, of Christ 
on the cross. 

Cru-ci-fix'ion (krit-se-f Ik'shun), n. The act of 
crucifying': — the death of Christ. 

Cru r ci-fbrm, a. [L. crux, a cross, and forma, form.] 
Having the form of a cross. 

Cru'ci-fy, v. a. [L. crncifigere, crucifixns; crux, a 
cross, emdfigere, to fasten.] [pp. crucifying, cru- 
cified.] To put to death by nailing to the cross : 
— to subdue or overcome. [ — unrefined. 

Crude, a. [L. crudus, raw.] Raw ; harsh ; unripe : 

Crude'ly, ad. In a crude manner. 

Crude'ness, n. State of being crude. 

Cru'di-ty, »• Unripeness; crudeness. 

Cru'ei, a. [Fr. ; L. crudeUs, severe; crudus, raw, 
harsh.] Inhuman; hard-hearted; savage. 

Cru'el-ly, ad. In a cruel manner. 

Cru'el-ty, re. Quality of being cruel; barbarity. 

Cru'et, n. [Dim. of '0. Fr. cruye, a pitcher.— See 
Crock.] A vial for vinegar or oil. 

Crui§e (kruz), re. [Dut. kruisen, to cross; kruis, a 
cross.] A voyage to and fro. — 2, v. n. [pp. cruis- 
ing, cruised.] To sail about. 

Cruis'er, re. A person or vessel that cruises. 

Crumb, or Crfim, n. [A.-S. cruma; Dut. kruim; 
Dan. krumme ; Ger. krnme. — See Crumble.] The 
soft part of bread : — a small particle of bread : 
— a fragment. [The etymology is in favor of 
crura; yet crumb is quite as common.] — 2, v. a. 
[pp. crumbing, crumbed (krumd).] To break 
into small pieces. 

Crum'ble, v. a. & v. n. [Ger. krumeln ; Dut. krui- 
melen.] [pp. crumbling, crumbled.] To break 
into pieces. 

Criim'pet, re. [Cf. A.-S. crompeht, wrinkled: root 
of Cramp.] A kind of soft cake. 

Crum'ple, v. a. [Frequentative of Cramp. — Cf. 
A.-S. crump, bent; Ger. krumm, crooked.] [pp. 
crumpling, crumpled.] To draw into wrinkles. 
— 2, v. n. To shrink up; to contract. 

Crum'pled (krum'pld), a. Twisted ; crooked. 

Criim'py, a. Brittle ; crisp. 

Crunch, v. a. [See Craunch: imitative.] [pp. 
crunching, crunched.] To chew with noise. 

Crup'per [krup'per, Wb.], n. [Fr. croupiere; 
croupe, the rump.] A leather passing under a 
horse's tail, to keep a saddle right. [the leg. 

Cru'ral, o. [L. cms, cruris, the leg.] Belonging to 

Cru-sade', j?. [Prov. crosada ; Fr. croisade. — See 
Cross.] An expedition under the banner of the 
cross, to recover the Holy Land : — a Portuguese 
coin stamped with a cross. 

Cru-sad'er, v. One employed in a crusade. 

Cruse, n.' [Dut. kroes; Icel. krus: akin to Crock.] 
A small cup or vial ; a cruet. 

Crush, v. a. [Dan. kryste, Icel. kreijsla, to squeeze.] 
[ pp. crashing, crushed.] To bruise ; to squeeze ; 
to subdue.— 2, n. A collision ; the act of rush- 
ing together : — a dense crowd. 

Crust, n. [L. crnsta.] The hard, outer part of 
bread; ah external coat, covering, or case. — 
2, v. a. [pp. crusting, crusted.] To envelop ; to 
cover with a case ; to encrust. — 3, v. n. To gather 
or contract a crust. 

Crus-ta'ce-a (krus-ta'she-a) [-sha, H.], n. pi. [Neo- 
Latin, from L. crusta, a crust.] A class of articu- 
lated animals, as the lobster, crab, &c, having 
a shelly coating or crust. 

Crus-ta'cean (-slian), re. A crustaceous animal. 

Crus-ta-ce-ol'o-i-j:, re. That part of zoology which 
treats of crustaceous animals. 

Crus-ta'ceous (krus-ta'shus), a. Relating to the 
Crustacea; shelly; jointed. 

Criist'i-ly, ad. Peevishly ; snappishly. 

Crfist'i-ness, n. Quality of being crusty. 

Crust' y, a. Covered with a crust : — morose. 



Crutch, n. [A softened form of Crook.— Cf. Dut. 
krtik, Dan. krykke, Ger. kriicke, a crutch. — See 
Crook, and Crotch.] A support used by crip- 
ples :— a brace; a crotch.— 2, v. a. [pp. crush- 
ing, crutched.] To support on crutches. 

Crux, n. ; pi. Cru'ces. [L.] A cross; a thing very 
tormenting : — a very great difficulty to critics. 

Cry, v. n. [Fr. crier; L. quiritare, to cry; freq. of 
queri, to complain.] [pp. crying, cried.] To call 
aloud ; to exclaim ; to clamor : — to weep as a 
chilrl ; to lament. — 2, v. a. To proclaim ; to make 
public. — 3, n. Lamentation ; weeping :— clamor; 
outcry. 

Cry'ing\ a. Demanding punishment or vengeance. 

Cry'o-lite, n. [Gr. /cpiio?, frost, ice, and Atflos, a 
stone.] A valuable Greenland mineral. 

Crypt, n. [L. crypto, Gr. /cpvn-Trj, a vault ; tcpvirreiv, 
to hide.] A subterranean cell or cave ; a grave. 

Cryp'to-g-am, n. A plant which has no true flowers. 

Cryp-to-ga'mi-a, n. pi. [Gr. kpvttto<;, hidden, and 
yap.etv, to marry.] Cryptogamous plants. 

Cryp-to-gam'ic, "I a. Having the fructification 

Cryp-tog'a-mous, J concealed. 

Cryp-togr'a-my, n. Concealed fructification. 

Cryp'to-gram, or Cryp'to-graph, n. A writing in 
secret characters or ciphers. 

Cryp-to-graph'ic, a. Relating to cryptography. 

Cryp-tog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. Kpvirros, hidden, and 
yp<£<f>eiv, to write. ] Writing in secret characters. 

Crys'tal, n. [L. crystallum; Gr. KpvcrraAAo?, ice, 
crystal ; <pvo^, frost.] A regular solid body : — 
a kind of glass : — the glass of a watch-case. — 
2, a. Consisting of crystal ; crystalline; clear. 

Crys'tal-line, or Crys'tal-line, a. [Gr. Kpvo-raA- 
Aii'o?.] Consisting of or like crystal ; transpar- 
ent; clear. 

Crys-tal-li-za'tion, r>. Act of crystallizing. 

Crys'tal-Hze, v. a. [Gr. KpvcrraAAt^eu'.] [pp. crys- 
tallizing, crystallized.] To form into crystals. — 
2, v. n. To change into crystals. 

Crys-tal-log'ra-phy, n. [Gr. Kpiio-raAAos, crystal, 
and ypdcfreiv,' to write.] The doctrine or science 
of crystallization. 

Cub, re. [Irish cuib, a whelp; cu, a dog.] The 
young of a beast, as a bear or a fox. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
cubbing, cubbed.] To bring forth (used of beasts). 

Cube, n. [L. cnbus ; Gr. kv/3o?.] A regular solid 
body with six square and equal sides : — the prod- 
uct of a number multiplied twice into itself. — 
Cube root, the number that produces the cube: 
as, 3 is the cube root of 27. — 2, v. a. [pp. cubing, 
cubed.] To raise to the third power. 

Cu'beb, n. [Arab, kababan; Hind, kubaba.] A 
small, spicy, dried berry. 

Cu'bic, 'la. [L. cubicus: Gr. kvj3ik6?.] Relating 

Cu'bi-cal, J to or having the form of a cube. 

Cu'bit, n. [Gr. nvfiiTov, L. cubitum, the elbow (that 
on which one reclines). — Cf. L. cubare, to lie 
down ; Gr. KVTijeiv, to bend.] The forearm : — the 
arm from the elbow to the wrist : — a measure. 
The Hebrew cubit was nearly 23 inches; the 
Roman, \iy 2 . 

Cu'boid, \a. [Gr. /cvjSoeiSjfc; kv/So?, a cube, 

Cu-bbid'al, | and el5o?, form.] Relating to or re- 
sembling a cube. 

Cuck' ing-stool, v. [Etymology doubtful.] An 
engine for punishing scolds; a ducking-stool. 

Cuck'old, n. [0. Fr. coucuol; from coucou, a cuckoo. 
The 'cuckoo lays eggs in other birds' nests.] The 
husband of an adulteress. 

Cuck'66, or Cuck'ow, n. [Fr. concern; L. cuculus; 
Skr. kulila : imitative of its note.] A well-known 
bird of various species. 

Cu-cul'late, or Cu'cul-late, a. [L. cucidlalus, 
hooded; cucullus, a hood.] Hooded. 

Cu'cum-ber, n. [L. cucumis, cuevmeris.'] A plant 
and its fruit. [an East Indian evergreen. 

Cu'cum-ber-tree, n. A fine American shade-tree; 

Cu'cur-bit, ». [L. cucurbita, a gourd.] A gourd- 
shaped chemical vessel. 

Cu-ciir-bi-ta'ceous (-shus), a. Like a gourd. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, y, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



CUD 



177 



CURACY 



Cud, n. [A form of Quid.— See Chew.] Food re- 
posited in the first stomach of an animal in order 
to rumination :— something to he chewed. 

Cud'bear, ». [From Cuthberl Gordon, who brought 
it into use.] A purple dyestuff. 

Cud'dle, v. n. [Frequentative word from A.-S. 
cud, close, familiar, well known, 0. E. couth, 
well known, froui A.-S. cunnan, to know; but 
cf. Huddle.] [pp. cuddling, cuddled.] To lie 
close or snug; to hug. 

Cud'dy, n. [From Cuddle.] An apartment in a 
ship'; a cook-room: — a three-legged stand: — a 
clown. 

Cud'gel, ??. [Welsh cogyl, a staff; Gael, cuigeal, a 
distaff; dim. forms, akin to Irish cuaill, a pole. — 
Cf. Gr. nav\6s, a stalk.] A short stick to strike 
with. — 2, v. a. [pp. cudgelling, cudgelled.] To 
beat with a stick ; to cane. 

Cue, n. [Fr. queue, a tail, a stick; L. cauda, a 
tail.] The tail or end of any thing: — a hint; 
an intimation : — a rod used in billiards. 

Cuff, n. [Sw. kuffa, to push ; Local Ger. kuffen, to 
box.] A blow with the fist ; a box ; a stroke : — 
[Cf. 0. & Local Ger. kuffe, a coif (q. v.); etymol- 
ogy doubtful] the fold at the end of a sleeve : — 
a band worn on the wrist. — 2, v. n. [pp. cuffing, 
cuffed.] To fight.— 3, v. a. To strike. 

Cui-rass' (kwe-ras') [kwe'ras, P. J. Sin.], n. [Fr. 
cuirasse; Span, coraza; L. coriaceus, leathern; 
corium, leather.] A breastplate. 

Cui-ras-sier' (kwe-ras-ser'), n. [Fr.] A soldier in 
a breastplate ; a heavy cavalryman. 

Cuish (kwis), u. [Fr. cuisse, the thigh; L. coxa, 
the hip.] Armor for the thighs. 

Cui-sine' (kwe-zen'), n. [Fr. ; Ital. cucina, a 
kitchen (g. v.)-] A kitchen: — cookery. 

Cul-dee§' [kiil'dez, S. J. F. Wb. St. /.], n. pi. 
[Gael. cuiUeuch ; either from Gael, yille, a ser- 
vant, and de, God, or L. cultor Lei, worshipper 
of God.] Monks in Scotland. 

Cul-de-sac', n. [Fr. ; cul, bottom, and sac, a sack.] 
A blind passage. [Kelating to cookery. 

Cu'li-na-rjj, «. [L. culinarius; cnliiia, a kitchen.] 

Cull, v. a. [Fr. cueittir, L. colligere, to collect 
(q. v.).] [pp. culling, culled.] To select from 
others; to pick out. 

Culls, n. pi. [See Cull.] Timber, oysters, or other 
goods of inferior gra le. 

Cul'ly, n. [L. cuius, Fr. cul, the breech : the term 
was at first one of insult, and is still low or 
vulgar.] A man deceived ; a vile wretch. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. cullying, cullied.] To befool ; to cheat. 

Culm, n. [Welsh culm, Local E. coom, smut. — 
Cf. Ger. kuhm, mould; Fr. ecume, scum (q. v.), 
refuse.] A kind of coal : — coal-dust : — [L. cubnus, 
a stalk. — See Haulm] the stem or stalk of grass. 

Cul'men, ». [L. ; a form of columen, the top. — See 
Column.] A summit; a roof. 

Cul-mif'er-ous, a. Producing stalks or culm. 

Cul'mi-nal, a. Pertaining to the culmen or top. 

Cfil'mi-nate, v. n. [See Culmen.]' [pp. culmi- 
nating, culminated.] To be vertical or in the 
meridian ; to rise to the highest point. 

Cul-mi-na'tion, n. The act of culminating; the 
top :— transit of a planet through the meridian. 

Ciil-pa-bll'i-ty, it. State of being culpable. 

Cul'pa-ble, a. [L. culpabilis, blameworthy; cul- 
pare, to blame ; culpa, a fault.] Criminal ; guilty ; 
blamable ; blameworthy. 

Cfil'pa-bly, ad. In a culpable manner. 

CQl'prit, n. [Law L. culpatus, accused. — See Cul- 
pable: the English is a corrupted form.] A 
person arraigned ; a criminal. 

Cult, n. [L. cultus, worship ; colere, cultum, to 

. tend, to cultivate, — hence, to worship.] 'Worship; 
religious ceremonies. 

Cul'ti-va-ble, a. Capable of cultivation. 

CQl'ti-vate, v. a. [Fr. ctdtiver, Ital. collivare, L. 
colere, cultus, to till; Late L. atltiinis, tilled.] 
-[pp. cultivating, cultivated.] To improve by 
tillage, care, or study ; to till. 



Cul'ti-vat-ed, p. a. Improved by culture ; tilled. 

Cul-ti-va'ticn, K. The act of cultivating ; culture. 

Cul'ti-va-tor, n. One who cul- 
tivates ; & farmer : — an agricul- 
tural implement. 

Cult' lire (kult'yur), n. [L. cid- 
tura, tillage; colere, cultum, to 
till.] Cultivation; tillage :— the ^ ultlvator - 
discipline and enlightenment acquired by intel- 
lectual training; high civilization ; refinement: 
— development by training. — 2, v. a. [pp. cult- 
uring, cultured.] To cultivate. 

Cul'tus, n. [L.] Cult; culture; worship, [dove. 

Cul'ver, k. [A.-S. culfre ; L. cohuuba.] A pigeon or 

Cul'ver-in, n. [L. colubrimts, 0. Fr. couleuvriu, 
serpent-like ; L. colubra, a snake. Different 
kinds of cannon were named from snakes and 
other animals, as the basilisk, drake, falcon, 
serpentine, and others.] A species of ordnance. 

Cul'vert, h. [0. Fr. coulou'ere, a channel ; couler, 
to trickle; L. colare, to filter.— See Colander.] 
An arched drain for the passage of water : — an 
arched bridge or passage. 

Cfim'ber, v. a. [Fr. encombre, a hinderanre ; 0. Fr. 
combrer, to hinder; Ger. hummer, trouble, rub- 
bish; Late L. cumbrvs, L. cumulus, a heap.] 
[pp. cumbering, cumbered.] To embarrass; to 
encumber. — 2, /<. Hinderauce : — distress : — em- 
barrassment. 

Cum'ber-less, a. Free from anxiety. 

Cum'ber-s5me, a. Troublesome; burdensome. 

Cum'brance, n. Hinderance; encumbrance. 

Cum'brous, a. Troublesome; burdensome. 

Cum'broiis-ness, n. Quality of being cumbrous. 

Cum'in, n. [L. cuminum, cyminum; Gr. kv/xivov; 
Heb. kammoiu] An aromatic annual plant. 

Cu'mu-late, v. a. [L. annulare, cumulutum ; cumu- 
lu*, a heap.] [pp. cumulating, cumulated.] To 
accumulate. 

Cu'mu-la-tlve, «. Increasing by additions. 

Cu'mu-lus, n. [L., a heap.] A heaped-up rain- 
cloud. 

Cu-ne'i-fdrm, a. [L. cuneus, a wedge, and form<t, 
a form.] Formed like a wedge. 

Cun'ner, n. See Conner. 

Cun'ni'ng, a. [A.-S. cunnan, to know.— See Can.] 
Skilful; artful:— sly; subtle; crafty.— 2, u. Ar- 
tifice; slyness; ait. 

Cun'ning-ly, ad. Iu a cunning manner; slyly. 

Cup, n. [A.-S. cuppe ; Dut. hop; L. cupa, a cask; 
Gr. kvttt), a hole ; Skr. kupa, a pit.] A dnnking- 
vessel : — a part of a flower. — 2, v. a. [pp. cup- 
ping, cupped.] To draw blood by scarification. 

Cup'board (kub'burd), n. [Cup and board.] A 
case' with shelves for provisions, &c. 

Cu'pel, n. [Gr. KvneWov, a cup.] A shallow 
vessel, crucible, or cup, used in assaying the 
precious metals. [metals. 

Cu-pel-la'tion, n. The act of assaying or refining 

Cu-pid'i-ty, «• [Fr. cupiditc ; L. cupiditas; eupere, 
to desire'; cwpido, cvpidis, desire.] Unreasonable 
desire, particularly for wealth; aiarice. 

Cu'po-la, ii. [It., dim. from L. cupa, a cask, — 
later, a cup (q. ».).] A dome ; an arched roof. 

Cup'per, n. One who cups; a scarifier. 

Cup'ping, n. A method of letting blood. 

Cu'pre-ous, a. [L. cupreus ; from cuprum, copper 
(q. v.).] Coppery ; consisting of copper. 

Cu-prif'er-ous, a. [L. cuprum, copper, and ferre, 
to bear.] Producing copper. 

Cu'pule, n. [L. cupula, dim. of cupa, a cask, a cup 
(q. v.).] (Bot.) The cup of the acorn, &c. 

Ciir, «. [Local Sw. Icurre, 0. Dut. horre, a dog; 
Scand. hurra, to growl : imitative. — Cf. Skr. kur- 
kura, a dog.] A dog : — a mean man. 

Cu-ra-bil'i-ty, n. Possibility of being cured. 

Cu'ra-ble, a. That may be cured or healed. 

Cu-ra-coa' (kti-ra-so'), n. [From the island of Cu- 
rac'oa, West Indies.] A cordial flavored with 
orange-peel and spices. 

Cii'ra-cy, n. Office or employment of a curate. 



mien, si'r ; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, Q, c,£, soft; fS, p, p, §, hard; § as z; 5 as gz; tnis, 



CUR ARE 



178 



CUSTODIAN 



Cfi-ra're, \ n. [South-American.] A 
Cu-ra'ri, J son used by certain triL 



A deadly poi- 
ibes of South 
America to poison their arrows; woovari. 

Cii'rate, n. [Late L. curalus; L. curu, care, — later, 
the' cure of souls.] A clergyman hired to per- 
form the duties of another; a parish priest. 

Cu'ra-tive, a. Tending to cure diseases. 

Cu-ra'tor, ». [L. ; cum, care.] One who has the 
care of something; a superintendent ; a guardian. 

Curb, w. [Fr. courier, to bend; courbe, a curve 
(q. v.), a curb.] Part of a bridle : — restraint ; in- 
hibition : — a frame round the mouth of a well. — 
2, v. a. [pp. curbing, curbed.] To restrain; to 
check ; to bridle. 

Curb'-stone, i*. A thick stone placed at the edge 
of a stone pavement, or by a well. 

Cur-cu'li-o, u. [L.] A name applied to beetles, 
embracing species destructive to fruits. 

Curd, n. [Irish, crvth; Gael, grolh; A.-S. & Scot. 
crud.] The coagulated part of milk. — 2, v. a. & 
v. n. [pp. curding, curded.] To curdle. 

Ciir'dle, v. n. [pp. curdling, curdled.] To coagu- 
late; to concrete. — 2, v. a. To cause to coagulate. 

Curd'y, a. Coagulated ; full of curd. 

Cure, >i. [L. euro, care ; recovery as a result of 
care.] A remedy ; a restorative : — act or process 
of recovery or of healing : — employment of a cu- 
rate; curacy. — 2, v. a. [pp. curing, cured.] To 
heal ; to restore to health : — to salt and preserve. 

Cure (ku-ra'), w. [Fr. — See Curate.] A parish 
priest. 

CUr'few (kiir'fu), n. [Fr. couvre-feu, cover-fire.] 
An evening bell, a signal for extinguishing fires. 

Cu'ri-o, n. [Abbreviation of curiosity.] A name 
common to Chinese and Japanese curiosities. 

Cu-ri-os'i-ty, n. Quality of being curious; in- 
quisitiv'eness : — something rare ; a rarity. 

Cu'ri-ous, «. [L. curiosus, careful; cura, atten- 
tion.] Inquisitive; rare; accurate; nice. 

Cu'ri-ous-ly, ad. In a curious manner. 

Curl', n. [Dut. krul, 0. E. end, a curl ; Dut. krul- 
len, Dan. kro'lle, to curl.] A ringlet of hair; 
wave; flexure. — 2, v. a. [pp. curling, curled.] 
To turn in ringlets; to twist. — 3, v. n. To 
shrink into ringlets ; to bend : — to play at curl- 
ing. [A kind of water-fowl. 

Ciir'lew (kiir'lu), n. [It. chiurlo ; 0. Fr. coiiieu.] 

Ciirl'i-ness, n. The state of being curly. 

Ciirl'jng, n. A game played on the ice. 

Curl'y, a - Having curls; tending to curl. 

Cur-mud'i-eon (kur-mud'jun), n. [Probably for 
0. E. coru-mndging, corn-hoarding; 0. Fr. mu- 
elder, to conceal : the old derivation from Fr. 
con\r mediant, evil heart, is unhistorical.] A 
churlish fellow ; a miser; a niggard; a churl. 

Cur'rant (kur'rant) [kur'ran, S. W. J.], n. [From 
Corinth, whence small raisins were exported.] A 
shrub and its fruit :— a small raisin from Greece. 

Cur'ren-cy, n. Circulation : — the money of a 
eouhtry/or the paper passing as money. 

Cur'rent, a. [L. currere, currentis, to run.] Gen- 
erally received; common; general: — passable: 
— now passing. — Current money, money that 
passes at a fixed value. — 2, n. A running 
stream ; course. 

Cur'rent-ly, ad. In a current manner ; popularly. 

Cfir'ri-cle, n. [L. curriculum, a course; currere, to 
run.] An open chaise with two wheels. 

Cur-ric'u-lum, n. [L.] The prescribed course of 
'studies in a school or a university. 

Cur'ri-er, n. One who dresses leather. 

CuVrish., a. Like a cur ; brutal ; morose. 

Cur'rish-ly, ad. In a brutal or surly manner. 

Cur'rish-ness, w. Moroseness ; churlishness. 

Cur'ry, v. a. [Fr. courroyer, to dress cloth ; 0. Fr. 
conroier ; con-, together, and roi, for urroi, array.] 
[pp. currying, curr.ed.] To dress leather: — to 
drub; to rub, as a horse: — [to "curry favor" is 
in 0. E. to " curry favel ;" favel is an 0. E. name 
for a horse, 0. Fr. fauvel] to seek or obtain by 
flattery.— 2, n. [Per. khur, meat, flavor.— Cf. 



Dravidian leura, esculent, also the name of a 
plant used in curry. j A highly-spiced East 
Indian mixture : — a stew flavored wiih curry : — 
a curry-comb. [currying horses. 

Cur'ry-comb (kur're-kom), n. An iron comb for 

Curse, v. a. [A.-S. cursian; probably allied to 
Dan. horse, to make the sign of the cross {q. v.). 
The sign of the cross was once used in cursing 
as well as in blessing.] [pp. cursing, cursed.] 
To wish evil to ; to execrate. — 2, v. n." To utter 
imprecations. — 3, k. Woe denounced against an 
offender; a malediction ; affliction; torment. 

Curs'ed, a. Blasted by a curse ; hateful. 

Ciirs'ed-ness, n. State of being under a curse : — 
short or bad temper ; shrewishness. 

Cur'sive, a. [L. cursivus, running; currere, cur- 
sum, to run.] Running; rapid. 

Cur-so're§, n. pi. [L. for "runners."] An order 
of birds characterized by wings useless for flight, 
and by legs remarkable for length and strength. 
It comprises the ostriches, rheas, emeus, &c. 

Ciir'so-ri-ly, ad. In a cursory manner; hastily. ' 

Ciir'so-ry, a. [Late L. cursorius ; L. cursor, a run- 
ner.] Hasty; quick; slight; careless. 

Cur'sus, n. [L.] A course ; a race. 

Curt, a. [L. curtus, cut short.] Short; curtailed; 
mutilated : — tart. 

Cur-tail', v. a. [0. E. curtail, a short-tailed horse; 
'Fr. courtaud, 0. Fr. courtaidt, docked, short ; It. 
cortaldo, docked.] [pp. curtailing, curtailed.] 
To cut short off to shorten. 

Cur-tail' ment, «. The act of curtailing or state 
of being curtailed : — a reduction ; a diminution. 

Ciir'tajn (kiir'tin), n. [0. Fr-. cortine, Late L. 
cortina, an enclosure ; L. cors, chors, a yard, a 
court (q. v.).] A cloth hanging round a bed, at 
a window, or in a theatre. — (Fort.) Part of a 
wall between two bastions. — 2, v. a. [pp. cur- 
taining, curtained.] To furnish with curtains. 

Cur'ti-lage, n. [0. Fr. courtilage, for courtil, a 
court-yard. ] (Law.) A court-yard near a mes- 
suage or dwelling-house. 

Curt'ly., ad. In a curt, brief manner. 

Curt'ness, n. Shortness; tartness. 

Ciirt'sy., n. See Courtesy. 

Cu'rule, a. [L. curulis; currus, a chariot.] Be- 
longing to a chariot. 

Cur-va'tion, n. The act of bending : — curvature. 

Ciir'va-ture, n. Crookedness; flexure. 

Curve' (kiirv), a. [L. citrous, bent. — Cf. Circle, 
and 0. Slavic Jerivu, Lith. kreicas, Gr. Kvpro?, 
bent.] Crooked ; beut ; inflected. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
curving, curved.] To bend; to crook; to inflect. 
— 3, v. n. To bend in a curve or in curves; to 
wind. — 4, ». Any thing bent : — part of a circle. 

Cur-vet', or Cur'vet, v. n, [pp. curveting, cur- 
veted.] To leap, as a horse ; to bound ; to frisk. 
— 2, v. a. To cause to make curvets. 

Cur'vet, n. [It. corvetla; Fr. courbetle.—See Curve.] 
A leap ; a bound. 

Cur-vi-lin'e-ar. «. [L. curvus, bent, and linen, a 
line.] Consisting of i 
curved lines. 

Ciir'vi-ty, n. Crookedness; curvature. 

Cush'at, n. [A.-S. cusceote.] The wood-pigeon or 
ring-dove. 

Cush'ion (kush'im), n. [It. cucino; Sp. cojin ; Fr. 
coussin ; Ger. kissen ; L. culcita; Late L. culcili- 
mtm.] A pillow for a seat. — 2, v. a. [pp. cush- 
ioning, cushioned.] To furnish with cushions. 

Cusk, n. [Akin to torsk, tusk, and dorse, English & 
Scand. names of fishes.] A marine fish. 

Cusp, n. [L. cusp is, a. point.] A point; the horn 
of the moon. 

Cus'pa-dore, ) n. [Port, cuspidor; cospir, L. con- 

Cus'pi-dor, ) spuere, to spit.] A spittoon. 

Cus'pi-dat-ed, «. Ending in a point. 

Cfls'pis, »i. [L.] The sharp end of a thing. 

Cus'tard, n. [0. Fr. croustude, It. crostatu, a pie 
with a crust.] Food made of eggs, milk, &c. 

Cus-to'di-an, n. A keeper; a curator. 



' a curved line ; composed of 



u, y, long ; a., e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, last, fall; heir, her; 



CUSTODY 



179 



DABSTER 



Cus'to-dy, n. [L. custodia; cv.stos, cuslodis, a 

keeper.'] Imprisonment; security. 
Cus'tom, n. [Same in origin as Costume (q. v.) ; 

L. conmietudo, custom ; consuescere, consuere, to 

accustom ; con- intensive, and suescere, mere, to 

be accustomed.] The frequent repetition of the 

same act; habit; habitual practice; usage: — 

patronage : — [pi.] duties on exports and imports. 
Cus'tom-a-ble, a. Common : — liable to duties. 
Cus'tom-a-bly. ad. According to custom. 
Cus'tom-a-ri-ly, ad. Habitually ; commonly. 
Cus'tom-a-ry, a. Common ; usual. 
Cus'tom-er, re. An accustomed buyer : — a fellow. 
Cus'tom-house, n. A house where the duties 

upon goods imported or exported are collected. 
Cut, v. a. [Celt. ; Welsh cutau, to shorten ; Gael. 

attack, short; sgath, to cut off. — Cf. L. csedere, 

Skr. kadi, to cut ; Skr. Itatti, a knife.] [i. cut ; pp. 

cutting, cut.] To make an incision in ; to divide ; 

to hew ; to carve ; to pierce : — to shun ; to avoid. 

— 2, v. )i. To make use of an edged tool. — 3, n. 

A, gash or wound made by an edged tool; a 

blow : — a printed picture :— shape. 
Cu-ta'ne-ous, a. [Late L. cutaneus; cidis, skin.] | 

Belatihg to the skin. [gent drug, j 

Cutch, n. [Malay, cashu.] Catechu,— an astrin- , 
Cute, a. [For Acute.] Sharp; shrewd. [Colloq.] 
Cu'ti-cle, «. [L. cuticula, dim. of cutis, skin.] The ■ 

exterior membranous covering of the body ; the 

scarf-skin : — a thin skin. 
Cu-tic'ii-lar, a. Belonging to the skin. 
Cu'tis, n. ' [L.] The skin. 

Cut'lass, n. [Fr. coulelus ; It. colleUaccio, aug- 
mented form of coltello, L. cultettus, a knife, dim. 

of culler, a ploughshare.] A broad cutting sword. 
Cut'ler, n. [Fr. coutelier; Norman Fr. cotitlere ; L. 

cuUeRus, a knife.] One who makes knives, &c. 
Cut'ler-y, «• A cutler's business or ware. 
Cut'let, «. [Fr. colelette ; 0. Fr. costelette, dim. of 

caste, L. costa, a rib. J A small piece of meat; a 

steak. 
Cut'-off, n. That which cuts off, or is cut off: — a 

valve which closes a passage : — a canal which 

shortens the course of a river. 
Cut'piirse, re. A pickpocket ; a thief. [ — a sleigh. 
Cut'ter, re. One that cuts :— a fast-sailing vessel : 
Cut' throat, n. A murderer; an assassin. 
Cut' ting, re. A piece cut off; a chop; a branch. 
Cut' tie, or Cut'tle-fish, n. [A.-S. cudele ; 0. Dut. 

Jcidtel-vwch ; Ger. kvJtelfisch; possi- 
bly from Ger. kutlel, bowels ; more 

likely akin to 0. Fr. coutel, a knife, 

from the knife-like cuttle-bone.] 

A sort of mollusk ; a squid. 
Cut' tie-bone, n. The interior shell 

of the cuttle. 
Cut'-wa-ter, re. The fore part of a 

ship's prow: — the lower portion 

of a pier :— a bird. uuttie. 

Cut' worm (-wurm), n. A destructive insect. 
Cy'a-nide, n. (Chem.) A compound of cyanogen 

with an element. 
Cy-an'o-fen, n. [Gr. <vauo<;, blue, and yewdtiv, 

to produce.] (Cliem.) A bicarburet of nitrogen, 

a poisonous gas of strong odor. 




Cy-a-nom'e-ter, re. [Gr. ku'clvo?, blue, and ^irpov, 
a measure.] An instrument for measuring the 
intensity of the color of the sky. 

Cy'cle, n. [Gr. kvkAos, a circle.] A revolution 
of a certain period ; a period of time : — a circle. 

Cyc'lic [sik'lik, I. St.], a. [Gr. kvkAi/co?.] Relat- 
ing to a cycle ; moving or occurring in cycles. 

Cy'clbid, n. [Gr. kvk\o€iS^<; ; kvkKos, a circle, 
and elSos, form.] (Geom.) A kind of geometrical 
curve, which is traced out by any point of a circle 
rolling on a straight line. 

Cy-cloid'al, a. Relating to a cycloid. 

Cy'clone, n. [Gr. kvkAuiv, pies. part, of kvkXoslv, 
to whirl ; kvkAos, a circle.] A violent rotatory 
wind or storm. 

Cy-clo-pse'di-a (sT-klo-pe'de-a), n. [Gr. kukAo- 
TraiSt'a, the rbuud of knowledge ; /cukAo?, a circle, 
and -cuSeia, instruction ; 7rats, 7rai86?, a boy.] 
A circle or dictionary of the arts, sciences, and 
literature : — an encyclopaedia. 

Cy-clo-pe'an, or Cy-clo'pe-an, a. [Gr. kvkAoh//, a 
cyclops, a one-eyed giant; kvkAos, a circle, and 
(Li//, an eye.] Relating to the Cyclops; gigautic. 

Cy-clo-ped'ic, a. Resembling or of the nature 
of a cyclopaedia. 

Cyg'net (sig'net), n. [Dim. of Fr. cygne, a swan ; 
L. cygnus, Gr. kvkvos.] A young swan. 

Cyl'in-der, n. [Gr. tcvkcvSpos ; icv\ivSeiv, Kvkietv, 
to roll."] A long, round body ; a roller. 

Cy-Hn'dric, \a. Formed like or resembling a 

Cy-Hn'dri-cal, J cylinder. 

Cyl'in-drcid, n. A body resembling a cylinder. 

Cym'bal, n. [L. cyrrtbahua ; Gr. Kv^aKov. — Cf. 
Gr. kvix^os, a basin.] A clashing musical instru- 
ment, [swell.] (Bot.) An inflorescence. 

Cyme (slm), re. [Gr. Ku/aa, a sprout; Kveiv, to 

Cym'ling [simTing, J.], n. [Akin to Cymbal and 
to Gr. Kvixjii.ov, a hollow vessel.] A squash. 

Cy-mose', a. Relating to or like a cyme. 

Cyn'ic, u. A follower of Diogenes; a snarling 
philosopher : — a morose man ; a snarler. 

Cyn'ic, ) a. [Gr. kwlkos -, from kvwv, kkkos, a 

Cyn'i-cal, J dog; Skr. (nan, h. cams, Irish cu, E. 
hound \q. v.).] Having the qualities of a surly 
dog; snarling; snappish. 

Cyn'i-ci§m, re. Misanthropy; moroseness. 

Cy'no-sure, or Cyn'o-siire, n. [Gr. Kwoaovpa ; 
kvvos, of a dog, and ovpd, the tail. It is in the 
tail of the Lesser Bear (formerly the Dog), a 
constellation.] The star near the north pole, by 
which sailors steer : — point of attraction ; any 
thing used as a guide. 
i Cy'press, n. [Gr. Kv-rrdpicrao^ ; L. cupressus; Fr. 
cypr'&s.] An evergreen tree, — used to adorn 
tombs, and as an emblem of mourning. 

Cyp'ri-an, a. Relating to Cyprus : — lewd. 

Cyst, n.' [Gr. kvcttis, a bag, a holder; xveiv, to 
contain.] A bag or sac containing morbid matter. 

Cys'tic, a. Contained in a bag or cyst. 

Czar (zar), re. [Russ. tsar; from L. Civsnr.l The 
title of the emperor of Russia, [press of Russia. 

Cza-ri'na (za-re'na), re. [Russ. tsaaitsa.] The em- 

Czar'p-w'itz "(zar'o-wits), B . [Russ. tswrevich, czar's 
son.' — With -cich cf. Anglo-Norman jits, Fr. Jih, 
a son.] The title of the czar's sou. 



D, 



Dtbe fourth letter and third consonant of the 
j alphabet, is a dental and mute, and has a 
sound approaching to that of t, but vocalized. 
Dab, v. a. [A variant of Tap (q. v.) ; 0. Dut. dab- 
ben, to tap.] [pp. dabbing, dabbed.] To strike 
gently; to touch. — 2, ». A small lump :— a 
gentle blow :— [for daub] a soft substance :— [a 
corruption of adept] an adept ; a dabster. 



Dab'ble, v. a. [0. Dut. dabbelen, a freq. of dabben, 
to tap; sometimes in English a freq. of daub.] 
[pp. dabbling, dabbled.] To smear; to spatter. — 
2, v. n. To play in water : — to tamper. 

Dab'chick, n. [First syllable equivalent to dive 
or dip.] A small water-fowl. 

Dab'ster, n. [See Dab.] An adept in any 
thing. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, 5r, 5, £, soft; p, ja, c, §, hard; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 



DA CAPO 



180 



DANISH 




Da ca'po, ad. [It. for "from the head."] (Jlfiu.) 
Again; — signifying that the first part of the 
tune should be repeated. 

Dace, n. [0. Fr. dars ; Bret, darz ; from Fr. dard, 
a dart (q. v.).] A small river-fish like the roach. 

Dac'tyl, "• [Gr. S6lktv\o<;, a finger: it has one 
long and two shorter parts, like the joints of a 
finger.] A poetical foot consisting of one long 
syllable and two short ones. 

Dac-tyl'ic, a. Relating to the dactyl. 

Dac-tyl-ol'o-fy., n. [Gr. SouctvAos, a finger, and 
Ao-yos, speech.] The art of conversing by the 
fingers, as practised by the deaf and dumb. 

Dad, or Dad'dy, v. [Found in varied forms in 
many languages.] 
A child's term for 
father. 

Da' do, n. [It. for 
"a die;" L. da- 
tum, something 
given, thrust for- 
ward, or thrown ; 
dare, to give.] 
Plain part of a 
column ; the die : 
— an imitation 
wainscoting of Dado, 

paper or wood. 

Daf'fo-dil, n. [Corrupted from Asphodel (q. ».).] 
The narcissus. 

Daft, «. [A.-S. deeft, gentle, innocent.— See Deft. 
— Cf. also Icel. daufr, stupid, deaf (q. ».).] 
Crazy ; delirious. 

Dag'ger, n. [Welsh, dagr ; Irish, daigear; Bret. 
dager.] A short sword ; poniard : — an obelisk ; 
a mark of reference, thus [fj. 

Dag'gle, v. a. [Sw. dagga, to bedew; dagg, dew; 
Icel. db'gg, dew.] [pp. daggling, daggled.] To 
trail in mire or water ; to draggle. — 2, v. n. To 
pass through wet or dirt. 

Da-go'ba, n. Same as Diiagoba. 

Da-guer'ri-an, a. Pertaining to the daguerrotype. 

Da-guerr'o-type (da-ger'o-tip>, n. [From Da- 
guerre, the inventor.] A method of fixing im- 
ages, by means of the camera obscura, on metal 
plates; a likeness so made. — 2, v. a. [pp. da- 
guerrotyping, daguerrutyped.] To make a da- 
guerrotype pictuie of; to reproduce in daguerro- 
type. — 3, a. Of or pertaining to a daguerrotype. 
— Written also daguerreotype. 

Dah'li-a, or Dah'li-a [da'lj-a, H. ; da'li-a, St.; 
dal'i-a, I.], n. [Froin bald, a Swedish botanist.] 
A plant and its flower. 

Dai'ly (da'le), a. Happening every day; diurnal. 
— 2, n. A newspaper appearing every day. — 
3, ad. Every day ; very often. 

Dain'ti-ness, n. Delicacy; fastidiousness. 

Dain'ty, a. [0. Fr. dainlie, agreeableness, dig- 
nity (q. v.).] Delicious; fine; nice; squeamish. 
— 2, n. Something nice or delicate ; tidbit. 

Dai'ry (da're), n. [Late Anglo-Latin dayeria ; from 
0. E. deye, a maid, a maid-servant, Icel. deigja. 
Sw. deja, a dairy -maid ; originally, a kneader of 
dough {q. v.).— Cf. Sw. deg, Icel. deig, dough.] 
The making of butter and cheese : — the place 
where milk is preserved or made into butter, 
&c. :— a milk-farm. 

Da.' is, n. [Fr. ; from L. discus, a table ; Gr. fiicnco?, 
a plate (not connected with Gr. dais, Sairos, 
diet, food).] A platform or raised floor. 

Dai'§y (da'ze), n. [A.-S. dsegesege ; dseges. day's, ege, 
eye.] A perennial plant and its flower. 

Dale, n. [A.-S. dsel; Dan. & Sw. dul; Ger. thai] 
A space between hills; vale; valley. 

Dales/man, n. The inhabitant of a dale. 

Dal'li-ance, n. Mutual caresses; acts of fond- 
ness :— procrastination. 

Dai'ly, v. n. [A.-S. dweligean, Dut. dwalen. to err, 
to be foolish ; A.-S. dol, foolish.] [pp. dallying, 
dallied.] To trifle ; to fondle :— [Icel. divala, to 
delay] to delay. 



Dal-mat'ic, n. [A Dalmatian garment.] A clerical 
or regal vestment. 

Dam, n. [A.-S., Dut., & Dan. dam; Ger. & Sw. 
damm.] A mole or bank to confine water :— a 
female parent (used of beasts).— 2, v. a. [pp. 
damming, dammed.] To confine by dams. 

Dam'age, n. [Fr. dommage, Late L. damnaticum, 
L. damnum, loss.] Mischief; hurt ; detriment; loss 
— [pi.] (Law.) Indemnity for injuries. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. damaging, damaged.] To injure; to impair. 

Dam'age-a-ble, a. Susceptible of damage. 

Dam'agcene (dam'zn), «. [See Damson.] A plum. 

Dam'ask, n. [From Damascus, a city.] Figured 
cloth or silk : — a red color. 

Dam' as-keen, v. a. [Fr. damasquiner ; from Da- 
mascus.] [pp. damaskeening, damaskeened.] To 
inlay iron with gold.' 

Dame, n. [Fr. ; L. domina, a mistress ; dominus, 
a master.] Formerly a title of honor for a 
woman : — a mistress of a family ; a matron : — a 
school-mistress. 

Dam'mar (or dam-mar'), n. [An Oriental name.] 
A kind of resin used in varnishes. 

Damn (dam), v. a. [L. damnare, darunatum, to 
condemn; damnum, loss, penalty.] [pp. damn- 
ing, damned.] To doom to eternal punishment : 
— i o condemn : — to hoot; to hiss. 

Dam'na-ble, a. Most wicked ; pernicious. 

Dam-na'tion, n. Exclusion from divine mercy ; 
eternal punishment; condemnation. 

Dam'na-to-ry, a. Containing condemnation. 

Damp, a. [Dut. & Dan. damp, vapor; Ger. dampf, 
steam.] Moist; wet; fougy : — dejected. — 2, n. 
Fog ; moisture ; vapor : — dejection. — 3, v. a. [ pp. 
damping, damped.] To wet; to moisten : — to de- 
press. 

Damp'en (damp'pn), v. a. [pp. dampening, damp- 
ened.] To make damp. 

Damp'er, n. He who or that which damps. 

Damp'ish, a. Moist; inclining to wet ; humid. 

Damp'ness, w. State of being damp ; moisture. 

Dam'sel', n. [Fr. demoiselle, a ymmg lady; 0. Fr. 
damo'isel, a page, a young man (in 0. E. damsel 
sometimes means a young man) ; Late L. domi- 
cellns, irregular dim. of L. dominus, a master.] 
A young maiden ; a girl. 

Dam'§on (dam'zn), n. [For damascene, of Damas- 
cus.] A small, black plum. 

Dance, v. n. [Fr. danser ; Ger. tanzen: akin to 
Goth, thinsan, 0. Ger. Hansen, to draw (see 
Thin) ; L. tendere, to stretch.] [pp. dancing, 
danced ] To move with regulated motions of 
the feet; to move nimbly. — 2, v. a. To cause to 
dance. — ;s, n. A regulated movement of the feet. 

Dan'cer, n. One who practises darning. 

Dan'ci'ng, n. '1 he act of moving with steps regu- 
lated to music. 

Dan-de-li'on, n. [Fr. deal de lion, lion's tooth.] 
A plant and its flower. 

Dan'dle, v. a. [Ger. t'dndeln, to trifle; land, a toy. 
— Cf. It. dandolare, Fr. dandiner, to dangle, to 
wriggle.] [pp. dandling, dandled.] To fondle ; 
to slake. 

Dan'druff, or Dan'driff, n. [Welsh ton, skin, peel 
(Fr. ieigne, Bret, tail, skin), and dnvg, evil.] 
Scurf on the head. 

Dan'dy, n. [Cf. It. dandola, a doll ; Fr. dandin, a 
ninny.] A coxcomb ; a fop. 

Dane, n. A native of Denmark. 

Danger, w. [Fr. danger, risk, harm ; 0. Fr. dongier, 
power, power to harm; Late L. dominiarivm, L. 
dominium, dominion (q. v.).] Exposure to injury ; 
hazard ; peril. 

Dan'ger-ous, a. Full of danger ; perilous ; ex- 
posed to danger :— being in danger. 

Dan'g-er-ous-ly, ad. With danger. 

Dan'gle, v. a. [Dan. dangle, dingle; Local Sw. 
dangla; Sw. dingla ; Fris. dangeln.] [pp. dan- 
gling, dangled.] To hang loose; to follow. 

Dan'gler (dang'gler), n. One who dangles about. 

Da'nish, a. Relating to the Danes. 



a, e, I, o, 5, y, long ; a, e, i, 5, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



DANK 



181 



DAZZLE 



Dank (dangk), a. [A variant of Damp. — Cf. Local 
Sw. dank, a wet place; 0. E. dug, Sw. dagg, dew.] 
Damp; humid; moist. — 2, n. Moisture; darnp- 
Dank'ish, a. Somewhat dank. [ness. 

Danseuse (doh-sliz), n. [Fr.] A female dancer. 
Dan-tesque' (dan-tesk'), a. Of or pertaining to, 

or resembling, Dante or his style. 
Daph'ne, w. [Gr.] (Bot.) A genus of plants; laurel. 
Dap' per", a. [Dut. dapper, brave, active, bold ; 
Ger.' tapfer, brave; Kuss. dobrui, good.] Little 
and active ; pretty ; neat. 
Dap'ple, a. [Icel. depill, a dot, a spot, a spotted 
dog : akin to Dab, a blotch, a daub, a spot.] Of 
various colors ; variegated. — 2, v. a. [pp. dap- 
pling, dappled.] To streak; to vary ; to spot. — 
3, n. A spot ; a mark. 
Dare, v. n. [A.-S. dearran; Gr. Oapaelv, to be bold ; 
Goth, dam, I dare.— See Duust.] [i. dared or 
durst; pp. daring, dared.] To have courage; to 
venture. — 2, v. u. [i. dared; pp. daring, dared.] 
To challenge ; to defy ; to brave. 
Dar'ing, a. Bold; adventurous; fearless. — 2, n. 

Courage; boldness. 
Dar'ing-ly, ad. Boldly ; courageously. 
Dark, a. [A.-S. deorc ; Gael, dorch. — Gf. Icel. dokkr, 
dark.] Wanting light; not light; opaque; ob- 
scure ; gloomy ; dismal. — 2, n. Darkness ; ob- 
scurity ; want of light. 
Dark'en (dar'kn), v. a. [pp. darkening, darkened.] 

To make dark. — 2, v. n. To grow dark. 
Dark'en-er (dar'kn-er), n. That which darkens. 
Dark'ish.'a. Dusky ; approaching to dark. 
Dark'iing, ad. or a. [From dark, with the ad- 
verbial suffix -ling.] In the dark. 
Dark' 1 v., ad. With darkness; obscurely. 
Dark'ness, n. Absence of light ; obscurity. 
Dairk'some (dark'sum), a. Gloomy ; obscure. 
Dar'line, a. [bear, with -ling as a diminutive 
suffix.] Favorite; dear; beloved. — 2, n. One 
much beloved; a favorite. 
Darn, v. a. [Welsh & Bret, darn, a piece; 0. Fr. 
dame, a slice.] [pp. darning, darned.] To mend 
a rent or hole by sewing. — 2, n. A place mended 
by darning. 
Dar'nel, »i. [Kouchi (North French patois) darnelle, 
0. Fr. dame, stupid; Walloon daraise, tipsy; 
Dan. darre, Ger. Ihor, a fool : it has intoxicating 
qualities.] A weed growing in the fields; poi- 
sonous grass. 
Dart, n. [Sw. dart; Icel. darradr ; Fr. dard.] A 
weapon thrown by the hand.— 2, v. a. [ pp. dart- 
ing, darted.] To hurl swiftly.— 6, v. n. To move 
very swiftly. 
Dash, v. a. [Dan. daske, Sw. danka, to slap.] [pp. 
dashing, dashed.] To strike against:— to be- 
sprinkle; to mingle: — to obliterate; to con- 
found.— 2, v. n. To fly off; to rush ; to strike. 
— H, n. A mark or line in writing, thus [ — ] : 
— a blow : — ostentatious show : — a race consist- 
ing of a single heat :— a sudden rush :— a dash- 
board : — that which strikes. 
Dash' -board, ) «. A board in the forepart of a 
Dash'er, / vehicle, to defend from mud. 

Dash'ing, a. Precipitate; rushing: — foppish. 
Das'tijrd [das'tard, St Wb. I.], n. [0. Dut. daa- 
saardt, a fool; Icel. dasadr, weary, exhausted; 
daestr, breathless; Local Sw. dust, weary. — Cf. 
E. daze; Local Sw. dasig, idle; 0. Fr. daser, to 
dream. The termination ard is pejorative.] A 
base coward ; a poltroon. 
Das'tard-li-ness, a. Cowardliness. 
Das'tard-ly.,a. Cowardly ; mean. [ted. See Datum. 
Da'tatda'taorda'ta, H.\ n. pi. [L.] Truths adniit- 
Date, n. [L. datum, given; a word used to mark 
the. time and place of writing. — See Datum.] 
The time of any event; epoch; era: — time at 
which a letter is written :— [Fr. datte ; Arab. 
daqal. — Cf. Heb. diqlah, a palm; Gr. SoiktvAos, a 
finger, also a date] a fruit. — 2, v. a. [pp. dating, 
dated.] To note with the time.— 3, v. n. To 
begin ; to have a date. 



Date'less, a. Without any date. 
Date' -tree, n. A palm that bears dates. 
Da'tive, a. [L. dare, datum, to give; dativus, 
giving. This case occurs after verbs of giving.] 
{Gram.) Noting the third case oi Greek and 
Latin nouns. 
Da' turn, n. ; pi. Da'ta. [L. dare, to give ; datum, 
given.— Cf. Gr. SlSupu, Skr. didami, I give.] A 
thing given ; a proposition or truth admitted. 
Daub, v. a. [0. Fr. dauber; L. dealbart, to whiten; 
albus, white. — Cf. Sp. jalbegar, to whitewash; 
cf. also Dab, Gael, dob, plaster, Welsh dwb, Sp. 
adobe, mud, daub.] [pp. daubing, daubed.] To 
'smear; to paint coarsely. — 2, n. A coarse paint- 
ing or picture ; plaster ; mud : — a smear : — an 
unskilful artist. 
Daugh'ter (daw'ter), n. [A.-S. dohtor; Norse, dut- 
ter ; Sw'. dotter ; Ger. tochter ; Kuss. doche ; Gr. 0u- 
ydTTqp ; Skr. duhitri; said to be from root of Skr. 
duh, to milk; i.e., a milkmaid.] A female off- 
spring of a man or woman ; a female child. 
Daugh'ter-in-law, n. A son's wife. 
Daugh'ter-lx (daw'-), a. Like a daughter. 
Daunt (dant) [dawnt, SL I. X. E. A'.j, v. a. [Fr. 
dompter, 0. Fr. duuter, domter, L. domitare, to 
subdue.] [pp. daunting, daunted.] To discour- 
age ; to frighten ; to intimidate ; to appall. 
Daunt'less (dant'les), «. Fearless ; bold. 
Dau'phjn, u. [From the province or appanage of 
Dauphine or Duuphiuy; the latter said to have 
been so called from a family surnamed Delphi- 
nus. — See Dolpuin.] The title formerly given 
to the eldest son of the king of France. * 
Dau'phin-ess, w. The wife of the dauphin. 
Da'vjt '[dav'it, H.], n. [Fr. 
davier, forceps.] (Naut.) A 
short piece of timber, used 
in managing an anchor: — a 
sort of crane. 
Daw, b. [Ger. dohle, Old & 
Local Ger. daha, take, dahele, 
dahala, a daw. — Cf. Ital. tacca. 
taccola, a daw, also a chiding.] 
A bird, the jackdaw. Davits. 

Daw'dle, v. n. [Cf. Scot, daidle, 

to totter, to toddle (q. v.).] [pp. dawdling, daw- 
dled.] To waste time; to trifle. — 2, v. a. To 
waste by trifling. 
Dawn. r. n. [0. E. daiven, A.-S. dagian, Ger. tagen, 
to dawn : root of Day.] [pp. dawning, dawned. J 
To grow light; to glimmer. — 2, r. The first ap- 
pearance of light ; break of day : — beginning ; rise. 
Dawn'ing, n. Break of day : — beginning; dawn. 
Day, n. [A.-S. daeg, Dut.. Dan., A: Sw. dag, Ger. 
tag, a day : not clearly allied to L. dies, a day.] 
The time between the rising and setting of 
the sun, called the artificial dag ; the time from 
noon to noon, or from midnight to midnight, 
called the natural dag; twenty-four hours, be- 
ginning and ending at midnight, called the civil 
day: — an age : — life : — light; sunshine. — To-day, 
on this day. 
Day'-book (duTjCik), n. A tradesman's journal. 
Day'break, n. Dawn ; first appearance of day. 
Day'-dream, n. A dream, vision, or scheme con- 
ceived or formed when one is awake. 
Day'-la'bor-er, n. One who works by the day. 
Day'light'(da'llt), «. The light of the day. 
Day'-lil-jr, n. A plant and its flower; asphodel. 
Days/man, n. [From day, an appointed time for 
trial ; hence, a judgment.] An umpire ; a judge. 
Day' -spring, n. Kise of the day ; the dawn. 
Day'-star, n. Morning star; Yenus: — the sun. 
Day's-work (-wlirk), n. Work of a day. — (Naut.) 

A ship's course for twenty-four hours.* 
Day'tlme, n. Time in which there is light. 
Daze, v. a. [Icel. dasa, to become weary ; Sw. dasa, 
to be idle. — Cf. Dut. dwaas, foolish.] [pp. dazing, 
dazed.] To confuse; to bewilder : — to dazzle. 
Daz'zle, v. a. [Frequentative form of Daze.] [pp. 
dazzling, dazzled.] To overpower with light. 




mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, c, £, soft; p, &, a, g, hard; § as z ; x us gz ; this. 

16 



DE 



182 



DECAGON 



De, a prefix, frequent in Latin and its derivatives, 
generally denoting separation, sometimes de- 
pression or lowness. It is occasionally intensive. 
In words that come to us through the French, 
de- often represents the Latin dis-, which com- 
monly has a negative, partitive, or revorsive 
meaning. 

Dea'con (de'kn), n. [Gr. Slolkovos, a servant: Ohs. 
Gr. Sidneiv, Gr. Siw^eiv, to run; Steiv, to flee.] 
A church officer : — a clergyman of the lowest order. 

Dea'con-ess (de'kn-es), n. A female deacon. 

Dead (ded), a. [A.-S. dead; Dut. dood ; Dan. 
dod; Ger. todt: root of Die.] Deprived of life; 
lifeless ; inanimate : — dull ; spiritless ; still : — 
vapid. — 2, n. Stillness ; depth.— pi. Dead men. 

Dead'en (ded'dn), v. a. [pp. deadening, dead- 
ened.] To deprive of life or vigor; to make 
dead, vapid, or spiritless. 

Dead'-llght (ded'lit), n. A sort of shutter placed 
over the glass window of a cabin. 

Dead'li-ness, n. Quality of being deadly. 

Dead'-lock, n. A lock destitute of a spiing: — a 
state of affairs in which no progress can be 
made ; an enforced stand-still. 

Dead'ly (ded'le), a. Destructive ; mortal. — 2, ad. 
Mortally ; implacably. 

Dead'ness, n. Want of life or vigor. 

Dead'-net-tle (ded'net-tl), n. [It was supposed to 
have mysterious deadly qualities.] A harmless 
weed resembling the nettle. 

Dead' -weight (ded'wat), n. A heavy oppressive 
weight; a weight that impedes progress. 

Deaf (def), a. [A.-S. deaf; Dut. doof ; Dan dov ; 
Ger. taub. — Cf. Gr. tv^o?, stupor; Skr. dhvpa, 
incense.] "Wanting the sense of hearing; not 
hearing. [To make deaf. 

Deafen (def fn), v. a. [pp. deafening, deafened.] 

Deaf-mute, n. A person who is deaf and dumb. 

Deafness (def nes), n. State of being deaf. 

Deal (d5l), n. '[A.-S. deel; Dan. deel; Sw. del; 
Ger. theil; A.-S. dselan, to divide; Ger. theilen.] 
Part; quantity; a dole : — [Dut. deel; Ger. dale; 
0. E. thel, a thill, a plank] fir or pine timber 
sawed into planks or b>ards. — 2, v. a. [i. dealt; 
pp. dealing, dealt.] To distribute; to divide; 
to scatter.— :i, v. n. To traffic ; to transact ; to act. 

Deafer, n. One who deals ; a trader. 

Deaf ing\ n. Practice: intercourse; traffic. 

Dealt (delt), i. & p. from deal 

Dean, u. [Fr. dm/en; 0. Fr. deien ; L. decanus, a 
dean, one set over ten men ; decern, ten.] An 
ecclesiastical dignitary next to a bishop : — an 
officer in a college or a literary institution. 

Dean'er-y, ». The office or house of a dean. 

Dear (der), a. [A.-S. deore, dyre; Dut. duur ; 
Ger. theuer.] Beloved ; highly esteemed ; pre- 
cious : — of high price ; costly ; expensive. — 2, n. 
A darling; a word of endearment. 

Dear'born, n. [A personal or family name.] A 
light four-wheeled carriage. 

Dear'-bbught (-bawt), a. Purchased at a high 

Dear'ly, ad. In a dear manner; fondly. [price. 

Dear'ness, ». Fondness; love: — costliness. 

Dearth' (derth), «. [From A.-S. deore, dear, ex- 
pensive ; on type of wealth from veil, health 
from heal, &c] Scarcity ; want ; famine. 

Death (deth), n. [A.-S. dcadh ; Dut. dood; Dan. 
dod; Ger. tod.] Extinction of life; mortality. 

Death'-bed, n. The bed on which a person dies. 

Death'less, «. Immortal : never-dving. 

Death'ly, a. Fatal ; death-like. 

Death'-rate, n. The percentage of deaths in a 
population. 

Death's'-door (-dor), n. A near ap- 
proach to death. 

Death' -war-rant (deth'wdr-rant), n. 
An order for the execution of a 
criminal. 

Death' -watch (deth'wotch), n. An 
insect whose noise is imagined to 
prognosticate death. Death-watch. 




De-ba'cle (de-bifkl), n. [Fr. debacle.] (Geol.) A 
deluge; a rush of waters, breaking down ob- 
stacles. 

De-bar', v. a. [See Bar.] [pp. debarring, de- 
barred.] To exclude ; to hinder. 

De-bark', v. a. [Fr. debarquer. — See Bark.] [pp. 
debarking, debarked.] To land ; to disembark. 

De-bar-ka'tion, n. Act of disembarking. 

De-base', v. a. [De and Base.] [pp. debasing, 
debased.] To degrade; to lower; to humble; 
to abase :— to vitiate; to adulterate. 

De-base'ment, n. Act of debasing ; debased state. 

De-bat'a-bie, a. Disputable; contestable. 

De-bate', n. [Fr. dtbattre ; 0. Fr. debalre ; L. de, 
down, and batuere, to beat (q. v.).] A discussion ; 
a dispute; a quarrel ; a contest; a difference. — 
2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. debating, debated.] To 
[dispute; to argue; to discuss. 

De-bat'er, n. One who debates; a disputant. 

De-bauch', v. a. [Fr. dtbaucher; dt- negative, 
and banche, a rank, a course of stones, a balk 
(q. v.), or beam. The idea is that of removing 
the balks or supports, as of a house.] [pp. de- 
bauching, debauched.] To corrupt ; to vitiate ; 
to ruin.— 2, n. Drunkenness ; le-wdness ; excess. 

De-bS.uched' (de-bauchf), p. a. Corrupted by de- 
bauchery; dissolute; intemperate. 

Deb-au-yhee' (deb-o-she'), n. [Fr. debauche.] A 
rake ; a drunkard. 

De-bauch'er-y, n. Intemperance: — lewdness. 

De-bent'ur'e (de-bent'yur), n. [L. debeular, they 
are due; debere, to be due.— See Debt.] (Law.) 
An instrument by which a debt is claimed : — a 
certificate of drawback or of allowance. 

De-bif i-tate, v. a. [L. debilitare, debilitatnm, to 
weaken; debilis, weak: de negative, and hubilis, 
able (g. v.).] [pp. debilitating, debilitated.] To 
weaken ; to enfeeble. 

De-bil-i-ta'tion, n. Act of weakening. 

De-bif i'-ty, n. [Fr. dtbilUe ; L. debilitas.—See 

Debilitate.] Weakness; feebleness; languor. 

Syn. — Debility of body ; weakness or feebleness 

of body or mind ; imbecility of mind ; infirmity of 

age ; languor of feeling. 

Deb'it, n. [L. debitum, owed. — See Debt.] Money 
due for goods sold on credit.— 2, a. Noting the 
debtor side of a book. — 3, v. a. [pp. debiting, 
debited.] To charge with debt. 

Deb-o-nair', a. [0. Fr. for de ban air, of good air 
or appearance ; Fr. dtbonno.ire.] Elegant ; civil; 
well-bred. 

De-bouch' (de-bosh'), v. n. [Fr. deboucher, to 
emerge ; dt-, from, and bouche, a mouth, an 
opening.] [pp. debouching, debouched.] To 
march out of a wood or narrow pass into open 
ground. [of a river or strait. 

Debouchure (da-bo-shur'), n. [Fr.j The mouth 

Debris (da-bre'), n. [Fr., from brisei; to b: eak. — 
— See Bruise.] (Geol.) Fragments of rocks, 
gravel, &c, detached from the sides of moun- 
tains ; rubbish ; ruins. 

Debt (det), n. [L. debere, debitum, to owe, to be 
due ; de, away, and habere, to have ; i.e., to have 
on loan.] What one owes to another. 

Debt'or (defor), n. One who owes. 

Debut (da-bu'), ((. [Fr. for "a first attempt:" at 
first it is said to have meant a failure, a bad 
aim; 0. Fr. des, apart, and but, aim or target.] 
An entrance upon any thing; first attempt; first 
appearance. 

Debutant (da-bu-tang'), n. [Fr.] One who makes 
a debut or first effort. [makes a debut. 

Debutante (da-bu-tonf), n. [Fr.] A female who 

Dec'ade, n. [Fr. ; Gr. 8eK<x<;, Se/caSos, a party of 
ten; Sena, ten.] The sum or number of ten: 
— ten parts : — a space of ten days. 

De-ca'dence, n. [Fr. — See Decay.] Decay; deca- 

De-ca'den-cy, n. Decay ; fall. [dency. 

De-ca'dent, a. Falling off; decaying; declining. 

DeVa-gon. «• [Gr. Heica, ten, and yuvia, an angle ; 
yovv, a knee.] A figure having ten equal sides. 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long ; a, e, I, 



o, u, y, short; a, e, 



9i u> y.« obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her 



DECAGRAM 



183 



DECLAIM 



Dec'a-gram, or Dec'a-gramme, n. [Fr. deca- 
gramme; Gr. SeKa, ten, and Gramme.] A weight 
of 10 grams, or 5.644 drams avoirdupois. 

Dec-a-he'dral, a. Having ten sides. 

Dec-a-he'dron, n. [Gr. SeKa, ten, and eSpa, a seat, 
a base.] A figure having ten sides. 

De-cal-co-ma'ni-a, n. [Fr. decahomanie ; decal- 
quer, to transfer, as a tracing, and manie, mania, 
rage, fashion ; de, down, and calquer, to trace ; 
caique, a copy. — See Chalk.] The process of 
transferring designs to marble, china, glass, &c. 

Dec-a-li'ter, or De-cal'i-ter, w. [Fr. decalitre ; Gr. 
SeKa, ten, and Litre.] ' A measure of volume 
equal to 10 litres, or about 2% gallons. 

Dec'a-logue, n. [Gr. 8ena\oyos ; SeKa, ten, and 
Ao-yos, a saying ; Aeyeie, to speak.] The ten 
commandments. 

De-cam'e-ron, n. [It. decamerone ; Gr. Sena, ten, 
and rj-rr'epa, a day.] A volume having ten"books. 

Dec'a-me-ter, or Dec'a-me-tre, it. [Fr. decametre; 
Gr.' SeKa, ten, and Metre.] A measure of length 
equal to 1U meters, or 32.8 feet. 

De-camp', v. n. [Fr. dicamper; L. dis-, away, and 
campus, a field.] [pp. decamping, decamped.] 
To shift a camp ; to move off. 

De-camp'ment, n. The act of marching off. 

DeVa-nal, 'or De-ca'nal [de'ka-nal, I.], «. [L. 
dec'anus, a dean '(a. v.)'.] Relating to a deanery. 

De-can'drous, a. [Gr. SeKa, ten, and avrjp, ai>Spos, 
a man.] (Bot.) Having ten stamens. 

Dec-an'gu-lar, a. [L. decern., ten, and angulus, an 
angle.] Having ten angles. 

De-cant', v. a. [Fr. decanter; Ital. decctnture: akin 
to Cant in the sense of to tilt, to tip.] [pp. de- 
canting, decanted.] To pour off gently. 

Dec-an-ta'tion, n. The act of pouring off clear. 

De-can' ter, n. One who decants : 
—a glass vessel for liquor. 

De-cap'i-tate, v. a. [L. decapi- 
tare, decapitatum ; de, off, 
capid, capitis, the head.] [pp. 
decapitating, decapitated.] To 
behead ; to decollate. 

De-cap-i-ta'tion, n. The act of 
beheading. 

Dec'a-pod, n. [Gr. SeKa, ten, and n 
foot.] An animal having ten feet. 

De-car'bon-Ize, v. a. [De and Carbon.] [ pp. de- 
carbonizing, decarbonized.] To deprive of carbon. 

De-car'bu-rize, v. a. [pp. decarburizing, decar- 
burized.] To deprive of carbon ; to decarbonize. 

Dec'a-style, n. [Gr. SeKa, ten, and cttJAo?, a 
column.] An assemblage of ten pillars. — i, a. 
Having ten columns. 

Dec-a-syl-lab'ic, a. [Gr. SeKa, ten, and crvWap-n, 
a syllable.] Having ten syllables. 

De-cay', v. n. [Fr. dechoir, Q. Fr. decaer ; Sp. de- 
caer ; L. de, down, and cudere, casum, to fall; L. 
decaxus, downfall.] [pp. decaying, decayed.] 
To lose excellence; to decline; to waste away; 
to putrefy ; to rot : — to become impoverished. — 
2, v. a. To impair: to bring to decay. — 3, n. A 
decline ; gradual failure. 

De-cease' (de-ses'), n. [L. decedere, decessum, to 
'depart; cedere, to go; Fr. deces.] Departure 
from life; death. — 2, v. n. [pp. deceasing, de- 
ceased.] To die ; to expire. 

De-ceased' (de-sest'), p. a. Departed from life ; dead. 

De-ce'dent, a. [L. decedere, decedentis. — See De- 
cease.] Departing; going. — 2, n. A dead, or 
[dying, person. [Fraud; a cheat; artifice. 

De-ceit', n. [L. deeeptns, deceptio. — See Deceive.] 

De-ceit' ful, «. Fraudulent; full of deceit; decep- 
tive; delusive; fallacio-us. 

De-ceit' ful-ly, ad. Fraudulently; with deceit. 

De-ceit' ful-ness, n. Quality of being deceitful. 

De-ceiv'a-ble, a. Liable to be deceived. 

De-ceive', v. a. [Fr. decevoir, 0. Fr. decever; L. 
decipere, deceptus ; de, from, and capere, to take.] 
[pp. deceiving, deceived.] To cause to mistake; 
to delude ; to impose on ; to mock; to cheat. 




Decanter. 



65o5, a 



De-ceiv'er, it. One who deceives ; a cheat. 

De-cem'ber, n. [L. ; from decern, tenth : it was 
once the tenth month.] The last month of the 
year. 

De-cem'vir, m. [L. decern, ten, and vir, pi. viri, a 
man.] L. pi. De-cem'vi-ri ; Fng. De-cem'vjr§. 
One of the ten governors of ancient Rome. 

De-cem'vi-rate, ». [L. decent viratus.] Govern- 
ment by ten rulers. 

De'cen-cy, n. Propriety; decorum; modesty. 

De-cen'na-ry, n. [L. decennalis; decern, ten, and 
annus, a year.] A tithing of ten families :— a 
period of ten years. 

De-cen'ni-al, a. Continuing ten years. 

Di'cent, a.' [L. decere, decentis, to become. — Cf. 
dec'us, honor, fame.] Becoming; fit; modest. 

De'cent-ly, ad. In a decent, proper manner. 

De-cSn-tral-i-za'tion, n. The act or process of 
'decentralizing. 

De-cen'tral-Ize, v. a. [De and Centralize.] [pp. 
"decentralizing, decentralized.] To withdraw 
from a centre or from centralization. 

De-cep'tion, n. [L. deceptio. — See Deceive.] The 
act of deceiving: fraud; deceit. 

De-cep'tive, a. Tending to deceive; deceiving; 
deceitful; deluding: delusive; fallacious. 

De-cep'to-ry, a. Tending to deceive. 

De-cld'a-ble, a. That may be decided. 

De-cide', v. a. [L. decidere, decisum : de, off, and 
'csedtre, csesum, to cut.] [pp. deciding, decided.] 
To fix the event of; to conclude on; to deter- 
mine ; to end ; to settle. — 2, v. n. To determine ; 
to conclude. 

De-cid'ed, p. a. Determined; resolute; positive. 

De-cid'ed-ly, ad. In a determined manner. 

De-cid'u-ous, a. [L. deciduus; decidere, to fall 
down; de, down, off, and cadere, casum, to fall.] 
Falling off every season, as leaves; not ever- 
green ; not perennial. 

Des'i-gram, n. [Fr. decigramme ; L. decimus, a 
tenth, and Gramme.] the tenth of a gram; 
1.5432 grains Troy. 

Dec'i-li-tre, >i. [Fr. decilitre; L. decimus, a tenth, 
and Litre.] The tenth of a litre ; about G cui'ic 
inches. 

De-cil'lion (\Vun-), n. [From L. decern, ten ; on type 
of million.] A thousand raised to the tenth 
power. 

Dec'i-mal, a. [L. decern, ten; decimus, a tenth.] 
Numbered or multiplied by ten. — 2, n. A tenth : 
— a decimal fraction. 

Dec'i-mate, v. a. [L. decimare, deeimatmn ; deci- 
mus, a tenth.] [pp. decimating, decimated.] 
To tithe; to take the tenth: — to destroy large 
numbers of. 

Dec-i-ma'tion, n. A selection of every tenth : — 
the destruction of large numbers. 

Dec'i-me-tre, or De-cim'e-ter, n. [Fr. decimetre; 
L. 'decimus, a tenth and Metre.] The tenth of a 
metre; nearly 4 inches. 

De-ci'pher, v. a. [De negative, and Cipfter; Fr. 
'di' cli hirer.] [pp. deciphering, deciphered.] To 
explain what is written in cipher: — to unfold; 
to unravel. 

De-ci"sion (de-slzh'un), w. Act of deciding; de- 
termination of a difference or doubt. 

De-ci'sive, a. [See Decide.] Causing decision ; 
determining; conclusive; final; positive. 

re-ci'sive-ly. ad. In a conclusive manner. 

De-cl'sive-ness, «. State of being decisive. 

De-ci'so-ry, «. Able to determine. 

DSck, v. a.' [Dut. dekken, Dan. Jxkka, Ger. decken, 
to cover; Dut. dek, Dan. dsek, a deck.— Cf. A.-S. 
theccan, to thatch; L. legere, to cover. The verb 
has acquired the sense of decorate.] [pp. deck- 
ing, decked.] To cover : — to dress ; to array ; to 
adorn. — 2, u. The floor of a ship : — pack of cards. 

De-claim', v. n. [L. declamare, declamatum; de 
"intensive, and clamare, to cry out.] [pp. de- 
claiming, declaimed.] To speak oratorically or 
boisterously ; to harangue ; to inveigh. 



mien, sir ; m6*ve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.— g, $, 9, g\ soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tiiis. 



DECLAMATION 



184 



DEDUCTIVELY 



Dec-la-ma'tion, n. [L. declamatio.] The act of 
declaiming ; an exercise in speaking ; speech ; 
harangue; oratory. 

De-clani'a-to-ry, a. [L. declaim atot ins. ~] Partaking 
of declamation ; rhetorical and inflated. 

De-clar'a-ble, a. That may be declared. 

Dec-la-ra'tion, w. [L. dedaratio.] Act of declaring; 
thing declared ; proclamation; affirmation. 

De-clar'a-tive, a. Proclaiming ; explanatory. 

De-clar'a-to-ry, «• Affirmative ; clear. 

De-clare , v. a. [L. declarare, declaralv.s ; de in- 
tensive, and clarus, clear (q. v.).] [pp. declaring, 
declared.] To make known; to proclaim. — 

2, f. n. To make a declaration. 
De-clar'ed-ly., ad. Avowedly ; openly. 
De-clar'ing, n. Publication; declaration. 
De-clen'sion, n. [L. dedinatio ; Fr. didinaison.] 

The act of declining; descent; degeneracy: — 
variation of nouns. 

De-clln'a-ble, a. Capable of being declined. 

Dec'li-nate, a. (Bot.) Curved downward. 

Bec-li-na'tion, n. [L. dedinatio. — See Decline.] 
The act of declining; declension; descent; de- 
viation. — (Astron.) The angular distance of a 
celestial body from the equator, north or south. 

De-cline', v. n. [L. declinnre; de, down, and di- 
■nare, to bend.] [pp. declining, declined.] To 
lean ; to fail ; to decay. — 2, v. a. To shun ; to 
avoid; to refuse: — to vary or inflect, as words.— 

3, )/. A falling off ; diminution; decay; loss of 
vigor or health ; consumption. 

Pe-cKv'i-tous, a. Having declivity; sloping. 

De-cliv'i-ty, «. [L. dediiUas; Fr. dCdkitC ; L. de, 
down, and dims, a slope.] Inclination reckoned 
downward ; a slope ; gradual descent. 

De-cli'vous, a. [L. dedicis.] Declivitous; sloping. 

De-coct', v. a. [L. decoquere, decodum; de, down, 
and coquere, to boil. — See Cook.] [pp. decoct- 
ing, decocted.] To prepare by boiling; to digest. 

De-coc'tion, n. Act of boiling; matter boiled. 

De-col'late, v. a. [L. de, away, and cottum, the 
neck; decollare, decollatum, to behead.] [pp. de- 
collating, decollated.] To behead ; to decapitate. 

Dec-ol-la'tion, n. [L. decollalio.] The act of be- 
heading. 

De-col'or, v. a. [L. decolorare, decoloration; de, 
away,' and color, color.] [pp. decoloring, decol- 
ored.] To deprive of color. 

De-col-or-a'tion, n. Privation of color. 

De-col'or-Tze, v. a. [pp. decolorizing, decolor- 
ized.]" To bleach ; to decolor. 

De-com-pos'a-ble, a. That may be decomposed. 

De-com-pose'. v. a. [De, away from, and Com- 
pose; Fr. decomposer.) [pp. decomposing, decom- 
posed.] To separate, as the constituent parts of 
a body ; to resolve ; to dissolve ; to decompound ; 
to analyze. 

De-com-pos/ite, a. Compounded a second time. 

De-com-po-sv'tion, n. Act of decomposing ; sep- 
aration into parts or elements ; analysis. 

De-com-pbund', v. a. [Be and Compound.] [pp. 
decompounding, decompounded.] To compound 
anew: — to resolve a compound into parts; to 
decompose. — 2, a. Compounded a second time. 

De-con'se-crate, v. a. [Be and Consecrate.] [pp. 
deconsecrating, deconsecrated.] To secularize. 

Dec'o-rate. v. a. [F. decorate, decoration; deeus, 
decoris, an adornment.] [pp. decorating, deco- 
rated.] To adorn ; to embellish. 

Bec-o-ra/tion. ;*. Ornament; embellishment. 

BeVo-ra-tive, a. Bestowing dec ^ration. 

Dec'o-ra-tor, n. One who decorates. 

De-c5'rous [dek'o-rus, P. E. Wb.\ a. [L. decorvs, 
seemly; deems, decoris, an adornment.] Decent; 
suitable to a character ; b'-coming; proper. 

De-eo'rous-ly, ad. In a becoming manner. 

De-co'rous-ness, n. Decorous behavior. 

De-cbr'ti-cate, v. a. [L. decorticate, decortication ; 
de, off, and cortex, corticis, bark.] [pp. decorti- 
cating, decorticated.] To peel; to strip off. 

De-cbr-ti-ca'tion, n. Act of stripping off. 



De-co'rum, n. [L. for "seemliness." — Sec Deco- 
rous.— Cf. also L. decor, decency.] Becoming 
formality; proper ceremony; decency; seemli- 
ness; propriety. 

De-cby', v. a. [Root of coy, tame, quiet (q. v.) ; 
0. E. coy, to entice.] [pp. decoying, decoyed.] 
To lure; to insnare.— 2, n. Allurement to mis- 
chief; a snare : — one who lures. 

De-crease', v. u. [Fr. deerottre, 0. F. decroislre ; L. 
decrescere ; de, off, away, and crescere, to grow.] 
[pp. decreasing, decreased.] To grow less; to 
abate. — 2, v. a. To make less ; to diminish. — 
3, n. Decay ; diminution. 

De-cree', v. a. [L. decernere, decretum, to decree; 
de, away from, and eernere, to sift, to decide.— 
Cf. Gr. Kpiveip, to judge.] [pp. decreeing, de- 
creed.] To assign by a decree ; to ordain.— 2, n. 
[L. decretum; Fv. dtcret.] An edict; a law; n 
proclamation.— (Law.) The determination of a 
suit. [Diminution ; decrease. 

Dee're-ment, n. [L. decrenientum.— See Decrease.] 

De-crep'it, a. [L. decrepitus, noiseless, broken 
down ; de, away, crej itvs, noise : crepare, to crac- 
kle. The idea is that of an old man who moves 
without noise.] Wasied and worn with age. 

De-crcp'i-tate, v. a. & v. n. [Fr. dCertpifcr ; L. de 
intensive, and crepitate, crepitation, to rattle.] 
[pp. decrepitating, decrepitated.] To roast, cal- 
cine, or crackle in the fire. 

De-crep-i-ta'tion, n. Act of decrepitating; a 
crackling noise. 

De-crep'i-tude. n. Last stage of decay. 

De-cres'cent, a. [See Decrease.] Growing less. 

De-cre'tal, n. [Late L. decretale. — See Decree.] 
'A decree of the pope : — a book of decrees. — 2, a. 
Pertaining to a decree. 

Dec're-to-ry, a. Judicial; definitive. 

De-cri'al, n. Act of decrying; loud censure. 

De-cri'er, n. One who decries. 

De-cry', v. a. [Fr. dicrier, to cry down ; prefix de, 
down, and Cry.] [pp. decrying, decried.] To 
clamor against ; to censure ; to depreciate. 

Be-cum'bent, a. [L. decumbere, deeumbetitis, to lie 
down; cumbere, to lie.] Lying on the ground; 
low. 

Dec'u-ple (dek'yu-pl), a. [L. decent, ten; on type 
of double, triple.] Tenfold. — 2, n. A nuniler or 
quantity ten times repeated. 

De-cii'ri-cn. n. [L. decurio; decern, ten.] A com- 
mander over ten men. 

De-cur'rent, a. [L. decurrere, decwTentis; de, 
down, and currere, to run.] Running downward. 

De-cus'sate, (■• a. [L. decussure, decussatum, to 
mark with an X (for 10) ; decassis, a coin worth 
ten asses, and marked X; decent, ten, and as, 
assis, an as. — See Ace.] [pp. decussating, de- 
cussated.] To intersect at acute angles. 

Dec-us-sa'tion, v. Act, or point, of crossing. 

De-cus'sa-tive, a. Cutting at an acute angle so 
as to decussate. 

Ded'i-cate, v. a. [L. dedicate, cledicatus; de, apart, 
and dicare, to proclaim; dicere. to say or tell.] 
[pp. dedicating, dedicated.] To consecrate; to 
devote. — 2, a. Consecrate; dedicated. 

Ded-i-ca'tion. «. The act of dedicating; conse- 
cration :— an address to a patron. 

Ded'i-ca-tor, n. One who dedicates. 

Ded'i-ca-to-ry, a. Belati.nu' to a dedication. 

Ded'i-mus, «. [L., "we have given;" date, dedi, 
to give.] A special commission, as of a justice. 

De-duce', v. a. [L. deducete, deduction ; de, from, 
and dncete, to draw.] [pp. deducing, deduced.] 
To draw from; to infer; t<> derive. 

De-dii'ci-ble, «. That may be deduced. 

De-duct', v. a. [See Df.dvce.] [pp. deducting, 
deducted.] To subtract ; to take away. 

De-duc'tion, n. The act of deducting : — that 
which is drawn from premises ; inference ; con- 
clusion. See Induction. 

De-duc'tive, a. Deducible; inferrible. 

De-duc'tive-ly;, ad. By regular deduction. 



e, i, 5, 5, y, lowj ; a., e, i, 5, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



DEED 



185 



DEFORCIANT 



Deed, n. [A.-S. dmd; Dut. & Dan. dactd; Ger. 
that. — See Do, Did.] Action; act; exploit; feat: 
— a written instrument for transferring real es- 
tate. — '-, v. a. [pp. deeding, deeded.] To convey 
by deed. [U. S.J 
Deem, v. n. [A.-S. deman; 0. Ger. tuemen. — See 
Doom.] [pp. deeming, deemed.] To judge ; to 
estimate. — 2, v. a. To judge; to determine. 
Deep, a. [A.-S. deop ; Dut. diep ; Ger. lief. — See Dip, 
Dive.] Beaching far below the surface; not 
shallow; profound; not superficial: — artful; 
sagacious : — dark-colored: — grave in sound.— 
2, n. The sea; the main; the ocean. 
Deep'en (d5'pn), y. a. [pp. deepening, deepened.] 

To make deep.— 2, y. ». To grow deeper. 
Deep'-laid, «. Laid with profound skill or secrecy. 
Deep'ly, ad. To a great depth ; profoundly. 
Deer, n. [A.-S. deor, Dut. dier, Sw. djivr, Gr. 9rjp, 
</)7jp, L. fera, Lith. zceris, Russ. zviere, all mean- 
ing wild, or a wild beast.] A forest animal 
hunted f.>r venison. 
Deer'skin, ~n. Leather from the skin of a deer. 
Deer'-stalk-ing, ». The hunting of deer on foot. 
De-face', v. a. [0. Fr. desfaccr ; L. dis-, apart, 
and fades, a face. — Of. It. sfaccia.re, to deface.] 
[pp. defacing, defaced.] To destroy ; to raze ; to 
efface: — to mar; to disfigure; to deform. 
De-f ace'ment, «. The act of defacing; razure. 
De-fal'cate, v. a. [L. dif- (for dis-), apart, and Late 
h.falcare, to cut off, t> reap; L. fair., fnlcis, a 
sickle.] [pp. defalcating, defalcated.] To cut 
off; to lop. — 2, v. n. To commit defalcation or 
breach of trust; to embezzle. 
Dgf-al-ca'tion, u. Diminution; abatement: — a 

breach of trust in public accounts. 
Def al-ca-tor, n. One who abstracts or fails t> ac- 
count for money ; a defaulter; an embezzler. 
Def-a-ma'tion, >i. [L. diffamaiio.] The act of de- 
faming; calumny: aspersion; detraction. 
De-fam'a-to-ry, a. Calumnious ; libellous. 
De-fame', v. a. [L. diffolmare, to slander; dis-, 
abroad, and fama, report, slander.] [pp. de- 
faming, defamed.] To slander; to calumniate ; 
to reproach; to asperse ; to revile; to vilify. 
De-f am'er, it. One who defames. 
De-fault', n. [Fr. defaut; L. dis-, de, apart, and 
fattere, to fail.] Omission of the performance of 
60ine duty ; failure ; fault; defect. — 2, y. ;/. [pp. 
defaulting, defaulted.] To fail in a contract. 1 
De-fault'er, ». One guilty of default : — one who 

fails to account for public money. 
De-fea'§ance. n. [haw Kr. defaisance; dtfaire, to 
undo; 'L. dis-, de, negative, and facere, to do ] 
(Law.) Tbe act of annulling a contract or stip- 
ulation. 
De-feas'i-ble. a. Capable of being annulled. 
De-feat',' n. [Fr. difait; dvfaire, to undo: L. dis-, 
apart, and facere, to do.] An overthrow; frus- 
tration. — 2, v. <t. [pp. defeating, defeated.] To 
overthrow; to vanquish ; to undo; to frustrate ; 
to foil. 
Def'e-cate, v. a. [L. defivcare, defsecatus ; fre.r, 
fsecis, sediment.] [pp. defecating, defecated.] 
To purify; to refine; to clear: — to purge. — 2, 
r. n. To void excrement. 
Def-e-ca'tion, n. The act of defecating : — the act 

of discharging excrement; dejection. 
De-fect', n. [L. defeclm; deficere, defectum, to fail ; 
de negative, and facere, to do.] ' A fault: im- 
perfection; blemish. [apostasy; revolt. 
De-fec'tion, n. The act of falling away ; failure ; 
De-fec'tive, a. Having defects; imperfect; de- 
ficient; wanting; faulty. 
De-fec'tive-ly, ad. In a defective manner. 
De-fence', >t. [L. defenms. — See Defend.] Guard; 
vindication; resistance. — (Law.) The defend- 
ant's nply. 
De-fence'less, a. Unarmed ; unguarded. 
De-fend', v. a. [L. defendere, defensum; de, away, 
and 0. L. fendere, to strike.] [pp. defending, 
. defended.]* To protect; to vindicate. 



De-fend'a-ble, a. Capable of being defended. 

De-fend'ant, a. A defender. — (Law.) A person 
against' whom an action is brought: — opposed 
to plaintiff. 

De-fend'er, n. One who defends. 

De-fen' si-ble, a. That may be defended. 

De-fen'sive, a. Serving to defend; resisting ag- 
gression: — opposed to offensive. — 2, n. A safe- 
guard : — state or attitude of defence. 

De-fen' sive-ly, ad. In a defensive manner. 

De-fer', v. a. *[L. Aiffere; dis-, apart, and ferre, to 
carry.] [pp. deferring, deferred.] To put off; 
to delay ; to prolong : — [L. de, away or down, 
and ferre, to carry] to lay before :— to submit. 
— 2, v. it. To delay : — to pay deference. 

Defer-ence, n. A yielding of opinion; submis- 
sion ; 'complaisance ; regard ; respect. 

Def'er-ent, a. [L. dfferre, defereutis; de, away, 
and ferre, to bear.] Carrying away ; efferent. 

Def-er-en'tial, u. Implying deference. 
I De-fer'ment, u. A delay; a putting off. 
! De-fi'anc'e, n. The act of defying; challenge. 
j De-f I'ant, a. Bidding or expressing defiance. 
! De-fi"'cien-cy. (de-fish'en-se), n. Want; defect. 

De-f f'cient (de-f Ish'ent), «. [L. deficere, defieien- 
tis, to be wanting. — See Defect.] Insufficient ; 
falling short ; wanting; imperfect; defective. 

Def'i-cit, n. [L. for " it is wanting."] Want; de- 
ficiency ; shortage. 

Def-i-lade', v. a. [De negative, and Enfilade 
(q.'v.).] [pp. defilading, defiladed.] To protect 
from an enfilading fire. 

De-f lie', v. a. [0. Fr. defouler, to make foul ; 
A.-S. fyhoi, to foul, from ful, foul.] [pp. de- 
filing, defiled.] To make foul or impure; to 
pollute; to corrupt. — 2, v. n. [Fr. defiler.—See 
File.] To march ; to go off file by file. 

De-f lie' (or d3'f II), ». [Fr. difiU y a narrow lane; 
fit, L. fibuu, a thread.] A long narrow pass. 

De-f Ile'ment, n. Corruption; pollution. 

De-f Il'er, n. One who defiles. 

De-fln'a-ble, a. Capable of being defined. 

De-fine', v. a. [L. definire, definitwm, to limit; finis, 
a limit.] [pp. definintr, defined.] To give a 
definition of; to explain; to describe: — to cir- 
cumscribe; to limit. 

De-f In'er, n. One who defines or describes. 

Defi-nlte, a. [See Define.] Having fixed limits ; 
limited; exact; precise; not indefinite. 

Def i-nite-ly, ad. In a definite manner. 

Def i-nite-ness, u. Certainty; limitedness. 

Def-i-ni"tion (def-e-nish'uu), v. [L. defirritio. — 
See Defin •.] A short description of a thing by 
its properties; explanation. 

De-fTn'i-tive, a. [L. definititms.] Determinate; 
positive; fixed; final. — 2. n. That which defines. 

De-fin'i-tive-ly, ad. Positively :— decisively. 

De-fla'gra_-ble. or Def la-gra-ble, a. Combustible. 

Def la-grate, ». a. [L. defiagrare, defiagratum : de 
intensive, and Jfagrare, to burn.] [pp. defla- 
grating, deflagrated.] To set fire to; to burn. 
— 2, y. a. To take fire and explode. 

Def-la-gra'tion, n. Destruction by fire. 

De-flect', '■• ». [L. defiectere, defierm; de, away, 
and fiectere, to turn.] [pp. deflecting, deflected.] 
To turn aside; to deviate. 
J De-flec'tion. ». Deviation- a bending. 

Def-lo-ra'tion, n. The act of deflouring; a rajie. 
: De-flbur', v. «. [Late L. deflorare; Fr. <b'/ 

L. de, away, and flos, florin, bloom, flower.] [pp. 
' deflouring, defloured.] To ravish. 
; De-flo-^'er, v. a. [pp. deflowering, deflowered.] 
To take away virginity; to ravish ; to dettour. 

De-force', v. a. [Fr. deforcer; Late L. difforciare; 
L. dk-, away, and Late L. fortia, force ; L. forlis, 
strong.] [pp. deforcing, deforced.] (Law.) To 
keep out of possession, or from the right owner, 
by force. [rightful possession by force. 

De-force'ment, n. (Lan:) A withholding from 
De-for'ci-ant (de-for'she-ant), «. (Lair.) One who 
wrongfully keeps an owner out of possession. 



mien, sir; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use. 



-<?. <>. 9i §N so f 1 ') P. P. Pi £• hard; § as z ; 5 as gz ; tfiis. 

16* 






DEFOEEST 



186 



DELINEATION 



De-for'est, v. a. [De, away, off, and Forest.] [pp. 
"deforesting, deforested.] To clear of forests ; to 
disafforest; to disforest. 

De-form', v. a. [L. deform is ; de, apart, and 
forma, form.] [pp. deforming, deformed.] To 
disfigure ; to spoil the form of. 

Def-or-ma'tion, v. A defacing; a disfiguring. 

De-form'i-ty, n. Want of beauty; ugliness-; dis- 
tortion ; malformation ; disproportion. 

De-fraud', v. a. [L. defraudare ; de, from, and 
fraus, fraudis, fraud.] [pp. defrauding, defraud- 
ed.] To rob by trick ; to cheat. 

Def-rau-da'tion, n. Privation by fraud. 

De-fraud'er, n. One who defrauds. 

De-fray', v. a. [Fr. defrayer; frais, expense; 
probably from L. frangere, fructum, broken ; 
Late L. fraelus, expense, — literally, breaking, 
damage.] [pp. defraying, defrayed.] To bear 
the charges of; to pay. 

De-fray'er, n. One who defrays. [pensation. 

De-fray'ment, or De-fray'al, n. Payment; com- 

D6ft, a. [A.-S. dseft', gentle'.] Dextrous; apt. 

De-funct', n. [L. defungi, defunctns ; de, fully, 
and functus, performed, finished, ended.] One 
who is deceased or dead. — 2, a. Dead ; deceased. 

De-fy', v. a. [Fr. defter ; Late L. diffidare, to re- 
nounce faith or allegiance to : L. dis-, apart, and 
fides, faith, trust.] [pp. defying, defied.] To 
challenge ; to dare ; to brave. 

De-£en'er-a-cy, n. Decay of goodness. •> 

De-l'en'er-ate, v. n. [L. degenerare, degeneratus ; 
degener, base ; de, down, below, and genus, gen- 
eris, race, stock.] [pp. degenerating^ degener- 
ated.] To fall from the virtue of ancestors ; to 
become woise; to deteriorate. 

De-£en'er-ate, a. Decayed in virtue; degener- 
ated; corrupt; base; vile. 

De-feVer-ate-ly., ad. In a degenerate manner. 

De-fen-er-a'tion, n. The act of degenerating : — 
state or quality of being degenerate. 

Deg-lu-ti"tion (deg-lu-tish'un), n. [L. de, down, 
and glut ire, 'ghititus, to swallow. — See Glut.] The 
act of swallowing. 

Deg-ra-da'tion, n. The act of degrading; base- 
ness"; abasement; debasement. 

De-grade', v. a. [Fr. de grader ; L. degredare ; de, 
down, below, and gradvs, rank, step, grade (q. v.).] 
[pp. degrading, degraded.] To place lower; to 
lower: to humble; to disgrace; to depreciate. 

De-grad'ed, p. a. Lowered: — 

"debased : — low. — {Her.) End- 
ing in step-shaped gradations. 

De-grad'ing-ly, ad. In a de- 
grading manner. 

De-gree', n. [Fr. degre ; L. de, 
'down, and gradns, a step.] 
Quality; rank; station : — step: 
— a title conferred by a col- 
ege : — the 360th part of a cir- 
cle ; 60 geographical miles. 

De-his'cence, n. Act of opening; an opening. 

De-his'cent, a. [L. dehiscere, dehiscentis, to gape 
open ; de intensive, and hiscere, to yawn.] Open- 
ing widely. 

De-hor-ta'tion, n. [L. dehortatio ; dehortari, to 
dissuade. —See Exhort.] Dissuasion. 

De-hbr'ta-to-ry, or De-hbr'ta-tive, a. Tending 
to dissuade. 

De_-if'ic, or De-if'i-cal, a. Making: divine. 

D§-i-fi_-ca'tion, v.' The act of deifying. 

De'i-fy, v. a.' [L. deus, a god, and facere, to make; 
deificm, accounting as gods.] [pp. deifying, de- 
ified.] To make a god of: to adore. 

Deign (dan), v. n. [It. dignari, to think fit or 
worthy; digmis, fit.] [pp. deigning, deigned.] 
To condescend. — 2, v. a. To grant ; to permit ; 
to allow. 

De'ism, n. [Fr. deisme : L. Deus, God.] The doc- 
trine or creed of a deist. 

De'ist, n. One who believes in the existence of 
God, but disbelieves revealed religion. 




Degraded. 



De-is'tic, "I a. Partaking of or belonging to 

De-is' tj-cal, J deism. 

De'i-ty, n. [L. deltas, deitatis, divinity ; deus, a 
god. — Of. A.-S. Tin, 0. Ger. Ziu, Gr. Zeus, etc., 
names of gods; Skr..'tfe»a, Celt, dia, Icel. tivi, a 
god; Skr. dio, to shine; root of L. dies, day.] 
The divine Being; God. 

De-ject', v. a. [L. dejicere, dejectum; de, down, 
"and jacere, to cast.] [pp. dejecting, dejected.] 
To cast down ; to depress. 

De-ject'ed, a. Cast down; low-spirited. 

De-ject'ed-ly, ad. In a dejected manner. 

De-ject'ed-ness, n. Dejection. 

De-jec'tion, n. Lowness of spirits; depression: 
— excretion ; that which is cast out. 

Dejeuner (da-zhu-na/), n. [Fr. ; L. dis-, implying 
reversal, and jejunium, a fast. — See Jejune.] 
Breakfast. 

De-laine', n. [Fr. ; de, of, and laine, wool.] A 
sort of thin figured muslin, sometimes made en- 
tirely of wool, commonly of wool and cotton. 

De-lay', v. a. [Fr. delai, delay ; delayer, to pro- 
tract ; L. differe, dilatum, to put off.] [pp. de- 
laying, delayed.] To defer; to put off; to hin- 
der. — 2, v. n. To linger; to procrastinate. — 3, n. 
A deferring ; detention ; stay ; stop. 

De'le, v. a. [L. ; second person imperative active 
of 'delere, to destroy.] Delete ; erase ; blot out. 

De-lec'ta-ble, a. [L. delectabilis ; delectare, to de- 
light (q. v.).] Pleasing; delightful. 

De-lec'ta-bly, ad. Delightfully; pleasantly. 

Del-ec-ta'tion, n. Pleasure; delight. 

Del'e-gate, v. a. [L. delegare, delegdtum ; de, away, 
from, and legare, to send.] [pp. delegating, 
delegated.] To send; to depute : — to intrust. 

Del'e-gate, n. One who is sent or deputed by 
others"; a deputy; & representative. 

Del-e-ga'tion, n. Act of sending away ; a put- 
ting in commission : — the persons deputed. 

De-lete', v. a. [L. delere, deletum, to destroy.] [pp. 
deleting, deleted.] To blot out; to erase. 

Del-e-te'rj-ous, a. [Gr. 6rjA7]rrjpio?, harmful ; 
8r)kr)Tripj a destroyer; SrjAeofxai, I destroy: ap- 
parently related to L. delere, to destroy.] De- 
structive ; injurious. 

De-le'tion, n. Act of blotting out; erasure. 

Delft, or Delf, n. Earthen-ware ; counterfeit 
China ware, originally made at Delft. 

De-lib'er-ate, v. n. [L. deliberare, deliberatum; 
librar'e, to weigh ; libra, a balance.] [pp. delib- 
erating, deliberated.] To ponder in the mind ; 
to think ; to consider. — 2, v. a. To consider. 

De-lib'er-ate, a. Cautious ; considerate. 

De-lib'er-ate-ly, ad. With deliberation. 

De-lib'er-ate-niss, n. Quality of being deliberate. 

De-lib-er-a'tion, n. The act of deliberating ; con- 
sultation ; thought; deliberateness. 

De-lib'er-a-tive, a. Containing deliberation. 

Del'i-ci-cjr, w. Something delicate; a dainty :— 
— nicety; softness; refinement; tenderness. 

Del'i-cate, a. [L. delicalus, luxurious; delicere, to 
allure; delieia, luxury; de, away, and lacere, to 
entice.] Nice ; dainty ; polite ; soft. 

DeT'i-cate-ly, ad. In a delicate manner. 

De-li"cious (de-lish'us), a. [L. deliciosus. — See 
Deltcat'k and Delight.] Highly pleasing; very 
grateful; agreeable; charming. 

De~-li"cious-ly, ad. In a delicious manner. 

De-li"cious-niss, n. Delight; pleasure. 

De-light' '(de-lit'), n. [0. Fr. deletter, L. delectare, 
to delight ;' freq. of delicere, to entice.— See Del- 
icate.] Pleasurable emotion ; joy ; great pleas- 
ure; high satisfaction.— 2, v. a. [pp. delighting, 
delighted.] To please greatly; to gratify; to 
charm.— 3, v. n. To have pleasure. 

De-light'ful (de-lit'fiil), a. Highly pleasing. 

De-light' ful-ly, ad. In a delightful manner. 

De-lin'e-ate, v. a. [L. delineare, delinealum, to 
sketch; lineare, to ■ outline ; linca, a line.] [jyp. 
delineating, delineated.] To design ; to sketch. 

De-lin-e-a'tion, n. The first draught. 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, vi, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y,, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



DELINEATOR 



181 



DEMONSTRABLY 



De-lTn'e-a-tor, n. One who delineates. 

De-Lin'quen-cy., n. An omission of duty. 

De-Hn'quent (de-ling'kwent), n. [L. delinqvere, 
delinquents; linqaere, to leave.] One who fails 
in duty; an offender. — 2, a. Failing in duty; 
faulty ; remiss : — neglected, as delinquent taxes. 

Del-i-quesce' (del-e-kwes'), v. a. [L. deliquescere, 
to melt ; de, away, and Uquescere, to liquefy ; in- 
ceptive of liqnere, to melt, to flow.] [pp. deli- 
quescing, deliquesced.] To melt slowly in the 
air ; to liquefy. 

Del-i-ques'cence, n. A melting in the air. 

Del-i-ques'cent, a. Melting in the air. 

De-li"qui-um (de-lik'we-um), «• [L.] A melting 
in the air ; deliquescence : — a fainting. 

De-lir'i-ous, a. Light-headed; raving; insane. 

De-Kr'i-ous-ness, n. The state of one raving. 

De-lir'i-um, n. [L. for "insanity;" from dehrus, 
mad,— literally, out of the furrow; de, from, 
and lira, a furrow.] A disorder of the intellect; 
alienation of mind, as in fever; insanity. 

De-lir'i-um tre'mens, n. [L. for "trembling de- 
lirium."] A disorder of the brain, peculiar to 
drunkards. 

De-liv'er, v. a. [Fr. delivrer; Late L. deliberare, 
"to free ; L. de, from, and liberare, to free ; liber, 
free.] [pp. delivering, delivered.] To set free; 
to rescue : — to surrender : — to speak ; to utter. 

De-liv'er-anee, v. Release; rescue; delivery. 

De-liv'er-er, n. One wlio delivers. 

De-liv'er-y, n. Act of delivering; deliverance; 
release ; rescue : — a surrender : — pronunciation : 
— utterance ; speech : — childbirth. 

Dell, n. I A variant of Dale ; but in the Western 
United .States the word dells, for rapids in a river, 
is the dialectic Fr. dalles, water-shoots.] A shady 
covert; a dale ; a ravine; a dingle. 

Del'phic, «. Relating to Delphi; oracular. 

Del'phine, a. [L. delphinus, Gr. 6eA</u'?, a dolphin 
(q. v.); Late L. delphinus, dauphin.] Relating 
to the dauphin of France, or to the dolphin. 

Del'ta, n. ; pi. Del'ta§. [The Greek letter delta is 
our' d, and the Heb. dalelh; daleth also meaqs a 
door.] The Greek letter A :— an alluvial tract 
of country between diverging mouths of a river. 

Del'toid, n. A triangular muscle. — 2, a. Resem- 
bling the Greek letter delta; triangular. 

De-lude\ v. a. [L. deludere, delusum, to befool; 
de intensive, and ludere, to jest, to play.] [pp. 
deluding, deluded.] To impose upon; to de- 
ceive; to cheat; to disappoint ; to mislead. 

Del'uge (del'hij), n. [Fr. deluge; L. diluvium : dis-, 
apart, and lucre, to wash.] A general inunda- 
tion ; an overflowing of water; a flood. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. deluging, deluged.] Toflood; to inundate; 
to drown; to overwhelm. 

De-lu'§ion (de-lu'zhun), ». Act of deluding; state 
of being deluded ; deceit; illusion. 

De-lu'sive, \a. Tending to delude ; deceptive; 

De-lu'sp-ry, j illusory. 

Delve, v. a. & r. n. [A.-S. del/an ; Dut. delven : root 
of Dale.] [pp. delving, delved.]' To dig; to 
open with a spade. 

Dem'a-gogue (dem'a-gog), v. [Gr. Sijjuaywyos ; 
drj/jLos, the people, and aywyos, leading; ayen/, to 
lead.] A ringleader of a faction; a factious 
orator or agitator. 

De-main', or De-mesne' (de-m"m' or de-men'), n. 
[Variants of Domain : the spelling demesne comes 
from a confusion with 0. Fr. viesnee, a house- 
hold.] A manor-house and adjacent land; es- 
tate in land. 

De-mand', v. a. [L. demandare, to intrust, — later, 
to demand ; mandare, to intrust.] [pp. demand- 
ing, demanded.] To ask with authority ; to 
claim ; to call for ; to challenge ; to exact. — 2. n. 
A claim ; a question ; a calling. 

De-mar-ca'tion, v. [Fr. demarcation ; marquer, to 
mark (q. v.).] Division; boundary. 

De-mean', v. a. [0. Fr. demener, to conduct; 
mener, to control; L. minare, to drive; minari. 




Demijohr 



to threaten.] [pp. demeaning, demeaned.] To 
behave ; to conduct : — [from mean in the sense 
of base] to debase ; to lower. 

De-mean' or, n. Carriage; behavior; conduct. 

Dl'men-cy, n. Loss of mind or understanding; 
folly ; dementia ; insanity. 

De-ment'ed, a. Insane; mad; infatuated. 

De-men'ti"-a (-she-a), n. [L. for "insanity;" de- 
mens, dementis, insane ; de, out of, and mens, 
mind.] Insanity; demency. 

De-mer'it, n. [Late L. demeritum, a fault; de 
negative, and merere, to deserve ; but de is some- 
times intensive, whence the Late L., as well as 
its English and French derivatives, sometimes 
had the sense of " merit," "good service," " ex- 
cellence."] Desert of blame ; ill desert. 

De-mesne' (de-men'), n. See Demain. 

Dlm'i (dem'ej. [Fr. demi, half; L. dimidius, half; 
dis-', apart,"and medius, middle (q. v.).] A prefix 
or inseparable particle, used in composition, and 
signifying half; as demi-god, i.e., half-god. 

Dem'i-god, n. A half-divine being; 
a great hero. 

Dem'i-john (dem'e-jon), n. [Fr. 
dame-jeanne; Arab, damajana; from 
Dumaghan, in Persia, once noted 
for its glass-ware.] A large glass 
vessel in a case of basket-work. 

De-mi-monde, n. [Fr. ; literally, 
half-world.] A collective name for 
lewd women. 

Dem'i-rep, n. [Demi, half, and former English 
slang rep. for reputation.] A woman of ill or 
very doubtful character. 

De-mise', n. [Fr. demise, removal, transfer; L. 
dimittere, dimissum, to dismiss, to send away; 
dis-, apart, and mitlere, to send. A demise is 
properly the transfer of authority on the death 
of a ruler; hence, a death, but chiefly that of 
a ruler.] Leath of a royal person ; decease. — 
2, v. a. [pp. demising, demised.] To bequeath ; 
to will. 

Dem'i-sem-i-qua'ver, n. Half a semiquaver. J 

De-mis'sion'Cde-mlsh'un), n. Relinquishment;^ 
a transfer. 

De-mit', v. a. [L. demiltere, demismm ; dis-, apart 
(or de, down), and mitiere, to send.] To transfer : 
— to resign. — 2, n. A transfer; demission. 

Dem'i-tlnt, n. A sort o! medial or half tint. 

De-moc'ra-cy, «. [Gr Snp.0Kparia, popular rule; 
'8r)/xos, the people, and Kparetv, to rule, to be 
strong.] A government administered by the 
people ; a repiiblic. 

Dem'o-crat, n. One devoted to democracy. 

Dem-o-crat'ic, In. Pertaining to democracy; 

Dem-o-crat'i-cal, j republican ; popular. 

De-mol'ish, v. a. [L. demoliri, detuolitns, to pull 
down ;' de, down, and moliri, to displace; moles, 
a heap, labor; through Fr. demolir, dtmolissanl.] 
[pp. demolishing, demolished ] To throw down ; 
to destroy. 

Dem-o-H"tion (dem-o lish'un), n. Destruction. 

De'mon, n. [Gr. 6cu>o)v, a spirit.] A spirit : — an 
evil' spirit; a devil. 

De-mon-e-ti-za'tion, n. The act of demonetizing ; 
the state of being demonetized. 

De-mon'e-tize, v. a. [L. de, down from, and mo- 
Jieta, money (g. v.).] [pp. demonetizing, demone- 
tized.] To divest of the quality of legal tender. 

De-m5'ni-a.c, n. One possessed by a demon. 

De-mo'ni-ac, \ a. [Gr. Sai/AoviaKo*;.] Belong- 

Dlm-o-ni'a-cal, j ing to, or like, a demon or an 
evil'spirit ; devilish. 

De-mon-ol'a-try, n. [Gr. Sai/xiov, a demon, and 
\arpeia, service.] Worship of demons. 

De-mon-ol'o-fy, n. [Gr. Saip-uv, a demon, and 
Aoyo?, a treatise.] A treatise on evil spirits. 

De-mon-stra-bil'i-ty, ) n. The quality of being 

De-mon'stra-ble-ness, J demonstrable. 

De-mon'stra-ble, a. Th^t may be demonstrated. 

De-mon'stra-bly, ad. Evidently; clearly. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 9, <?, 9, g, soft; p, ja, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



DEMONSTRATE 



188 



DEPARTMENT 



De-mon'strate, v. a. [L. demonstrare, demonstrate ; 
'dc intensive, and monstirare, to show.] [pp. de- 
monstrating, demonstrated.] To prove with cer- 
tainty ; to make evident ; to show by experiment. 

Dem-on-stra'tion, n. The act of demonstrating; 
indubitable proof. 

De-mon'stra-tive, a. Invincibly conclusive : — 
excessively unreserved ; energetically expressive. 

De-mon'stra-tive-ly, ad. Clearly; plainly. 

Dem'on-stra-tor, or De-mon'stra-tor [dem'un-, 
Sm.), n. One who demonstrates. .' 

De-mor-al-i-za'tion, n. Destruction of morals. 

De-mor'al-Ize, v. a. [Fr. demoraliser. — See Mo- 
rale.]" [pp. demoralizing, demoralized.] To 
destroy the morals or discipline of. 

De-mot'ic, a. [Gr. Stj/uotikos, of the people ; 5rj- 
/aoTTjg, a commoner; 6r)/u.o?, the people, or a 
country district.] Noting a kind of hieroglyph- 
ical writing of the ancient Egyptians ; popular. 

De-mul'cent, a. [L. deundcere, demulcentis; de, 
down, and mulcere, to soothe.] Softening; mol- 
lifying. — 2, u. (Med.) A softening or mollify- 
ing application or medicine. 

De-mur', v. n. [0. Fr. demeurer, L. demorari, to 
delay; morari, to wait; mora, delay.] [pp. de- 
murring, demurred.] To delay ; to pause ; to 
hesitate : — to object. — 2, n. Doubt ; hesitation ; 
a pause : — objection. 

De-mure', a. [Fr. de mceurs, having manne:s; 
but perhaps from Fr. mnr, sober, mature (q. v.).] 
Decent ; modest :— affectedly modest. 

De-mure'ly, ad. In a demure manner. 

De-mure'ness, n. Affected modesty ; gravity. 

De-mur' raf^e, n. Delay of a vessel :-an allow- 
ance for' delaying ships or freights. 

De-mur'rer, n. One who demurs. — (Law.) Issue 
between the plaintiff and the defendant. 

De-my', n. [See Demi.] A particular size of paper. 

Den, n. [A.-S. demi, a cave, denu, a valley. — Of. 
0. Dut. deuue, a cave, a floor ; Ger. ferine, a floor.] 
A cavern ; the care of a wild beast.— 2, v. u. [pp. 
denning, denned.] To dwell as in a den. 

Den'a-ry, a. [L. denarius; dent, ten by ten.] Con- 
taining ten. — 2, n. Ten. 

De-na"tion-al-Ize (de-nash'un-al-Iz), v. a. [De 
partitive, and National.] [ pp. denationalizing, 
denationalized.] To deprive of national rights. 

De-nat'u-ral-Ize, v. a. [De partitive, and Natu- 
ralize.] ' [pp. denaturalizing, denaturalized.] 
To make unnatural. 

Den'drite, n. [Gr. SevSpof, a tree.] (Mint.) A 
mineral having figures of trees or shrubs. 

Den-drlt'ic, \ a. Veined like the leaves of 

Den-drit'i-cal, J trees :— branched like a tree. 

Den-drol'o-gy, n. [Gr. SevSpov, a tree, and Adyos, 
a treatise.] A treatise on trees ; study of trees. 

Dengue (den'ga), n. [Sp. for "prudery," "stiff- 
ness," from the constrained movements of the 
patient.] An epidemic fever. 

De-ni'al, n. Negation ; refusal ; abjuration. 

Den'inis (or de-nlmz'), n. A coarse cotton fabric. 

Den'i-zen (den'e-zn), n. [0. Fr. demzein, from 
dei'nz, within ; opposed to forein, foreign. Deinz 
(Fr. dans) is from L. de intus, from within.] A 
foreigner enfranchised: — a citizen. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. denizening, denizened.] To enfranchise. 

De-nom'i-nate, v. a. [L. denominate, denominates; 
nomen, nominis, a name.] [pp. denominating, 
denominated.] To confer a name upon, or give 
a name to ; to name; to style; to entitle. 

De-nom'i-nate, a. Concrete : — not abstract. 

De-nom-i-na'tion, n. Act of naming; a name : — 
a sect or class,' as of Christians. [tion. 

De-nom-i-na'tion-al, a. Eelating to a denomina- 

De-nom'i-na-tor, n. One who names. — (Vulgar 
Fractions.) The number below the line. 

Den-o-ta'tion, n. The act of denoting. 

De-note', v'. a. [L. denotare, to mark out ; de, 
down, and nature, to mark; nota, a mark, a 
note.] [pp. denoting, denoted.] To mark; to 
signify; to betoken. 



Denouement (den-S-mang), n. [Fr. denouei; to 
untie; de for L. dis-, apart, and nouer, to tie; 
noue, L. nodus, a knot.] The discovery of the 
plot of a drama or poem. 

De-nbunce', V. a. [Fr. denoncer ; L. denuntiare, de- 
nuntiatum, to declare; nunliure, to announce; 
nwntius, a messenger.] [pp. denouncing, de- 
nounced.] To threaten and censure publicly ; 
to condemn ; to accuse ; to censure. 

De-nounce'ment, n. Denunciation. 

Dense, a. [L. densus, thick.] Close; compact; 
thick ; solid. [dense. 

Dense'ly., ad. In a dense manner; so as to be 

Dense'ness, \ n. The quality of being close, coin- 

Den'si-tx, J pact, or thick : — closeness ; compact- 
ness". 

Dent, v. a. [See Dint.] [pp. denting, dented.] 
To mark with a dent ; to indent. — 2, n. A mark ; 
an indentation. 

Den'tal, a. [L. dens, dentis, a tooth.] Belonging 
to the teeth. — 2, n. A letter pronounced prin- 
cipally by the agency of the teeth. The dentals 
are d, s, t, z, and th. 

Den' tate, or Den'tat-ed, a. Pointed like teeth. 

Den-ta'tion, n- Formation of teeth. 

Den'ti-cle, v. [L. dentiadus. dim. of dews, a tooth.] 
An ornament resembling a tooth ; a projecting 
point; dentil. 

Den-tic'u-late, \a. Set with or having small 

Den-tic'u-lat-ed, j teeth. 

Den'ti-frice. n. [L. dentifricinm ; dens, deniis, a 
tooth, and fricare, to rub.] 
A powder for the teeth. 

Den'til, or Den'tile, n. [See 

Den'tist, n. [L. dens, deniis, a Dentil, 

tooth.] A surgeon for the teeth. 

Den'tis-try, n. The business of a dentist. 

Den-ti"tion, n. The breeding of teeth ; teething. 

Dgn'ture, n. [Fr.] An artificial tooth or set of 
teeth. 

De-nu'date, v. a. [pp. denudating, denudated], 
or De-nude', v. a. [pp. denuding, denuded.] 
[L. denudare, denudatum; nudere, to lay bare; 
nudus, naked.] To strip; to lay baie. 

De-nun'ci-ate (de-nun'she-at), v. a. [See De- 
nounce!] [pp. denunciating, denundated.] To 
denounce; to threaten : — to stigmatize. 

De-nun-ci-a'tion (de-nun-she-r/shun), n. [L. de- 
nuntiatio.] Act of denouncing; public menace. 

De-nun'ci-a-to-ry (de-nun'she-a-to-re), a. Con- 
taining'deniinciation ; censorious. 

De-ny', v. a. [Fr. denier ; L. denegare; de, fully, 
and negare, to deny.] [pp. denying, denied.] 
To contradict ; to disown ; to refuse. 

De-ob'stru-ent, a. [L. de, implying reversal, and 
obstruere, to obstruct.] Eemoviug obstructions. 
— 2, w. An aperient medicine. 

De'o-dand, n. [L. deo, to God, dandnm, to be 
given; dare, to give.] A thing forfeited to God. 

De-o-dar', n. [East Indian for "divine tree."] An 
Asiatic cedar-tree. 

De-o-dor-i-za'tion, n. The act of deodorizing. 

De-o'dor-ize, v. a. [L. de, implying reversal, and 
'odor, smell.] [pp. deodorizing, deodorized.] To 
deprive of (.dor. 

De-on-tol'o-iry, n. [Gr. Se'ov, due, and Ad-yo?, a 
treatise.]' The science of duty ; ethics. [gen. 

De-ox-i-da'tion, n. The process of extracting oxy- 

De-ox'i-dize, v. a. [L. de. implying reversal, and 
Oxidize.] [pp. deoxidizing, deoxidized.] To 
deprive of oxygen ; to reduce from the state of 
an oxide ; to deoxidate. 

De-part', v. w. [Fr. depariir ; L. de, away, and 
partiri, to separate ; pars, partis, a part.] [ pp. de- 
parting, departed.] To go away ; to leave ; to die. 

De-part'ing, n. A going away ; separation. 

De-part'ment, «. [Fr. department.] A province 
or territorial division : — a division of executive 
government :— separate part, office, or division. 



a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y,, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



DEPABTMENTAL 



189 



DEKELICT 



Dep-art-ment'al. a. Relating to a department. 

De-part'ure (de-part'yur), n. A going away; 
start :— a forsaking : — death ; decease. 

De-pend', v. n. [L. dependere; de, down, and 
pendere, to hang.] [pp. depending, depended.] 
To hang from : — to rely ; to adhere ; to be con- 
ditioned. 

De-pend' ant, n. [Fr. ; pres. part, of dependre, to 
depend.'] One who is subordinate or dependent : 
— written also dependent. 

De-pend'ence, \n. State of being subordinate; 

De-pend'en-cy, J connection ; reliance. 

De-pend'en-cy, n. A subject country or province. 

De-pend'ent, a. [L. dependens, dependents, pres. 
part, of' dependere, to depend (q. v.).] Hanging 
down; subordinate. — 2, n. One subordinate; a 
dependant. 

De-pict', v. a. [L. depingere, depictum; pingere, to 
paint.] [pp. depicting, depicted.] To paint; 
to portray ; to describe. 

De-pict'ure (de-pikt'yur), v. a. [pp. depicturing, 
'depictured.] * To depict. 

Dep'i-late, v. a. [L. depUarc, depilatum; de, away, 
and pUare, to pluck out hairs; pihis, a hair.] 
[pp. depilating, depilated.] To pull off hair. 

De-pll'a-to-ry, a. Taking away the hair.— 2, n. 
That which takes away hair. 

De-plete', v. a. [L. deplere, devletum, to empty; 
'de negative, and plere, to fill.] [ pp. depleting, 
depleted.] To let blood; to exhaust. 

De-ple'tion, m. An emptying; a blood-letting. 

De-plo'ra-ble, a. That is to be deplored ; lamen- 
table ; sad ; calamitous ; grievous. 

De-plo'ra-bly, ad. Lamentably ; miserably. 

Dep-lo-ra'tion, n. The act of deploring; grief 

De-plore', v. a. [L. plorure, deplorare, to bewail.] 
tpp. deploring, deplored.] To lament ; to bewail. 

De-ploy', v. a. & v. v. [Fr. dCploger, to unroll, 
ployer, L. plicare, to fuld.] [pp. deploying, de- 
ployed.] To display ; to unfold ; to extend. 

De-po'lar-ize, v. a. [L. de, implying reversal, 
and Polarize.] [ pp. depolarizing, depolarized.] 
To deprive of polarity. 

De-po'nent, n. [L. deponere, deposition, to lay 
down, to put aside,— 'ater, to testify; de, down, 
and ponere, to place ; ponere is said to be for pout 
sinere, to put behind.] {Law.) One who makes 
a deposition.— (Gram.) A deponent verb. — 2, a. 
Noting Latin verbs which have a passive farm, 
but an active meaning. 

De-pop'i-late, v. a. [L. depopulare, depopulation; 
popidare, to lay waste; papains, people.] [pp. 
depopulating, depopulated.] To dispeople ; to 
lay waste. [inhabitants. 

De-pop-u-la'tion, n. Expulsion or destruction of 

De-p5rt\ v. a. \li. deporlare ; de, away, and portare, 
to carry.] [pp. deporting, deported.] To carry 
off : — to demean ; to behave. 

Dep-or-ta/tion, n. Transportation ; exile. 

De-port'ment, n. Manner of conducting one's 
self; carriage; conduct; demeanor. 

De-po'sal, n. The act of depriving of office. 

De-pose', v. a. [Fr. dtposer; L. de negative, and 
pausare, to pause, — later, to place; influenced 
by deponere, deposition, to set down. — See De- 
posit.] [pp. deposing, deposed.] To degrade; 
to divest of office.— 2, v. n. [See Deponent.] 
To bear witness ; to testify. 

De-pos/it, V. a. [L. deponere, deposition, to lay 
'down. — See Deponent.] [pp. depositing, de- 
posited.] To lay down; to lodge; to place. — 
2, n. That which is deposited; a pledge; a 
security : — a depository. 

De-pSs'i-ta-ry, >:. [Fr. dtpositaire.] One to whom 
a thing is intrusted : — one who receives goods 
or money in trust. 

Dep-o-si"tion (dep o-zish'un), n. [L. deposiHo. — 
See' Deponent.] The act'of deposing : — the tes- 
timony of a witness or deponent reduced to 
writing and signed :— dethronement. 

De-pos'i-tor, n. One who makes a deposit. 



De-pos'i-to-ry, n. A place for depositing. 

Depot (de-po', often de'po) [de-po' or dep'o, St. N. ; 
da-po', Ja. Sin.), n. [Fr. depot, 0. Fr. depost, a 
store; L. depositum, a deposit (q. v.).] A place 
of deposit ; a magazine : — a place for stopping 
and starting on a railroad; a station-house. 

Dep-ra-va/tion, n. Corruption; depravity. 

De-prave', v. a. [L. depravare, to make crooked; 
'de intensive, and pravus, crooked.] [pp. de- 
praving, depraved.] To make bad; to corrupt. 

De-praved', p- »• Vicious; wicked: — vitiated. 

De-prav'i-ty, n. State of being depraved ; depra- 
vation ; moral corruption ; a vitiated state. 

Dep're-cate, v. a. |L. dtprecuri, deprecatus; de, 
away, and precari, to pray ; prex, precis, a 
prayer.] [pp. deprecating, deprecated.] To beg 
or pray against. 

Dep-re-ca'tion, n. Prayer against evil. 

Dep're-ca-tive, ) a. That serves to deprecate ; 

Dep're-ca-to-ry, j entreating. 

De-pre'ci-ate (de-prl-'she-^t), v a. [L. depretiare, 
deprelialum ; de, from, and pretivm, price.] [pp. 
depreciating, depreciated.] To lower in price ; 
to lessen in value; to disparage.— 2, o. u. To fall 
in value. 

De-pre-ci-a'tion (de-pre-she-a'shun), n. Act of 
depreciating': — decrease of value. 

De-pre'ci-a-tive, \a~ Undervaluing; tending to 

De-pre'ci-a-to-ry, J disparagement. 

Dep're-d'ate, v- a. [L. deprsedari, deprsedatum, to 
rob;' prsedari, to pillage; prseda, booty.] [pp. 
depredating, depredated.] To rob; to pillage; 
to lay waste. — 2, r. n. To plunder. 

Dep-re-da'tion, n. A robbing; a spoiling. 

Dep're-da-tor, n. A robber; a plunderer. 

De-prgss', v. a. [L. deprimere, depressum, to press 
down. — See Press.] [pp. depressing, depressed.] 
To cast down ; to humble; to deject ; to dispirit; 
to discourage : — to press downward. 

De-pres'sion (de-presh'un , n. Act of depressing : 
—a hollow : — melancholy , dejection. 

De-pri'val, n. Loss ; deprivation. 

Dep-ri-va'tion, n. Act of depriving; loss. 

De-prive', v. a. [L de, fully, and privare, to di- 
vest. — See Private ] [pp. depriving, depiived.] 
To take from ; to bereave :— to divest of a benefice. 

De-prlv'er, »/. He who or that which deprives. 

Dgpth, n." [Icel. d/rpt; Dut. diepte ; Goth, daupitha. 
— See Deep.] Distance below the surface; deep- 
ness : — middle : — abstruseness : — sagacity. 

Dep'u-rate, v. a. [L. de, fully, and pitrare, pu- 
ration, to purify ; pnnis, pure {q. r.).] [pp. de- 
purating, depurated.] To purify; to cleanse. 

Dep-ii-ta'tion, n. Act of deputing, commission: 
— the persons deputed ; delegation. 

De-pute', v. a. [Fr. dtputer ; L. chputare, to cut 
off, — later, to select; de, away, and putare, to 
esteem, to prune, to arrange.] [pp. deputing, 
deputed.] To send with a special commission; 
to empower to act; to delegate. — 2, a. Dele- 
gated ; acting, [r.] [depute. [U.S.] 

Dep'u-tize, v. a. [pp. deputizing, deputized.] To 

Dep'u-ty, n. [Fr. depute.] One appointed to act 
for another; a representative: — a lieutenant; a 
viceroy. 

De-rail', r. a. & v. n. [De, implying separation, 
"and Rail.] [ pp. derailing, derailed.] To throw 
from the rails : — to run off the rails. 

De-rail'ment, n. The act of derailing; state of 
being derailed. 

De-rangV, v. a. [Fr. deranger ; L. dis- negative, 
and Fr. ranger, to range (q. v.).] [pp. de- 
ranging, deranged.] To disorder; to disarrange. 

De-ranged' (de-ranjd'), p. a. Displaced; mis- 
placed: — disordered in mind; insane. 

De-rangVment, n. Act of deranging; disarrange- 
ment : — mental disorder; insanity. 

Der'e-Hct, n. [L. derelinquere, derelictus, to aban- 
don; de intensive, and relinquere, to leave.] 
(Law.) Any thing forsaken, cast away, or left 
by the owner. — 2, a. Relinquished ; forsaken. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c, £•, soft; p, p, c, §, hard; §osz; ? as gz ; this. 



DEKELICTION 



190 



DESOLATION 



Der-e-tfc'tion, n. Act of forsaking; neglect of 
duty ;_ abandonment. 

De-ride', t'. a. [L. deridere, derisum; de intensive, 
and ridere, to laugh.] [pp. deriding, derided.] 
To scoff at; to mock; to jeer; to ridicule. 

De-ri"sion (de-rizh'un), n. [L. derisio.] The act 
of deriding or laughing at; mockery; ridicule. 

De-rl'sive, c Containing derision ; mocking. 

De-ri'sive-ly, ad. Mockingly ; insultingly. 

De-rl'so-ry, a. Mocking; ridiculing; derisive. 

De-rlv'a-ble, a. That may be derived ; deducible. 

Der-i-va'tion, n. Act of deriving; deduction. 

De-rlv'a-tlve, a. Derived from another. — 2, n. 
The thing or word derived. 

De-riv'a-tive-ly., ad. By derivation. 

De-rlve\ v. a. [L. derivare, deriyatom, to drain off; 
de, off, and rims, a stream.] [pp. deriving, de- 
rived.] To deduce ; to draw ; to trace. — 2, v. n. 
To take origin ; to be deduced. 

Derm, n. [Gr. Sep/Jia, the skin ; Sipetv, to flay.] 
The skin or integument of animals. 

Der-ma-tol'o-gist, n. One versed in dermatology. 

Der-ma-tol'o-£y., n. [Gr. dipfxa, SepjuaTos, the 
skin,' and Xoyos, a treatise.] A treatise on the 
skin ; science of the skin and its diseases. 

Dernier (dern-yar' or der'ne-er), a. [Fr. ; from L. 
de retro, of or from the rear.] Last: — used in 
the nhrase dernier resort (or ressort). 

Der'o-gate, v. a. [L. derogare, derogation.'; de, 
away, and roc/are, to ask.] [pp. derogating, 
derogated.] To disparage; to diminish. — 2, v. u. 
To detract ; to take away. 

Der-o-ga'tion, n. A defamation; detraction :— a 
subtraction from, or other alteration made on, a 
contract. 

De-rog'a-to-ry, a. Tending to degrade ; de- 
grading ;' detracting ; dishonoring. 

Der'rick, n. [Named from one Derrick, a hang- 
man at Tyburn ; Derrick is the 
same as Dietrich or Theodoric; 
from Goth, thiuda, the people, 
and reiks, chief.] (Xaut.) A 
tackle consisting of a double 
and single block.— (Arch.) A 
machine for raising heavy 
weights. 

Der'rin-ger, n. [After the in- 
ventor.]' A short-barrelled pis- 
tol carrying a large ball. 

Der'vis, or Der'vish, n. [Per. 
darvish, poor, or a monk ] An 
Oriental priest or monk. 

Des'cant, n. [0. Fr. descant, deschant; L. dls-, 
apart, and cantos, a song. — See Chant.] A part 
in a song : — a discourse ; a dispute. 

Des-cant'. v. n. [pp. descanting, descanted.] To 
sing : — to discourse. 

De-scend' (de-send'), v v. [L. descendere, descen- 
sum ; de, down, and scandere, scanswv, to climb.] 
[pp. descending, descended.] To move down. 

De-scend'ant, n. Offspring of an ancestor. 

De-scend'ent, a. Falling; descending. 

De-scen'sion (de-sen'shun). n. Act of descending. 

De-scent' (de-sent'), n.' Movement downward; 
declivity :— invasion :— birth; extraction. 

De-scrib'a-ble, a. That may be described. 

De-scribe', v. a. [L. describere; de, down, and 
'scribere, scriptom, to write.] [pp. describing, 
described.] To define by properties; to repre- 
sent by words ; to delineate. 

De-scrip'tion. n. [L. descriptio.] The act of de- 
scribing ; delineation ; representation. 

De-scrip'tive, a. Containing description. 

De-scry', v. a. [Fr. decrire, 0. Fr. descrivre; L. 
describere (see Describe), to write down, — hence, 
to blazon ; it gradually acquired the meaning 
of discern, with which it was popularly con- 
founded.] [pp. descrying, descried.] To spy out , 
to discover. 

Des'e-crate, v. a. [L. desecrare, desecrutum: de, 
and sacrare, to hallow ; sacer, sacred.] [pp. dese- 




Derrick. 



crating, desecrated.] To profane by misapplica- 
tion : — to divert from a sacred purpose. 

Des-e-cra'tion, n. The act of desecrating. 

Des'ert, n. A wilderness ; solitude; waste. — 2, o. 
Barren; unpeopled; desolate; wild; waste. 

De-sert', v. a. [L. deserere, desertvm, to unbind, 
to abandon.] [pp. deserting, deserted.] To for- 
sake ; to abandon ; to leave. — 2, v. n. To run 
away clandestinely. — 3, n. [0. Fr. deserle. — See 
Deserve.] Claim to reward or punishment; 
merit or demerit, 

De-sert'er, n. One who deserts. 

De-ser'tion, n. Act of deserting; dereliction. 

De-serve', v. n. [L. deservire, to serve well, — later, 
to merit ; de intensive, and servire, to serve (q. v.).] 
[pp. deserving, deserved.] To be worthy of good 
or ill. — 2, v. a. To be worthy of; to merit. 

De-serv'ed-lx, ad. Worthily; justly. 

De-serv'ing, a. Worthy; meritorious. 

Dgs-ha-b'ille' [dez'a-b5l, St. ; dis-a-bil', H. ; des'- 
a-bel', Wb.], n. Undress. See Dishabille. 

De-sic'cate [des'e-kat, Wb. St. Johnson], v. a. [L. 
desiccare, desiccation, to dry ; de intensive, and 
siccare, to dry; siccus, dry.} [pp. desiccating, 
desiccated.] To dry up. — 2, v. n. To grow dry. 

Des-ic-ca'tion, n. The act of making dry. 

De-stc'ca-tive, a. Having power to dry. [cates. 

Des'ic-ca-tor, n. One who, or that which, desic- 

De-sid'er-ate, v. a. [See Desire.] [pp. desider- 
ating;,' desiderated.] To want ; to desire : — to lack. 

De-sid'er-|-tive, a. Implying desire. 

De-sid-er-a'tum, n. ; pi. De-sid-er-a'ta. [L.] 
Something not possessed, but desired or wanted ; 
a thing wanted. 

De-sign' [de-zin', S. E. Ja. H. K.], v. a. [L. de- 
signare; de, down, and signare, to mark; signufm, 
a mark, a sign.] [pp. designing, designed.] To 
purpose: to intend; to plan; to piqject; to 
sketch out; to delineate. — 2, n. An intention ; a 
purpose ; a scheme ; a plan of action ; a sketch. 

Des'ig-nate, v. a. [L. designare, designation. — See 
Design.] [pp. designating, designated.] To 
point out ; to mark. [name or title. 

Des-ig-na'tion, n. Appointment ; direction ; a 

De-sign'ed-ly (de-sTn'ed-le), ad. Purposely. 

De-sign'er (de-sin'ei), n. One who designs : — one 
who forms a plan, &c. 

De-sTgn'ing (de-sin'jng,) p. a. Insidious ; artful. — 
2, n. The act of delineating objects ; delineation. 

De-§ir's.-ble, a. Worthy of desh'e; pleasing. 

De-sire\ n. [Fr. desir, L. desiderium, wish ; L. 
'desiderare, Fr. desirer, to wish : like Consider, 
these words are obscurely related to L. sidus, 
siderii, a star.] Wish ; eagerness to obtain. — 
2, v. a. [pp. desiring, desired.] To wish ; to 
long for; to covet. 

De-sir'ous, a. Full of desire; eager; longing. 

De-slr'ous-ly, ad. Eagerly ; with desire. 

De-slr'ous-ness. n. Fulness of desire. 

De-sist' [de-zisf, S.], v. n. [L. desistere ; de, away, 
and sistere, to place ; a causal form of stare, to 
stand.] [pp. desisting, desisted.] To cease from; 
to stop ; to forbear. 

De-sist'ance, n. Desisting; cessation. 

Dgsk, n.' [A variant of Disk and Dish. — Cf. Ger. 
tisch, a table.] An inclining table for writers or 
readers : — a kind 
of rostrum ; a 
pulpit. 

Des'man, n. [Dan 
& Sw. desman, , 
musk.] The Eu- 
ropean musk-rat. 

Des'o-late, v. a. 

[L.' desolare, desolatum ; de intensive, and soJare, 
to lay waste, to make lonely ; solus, alone.] [pp. 
desolating, desolated.] To depopulate; to rav- 
age, [lonely; comfortless. 

Des'o-late, a. Laid waste; uninhabited; solitary; 

Des-o-la'tion n. The act of desolating; a desolate 
place ; loneliness ; destruction ; devastation. 




[, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, l, o, u, y. short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 



DESPAIE 



191 



DETEKSION 



De-spair', n. [Fr. desespoir. — See Desperate.] 
'Hopeless state; despondence. — 2, v. n. [pp. de- 
spairing, despaired.] To be hopeless; to de- 
spond ; to give up hope. 

De-spair'Lig-ly, ad. In a despairing manner. 

De-spatch', or Dis-patch', v. a. [Fr. depicher, 0. 
Fr. despescher ; L. dis- negative, and pedicure, to 
hinder; pedica, a fetter; pes, pedis, the foot.] 
[pp. despatching, despatched.] To send away 
hastily ; to hasten : — to kill : — to finish. — 2, n. 
Haste; express; message; speed. 

Des-pe-ra/do [des-pe-ra/do, Ja.], n. ; pi. Des-pe- 
ra'd'oes. [Sp. for "desperate."] A. bold. and. 
reckless criminal. 

Des'per-ate, a. [L. desperare, desperatum, to de- 
spair; "de, away, and sperare, to hope; spes, 
hope.] Hopeless; mad; furious. 

Des'per-ate-ly, ad. Hopelessly; furiously. 

Des-per-a'tion, n. Absence of hope; despair. 

Des'pi-ca-ble, a. [L. despicabilis. — See Despise.] 
That may be despised; base ; mean; contemp- 
tible ; viie ; worthless. 

Des'pi-ca-ble-ness, n. Meanness ; vileness. 

Des'pi-ca-bly, ad. In a despicable manner. 

De-splse\ v. a. [L. despicere ; de, down, and spe- 
cere, spectum, to look.j [pp. despising, despised.] 
To scorn; to contemn; to disdain. 

De-spis/er, n. A contemner ; a scorner. 

De-spite', n. [0. Fr. despit, Fr. depit, L. despectus, 
contempt. — See Despise.] Malice ; malignity : 
— defiance.— 2, prep. In spite of. 

De-spite'ful, a. Malicious; full of spleen. 

De-splte'ful-ly, ad. Maliciously. 

De-spoil', v. a. [L. despoliare ; de intensive, and 
spoliare, to spoil, to rob; spolium, booty.] [pp. 
despoiling, despoiled.] To rob; to deprive; to 
divest; to plunder; to spoil utterly. 

De-spo-li-a/tion, n. The act of despoiling. 

De-spond', v. n. [L. despondere, to give up; de, 
implying negation or failure, and spnudere, to 
promise.] [pp. desponding, desponded.] To 
lose hope ; to despair. — 2, n. Despondency ; 
despair. [dejection; despair. 

De-spond'en-cy, n. Loss of hope; hopelessness; 

De-spond'ent, a. Despairing; hopeless. 

De-spond'ing-ly, ad. In a hopeless manner. 

Des'pot, n. [Gr. SeanoT7]<;. — Of. Skr. pati, master; 
L. potcns, powerful.] An absolute sovereign; a 
tyrant; a tyrannical ruler. 

Des-pot'ic, \a. Relating to despotism; abso- 

Des-pot'i-cal, j lute; arbitrary; tyrannical. 

Des-pot'i-cal-ly, ad. In a despotic manner. 

Des'pot-ism, n. Absolute power : — tyranny. 

Des-pu-ma'tion, n. Scum; frothiness. 

Des-qua-ma'tion, n. [L. desquamure, desguamatum, 
to scale off; de, off, and squama, a scale.] A 
scaling off; that which scales off. 

Des-sert', n. [Fr. ; from desservir, to remove, as 
plates from the table ; des- negative, and servir, 
to serve.] A service of fruits after meals. 

Des-sert'-spoon, n. A spoon intermediate be- 
tween a teaspoon and a tablespoon. 

Des-ti-na'tion, n. The act of destining ; purpose ; 
fate; end;' design; destiny; journey's end. 

Des'tine, v. a. [L. destinare, destinatum, to fix, to 
destine; destina, a prop, a support, a fixture: 
root of Stand.] [pp. destining, destined.] To 
doom; to appoint; to devote. [cessity ; doom. 

Des'ti-ny, n. [Fr. destinee.] Fate; invincible ne- 

Des'ti-tGte, a. [L. destituere, destitvtnm, to leave 
alone ; de, away, and statuere, to place : root of 
Stand.] Devoid ; needy ; very poor. 

Des-ti-tu'tion, n. State of being destitute ; pov- 
erty :— deprivation. 

De-strby', v. a. [L. deslruere, destrvclvm; de, im- 
plying reversal, and struere, to build.] [pp. de- 
stroying, destroyed.] To lay waste; to ruin ; to 
kill ; to overthrow ; to demolish. 

De-stroy'er, n. One who destroys. [ible. 

De-strfict-i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being destruct- 

De-strflct'i-ble,'a. ' Capable of being destroyed. 



De-struc'tion, n. The act of destroying; extinc- 
tion; a killing; ruin; overthrow. 

De-strQc'tive, a. Causing destruction ; deadly. 

De-struc'tive-ly, ad. In a destructive manner. 

De-strfic'tive-ness, n. Quality of destroying : — 
propensity to destroy. 

Des'ue-tude (des'we-tud), n. '[L. desuetvdo ; de, 
implying cessation, and suescere, inceptive of 
suere, to be accustomed.] Discontinuance of 
habit; disuse. 

Des'ul-to-ri-ly, ad. In a desultory manner. 

Bes'ul-to-ry, a. [L. desnltoriax, a horse used by a 
professional leaper; also, fickle, inconstant; de- 
svltor, a leaper from horse to horse, a fickle per- 
son ; desilere, desultum, to leap down ; de, down, 
and salire, to leap.] Loose ; unconnected; unset- 
tled ; immethodical ; cursory ; slight. 

De-tach', v. a. [Fr. detacher; de-, apart, and 
-tacher, to fasten ; -tacher is kindred to Tack. — 
See Attach.] [pp. detaching, detached.] To 
separate ; to send off. 

De-tach'ment, n. Act of detaching :— a thing de- 
tached; a body of troops detached. 

De-tail', v. a. [Fr. dttaUkr ; d/-, off, and tailler, 
to cut.] [pp. detailing, detailed.] To relate 
particularly :— to appoint for special duties. 

De-tail', or De'tail, n. A minute account; re- 
cital ; narration : — a minute particular : — a small 
detachment of troops. 

De-tain', v. a. [L. delinere, detentum; de, away, 
and tenere, to hold.] [pp. detaining, detained.] 
To withhold ; to keep ; to hold. 

De-tain'er, n. lie who or that which detains: — 
detention; unlawful possession. 

De-tain'ment, n. Act of detaining ; detention. 

De-tect', v.'a. [L. detegere, detectum; de reversive, 
and tegere, to cover.] [pp. detecting, detected.] 
To lay bare what was concealed; to discover; to 
find out; to convict. 

De-tec'tion. «. [L. detectio. — See Detect.] Discov- 
ery, especially the discovei-y of guilt or wrong. 

De-tec'tive, a. That detects ; discovering. — 2, n. 
An officer on secret service. 

De-tent', n. [See Detain.] A stop in a machine. 

De-ten'tion, w. [L. detentio.] Act or period of 
keeping'; restraint :— confinement :— delay. 

De-ter', v. a. [L. deterrere, to frighten off; de, 
away, and terrere, to frighten. — See Terror.] 
[pp. deterring, deterred.] To discourage by ter- 
ror ; to hinder. 

De-ter£e\ v. a. [L. detergere, detersum, to cleanse; 
'de, off, and tergere, to wipe.] [pip. deterging, 
deterged.] To cleanse, as a sore. 

De-ter' fent, a. Tending to cleanse ; detersive. — 
2, n. That which cleanses. 

De-te'ri-o-rate, v. a. [L. deteriorare, deterioratvm, 
to grow worse; deterior, worse (from de, on type 
of interior, from in).] [pp. deteriorating, dete- 
riorated.] To make worse. — 2, v. n. To grow 
worse. [of growing worse. 

De-te-ri-o-ra'tion, n. Aft of making worse ; state 

De-ter'nu-na-bfe, a. That may be determined. 

De-ter' mi-nant, n. That which determines or in- 
dicates. 

De-ter'mi-nate, a. Definite; decisive; fixed. — 
(Bot.) Pertaining to terminal buds. 

De-t'er-mi-na'tion, n. Act of determining; di- 
rection ; resolution ; decision : — termination. 

De-ter'mi-na-tive, a. Directing to an end. 

De-ter'mine, v. a. [L. delerminare, determination; 
'de, fully, and terminare, to limit; terminus, a 
limit.] [pp. determining, determined.] To fix 
permanently; to settle; to adjust; to conclude; 
to limit; to resolve on; to decide : — to cause to 
cease. — 2, v. u. To conclude ; to end : — to decide. 

De-ter'mined, p. a. Decided : — resolute. 

De-ter'min-ism, n. The opinion that the human 
will is not free, but is determined by motives. 

De-ter'mi-nist, n. {Met.) One who maintains 
that the will is determined by motives. 

De-ter' sion, n. [See Deterge.] Act of cleansing. 



mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. — Q, g-, 5, £, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 



DETERSIVE 



192 



DIABETES 



De-ter'sive, a. Having power to cleanse. — 2, re. 
A cleansing application. 

De-test', v. a. [L. detestari, to execrate; de in- 
tensive, and testari, to make oath.— See Test.] 
[pp. detesting, detested.] To hate ; to abhor; to 
abominate. 

De-test'a-ble, a. Tbat may be detested ; odious: 
—hateful ; execrable ; abominable. 

De-test'a-bly, ad. Hatefully ; abominably. 

Det-es-ta'tion, ». Hatred ; abhorrence. 

De-throne', V. a. [De, down, and Throne.] [pp. 
dethroning, dethroned.] To depose from a 
tbrone; to divest of regality. 

De-throne' ment, n. The act of dethroning. 

Det'o-nate, v. n. & v. a. [L. detonare, detonation, 
to thunder ; de intensive, and tonare, to thunder.] 
[}>p. detonating, detonated.] To explode or 
cause to explode with noise : — to inflame. 

Det-o-na'tion, re. An explosion with noise. 

Detour (da-toV), re. [Fr. ; dttourner, to turn away; 
tourner, to turn (</. p.).] A turning; circuit. 

De-tract', V. a. & v. n. [L. detrahere, detractum, to 
take away ; de, away, and trahere, to draw (q. ».).] 
[pp. detracting, detracted.] To derogate; to de- 
fame; to slander :— with from. 

De-trac'tion, re. Act of detracting; slander. 

De-trac'tive, a. Tending to detract. 

De-trac'to-ry, a. Defamatory ; derogatory. 

De-train'^ v. a, [De, away' from, ;md Traix.] 
[pp. detraining, detrained.] To remove from a 
railway train, as troops or stores. 

Det'ri-ment, ;;. [L. detrimentum, loss; deterere, 
detrilum, to rub away; de, away, and terere, to 
rub.] Loss ; damage; mischief. 

Det-ri-men'tal, a. Mischievous; hurtful. 

De-tri'tus, re. [L.— See Detrisiext.] (GeoJ.) Earthy 
substance worn away by the action of water. 

De-trude', v. a. [L. detrudere, detrvmm, to thrust 
down ; de, down, and trudere, to thrust.] [pp. de- 
truding, detruded.] To thrust down ; to depress. 

De-tru'§ion, n. The act of thrusting down. 

Deuce (dus), n. [Fr. deux, L. duo, duos, two (q. v.).] 
The two in cards or dice. 

Deuce, or Deuse (dus), re. [L. detis, a god;— ence 
used as an oath, and then vulgarized into an- 
other meaning.] A cant name for the devil. 

Deu-ter-og-'a-my. n. [Gr. Sevrepos, second, and 
ydix.0^, marriage.] A second marriage. 

Deu-ter-on'o-my. re- [Gr. Seurepo?, second, and 
voixos, law.] the second law; the fifth book of 
the Pentateuch. 

De-vas'tate, or Dev'as-tate, V. a. [L. devastare, 
devastation ; de. fully", and vaslare, to waste (q. ».).] 
[pp. devastating, "devastated.] To lay waste; 
to ravage. 

Dev-as-ta'tion, n. Waste; desolation. 

De-vel'op, v.' a. [Fr. divelopper ; de- negative or 
reversive, and envelopper, to envelop (q. v.).] 
[pp. developing, developed.] To make known; 
to disclose ; to lay open ; to unfold : to unravel ; 
to disentangle.— 2, v. ». To undergo a process 
of development or improvement ; to pass through 
a process of evolution ; to evolve :— to become 
gradually perceptible ; to come to light. — Writ- 
ten also develope. 

De-vel'op-ment, n. Act of developing, or state of 
being 'developed; an unravelling; a disclosure: 
—evolution. [alienate. See Divest. 

De-vest', v. a. [pp. devesting, devested.] To 

D§'vi-ate, v. re. [L. deviare, deviatum ; devius, 
astray.— See Devious.] [j</>. deviating, devi- 
ated.'] To wander; to go astray. 

De-vi-a'tion, ». The act of deviating; offence. 

De-vice', n. [Fr. devise, Late L. divisa, a mark, a 
'distinction ; L. dividere, divisum, to divide (q. v.), 
to distinguish.] A contrivance: — a plan, or 
project : — a design ; an emblem. 

Dev'il (dev'vl) [devil, I.], re. [Gr. 6ux/3oAo?, slan- 
derer, accuser; SiafidWetp, to traduce; Sid, 
across, and 0a.AA.eii/, to cast, to throw.] An evil 
spirit; Satan. 



Dev'il-ish (dev'vl-ish), o. Diabolical ; wicked. 

Dev'il-ish-ly, ad. Diabolically :— excessively. 

Dev'il-ment, ) n. Malice : — diabolism : — rude 

Dev'il-ry, J merriment. 

Dev'il-try, re. Gross villany : — mischief. [Low.] 

De'vi-ous, a. [L. devius, astray ; de, out of, and 
via', the way.] Erring: — indirect; winding. 

De'vi-ous-ness, n. The quality of being devious. 

De-vi§e', v. a. [L. dividere, divisum, to divide; 
Fr. deviser, to lay out, to plan.] [pp. devising, 
devised.] To contrive ; to invent : — to bequeath ; 
to grant by will.— 2, v. n. To consider; to con- 
trive. — 3, n. A gift or bequest by will. 

Dev-i-see', re. One to whom something is devised 
or bequeathed, [by will : — correlative of devisee. 

Dev-i-§or\ or De-vi'sor, n. (Late.) One who gives 

De-vbld', o. [Fr. divider, to empty ; 0. Fr. des- 
voidier. — See Yoid.] Empty ; vacant ; void ; free 
from; destitute. 

Devoir (dev-wor'), n. [Fr. for " duty ;" devoir, to 
owe ; L. debere, to owe, from de negative, and 
habere, to have. — See Debt.] Service ; duty : — 
an act of civility. [down. 

Dev-o-lii'tion, n. The act of devolving or rolling 

De-volve', v. n. & v. a. [L. de, down, and volvere, 
to roll.] [%>p. devolving, devolved.] To roll 
down ; to pass to. 

De-vote', v. a. [L. devovere, devolum ; de inten- 
sive, and vovere, to vow (q. ».).] [pp. devoting, 
devoted.] To dedicate; to consecrate :— to apply ; 
to addict: — to give up; to doom. 

De-vot'ed, p. a. Consecrated ; dedicated :— devout : 
—ardent : — doomed ; given up. 

De-vot'ed-ly, ad. In a devoted manner. 

Dlv-o-tle', n. One entirely devoted; a zealot. 

De-vo'tion, re. Quality of being devoted; piety; 
ardor ; 'worship ; prayer : — strong affection. 

De-vo'tion-al, a. Pertaining to devotion ; devout. 

De-vbur', v. a. [Fr. dtvorer, L. devornre ; de in- 
tensive, and vorare, to eat up.] [ pp. devouring, 
devoured.] To eat up greedily ; to consume. 

De-vbut', a. [Fr. divot.— Sue Devote.] Pious; 
religious ; earnest. 

De-vbut'ly, ad. In a devout manner. 

De-vbut'ness, n. Quality of being devout. 

Dew (du), v. a. [A.-S. deau- ; Dut. dauw; Ger. thau. 
— Cf. Skr. dhav, to flow, or to wash.] [jjjj. dew- 
ing, dewed.] To wet, as with dew; to moisten. 
—2. n. Moisture deposited in the night. 

Dew'ber-ry, ». A kind of blackberry. 

Dew'-claw, re. A rudimentary claw or hoof. 
1 Dew'-drop (du'drop), n. A drop of dew. 

Dew'lap, n. [Probably because it laps or licks 
the dew.] A fleshy substance hanging from the 
throat of an ox. 

Dew'-pbint. re. The temperature at which dew 
begins to be deposited. [moist with, dew. 

Dew'y (du'e), «. Partaking of, resembling, or 

Dex'ter, a. [L. dexter; Gr. Se£iTepcs, on the right 
hand.— Cf. Goth, taihsus, on the right; Euss. 
desnitza, right hand ; Welsh dehen, Irish deas, 
Skr. dalshina, right or south.] On the right- 
hand side. 

Dex-ter'i-ty.?). Activity of limbs or of mind ; read- 
iness; expertness; skill; ability. 

Dex'ter-ous, a. [L. dexter, right hand ] Expert ; 
active ; ready ; prompt ; quick ; skilful ; inge- 
nious; clever. 

Dex'ter-ous-ly, ad. Expertly : skilfully. 

Dex'trine. n. [See Dexter. It turns the plane 
of polarized light to the right.] Artificial gum. 

Dey (da), re. [Turk, for "maternal uncle;" at 
one time used as a friendly title for old men in 
the Turkish army; next given colloquially to 
officers of high rank.] A Turkish title of dig- 
nity, formerly of the governor of Algiers. 

Di'a-, a prefix, is the Gr. preposition Sid, through, 
apart. 

Di-a-be'te§, n. [Gr. ; from Sid, away, through, 
and paLvet.v, to go.] {Med.) An immoderate 
and morbid flow of urine. 



i a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



DIABETIC 



193 



DICTIONARY 




Di-a-bet'ic, a. Eelating to diabetes. 

Diablerie (de-a-ble-re'), n. [Fr. ; (liable, a devil.] 
Incantation : — sorcery : — mischief. 

Dl-a-bol'ic, la. [Gr. 5ia/3oAc/c6?. — See Devil] 

Di-a-bol'i-cal, J Relating to the devil ; devilish ; 
atrocious. ' 

Di-a-bol'i-cal-ly., ad. Very wickedly. 

Di-ab'o-lism, n. Diabolical conduct or spirit. 

Di-ac'o-nate, n. [Late L. diaconatus. — See Dea- 
con.] The office of a deacon. 

Dl-a-cbu'stic, a. Eelating to refracted sound. 

Di-a-cou'stics, n. [Gr. Sid, through, and dxoveiv, 
to hear.] Tlie science of refracted or trans- 
mitted sounds ; diaphonics. 

Di-a-crlt'ic, ia. [Gr. SiaKpiriKos ; Sid, be- 

Di-a-crit'i-cal, J tween, and KpCveiv, to judge. — 
See Critic] Distinguishing by a point or 
mark ; distinctive. 

Dl'a-dem, n. [Gr. SidS-q^a; Sid, 
around, and Seeiv, to bind.] A 
crown ; the mark of royalty. 

Di-ser'e-sis (dl-er'e-sis), n. ; pi. 
Diaer'e-se§. [Gr. Siatpetn? ,■ Sid, 
apart, and aipeeii', to take.] The 
mark [••], used to denote that 
two vowels are pronounced as 
two syllables; as, aer: dialysis. 

Dl'ag-nose [dl-ag-nos', 7.], v. a. [pp. diagnosing, 
diagnosed.] To discriminate, as diseases; to 
discover by diagnosis. 

Dl-ag-n5'sis, n. [Gr. Sid, between, and yvdxris, 
knowledge.] (Med.) The art, or act, of distin- 
guishing one disease fr:>m another. 

Di-ag-nos'tic, n. A distinguishing symptom. — 
2,' a. Distinguishing. 

Di-ag-nos'ti-cate, r. a. & v. n. [pp. diagnosti- 
cating, diagnosticated.] To distinguish between 
diseases. 

Di-ag'o-nal, a. [L. diagonalk ; Gr. Siayuivios ; Sid, 
across, and yoivia, an angle.] Reaching from 
angle to angle. — 2, n. A line drawn through a 
rectilineal figure, joining opposite angles. 

Di-ag'o-nal-ly, ad. In a diagonal direction. 

Dl'a-gram, n. [Gr. Sidypap.p.a ; Sid, across, and 
y'pd^eiv, to write, to trace.] A geometrical fig- 
ure or scheme. 

Dl'al, n. [L. (Kalis, daily; dies, a day.] An in- 
strument for showing the hour of the day by 
the sun's shadow : — a clock or watch face. 

Dl'a-lect, n. [Gr. Sid\eKTos ; Sia\eyofj.ai, I dis- 
course; Sid, between, and Ae-yeiv, to speak.] A 
variety in the form of a language : — a language: 
— idiom ; style ; speech. 

Dl-a-lec'tic, or Di-a-lec'ti-cal, a. Relating to 
dialects "or dialectics ; logical. 

Di-a-lec-ti"cian (di-a-lek-tish'an\ n. A logician. 

Di-a-lec'tics, ». Logic; the art of reasoning. 

Di'al-mg, n. The art of constructing dials. 

Di'a-logue (di'a-log), n. [Gr. SidXoyos, a conver- 
sation. — See Dialect.] A discourse or conver- 
sation between two or more ; a conference. 
Dl-al'y-sis, n. [Gr. SiaAvcn? ,• Sid, apart, and 
kveiv, to loosen.] (Iihet.) A diaeresis; asyn- 
deton. — (Med.) Weakness of the limbs.— (Chem.) 
Separation by diffusion through a membrane. 
Di-a-mag-net'ic, a. Affected by diamagnetism. 
Dl-a-mag'net-ism, n. [Gr. Sid, across, and Mag- 
netism.] 'A kind of magnetism which causes 
certain substances to take a position transverse 
to that of the magnetic needle. 
Di-am'e-ter, n. [Gr. Stajuerpo? ; Sid, across, 
through,' and ixerpelv, to measure.] A right 
line, which, passing through the centre of a 
circle, divides it into equal parts. 
Di-a-met'ri-cal. a. Describing a diameter. 
Di-a-met'ri-cal-ly, ad. In a diametrical direc- 
tion : — directly. "' 
Li'a-mond, or Dia'mond, n. [Ger., Dut., & Fr. 
diama'nt; corrupted from Adamant (q. v.).] The 
hardest and most valuable of all precious stones : 
— a very small printing-type :— rhombus. 



DT-a-pa'son, n. [Gr. ; from Sid. naaSiv, through 
all.] (Mus.) An interval used to express the 
octave of the Greeks ; a scale. 

Di'a-per, n. [Fr. diapre ; 0. Fr. diaspre, It. dias- 
pro, L. jaspis, Gr. Ido-rris, jasper (q. v.). The 
derivation from Fr. d'Ypres is unhistorical.] 
Linen cloth woven in figures. 

Di-aph'a-nous, a. [Gr. Sia(f>av^ ; Sid, through, 
and c/xxiVeiv, to show.] Transparent : — imper- 
fectly transparent ; translucent. 

Di-a-pho-re'sis, n. [Gr. ; Sid, through, and (pe- 
peiv, to bear.] Perspiration. 

DIra-pho-ret'ic, \a. [Gr. Sicupop^TiKo?.] Pro- 

Dl-a-pho-ret'i-cal, / ducing perspiration ; moder- 
ately sudorific. 

Di'a-phragm(di'a-fram), n. [Gr. Sidfypayna ; Sid, 
across, and fypayvvvai, to enclose.] The midriff, 
a muscular and tendinous partition separating 
the thorax from the abdomen, in mammals : — a 
thin partition. [phragm. 

Di-a-phrag-mat'ic, a. Belonging to the dia- 

Di-ar-rhce'a (di-a-re'a), n. [Gr. Sidppoia ; Sid, 
through, and pieiv, to flow.] (Med.) A disease 
characterized by frequent alviiie evacuations. 

TJi'a-ry, n. [L. diarium ; dies, a day.] A daily 
account; a journal. 

Di'as-tase, n. [Gr. Stacrracrig, separation, some- 
tbing separated; Sid, apart, and iardvai, to 
stand : it separates or forms in malting.] A 
nitrogenous vegetable principle. 

Di-as'to-le, n. [Gr. Sid, apart, and a-reWeiv, to 
send.] (Rliet.) The making of a short syllable 
long : — a dilatation i.f the heart. 

Dl-a-theYma-nous, a. [Gr. Sid, through, and 
Bepjxaiveiv, to warm.] Permeable by heat. 

Di-ath'e-sis, n. [Gr. ; SianOeuai, to arrange; Sid, 
asunder, and nOevai, to place.] (Med.) The state 
of the body. 

Di'a-tom, n. [Gr. Sid, across, and rifjiveiv, to cut; 
descriptive of some species.] A minute vege- 
table organism with a flinty covering. 

Di-a-ton'ic, a. [Gr. Sio.tovik6<; ; Sid, through, 
and tovos, a tone (q. v.).] (Mus.) Proceeding 
by tones. 

Dl'a-tribe, or Di-at'ri-be, n. [Gr. ; from Sid, thor- 
oughly, and rpiPeiv, 'to rub.] A disputation; 
a tedious discourse ; an invective. 

Dib'ble, n. [Diminutive form of Dip or Tip.] A 
gardener's tool ; a small spade. 

Dice, n., }d. of die. — 2, v. n. [pp. dicing, diced.] To 
game with dice. 

Dice' -box, n. A box for throwing dice. 

DI-ghot'o-my, v. [Gr. Si\o)To/xia ; fit'x a i ' n two, 
and rejjLveiv, to cut.] Division by pairs. 

Dick'er, n. [Ger. dechant, Dan. deger, ten; L. de- 
ciina, decern, ten.] Ten: — » trade; a swap: — 
articles traded for. — 2, v. n. [pp. dickering, 
dickered.] To trade ; to barter. 
Dick'y, n. [Ger. decke, a cover.— See Deck.] A 
sham bosom: — a linen shirt-collar: — a seat be- 
hind a coach. 
Di-cot-y-le'don, n. [Gr. ; St'?, twice, and Coty- 
ledon (g. p.).] A plant having two or more 
cotyledons in each seed ; an exogen. 
DIc'tate, v. a. [L. dictate, dictatvm, freq. of dicere, 
to speak. — See Diction.] [pp. dictating, dic- 
tated.] To tell what to write ; to order.— 2, ». 
A precept ; a rule ; an order. 
Dic-ta'tion, ». The act of dictating; precept. 
Dic-ta'tor [dik'ta-tor, I.], n. [L.] A magistrate 

involved with absolute power; a ruler. 
Dic-ta-to'ri-al. o. Relating to a dictator; author- 
itative; overbearing; dogmatical. 
Dic-ta'tor-ship, n. The office of dictator. 
Dic'ta-to-ry., a. Overbearing; dogmatical. 
Dic'tion, n. [L. dictio, a saying; dicere, dictum, to 
speak : akin to Gr. SeiKvvvai, to show ; Ger. 
zeigen, to point out; Skr. dip, to show.] Manner 
of expressing ideas by words ; style ; language. 
Die'tion-a-rx, n. [Fr. dictionnaire ; Late. L. dic- 
tionarium ; L. dictio, a saying, a word.] A book 



mien, si'r ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.- 
I n 



"5. 9. 5. £. soft ; P. £, P. £. hard; § 

17 



z ; x as gz ; this. 



DICTUM 



194 



DILA.TOHr 



in which the words of a language are arranged 
alphabetically and explained ; a lexicon. 

Dic'tum, n. ; pi. Dic'ta. [L.] A word; an asser- 

Did, i. from do. [tion. 

Di-dac'tic, a. [Gr. SiScoctikos; SiSacr/ceiv, to teach. 
' — Of. L. docere, to teach ; discere, to learn ; Gr. 
Sarjvai, to learn ; Zend da, to know.] Giving 
instruction; teaching; preceptive. 

Di-dac'tics, n. pi. The art of teaching. 

Didst. The second person sing. i. from do. 

Die (di), v. n. [Icel. deyju ; Dan. doe. — Cf. 0. Fris. 
deja, to kill, and Dead.] [pp. dying, died.] To 
lose life ; to expire ; to perish. 

Die, n. ; pi. Dies. [Fr. di ; Prov. dat; It. dado. — 
See Dado.] A stamp used in coinage. 

Die, n. ; pi. Dice. A small cube to play with. 

Di'et. n. [Gr. SLaira, mode of life; possibly con- 
nected with Sou's, Scuto?, food, a meal.] Food; 
victuals ; moderation : — [the Gr. and its Late L. 
equivalent diseta have also the sense of living- 
room, hence an assembly, a chamber] an assem- 
bly. — 2, v. a. [pp. dieting, dieted.] To supply 
with food.— 3, v. n. To eat sparingly ; to feed. 

Dl'et-a-ry, o. Pertaining to the rules of diet. — 
2,' v. A' system or course of diet. 

Di-e-tet'ic, "I a. [Gr. SiaiTeriKos.] Kelating to 

Di-e-tet'i-cal, /diet or to dietetics. 

DI-e-tet'ics, n. pL The regulation of diet. 

Di'e-tme, n. [Fr. diitine.] A local assembly or diet. 

Differ, v. n. [L. differe; dis-, apart, and ferre, to 
bear.] [pp. differing, differed.] To be unlike; 
to vary; to disagree. — We differ from one an- 
other in natural and visible qualities ; we differ 
with each other as to opinions, plans, wishes, &c. 

Dif fer-ence,?i. [L. differentia.] State of being dif- 
ferent"; distinction: diversity: — dispute; debate. 

Dif fer-ent, a. Distinct; unlike; dissimilar. 

Dif-fer-Sn'tial (-shal), a. Iufiuitely small; flux- 
ional. — Differential calculus, a term applied to an 
important branch of the higher mathematics. 

Dlf-fer-en'tial-ly, ad. By differentiation. 

Dif-fer-en'ti-ate (-she-at),\\ a. [pp. differentiating, 
differentiated.] To cause to differ ; to distinguish 
by a difference; to discriminate ; to separate or 
set apart for, or assign to, a special office or 
special duties. 

Dif-fer-en-ti-a'tipn. n. The setting apart or allo- 
cation of special agents for special functions; 
separation for special offices or duties. 

Dif fer-ent-ly, ad. In a different manner. 

Diffi'-cult, a. Hard: not easy; arduous. 

Dif'fi-cul-ty, n. [L. diffcaitas; dijficilis, hard to 
do;" dis- negative, and facilis, easy, facile (q. v.).] 
Sometbing difficult; an impediment; obstacle; 
distress; perplexity. 

Dif fi-dence, n. [L. diffidentia; dis- negative, and 
fidere, fidentis, to trust; fides, faith, trust.] Want 
of confidence. 

Dif fi-dent, a. Distrustful; not confident. 

Dif-fuse', V. a. [L. diffundere, diffusion, to pour 
out ; dis-, apart, and fundere, to pour. — See Fuse.] 
[pp. diffusing, diffused.] To pour out ; to spread ; 
to scatter. 

Dif-fuse', a. Widely spread ; copious ; not concise ; 
not precise ; amplified ; prolix ; rambling. 

Dif-fuse'ly. ad. Extensively ; copiously. 

Dif-fus'i-ble. a. Capable of being diffused. 

Dif-fu'sion (dif-fu'zhun), n. The act of diffusing ; 
dispersion : — amplification ; diffuseness. 

Dif-fu'sive, a. Scattered; extended: — spreading 
widely : — exuberant. 

Dif-fu'sive-ly, ad. Widely: extensively. 

Dif-fu,'sive-ness, n. Dispersion :— copiousness of 
"style. ' 

Dig:, v. a. [A.-S. dician, to dike, to ditch (q. v.) ; 
Sw. dika, Dan. dige, to dig; Dan. dige, a ditch.] 
[i. dug or digged; pp. digging, dug or digged.] 
To pierce with a spade : to turn up or cultivate ; 
to excavate.— 2, v. n. To work with a spade, &c. 

Di-gam'ma, n. [Gr. ; Sis, double, and ya^/aa, the 
letter r.j A Greek letter resembling F. 



Di-g-as'tric, a. [Gr. Sis, double, and ya<rrrjp, the 
belly.] Having a double belly. 

Digest, n. A body or system of laws ; a pandect 
of the civil law ; a code ; a system. 

Di-£-est\ v. a. [L. digerere, digestum, to arrange, 
to separate, to dissolve ; dis-, apart, and gerere, 
to place, to carry.] [j)p. digesting, digested.] 
To arrange in order; to dispose: — to concoct 
food in the stomach. 

Di-f-est-i-bil'i-tj:, n. State of being digestible. 

Di-g:est'i-ble, a. Capable of being digested. 

Di-i-es'tion (de-jest'yun), n. The act of digesting 
food in the stomach; concoction. 

Di-ges'tiye, a. Causing digestion ; dissolving. 

Dight (dit), a. [A.-S. dihtan, to arrange, to ap- 
point. — Cf. Ger. dichten, to compose : both are 
from L. dictare, to command, to dictate.] 
Adorned; arrayed. 

Dig'it, h. [L. digitus, a finger or toe (q. v.). — Cf. 
Gr. SciktuAos.] Three-fourths of an inch : — the 
twelfth part of the apparent diameter of the disk 
of the sun or moon: — one of the ten figures, 1, 
2, 3, &c. : — a finger; a toe. 

Dif-i-ta'lis, n. lL. ; from digitus, a finger.] A 
plant; foxglove. [fingers. 

Di|-'i-tate, or Dif'i-tat-ed, a. Branched out like 

Dig^'i-ti-grade. v. [L. digitus, a toe, and gradi, to 
walk.] An animal that walks or steps on its toes. 

Dig'ni-fied (dig'ne-fid), a. Invested with, or 
manifesting, dignity ; exalted ; honored ; noble. 

Dig'ni-fy, d. a. [Fr. dignifier ; Late L. dignificare; 
L. dignus, worthy, and facere, to make, to esteem.] 
[pp. dignifying, dignified.] To invest with dig- 
nity or honor; to advance; to exalt; to honor. 

Dig'ni-ta-ry. n. A clergyman advanced in rank : 
— a man in high office. 

Dig'ni-ty, ». [Fr. dignitt; L. dignitas, worth; dig- 
itus, worthy : akin to Decent and Decorum.] 
Elevation of rank, character, or conduct; true 
honor; high rank. 

Di'grapb., n. [Gr. Sis, double, and ypa<$>eiv, to 
write.] A union of two towels, or of two con- 
sonants, of which one is silent. 

Di-gress', v. n. [L. dis-, apart, and gradi, gressum, 
to go.— See Grade.] [pp. digressing, digressed.] 
To turn aside ; to wander. 

Di-gres'sion (de-gresh'un), n. The act of digress- 
ing ; an 'excursion ; a turning aside ; deviation. 

Di-gres'sion-al, ) a. Tending to digress; devi- 

Di-gres'sive, ' J ating from the design. 

Dike, n. [A.-S. die; Dut. dijk ; Dan. dige; Ger. 
deich ; Fr. digue. — Cf. Ger. teich, a tank ; Gr. 
reixos, Skr. d'ehi, a rampart — See Dig, Ditch.] 
A channel; a ditch :— a bank. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
diking, diked.] To dig a dike ; to ditch :— to 
construct a mound against inundation. — 3, v. a. 
To drain : — to surround with a bank. 

Di-lac'er-ate, v. a. [L. dis-, apart, and lacei-are, 
'laceralum, to tear.] [pp. dilac^rating, dilacer- 
ated.] To tear ; to rend apart. 

Di-lap'i-date, v. n. [L. dilapidate, dilapidatum, to 
"ruin ;' dis-, apart, and lapis, lapidis, a stone.] 
[pp. dilapidating, dilapidated.] To go to ruin ; 
to fall.— 2, v. a. To pull down ; to waste. 

Di-lap-i-da'tion, »?. Waste; decay; ruin. 

Di-la-ta-bil'i-ty. «. State of being dilatable. 

Di-lat'a-ble. «. Capable of extension. 

Dil-a-ta'tion, n. [L. dilatatio, expansion.] Ex- 
pansion : extension. 

Di-late' (or di-lat'), v. a. [L. differe, dilatum, to 
spread; dis-, apart, and ferre, to bear; whence 
dUatare, to expand.] [pp. dilating, dilated.] To 
extend in all directions; to expand; to distend; 
to spread out.— 2, 7-. ». To widen :— to speak 
largely or copiouslv. 

Di-15'tion, v. [L. dilatio, delay.] Delay; exten- 
sion :— enlargement ; dilatation. 

Dil'a-to-ri-ly. ad. In a dilatory manner. 

Dil'a-to-ri-ngss, w. Slowness; tardiness. 

Dil'a-to-ry.ffl. [L. dilatorius.— See Delay.] Tardy; 
late ; slow ; loitering. 



a, e, I, 5, vi, y, long ; a, e, i, o, Q, y, sliort; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, i«*-. ; heir, her; 



DILEMMA 



195 



DIPHTHERITIC 



Di-lem'ma, n. [Gr. Si\ntJ.p.a ; Sid, between, and 
kanfidviiv, to take.] A difficult alternative. 

Dil-et-tan'te, n. ; pi. Dil-et-tan'ti. [It., n. & pres. 
part, from dilettare, L. delectare, to delight (q. v.).] 
A lover of the fine arts ; an amateur. 

Dil'i-£ence, n. [L. diligentia, attention, quick- 
ness.] Industry; assiduity in business. — [Fr. ; 
pron. dil'e-zhahs : in French this word often 
means promptness, despatch.] a stage-coach. 

Dll'i-gent, a. [L. diligeus, diligentis, originally a 
pres. part, from diligefe, to love ; dis-, apart, and 
leqere, to choose.] Assiduous ; not idle ; attentive. 

Dil'i-gent-ly, ad. In a diligent manner. 

Lilian. [A.-S. dlle; Dut. dille; Dan. dUd; Ger. 
& Sw. dill.] An annual aromatic plant. 

Dil'ly, n. [For Diligence.] A stage-coach. 

DH'u-ent, «. [See Dilute.] Making thin or more 
fluid.— 2, n. That which thins other matter. 

Di-lute', o. a. [L. diluere, diluentis, dilutum; dis-, 
apart, and luere, to wash.] [pp. diluting, di- 
luted.] To make thin; to weaken. — 2, a. Thin; 
attenuated; diluted. [diluted substance. 

Di-lu'tion, n. Act of diluting or thinning: — a 

Di-lu'vi'-al, or Di-lu'vi-an, a. Ptelating to the 
deluge 6r flood : — produced by a flood. 

Di-lii'vi-um, n. [L. dis-, away, apart, and hiere, 
to wash.] (Geol.) A deluge : — a deposit of earth, 
sand, &c, caused by a deluge or flow of water. 

Sim, a. [A.-S. dim; Icel. dirumr. — Cf. Sw.dimma, 
a fog ; Old Saxon tliim, dim ; Ger. ddmrner, twi- 
light; L. tenebrse, darkness; Skr. tamus, gloom.] 
Not seeing clearly; obscure; not clear. — 2, v. <i. 
[ pp. dimming, dimmed.] To cloud; to darken ; 
to obscure. 

Dime, ii. [Fr. dune, a tenth; L. dccimus, tenth; 
decern, ten.] A silver coin of the United States, 
of the value of ten cents. 

Di-men'sion, n. [L. dimensiu, a measuring; dime- 
tiri, dimensus, to measure ; dis, away, and metiri, 
to measure (q. v.).] Space; extent; capacity. 

Dim'e-ter, a. [L. ; Gr. Si/xerpo^, having two 
measures; St-, two, and p.£ipov, a measure.] 
Having two poetical measures. — 2, n. A verse 
of two measures. 

Di-mid'i-ate, v. a. [L. dimidiare, dimidiatum, to 
halve; di- in the sense of through (Gr. Sid), 
and medium, the middle.] [jpp. dimidiating, 
dimidiated.] To divide into two parts. — 2, a. 
Halved; in two equal parts. 

Di-mTn'ish, v. a. [L. deminuere, deminutum, to 
lessen ; de, from, and minuere, to abate, to take 
away ; minus, less. — Cf. Gr. pnvvQeiv, to lessen ; 
Skr. mi, to lessen ; Ger. minder, less. The Eng- 
lish word is formed on type of obs. rninisk, to 
lessen.] [pp. diminishing, diminished.] To 
make" less ; to lessen ; to abide. — 2, v. n. To grow 
less ; to decrease. 

Dim-i-nu'tion, n. [L. deminutio.] Act of dimin- 
ishing or of making or growing less ; decrease. 

Di-min'u-tive, a. [L. demiiintiritx.] Small; little; 
contracted.— 2, n. A thing little of the kind :— 
a word expressing littleness, as manikin. 

Di-min'u-tive-ly, ad. In a diminutive manner. 

Di-min'u-tive-ness, n. Smallness. 

Dim'is-so-ry [di-mis'so-ry, I.], a. [L. dimissorins, 
dimitter'e, to dismiss (q. v.).] Dismissing. 

Dim'i-ty, n. [Gff. Si/xito? ; Si-, double, and juuto?, 
thread. The derivation from Damietta, in Egypt, 
is not historically correct.] A fine fustian or 
cloth of cotton. 

DTm'ly, ad. In a dim manner; obscurely. 

Dim'ness, n. Dulness of sight; obscurity. 

Dl-mor'phic, or Di-mor'phous, a. [Gr. Si-, double, 
and ;uop</>ij, form.] Existing in two forms; pos- 
sessing the property of dimorphism. 

Dl-mSr'phi§m, n. Assumption of two forms. 

Dim'ple, n. [Cf. Lith. dumbu, to be hollow; Ger. 
d'dmpel, a pool : akin to Den and Dingle.] An 
indentation in the face. — 2, v. n. [pp. dimpling, 
dimpled.] To form dimples or cavities. — 3, v. a. 
To mark with dimples or depressions. 




Dingo. 



Din, n. [A.-S. dyne, dyn; Icel. dynr ; Dan. don; 
Sw. dan.] A loud noise ; a continued sound. — 
2, v. a. (pp. dinning, dinned.] To stun or con- 
found with noise. 

Dine, v . n. & v. a. [Fr. diner; 0. Fr. disner ; It. 
desinare; Late L. disnare ; perhaps from L. dis- 
negative, and jejunare, to fast (whence Fr. de- 
jeuner, breakfast), or from L. de intensive, and 
cenare, to dine.] [pp. dining, dined.] To eat or 
to give a dinner. 

Ding, v. a. [Icel. dengja, Dan. dsenge, Sw. ddnga, 
to beat: imitative. — Cf. Dint.] [('.dinged, — for- 
merly dang or dung; pp. dinging, dinged or 
dung.] To dash with violence; to hurl; to 
thump: — to impress with force. — 2, v. n. To 
bluster ; to bounce. 

Ding'-dong, n. A sound as of bells. 

Din'fhee, T (ding'ge), n. [Bengalee.] A small pas- 

Din'|hy. J sengei-boat; a ship's smallest boat : — 
less correctly din- 
gey or dingy. 

Din'f-i-ness, n. The 
quality of being 
dingy. 

Din'gle (ding'gl), n. 
[0. E. dimble, a 
variant of Dimple 
(q. v.). But cf. 
A.-S. ding, a dun- 
geon ; 0. Ger. tune, 
a cave ; Icel. dyng- 
ja, a bower.] A 
hollow hetween 
hills ; a dale. [dog of Australia. 

Din'go (ding'go), n. [Australian.] The native 

Din'gy, a. [Sw. dyngig, foul; dynga, muck, dung 
(q. v!).] Dark brown; dun: — soiled. [day. 

Din'ner, n. [See Dine.] The chief meal of the 

Di'no-saur, «. [Gr. Seivos, terrible, and o-avpos, 
a lizard.] A gigantic saurian reptile. 

Dint, n. [A.-S. dynt; Icel. dyutr ; Local Sw. dunt.] 
A blow ; a dent : — violence ; force. 

Di-oc'e-san, or Di-o-ce'san, n. A bishop, as he 
stands related to his own flock. — 2, a. Pertain- 
ing to a diocese. 

Di'o-cese, n. [Gr. SioUncrig, province, adminis- 
tration ; Sionceeiv, to govern,— literally, to keep 
house; Sid, through, oIkos, a house.] A bish- 
op's jurisdiction ; the see of a bishop; a bish- 
opric : — written also diocess. 

Di-ce'cious (di-e'shus), a. [Gr. Si-, double, and 
oi/ciov, a dim. of oiko?, a house.] Having sta- 
mens on one plant and pistils on another. 

Di-op'tric, \a. Relating to dioptrics ; refract- 

Di-op'trj-cal, J ing :— aiding the sight. 

Di-op'trics, n. [Gr. 8i07rrpi/ca (pi. SLonrpa), a kind 
of optical instrument; Sid, through, and birretv, 
to see.] That part of optics which treats of the 
refraction of light. 

Di-o-ra'ma [di-o-rii'ma, H. St. I. X. Ja. Wb.], n. 
[Gr. Si<i,'throngh, and opa/ma, a thing seen.] A 
kind of spectacular painting. 

Di-6x'ide, n. [Gr. Si-, double, and Oxide.] An 
oxide in which two atoms of oxygen combine 
with one atom of some other element. 

Dip, v. a. [A.-S. dippan ; Dan. dyppe ; Dut. doopen ; 
Ger. tavfen; Goth, daupjan.] [i. dipped; pp. 
dipping, dipped, — sometimes dipt.] To im- 
merge; to immerse; to put info any liquor; to 
wet :— to take out. — 2, v. n. To sink; to im- 
merge ; to enter. — 3, n. Inclination downward ; 
an angle of inclination: — a candle made by 
dipping : — a kind of sauce. 

Diph-the'ri-a [dif- or dip-, St. ; dip- or dif-, Wb. 
H. ;], n. ' [Gr. 8«t>6epa, leather, skin.— Cf. Gr. 
Se(f>eiy, or 8e\f/eiv, to make supple, to curry, to 
knead; L. depsere, to knead, to curry.] A ma- 
lignant disease in which a false membrane is 
formed. 

Diph-ther'ic, \a. Of or pertaining to diphthe- 

Diph-the-rit'ic, j ria. 



mien, sir ; m</Ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, 9, c, §, soft; p, p, e, f , hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



DIPHTHONG 



196 



DISBUKDEN 



Diph' thong (dip'thong) [dif'thong, E. K. ; dlf- I 
thong or dip'thong, I. Wb. Ja.\, n. [Gr. 6i$- j 
Ooyyos ; St.-, double, and <f>06yyos, voice ; <j>6ey- 
yevOai, to utter.] A union of two vowels in one 
sound, or properly of two vowel-sounds in one 
syllable. 

Di-plo'ma, n.; pi. Di-plo'ma§. [Gr. Si7rAa>/u.a, a 
document, any thing folded, a state letter ; Si-, 
double; SmAoos, duuble (q. ».).] A writing con- 
ferring some privilege, honor, or authority. 

Di-plo'ma-cy, n. The art of making treaties with 
foreign states : — a diplomatic body : — artful man- 
agement ; tact. 

Dip'lo-mat, or Dip'lo-mate, n. A diplomatist. 

Dip-lo-mat'ic, a. Respecting diplomacy. 

Dip-lo-mat'ics, n. The science of deciphering 
ancient writings, fixing their dates, Ac. 

Di-plo'ma-tist, n. One versed in diplomacy. 

Dip'per, n. One that dips : — a ladle. 

Dip-so-ma'nj-a, n. [Gr. SLxjjos, thirst, and fxavia, 
madness.] ' An irresistible craving for alcoholic 
liquors; cenomania. 

Dip-so-ma'ni-ac, n. One affected with dipsoma- 
nia,' or an irrepressible craving for stimulants. 

Dlp'te-ra, n. pi. [Gr. St-, double, and mepov, a 
wing.]' An order of two-winged insects. 

Dip'te-roiis, a. Having two wings. 

Dip'typh, n. [Gr. Sinrvxos, doubled ; Si-, double, 
and nrvKros, folded ; mvaaeiv, to fold.] A 
register of bishops and martyrs : — a folding tab- 
let used in ancient times for letters to consuls, 
ambassadors, dignitaries, &c. 

Dire, a. [L. dirus. — Cf. Gr. Seivos, dreadful.] 
Dreadful; dismal; direful; horrible. 

Di-rect', a. [L. dirigere, directum, to direct; dis-, 
away, and regere, to rule.] Straight; right; 
open; express. — 2, v. a. [pp. directing, direct- 
ed.] To aim; to regulate; to order; to com- 
mand; to appoint; to conduct; to manage; to 
control : — to address, as a letter. 

Di-rec'tion, n. Aim:— course; tendency:— order : 
' — guidance: — superscription. 

Di-rec'tive, a. Informing; showing the way, 

Di-rect'iy, ad. In a straight line ; quickly. 

Di-rect'ness, n. Straightness ; direct course. 

Di-rec'tor, n. One who directs or manages; a 
superintendent; a guide. 

Di-rec'tor-ate, n. A board of directors. 

Di-rec-to'ri-al, a. Directing :— relating to di- 
rectors, or to a directory. 

Di-rec' to-ry, n. A form of prayer : — a guide-book : 
' — a guide': — a board of directors. — 2, a. Guid- 
ing; commanding. [rects. 

Di-rec'trlx, n. [L.] She who, or that wliich, di- 

Dire'ful, a. Dire ; dreadful ; dismal ; horrible. 

Di-rep'tion, n. The act of plundering. 

D'irge, n. [L. dirige, direct thou ; from Psalm v. 8, 
once part of an antiphon in the church office for 
the dead.] A mournful ditty ; a funeral song. 

Dir'i-fent, a. [See Direct.] Directing. 

Dir'i-ii-ble, a. That may be directed or steered. 

Dirk, n. [Irish, duirc] A kind of dagger or 
poniard. — 2, v. a. [pp. dirking, 
dirked.] To stab with a dirk. 

Dirt, n. [Icel. drit, dirt, excre- 
ment; A.-S. gedritan, Norse dri- 
ta, 0. Dut. dritjen, to void excre- 
ment.] Mud ; filth ; mire ; dust ; 
earth. — 2, v. a. [pp. dirting, 
,dirted.] To foul ; to soil ; to dirty. 

Di'rt'i-ness, n. State of being 
dirty. 

Di'rt'y, a. Foul; nasty; filthy; 

sullied. — 2, v. a. [pp. dirtying, Dirk, 

dirtied.] To foul ; to soil. 

Dis-, [L.] An inseparable particle, commonly hav- 
ing a privative or negative signification, equiva- 
lent to vn; as, to arm, to disarm. It often im- 
plies reversal or separation. 

Dis-a-bil'i-ty, n. Deprivation of means or of 
power; want of power; inability. 




Di§-a'ble, v. a. [Dis- and Able.] [ pp. disabling, 
disabled.] To deprive of force; to weaken. 

Dis-a-bu§e , v. a. [Dis- and Abuse, in the old 
sense of to deceive.) [pp. disabusing, disabused.] 
To undeceive ; to set right. 

Dis-ad-van'tage, n. [Dis- negative, and Advan- 
tage.] An unfavorable state or condition ; loss; 
injury to interest.— -2, v. a. [pp. disadvantaging, 
disadvantaged.] To injure in interest. [ful. 

Dis-ad-van-ta'geous (-ta'jus), a. Injurious ; hurt- 

Dis-ad-van-ta'geous-ly, ad. With injury. 

Dis-ad-van-ta'geous-ness, n. Injury ; loss. 

Dis-af-fect', v. a. [Dis- and Affect.] [pp. disaf- 
fecting, disaffected.] To fill with dislike; to 
make unfriendly ; to alienate. 

Dis-af-fec'tion, n. Dislike; ill-will. 

Dis-af-for'est, v. a. [Dis- and Afforest.] [pp. 
disafforesting, disafforested.] To deprive of the 
privileges of a forest :— to clear of trees. 

Dis-a-gree', v. n. [Dis- and Agree.] [pp. dis- 
agreeing, disagreed.] To differ in opinion ; to 
quarrel. [offensive ; unfit. 

Dis-a-gree'a-ble, a. Not agreeable ; displeasing; 

Dis-a-gree'a-ble-ness, n. Unpleasantness. 

Dis-a-gree'a-bly, ad. . Unpleasantly. 

Dis-a-gree'ment, n. Want of agreement ; differ- 
ence ; dissimilitude ; discord. 

Dis-al-low', v. a. [Dis- and Allow.] [pp. disal- 
lowing, disallowed.] To deny ; to refuse. 

Dis-al-lovv'ance, n. Prohibition ; refusal. 

Dis-ap-pear\ v. n. [Dis- and Appear.] [pp. dis- 
appearing, disappeared.] To be lost to view; to 
vanish. 

Dis-ap-pear'ance, n. Act of disappearing. 

Dis-ap-pbint/, v. a. [Fr. desappointer, to frus- 
trate what is appointed. — See Appoint.] [pp. 
disappointing, disappointed.] To defeat of ex- 
pectation ; to balk ; to deprive of; to frustrate. 

Dis-ap-point'ment, n. State of being disap- 
pointed ; failure of expectation or design. 

Dis-ap-pro-ba'tion, n. Act of disapproving; dis- 
like ; a disapproval ; censure. 

Dis-ap'pro-ba-to-ry. a. Implying censure. 

Dis-ap-pr8v'al, n. Disapprobation ; censure. 

Dis-ap-prove', v. a. [Dis- and Approve.] [jip. dis- 
approving, disapproved.] To dislike ; to censure. 

Dis-arm' [dis-, I. St.], v. a. [Dis- and Arm.] [pp. 
disarming, disarmed.] To deprive of arms; to 
render weak or harmless ; to incapacitate ; to strip. 

Di§-ar'ma-ment, n. Act of disarming. 

Dis-ar-range', v. a. [Dis- and Arrange.] [pp. 
disarranging, disarranged.] To put out of order ; 
to disorder; to unsettle; to derange. 

Dis-ar-ran&e'ment. n. Disorder; derangement. 

Dis-ar-ray , v. a. [Dis- and Array.] [pp. dis- 
arraying, disarrayed.] To undress; to over- 
throw. — 2, n. Disorder; confusion. 

Dis-as'ter, n. [Fr. dcsasire; L. dis-, implying evil, 
and astrum, Gr. acrrpov, Fr. astre, a star; — an 
astrological term.] Misfortune; grief; calamity. 

Di§-as'trous, a. Unlucky; calamitous. 

Di§-as'trous-ly, ad. Unfortunately. 

Dis-a-vb'w', v. a. [Dis- and Avow.] [pp. dis- 
avowing, disavowed.] To disown ; to deny ; to 
disclaim ; to dissent from ; to disallow. 

Dis-a-vbv^'al, n. Act of disavowing; denial. 

Dis-band' (dis-, St. H. N. Wb. I.], v. a. [Dis- and 
Band.] [pp. disbanding, disbanded.] To dismiss 
from military service ; to set at liberty ; to dis- 
perse : — to unbind. — 2, v. n. To retire from ser- 
vice ; to disperse. 

Di§-bar' [dis-, St. I. 2V.], v. a. [Dis- and Bar.] 
[pp. disbarring, disbarred.] (Law.) To expel 
from the bar. [want of belief; unbelief. 

Dis-be-lief (dls-be-lef ), n. Befusal to believe ; 

Dis-be-lieve' (dis-be-lev'), v. a. [Dis- and Be- 
lieve.] [pp. disbelieving, disbelieved.] Not to 
credit. 

Dis-biir'den (diz-bur'dn) [dis-, H. I. St. Wb. A T .], 
». a. [Dis- and Burden.] [pp. disburdening, 
disburdened.] To unload. 



a, e, I, 6, u, y, long ; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fist, fall; heir, her; 



DISBURSE 



197 



DISCREDITABLE 



Disburse' [dis-, H. I. St. Wb. A*.], v. a. [Fr. de- 
bourser ; L. dis-, apart, and bursa, Fr. bourse, a 
purse.] [pp. disbursing, disbursed.] To speud 
or pay out. 

Dis-biirse'ment, n. The act of disbursing ; sum 
disbursed or spent ; expenditure. 

Disc, n. The face of the sun, &c. See Disk. 

Dis-card', v. a. [Dis- and Card; at first a card- 
players' term.] [pp. discarding, discarded.] To 
dismiss from service ; to discharge ; to cast off; 
to reject. — 2, «,. Cards thrown out. 

Dis-cern' (diz-zeru'), v. a. [L. discernere ; dis-, 
apart, and cemere, to distinguish ; Gr. xpiveiv, 
to separate, to judge.] [pp. discerning, dis- 
cerned.] To descry; to see; to perceive; to dis- 
tinguish. — 2, v. n. To make distinction. 

Dis-cern'er (diz-zern'er), n. One who discerns. 

Dis-cern' l-ble (diz-zer'ne-bl), a. Perceptible. 

ris-cern'ing (djz'-ze'ni'ing), p. a. Judicious. 

Djs-ce'rn'ment (diz-zern'ment), n. The act of dis- 
cerning ; penetration ; sagacity ; judgment. 
) Dis-charge', v. a. [Dis- and Charge.] [pp. dis- 

charging, discharged.] To disburden ; to unload : 
— to pay : — to execute : — to dismiss. — 2, v. n. To 
break up ; to explode. — 3, n. A vent ; explosion : 
— dismission; release : — payment :— execution. 

Dis-ci'ple, ii. [L. discipnlus; discere, to learn.] 
One who follows the teachings of another; a 
follower; a scholar. — 2, v. a. [pp. discipling, 
discipled.] To teach ; to instruct. 

Dis-ci'ple-shlp, n. The state of a disciple. 

Dis'pi-plin-a-ble, a. Capable of discipline or in- 
struction ; 'teachable ; docile. 

Dis-ci-pli-na'ri-an, a. Kelating to discipline. — 
2, n*. One who' enforces, or who is strict in, dis- 
cipline; a martinet. 

Dis'ci-pli-na-ry, a. Pertaining to discipline. 

Dis'ci-pline, n. [L. disoiplina; discere, to learn.] 
Instruction and government ; art of training; 
rule; order; military regulation: — correction; 
chastisement. — 2, v. a. [pp. disciplining, disci- 
plined.] To instruct and govern ; to educate | to 
regulate ; to chastise. 

Dis-claim', v. a. [Dis- and Claim.] [pp. dis- 
claiming, disclaimed.] To disown ; to renounce. 

Dis-claim'er, n. One who disclaims : — a renun- 
ciation or a disavowal of a claim. 

Dis-cla-ma'tion, n. The act of disclaiming. 

Dis- close', v. a. [Fr. declare, 0. Fr. detsdoive, part. 
diclos, 0. Fr. desclos ; L. dis- negative, and cfatt- 
dere, to close (q. r.).] [pp. disclosing, disclosed.] 
To uncover; to reveal ; to tell. 

Dis-clos'ure (dis-klo'zhur), n. The act of disclos- 
ing : — that which is disclosed. 

Dis'cbid, a. [Gr. Sicr/co?, a disk, and elfios, form.] 
Resembling a disk. 

Dls-cbid'al, a. Having the form of a disk. 

Dis-col'or, v. a. [Dis- and Color.] [pp. discolor- 
ing, discolored.] To stain ; to change as to color. 

Dls-col-or-a'tion, n. Change of color; stain. 

Dis-com'fit, v. 'a. [Fr. decoufit, part, of dicoufire, 
0. Fr. desconfire ; L. dis- negative, and coujicere, 
to preserve. — See Confection.] [pp. discomfit- 
ing, discomfited.] To defeat; to vanquish. — 
2, n. Discomfiture. 

Dis-com'fit-ure, n. [Fr. deconfiture.] Defeat; 
overthrow; vanquishment. 

Dis-com'fort, n. [Dis- and Comfort.] Trouble; 
uneasiness.— 2, v. a. [pp. discomforting, dis- 
comforted.] To grieve ; to distress. 

Dis-com-mode', v. a. [Dis- and Commode.] [pp. 
discommoding, discommoded.] To put to incon- 
venience ; to disquiet ; to disturb ; to incommode. 

Dis-com-mo'di-ous, a. Incommodious. 

Dis-com-po§e', v. a. [Dis- and Composf.] [pp. 
discomposing, discomposed.] To disorder; to 
disturb'. 

Dis-com-pos'are (dis-kom-po'zhur), n. State of 
being discomposed ; disorder ; agitation. 

Dis-con-cert', v. a. [0. Fr. disconcerter, Fr. decon- 
certer.—See Concert, in the sense of to ad- 



just.] [pp. disconcerting, disconcerted.] To 
unsettle; to discompose. [certed. 

Dis-con-ce'r'tion, n. The state of being discon- 

Dis-con-nect', V a. [Dis- and Connect.] [pp. 
disconnecting, disconnected.] To separate ; to 
disjoin. 

Dis-con-nect'ed, p. a. Disunited ; disjoined. 

Dis-con-nec'tion, n. Disunion ; separation. 

Dis-con' so-late, a. [L. dis- negative, and consolare, 
consolatum,' to console (q. v.).] Void of consola- 
tion; afflicted; hopeless; sorrowful; sad. 

Dis-con-tent', n. [Dis- and Content.] Want of 
content; uneasiness. — 2, a. Discontented; un- 
easy. — 3, v. a. [pp. discontenting, discontented.] 
To dissatisfy ; to make uneasy ; to displease. 

Dis-con-tent'ment, n. Discontent ; uneasiness. 

Dis-con-tin'u-ance, n. Cessation; intermission. 

Dis-con-tin-ii-a'tion, n. Act of discontinuing; 
cessation ; discontinuance. 

Dis-con-tin'ue (-tin'y u), v. n. [Dis- and Continue.] 
[ pp'. discontinuing, discontinued.] To leave oft'; 
to cease. — 2, v. a. To break off; to interrupt. 

Dis-con-ti-nu'i-ty, n. Disunity. [rupted. 

Dls-con-tin'u-ous, a. Not continuous ; inter- 

Dis'cbrd, n. [L. discordia; discordure, to disagree; 
from cor, cordis, the heart; influenced in its ap- 
plication to music by the word Chord {q. v.).] 
Want of concord ; contention ; strife ; disagree- 
ment : — contrariety of sounds. 

Dis-cbrd'ance, \n. Want of concord ; discord ; 

Dis-cbrd'an-ey, J disagreement. 

Dis-cbrd'ant, a. Wanting agreement or concord ; 
inconsistent; inharmonious; incongruous. 

Dis-cbrd'ant-ly, ad. In a discordant manner. 

Dis' count, ». A sum deducted for advanced pay- 
ment; a deduction ; an allowance. 

Dis-cbunt' [dis'kbunt, Wb. Bees], t: a. [Fr. dC- 
compler ; 0. Fr. descompter ; L. dis- apart, out, 
and compidare, to c>>unt, to compute (q. ».).] 
[pp. discounting, discounted.] To deduct a per- 
centage from, for prompt payment : — to lend 
after deducting a percentage. 

Dis-cbunt'a-ble, a. That may be discounted. 

Dis-cbun'te-nance, v. a. [Dis- and the verb Coun- 
tenance ; Ft. dicoutenancer, 0. Fr. descontenancer, 
to abash.] [pp. discountenancing, discounte- 
nanced.] To discourage; to abash; to disap- 
prove; to disregard; to view with disfavor. 

Dis-cour'a£e (dis-kur'aj), v. a. [Fr. dicourager; 
0. Fr. descourager. — See Con: age.] [pp. discour- 
aging, discouraged.] To depress ; to deprive of 
confidence ; to deter ; to dissuade. 

Dis-cour'af'e-ment. n. Act of discouraging; de- 
terment; that which discourages: — state of 
being discouraged. 

Dis-course' (dis-kors'), n. [L. disevrrere, discur- 
siun, to run about; currere, to run; discurms, a 
running, a conversation.] Conversation; a ser- 
mon; a speech; a treatise; a dissertation.— 2, 
v. n. [pp. discoursing, discoursed.] To con- 
verse ; to talk ; to reason. — 3, ». «. To treat of; 
to discuss : — to give forth or utter. 

Dis-coiir'te-ous (dis-kur'te-us or dls-kort'yus), a. 
[Dis- and' Courteous.] Uncivil ; rnde ; impolite. 

Dis-cour'te-ous-ly. ad. Kurielv: uncivilly. 

Dis-coiir'te-ous-ness, n. Incivility ; discourtesy. 

Dis-cour'te-sy (dis-kur'te-se), ». Incivility. 

Dis-cov'er, v. a. [Fr. decovrrir, to uncover, to bring 
to light; 0. Fr. desennrrir. — See Cover.] [pp. 
discovering, discovered.] To show; to disclose; 
to reveal :— to find out; to detect. See Invent. 

Dis-cov'er-a-ble, a. That may be discovered. 

Dis-cov'er-er, w. One who discovers. 

Dis-cov'er-y., n. [Fr. decourerte.] Act of finding; 
thing found; disclosure. 

Dls-cred'it, h. [Dis- and Credit.] Want of credit 
or good' reputation; ignominy; reproach; dis- 
grace; disesteem.— 2, v. a. [pp. discrediting, 
discredited.] To disgrace : — 1<> bring suspicion 
upon : — to distrust : — to disbelieve. 

Dis-cred'it-a-ble, a. Disgraceful. 



mien, sir; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, 6se.— p, g, 5, £■, soft, 

17* 



Pi Pi Pi £i hard; s as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



DISCKEET 



198 



DISHEARTEN 



Dis-ereet', a. [Fr. discret.— See Discretion.] Pru- 
dent; cautious; wise. 

Dis-creet'ly., ad. Prudently ; cautiously. 

Dis'cre-pance [dis-krep'ans, Wb. Maunder, St.], w. 
Difference; contrariety; disagreement. 

Dis'cre-pan-cy, n. Same as Discrepance. 

Dis'cre-pant [dis-crep'aut, H. St. Wb.], a. [L. dis- 
crepare, discrepantis, to differ in sound ; crepure, 
to niuke a noise.] Different ; disagreeing. 

Dis-crete', a. [L. discernere, discretum, to discern, 
to separate, to make or observe a distinction.] 
Distinct; disjoined; not concrete; disjunctive; 
not continued. 

Dis-cre"tion (dis-kresh'un), n. [L. discretio, sep- 
aration ; distinction ; power of making distinc- 
tions; good judgment.] Prudence; wise man- 
agement; judgment : — liberty of acting. 

Dis-cre"tion-al (dis-kresh'un-al), a. Left to dis- 
cretion; unlimited; discretionary. 

Dis-cre"tion-a-ry. (dis-kresh'un-a-re), a. Left to 
discretion or choice ; unlimited ; discretional. 

Dis-crim'i-na-ble, a. Distinguishable. 

Dis-crim'i-nate, v. a. [L. disci-immure, discrimi- 
■uatum, to judge; discrimen, a distinction, a point 
uf difference; discernere, discretum, to distin- 
guish.] [pp. discriminating, discriminated.] To 
observe the difference between ; to distinguish ; 
to separate. — 2, v. n. To observe or make a dif- 
ference. 

Dis-crim-i-na'tion, n. Act or faculty of discrim- 
inating '.—discernment; good judgment : — distinc- 
tion or difference : — mark. [argumentative. 

Dis-ciir'sive, a. [See Discourse.] Desultory : — 

Dis-ciir'sive-ly., ad. In a discursive manner. 

Lis-ciir'so-ry, a. Argumentative : — digressive. 

Dis-ciir'sus, n. [L. — See Discourse.] Argumen- 
tation. 

Dis'cus, «. [L.] L. pi. Dis'ci; Eng. 
Dis'cus-e§. An ancient form of the 
quoit ; a flat piece of iron ; a disk. 

Dis-ciiss', v. a. [L. discutere, discus- 
sum, to shake apart, to disperse ; 
dis-, apart, and quatere, quassum, to 
shake.] [pp. discussing, discussed.] 
To examine; to debate; to sift: — 
to disperse, as morbid matter : — to 
consume. 

Dis-cus'sion (djs-kush'un), n . Act of discussing; 
examination; disquisition; agitation; debate. 

Dis-cu'tient (dis-ku'shent). m. [L. discutere, dis- 
'cutientis', to dispel.— See Disctss.] A medicine 
to disperse tumors. 

Dis-dain' [dis-dun', H. St. I. N.], v. a. [Fr. d£- 
'daigner; 0. Fr. desdegner ; L. dis- negative, and 
dignari, to deem worthy; dignus, worthy.] [pp. 
disdaining, disdained.] To scorn ; to despise; to 
contemn. — 2, n. Contempt; scorn; haughtiness. 

Di§-dain'ful, a. Expressing disdain ; haughty ; 
contemptuous; scornful; fastidious. 

Di§-dain'ful-ly, ad. With baughty scorn. 

Dls-ea§e' (diz-ez'), w. [Dis- and Ease; 0. Fr. des- 
'aise.] Distemper; malady. — 2, v. a. [pp. dis- 
easing, diseased.] To afflict with disease; to 
infect. 

Dis-em-bark\ v. a. [Dis- and Embark; 0. Fr. 
des'embarquer.] [pp. disembarking, disembarked.] 
To land, as from a ship.— 2, v. n. To laud; to 
go ashore ; to debark. 

Dis-em-bar'rass, v. a. [Dis- and Embarrass.] 
[pp. disembarrassing, disembarrassed.] To free 
from embarrassment or clog ; to liberate ; to ex- 
tricate. 

Dis-em-bar'rass-ment, n. Liberation. 

Dis-em-bod'y, v. a. [Dis- and Emboby.] [pp. 
disembodying, disembodied.] To divest of the 
body : — to discharge from military service. 

Dis-em-bogue' (dis-em-bog'), v. a. [Sp. desembo- 
car; boca, a mouth; L. bucca, the cheek.] [pp. 
disemboguing, disembogued.] To pour out at 
the mouth, as a river; to discharge. — 2, v. n. To 
gain a vent: to flow out. 




Dis-en-chant', v. a. [Dis- and Enchant; Fr. 
desenchanter.) [pp. disenchanting, disenchanted.] 
To free from enchantment. 

Dis-en-chant'ment, '"• The act of disenchant- 
ing. 

Dis-en-cfim'ber, v. a. [Dis- and Encumber; Fr. 
dtsencombrer'.] [pp. disencumbering, disencum- 
bered.] To disburdeu ; to free. 

Dis-en-cum'brance, u. Liberation. 

Dis-en-dow\ v. a. [Dis- and Endow.] [pp. dis- 
endowing, disendowed.] To deprive of an en- 
dowment. 

Dis-en-gagV, v. a. [Dis- and Engage.] [pp. dis- 
engaging, disengaged.] To release; to clear; to 
free; to separate.— 2, v. n. To set one's self free. 

Dis-en-gagVment, n. Eelease ; vacancy. 

Dis-en-tan'gle, v. a. [Dis- and Entangle.] [pp. 
disentangling, disentangled.] To unravel; to 
free ; to set free. 

Dis-en-tan'gle-ment, n. Disengagement. 

Dis-en-thra.ll', v. a. See Disinthrall. 

Dis-es-tab'lish, v. a. [Dis- and Establish.] [pp. 
disestablishing, disestablished.] To overthrow ; 
to unsettle :— to divest of the character of being 
established. 

Dis-es-tab'lish-ment, n. The act of disestablish- 
ing or state of being disestablished. 

Dis-es-teem', n. [Dis- and Esteem.] Disregard; 
dislike. — 2, v. a. [pp. disesteeming, dises- 
teemed.] To disregard ; to dislike. 

Dis-es-ti-ma'tion, n. Disrespect; disesteem. 

Dis-fa'vor, n. ' [Dis- and Favor.] Discounte- 
nance ;' dislike. — 2, v. a. [pp. disfavoring, dis- 
favored.] To discountenance ; to oppose. 

Dis-f Ig'ure (dis-f ig'yur), v. a. [Dis- and Figure ; 
Fr. defigurer.] [pp. disfiguring, disfigured.] To 
injure the form of; to deform; to deface. 

Dis-for'est, v. a. [Dis- and Forest.] [pp. dis- 
foresting, disforested.] To strip of ti ees : — to 
deprive of the quality of being a forest. 

Dis-fran'chise [dis-fran'chTz, /. 67.], v. a. [Dis- 
and Enfranchise. — See Franchise.] [pp. dis- 
franchising, disfranchised.] To deprive of the 
rights and privileges of a free citizen. 

Dis-fran'chi§e-ment, u. Act of disfranchising : — 
state of being disfranchised. 

Dis-gbrge' [dis-gorj', St. H. I. Wb. N.], v. a. [Fr. 
dCgorger; 0. Fr. desgorger. — See Gorge.] [pp. 
disgorging, disgorged.] To vomit; to pour out 
with force; to discharge through the mouth : — 
to give up. — 2, v. n. To discharge by the mouth : 
— to make restitution. 

Dis-gorgVment, u. The act of disgorging. 

Dis-grace' [dis-, St. I. H. N.], n. [Dis- and Grace ; 
Fr. disgrace. — See Grace.] A state of igno- 
miny; dishonor; shame; disfavor; discredit. — 
2, v. a. [pp. disgracing, disgraced.] To dis- 
honor; to degrade. 

Di§-grace'ful, a. Shameful ; vile ; base. 

DI§-grace'ful-ly. ad. Ignominiously ; basely. 

Di§-lul§e' (diz-giz') [dis-giz', I. H. Wb. St. N.], ■ 
'v. a. [Fr. dcgviser.— See Guise.] [pp. disguis- 
ing, disguised.] To conceal by an unusual (iress; 
to disfigure; to change the form of: — to injure 
by liquor. — 2, n. A counterfeit dress ; false ap- 
pearance ; mask. 

Di§-gust\ n. [Fr. dtgoul; L. dis-, apart, and 
gvMns, taste ; Gr. yevetv, to taste ; Skr. jush, to 
relish.] Aversion; dislike; nausea.— 2, v. a. 
[pp. disgusting, disgusted.] To offend ; to dis- 
please ; to cause dislike. 

Di§-gust'ing, p. a. Causing disgust ; offensive. 

Dish, ». '[A variant of. Disk.— See also Desk. 1 A 
vessel for serving up food : — food. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
dishing, dished.] To serve or put in a dish : — 
to shape like a dish. 

Dis-ha-bille' (dis-a-bil') [dis'a-ML, I. ; dis-a-bel', 
St.],'n. [Fr. deshabille; hab'iller, to dress.— See 
Habiliment.] Undress ; careless or loo-e dress. 

Dis-heart'en (dls-har'tn), v. a. [pp. disheartening, 
disheartened.] To discourage. 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



DISHEVEL 



199 



DISPARAGEMENT 



Di-shev'el, v. a. [Fr. dtcheveler ; dis- (des-), apart, 
and chereu, 0. Fr. checel, the Lair; L. capillus, 
a hair.] [pp. dishevelling, dishevelled.] To 
spread loosely, as the hair. 

Dish'ful, n. As much as a dish will hold. 

Dish'ing, a. Concave; hollow. 

Dis-hon'est (diz-on'est) [dis- or diz-, H. ; dis-, St. 
I.], a. ' [Dis- negative, and Honest.] Not hon- 
est; void of probity ; fraudulent; deceitiul. 

Dis-hon'est-lv (diz-on'est-le), ad. In a dishonest 
manner; faithlessly; wickedly. 

Dis-hon'es-ty. (diz-on'es-te), n. "Want of honesty ; 
faithlessness; fraud; knavery. 

Dis-hon'or (diz-on'yr) [dis-, St. I. H.], n. [Dis- 
and Honor; Fr. deshonneur.] Disgrace; shame. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. dishonoring, dishonored.] To 
disgrace ; to bring shame upon ; to treat ill. 

Dis-hon'or-a-ble (diz-on'ur-a-bl), a. Not honor- 
able ; shameful ; ignominious. 

Dis-hon'or-a-bly (diz-on'-), ad. Ignominiously. 

Dis-il-lu'sion (-zhun), n. [Dis- and Illusion ; 
Fr'. desillu'sion.] The act or process or l'esult of 
dispelling illusion ; the state of being freed from 
illusion; disenchantment. 

Dis-in-cli-na'tion, n. Aversion ; dislike. 

Dis-in-cline', v. a. [Dis- and Incline.] [pp. 
disinclining, disinclined.] To make averse. 

Dis-in-fect', v. a. [Dis- and Infect.] [pp. dis- 
infecting, disinfected.] To purify from infection. 

Dis-in-fect'ant, n. A substance that prevents or 
removes iu'fection. 

Di3-in-fec'tion, n. The act of disinfecting. 

Lis-in-£-en'u-ous, a. [Dis- negative, and Ingen- 
uous.] Unfair; uncandid; not frank. 

Dis-in-i-en'u-ous-lj:, ad. Unfairly; artfully. 

Dis-in-gen'u-ous-ness, n. Unfairness. 

Dis-in-her'it, v. a. [Dis- and Inherit; Fr. des- 
heriter.] [pp. disinheriting, disinherited.] To 
deprive of an inheritance. 

Dis-in-heV it-ance, n. The act of disinheriting. 

Dls-in'te-grate [dis-, H. I. Wb. St. iV.J, v. a. [Dis- 
and Integrate.] [pp. disintegrating, disinte- 
grated.] To separate into particles. ' 

Dis-in-te-gra'tion, n. Separation into particles. 

Lis-in-ter , v. a. [pp. disinterring, disinterred.] 
To' take out of tlie grave. 

Dls-In'ter-est-ed [dis-, H. I. Wb. St. N.], a. [Dis- 
negative, and Interested; Fr. desinliressi, part, 
from desintcresser, to free from interest. — bee In- 
terest.] Free from self-interest; unselfish; 
not interested ; impartial. 

Dis-in'ter-est-ed-ness, n. Freedom from, or dis- 
regard' of, self-interest. 

Dls-in-thrall', v. a. [Dis- and Inthrall. — See 
Thrall.] [pp. disinthralling, disinthralled.] 
To set free ; to liberate. 

Dis-in-thral'ment, n. Liberation. 

Dis-jom' [dis-, 'St. H. Wb. I.], v. a. [Dis- and 
Join.] [pp. disjoining, disjoined.] To separate; 
to part; to sunder. 

Dis-jbint' [dis-, St. H. Wb. I.], ». a. [Dis- and 
Joint.] [pp. disjointing, disjointed.] To put 
out of joint; to break. — 2, t: n. To full in pieces. 

Dis-junc'tion, n. [L. disjunctio; disjtmgere, dis- 
junction, to disjoin.] Disunion; separation. 

Dis-jfinc'tive [dis-, St. H. I. Wb.], a. Separating; 

disuniting. — (Gram.) Disjoining the sense, 

though joining the words; as, or, nor, &c. — 2, n. 

A disjunctive conjunction. 

Disk, n. [L. discus, Gr. Stovco?, a quoit, a plate.] 

The face of the sun, moon, or a planet : — a 

quoit :— a round flat surface. See Discus. 

Dig-like' [dis-, St. H. I. Wb. N.], n. [Dis- and 

Like.] Disinclination ; aversion. — 2, v. a. [pp. 

disliking, disliked.] Not to like; to disrelish. 

Dis'lo-cate, v. a. [L. dislocare, dislocatum ; dis-, 

away from, and locare, to place; locus, a place.] 

[pp. dislocating, dslocated.] To put out of 

joint; to disjoint. [tion. 

Dis-lo-ca'tion, n. The act of displacing;; a luxa- 

Lis-lodge' [dis-, St. H. Wb. I. A 7 .], v. a. [Dis- 



and Lodge; Fr. dtloger.] [pp. dislodging, dis- 
lodged.] To remove ; to drive from. — 2, v. n. To 
go to another place. 

Dis-lodgVment, «• The act of dislodging ; the state 
of being dislodged. 

Dis-lby'al [dis-, St. H. I. Wb. N.], a. [Dis- nega- 
tive, and Loyal; Fr. deloyal.] Not loyal; dis- 
obedient ; faithless ; perfidious. 

Dis^lby'al-ly, ad. Faithlessly ; treacherously. 

Dis-loy'al-ty, u. Want of loyalty or fidelity. 

Dis/mal,'a. [Probably the same as Decimal; L. 
decern, ten ; Late L. decvma, a tenth, a tithe : 
from the cruel exactions of tithe-proctors in old 
times. — Cf. 0. Fr. dismer, to tithe, to despoil.] 
Sorrowful ; gloomy ; dire ; dark. 

Dis-man'tle [dis-, St. H. Wb. I. JF.], v. a. [Fr. de- 
manleler, 0. Fr. desmanteler, to strip, to uncloak ; 
dis- and Fr. manteau, 0. Fr. mantel, a cloak.] 
[p>p. dismantling, dismantled.] To throw down ; 
to demolish ; to strip ; to divest ; to destroy. 

Dis-mast' [dis-, St. H. Wb. I. K], v. a. [Dis- and 
Mast.] [pp. dismasting, dismasted.] To deprive 
of masts. 

Dis-may' [dis-, St. H. Wb. I. A'.], v. a. [Sp. des- 
mayer; Fr. esmayer, the latter from L. ex, out, 
and Ger. mb'gen, 0. Ger. & A.-S. magan, to be 
able. — See May. — Cf. It. smagare, formerly des- 
magure, to lose, or deprive of, courage.] [pp. 
dismaying, dismayed.] To terrify; to affright; 
to deject. — 2, n. Terror ; fear ; loss of courage. 

Dis-mem'ber, v. a. [Dis- and Member.] [pp. 
dismembering, dismembered.] To cut in pieces. 

Dig-mem'ber-ment, n. Division; separation. 

Dis-mlss' [dis-, St. H. Wb. I. N.], v. a. [Fr. dt- 
mettre ; 0. Fr. desmettre ; L. dim-Utere ; dis-, apart, 
and mittere, miamm, to send.] [pp. dismissing, 
dismissed.] To send away ; to discard. 

Dis-mis'sal, n. Act of dismissing; dismission. 

Dis-nus'sion (diz-mish'un), n. Act of dismissing ; 
leave to go ; discharge :— ^deprivation. 

DIs-mSunt' [dis-, St. H. Wb. I. A.], v. a. [Dis- 
bud Mount: Fr. demonter.] [pp. dismounting, 
dismounted.] To tbrovv off a horse, &c. — 'I, v. u. 
To alight from a horse. 

Dls-o-be'di-ence, n. Neglect or refusal to obey. 

Dis-o-be'di-ent, a. _ Tliat disobeys ; not obedient. 

Dis-o-bey' - (dis-o-ba'), v. a. [Dis- and Obey ; Fr. 
dcsobeir.] [pp. disobeying, disobeyed.] To re- 
fuse obedience to; to break the commands of; 
to transgress. — 2, v. n. To refuse to obey ; to be 
disobedient. 

Dis-o-blife' (dis-o-blij'), >.>.«. [Dis- and Oblige; 
Fr. dcsobliger.] [pp. disobliging, disobliged.] 
To offend by uukindness; to displease. 

Dis-o-blig'ing. p. a. Not obliging; unaccommo- 
dating; unfriendly; unkind. 

Dis-br'der [dis-, H. St. Wb. I. N.], n. [Dis- and 
Order; Fr. desordre.] Want of order; irregu- 
larity; confusion; disturbance: — derangement: 
— malady; illness; disease. — 2, v. a. [pp. disor- 
dering, disordered.] To put out of order; to 
disturb; to derange :— to ruffle: — to make sick. 

Dis-br'der-ly, a. Confused; irregular: — lawless; 
turbulent. — 2, ad. "Without rule; confusedly. 

Dis-br-gan-i-za'tion, n. Subversion of order or 
breaking up of structure. 

Dis-br'gan-ize, v. a. [Dis- and Organize; Fr. 
dtsorganiser.] [pp. disorganizing* disorganized.] 
To destroy the order or structure of. 

Dis-own' (diz-on') [dis-, St. H. I. N.], v. a. [Dis- 
and Own.] [pp. disowning, disowned.] Not to 
acknowledge as one's own ; to disclaim; to deny ; 
to renounce. 

Dis-par'a£e, v. a. [Fr. deparer ; 0. Fr. desparager; 
L. dis- and Late L. paragium, rank, parity ; L. 
dispar, unlike ; par, equal.— See Par and Peer.] 
[pp. disparaging, disparaged.] To lower in rank 
or estimation :— to offer indignity to : — to depre- 
ciate ; to degrade ; to traduce. 

Dis-par'a£e-ment, n. Act of disparaging; de- 
preciation; disgrace; indignity. 



;, §, soft ; p, p, p, g, hard ; § as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son j bull, biir, rule, use.— Q, $, c 



DISPARAGING 



200 



DISROBE 



Dis-pa.r'af'-ing, p. a. Making disparagement. 

Dis-par'i-ty, n. [Lis- and Parity.] Inequality; 
'difference. [park. 

Dis-park', v. a. To deprive of the quality of a 

Dis-part', v. a. & v. n. [Din-, asunder, and Part.] 
[pp. disparting, disparted.] To divide in two; 
to separate. 

Dis-pas'sion (dis-pash'un), n. Mental coolness. 

Dis-pas'sion-ate, a. [Dis- and Passionate.] Cool; 
calm; impartial. 

Dis-pas'sion-ate-ly, ad. In a calm manner. 

Dis-patch', v. a. [See Despatch.] [pp. dispatch- 
ing, dispatched.] To send away hastily ; to 
hasten: — to kill : — written also despatch. — 2, n. 
Speed; haste; despatch. 

Dis-pau'per, v. a. [Dis- and Pauper.] [pp. dis- 
paupering, dispaupered.] (Eng. Laiv.) To de- 
prive of the right of a pauper to assistance. 

Dis-pel', v. a. [L. dispellere; dis-, away, and pel- 
lere, to drive.] [pp. dispelling, dispelled.] To 
drive away ; to disperse. 

Dis-pen'sa-ry, n. A place where medicines are 
dispensed or distributed to the poor. 

Dis-pen-sa'tion, «. [L. dispeusatio.] Act of dis- 
pensing ; distribution : — administration : — an ex- 
emption from some law, rule, or service. 

Dis-pen'sa-to-ry, n. A directory for making medi- 
cines; a pharmacopoeia. — 2, a. Granting dis- 
pensation. 

Dis-pense', v. a. [L. dispensare, to weigh out, to 
spend money; dispeudium, expense; from dis- 
-pendere, to spread; dis-, apart, and paudere, to 
spread.] [pp. dispensing, dispensed."] To deal 
out ; to distribute ; to allot. — To dispense with, to 
do without. 

Dis-peo'ple (dis-pe'pl), v. a. [Bis- and People ; 
Fr. dtpeupler.] [pp. dispeopling, dispeopled.] 
To depopulate. 

Di-sper'mous, a. [Gv. Sl-, double, and anepfia, 
seed.] (Bot.) Having only two seeds. 

Dis-per'sal, n. Dispersion. 

Dis-perse\ v. a. [L. dispergere, dispersum; dis-, 
apart, and spurgere, sparsum, to scatter.] [pp. 
dispersing, dispersed.] To scatter ; to drive 
away. — 2, v. n. To separate ; to scatter. 

Dis-per'sion, n. The act of dispersing; the state 
of being' scattered; distribution; diffusion. 

Dis-pir'it, v. a. [Dis- and Spirit.] [pp. dispirit- 
ing, dispirited.] To discourage; to depress. 

Dis-pla.ce', v. a. [Dis- and Place; Fr. dtplacer.] 
[pp. displacing, displaced.] To put out of place ; 
to remove. 

Dis-place'ment, n. The act of displacing: — 
quantity displaced: — a method of extracting 
soluble principles from organic matter. 

Dis-play', v. a. [Fr. deplier, deploy er ; 0. Fr. des- 

fleier, desploier ; L. dis- and plicare, to fold.] 
pp. displaying, displayed.] To spread wide; 

to exhibit; to sIioav ostentatiously : — to expand. 

— 2, n. An exhibition ; a show ; parade. 
Dis-play'ed (or dis-plad'), p.&a. 

(Her.) Conspicuously exhib- 
ited, as a bird's wings. 
Dis-plea§e\ v. a. [Dis- and 

Please; Fr. dtplaire ; 0. Fr. 

desplaisir.] [pp. displeasing, 

displeased.] To offend; to 

make angry. 
Dis-pleas/ure (dis-plezh'ur), n. 

Uneasiness ; offence ; anger ; 

disfavor. 
Bis-port', n. [Late L. disportus, diversion; L. dis-, 

away, and portare, to carry ; 0. Fr. se desporter, 

to recreate one's self.] Play; sport; pastime. — 

2, v. a. [pp. disporting, disported.] To divert. 

— 3, v. n. To sport. 
Dis-pos/a-ble, a. Capable of being disposed of. 
Dis-pos/al, n. The act of disposing; disposition: 

—management; conduct; control. 
Dis-pose', v. a. [0. Fr. disposer, Fr. deposer, to 

arrange. — See Pose.] [pp. disposing, disposed.] 




Displayed. 



To place; to arrange:— to incline; to adjust. — 

To dispose of, to apply ; to put off; to sell. 
Dis-posed' (dis-pozd'), p. u. Arranged : — inclined : 

' — having a disposition ; minded. 
Dis-pos'er, n. A distributer ; a director. 
Dis-po-§i"tion (dis-po-zish'un), n. [L. dispositio, 

arrangement ; dis-, apart, and ponere, posilum, to 

place.] Order; method; disposal; inclination: 

— temper of mind. 
Dis-po§-sess', v. a. [Dis- and Possess.] [pp. 

dispossessing, dispossessed.] To put out of pos- 



Dis-po§-ses sion (dis-poz-zesh'un), v. The act of 
dispossessing; the state of be'ing dispossessed. 

Dis-prai§e', n. [Dis- and Praise.] Blame; cen- 
sure; dishonor.— 2, v. a. [pp. dispraising, dis- 
praised.] To blame; to censure; to reproach. 

Dis-proof, n. [Dis- and Proof.] Confutation ; 
refutation. 

Dis-pro-por'tion,M. [Dis- and Proportion.] Want 
of proportion. — 2, v. a. [pp. disproportion ing, 
disproportioned.] To join unfitly ; to misshape. 

Dis-pro-por'tion-a-ble, a. "Wanting proportion ; 
dispr'oportiohal ;' unfit. 

Dis-pro-por'tion-a-bly, ad. Unsuitably. 

Dis-pro-por'tion-al, a'. Without proportion. 

Dis-pro-por'ticn-al-ly, ad. Unsuitably. 

Dis-pro-por'tion-ate, a. Not proportionate. 

Dis-pro-por'tion-ate-ly, ad. Unsuitably. 

Dis-pr6ve', v. 'a. '[Dis- and Prove.] [pp. dis- 
proving, disproved.] To prove false or errone- 
ous; to confute; to refute. 

Dis'pu-ta-ble [dis-pu'ta-bl, I. P. ; dis'pu-ta-bl or 
djs-pu'ta-bl, W. Ja. K.], a. That may be dis- 
puted; controvertible; questionable; doubtful. 

Dis'pu-tant, n. A controvertist ; an arguer. 

Dis-pu-ta'tion, n. Argumentation ; dispute. 

Dis-pu-ta'tious, \ a. Inclined to dispute; cavil- 

Dis-pu'ta-tive, J ling; contentious. 

Dis-pute', v. n. [L. dispulare ; dis-, apart, and 
putare, to think, to clear up.] [pp. disputing, 
disputed.] To contend by argument; to reason 
against; to argue; to debate. — 2, v. a. To con- 
tend for ; to discuss. — 3, n. Strife or contest in 
words ; a contest ; controversy ; debate ; quarrel. 

Dis-qual-i-fi-ca'tion (dis-kwo'l-e-fe-ka'shun), «. 
That which disqualifies; lack of qualification. 

Dis-qual'i-fy (dls-kwol'e-fl), v. a. [Dis- and 
Qualify.] [pp. disqualifying, disqualified.] To 
make unfit; to disable: — to deprive of a right 
or power. 

Dis-qui'et, n. [Dis- and Quiet.] Uneasiness; 
anxietj'. — 2, v. a. [pp. disquieting, disquieted.] 
To disturb ; to make uneasy. — 3, a. Restless ; 
unquiet. 

Dis-qui'e-tude, n. Uneasiness; anxiety. 

Dis-qui-§i"tion (dls-kwe-zish'un), n. [L. disquisi- 
tio, a search ; dis-, apart, and quterere, to seek.] An 
argumentative treatise ; a discussion ; an essay. 

Dis-re-gard', n. [Dis- and Regard.] Want of 
regard; neglect. — 2, v. a. [pp. disregarding, 
disregarded.] To slight; to neglect. 

Dis-re-gard'ful, a. Negligent; careless. 

Dis-re-gard'ful-ly, ad. Negligently. 

Dis-rel'ish [dis-, St. H. Wb. I. N.\ n. [Dis- nega- 
tive, and Relish.] Dislike; distaste; disgust. — 
2, v. a. [pp. disrelishing, disrelished.] Not to 
relish ; to dislike. 

Dis-re-pair', n. The state of being out of repair. 

Dis-rep'u-ta-ble, a. Dishonorable ; disgraceful. 

Dis-rep'u-ta-bly, ad. Dishonorably. 

Dis-re-pute', n.' [Dis- and Repute.] Discredit; 
ill repute. 

Dis-re-spect', n. [Dis- and Respect.] Incivility; 
want of respect. — 2, v. a. [pip. disrespecting, 
disrespected.] To show disrespect to. 

Dis-re-spect'ful, a. Wanting respect. 

Dis-re-spect' ful-ly. ad. Rudely; uncivilly. 

Dis-robe' [dis-, St. H. Wb. I. N.], v. a. & v. n. [Dis- 
and Robe; Fr. derober.] [pp. disrobing, dis- 
robed.] To undress ; to uncover. 



e, l, o, u 



y, long; a, e, l, 5, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



DISEUPT 



201 



DISTENTION 



Dis-rfipt\ v. a. [L. disrtnnpere or dirumpere, dis- 
ruplum; dis-, apart, and rmupere, to break.] [pp. 
disrupting, disrupted.] To tear asunder. — 2, a. 
Kent asunder. 

Dis-riip'tion [dis-, St. H. Wb. I. N.], n. Breach ; 
rent; rupture. [disrupt or burst asunder. 

Dis-rup'tive, a. Causing disruption ; tending to 

Dis-sat-is-fac'tion, n. State of being dissatisfied ; 
uneasiness; discontent. 

Dis-sat'is-fy, v. a. [Dis- and Satisfy.] [pp. dis- 
satisfying, dissatisfied.] To discontent; to dis- 
please. 

Dis-sect', v. a. [L. dissecare, dissectum ; dis-, apart, 
and secure, to cut.] [pp. dissecting, dissected.] 
To cut in pieces, as an animal body ; to cut up ; 
to anatomize : — to analyze. [is dissected. 

Dis-sec'tion, n. Act of dissecting : — that which 

Dis-sect' or, n. One who dissects. 

Dis-sei'sin, or Dis-sei'zin, n. (Law.) [Law Fr. ; 
dis- negative, and Seizin.] An unlawful dispos- 
sessing a man of his land, &c. 

Dis-seize', v. a. [pp. disseizing, disseized.] To 
dispossess wrongfully. 

Dis-sem'blance, n. Want of resemblance. 

Dis-sem'ble, v. a. [See Dissimulate: on type of 
Fr. sembler, to seem. (The Fr. dissembler signi- 
fies to differ.)] [pp. dissembling, dissembled.] 
To assume, as a false appearance ; to disguise ; 
to conceal. — 2, v. n. To play the hypocrite. 

Dis-sem'bler, n. One who dissembles; ^hypocrite. 

Dis-sem'i-nate, v. a. [L. d'isseminare, dlsseminalum ; 
dis-, apart, and seminare, to scatter; semen, seed.] 
[pp. disseminating, disseminated.] To scatter 
as seed ; to sow. 

Dis-sem-i-na'tion, n. A scattering; a sowing. 

Dis-sem'i-na-tor, n. One who disseminat'-s. 

Dis-sen'sion, n. Angry difference of opinion; 
disagreement; strife; quarrel; discord. 

Dis-sent', v. a. [Fr. dissentir ; L. dissenlire ; dis-, 
apart, and seniire, to feel.] [pp. dissenting, -dis- 
sented.] To disagree in opinion; to differ: — to 
separate from the established church. — 2, n. 
Act of dissenting; disagreement. 

Dis-sent'er, n. One who dissents: — one who sep- 
arates from the established church in England ; 
a nonconformist. 

Dis-sen'tient, «. Disagreeing; dissenting. — 2, n. 
One who dissents. 

Dis-sep'i-ment, n. [L. dissepimentum, a partition ; 
'dis-, apart, and sepire, to hedge.] (Bot.) A parti- 
tion in an ovary. 

Dis-ser-ta'tion, n. [L. dissertatio; dissertare, to 
discuss, freq. of disserere, to treat of; dis- nega- 
tive, and serere, to join or fasten.] A discuurse; 
a treatise ; an essay. 

Dis-ser'vice, n. Injury; mischief; hurt. 

Pis-seVer, v. a. [Dis-, apart, and Sever.] [pp. 
dissevering, dissevered.] To part in two ; to 
divide. 

Dis-sev'er-ance, n. Separation. 

Dis-sev'er-ment, n. The act of dissevering or 
state of being dissevered ; disseverance. 

Dls'si-dence, n. Discord; disagreement. 

Dis'si-dent, a. [L. dissidere, dissidentis, to sit 
apart; sedere, to sit (q. v.).] Varying; not agree- 
ing. — 2, n. One who dissents ; dissenter. 

Dis-sim'i-lar, a. [Dis- and Similar.] Unlike; 

heterogeneous. 
Dis-sim-i-lar'i-ty, n. Want of resemblance ; un- 

likeness; difference; dissimilitude. 
Dis-si-mil'i-tude, n. Want of resemblance. 
Dis-sim'u-late, v. a. & v. n. [L. dissinmlare, dis- 
simulation, to feign; dis-, apart, and simulate, to 
pretend; similis, like. — Cf. L. simitl, together.] 
[^.dissimulating, dissimulated.] To dissemble. 
Dis-sim-u-la/tion, n. [L. dissimtdalio.] Act of 
dissembling; concealment of something: — hy- 
pocrisy. 
Dis' si-pate, v. a. [L. dissipare, dissipatum; dis-, 
apart, and obs. supare, to throw. — See Sweep.] 
[pp. dissipating, dissipated.] To disperse; to 



scatter; to squander; to spend lavishly. — 
2, v. n. To live prodigally : — to scatter ; to dis- 
perse. 

Dis'si-pat-ed, p. a. Addicted to dissipation. 

Dls-si-pa'tion, n. Dispersion: — dissolute living; 
excess; irregularity; waste. 

Dis-so'ci-ate (dis-so'she-at), v. a. [L. dissociare, 
dissociatum, to disjoin ; sociare, to associate ; so- 
cius, a companion.] [pp. dissociating, dissoci- 
ated.] To separate. 

Dis-so-ci-a'tion (dis-so-she-a/shun), n. Division. 

Dis'so-lu-ble, a. That may be dissolved. 

Dls'so-lute, a. [L. dissolvere, dissolution, to loosen, 
to melt. — See Solve.] Loose; unrestrained ; de- 
bauched. 

Dis'so-liite-ly, ad. Loosely; wantonly. 

Dis'so-lute-ngss, n. Dissipation. 

Dls-so-lu'tion, n. Act of dissolving : — death : — 
act of breaking up an assembly. 

Dis-solv'a-ble, a. That may be dissolved. 

Dis-solve', v. a. [L. dissolcere.— See Solve.] [pp. 
dissolving, dissolved.] To melt; to disunite; to 
separate; to destroy; to discontinue; to break 
up. — 2, v. n. To be liquefied ; to melt. 

Lis-solv'ent, a. Tending to dissolve. — 2, u. That 
which causes melting; a solvent 

Dls'so-nance, n. Discord; disagreement. 

Dis-so-nant, a. [L. dissonare, dissonantis, to sound 
unlike; sonus, sound (q. v.).] Unharmonious; 
incongruous. 

Dls-suade' (dis-swad'), v. a. [L. dissuadere, dis- 
suasum ; dis- and suadere, to persuade (g. v.).] 
[pp. dissuading, dissuaded.] To advise against; 
to discourage ; to deter; to disincline. 

Dis-sua/sion (dTs-swa'zhun), n. Dehortation. 

Dis-sua'sive (dis-swa'sivi, «. Tending to dis- 
suade.— 2, n. Dehortation. 

Dis-syl-lab'ic, a. Consisting of two syllables. 

Dis-syl'la-bie, or Dis'syl-la-ble, »• [Gr. Sl<tv\- 
Ac^o?, of two syllables; 6t-, double, and <rvA- 
Aa/3jj, a syllable.] A word of two syllables. 

Dis'taff, n. ; pi. Dls'taffs. [A.-S. distaef.— Cf. Platt- 
Deutsch diesse, a bunch of flax ; Sw. do's, Icel. 
des, Local E. dess, a bay-rick ; the 
last syllable is E. staff.] The staff 
from which the flax is diawn in 
spinning. 

Eis-tain', v. a. pFr. dtleindre ; 0. Fr. 
desteindre; L. dis- partitive, and 
Hngere, to tinge. Distain is now 
generally shortened to stain.] [pp. 
distaining, distained.] To stain ; to 
blot; to sully. 

Dls'tal, «. [From Distant, on type of proximal] 
More remote: — opposed to proximal 

Dls'tance, u. [L. distaniia.] The space between 
two things ; remoteness : — space of time : — re- 
serve. — 2, v. a. [pp. distancing, distanced.] To 
leave behind, as in a race. 

Dis'tant, a. [L. distare, dislantis, to stand apart ; 
dis-, apart, and stare, to stand.] Remote in time. 
place, or nature : — shy : — cold : — not allied : — not 
obvious. 

Dis-taste', n. [Dis- and Taste.] Aversion; dis- 
relish; dislike. — 2, v. a. [pp. distasting, dis- 
tasted.] To disrelish ; to diclike. 

Dis-taste'ful, a. Nauseous ; loathsome ; offensive ; 
disagreeable ; unpleasing. 

Lis-tem'per, n. [L. dis- and tempernre, to qualify, 
"to blend.' In the sense of a disease there is ref- 
erence to the old doctrine of temperaments or 
humors in the body.] A disease; a malady: — 
[It. tempera ; Fr. dttrempe] a kind of painting. — 
2, v. a. [pp. distempering, distempered.] To 
disorder; to disturb. 
Dis-tend', v. a. & v. n. [L. distendere ; dis-, apart, 
and tendere, to stretch.] [pp. distending, dis- 
tended.] To stretch out; to expand. 
Dis-ten'si-ble, a. Capable of being expanded. 
Lis-ten'tion, n. The act or state of stretching, 
distending, or spreading ; expansion ; breadth. 




Distaff. 



mien, sir; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, p, c, g, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; sasz; xasgz; tnis. 



DISTICH 



202 



DIVERSIFY 



Dis'tiph, n. [Gr. Siari-xov ; Si, double, and ari- 
xos, a rank.] A couplet ; two poetic lines. 

Dis-til', v. n. [L. distUlare, distUkUum ; de, down, 
and stillare, to drop ; stilla, a drop.] [ pp. distil- 
ling, distilled.] To drop; to fall in drops. — 
2, v. a. To draw by distillation; to drop. 

Dis-til'late, n. That which is distilled over. 

Dis-til-la'tion, n. The act of distilling. 

Dis-til'la-to-ry, a. Relating to distillation. 

Dis-til' ler, n. One who distils. 

Dis-til'le-ry, n. A place where spirits are dis- 
tilled :— the art of distilling. 

Dis-tinct', «. Separate; clear; plain. 

Dis-tinc'tion, n. [See Distinguish.] The act of 
discerning differences; difference: discrimina- 
tion: — mark of superiority; eminence; rank: 
— separation. 

Dis-tinc'tive, «. Marking a distinction. 

Dis-tinc'tive-ly, ad. Particularly ; clearly. 

Dis-tinct'ly, ad. Not confusedly ; plainly. 

Dis-tmct'ness, n. Clearness; precision. 

Dis-tin'guish (dis-ting'gwish), v. a. [L. distin- 
guere, distinctum, to mark with a prick; dis-, 
apart, and the root of the Teutonic word sling.) 
I pp. distinguishing, distinguished.] To discern; 
to perceive: — to discriminate; to separate; to 
divide: — to mark; to make eminent. — 2, p. n. 
To make distinction. 

Dis-tiii'guish-a-ble, a. Discernible. 

Dis-tin'guished (dis-ting'gwisht), p. a. Cele- 
brated ; eminent ; famous ; extraordinary. 

Dis-tbrt', v. a. [L. distorquere, distortv.m ; torquere, 
to twist.] [pp. distorting, distorted.] To twist; 
to wrest ; to pervert. 

Dis-tor'tion, >/. The act of distorting ; that which 
is distorted. 

Dis-tract\ v. a. [L. distrahere, distraction ; trahere, 
to drag.] [pp. distracting, distracted or dis- 
traught.] To divide; to vex ; to discompose ; to 
disturb ; to perplex ; to make mad. 

Dis-tract'ed, p. a. Perplexed :— frantic ; insane. 

Dis-tract'ed-ly, ad. Madly ; wildly. 

Dis-trac'tion, n. State of being distracted; con- 
fusion; disturbance: — madness; insanity. 

Dis- train', v. a. [L. distringere; 0. Fr. destraindre ; 
L. dis-, apart, and stringere, to strain.] [pp. dis- 
training, distrained.] (Law.) To seize; to lay 
hold of, as goods, for payment of debt. — 2, v. n. 
To make seizure. 

Dis-train'a-ble, a. Liable to be distrained. 

Dis-traint', n. [0. Fr. destraincl. — See Distrain.] 
A seizure of goods, &c. 

Dis-traught' (djs-trawt'), a. [See Distract.] Dis- 
tracted ; perplexed .-—separated. 

Dis-tress', n. [Fr. dctresse; 0. Fr. destrece, des- 
tresse ; L. districlio ; destringere, destrictum, to pull 
apart, — later, to punish. — See Distrain.] Mis- 
ery ; misfortune ; want. — (Laic.) The act of dis- 
training; seizure. — 2, v. a. [pp> distressing, 
distressed.] To harass ; to make miserable. 

Dis-tress'ful, a. Miserable; full of trouble: — 
causing or enduring distress. 

Dis-tress'ing, a. Harassing; afflicting; painful. 

Dis-trib'u-ta-ble, a. That may be distributed. 

Dis-trib'ute, v. a. [L. distribuere, distribution; dis-, 
apart, and tribvere, to give. — See Tribute.] [pp. 
distributing, distributed.] To divide among 
many ; to deal out : to dispense : — to classify : 
— to separate and replace, as types. 

Dis-trib'u-ter. n. One who distributes. 

Lis-tri-bu'tion, n. The act of distributing; ap- 
portionment; a dealing out; dispensation. 

Dis-trib'u-tive, a. That distributes. — 2, n. A 
word that divides. 

Dis-trib'u-tive-ly, ad. By distribution. 

Dis'trict, n. [L. distringere, dUtrictum, to distrain 
(q. v.) ; Late L. districtus, a region in which a 
ruler had the power to distrain.] A circuit; a 
province; a territory. — 2, v. a. [pp. districting, 
districted.] To divide into d stricts. — 3, a. Re- 
lating to a district or division. 



Dis-trust'. v. a. [Lis- and Trust.] [pp. distrust- 
ing, distrusted.] To be suspicious of; not to 
trust; to disbelieve; to doubt; to discredit. — 
2, n. Want of confidence ; suspicion. 

Dis-trust'fiil, a. Apt to distrust : — diffident. 

Dis-tiirb', ». a. [L. disturbare ; dis-, apart, and 
turbare, to trouble, to agitate ; turbo, a crowd, a 
tumult.] [j>p. disturbing, disturbed.] To per- 
plex ; to disquiet ; to vex. [order. 

Lis-tiirb'ance, n. Confusion: excitement; dis- 

Dis-tiirb'er, ». One who disturbs. 

Dis-un'ion (dls-yun'yun), n. [Di*- and Union.] 
Want of union ; disjunction ; separation. 

Dis-un'ion-ist, n. A promoter of disunion. 

Dis-u-nite' (dis-yu-nit'), v. a. [Dis- and Unite.] 
[pp. disuniting, disunited.] To separate. — 2, 
v. n. To fall asunder ; t<> separate. 

Dis-iise' (dis-yusOjH. Cessation of use; desuetude. 

Dis-use' (dis-yuz'), r. a. [Dis- and Use.] [pp. dis- 
using, disused.] To cease to use ; to disaccustom. 

Ditch, n. [A softened form of Dike.] A trench 
cut in the ground for the passage of water :— a 
moat around a fortress. — 2, v. n. & r. a. [pp. 
ditching, ditched.] To make a ditch :— to trench : 
— to throw into a ditch. 

Ditch' er, n. One who digs ditches. 

Dith'y-ramb, In. [Gr. Si0upaM0os.] A song 

Dith-y-ram'bic, J in honor of Bacchus; a baccha- 
nalian song.' 

Dith-y-ram'bic, a. Wild ; enthusiastic. 

Dit'ta-ny, n. [Gr. StKra/xvos ; from hide, a moun- 
tain in Crete.] An aromatic, perennial plant. 

Dit'to, ad. or n. [It. ditto, a saying ; detto, said ; 
L. dictum, said, or a saying.] As said, or as 
aforesaid :— the same thing repeated (used prin- 
cipally in accounts). 

Dit'ty., b. [0. Fr. ditie, dite, dilte, dicte, a recita- 
tion, a poem for recitation ; L. dictutum, some- 
thing dictated. — See Dictate.] A poem ; a 
song ; a lay : — a saying. [urine. 

Dl-u-re'sis, n. [Gr.] (3Ied.) Excessive flow of 

Di-u-ret'ic, a. [Gr. 6iovpijT<./cos ; 6iovpeei.p, to pass 
urine; "Sia, through, and ovpov, urine (q. v.).] 
Causing a flow of urine.— 2, n. A drug that in- 
creases the secretion of urine. 

Di-iir'nal, a. [L. diurnalis; dies, a day.] Relating 
to the day ; daily.— 2, n. A journal ; a day-book. 
— (Rom. Oath. Ch.) A book of the services for 
every day of the year. 

Di-va-ga'tion, n. [L. divagari, divagatum, to wan- 
der about ; vagari, to roam.] A going astray or 
wandering. 

Di-van', n. [Per. dinan, Arab, day wan, a court or 
state-council.] The grand council of Turkey : — 
council-chamber ; a hall : — a smoking-room : — a 
sofa :— a collection of Oriental odes. 

Di-var'i-cate, v. a. [L. dis-, apart, and varicare, 
varica'tum, to straddle.] [pp. divaricating, divari- 
cated.] To be parted into two :— to diverge. — 
2, v. a. To divide into two.— 3, a. Branched. 

Di-var-i-ca'tion, n. Partition ; division. 

Dive, v.'n. [A.-S. dyfan, dufan: closely related to 
Dip.] [i. dived (rarely, dove) ; pp. diving, dived 
(less correctly, dove).] To plunge into water; 
to immerse.— 2, ;-. A dip; a plunge. 

Di'ver, n. One who dives : — a water-fowl. 

Di-vergV, or Di-vergV, v. n. [L. dis-, apart, and 
'vergere, to tend, to turn.— See Verge.] [pp. di- 
verging, diverged.] To tend various ways from 
one point ; to recede. 

Di-ver'gence, ». A receding from each other. 

Di-ver'|ent, a: Seceding from each other. 

Di'vers (di'verz), a. [Fr. divers.— See Diverse.] 
Several ; sundry ; various. 

Di' verse, or Di- verse', «. [L. dwersus, contrary. 
— See Divert.] Different; unlike; multiform. 

Di'verse-ly, ad. Differently ; variously. 

Di-ver-si-fi-ca'tion. n. The act of diversifying; 
variation"; alteration; variegation. 

Di-ver'si-fy, v. a. [Late L. diversificare ; L. di- 
versus, different, and facere, to make.] [pp. di- 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



DIVEKSION 



203 



DOES 



versifying, diversified.] To make different; to 
vary ; to give variety to. 
Di-ver'sion, n. The act of diverting; a turning 

"aside -.—amusement ; recreation; sport; game. 
Di-ver'si-ty, n. Difference; unlikeness; variety. 
Di-vert', v. a. [L. dicertere ; din-, apart, and ver- 
tere, versum, to turn.] [pp. diverting, diverted.] 
To turn aside : — to amuse. 
Di-ver'tise, v. a. [Fr. divertir, divert isant. — See 
Divert.] [pp. divertising, divertised.] To 
please ; to exhilarate. 

Di-veV tise-ment, w. Diversion ; pleasure. 

Di-ver'tive, a. Recreative; exhilarating. 
Di-vest', v. a. [L. devest ire, Late L. dicestire; dis-, 
and veslire, to clothe. — See Vest.] [pp. divest- 
ing, divested.] To strip; to make naked; to 
devest : — opposed to hired. 

Di-vest'ure (de-vest'yur), n. A putting off. 

Di-vid'a-ble, u. Capable of being separated. 

Di-vide\ v. a. [L. dividere, divisum; dis-, apart, 
and Aryan root ridh, to split. — Cf. Widow.] 
[pp. dividing, divided.] To part into different 
pieces ; to disunite ; to separate ; to deal out. — 
2, v. n. To part; to sunder; to separate. — 3, n. 
A dividing ridge. 

Div'i-dend, n. [L. dividendum, that should be di- 
vided.] A shaie; part allotted in division. — 
(Arith.) A number to be divided. 

Di-vld'ers, n. pi. A pair of compasses. 

Div-i-na'tion, n. The act or practice of divining ; 
a foretelling of future events. 

Di-vlne', a. [L. divinus ; divus, godlilc; dens, a 
god. — See Deity.] Partaking of divinity; pro- 
ceeding from God ; godlike; heavenly. — 2, u. A 
theologian; a priest; a clergyman. — 3, v. a. 
[pp. divining, divined.] To foretell. — i, v. u. 
To conjecture; to prophesy. 

Di-vlne'ly, ad. In a divine manner. 

Di-vln'er, ». One who divines ; a conjurer. 

Dlv'ing-bell, n. A machine for descending below 
the surface of the water. 

Di-vin'i-ty, n. [L. divinttas.— See Divine.] The 
Deity ; divine nature : — a god : — science of divine 
things; theology. 

Di-vis-i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being divisible. 

Di-vis'i-ble, a. Capable of being divided. 

Dj-vi"§ion (de-vizh'un), w. [L. divisio. — See Di- 
vide.] ' The act of dividing; partition : — a. part; 
a portion : — discord. 

Di-vi"sion-al, a. Relating to a division. 

Dj-vi'sor, «. A number which divides. 

Di-vorce', n. [L. divortium ; divorlere, a variant of 
'divertere, to turn away.— See Divert.] The 
legal separation of husband and wife : — separa- 
tion ; disunion. — 2, v. a. [pp. divorcing, di- 
vorced.] To separate, as a husbaud and wife : — 
to put away ; to force asunder. 

Di-vorce'_ment, n. Divorce. 

Div-ul-ga'tion, ». A publishing abroad. 

Di-vulge', v. a. [L. dieulgare, to publish; dis-, 
abroad, and vulgare, to make common. — See 
Vulgar.] [pp. divulging, divulged.] To pub- 
lish ; to reveal ; to proclaim. 

Di-vul'sion, n. [L. divulsio; divellere, divulsum, to 
tear apart ; dis-, asunder, and vellere, to pull.] A 
plucking away ; laceration. 

Di-vfil'siye, a. Having power to tear apart. 

Di'zen (di'zn), v. a. [0. E. dysyn, to dress a dis- 
taff. — Cf. Distaff, and Dan. dysse, a Ivap.] 
[pp. dizening, dizened.] To dress: to bedizen. 

Diz'zi-ness, n. Giddiness; a whirling. 

Diz'zy, a. [A.-S. dysig, foolish ; dirm, dull ; 0. Dnt. 
duyzigk, dizzy. — Cf. Doze.] Giddy; thoughtless; 
whirling : — causing dizziness. 

D8, v. a. [A.-S. don; Dut. doen ; 0. Fris. dun; 
Ger. thun.— Cf. Skr. dha, to place.] [thou dost, 
fee does or doth; — i. did ; pp. doing, done.] To 
practise or act any thing; to perform; to exe- 
cute; to transact.— 2, v. n. To act in any man- 
ner, well or ill. [in solmization. 

Do. [It.] (Mns.) The first of the syllables used 



Do'-all, n. A factotum. 

Doc-i-bil'i-ty, n. Readiness to learn. 

Doc'i-ble, a. [L. docibilis; docere, to teach.] That 
may be taught or learnt; apt to learn; teach- 
able ; tractable ; docile. 

Dos'Ue [do'sil, P. X. H. Wb.], a. [L. docilis; do- 
cere, to teach.] Teachable ; easily taught. 

Lo-cii'i-ty., n. State of being docile. 

Doc'i-ma-cy., n. [Gr. SoKip-aaia; Soklixos, tested ; 
doKi/xd^eiv, to assay ; de\eo-6at, to take, to prove, 
to approve.] The art of assaying or testing. 

DSc-i-mas'tic, a. [Gr. 3o/ci/ao.o-t<,k6s.] Relating 
to-assays of ores, metals, minerals, medicines, &c. 

Dock, n. [0. Dut. & Dan. dokke, Ger. doeke ; prob- 
ably akin to Dig. — Cf. Late L. doga, a canal ; It. 
doccia, a ditch ; also Gr. &o\ri, a receptacle ; Se- 
XeaOai, to receive.] A place for building and 
laying up ships; dock-yard: — a place between 
two wharves: — [A.-S. docce, Gael, doglia. — Cf. 
Gr. 6a0/co5, a carrot] a plant ; a weed. — 2, v. a. 
[Welsh locio, to clip. — Cf. 0. Norse dockr, a tail.] 
[pp. docking, docked.] To cut short :— to lay 
in a dock. — 3, v. n. To enter a dock. 

Dock'a|-e, n. Money paid for using a dock. 

Dock'et, «. [From Dock, to clip; hence, an ab- 
stract.] A label or direction on goods. — {Lair.) 
A list of cases in court. — 2, v. a. [pp. docketing, 
docketed.] To mark with the titles ; to enter. 

Dock'-yard, n. The place where ships are built 
and naval stores are reposited. 

Doc' tor, ». [L. doctor, a teacher; docere, to teach.] 
A title in divinity, law, physic, &c. : — a learned 
man: — & physician. — 2, v. a. [pp. doctoring, 
doctored.] To cure; to heal : — to doctorate : — to 
tamper with ; to falsify : — to adulterate or drug, 
as liquor. 

Doc'tor-ate, n. The degree of doctor. 

Doc'tor-ate, v. a. [pp. doctorating, doctorated.] 
To make a doctor. 

Doc'tress, n. A female doctor. 

Doc'tri-naire', ». [Fr.] A mere theorist ; a holder 
of impracticable doctrines in politics. 

Doc'tri-nal, a. Relating to doctrine; containing 
doctrine. — 2, n. A doctrine; a principle. 

Doc'tri-nal-ly, ad. In the form of doctrine. 

Doc-tri-na'ri-an, n. Same as Doctrinaire. 

Doc'trine, n. [L. doctrina, learning; docere, to 
teach.] A principle; precept; tenet. 

Doc'u-ment, ». [L. documeidum, a proof, a show- 
ing; docere, to teach.] A writing containing 
some information; a manuscript; a record.— 
2, v. a. [pp. documenting, documented.] To 
teach ; to direct : — to accredit. [documentary. 

Doc-u-ment'al, a. Belonging to instruction : — 

Doc-u-ment'a-ry, a. Consisting of documents. 

Dod'der, n. [Fris. dodd, a knot ; Dut. dot, a thread.] 
A yellow and thread-like parasitical plant. 

Do-dec'a-gon, n. [Gr. SioSena, twelve, and ytavia, 
an angle.] A figure of twelve equal sides. 

Do-dec-a-he'dral, a. Relating to a dodecahedron. 

Do-dec-a-he'dron, ». [Gr. 6c66e/ca, twelve, and 
e&pa, a seat, or base ] A regular solid, compre- 
hended under 12 equal and regular pentagons. 

Dodge, v. ». [Cf. A.-S. dyderian, to mislead ; Ger. 
tausehen, to deceive.] [pp. dodging, dodged.] To 
use craft ; to quibble : — to shift place ; to evade. 
— 2, v. a. To evade by a 
sudden movement. — 3, ». A 
sudden shift : — a trick ; an 
artifice ; an evasion. 

Dodg'er, n. One who dodges 
or evades. 

Do'do, ». [Port, doudo, a dodo, 
also foolish ; doido, a fop, a 
dude, a dolt (</. v.).] A large 
bird now extinct. 

Doe (do), h. [A.-S. da; Scot, dae; Dan. daa; Swed. 
dof. — Cf. L. dama, Welsh danns, It. daino, Ger. 
dam, a deer.] A she-deer ; the female of a buck. 

Do'er, n. One who does a thing; an agent. 

Does (duz), v. The third person sing, from do. 




Dodo. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. — Q, gt, c, £, soft; p, 0, p, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tnis. 



DOESKIN 



204 



DON" 



Doe'skin, n. A kind of woollen cloth :— the skin 
of a doe. [put off; to strip ; to put away. 

Doff, v. a. [For do off.] [pp. doffing, doffed.] To 

Dog-, n. [Dut. dog; Sw. dogg ; Dan. dogge >: all ap- 
plied to large dogs. — Cf. Gael, dog, stout, thick.] 
A domestic auimal : — an andiron ; a catch or 
clutch in a machine. — 2, v. a. [pp. dogging, 
dogged.] To hunt as a dog; to follow peisist- 
eutly : — to fasten with a clutch or catch. 

Do'gate, n. The office or dignity of a doge. 

Dog'-cart, n. [It has a box for conveying dogs.j A 
two- or four-wheeled vehicle, used by sportsmen. 

Dog'-cheap, a. [Cf. Sw. dog, very; Piatt- Deutsch 
db'ger, very much.] Very cheap. [Colloq.] 

Dog'-day§, n. pi. The days in which the dog-star 
rises and sets with the sun. 

Doge, ft. [It. doge, dogio, local forms of duca, a 
duke (q. v.) ; L. dux, a leader.] The .title of the 
chief magistrate of the former republics of Ven- 
ice and Genoa. 

Dog'-eared (-ei'd), a. Turned down at the corners 
through much use : — said of the leaves of a book. 

Dog'-flsh, w. A species of small shark. 

Dog'£ed, a. Sullen; sulky; sour; obstinate. 

Dog'Ied-ly, ad. Sullenly; gloomily; sourly. 

Dog'fer, n. [Dut. dogger, a codfish.] A Dutch 
fishing-vessel. 

Dog'^er-el (or dog'grel), a. [From Dog, in con- 
tempt.— Cf. cockerel from cock, pickerel from 
pike.] Irregular and burlesque ; vile ; despi- 
cable. — 2, n. Mean, worthless verses. 

Dog'grel, a. & n. Same as Doggerel. 

Dog'ma, n. [L. ; Gr. Soyixa, opinion ; 86/ceiv, to 
believe.] L. pi. Dog'ma-ta ; Eng. Dog'mas. A 
settled opinion; a tenet uiged authoritatively; 
a principle : a doctrine. 

Dog-mat'ic, \a. Relating to dogmas or doc- 

Dog-mat'i-cal, j trines : — positive. 

Dog-mat'i-cal-ly, ad. Positively; arrogantly. 

Dog-mat'ics, n. pi. Dogmatic theology. 

Dog'ma-tism, n. Arrogance in opinion. 

Dog'ma-tist, n. A dogmatical teacher. 

Dog'ma-tize, v. n. [pp. dogmatizing, dogmatized.] 
To teach arrogantly : — fcu teach as a doctrine. 

Dog'ma-tlz-er, n. One who dogmatizes. 

Dog's'-ear, n. ; pi. Dog'§'-ear§. The corner of a 
leaf in a book folded down. 

Dog'-star, n. [From Cants major, the greater 
Dog, the constellation in which Sirius is placed.] 
The bright star Sirius, or Canicula, which gives 
name to the dog-days. 

Dog'-wood (-wild), n. [Cf. A.-S. dole, a pin, or 
brooch.] The cornel-tree : — poisonous sumach. 

Doi'ly, w. [Local E. dirile, Dut. dweud, a towel 
(q. v.); said, however, to be named from one 
hoihj, a manufacturer of towels.] A kind of 
woollen stuff: — a napkin. 

Do'ings, n. pi. Things done; transactions. 

Doit, n. [Dut. duit; said doubtfully to be from 
Fr. (Fhivit, of eight. — Cf. Venetian duoto, a piece 
of eight soldi.] A Dutch copper coin. 

Do-lab'ri-fbrm, a. [L. dolabra, a pickaxe.] (Bot.) 
. Shaped like an axe. 

Dolce (dol'cha), ad. [It.] (Mus.) Softly. 

Dol'drums, n. pi. [A mariner's term ; said to be 
of West African origin.] A region of calms and 
squalls at sea : — lowness of spirits. 

Dole, n. [A.-S. dal, dsel : a variant of Deal.] Any 
thing dealt out; luck: — [L. dolus, deceit; Gr. 
SdAo?, bait] deceit; craft :— [Fr. devil 0. Fr. dol. 
— See Dolor] grief; sorrow. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
doling, doled.] To deal; to distribute. 

Dole'fiil, a. [From Dole in the sense of grief.] 
Sorrowful; dismal; sad. 

Dole'ful-ly, ad. In a doleful manner. 

Dole'ful-ness, n. Sorrow; dismalness. 

Dol'e-rite, n. [Gr. SoAepds, deceitful; 6oAo?, a 
snare or bait.] (Min,) A species of trap-rock. 

Doll. ». [Perhaps connected with Dut. dollen, to 
sport; 0. Dut. dol, a top; perhaps Doll, a pet 
name for Dorothy.] A child's puppet or baby. 




Dol'lar, n. [Ger. thaler, from thai, a valley. The 
first coins of this name were from silver mined 
in Joachims</iaZ, Bohemia.] A silver or gold 
coin of the United States, Mexico, &c, of the 
value of 100 cents. 

Dol'man, n. [Fr. dolman; Turk, dolaman.] A 
lady's cloak; a soldier's cloak. 

Dol'men, n. [Bret, dolmen; Gael, tolmen; dol, a 
table, and men, a stone.] A rude stone monument. 

Dol'o-mite, n. [From Dolomieu, a French geolo- 
gist.] Magnesiau limestone. 

Do'lor, n. [L. for "grief;" dolere, to grieve.] 
Grief: sorrow; pain. 

D61-o-r5'§o, ad. [It.] (Mus.) Soft and pathetic. 

Dol'o-roiis [dol'-, H.], a. Sorrowful ; doleful. 

Dol'o-rous-ly, ad. Sorrowfully; mournfully. 

Dol'phin, ft. [L. del- 
phinns; Gr. 6eA</>i'?, 
8eA0ivo?; 8e\<f)v<;, 
belly, womb.] A 
cetaceous mam- 
mal, that preys 
upon fish. 

Dolt, n. [A variant Dolphin. 

of Dulleb, blunt.] 
A heavy, stupid fellow ; a blockhead. 

Dolt'ish, a. Stupid; mean; dull; heavy. 

Do-main', n. [Fr. domaine; L. dominium; from 
dominus, a lord.] Dominion; empire; estate. 

Dome, n. [Fr. dome, L. dermis, a home, a house. 
— Cf. Gr. Sw/Jia, Sojao?, a house : root dan*, to 
build.] A spherical roof raised over the middle 
of a building ; a cupola ; a building. 

D8mes/day-book (-buk), n. See Doomsday-book. 

Do-mes'tic, a. [L. do)neslicns ; domus, a house.] 
Belonging to the house ; private ; tame ; not 
wild ; not foreign. — 2, n. One kept in the house ; 
a domestic or household servant. 

Do-mes'ti-cal-ly, ad. In a domestic manner. 

Do-mes'ti-cafe, v. a. [pp. domesticating, domes- 
ticated.] To domiciliate : — to tame. 

Do-mes-ti-ca'tion, n. The act of domesticating ; 
the state of being domesticated. 

Do-mes-tic'i-ty., n. Domestic life or habits. 

Dom'ett, n. ' [A manufacturer's family name.] A 
kind of cotton and wool flannel. 

Dom'i-cil, it- See Domicile. 

Dom'i-cile [dom'i-sil or dom'j-sll, St. ; dom'i-sll, 
/.], n. [Fr. domicile; L. domicMum; damns, a 
house, and root of celare, to hide, to shelter.] 
A house ; a residence ; an abode. — 2, v. a. To 
establish the residence of. 

Dom-i-cTl'ia-ry (-ya-re), a. Relating to an abode 
or residence : — intruding into private houses. 

Dom-i-cil'i-ate, w. a. [pp. domiciliating, domi- 
ciliated.] To render domestic. 

Dom'i-nant, a. Predominant; prevailing. — 2, w. 
(il/)/$.) ' The fifth note or tone. 

Dom'i-nate, v. n. & v. a. [L. dominari, dominatus, 
to rule; domare, to tame (q. v.).] [pp. domi- 
nating, dominated.] To rule; to govern. 

Dom-i-na'tion, n. Power; dominion. 

Dom-i-neer', v. n. [Fr. dominer. — See Dominate.] 
[pp. domineering, domineered.] To rule in an 
insolent or overbearing manner; to bluster. — 
2, v. a. To govern ; to rule. 

Dom-i-neer'ing, p. a. Insolent ; overbearing. 

Do-min'i-cal, a. [Late L. dies dominica, the Lord's 
day ; dominus, a lord.] Noting the Lord's day ; 
as," the dominical letter, noting Sunday. 

Do-min'i-can, n. A monk or friar of the order of 
St. Dominic. 

Dom'i-nie, n. [L. dominus, a master; Sp. domine, 
a schoolmaster.] A schoolmaster : — a minister. 

Do-min'ion (do-min'yun), n. [L. dominium, Late 
L. domi'nio, lordship; dominus, a lord.] Sovereign 
authority ; power : — territory ; region : district. 

Dom'i-no, h. ; pi. Dom'i-nos. [Sp. ; originally a 
schoolmaster's dress.]' A kind of hood: a long 
dress : — a kind of game. 

Don, n. [Sp. ; L. dominus, a master.] A title of 



a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, 6, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



DONA 



205 



DOUGHTY 



honor in Spain : — a man of high importance. — 
2, v. a. [For do on, like doff for do off.] [pp. 
donning, donned. 1 To put on ; to invest with. 

Dona (don'ya), n. [Sp.] The title of a lady. 

Do'na-ry, n. A thing given to sacred uses. 

Do'nate,'y. a. [pp. donating, donated.] To give. 

Do-na'tion, n. [L. donatio ; do mini, a gift; donare, 
donalum, to give. — Of. L. dare, datum, to give ; 
Gr. SiSovai, Skr. da, to give.] Act of giving; 
something bestowed ; benefaction ; a gift. 

Don'a-tive [do'na-tiv, S. K. Wb.], n. A gift; a 
present. — 2, a. ' Vested or vesting by donation. 

Done (dun), p. from the verb do. 

Do-nee', n. One to whom any thing is given. 

DSn'jon (dun'jun) [don'jon, I. St.], n. [See Dun- 
geon'.] A keep of a castle. 

' re word for dun, from its 



Don'key, n. [Diminutivi 

usual color.] An ass. 
Don'na, n. [It.] The til 



.] The title of a lady. 
Do'nbr, n. One who gives ; a bestower. 
D66m, v. a. [A.-S., Dan., & Sw. dom, judgment : 
root of Gr. TiOefxi, I place.] [pp. dooming, 
doomed.] To judge ; to comlemn ; to destine : — 
to tax at discretion. — 2, n. A judicial sentence ; 
judgment; ruin; condemnation; destiny; fate. 
Dooms'day, n. The day of final judgment. 
Dooms' day-book (-buk), ». [Because its decision 
was designed to be final.] A book made by 
order of William the Conqueror, in which the 
estates of England were registered. 
Door (dor), n. [A.-S. duru; Dut. devr ; Dan. dor; 
Ger. thor, thilr; Gr. 9vpa; Skr. dvar ; L. fores.] 
The gate or entrance of a house; porta)'; pas- 
sage ; avenue. 

Door'-keep-er (dor^kep-er), n. A porter. 

Door'-post (dor'post), n. The post of a door. 

Dor, n. [A.-S. dora, a locust.] A buzzing insect ; 
the clock-beetle. 

Do-ree' [do're, /. Sm.; do-re' or do-ra', St.], w. [Fr. 
dore, Sp. dorado, gilded ; Fr. d'or, of gold ; L. 
deaurare, to gild ; aurum, gold.] A kind of fish. 

Dor'ic [or do'rik, H.], a. Pertaining to Doris : — 
relating to an order of Grecian architecture.— 
2, n. The Dorian dialect of the Greek language. 

Dor'i-cism, n. A Doric phrase or idiom. 

Dbr'man-cy, n. Quiescence ; sleep. 

Dor'mant, a. [Fr. dormant, pres. part, of dormir, 
L. dormire, to sleep.] Being asleep; sleeping: 
— not public; concealed: — inactive; not acting 
publicly ; in abeyance. 

Dbr'mer-win'dow, n. [For dormitory-window.] A 
window set in the roof of a house. 

Dbr'mi-to-ry, n. [L. dorrnitorimn ; dormitare, freq. 
of dormire, to sleep. — Cf. Gr. SapOdveiv, Skr. dra, 
to sleep.] A place to sleep in. 

Dbr'mbuse, n. ; pi. Dbr'mice. [Local E. dor, to 
sleep, and Mouse. — Cf. L. dormire, to sleep; 
Icel. dar, sleepy, durr, a nap.] A small rodent 
animal, torpid in winter. [village ; a thorp. 

Dorp, ». [Dut. dorp; Ger. clorf.— See Thoup.] A 

Dor sal, a. [L. dorsalis; dorsum, the back.] Re- 
lating to or growing on the back. 

Do'ry, »i. ; pi. Do'rie§. [Probably at first a boat 
used in cZoree-fishi'ng.] A kind of boat. 

Dose, n. [Gr. 660-15, a giving, a dose. — See Do- 
nation.] Enough of medicine for one time. — 
2, v. a. [pp. dosing, dosed.] To proportion ; to 
give in doses : — to give a dose or doses to. 

Dos'el, or Dos'sal, n. [L. dorsale ; dorsum, the back ; 
because hung back of the altar.] Drapery or 
hangings round The walls of a hall or of a church. 

Dos'sil, n. [0. Fr. dosil, dousil, a pledget, a wisp, 
also a spigot; Late L. ducilis, dnciculus, from L. 
ducere, to draw.] A pledget or lump of lint. 

Dost (dust), v. The second person singular from do. 

Dot, n. [Dut. dot, a little bundle, or knot ; Local 
Sw. dott, Fris. dot, dodd, a clump; Icel. delta, 
part, dottin, to drop.] A small point or spot. — 
2, v. a. [pp. dotting, dotted.] To mark.— 3, 
r. n. To make dots. (q. ».).] A dowry. 

Dot (dot or dot), n. [Fr. ; L. dos, dotis, a dowry 



Do'taf-e, n. [See Dote.] Imbecility of mind; 
senility. 

Do'tard, n. [From Dote, with the pejorative 
suffix -ard.] One whose mind is impaired, par- 
ticularly by age ; a driveller. 

Do-ta'tion, n. [L. dotatio ; dotare, to endow (g. v.).] 
The act of endowing : — endowment. 

Dote, v. n. [Dut. dutten, 0. Dut. doten, to mope ; 
Dut. dut, a nap; Icel. dotta, a nod.] [pp. doting, 
doted.] To love excessively : often followed by 
upon or on : — to be silly from old age. 

Dot'er, ». One who dotes; a dotard. 

Doth [duth, S. I. St. W. P. F. Sm. ; doth, Wb.], v. 
The third person singular from do; does. 

DSt'ing, p. a. Loving excessively ; very fond. 

Dot' ted, p. from dot; spotted. 

Dot-ter-el, or Dot'er-el, n. [From Dote: named 
from its stupidity.]' The name of a bird : — a 
booby. 

Doub'le (dub'bl), a. [Fr. double; L. duplus and 
duplex, the latter from duo, two, and pUcare, to 
fold.] Twofold; two of a sort. — 2, ad. Twice 
over; doubly. — It is much used in composition 
for doubly.— 3, v. a. [pp. doubling, doubled.] 
To add as much more ; to repeat : — to fold one 
part over another : — to pass round, as a head- 
land. — 4, v. n. To iucrease to twice the quan- 
tity. — 5, n. Twice as much : — a fold : — a turn. 

Doub'le-bass, n. A large deep-toned musical in- 
strument of the viol kind. 

Doiib'le-deal'er (dub'bl-del'er), n. A deceitful, 
insidious person ; a knave. [fice. 

Doub'le-deal'ing (dub'bl-), n. Hypocritical aiti- 

Doub'le-ea'gle (dub'bl-e'gl), n. A gold coin worth 
twenty dollars. 

Doub'le-en'try, n. A mode of book-keeping, in 
which two entries are made of evt-ry transaction. 

Doub'le-f irst. n. A student who comes out first 
both in classics and in mathematics. [Eng. Univ.] 

Doub'le-qmck, n. (Mil.) The marching step next 
in quickness to the run. — 2, a. Of or pertaining 
to the step or rate of marching called double- 
quick. — 3, v. n. & v. a. [pp. double-quicking, 
double-quicked.] (Mil.) To march or cause to 
march in double-quick time. 

Doub'let (dub'let . u. [From Double.] An inner 
garment; a waistcoat : — two ; a pair : — a game. 

Doflb-loon' (diib-l'n'), ». [Sp. dobhm, from doblo, 
L. duplus, double : it is worth two pistoles.] A 
Spanish coin, equal to two pistoles. 

Doub'ly (dub'le), ad. In twice the quantity. 

Doubt (diiut), v. n. [Fr. dottier, formerly doubter; 
L. dubitare, to doubt ; dubius. doubtful ; duo, 
two.] [pp. doubting, doubted.] To question; 
to hesitate. — 2, r. a. To suspect; to distrust. 
— 3, n. Uncertainty of mind; hesitation, sus- 
pense ; scruple ; suspicion. 

Doubt' er (dout'er), n. One who doubts. 

Doubt' ful (dout'ful), a. Dubious; ambiguous; ob- 
scure; questionable; uncertain; precarious. 

Doubt' ful-ly (dbut'ful-le), ad. Dubiously. 

Dbubt'ful-nSss (dbut'fdl-nes), n. Uncertainty. 

Db'ubt'ing-ly, ad. Dubiously ; with hesitation. 

Dbubt'iess (dofit'les - ), ad. Without doubt. 

Douceur (do-suV),' u. |Fr. for "sweetness:" L. 
dulcor, from dulcis, sweet.] A bribe : — gentle- 
ness : — a compliment. 

Douche (dosh), n. [Fr. ; It. doccia, a spout ; L. 
ductus, a duct (7. ».).] A stream or jet of water 
poured on the body ; a show-er-bath. 

Dough (do), n. [A.-S. dah ; Dut. deeg ; Dan. & Tcel. 
deig; Sw. deg; Ger. teig ; Goth, daigs ; Goth, digan, 
dei'gan, to knead.] Unbaked paste; kneaded 
flour. 

Dough'i-ness (do'e-nes), n. The quality or condi- 
tion of being doughy. [boiled in lard. 

Dough'-nut (do'nut), n. A piece of pastry fried or 

Dough' ti-ness (dou'te-nes), n. Valor; bravery. 

Dbugh'ty (dbu'te), a. TA.-S. dyhtig, valiant; Dan. 
dygtig, Ger. tiichtig, able; A.-S. dugan, Dut. deu- 
g'en, Dan. due, to avail.] Brave; valiant. 



mien, sir ; mbve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. 



18 



5i £. soft ; p, £, », g\ hard ; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 



DOUGHY 



206 



DEAM 



Dough'y (do'e), a. Soft, like dough ; soft. 

Douse, v. a. [Apparently connected with Douche : 
it is also an imitative word. — Cf. Duck. J [pp. 
dousing, doused. J To plunge into the water. — 
2, o. n. To fall suddenly into the water. 

Dove (duv), n. [Ger. taube; Goth, dubo : from the 
root of Dive.] A domesticated pigeon. 

Dove, pret. from dive (less correct and less com- 
mon than diced). 

Dove'-cot, n. A house for doves or pigeons. 

Dove'-Kke (duv'lik), a. Resembling a dove. 

Dove'tail, n. A joint used by carpenters, shaped 
in the form of a dove's tail. — 2, v. a, [pp. dove- 
tailing, dovetailed.] To join by a dovetail. 

Dow'a-ble, a. Capable of being dowered. 

Dbw'a-ger, n. [Fr. douairiere; 0. Fr. douagiere. — 
See Dowry.] A widow with a jointure. 

Dbw'dy, n. [Scot, dawdie, a slut; Icel. dodi, lazi- 
ness :' kindred to Dotard and Dolt.] An awk- 
ward, ill-dressed woman. — 2, a. Awkward ; ill 
dressed : — inelegant. 

Dbw'el, v. a. [Fr. douille, a spigot or outlet; Late 
L. ducile, or duciculus, from ducere, to draw.] 
[pp. dowelling, dowelled.] To fasten with pins, 
as timber. — 2, n. A pin for fastening timber. 

DSw'er, n. [Fr. douaire; Late L. dotarium ; L. do- 
tare, to endow; dos, dotis, Gr. Sws, a gift; L. 
dare, datum, to give.] A wife or widow's por- 
tion : — gift : — dowry. — ' 7 v. a. [pp. dowering, 
dowered.] To portion. [feather, or of down. 

Dbwle.w. [See Dowel and Dossil.] A filament of a 

Down, n. [Icel. dunn; Sw. dun; Dan. dwun; Dut. 
dons. — Cf. Dust.] Soft feathers, hair, wool, or 
fibres: — [A.-S. dun, % hill, tun, a fort, a town 
(q. v.); Gael, dun, athill or fort.— See Dune] a 
large open plain : — a sand-bank. — 2, prep. [From 
the older word Adow.x; A.-S. of-dune, off the 
hill.] Along a descent. — 3, ad. On the ground ; 
to a lower place or state. — 4, a. Dejected; 
downcast. 

Dbwn'cast, a. Bent down ; dejected. 

Db&n'fall, w. Ruin ; calamity :— a sudden fall. 

Dbwn'fallen (doun'faln), a. Ruined; fallen. 

Dbwn'heart-ed, a. Dejected; spiritless. 

Dbwn'hill, n. ' Declivity ; descent.— 2, a. Decli- 
vous; descending. [rain. 

Dbwn'pour (-p"or), n. A pouring downward, as of 

Dbwn'right (doun'rit), a. Plain; direct.— 2, ad. 
Plainly ; truly ; truthfully ; unceremoniously. 

Down' sit- ting, n. Act of sitting down. 

Db<vn'-trod-den,ji a. Trodden underfoot; tram- 
pled upon. 

Db-ftn'ward, a. Tending down; dpjected. 

Downward, \ ad. From a higher situation to a 

Down' wards, / lower. 

Db\vn'y, a. Covered with down ; soft. 

Db<v'ry, n. A marriage portion. See Dowfr. 

Dowse, n. [Local Ger. dusen, to strike ; 0. Dut. 
doesen, Fris. dossen — Cf. Dash.] A slap on the 
face. — 2, v. n. [See Douse.] [pp. dowsing, 
dowsed.] To fall suddenly into water.— 3, v. a. 
To dp or plunge into water: — [A.-S. dwescan, 
to extinguish] to extinguish ; to put out. See 
Douse. 

Dox-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. 8o£o\oyia ; S6£j, glory, 
praise, and Ae'yeii/, to speak, to utter ; 6Y£a orig- 
inally meant an opinion; SoKelv, to think.] A 
form of giving praise in divine service at the 
close of a hymn, &c. 

Dox'y,, n. [Dim. form of Duck, a darling.] A 
mistress: — a sweetheart. [Yulg.] 

Doze, v. n. [Icel. data, Dan. dose, to slumber, to 
mope : akin to Daze and Dizzy, and the Skr. 
dhvas, to fall, to crumble, to perish. — Cf. Local 
E. & Amer. Dozy and Sleepy, terms applied to 
overripe fruits.] [pp. dozing, dozed.] To slum- 
ber ; to sleep lightly. — 2, n. A slight sleep. 

Doz'en (diiz'zn), «. [Fr. dovzaine ; L. dnodecim, 
twelve ; dno, two, and decern, ten.] The number 
twelve. — 2, a. Twelve; twice six. 

Do'zi-ness, n. Drowsiness; sleepiness. 



Do'zy, a. [See Doze.] Sleepy ; drowsy ; sluggish. 

Drab, a. [Fr. drop, cloth (see Drape) : at first it 
meant the color of undyed cloth.] Of a dun or 
dull-brown color. — 2, n. [Celt, drab, a slut; 
drabuch, filthy ; Irish drab, a stain.] A strum- 
pet ; a slut : — a dun color. 

Drab'ble, v. a. & v. n. [A variant of Draggle, 
affected possibly by Drab ; but cf. Low Ger. 
drdbbelen, to slaver.] [pp. drabbling, drabbled.] 
To trail on wet ground: — to foul by trailing. 

Drachm (dram), n. [L. drachma.] A Grecian 
silver coin : — a weight. See Dram. 

Draph'ma, n. ; pi. Draph'mse, or Draph'mas. [Gr. 
8pa\p-ri, a variant of 8pdyp.a, a handful ; Spdcr- 
trofxai, I grasp.] A Grecian coin ; a drachm. 

Dra-co'ni-an, a. Of or relating to Draco, a severe 
lawgiver of ancient Athens ;— hence, noting laws 
of excessive rigor. 

Draff, ». [Dut. draf, swine's food; Icel. draf, 
husks; Dan. drav, dregs; Ger. tr'dber, grains, 
husks; Celt, drabh, refuse, malt-grains; drabhag, 
druaid, dregs.] Refuse; lees; dregs; sweepings. 

Draft, n. A portion of men drawn for an army : 
— an order for money ; a bill of exchange ; an 
outline ; a drawing. See Draught. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. drafting, drafted.] To draw : — to detach. 

Drag, v. a. [Scand. drag, Dan. drage, Goth, dragan, 
to draw (q. v.) ; A.-S. dragan, Ger. iragen, to 
carry; Skr. dhri, to bear: probably cognate with 
L. trahere, to bear.] [pp. dragging, dragged.] 
To pull along by force ; to draw.— 2, v. n. To 
trail or grate upon the ground. — 3, n. A drag- 
net; a net : — a hook : — a kind of car or sledge 
drawn on the ground ; a showy carriage. 

Drag'gle, v. a. [Frequentative from Drag.— Cf. 
Drawl and Trail.] [pp. draggling, draggled.] 
To make dirty by dragging. — 2. v. n. To trail 
on the ground ; to drag. 

Drag'o-man, u. ; pi. Drag'o-mans. [Arab, tarju- 
ijmb,' an interpreter; LateGr. 8pa.yovp.apo'; ; Sp. 
dragoman : akin to Takgum.] An interpreter in 
Turkey and other Eastern countries. 

Drag' on, n. [Fr. dragon, L. draco, Gr. Sponciov, a 
dragon, — literally, sharp-seeing ; 8epicop.ai, I see : 
keenness of vision is often ascribed to serpents.] 
A fabulous winged serpent :— a kind of lizard: 
— a constellation. 

Drag'on-fly. n. An insect with a long slender 
body and four wings. 

Drag-on-nade' (or dra- 
gon-had), n. [Fr.] A 
dragoonade. 

Drag'on's-blood (-blud), 
n. A resin. 

Dra-goon', n. [Fr. dra- 
gon, a dragon, also a 
dragoon ; from the 
dragon-standard of the Dragon-fly. 

French horse in the sixteenth century.] A sol- 
dier who serves either on foot or on horseback : 
— a sort of pigeon. — 2, v. a. [pp. dragooning, 
dragooned.] To persecute with violence. 

Drag-oon-ade', n. A ravaging by soldiers. 

Drain, v. a. [A.-S. drehnian, drenian: probably 
connected wii h Draw.] [pp. draining, drained.] 
To draw off gradually ; to exhaust of liquid. — 2, 
v. n. To flow off gradually.— 3, n. A channel 
for water to flow off ; a watercourse; a sewer; 
a sink: — outflow ; waste. 

Drain'age, n. The act or art of draining. 

Drain'-tile, n. A hollow, porous pipe for drains. 

Drake, n. [0. E. endrake, 0. Icel. andrlke, Sw. 
anddrake, Dan. andrik, Ger. evterich, a drake. 
The first syllable is A.-S. ened, Icel. find, Stand. 
& Ger. ente, Dut. eend, L. anas, auatis, Gr. 
vi)o-cra, a duck. The suffix -rake and its equiva- 
lents signify chief ; Goth, reiks, chief; L. rex, 
regis, a king.] The male of the duck. 

Dram, n. [See Drachma.] The eighth part of an 
ounce troy, or the sixteenth of an ounce avoir- 
dupois; a drachm : — a glass of spirituous liquor. 




a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, 7., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



DEAMA 



207 



DRILL 



Dra'ma, or Dram'a [dra'ma, P. H. N. St. TT'b. Ja. 
A'.], n. [Gr. dpifxa, 6pd/xaros, a performance; 
Spaeii', to do. — Of. Lith. damn, to do. to make.] 
A poem accommodated to action, chiefly either 
tragedy or comedy; a piny: — theatrical repre- 
sentation : — dramatic literature. 

Dra-mat'ic, 1 a. Relating to, or having the 

Dra-mat'i-cal. j form of, a drama. 

Dra-mat'i-cal-ly. ad. By representation. 

Dram'a-tist, a. A writer of plays or dramas. 

Dram'a-tlze. v. a. [pp. dramatizing, dramatized.] 
To convert into a drama. 

Dram'-shop, ». A shop or bar-room where spirits 
are sold in drams. 

Drank, ;'. from drink. 

Drape, v. a [Kr. draper, from drap, cloth; Late 
L. drapits, drappus, trapus, cloth ; Sp. trapo, cloth : 
possibly akin t i the Low Ger. root drab, to 
stiike, whence Drub.] [pp. draping, draped.] 
To cover with cloth; to decorate with cloth. 

Drap'er. n. One who sells or deals in cloth. 

Dra/per-y. n. Cloth-work; cloth: — dress of a pic- 
ture; tapestry; hangings. 

Dras'tic, a. [Gr. 6pa.o-TLx.6s, from opdeiv, to do. — 
See Drama.] Powerful : efficacious : — vigorous. 

Draught (draft), n. [Dut. & Dan. dragt; Icel. 
drattr; from Draw, as flight from fly, drift from 
drive, theft from thieve,' thrift from* thrive!) The 
act of drinking; a quantity of liquor drunk 
aton^e: — the act of drawing; quantity drawn : — 
delineation; sketch :— a privy; a sink:— depth 
of water : — an order. — In some senses written 
draft. See Draft. — 2, a. Used in drawing.— 
3, o. a. [pp. draughting, draughted.] To draw. 
See Draft. 

Draught' -horse, v. A horse for drawing. 

Draughts (drafts i, ». pi. A game called checkers. 

Draughts'man (drafts'man), n. One who draws 
or draughts writings, pictures, plans, or maps. 

Drave, old and poetic pret. from drive. See Drive. 

Draw. v. a. [Nearly identical with, but earlier 
than, Drag (q. v.).] [i. drew: pp. drawing, 
drawn.] To pull along; to attract; to allure^; 
to win : — to unsheathe : to extract : — to derive: — 
to delineate : — to sink into water, as a ship. — 2, 
v. a. T.i pull; to practise drawing. — 3, n. The 
act of drawing :— any thing drawn, as a lot : — a 
part of a bridge to be lifted or turned : — a game 
finished but neither lost nor won. 

Draw'back, -/. Money paid back or remitted : — 
a discouragement : — disadvantage. [turned. 

Draw'bridge, n. A bridge made to be lifted up or 

Draw-ee', u. One on whom a bill is drawn. 

Draw'er, n. One who draws : — a sliding box. 

Draw'ers, h. pi. An under-garment for the legs. 

Draw'ing, ><■ Delineation ; representation. 

Draw'i-ng-room, n. .For wUhdravring-room.] A 
room for company. 

Drawl, v. a. & v. n. [Dut. draJen, Fris. draiden, 
Icel. driilla, to linger: it is an equivalent form 
of Draggle.] [pp. drawling, drawled.] To 
speak or utter tediously and tiresomely; to draw- 
er spin out.— 2, «. A protracted utterance. 

Drawn, p. from draw: — finished but not won or 
lost, as a game : — eviscerated : — melted. 

Dray, n. [A form of Drag or Dredge. — Cf. 
A.-S. drsege, a net, a drag-net: Sw. drag, a 
sledge.] A cart with low. heavy wheels. 

Dray'a£e, n. Use of a dray; charge for use of a 
dray. [a dray. 

Dray'man, n. ; pi. Dray'men. A man who drives 

Dread (dred), n. [A.-S. drseaan, 0. fax. dradan, 
0. Ger. tralau, to fear; all found in composition 
only.] Great fear; terror: awe: — person or 
thing dreaded.— 2, «.— Terrible; awful: vener- 
al>le. — 3, v. a. [pp. dreading, dreaded.] To fear; 
to be afraid of. 

Dread'ful (dred'ful), a. Terrible : awful ; dire- 
ful; frightful; tremendous: fearful. 

Dread'ful-ly (dred'ffil-le), ad. ' Terribly. 

Dread'naught (dred'nawt), n. A thick cloth. 




Dream, v. [A.-S. dream, music, joy, glee, — mnch 
later, a vision; Fris. dram; Ger. traum; Dut. 
droam. — Cf. Dkdm, an I Gr. Oopvfios, a tumult.] 
Thoughts in sleep ; idle fancy ; revery. — 2, v. n. 
[A.-S. dreman, to rejoice; Ger. traumen, to 
dream.] [i. dreamed, dreamt; pp. dreaming, 
dreamed or dreamt.] To have ideas in sleep : — 
to imagine: to think; to idle. — 3, v. a. Tu see 
in a dream ; to fancy. 

Dream'er, n. One who dreams : — a visionary. 

Dream' -land, n, Fairy -land : — the land of dreams. 

Dream'y, a. Full of dreams ; imaginative. 

Drear, a. Mournful; dismal; gloomy; dreary. 

Drear'i-ly, ad. Gloomily; dismally. 

Drear' j-ness, n. Dismalness; gloominess. 

Drear'y, «. [A.-S. dreorig, Icel. dreyrigr, Ger. 
traurig, sad, mournful, — all originally meaning 
bloody; A.-S. dreor, Icel. dreyri, 0. Ger. tror, 
gore, blood.] Gloomy; dismal; horrid; drear. 

Dredfe, n. [Fr. drtge, or drogue.— See Drag.— Cf. 
A--S. drsegemet, a draw-net.] A net or drag for 
taking oysters : — a 
machine for clearing 
canals and rivers, or 
for bringing objects 
up from the sea-bot- 
tom : — [Fr. dragee, a 
confection, formerly f 
a mixture, as of 
grains; Pro v. dra- 
gea, It. treggea, a sugar-plum; Gr. Tp6.yy\p.a, a 
sweetmeat; rpajyeiv, irpayov, to chew] a mix- 
ture of oats and barley sown together. — 2. v. a, 
[pp. dredging, dredged.! Tu scatter flour on: 
— to take or gather : — to coop up. 

Dredg'er. /;. One who uses a dredge : — a box. 

Dreg'^y, «• Containing dregs; feculent. 

Dregs, a. pi. [Icel. dregg, pi. dreggjer; Sw. dragg; 
root of Drain and Draw. — Cf. Gr. rpi£. refuse, 
and Trash.] Sediment of liquors : lees; refuse. 

Drench, v. a. [A causa] and softened form of 
Drixk. — Cf. stink and stench, wring an 1 
bank and bene)).) [pp. drenching, drenched.] 
To wet thoroughly ; to wash ; to Boak ; to steep : 
— to physic. — 2, n. A draught . — physic for a 
brute. 

Dress, v. a. [Fr. dresser, It. drigzare, to arrange; 
Late L. drictus, L. directus, straight, direct (q. v.).] 
[i. dressed or drest ; pp. dressing, dressed or 
drest.] To cloth'- ; to adorn ; to deck :— to cook : 
— to cover, a- a wound. — 2. >■. „. To range in a 
line : — to put on, or pay a ntion to, dress. — 
3, r. Clothes: garments; \ L sture; apparel: — a 
woman's gown. [sions. 

Dress' -coat, n. A coat worn on full-dress occa- 

Dress'er, n. One who dresses : — one who regu- 
lates": — a kitchen table or bench. 

Dress'ing. ». The act of one who dresses : — appli- 
cation to a wound : — manure :— attire. 

Dress'-mak-er, n. A maker of women's gowns. 

Dress'y. a. Showy in dress: attentive to dress. 

Drib'bl'e. r. v. [Frequentative of Drip.— ( If. 0. 
<fe Local E. drib, a driblet, a small sum of money.] 
[pp. dribbling, dribbled.] To fall in drops; to 
slaver. psrnall sum. 

Drib'let. «• [See Dribble.] A small quantity ; a 

Dried (drid). i'. & pp. from dry. 

Dri'er. n. He who or that which dries or absorbs. 

Drift. ». [From Drive, as shrift from shrive, 
thrift from thrive; Dut. & Scand. rlrift, a drift, 
a drove; Ger. trift, a drove.] Any thing driven 
at random :— force ; scope; design; tendency: 
— a heap; a body of snow. — (Geol.) A dilu- 
vial formation. — 2, v. a. [pp. drifting, drifted.] 
To drive : to throw in heaps : — to float. — 3, v. n. 
To form into heaps, as snow :— to float. 

Drift'-wood (-wud), n. Wood floating on water; 
wood taken out of the water. 

Drill, v. n. [Dut. drillen, to bore, to turn, to exer- 
cise in arms; aril, drille, a hole: O. E. thrill, to 
pierce.— See Thrill.] [pp. drilling, drilled.] 



mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, c, f, sojfl; p, p, p, £, hard; s as z ; x as gz ; this. 



DRILLING 



208 



DRUGGIST 



To pierce with a drill ; to bore : — to exercise ; to 
train: — to sow in rows. — 2, v. n. [For trill 
and trickle; possibly connected with rill; in 
this sense the wurd is now scarcely in use, ex- 
cept as a noun in the meaning of a trench or 
row, and in the verb drill meaning to sow in 
rows.] To flow gently : — to muster. — 3, n. An 
instrument for boring holes : — military exercise : 
— a row of grain or any thing sowed : — a channel 
or trench: — [Fr. drill; possibly connected with 
mandril, a kind of ape. — Cf. Fr. drille, a buck, a 
dog, a fellow, a poor devil ; 0. Ger. drigil, a boy- 
servantj a West African ape : — [Ger. trillich ; L. 
Irilix, trilicis ; tres, tri-, three, and lieium, a thread] 
a kind of cloth, drilling. 

Drill'ing, n. The act of using a drill : — military 
exercise : — a kind of cotton or linen cloth. 

Drink, v. n. [A.-S. drinean; Dut. drinken; Ger. 
trinken.] [i. drank; pp. drinking, drunk.] To 
swallow liquors; to quench thirst; to imbibe : — 
to drink to excess ; to tipple. — 2, v. a. To swal- 
low ; tu suck up; to absorb. — 3, n. Liquor to be 
swallowed ; beverage. 

Drink'a-ble, «• Fit to be drunk; potable. 

Drmk'er, n. One who drinks : — a drunkard. 

Drink'ing, n. The act of swallowing liquid. 

Drip, v. n. [Pan. dryppe, to drip ; dryp, a drop ; 
Ger. triefei), to drop (q. v.).] [pp. dripping, 
dripped.] To fall in drops. — 2, v. a. To let fall. 
— 3, n. That which falls in drops; dripping:— 
the edge of a roof; a projecting cornice. 

Drip'ping, n. Fat from roast meat; drip. 

Drive, v. a. [A.-S. drifan; Dut. drvjven; Icel. drife ; 
Sw. drifva; Dan. drive; Ger. treiben.) [i. drove, 
formerly drave; pp. driving, driven.] To force 
along; to urge; to compel; to send; to chase; 
to hunt : — to guide. — 2, v. n. To rush hastily ; 
to tend ; to aim. — 3, n. A course for, or passage 
in, a carriage. 

Driv'el (driv'vl), ». n. [0. E. dravelen, drivelen; 
Sw. drafvel, nonsense; Low Ger. drabbelen, to 
slaver. — See also Drabble and Dribble.] [pp. 
drivelling, drivelled.] To slaver; to dote. — 2, n. 
Slaver ; moisture from the mouth. 

Driv'el-ler (drlv'vl-er), n. A fool; an idiot. 

Driv'en (driv'vn), p. ironi drive. 

Driv'er, n. One who drives ; a charioteer. 

Driz'zle, v. a. [A.-S. dreosan, to fall; Dan. drysse, 
to fall in drops; Goth, driusan.] [pp- drizzling, 
drizzled.] To shed in small, slow drops. — 2, v. n. 
To fall in small, slow drops. — 3, n. A small 
rain ; mizzle ; mist. 

Driz'zly, a. Shedding small rain ; drizzling. 

Dro'ger, or Dro'gher, n. [Cf. Sp. trocar, to trade. 
— See Truck. Perhaps from Fr. drogue, a drug, 
in the wide sense of a commercial product. — Cf. 
Fr. droguer, to drug, to adulterate ; which also 
signifies to drudge, and to trudge; a drogher was 
at first possibly a vessel built to dredge or scour 
a coast for a cargo.] A small coasting vessel. 

Droll, a. [Fr. drole ; Dut. drollig, odd ; from Xorse 
troll, a hobgoblin.] Comical; odd; strange; 
queer. — 2, n. A jester; a buffoon: — a farce. — 
3, v. n. [pp. drolling, drolled.] To jest: to play 
the buffoon. [foonery. 

Droll'er-y, n. [Fr. drolerie.] Idle jokes; buf- 

Drom'e-da-ry, n. [Late L. dromadarius, L. dromas, 
drom'adis, a swift camel ; Gr. Spomd';, swift; Spa- 
P-elv, to run.] A sort of camel which has only 
one hump. 

Drone, w. [A.-S. dran; Dan. drone; Gr. 0puiva£ ; 
probably from its droning noise.] The male 
bee, which makes no honey: — a sluggard; an 
idler : — [Dut. dreunen, Icel. dryna, to roar ; Dan. 
& Sw. drb'ua, to roar: Skr. dhran, to sound; Gr. 
0peop.at, I cry out; flprjvo?, a dirge] a hum- 
ming sound : — the bass tube of a bagpipe. — 
2, i'. n, [pp. droning, droned.] To live in idle- 
ness : — to make a humming sound : — to snore. 

Drool, v. n. [See Drivel.] [pp. drooling, drooled.] 
To slaver; to drivel. 



Droop, v. n. [Norse, drupa: closely akin to Drop.] 
[pp. drooping, drooped.] To languish; to wilt; 
to hang down.— 2, ». A drooping posture. 

Drop, n. [A.-S. dropa ; Dut. chop; Ger. tropfe; Sw. 
droppe ; also A.-S. dropian, dreopian, to drop; 
from dreopan, to drip. — Cf. Icel. drjupa, to drip, 
or drop.] A globule of liquid : — an ear-ring : — 
the platform of a gallows, which drops down. — 
2, v. a. [i. dropped or dropt ; pp. dropping, 
dropped or dropt.] To pour in drops; to let 
fall : — to relinquish ; to leave; to quit: — to give 
birth to.— 3, v. ». To fall in drops; to fall:— 
to die ; to die suddenly. 

Drop'let, n. A little drop: a small ear-ring. 

Drop'ping, n. That which falls in drops : — a fall. 

Drop'-se-rene', n. [L. gulta serena, a bright drop.] 
Amaurosis, a disease of the eyes. 

Drop'si-cal, a. Diseased with a dropsy. 

Drop'sy, n. [Older E. hydropsy; L. hydropisis, — 
later, hydropisia ; Gr. v8pui\jj,— later, vSpuj-io-i? ; 
vSwp, water.] (Med.) A morbid collection of 
watery fluid in the body. 

Dros'ky. or Drosch'ke (drosh'ke), ft. [Russ. 
drozhki.] A Russian' four-wheel carriage: — a 
one- or two-horse cab, plyiDg for hire. 

Dross, 7i. [A.-S. & Sw. d7-os ; Dut. droesem, Ger. 
drusen, dregs : root of A.-S. dreosan, to fall. — See 
Drizzle.] The scum of metals; rust: — refuse. 

Dross'i-ness, n. Foulness; feculence; rust. 

Dross'y, a. Full of dross; worthless; foul. 

Drought (droiit), n. [A.-S. dnigadhe; 0. E. droxihthe; 
Dut. droogte; A.-S. drugian, to dry (q. v.).] Long- 
continued dry weather; want of rain : — thirst. 

Drought's (drou'te), a. Wanting rain ; dry. 

Drouth, or Drbwth, n. Drought. 

Droiith'y., 1 (drouth'e or drfith'i), a. Droughty ; 

Drouth's, i ai 'id ; dry : — thirsty. [Scotch.] 

Drove, ft. [A.-S. draf; drivan, to drive (q. v.).] A 
number of cattle driven. — 2, i. from drive. 

Dro'ver, n. One who drives cattle to market. 

Dro-w-n, v. a. [A.-S. druncnian, to be drowned ; 
from drinean, past part, druncen, to drink. The 
idea is that of the water drinking or swallowing 
up a person. — Cf. Sw. drunkna, Dan. drukue, to 
drown.] [pp. drowning, drowned.] To suffo- 
cate in water; to overwhelm; to overflow; to 
deluge. — 2, c. «. To be suffocated in water. 

Dro^§e, v. a. [A.-S. dntsian, drusan, to be slug- 
gish : related to dreosan, to mourn, to fall.] [pp. 
drowsing, drowsed.] To make heavy with sleep. 
— 2, v. 7i. To slumber; to grow heavj'. — 3, n. 
Light sleep ; a drowsy state. 

Drow'§i-ly, ad. Iu a drowsy manner. 

DrSw^i-ness, n. Sleepiness ; sluggishness. 

Drop's, j, «• Sleepy ; heavy ; lethargic ; dull. 

Drub, v. a. [A.-S. drepan, Icel. drepa, Sw. drabba, 
Ger. treffen, to hit.] [jjp. drubbing, drubbed.] 
To thresh ; to beat ; to bang. — 2, n. A thump ; 
a knock; a blow, as with a cudgel or stick. 

Drub'bing, n. A beating; a thumping. 

Drudge, v. n. [Irish d7~ugaire, a slave ; Gael. 
dreuchd, to toil. — Cf. A.-S. dreogan, to endure ; 
Fr. droguer, to toil, to trudge (g. v.).] [pp. 
drudging, drudged.] To work hard; to slave. — 
2, n. One who works hard ; a slave ; a menial 
servant : — a harrow. 

DrQdf'e-ry, n. Hard, servile work; toil. 

Drug, n. [Fr. drogue; Sp. droga : perhaps akin to 
Dut. droog, dried, pi. di-oogen, drugs. For the 
sense of an unsalable article, cf. Welsh drug, 
dra-g, bad ; Skr. drogha, malice ; also Fr. drogue, 
rubbish, trash.] An ingredient used in medi- 
cine ; medicine :— any thing slow of sale. — 2, 
v. a. [})p. drugging, drugged.] To season with 
drugs ; to tincture : — to stupefy with drugs. 

Drug'get, «• [It- droghetia; Sp. droguete ; Fr. 
droguet, said to be a dim. of drogue, stuff, trash ; 
but otherwise named from Di-ogheda, a town of 
Ireland.] A kind of woollen stuff. 

Drug'gist, 7i. One who manufactures and sells 
medicines ; a dealer in drugs. 



e, i, 6, 5, y, long; a, e, 5, 5, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



DRUID 



209 



DULCIMER 



Dru'id, «. [Irish, druidh; Welsh, derwydd; L. pi. 

druides-. — Cf. A.-S. dry, a wizard : perhaps akin 
to Gael, drud, an enclosure, a temple; or to 
"Welsh derw, an oak. — Cf. Gr. 6pus, an oak, a tree 
(q. v.).] A priest of the ancient Britons, &c. 

Dru'id-ess, n. A female Druid. 

Dru-id'ic, «• Of or pertaining to the Druids. 

Dru-id'j-cal, a. Pertaining to the Druids. 

Dru'id-isni, n. The doctrines of the Druids. 

Drum, n. [Dut. trom, droom, Dan. tromme, Ger. 
trommel, a drum ; Dan. drum, a loud sound. — See 
Thrum.] An instrument of military music : — 
the tympanum of the ear : — a cylinder. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. drumming, drummed.] To beat a drum; 
to beat.— 3, v. a. To expel with the beat of a 
drum : — to solicit with assiduity. 

Drum'-head, n. The head of a drum. [ment. 

Drum'-ma-jor, n. The chief drummer of a regi- 

Drum'mer, n. One who beats a drum :— a travel- 
ling salesman. 

Drum' stick, n. A stick for beating a drum. 

Drunk (drungk), a. [See Drink.] Intoxicated 
with liquor; inebriated. — 2, p. from drink. 

Drunk'ard, n. [The suffix -aid has intensive and 
pejorative force in various languages.] One ad- 
dicted to drunkenness. 

Drunk'en (drung'kn), a. Intoxicated; drunk. 

Drunk'en-ness (drung'kn-nes), n. Inebriety. 

Drupe, n. [Fr. for "stone-fruit;" L. dnipu, Gr. 
Spvirna, an over-ripe olive : said to be either for 
dpvireir-qi;, tree-ripened (Spvs, a tree (q. v.), and 
ireTTTecv, to ripen), or for Spv-rrerris, a windfall 
(Spv?, a tree, and ninTeiv, to fall).] A one-celled 
fruit, as a peach or plum. 

Druse, n. [Fr. druse ; Ger. druse, a gland ; druse, 
dross, weathered ore.] A cavity in a stone; a 
stone with a cavity in it : — an inward bruise or 
laceration. 

Dry, a. [Dut. droog ; A.-S. dryge; Ger. trocJcen.] 
Arid; not wet; not rainy: — not juicy; not 
green : — not giving milk : — thirsty : — barren ; 
plain : — frigid :— sly : — severe ; sarcastic. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. drying, dried.] To free from moisture; to 
drain. — 3, v. n. To grow dry; to lose moisture. 

Dry'ad, n. [Gr. 6"pud?, SpvdSos; 6pC?, a tree.] 
(Myth.) A wood-nymph. 

Dry'-dock, «. A dock from which the water can 
be withdrawn, for the repair of those parts of 
ships which are usually under water. 

Dry'-goods (-gudz), n. Textile fabrics. 

Dry'ly, ad. In a dry manner ; frigidly. 

Dry'ness, n. Want of moisture ; aridity. 

Dry'-rot, «. A disease in timber; sap-rot. 

Dry'-salt-er, v. A dealer in salted or dried meats : 
— a dealer in drugs, gums, mineral colors, dye- 
stuffs, chemical salts, lS:c. 

Dry'-shod, ad. & a. Without wetting the feet. 

Du'al, a. [L. dualis; duo, two (q. ».*).] Express- 
ing the number two; twofold; double. 

Du'al-ism, n. The doctrine of two gods :— the 
state of being dual or twofold ; the state of exist- 
ing under two conditions ; duality : — any theory 
based on a twofold distinction. 

Du-al-is'tic, a. Eelating to dualism. 

Du-al'i-ty', n. The state of being two :— the state 
of being dual or twofold ; dualism. 

Du'an, n. A song : — a canto. 

Dub, v. a. [A.-S. dubban, Fris. dubben, Icel. dubba, 
to strike : akin to Dab.] [pp. dubbing, dubbed.] 
To tap with a sword : — to make a knight of; to 
confer knighthood on a person : — to nickname. 
— 2, v. n. To make a quick or brisk noise. — 3, n. 
A blow or stroke. — 4, v. a. To dress or finish, as 
cloth, wood, or leather (in this sense it seems to 
be identical with Gr. Se^eiv, Sifotv, L. depsere, to 
knead, to tan, or curry.— Cf. Czech dubite, to tan). 

Du-bi'e-ty, n. Doubtfulness; doubt. 

Du'bi-ofis, a. [L. dvbius ; from duo, two. — See 
Doubt.] Doubtful ; uncertain ; not clear. 

Du'bi-ous-ly, ad. Uncertainly ; doubtfully. 

Du'bi-ous-ness, n. Uncertainty ; doubt. 




Duck-bill. 



Du'bi-tate. v. v. [See Doubt.] [pp. dubitating, 
dubitated.] To doubt ; to hesitate. 

Du-bi-ta'tion, n. Doubt; hesitation. 

Du'bi-ta-tive, a. Tending to doubt; doubting. 

Du'cal, a. [Fr. — See Duke.] Pertaining to a duke. 

Duc'at, n. [Late L. ducalus, a duchy. — See Duke.] 
A European coin struck by a duke : — value of 
the silver ducat, §1.00 to $1.25; that of the 
golden, about twice as much. 

Duch'ess, n. [rr. duehesse, fem. of diic, duke.] 
The consort or widow of a duke. 

Duch'y, n. [Fr. duche; Late L. ducatus. — See 
Duke.] The territory of a duke ; a dukedom. 

Duck, n. [Dut. dukand, a diver. — See Duck, 2.] A 
water-fowl : — [Dut. dock, Dan. dug, Ger. tuch, 
cloth] a kind of canvas. — [Fris. dok, a doll; 
Dan. dukke, Sw. docka, a doll, a pet, a baby] a 
darling. — 2, v. v. [Dut. duiken, Dan. dukke, Sw. 
dyka, Ger. tuuchen, to dive, to bow.— Cf. juke, to 
bow the head.] [pp. ducking, ducked.] To 
dive under water ; to cringe.— 3, v. a. To put 
under water ; to immerse. 

Duck'-bLl, n. An egg-laying animal of Aus- 
tralia; the ornithoihyn- 
chus, or platypus. 

Duck'ing, «. The act of 
putting under water. 

Duck' ling, n. A young or 
small duck. 

Duct, n. [L. ductus ; from 
ducere, to lead.] A tube 
in the body ; a canal. 

Due' tile, a. [D. ductHis; 

ducere, to draw out.] That may be drawn out : — 
easily led ; flexible ; pliable; tractable. 

Duc-til'i-ty, n. Capacity of extension. 

Dud, n. ' [Gael, dud, dudag, Dut. todde, a rag.] A 
rag. — pi. Eags ; tatters. 

Dude, n. [Port, doudo, a fool, a dolt (q. v.) ; doido, 
foolish, extravagant.] A fop; a dandy. 

Dud'geon (dud'jun), u. [An old and unexplained 
nanie'of boxwood.] A small dagger; properly, 
the handle of a dagger :— [Welsh dychan, a jeer; 
dygen, resentment; Corn, duchan, grief] sullen- 
ness; ill-will; anger; resentment :—w high dud- 
geon is by some explained to mean with the 
dagger raised to strike. 

Due (dii), a. [Fr. du, due, pp. from decoir, to owe; 
L. debere, to owe; de privaiive, and habere, to 
possess.] Owed: — proper; fit :— exact. — 2, ad. 
Exactly; directly; as, due north. — 3, n. That 
which belongs or is owed to one ; a debt : — right ; 
just title ; tribute ; toll. [debt. 

Due'-bill, n. A written acknowledgment of a 

Du'el, n. [It. duello; L. duellum ; from duo, two.] 
A combat between two. — 2, r. u. [pp- duelling, 
duelled.] To fight a duel or single c<>mbat. 

Du'el-ling, n. The act or the custom of fighting 

Du'el-list, ■». One who fights a duel. [duels. 

Du-51'lo, n. [It.] The practice, or code, of duelling. 

Du-en'na, n. ; pi. Du-en'nas. [Sp. duerta, a mar- 
ried lady; L. domina, a lady.] An elderly 
woman who guards a younger one. 

Du-et', n. [It. duetto; due, L. duo, two.] A song 
for two performers. [ding. 

Duff, n. [A variant of Dough.] A kind of pud- 
Duffel, u. [The name of a town in Belgium.] A 
kind of frieze or coarse cloth. 

Dug, n. [Sw. ddgga, Dan. dsegge, to suckle; Skr. 
duh, to milk.] A pap or teat of a beast. — 2, i. & p. 
from dig. [A large sea-animal. 

Du-gong' [du'gong, St. N.], n. [Malay, dnyong.] 

Duke, n. [Fr. due, L. dur, ducis, a leader ; ducere, 
to lead.] One of the highest order of nobility in 
England : — in some countries, a sovereign prince. 

Duke'dom, n. Possessions or quality of a duke. 

Dul'cet, a. [Fr. doucet, It. dolcetto; dim. forms from 
L. dulcis, sweet.] Sweet; luscious; harmonious. 

Dul'ci-mer, n. [0. Fr. doulcemer, dotdcini; Sp. 
dulc'emeie; L. dulce, sweet, and melos, Gr. ju.eA.os, 
melody.] An ancient musical instrument. 



mien, sir; move, nbr, son; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, <?, c, f, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; §asz; 5 as gz ; this. 

18* 



DULL 



210 



DWAEFISHNESS 




Dull, a. [A.-S. dol, dwol, stupid; Put. dol, Ger. 
toll, insane; Dut. dwalen, to err.] Not sharp; 
blunt; obtuse: — not bright; arm : — doltish; 
stupid: — awkward: — sad; dejected; sluggish; 
lifeless. — 2, v. a. [pp. dulling, dulled.] To 
stupefy : — to blunt : — to sadden. 

Dul'lard, n. A blockhead ; a dolt. 

DQl'ly, ad. In a dull manner. 

Dul'ness, n. State of being dull ; stupidity : — 
dimness : — bluntness. 

Dulse, n. [Irish, duileasg ; Anglo-Irish, dillish; 
Gael, duffle, a leaf.] An edible sea-weed. 

Du'ly., ad. In due manner ; properly; fitly. 

Dumb (dum), a. [A.-S. dumb, mute; Dut. dom, 
Ger. dumm, stupid.] Incapable of speech ; mute. 

Dumb' -bell, n. A weight held in the hand and 
swung to and fro for exercise. 

Dumb'ly. (dum'le), ad-. Mutely; si- 
lently." 

Dumb'ness, n. Incapacity to speak, 

Du'me-tose, a. [L. dumetum, a bram- 
bly place ; dumus, a bramble.] (£oi.) ( 
Bush-like. 

Dum-fbund', v. a. [Dumb and Con- e 
found ; a word once colloquial 
only.] [pp. dumfounding, dumfoundod.] To 
strike dumb; to confound. 

Dum-fdund'er, v. a. [pp. dumfoundering, dum- 
foundered.] See Dumfound. 

Dum'my, «• Dumb:— designed for show only; 
fictitious; sham. — 2, n. A sham or imitation : — 
a stupid fellow : — a locomotive for street use : so 
called because it is dumb, or noiseless. 

Dump, n. [Dan. dump, low; Local Sw. dumpin, 
melancholy; Ger. dump/, a stupid state.] Sor- 
row ; melancholy ; sadness : — a fit of melancholy : 
— a pile of waste matter : — a lump. — 2, v. a. [Sw. 
dimpa, supine dumpid, to fall.] [pp. dumping, 
dumped.] To unload ; to discharge. 

Dump'ling, n. [Dim. of dump, a lump.] A small 
round pudding. 

Dump'y, u. Short and thick. 

Dun, a. [A.-S. dumi, Celt, donn, Welsh dum, 
dark.] Of a dark color; dark ; gloomy. — 2, v. a. 

Elcel. duna, to thunder; A.-S. dynnan, to din.] 
pp. dunning, dunned.] To press; to ask often 
for a debt. — 3, n: Demand for a debt : — a clam- 
orous, importunate creditor : — a mound :— a dark 
color: — an animal, as a horse, of a dun color. 

Dunce, n. [Said to be from Duns Scotus (d. 130 w ), 
a famous schoolman ; — applied ironically.] A 
thick-skull; a dullard; a dolt. 

Dune, n. [A.-S. dun, a down (q. v.).] A sand-hill ; 
a down. See Down. 

Dun' fish, n. [From its dun color.] Fish cured in 
a certain manner. 

Dung, n. [A.-S. dung; Sw. dynga; Ger. dung. — Cf. 
Dan. dynge, a heap.] The excrement of animals ; 
manure.— 2, v. n. [pp. dunging, dunged.] To 
void excrement. — 3, v. a. To apply dung to. 

Dun'geon (dun'jun), n. [0. Fr. & 6. E. donjon, a 
keep, a fortress, a strong tower ; Late L. dom- 
ino, also dunjo, a stronghold ; dominio, power, 
strength. — See Dominion.] A close, dark prison. 

Dung'hill, n. A heap of dung: — a mean or low 
state. — 2, a. Sprung from the dunghill ; mean. 

Dun'ker (dung'ker), n. [Ger. tunken, to dip.] One 
of a sect of Christians. 

Dun'na^e, n. [Origin doubtful.] (Naut.) Loose 
wood ; fagots laid in the bottom of a ship's hold. 

Dii'o, n. [L.] A song in two parts. 

Du-o-dec-a-he'dron, n. See Dodecahedron. 

Du-o-dec'i-mal, a. Numbered by twelve. 

Du-o-dec'i-mals, n. pi. A term applied to a kind 
of multiplication used by artificers. 

Du-o-dec'i-mo, n. ; pi. Du-o-dec'i-mos. [L. duo- 
decim, twelve ; duodecimos, twelfth.] A book 
formed by folding sheets into twelve leaves. — 
2, a. Having twelve leaves to a sheet. 

Du-o-de'num, n. [Late L., from L. duodeni, 
twelve, — distributive form of duodecim, twelve : 



it is twelve finger-breadths long.] (Anat.) The 
first of the small intestines, connected with the 
stomach. 

Dupe, n. [Fr. dupe, a dupe, also a hoopoe (q. v.). 
Mauy bird-names are given to persons easily de- 
ceived. The name is given to the bird from its 
cry.] A person imposed on, or easily deceived; 
a simpleton. — 2, v. a. [pp. duping, duped.] To 
trick ; to cheat; to mislead ; to deceive. 

Du'plex, a, [L. duplex, duplicis ; duo, two, and 
plicwe, to fold.] Twofold ; double. 

Dii'pli-cate, v. a. [L. duplicare, duplicatus, to 
double.— See Duplex.] [pp. duplicating, dupli- 
cated.] To double; to fold. 

Du'pli-cate, a. Double ; twofold. — 2, n. A second 
thing of the kind ; an exact copy ; a transcript. 

Du-pli-ca'tion, n. Act of doubling; a fold. 

Du'pli-ca-ture, n. [Fr.] A fold ; any thing doubled. 

Du-plic'i-ty, "• [L. duplicitas, doubleness; duplex, 
double.] Deceit; deception; guile. 

Du-ra-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being durable ; 
power of lasting ; permanence. 

Du'ra-ble, a. [L. durabilis; durare, to last; durus, 
hard; Celt, dur, hard.] Lasting; having long 
existence. 

Du'ra-bly., ad. In a lasting manner. 

Du'rance, n. Imprisonment :— endurance. 

Du-ra'tion, n. Continuance; length of time. 

Dfi'ress [du-reV, St. Wb.], n. [0. Fr. duresse; L. 
duritia, hardness; durus, hard.] Constraint. — 
(Law.) Unlawful imprisonment or constraint. 

Dur'ing, prep. For the time of the continuance of. 

Dur'mast, n. [A.-S. deorc, dark, and E. mast, 
acorns : a descriptive name.] The English short- 
stalked oak. 

Durst, i- from dare. [A.-S. dorste, pret. of dear, 
to dare ; we durston, we dared ; Goth, daursta.] 

Dusk, a. [Sw. dusk, a shower; duskug, misty.] 
.Tending to darkness ; dark ; dusky. — 2, n. Ten- 
dency to darkness ; dark color. 

Dusk'i-ly, ad. With a tendency to darkness. 

Diisk'i-ness, v. Incipient obscurity. 

Dusk'x, «• Somewhat dark ; gloomy; dusk. 

Dust, n. [A.-S. & Icel. dust; ' .1st; Dan. dust.] 

Earth reduced to powder ; tith. — 9 •• 
dusting, dusted.] To free from ' 
with dust : — to levigate : — 1<' • * sieve. 

Dust'i-ness, n. State of bein^ .. . L .»way dust. 

Dust'man, n. ; pi. Dust'men. Uiie who carries 

Dust'y, 'a. Filled or covered with dust. 

Dutch! w. [Ger. deutsch, German ; L. Teutones, 
the Teutons; It. tedesco, German; A.-S. theod, 
Goth, thiud, the people.] The language of Hol- 
land or of the Dutch.— pi. The people of Hol- 
land. — 2, a. Pertaining to the Netherlands. 

Dutch'man, n. A native of the Netherlands ; a 
Hollander : — colloquial American for a German. 

Du'te-ous, a. Obedient; dutiful. 

Du'ti-a-ble, «. Subject to impost or duty. 

Du'ti-ful, a. Submissive to superiors; very re- 
spectful ; obedient ; reverent. 

Du'ti-ful-ly, ad. In a dutiful manner. 

Du'ty, n. [0. E. dnetee, a debt due; Anglo-Fr. 
due'te, debt. — See Due.] Whatever one is bound 
to perform ; obligation : — deference ; obedience : 
— any service or business : — tax ; custom ; toll. 

Du-um'vir, n. ; pi. Du-um'vi-rl. [L. ; duo, two, 
and wir,'a man.] Two Roman magistrates who 
held office jointly. 

Du-um'vir-ate, n. A government exercised by 
two rulers', as in ancient Rome. 

Dwarf, n. [A.-S. dweorg, dweorh ; Put. dwerg ; Ger. 
zwerg.—Cf. Skr. dhvaras, an evil fairy.] A man 
much below the usual size: — an imaginary 
being of small size and grotesque shape :— an 
undersized animal or plant. — 2, «. Very small ; 
stunted; dwarfish. — 3, v. a. [pp. dwarfing, 
dwarfed.] To hinder from full growth. — 4, v. n. 
To grow small or less. 

Dwarfish, a. Below the natural size ; small. 

Dwarf'ish-ness, «. Littleness of stature. 



a, e, I, 6, u, y, long ; a, e, 5, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, x, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



DWELL 



211 



EAR-RING 



Dwell, v. n. [A.-S. dwellan, to hinder; dincH, dull, 
torpid; Icel. dvelja, to dwell, to linger; S\v. 
dvciljas, to dwell; Dan. dvsele, to linger.] [i. 
dwelt; pp. dwelling, dwelt.] To remain; to 
inhabit : to live in a place ; to abide : — to continue 
long speaking : — to linger. 

Dwell'er, n. An inhabitant. [abode ; mansion. 

Dwell' ing, n. A habitation ; a place of residence ; 

Dwelt, pret. & p. p. of dwell. 

Dwin'dle, v. n. [A diminutive or frequentative 
word; A.-S. divinan, to languish, to pine; Icel. 
dvina, Sw. toina, to dwindle.] [pp. dwindling, 
dwindled.] To shrink; to grow little.— 2, v. a. 
To make less ; to sink. 

Dy'ad, n. [Gr. 6ud?, SvdSos, two; 8vo, two.] 
Two units united; a couple; a pair: — an ele- 
ment whose atoms unite in couples. — 2, a. Of 
or relating to a pair. 

Dy'ak. re. One of the wild aborigines of Borneo: 
— written also Dayak. 

Dye, v. a. [A.-S. deagian, to color; deag, deah, 
dye.] [pp. dyeing, dyed.] To tinge ; to color ; 
to stain. — 2, «. Coloring matter derived from 
vegetable substances ; color; tinge; stain. 

Dye'ing, n. Act of staining or coloring cloth, &c. 

Dy'er, re. One who dyes cloth, Arc. 

DyV-stone, n. A variety of hematite iron ore. 

Dye'stuff, re. Materials for dyeing. 

Df'ing, p. fr><m die. Expiring. 

Dyke, n. A mound of earth, &c. See Dike. 

Dy-nam'ic, \ ". [Gr.SvpaniKos; Suva/xis, 'force.] 

Dy-nam'i-cal, J Relating to dynamics. 

Dy-nam'ics, re. The science of moving powers. 

DyVam-ite [di'nam-It, Wb. I. Fa. N. ; dln'a-mit, 
H. St.], n. [Gr. Svva/xis, force.] A powerful 
explosive compound. 

Dyn'a-mo, n. A dynamo-electric machine. 

Dyn'a-mo-e-lec'tric, a. Noting a machine for 
changing mechanical force into electricity. 



Dyn-a-mom'e-ter, w, [Gr. Sv'fa/u.i?, force, and 
fxerpov, a measure.] An instrument for meas- 
uring strength or power. 

Dyn-a-mo-met'ric, )«. Of or pertaining to 

Dyn-a-mo-met'ri-cal, j dynamometry or the use 
of the dynamometer. [the dynamometer. 

Dyn-a-mom'e-try, «. The art or practice of using 

Dy'nas-ty, or Dyn'as-ty, re. [Gr. Swao-reia ; 
fivvdcmjs, a lord; Si/kxto?, strong; 8vvo.ij.is, 
force.] A race or family of sovereigns in suc- 
cession : — sovereignty. 

Dys. A prefix to certain words of Greek origin. 
It is the Gr. inseparable particle 8vcr-, and has 
a pejorative, negative, or privative sense. It 
usually has the meaning of hard, difficult, evil, 
painful, or unlucky, but sometimes corresponds 
nearly with the L. dis- or the E. mis-. 

Dys'cra-sy, n. [Gr. 8vo-<pacria, ill condition, — lit- 
erally, evil mixture ; 8va-, ill, and /cpdcris, mix- 
ture, temperament; Kepdvvv^i, I mix.] {Med.) 
A bad habit of body. 

Dys-en-ter'ic, a. Relating to dysentery. 

Dys'en-ter-y, re. [Gr. dvarevTepia; fiver-, ill, and 
evr'epa, bowels; evros, within; ev, in.] [Med.) 
A painful disease, attended by mucous or bloody 
evacuations. 

Dys-pep'si-a, re. [L. ; Gr. Svcr7re^ia; 8v<r-, ill, and 
nimeiv, 'to digest, to cook.] {Med.) Dyspepsy. 

Dys'pep-sy, or Dys-pep'sy, n. (Med.) A difficulty 
of digestion ; indigestion ; dyspepsia. 

Dys-pep'tic, «• Relating to dyspepsy ; having bad 
digestion.— 2, n. One afflicted with dyspepsy. 

Dys'pho-ny, re. [Gr. 8va-, difficult, and ^>wvjj, 
voice.^J A difficulty in speaking. 

Dysp-nce'a, w. [L. ; Gr. 8vcr-, difficult, and irveetv, 
to breathe.] (3[ed.) A difficulty of breathing. 

Dys'u-ry (dizh'u-re or dis'u-re), n. [Gr. 8va-, 
difficult, and ovpov, urine.] (Med.) A difficulty 
in voiding urine. 



E. 



Ethe spcoi': 1 '. and most frequent vowel in the 
j English language, has two principal sounds, 

— long, as in mete, and short, as in met £ as a 

prefix is the L. ex or ?, signifying out. 
Each (ech), «. & pron. [A.-S. tele; 0. E. eche. ijlc ,' 

Scot, ilk, ilka; Dut. elk; Ger. jealich, probably 

fvvmje, always, aye, and gleich, like (q. v.). The 

A.-S. may come from a, aye, and lie, like.] 

Either of two; every one of any number taken 

separately. 
Ea'ger (e'ger), a. [Fr. aigre, sharp; L. acer, 

keen.] Keenly desirous; vehement; ardent; 

impetuous; quick; sharp; keen. 
Ea'§er-ly. (e'ger-Ie), ad. Ardently ; keenly. 
Ea'fer-ness (e'ger-nes), »?. Strong desire; ardor; 

earnestness; keenness; avidity. 
la'gle (e'gl), n. [Fr. 

aiyle, L. aquila, an 

eagle; aquUus, dark.] 

A bird of prey: — a 

military standard : — 

a gold coin of the 

United States of the 

value of ten dollars. 
Ea'glet (C-'glet), re. A 

young eagle. 
Ea'gre (e'gur), n. 

[A.-S. egor, Icel. segir, 

ocean ; Norse CEgir, 

the sea-jotun or sea-god; perhaps from oga, to 
_ dread.] A high tidal wave ; a bore in a river. 
Ear (Sr), n. [A.-S. eare; Dut. oor; Ger. ohr ; L. 

maris. — Cf. L. audire, to hear (q. v.); Gr. aleiv, 

to hear, to perceive.] The organ of hearing : — 




Eagle. 



sense of hearing : — attention : — power of judging 
of harmony :—[ A.-S. ear, eher ; Dut. aar ; Ger. 
iilrre: cognate with L. acus, a needle] a spike of 
corn or maize. — 2, v. re. [pp. earing, eared.] 
To shoot into ears, as corn: — [A.-S. erian ; 
Goth, arjan ; L. arare ; Gr. apoecv] to plough. 
[Antiq.] 

Ear' ache (er'ak), «. Pain in the ear. 

Ear' -drop, n. A pendant for the ear. 

Earl (erl), n. [A.-S. eorl, Norse jarl, a hero, a 
titled soldier; 0. Saxon erl, a man ] A title of 
English nobility. 

Earl'dom, re. The seigniory of an earl. 

Ear'li-ness, n. State of being early. 

Ear'ly, n. [A.-S. mrlice ; xi\ ere, sooner, and lie, 
like. — See Ere.] Being in season; seasonable. 
— 2, ad. In good season ; betimes. 

Earn (ern), v. a. [A.-S. earnicm : akin to Ger. 
ernte, a harvest, and ]iossibly to ear, to plough.] 
[pp. earning, earned.] To gain by labor; to ob- 
tain or become entitled to by labor. 

Ear'nest (er'nest), a. [A.-S. eornvst, Dut. & Ger. 
ernst, zeal, seriousness ; Icel. ei-n, brisk ; Gr. 6p- 
vvfj.1, 1 arouse.] Ardent ; warm ; hearty ; cordial ; 
zealous; eager: intent; serious. — 2, n. Serious- 
ness; not jest : — [Welph ern, ernes, a pledge; 
apparently connected, through Gael, earlas, an 
earnest (see Arles), with Greek and Hebrew 
roots] a pledge : — first fruits : — money advanced 
in a bargain, often called earnest-money. 

Ear'nest- iy, ad. Warmly; eagerly. 

Ear'nest-ness (er'nest-nes), ». Eagerness. 

Earn'ing (ern'ing), n. That which is earned. 

Ear'-ring, n. An ornament for the ear. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 9, Q, c, £, soft; p, js, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



EARTH 



212 



ECONOMIZE 




Earth (erth), n. [A.-S. earde ; Dut. aarde ; Ger. 
ei-de ; Goth, airtha; possibly related with ear, to 
plough.] The terraqueous globe; world: — ter- 
rene matter; soil. — (Chem.) A metallic oxide, 
dry, tasteless, and inodorous. — 2, v. a. [■pp. 
earthing, earthed.] To hide in earth ; to bury. 
— 3, v. n. To retire under ground. 

Earth' en (er'thn). a. Made of earth or clay. 

Earth'en-ware, ». Ware made of clay. 

Earth'i-ness, n. State of being earthy. 

Earth'ii-ness (erth'le-nes), n. Worldliness. 

Earth'ly (erth'le), a. Belonging to earth: — 
worldly ; not heavenly : — corporeal or carnal : 
— sensual : — sordid ; low ; vile. 

Earth/quake, n. A tremor, violent agitation, or 
convulsion of the earth. [earth. 

Earth'work (-wiirk), n. A fortification made of 

Earth'worm (erth'wurm), n. A worm that lives 
under ground :— a sordid person. 

Earth's, a. Consisting of earth : — gross. 

Ear'-wax (er'waks), n. Cerumen of the ear. 

Ear' wig, w. [A.-S. eoi-wicga; literally, ear-horse.] 
An insect, erroneously believed to creep into the 
human ear and enter the brain : — a whisperer. 

Ease (ez), n. [Fr. aise; Ital. agio; Port, azo ; 
Gael, adhais: probably unconnected with A.-S. 
eadhe, easy.] Freedom from pain or anxiety; 
quiet; rest after labor: — easiness; facility. — 
2, v. a. [pp. easing, eased.] To 
free from pain, anxiety, or labor; 
to cause to be at ease; to alle- 
viate ; to assuage ; to relieve ; to 

_ redress. 

Ea'sel (e'zl), n. [Dut. ezel, Ger. esel, 
an ass ; L. asellus, a little ass.— Cf. 
Horse in the sense of a support.] 
The frame on which a painter's 
canvas or picture rests. Easel. 

Ease'ment (ez'ment), n. Ease ; sup- 
port; relief. — {Law.) A charge upon one estate 
for the benefit of another : — a privilege. 

Ea'§i-ly (e'ze-le), ad. Without difficulty. 

Ea'§i-nlss, n. .Readiness; ease; rest. 

East', n. [A.-S. east ; Dut. cost; Ger. ost— Cf. Gr. 
^tos, Skr. ushas, dawn: root of L. tirere, ustum, 
Skr. nsh, to burn, to glow.] The quarter where 
the sun rises. — 2, a. Being toward the rising 
sun ; eastern. 

East'er (est'er), n. [A.-S. eastor, from Easire, god- 
dess' of the spring: root of East.] The day on 
which the resurrection of Christ is commem- 
orated, being the first Sunday after the full 
moon which happens upon, or next after, the 

_ 21st of March. 

East'er-ly, a. & ad. Toward the east. 

East'ern, a. Being in the east ; oriental. 

East' em-most, a. Farthest toward the east. 

East'ward (est'ward), ad. Toward the east. 

Ea'sy (§'ze), a. [See Ease.] Being at ease; free 
from pain ; quiet : — not difficult ; not stiff. 

Eat (et), v. a. [A.-S. etan ; Dut. eten ; Icel. eta; 
Ger. essen ; L. edere; Gr. efieiv; Skr. ad.~\ [i. ate 
or eat (et) ; pp. eating, eaten (e'tn) or eat (et).] 
To chew and swallow ; to devour ; to consume : 
— to corrode. — 2, v. n. To feed ; to take food. 

Eat'a-ble (et'a-bl), a. Capable of being eaten. — 
2, n. Any thing that may be eaten. 

Eaves (evz), v. pi. [A.-S. efece; Icel. vps ; Sw. 
vffs: root of Up. The word was originally not 
plural.] The edges of the roof of a building. 

Eaves' drop-per, -n. A listener. 

Ebb, n. [A.-S." ebba ; ebban, to ebb : root of Even.] 
The reflux of the tide :— waste. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
ebbing, ebbed.] To flow back toward the sea: 
— to decay ; to decline. 

Ebb'-tide, n. The reflux of the tide. [black. 

Eb'on, n. Ebony. — 2, o. Made of ebony ; dark ; 

Eb'on-ite, n. Hard vulcanized india-rubber ; vul- 
canite. 

Eb'on-ize, v. a. [pp. ebonizing, ebonized.] To 
make black or like ebony. 



Eb'on-y, n. [L. hebenm; Gr. e0«i/o? ; Heb. hob- 
hnim. — Cf. Heb. eben, a stone.] A hard, black, 
valuable wood of various species. 

E-bri'e-ty, )/. [Fr. ebriete ; L. ebrietas; ebrius, 
drunken.] Drunkenness; inebriety. 

E-bull'ient (e-bul'yent), a. [L. ebullire, ebullienlis, 
to boil up; e, out, and buliire, to boil.] Boiling 
over. 

Eb-ul-li"tion (eb-ul-lish'un), n. The act of boil- 
ing with heat; intestine motion ; outbreak. 

Ecarte (a-kar-ta), v. [Fr. for "discarded;" carle, 
a card.] A game at cards. 

Ec-cen'tric, a, [Late L. eccenlricus, eccenlros; ex, 
out of, and centrum, the centre; Gr. oc/cej/Tpos; 
ex, out, and nevrpov, the centre.] Deviating 
from the centre : — irregular ; odd. 

Ec-cen-tric'i-ty (ek-sen-trls'e-te), n. State of 

^ being eccentric ; particularity ;' irregularity. 

Ec-phy-mo'sis, n. [Gr. inxvuoxTis ; e«, out, and 
Xveiv, to pour.] A livid spot on the skin, caused 

_ by the escape of the blood into the tissues. 

Ec-cle-si-as'tes, n. [Gr. for a "preacher," — liter- 

_ ally', ah assembly-man.] A book of Scripture. 

Ec-ele-si-as'tie, n. [Gr. e/cKA^ciaa-Ti/cos ; eKK\rj- 
o-ia, assembly, church ; e/c, out, and Ka\eeiv, to 
call.] A clergyman ; a priest. 

Ec-cle-si-as'tic, ) a. Kelating to the church ; 

Ec-cle-si-as'ti-cal, J not civil or secular. 

Ec-cle-si-as'ti-cism, «. Adherence to the au- 
thority of the church ; church authority. 

Ec-cle-si-as'ti-cfis, ». A book of the Apocrypha. 

Ech'e-lon (esli'e-long), n. [Fr. echelon, a step of a 
ladder; echelle, L. seala, a ladder.] (Mil.) The 
position of an army in the form of steps. 

Eph'i-nate, or E-phi'nate, a. Bristled; pointed. 

E-phl'nus (e-kfnus), n. ; pi. E-phI'm. [L. ; Gr. 
extVo?, a hedgehog.] The sea-urchin :— a prickly 
head of a plant. 

Egh'6 (ek'o), n. ; pi. Eph'oes. [L. echo, Gr. ifou), 
echo; r\xos, a ringing noise.] The return or re- 
verberation of a sound ; the sound returned. — 
2, v. n. [pp. echoing, echoed.] To resound ; to 
be sounded back.— 3, v. a. To send back a voice. 

Eclaircissement (e-klar'sis-mang' or e-klar'siz- 
ment), n. [Fr., from eclaircir, to clear up; L.'e, 
ex, out of, and clarus, Fr. clair, clear (q. v.).) 
Explanation ; the act of clearing up an affair. 

Eclat (e-kla') [a-kla, /. H. ; e-klaw', N. S. W. F. 
C.], rt. [Fr. for "splendor;" eclater, to shine or 
burst forth : cognate with Slit.] A striking 
effect ; splendor : — acclamation ; applause. 

Ec-lec'tic, a. [Gr. eKAe/cn/co?, choosing out; e/c, 
out, and Ae'veiy, to select (7. v.).] Selecting; 
choosing. — 2, w. One of a class of ancient phi- 
losophers, who professed to choose what was 
good from all sects : — one who selects his opin- 
ions from different sources. 

Ec-lec'ti-cism, n. The practice of choosing ideas 
and methods from whatsoever source. 

E-clipse' (e-klips'), n. [Gr. e/cAen/zts, a failure; 
in, out, and \eiiret.v, to leave.] The obscuration 
of the light of a heavenly body by the interven- 
tion of another body : — darkness. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
eclipsing, eclipsed.] To darken, as a luminary. 

E-clip'tic. n. [Gr. e«:Aei7TTiK:6s, pertaining to an 
eclipse {q. v.). It is the line on which eclipses 
occur.] The imaginary great circle of the 
sphere, which is the apparent path of the suu. — 
2, a. Belating to the ecliptic. 

Ec'logue (ek'log), n. [L. ecloga, Gr. exAoy^, a se- 
lection ; e«, out, and Aeyeiv, to choose.] A pas- 
toral poem ; a bucolic. 

Ec-o-nom'ic, a. Same as Economical. 

Ec-o-nom'i-cal, or E-co-nom'i-cal, a. Belating 
to" economy "or to resources :— not wasteful; fru- 
gal; thrifty. 

Ec-o-nom'ics, n. pi. Household management. 

E-con'o-mist, n. A frugal or thrifty manager. 

E-con'o-mize, v. a. [pp. economizing, econo- 
mized.] To use with economy. — 2, v. n. To be 
economical or frugal. 



a, e, I, 0, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



ECONOMY 



213 



EFFICACY 



E-con'o-my, n. [Fr. economic ; L. ceconomia; Gr. 
ot.iiovop.La., household management ; olnos, a 
house, and vepeiv, to manage, to deal out.] 
Thrifty management ; frugality : — disposition of 
things ; system of rules and regulations. — Polit- 
ical economy, the science which treats of the 
wealth of nations. 

Ecraseur (a-kra-ziir), n. [Fr. for "crusher;" 
ecraser, to crush (q. v.).] A surgeon's instru- 
ment, which works by tearing or crushing. 

EVsta-sy, b. [Gr. e/ccrrao-is, a trance, displace- 
ment; ex, out, and iaravai, to set, to stand 
(q. v.).] Excessive joy ; rapture: — a trance. 

Ec-stat'ic, "la. Filled with ecstasy or joy; 

Ec-stat'i-cal, J ravished ; rapturous. 

Ec-u-men'i-cal, a. [Gr. oiKovp.evLK.6*;, universal ; 
o'tKovfj.ei'r), the inhabited (world) ; ouceeii', to 
dwell ; oIko?, a house.] General ; oecumenical. 

EVze-ma, n. [Gr. eic£ep.a, something boiled out; 
e/c,'out'or up, and £e'en>, to boil.] A skin disease. 

Ec-zem'a-tous, a. Affected by or like eczema. 

Ed'da, »." [Norse for "great-grandmother ;" prob- 
ably given from its antiquity, or as being the 
source of Norse literature.] A collection of 
poetry or prose tales, containing the Scandina- 
vian mythology. 

Ed'dic, a. Of or pertaining to, or partaking of the 
character of, the Eddas. 

Ed'dy, n. [Icel. ida, Local Dan. ide, a whirlpool ; 
Icel*. ida, to whirl ; the prefix id- implies return. 
— Cf. A.-S. yth, a wave.] A contrary current; 
a whirlpool. — 2, a. Moving circularly. — 3, >■. n. 
[pp. eddying, eddied.] To move or whirl, as in 
an eddy. [adise. 

E'den, n. [Heb. for "pleasure."] A garden ; par- 

E-den-ta'ta, n. pi. [L. e privative, and dens, 
deulis, a tooth.] An order of mammals either 
toothless or with aberrant teeth. 

E-den'tate, a. Without teeth :— belonging to an 
" edentate. — 2, n. An animal of the Edentata. 

E-den'tu-loiis, a. [L. edenlidm ; e privative, and 
" dens, dentis, a tooth.] Without teeth; toothless. 

fidfe (ej), n. [A.-S. ecg ; Dut. e<jge ; Ger. ecke ; L. 
acie.% Gr. a*r}, a point.] The sharp side of a 
blade or cutting instrument: — keenness: — rim; 
brink. — 2, v. a. [pp. edging, edged.] To sharp- 
en ; to give an edge. — 3, v. n. To move forward 
sideways or obliquely. 

fidfe'-tool, n. A tool with a sharp edge. 

Edle'wise, ad. In the direction of the edge. 

Edg'ing. n. A border, a fringe; a lace. 

Ed-i-bil i-ty, n. Fitness to be eaten. 

Ed'i-ble, a. [L. edibilis; edere, to eat.] Fit to be 
eaten ; eatable. 

E'dict, >t. [L. edictum; edicere, edictum, to pro- 
claim; e, forth, and dicere, to speak.] An ordi- 
nance or decree issued by a sovereign ; a rescript ; 
a proclamation. 

Ed-i-fi-ca'tion. n. Act of edifying; instruction 

^ in religion and morals ; improvement. 

Ed'i-fice (ed'e-fls), n , [l. sedtficium, a building. 
—See Edify.] A large or splendid building;"a 
structure ; a fabric. 

Ed'i-fy, v. a. [Fr. tdifier, to build up, to instruct; 
L. sedificare, to build; sedes, a house, and facere, 
to make.] [pp. edifying, edified.] To instruct 

_ in religion and morals; to teach; to improve. 

E'dile, n. [L. sedUis, properly a magistrate in 
charge of the public buildings; sedes, a build- 

_ ing.] The title of a Roman magistrate. 

E'dile-shlp, n. The office of edile. 

£d'it, v. a. [L. edere, editum, to give forth ; e, 
out, and dare, to give.] [pp. editing, edited.] 
To superintend, revise, or prepare for publica- 
tion ; to conduct ; to publish. 

E-di"tion, n. [L. edilio.— See Edit.] Publication 

^ of a book : — whole impression of a book. 

Ed'i-tor, n. One who edits ; the conductor of a 
newspaper, journal, or other publication. 

isd-i-to'ri-al, a. Belonging to an editor. — 2, n. 
An article written by an editor of a newspaper. 




Ed'i-tor-ship, ». The position of an editor. 

Ed'u-cate (ed'yu-kat), v. a. [L. educare, educa- 
tum, to educate; from educere, to bring out. — See 
Educe.] [pp. educating, educated.] To bring 
up, as a child ; to instruct; to teach; to train. 

Ed-u-ca'tion, n. The act of educating; instruc- 
tion; tuition; a bringing up; nurture. 

Ed-u-ca'tion-al, a. Relating to education. 

Ed'ii-ca-tor, n. One who instructs youth. 

E-duce', v. a. [L. educere, eductum, to bring out; e, 

' out, and ducere, to draw.] [pp. educing, educed.] 
To bring out; to extract. 

E'duct, n. A substance extracted by chemical 
means. 

E-duc'tion, n. Act of educing or bringing out. 

Eel (el),"«. [A.-S. ad; Dut., Dan., & Ger. aal. — 
Cf. L unguis, a snake, 
anguilla, an eel ; Gr. 
e^is, a snake, eyx e ~ 
Avs.an eel; Skr. ahi, 
a snake : root of L. 
angere, to choke or 
strangle.] A serpen- 
tine, slimy fish. 

Eel' -pout, n. A fresh- 
water fish: — the blenny 

E'en (en), ad. A contraction for even. 

E'er (ar), ad. A contraction for ever. 

Eer'ie, la. [A.-S. earh, timid.] Inspiring feel- 

Eer'y, J ings of awe or lonesomeuess ; weird; 
lonesome; dreary. 

Ef'fa-ble, a. [L. effabilis, utterable ; e, out, and 
furi, to speak.] Expressible; utterable. 

Efface', v. a. [Fr. effacer; L. ex, out, and fades, 

' face {<]. r.).] [pp. effacing, effaced.] To blot 
out ; to erase ; to destroy. 

Ef-face'ment, w. The act of effacing; erasure. 

Ef-fect',«. [L. effectus ; efficere, affectum, to effect; 
ex, out, and facere, to make.] An event pro- 
duced; result; issue :— meaning; reality. — p£ 
[Goods. — 2, v. a. [pp. effecting, effected.] To 
bring to pass; to produce. 

Ef-fec'tive, a. Efficient; efficacious; effectual. 

Ef-fec'tive-ly, ad. Powerfully; with effect. 

Ef-fect'u-al (-yu-al), a. Of adequate force; actu- 

' ally producing effect; efficacious; effective. 

Ef-fect'u-al-ly, ad. In a thorough manner. 

Ef-fect'u-ate (-yu-at), v. a. [Fr. effectuer.—See 
Effect.] [pp. effectuating, effectuated.] To 
bring to pass; to effect. 

Ef-fem'i-na-cy, n. Softness; unmanly delicacy. 

Ef-fem'j-nate, a. Womanish; soft. 

Ef-fem'i-nate, v. a. [L. effeminare, effcminatum, to 
make womanish ; ex, out, completely, and/emtiut, 
a woman.] [pp. effeminating, effeminated.] To 
make womanish. 

Ef-fem'i-nate-ly, ad. In an effeminate manner. 

Ef-fen'di (ef-fen'de), »?. [Turk, efendi; modern 
Gr. a($evrr)<;, Gr. av6ivTf\<;, a ruler. — See Au- 
thentic.] A Turkish word signifying lord, mat- 
ter, or superior. 

Ef fer-ent, a. [L. ex, out, and ferre, ferentis, to 
carry.] Conveying outward. 

Ef-fer-vesce' (ef-fer-vesO, v. n. [L. effervescere, 
effervescentis ; ex. out, and fervescere, to boil : — in- 
ceptive of fervere, to glow.*— See Fervent.] [pp. 
effervescing, effervesced.] To send out gas or 
elastic vapor ; to bubble ; to boil. 

Ef-fer-ves'cence (ef-fer-ves'sens), n. Escape of 
vapor from a fluid, as in ebullition. 

Ef-fer-ves'cent, a. Gently bubbling. 

Ef-ftte', a. ' [L. e fetus, weakened by producing 

" young ; ex, out, 'and fetus, breeding.] Worn out 
with age or excesses. 

Ef-fi-ca'cious (ef-fe-ka'shus), o. [L. effieax ; ex, 
completely, and facere, to' make.] Actually pro- 
ducing effects ; effectual; efficient; effective. 

Ef-fi-ca'cious-ly. ad. Effectually. 

Ef fi-ca-cy, n. [L. efficacia.—See Efficacious.] 
Quality of being efficacious ; power to produce 
effect; energy. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, £, 5, §, soft; p, js, p, g, liard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



EFFICIENCE 



214 



ELAIXE 



Ef-f i"cience (ef-f ish'yens), }n. The act or 
?f-fi"cien-cy (ef-f Ish'yen-se), j power of pro- 

ducing'effects ; efficacy ; agency. 
Ef-f f'cient (ef-f isb'yent), k. [L. efficere, efficients, 
to effect (q. ».).] Agent; cause.— 2, a. Causing 
effects ; active ; operative ; effective. 
Ef-f i"cient-ly, a. Effectively. 
Ef f|-£x. »• [ L - effigies; ex, out, and fingere, to 
shape. — See Figure.] The image, likeness, or 
representation of a person ; representation ; pic- 
ture. — To bun) in effigy, to burn the image of. 
Ef-flo-resce' (ef-flo-res'j, v. n. [L. efflorescere, efflo- 
rescentis, inceptive of efflorere, to bloom ; ex, out, 
and fiorere, to bloom ; flos, floris, a flower.] [ pp. 
efflorescing, effloresced.] To show dust or pow- 
der on tlie surface from exposure to air. 

Ef-flo-res'cence, ) b. The act of efflorescing : — 

Ef-flo-res'cen-cy. J the production of flowers : — an 
eruption or redness on the skin. 

Ef-flo-res'cent, o. Having efflorescence. 

Ef flu-ence, n. A flowing out; issue. 

Efflu-ent, a. [L. effiuere, effluenlis, to flow out; 
ex, out, and fuere, to flow (q. v.).] Flowing out; 
issuing out of. 

Ef-fiu'vi-um, n. ; pi. Ef-flu'vi-a. [L., from efflu- 
ere, to flow out.] A flowing out; vapor; small 
particles which are continually flying off from 
bodies ; a noxious or unpleasant exhalation. 

Efflux, n. [L. effluere, effiuxum, to flow out.- See 
Effluext.] The act of flowing out; effusion; 
that which flows out. 

Effort [ef'ert, H. ; effort, St. ; effort or ef fert, 
I.], n. [Fr., from s'efforcer, to strive.— See 
Force.] An exertion of strength; attempt; 
trial; strain; endeavor; essay; struggle. 

Ef-fron'te-ry (-frun'-), n. [Fr. effronierie ; ef route, 
shameless ; ex intensive, and front, impudence,— 
literally, forehead.— See Front.] Boldness ; im- 
pudence ; hardihood. 

Ef-fulgV, v. n. [L. efvlgere, effulgentis; ex, forth, 
out, and fulgere, to shine.] [pp. effulging, ef- 
fulged.] To send forth lustre.— 2, v. a. To beam 
forth ; to radiate. 

Ef-fiil' fence, n. Lustre ; brightness. 

Ef- fulgent, a. Shining; bright; luminous. 

Ef-fu§e', v. a. [L. effundere, eft'umnt, to pour forth ; 
ex, out, and fundere, to pour.] [pp. effusing, 
effused.] To pour out; to spill ; to shed. 

Ef-fu'sion (ef-fu'zhun), n. A pouring out :— that 
which is poured out. 

Ef-fu'sive, a. Pouring out; diffusive; gushing. 

Ef-fu'sive-ly, ad. In an effusive manner. 

Ef-fu'sive-ness, ». The state of being effusive. 

Eft (eft), n. [See New v.] A newt ; a sort of tritou. 

Eft-soon', Eft-soons'. ad. Soon after. [Antiq.] 

E-gad\ interj. An exclamation of surprise. 

Egg (eg), n. [A.-S. seg; Icel. egg-, Sw. agg ; Ger. 
ei ; Irish, ugh: L. oiitm ; Gr. <L6v. — See Oval.] 
The foetus of the feathered tribe, and of some 
other animals. — 2, r. a. [Icel. eggja, to edge 
(q. v.), to incite, to sharpen. — Cf. L. agere, to 
drive. — See also Eke.] [pp. egging, egged.] To 

^ provoke ; to urge. 

Egg'nog, n. A drink containing beaten eggs. 

£gg' -plant, n. A plant and its egg-shaped fruit. 

Eg'lan-tine, or Eg'lan-tine, n. [Fr. eglantine; 
0. Fr. aigiantive, aig'lantier ; probably from Late 
L. acvlentus, prickly; acim, a prickle, a needle.] 

_ A species of rose ; sweet-brier. 

E'g5, n. [L. ego; Gr. eyu> ; Ger. ieh ; E. T; Skr. 

_ aham.] The thinking subject ; I; myself. 

E'go-ism, n. Scepticism: — selfishness; egotism. 

E'go-ist, n. One of a class of philosophers who 
professed to doubt every thing except their own 
existence : — an egotist. 

E'go-tism, or Eg'o-tism, n. The frequent use of 

_ the pronoun I (in Latin, ego) ; self-conceit. 

E'go-tist, n. One who talks of himself. 

E-go-tis'tic, \a. Addicted to egotism; self- 

E-go-tls'ti-cal. J conceited ; vain. 

E-gre'£ious (e-gre'jus), a. [L. egreghis, eminent; 




e, out of, and grex, gregis, the flock. The pejo- 
rative sense now generally attached to this word 
is quite modern.] Eemarkable ; monstrous; 
huge ; exceptional. 
| E-gre'fious-ly., ad. Eminently ; vastly. 
j E-ir r e'&ious-ness, n. The state of being eminent. 
! E'gress, n. [L. egredi, egressus, 
to go out ; ex, out, and gradi, 
gressiis, to go.] The act of go- 
ing out; departure. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. egressing, egressed.] To 
make an egress or departure ; 
to depart. 

E-gres'sion (e-gresh'un), n. 
The act of going out. " 

E'gret, n. [Fr. aigrette, an egret, 
— later, a crest ; dim. of 0. Fr. 
aigre, a heron (q. v.).] A fowl 
of the heron kind :— an orna- Egret, 

ment of ribbons. [A native of Egypt. 

?-§ yp'tian (-shan), a. Relating to Egypt. — 2, n. 

E-gyp-to'l'o-Hst, 7i. One versed in Egyptology. 

E-gyp-tol'o-gy, n. The science of, or a treatise 
onj Egyptian autiquities. [eider-duck. 

Ei'der, n. [Icel. sedr, sedur ; Sw. eider.'] The 

Ei'der-down, n. The down of the eider-duck. 

El'der-duck, n. A species of duck found in the 
Orkneys, Hebrides, Alaska, Greenland, &c. 

Ei-do'lon, n. [Gr. — See Idol.] An image ; a 
phantom. 

Eight (at), a. & n. [A.-S. eahta ; Dut. & Ger. acht; 
Dan. otle ; Irish, ocht ; L. octo; Gv. 6/ctoj; Skr. 
ashtan.] Twice four ; seven and one. 

Eigh'teen (a'ten), a. & n. Twice nine. 

Eighteenth (a'tenth), a. Next in order to the 
seventeenth. 

Eight' fold (at'-), a. Eight times the quantity. 

Eighth (atth), a. Next in order to the seventh. — 
2, v. The octave or eighth note of the diatonic 
scale : — the quotient of one divided by eight. 

Eighth'ly. (atthle), ad. In the eighth place. 

Eigh'ti-eth (a'te-'eth), a. Noting eighty. 

Eigh'ty. (ii'te), a. & n. Eight times ten. 

Ei-ren'i-con, n. [Gr.] See Irexicon. 

Ei'tner'(C-'tner) [e'ther or i'tfier, Kenricl; Sm. St. 
J.], pron. [A.-S. seghwteder, segder, for "each- 
whether;" Dut. ieder ; Ger. jeder.] One or the 
other. — 2, conj. Or; as, either this or that. 

E-jac'u-late (e-jak'yu-lat), v. a. [L. ejacuiare, 
ejacidatum, to hurl out; e, ont, and jaadare, to 
hurl ;jncidum, a dart or missile ;jacere, to throw.] 
[pp. ejaculating, ejaculated.] To throw out 
suddenly ; to shoot ; to dart out ; to utter. 

E-jac-u-la'tion, n. The act of ejaculating or 
throwing; a darting : — a short prayer. 

E-jac'ii-la-to-ry, o. Darted out ; sudden. 

E-ject', v. a. [L. ejieere, ejection ; e, out, and 

' jacere, to throw.] [p>p. ejecting, ejected.] To 
throw out ; to cast forth ; to expel ; to discharge ; 
to reject. 

E-jec'tion, n. A casting out; expulsion. 

E-ject'nient, n. {Lax:.) A writ or action for re- 

" covering possession of real property ; expulsion. 

E-ject'or, n. One who ejects or expels. 

Eke, v. a. [A.-S. ecan, Icel. auka, Dan. oge, L. an- 
gere, to augment.] [pp. eking, eked.] To pro- 
tract; to spin out. — 2, ad. [A.-S. eac ; Dut. ook ; 
Dan. og ; Icel. & Goth. ayJe: closely related to 
the verb Eke.] Also; likewise; besides. 

E-lab'o-rate, v. a. [L. elaborate, elaborafum ; e, 
out, and laborare, to work; labor, work.] [pp. 
elaborating, elaborated.] To produce with labor : 
— to improve by labor.. 

E-lab'o-rate, a. Much labored upon ; much stud- 

' ied ; highly finished. 

E-lab'o-rate-ly, ad. With great labor. 

E-lab-o-ra'tion, n. Act of eliminating. 

E-lab'o-ra-tive. a. Tending to elaborate. 
E-la'ine, n. [Gr. eAaivos, of the olive ; eAota, 

" olive (q. v.); eAaiov, oil.] (Chem.) The oily or 
liquid principle of fat and oil; oleine. 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



ELAN 



215 



ELEMENTAL 



Elan (a-lon), n. [Fr. ; origin disputed. — Cf. Ger. 
eileii, to rush.] Impetuosity inspired by un< on- 
strained emotion and ardor; unchecked enthu- 
siasm ; zeal ; glow. 
E'land, n. [Dut. eland, Ger. elenn, Russ. oleni, 
Pol. ielen, Czech gelen, stag, elk (q. v.), or deer; 
"Welsh elain, a fawn ; Basque orina, a deer. 
There are kindred beast-names in Aryan and 
many other languages. It seems easy to con- 
nect it with the name elk on the one hand and 
possibly with elephant on the other.] A large 
African antelope. 
E-lapse', r. n. [L. elabi, elapsus, to glide away; 
" e, out, and lubi, to glide. — See Lapse.] [pp. 
elapsing, elapsed.] To pass away ; to glide away. 
E-las'tic, a. [Gr. eAaeij/, or eAaweiv, to drive, to 
beat out, to extend.] Having elasticitj - ; spring- 
ing back ; rebounding ; springy. 
E-las-tig'i-ty., »• A property in bodies by which 

they restore themselves to their original form. 

E-late', a. [L. elatm, lifted up; e, out, lotus, lifted: 

" tollere, latum (for tollatum), to lift.] Flushed 

with success : — exalted. — 2, v. a. [pp. elating, 

elated.] To elevate ; to puff up; to exalt. 

E-la'tion, ». State of being elated; elevation; 

triumph proceeding from success; exaltation. 
El'bow (el'bo), n. [A.-S. elboga ; Dut. elleboog ; 
Dan. albue ; Ger. ellenbogen : roots of Ell and 
Bow.] Curvature of the arm : — angle :— a beinl 
in a pipe or rod. — 2, v. a. [pp. elbowing, el- 
bowed.] To push with the elbow. — 3, v. n. To 
jut out in angles ; to clash. 
£ld, b. [A.-S. yldo, seld, old age, old times; from 

euld, old.] Old age; old people; old times. 
El'der, a. [A.-S. yldra, aldira, older; ealdor, an 
elder, a man in authority; Fris. alder, a parent; 
A.-S. ealdras, parents.] Surpassing another in 
age; older. — 2, n. An older person; a senior: — 
an ancestor : — a ruler : — a presbyter: — a subordi- 
nate officer in a church : — [A.-S. ellen, ellern; 
Low Ger. ellooni ; 0. E. eller.— Cf. Ger. cller, trie, 
alder (<j. v.)] a tree or shrub of several species. 
El'der-ly, a. Bordering upon old age ; old. 
El'der-ship. .i. Seniority : — office of an elder, 
fil'dest, a. Oldest; most aged. 
El-e-cam-pane', n. [Fr. enule-campane ; L. inula, 
Late L. inula campana, field inula; campus, a 
field. Inula is the Gr. eKeviov, Ger. alant, ele- 
campane.] A plant: — a sweetmeat. 
E-lect', v. a. [L. eligere, election ; e, out, and legere, 
' to choose.] [pp. electing, elected.] To choose 
for office ; to select. — 2, a. Chosen ; elected ; 
taken by preference. — 3, n. One who is chosen : 
— persons chosen. 
E-lec'tion, n. The act or power of choosing; 
choice": — the ceremony of a public choice of 
officers. — (T/ieol.) Divine choice of individuals 
to enjoy blessings; predestination. 
E-lec-tion-eer\ v. n. [pp. electioneering, elec- 
tioneered.] To use arts for electing, or for being 
elected, to an office. 
E-lec-tion-eer'ingr, n. The course of measures 

and arts used'to promote an election. 
E-lec'tive, a. Having, or regulated by, choice. 
E-lec'tor, n. [L.] One who elects; a voter. 
E-lec'to-ral, «. Relating to an elector. 
E-lec'tor-ate, n. Jurisdiction of an elector. 
E-lec'trie, \a. Relating to, or containing, 
E-lec'tri-cal, / electricity. — Electric light, light 
evolved from materials heated to incandescence 
by the passage through them of an electric cur- 
_ rent. [versed in the science of electricity. 

E-lec-tri"cian (e-lek-trlsh'an), n. One who is 
E-lec-tric'i-ty, ». [Gr. rjAe/cVpof, amber. — Cf. Gr. 
^AexTojp, the glowing sun, or the shining fire.] 
A subtile force produced by friction, first ob- 
served in amber : — the science which explains 
the laws of the electric force. 
E-lec'tri-fy, v. a. [pp. electrifying, electrified.] 
To communicate electricity to:— to thrill; to 
arouse to string excitement. 



I E-lec'tro-chem'i-cal, a. Combining electrical 
and chemical phenomena. 

E-lec'tro-chem'is-trjr. ». The science which 

" treats of the agency'of electricity, or galvanism, 
in effecting chemical changes. 

E-lec'trode, n. [Electricity, and Gr. 55o?, a 

' way.] A pole in an electric circuit. 

E-lec-trol'y.-sis. n. [Electricity, and Gr. Averts, 
a loosening ; Aveiv,"to loose.] The process of re- 
solving bodies into their elements by the electric 
current. 

E-lec'trp-mag / net, n. A piece of iron temporarily 
magnetic. [netisni. 

E-lec'tro- mag-net'ic, a. Relating to electro-mag- 

E-lec'tro-mag'net-ism, n. The science which 
treats of electricity as communicating magnetic 
properties : — magnetism induced by electricity. 

E-lec'tro-met'al-liir-gx, n. The art of working 
in metals by means of electricity. 

E-lec-trom'e-ter, n. [Electricity, and Gr. pe- 
rpov, a measure.] An instrument for measur- 
ing the intensity of electricity. 

E-lec'tro-mo'tive. a. Relating to mechanical 
effects produced by electricity. 

E-lec'tro-m5'tor. ». [See Motor.] An engine or 

" motor 'operated by electricity: — a device for 
producing electrical currents. 

E-lec-trop'a-thy. ». [Electricity, and Gr. 7rd0ij, 
6tate of being affected : on type of homoeopathy.] 
The treatment of diseases by means of elec- 
tricity, [electricity. 

E-lec'tro-plate, n. Wares plated by means of 

E-lec'tro-plat'ed, a. Plated by means of elec- 

' tricity. 

E-lec'tro-scope, n. [Electricity, and Gr. o-Koirelv, 

' to see.] An instrument for detecting electricity. 

E-lec'tro-type, n. [Electricity and Type.] A 

" method of taking reverse fac-similes of wood- 
cuts, printing-types, &c. : — a fac-simile in metal, 
from a mould, by an electro-chemical process. — 
2, v. a. [pp. electrotyping, electrotyped.] To 
make a fac-simile in metal, from a mould, by 
an electro-chemical process ; to deposit metals by 
electricity. [by, electrotypy. 

E-lec-tro-typ'ic, a. Pertaining to, or produced 

E-lec'tro-typ-iDg, n. The method of obtaining a 
fac-simile by the electrotype process. 

E-lec-trot'y-py, n. The art or process of pro- 
ducing electrotypic copies or impressions. 

E-lec'trum, n. [L. ; Gr. rj\eKTpop.] Amber:— a 
mixed metal, an alloy of gold and silver. 

E-lect'u-a-ry, n. [L. electuarium, something to be 

' licked up; Gr. exActy/oia ; ex, out, and \eixeiv, 
to lick. — See Lick.] A soft, compound medicine. 

El-ee-mos'y-na-ry (el-e-moz'e-na-re), a. [Gr. 
e\er)p.oo-vv7i, alms {g. v.).] Relating to alms; 
depending upoD charity. — 2, n. One who re- 
ceives, or lives on, alms. 

El'e-gance, n. The beauty of propriety ; refine- 
ment ; polish; symmetry; politeness. 

£l'e-gant. «. [L. eleganf, elegantis, fine, choice; e, 
out, and legere, to choose.] Having elegance; 
refined; polished; graceful ; genteel; accomplished. 

El'e-gant-ly, ad. With elegance; gracefullv. 

El-e-fi'ac [e-le'je-ak or el-e-jl'ak, P. K. I. St. Wb. ; 
e-le'je-ak, H.~\, a. [Gr. e\eyeiaic6<s. — See Elegy.] 
Pertaining to elegy ; mournful ; plaintive. — 2, n. 
Elegiac verse. 

El-e-lri'a-ca.1, a. Belonging to an elegy. 

El-e-g'i'ast, 1 n. A writer of elegies ; an elegiac 

El'e-Iist, /poet 

El'e-fy, «. [Gr. eAeyetoi', a dirge ; eAe-yos, a la- 
ment.] A mournful song or poem ; a dirge. 

El'e-ment. n. [L. elementum, a principle ; thought 
to be'a form of alimentum. aliment (g. r.).] A 
first or constituent principle of any thing; an 
atom; an ingredient; a constituent part :— 
proper sphere. — pi. First rudiments. — In popu- 
lar language, the four elements are aii; earth, 
fire, and water. 
El-e-ment'al, a. Pertaining to elements. 



mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, Q, c, £, soft; p, p, c, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



ELEMENTAKY 



216 



EMANCIPATE 




Elepha 



El-e-ment'a-ry, «• Relating to elements; un- 
co'mpounded : — initial ; primary ; elemental. 

fil'e-mi, n. [Probably an Oriental name. — See 
Anime.] A kind of resin or gum. 

fil'e-phant, n. [L. elephas; Gr. eAe<^)a?, eAe^avros. 
— Cf. Heb. aleph, an ox ; Skr. ibbas, an elephant ; 
L. ebur, ivory ; Gr. eAa- 
$65, a stag.] The larg- 
est of existing laud 
mammals. 

El-e-phan-tl'a-sis, w. 
[L.J (Med.) A disease 
affecting the legs and 
feet, and the skin. 

fil-e-phan'tine [-tin, I. ; 
-tin or -tin, H.], a. Re- 
lating to the elephant : 
— huge. [rites in the worship of Ceres. 

fil-eu-sln'i-an, a. Relating to Eleusis, and to the 

fil'e-vate, v. a. [L. elevate, elevaturn, to raise up ; 
e,'out, and levare, to lift.] [pp. elevating, ele- 
vated.] To raise up ; to lift ; to exalt. 

El-e-va'tion, n. Act of elevating; a raising up; 
exaltation ; height ; altitude : — a hill. 

fil'e-va-tor, n. A raiser or lifter up : — a contriv- 
ance for raising persons and goods from the 
lower story of a building to the higher stories. 

Eleve (a-lav), n. [Fr.] One brought up or pro- 
tected by another ; a pupil ; a scholar. 

E-lev'en (e-lev'vn), a. & n. [A.-S. endlufon ; Dut. 

' elf; Dan. elleve; Ger. elf; Goth, ainlif, from ain, 
one, and /;/, root of Leave. The meaning is 
one left over after ten are counted.] Ten and one. 

E-lev'enth (e-lev'vnth), a. The next in order 
after the tenth. — 2, n. The quotient of one di- 
vided by eleven. 

Elf, n. ; pi. Elve§. [ A -"S- self; Dan. alf ; Ger. elf; 
Sw. alf, elfra.] A wandering spirit; 'a fairy. 

Elfin, a. Relating to elves or fairies ; elfish. — 
2, 'n. An elf; a fairy ; a little elf. 

Elfish, or Elv'ish, a. Relating to elves. 

Elf-lock, n. A knot of hair twisted by elves. 

E-lie'it, v. a. [L. elicere, elicilum, to draw out; 

' lacere, to entice.] [pp. eliciting, elicited.] To 
draw out ; to strike out. 

fi-llde', v. a. [L. elidere, elisvm ; e, out, and leedere, 
to dash.] [pp. eliding, elided.] To cut off, as 
a syllable. 

El-i-£i-bil'i-ty., \u. Quality of being eligible; 

El'i-f i-ble-ness, J desirableness. 

El'i-ii-ble, a. [L. elegibilis ; eligcre, to elect (q. v.).] 
"Worthy of choice ; fit to be chosen. 

E-lim'i-nate, w. a. [L. eliminate, eliminalum ; e, 
from,' and limen, liminis, a threshold.] [pp. elim- 
inating, eliminated.] To turn out ; to expel ; 
to set aside. 

E-lim-i-na'tion, n. Expulsion :— separation. 

E-li"§ion (e-llzh'un), n. [L. elisio.— See Elide.] 

" The act of cutting off a vowel or syllable, as at 
the end of a word. 

Elite (a-lef), n. [Fr. ; from Hire, to elect.] The 
flower of society or i >f an army ; the chosen part. 

E-Kx'ir, n. [Arab, al-ilisir, the philosopher's stone ; 
Sp. elixir: the Arab, iksir is the Gr. t-rjpov, dry, 
and seems to represent a dry extract or residue.] 
A medicine : — quintessence or extract of any 
thing; cordial. 

Elk, n. [A.-S. eolh; Icel. elgr ; Sw. elg ; Gr. aA*ij ; 
L. alces. — See Eland.] 
A large quadruped ; the 
moose. 

fill, n. [A.-S. eln; Dut. 
& Ger. elle ; Dan. alen ; 
Fr. awe. — Cf. Icel. alin, 
the forearm ; L. ulna, 
forearm, elbow, cubit; 
Gr. wAevij, elbow (q. v.).] 
A measure of a yard and 
a quarter. 

El-lipse', n. ; pi. El-lip'se§. [Gr. eAAeuJ/t?, a de- 

' feet, because its plane makes a less angle with 




the plane of the base of a cone than that of the 
parabola ; eAAetVeii/, to leave behind ; ei>, in, and 
Aei7reii/, to leave.] An oval figure; an oblique 
section of a cone ; ellipsis. 

El-lip'sis, n. ; pi. El-llp'se§. The omission of a 
word or phrase ; a mark thus [...]> [ 1 : — e l" 

El-Hp'sSid, n. A solid elliptical body. [lipse. 

El-lip'tic, \a. Like an ellipse or ellipsis; 

El-Hp'ti-cal, J oval : — defective. 

El-lip'ti-cal-ly, ad. With an ellipsis. 

El-lip-tic'i-ty, n. Quality of being elliptical. 

Elm, n. [A.-S. elm; Dut. olm; Dan. aim, selm ; 
Ger. idme ; L. ulmnsJ] The name of a forest tree. 

El-o-cvi'tion, n. [L. elocutio; eloqui, eloculus, to 
speak out; e, out, and loqui, to speak.] Art or 
manner of speaking; oratory; utterance; elo- 
quence. 

El-o-cii'tion-a-rx, a. Relating to elocution. 

El-o-cG/tion-ist, n. A teacher of elocution. 

E-lon'gate (e-lung'gat), v. a. [L. e, out, and lon- 
gus, long; whence Late L. elongate, elongatus, 
to remove.] [pp. elongating, elongated.] To 
lengthen ; to draw out. — 2, v. n. To go off to a 
distance: — to recede: — to be drawn out. 

El-on-ga'tion, v. Act of lengthening : — extension. 

E-l6pe\ v. n. [L. e, out, and Dut. loopen, to run; 

" ontloopen, to escape. — See Leap and Lope.] [pp. 
eloping, eloped.] To run away; to escape from 
legal or natural ties. 

E-lope'ment, n. Private departure. 

El'o-quence, n. The art of speaking well ; fluent 
and elegant speech ; oratory ; rhetoric. 

El'o-quent, «. [L. eloquens, eloguentis, pres. part, 
of eloqui, to utter.— See Elocution.] Having 
eloquence ; oratorical. 

El'o-quent-ly, ad. In an eloquent manner. 

Else (els), pron. [A.-S. elles, 0. Sw. olljes, L. alias, 
otherwise. — See Alien*.] Other; one besides. — 
2, ad. Otherwise; besides. 

Else'where (els'hwar), ad. In another place. 

E-15'ci-date, v. a. [late L. elucidate, to make 
clear; L. e, out, and lucidus, lucid (q. v.).] [pp. 
elucidating, elucidated.] To remove obscurity 
from; to make clear; to explain ; to illustrate. 

E-15-ci-da'tion, «. Explanation; exposition. 

E-lQde', v. a. [L. eludere, elusum, to outwit; e, 

' out, and Indere, to play.] [pp. eluding, eluded.] 
To escape by stratagem; to evade; to avoid slyly ; 
to shun: — to baffle; to foil; to remain undis- 
covered by. 

E-lu'sion (e-lu'zhun), n. Evasion: artifice. 

E-lu'sive, a. Practising elusion ; deceptive. 

E-lu'so-ry, a. Tending to elude ; elusive. 

E-lu'tri-ate, v. a. [L. eluere, elutnm, to wash out; 
Later L. elutriare, elutriatum; e, out, and luere, 
to wash.] [pp. elutriating, elutriated.] To pu- 
rify by washing; to wash; to decant or strain 
out after washing. 

E-15-tri-a'tion, n. The act of elutriating. 

Elves. (elvz),'?». The plural of elf. [chievous. 

Elv'ish, or Elfish, a. Relating to elves; mis- 

E-ly"§i-an (e-lizVe-an), a. Relating to Elysium : 

" — delightful ; happy. 

E-ly"§i-um (e-llzh'e-tim), n. [L. ; Gr. 'HAvtrioi' 
neSio'v, Elys'ian field.] The place assigned by 
the heathens to happy souls. 

E-ma'ci-ate (e-ma'she-r.t) [e-ma'se-at, K.], v. a. 
[L. emaciate, emaciaium, to make lean ; e inten- 
sive, and macies, leanness.] [pp. emaciating, 
emaciated.] To waste or make lean.— 2, v. n. 
To grow lean. 

E-ma'ci-ate (e-mli'she-at), a. Sunk; wasted. 

E-ma-ci-ii'tion, n. The' act of making or growing 

' lean ; leanness ; thinness. 

Em'a-nate, v. n. [L. e, out, and manare, manatum, 
to flow.] [pp. emanating, emanated.] To issue ; 
to arise. [which issues or has issued. 

Em-a-na'tion, n. The act of issuing ; efflux ; that 

Em'a-na-tlve, a. Issuing. 

E-man'ci-pate, v. a. [L. emancipare, emancipalum, 

' to set free; e, out, and mancipate, to transfer 



a, e, I, 6, u, y, long ; a, e, l, o, u, y, shott; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Pare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



EMANCIPATION 



217 



EMBEYOLOGICAL 



property; manceps, one who takes or gains prop- 
erty ; from manu, in hand, and capere, to take.] 
[pp. emancipating, emancipated.] To set free 
from servitude ; to manumit ; to liberate ; to free. 

E-man-ci-pa'tion, n. The act of emancipating; 

" manumission ; liberation ; enfranchisement. 

E-maV^i-nate, a. [L. emarginare, to deprive of 

* a margin '(</. v.).] Notched on the apex, or on 
the margins. 

E-mas'cu-late, v. a. [L. emasculare, emasculalvm ; 
e privative, and maseidns, dim. of mas. a male.] 
[pp. emasculating, emasculated.] To deprive of 
virility; to castrate. 

E-mas'cu-late, a. Unmanned; effeminate. 

E-mas-cu-la'tion, n. Castration ; weakness. 

Em-balm' (em-bam'), v. a. [Fr. embaurner ; en, in, 

' and baume, balm (q. v.).] [pp. embalming, em- 
balmed.] To fill a body with aromatics, so as to 
prevent putrefaction. 

Em-bank', v. a. [See Bank.] [pp. embanking, 

' emlianked.] To heap up:— to protect with a 
bank. 

Em-bank'ment, n. A mound of earth ; a bank. 

Em-bar'go, v. ; pi. Em-bar'goes. [Sp. embargo; 
en, in or on, and barra, a bar.] A prohibition 
upon vessels to prevent their leaving port. — 
2, v. a. [pp. embargoing, embargoed.] To pro- 
hibit from sailing. 

Em-bark', v. a. [Fr. embarquer ; en, in, and barque, 
a bark (q. v.).] [pp. embarking, embarked.] To 
put on shipboard. — 2, v. u. To go on shipboard : 
— to engage in any business. 

Em-bar-ka'tion, n. The act of embarking. 

Em-bar'rass, v. a. [Fr. embarrasser; Sp. emba- 
razar; Prov. barra or barras, a bar. — Cf. Sp. bar- 
ran, a prison.] [pp. embarrassing, embarrassed.] 
To perplex ; to entangle. 

Em-bar'rass-ment, n. Perplexity ; trouble. 

Em-bas'sa-dor, n. See Ambassador. 

Em'bas-sy, n. A public message or function of 
an ambassador : — a body of ambassadors. 

Em-bat' tie, v. a. [Fr. embatuiller ; 0. Fr. embas- 

' tiller ; Late L. imballalare, to fortify. — See Battle 
and Battlement, [pp. embattling, embattled.] 
To range in order of battle : — to furnish with bat- 
tlements. 

Em-bay' (em-ba'), v. a. [See Bay.] [pp. embay- 

" ing, embayed. I To enclose in a bay ; to landlock. 

Em-bed', o. a. [See Bed.] [j>jj. embedding, em- 
bedded.] To place in a bed ; to imbed. 

Em-bel'lish, v. a, [Fr. embeUir, part, embelli&sant; 
bel, beau, fair; L. bellus, handsome.] [pp. embel- 
lishing, embellished.] To adorn ; to beautify. 

Em-bel'lish-ment, n. [Fr. embellishment.] The 
act of embellishing: — ornament; decoration. 

Em'ber-day, n. [A.-S. ymbren, ymbryne, a due 
course; tjmbe, L. ambi, around, and ryne, a tun- 
ning. The German for an ember-day is quatem- 
ber, from L. quatuor tempora, the four seasons: 
this has influenced the English word.] One of 
certain fast-days in each of the four seasons. 
Em'bers, n. pi. [A.-S. semyrian ; Icel. eimyrja; 
Dan. emmer ; Scot, ammers.] Hot cinders; glow- 
ing coals of fire ; ashes with fire. 
Em'ber-tide, n. An ember-week. 
Em'ber-week, n. A week in which ember-days 

occur : — ordination-week. 
Em-bez'zle, v. a. [0. Fr. embesUlier, to ravage, to 
weaken : closely related to Imbecile (g. v.).] 
[pp. embezzling, embezzled.] To steal by breach 
of trust. 
Em-bez'zle-ment, n. The act of embezzling. 
Em-bez'zler, n. One who embezzles. 
Em-bit'ter, v. a. [See Bitter.] [pp. embitter- 
ing, embittered.] " To make unhappy ; to exas- 
perate. 
Em-bla'zon (em-bla'zn), v. a. [See Blazon.] [pip. 
emblazoning, emblazoned.] To adorn with en- 
signs armorial ; to blazon ; to decorate. 
Em-bla'zon-ry (em-bla'zn-re), n. The act of em- 
blazoning; devices or pictures rpon shields. 



Em'blem, n. [Gr. efj.p\r)ixa, an ornament, some- 
thing put on ; ev, in, and jUaWeiv, to throw, to 
put.] A picture representing one thing to the 
eye and another to the understanding; a sym- 
bol ; & device; a figure; a type. 

Em-blem-at'ic, f a. Pertaining to, or com- 

Em-blem-at'i-cal. J prising, an emblem. 

Em-blem-at'i-cal-ly, ad. By emblems. 

Em'ble-ments, n. pi. [0. Fr. embleer, Late L. im- 
bladare, to sow ; Fr. ble, Late L. bladum, grain.] 
Profits from land sown. 

Em ; bod'i-ment, n. The act of embodying: — a 
" united mass; that in which ideas or principles 
are incorporated. 

Em-bod'y, v. a. [See Body.] [pp. embodying, 
embodied.] To form into a body ; to incorporate. 

Em-bold'en (em-bol'dn), v. a. [Prom Bold.,] [pp. 

' emboldening, emboldened.] To make bold; to 
encourage. 

Em'bo-lism, «. [Gr. e/u/SoAiovxos ; kv, in, and 
^aAAeiv, to throw.] Insertion of days or years 
to produce regularity in time ; days so inserted : 
— a clot in an artery. 

Embonpoint (iing'bong-pwang / ), n. [Fr. for en bon 
point, in good case.] Roundness of body ; plump- 
ness ; stoutness. 

Em-bo'som, v. a. [From Bosom.] [pp. embosom- 

" ing, embosomed.] To enclose ; to enfold. 

Em-boss', v. a. [Fr. embosser. — See Boss.] [pp. 

' embossing, embossed.] To form with protuber- 
ances : — to engrave with relief or raised work. 

Embouchure (ang-b6-shur'),». [Fr. for "mouth," 
or "opening;" bouche, the mouth; L. bucca, a 
cheek.] The aperture of a flute, &c. ; the mouth 
of a river. 

Em-bb'^'er, v. a. & v. n. [See Bower.] [pp. em- 
bowering, embowered.] To lodge in a bower. 

Em-brace', v. a. [Fr. embrasser; 0. Fr. embracer; 

' en, in, and bras, the arm. — See Brace.] [pp. 
embracing, embraced.] To hold fondly in the 
arms ; to enclose ; to comprise ; to contain ; to 
include. — 2, v. n. To join in an embrace. — 3, n. 
Clasp ; pressure in the arms. 

Em-bra'cer, n. One who embraces. — {Law.) One 

' who attempts to corrupt a jury. 

Em-bra'ce-ry, n. (Law.) An attempt to corrupt 
a court or jury by unlawful means. 

Embrasure (em-bra-zhur' or em-bra'zhur), n. [0. 
Fr. braser, or embraser, Fr. tbraser, to set askew ; 
embrasure, a loop-hole, a chamfer or slope in a 
window-frame.] An aperture in fortifications 
through which guns are fired : — enlargement of 
a window or door. 

Em'bro-cate, v. a. [Late L. embrocare, embroca- 
tum ;'Gr. euppoyr), a liniment; ev, in, and fipe- 
Xeiy, to wet.] [jip. embrocating, embrocated.] 
To foment and rub. 

Em-bro-ca'tion, n. The act of embrocating :— a 
liniment, or lotion. 

Embroglio (em-brol'ye-o), n. Same as Imbroglio. 

Em-broid'er, v. a. [Fr. broder ; Anglo-Norman, 

' embroyder: regarded as akin to' Border; by 
others as from the root of Brad and Prod ; in- 
fluenced in its English development by Braid.] 
[pp. embroidering, embroidered.] To adorn or 
diversify with needlework or embroidery. 

Em-brbld'er-y, n. Ornamental needlework. 

Em-brbil', V. a. [Fr. embrouiller; brouiller, to mix; 
It. imbrogliare. — See Broil.] [pp. embroiling, 
embroiled.] To disturb; to confuse ; to distract : 
— to involve in trouble by discord. 

Em'bry-o, n. ; pi. Em'bry-6s. [Gr. enfipvov; ev, 
within, and fipxiov, pres. part, neuter from /3pueir, 
to swell with.] The offspring yet unformed in 
the womb : — first state of any thing. 
Em-bry-o-i-en'ic, a. Pertaining to embryogeny. 
Em-bry-Sfe-ny, «. [Gr. efifipvov, an embryo, 
and yevvdeLv, to produce.] The production and 
development of embryos; embryology. 
Em-bry-o-lo£'i-cal, a. Of or pertaining to em- 
bryology. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5. <?, 5, f, soft; p, p, 
K 19 



g\ fiord ; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 



EMBKYOLOGY 



218 



EMPYKEAN 




Emeu. 



Em-bry-ol'o-§-y, n. [Gr. ep./3pvov, an embryo, and 
Aoyos, a treatise.] The science of the formation 
of embryos. 

Em-bry-on'ic, a. Relating to or like an embryo. 

E-mend', v. a. [L. ernendare ; e, out of, and men- 
' dum, a fault.] [pp. emending, emended.] To 
correct ; to amend. 

Em-en-da' tion, n. Correction ; improvement. 

E-mend' a-to'-ry, a. Contributing emendation. 

Em'er-ald, n. [Sp. esmeralda; Gr. trjuapa-ySo? ; 
Sk'r. maraJda.] A precious stone of a green 
color: — a printing-type between minion and 
nonpareil. — 2, a. Of a bright green color. 

E-meri'e', v. n. [L. emergere; e, out, and mergere, 
to dip.] [pp. emerging, emerged.] To rise out 
of water, &c. ; to come forth ; to emanate ; to issue. 

E-mer'gence, n. The act of emerging : — issue. 

E-meVfen-cy, n. A sudden occasion; an unex- 
" pected casualty. 

E-mer'i-ent, a. Eising into view ; sudden. 

E-mer'i-tus, a. [L. for "worn out by service," 
"exempt, as a veteran ;" emerere, to win by ser- 
vice, to serve out; merere, to serve, to deserve.] 
Honorably discharged from fui'ther duty. 

E-mer'sion, n. The act of emerging ; a rising out. 

Em'e-ry, n. [Fr. emeri, formerly emeril, esmeril; 
It." smeriglio ; Gr. tr/xrjpi?. — Cf. Gr. a-juaciv, to 
smear, to wipe.] (Min.) A hard mineral, a vari- 
ety of sapphire or corundum, used in polishing. 

E-met'ic, n. [Gr. ep-eriKos; 

" eju.eeiv, to vomit (q. v.).] A 

medicine provoking vomits. 

— 2, a. Provoking vomiting. 

E'meu, n. [Port, ema, an os- 
trich, a crane. — Cf. Arab. 
na'amah, na'emah, an os- 
trich. ] A bird of Australia, 
allied to the cassowary. 

Emeute (a-nmt'), n. [Fr. ; 
emeuter, to rouse ; emu, a participle from emouvoir, 
to agitate. — See Emotion.] An uproar; a riot. 

Em'i-grant, n. One who removes out of his coun- 
try.— 2, a. Removing from one's own country. 

Em'i-grate, v. n. [L. emigrate, emigranlis, emigra- 
tum ; e, out, and migrate, to migrate (q. v.).] [pp. 
emigrating, emigrated.] To go out of one's coun- 
try to reside in another ; to change habitation. 

Em-i-gra'tion, n. The act of emigrating; going 
out from one country to another. 

Em'i-nence, \n. Loftiness; height; fame: — a 

Em'i-nen-cy, J title given to cardinals. 

Em'i-nent, a. [L. eminere, eminentis, to excel; e, 
out, and minere, to project.] High ; exalted ; 
conspicuous. 

Em'i-nent-ly, ad. Conspicuously ; highly. 

E'mir, n. [Arab, amir, a prince, — literally, a com- 
mander.] A title of dignity among Moslems. 

Em'is-sa-ry, n. [L. emissarius. — See Emit.] One 
sent on a mission ; a spy :— an outlet.— 2, a. 
Looking about ; prying. 

E-mls'sion (e-mish'un), n. [See Emit.] Act of 

" sending out: — that which is sent out: — issue. 

E-mit\ v. a. [L. emittere, emission, to send out; 

" e, out, and mittere, to send.] [pp. emitting, 
emitted.] To send forth ; to let go ; to dart. 

Em'met, n. [A.-S. semete; Ger. ameise.— See Ant.] 
An ant ; a pismire. 

E-mol'lient (e-mol'yent), a. [L. emollire, emolli- 

' entis, to soften ; e, out, and mollire, to soften ; 
mollis, soft.] Softening; relaxing; soothing. — 
2, n. A softening medicine. 

E-mol'u-ment, n. [L. emolumevtum, profit; emoliri, 

' to work out ; e, out, and moliri, to toil : root of 
L. moles, a heap.] Profit from labor or service; 
lucre; advantage; gain. 

E-mo'tion, n. [L. emovere, emolum, to move deeply ; 

' e, out,' and moverc, to move (q. v.).] A moving 
of the mind or feelings; mental excitement; 
passion ; agitation. [tion. 

E-mo'tion-al, a. Relating to or implying emo- 

E-mo'tive, a. Relating to emotion. 



Em-pale', v. a. [Fr. empaler; Fr. pal, L. pains, a 
pale (g. v.}, a stake.] [pp. empaling, empaled.] 
To fence with pales ; to enclose : — to put to 
death by fixing on a stake. 

Em-pale'ment, u. Act of empaling: — a calyx. 

Em-pan' el, v. a. [See Panel.] [ pp. empanelling, 
empanelled.] To form a jury ; to impanel. — 
2, «. A list of jurors. 

Em'per-or, w. [Fr. empereur, L. imperator, a com- 
mander; imperare, to command; parare, to ar- 
range.] The ruler of an empire; a monarch 
superior to a king. 

Em'pha-sis, n. ; pi. Em'pha-se§. [Gr. l/u^aais, 
appearance, significance ; ev, in, and 4>a<ri?, ap- 
pearance, phase (q. v.).~\ Stress or force of voice 
laid on a word or sentence. 

Em'pha-slze, v. a. [pp. emphasizing, empha- 
sized.] To place emphasis on. 

Em-phat'ic, \ a. [Gr. e/a^aTiKos.] Uttered with 

Em-phat'i-cal, J emphasis ; forcible ; strong. 

Em-phat'i_-cal-ly, ad. Strongly ; forcibly. 

Em-phy-se'ma, n. [Gr. e|u.$v<r>jM.a, inflation ; ev, 
in, and 4>vo-aeiv, to blow.] A puffy tumor : — air 
in any tissue. 

Em'pire, n. [Fr. empire; L. imperium, command. 
— See Emperor.] An extensive region governed 
by an emperor : — imperial power. 

Em-pir'ic, or Em'pi-ric, n. [Gr. e/jt,7reipuc6?, ex- 
perienced; eixneipia, experience; ev, in, and 
7reipa, a trial.] A pretended or ignorant physi- 
cian ; a quack ; a charlatan. 

Em-pir'ic, ) a. Charlatanical : — known by or 

Em-pir'i-cal, J based upon experience. 

Em-pir'i-cal-ly, ad. In an empirical manner. 

Em-pir'i-ci§m, n. Dependence on experience 
without knowledge or art ; quackery : — the doc- 
trine that we can know only the facts of experi- 
ence ; the doctrine that all knowledge is derived 
from experience. 

Em-plby', v. a. [Fr. employer; L. implicare, to 
* engage; to involve. — See Implicate.] [pp. em- 
ploying, employed.] To keep at work; to exer- 
cise ; to use ; to make use of ; to busy. — 2, n. 
[Fr. emploi.] Business; occupation; agency; 
employment; service. 

Employe (ang-plwa-ya' or em-plol-a/), n. [Fr.] 
One who is employed by another. 

Em-plb'y-ee', n. One in the employment of an- 
other ; an employe. 

Em-plby'er, n. One who employs. 

Em-plby'ment, n. Business; occupation; engage- 

" ment ; office ; service ; agency. 

Em-po'ri-um, n. [L. ; Gr. e/un-optov, a mart ; e?p> 
7ropos, a merchant, a traveller; ev, in, and 
7r6pos, a way.] L. pi. Em-po'ri-a; Eng. Em- 
po'ri-iims. A place of commerce ; a mart. 

Em-pov'er-ish, v. a. [See Impoverish.] [pp. 
empove'rishing, empoverished.l To make poor. 

Em-pow'er, v. a. [See Power.] [ pp. empowering, 

' empowered.] To authorize ; to enable. 

Em'press, n. [L. imptratrix, fern, of imperator, an 
emperor (q. v.).] The wife of an emperor ; a 
woman who governs an empire. 

Em-presse'ment (or om-pres-mon), n. [Fr. from 
s'empresser, to hasten, to press on; empresse, 
earnest.] Eagerness; ardor; zeal. 

Em-pri§e', n. A bold attempt; enterprise (q. v.) 

Emp'ti-ness (em/te-nes), n. State of being empty ; 
vacuity ; vacuum : — want of substance. 

Emp'ty (em'te), a. [A.-S. semtig ; from semta, lei- 
sure.] Void; vacant; unfurnished. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. emptying, emptied.] To evacuate; to ex- 
haust. — 3, v. n. To become empty or void. 

Em-py-e'ma, n. [Gr. e/u.7rii7}p.a ; ev, in, and 7rveiv, 
to suppurate ; niiov, pus.] Collection of purulent 
matter. 

Em-pyr'e-al, a. Formed of fire or light. 

Em-py-re'an, or Em-pyr'e-an, n. [Gr. e/onrvpo?, 
ill fire; "ev, in, "and nv'p, 'fire.] The highest 
heaven, where pure elemental fire was supposed 
to subsist. — 2, a. Empyreal. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, i, 5, fl, y, short ; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 



EMPYREUMA 



219 



ENDANGER 



Em-py.-reu'ma, n. [Gr., from epnvpeveLv, to 
burn; ev, in, and 7riip, fire.] The taste or smell 
of some burnt, oily substances. 

Em-py-reu-mat'ic, \ a. Having the smell or 

Em-py-reu-mat'i-cal, J taste of burnt oils. 

Em'u-iate", v. a. [L. semidari, semulatum, to vie ; 
senudus, vying, emulous.] [pp. emulating, emu- 
lated.] To rival ; to vie with ; to imitate. 

Em-u-la'tion, n. A desire to excel others; com- 
petition ; rivalry ; contest ; contention. 

Em'u-la-tive, a. Inclined to emulation. 

Em'u-la-tor, n. A rival ; a competitor. 

E-mul'gent, «. [L. emvlgere, emulsum, to milk out; 
muhjere, to milk (gr. v.).] Milking or draining out. 

Em'ii-lous, a. [L. mnulus.] Rivalling; desirous 
to excel. 

E-mul'sipn, n. [See Emulgent.] An oily, lubri- 
cating medicine :— a milk-like, oily mixture. 

E-munc'to-ry, n. [L. emunctorium ; emuuyere, 
emunctum, to blow the nose : allied to Mucus 
(q. v.).] An excretory gland or duct. 

En. A prefix to many English words, chiefly from 
the French, and coinciding with the Latin in: 
it is identical with em and in. Many of these 
words have two modes of spelling ; as enclose or 
inclose, endorse or indorse, enquire or inquire. 

En-a'ble, v. a. [See Able.] [pp. enabling, en- 
' abled.] To make able; to empower. 

En-act', v. a. [See Act.] [pp. enacting, enacted.] 
To perform ; to establish ; to decree. 

En-act'ment, n. The passing of a bill into a law; 
a law enacted ; a decree ; a statute. 

En-al'la-£e, n. [Gr. ev, in, and aAAacrcreii', to 

" change; aAAos, other.] (Gram.) A change of 

one mode, case, gender, person, &c, for another. 

En-am'el, v. a. [Fr. en, in, and email, It. rnnafto, 
enamel. — See Smelt.] [pp. enamelling, enam- 
elled.] To inlay; to variegate with colors. — 
2, v. n. To practise the art of enamelling. — 3, «. 
A substance used in enamelling : — a hard ex- 
terior covering of the teeth. 

En-am'el-ler, n. One who enamels. , 

En-am'el-Kng, n. Art of applying enamels. 

En-am'our, v. n. [Fr. enamourer [Antiq.], or 
winour acker. — See Amour.] [pp. enamouring, 
enamoured.] To inflame with love. 

En-cage', v. a. [See Cage.] [pp. encaging, en- 
caged.] To shut up ; to incage. 

En-camp', v. n. [See Camp.] [pp. encamping, 
encamped.] To pitch tents; to halt. — 2, v. a. 
To form an army into a camp. 

En-camp'ment, n. Act of encamping ; a camp. 

En-case , v.' a. [See Case.] [pp. encasing, en- 
" cased.] To enclose. See Incase. 

En-caus'tic, n. [Gr. eyKavariKog ; ev, in, and 
Kaieiv, to burn.] Art of painting in burnt wax, 
or on enamel, the colors being fixed by heat. — 
2, a. Burnt in, as in enamelling. 

Enceinte (ang-sant'), n. [Fr. for "girdled;" L. 
incingere, incinctum, to grdle. — See Cincture.] j 
Ground enclosed.— 2. a. Pregnant; with child. 

fin-ce-phal'ic, a. Relating to the iiead or brain. 

En-ceph'a-lon, n. [Gr. ev, in, and Ke$aA»j, the 
head.] The brain. 

En-chant', v. a. [Fr. enchanter, L. incantare, to 
6ing to, to bewitch; cantare, to chant (q. r.).] 
[pp. enchanting, enchanted.] To charm; to be- 
witch ; to fascinate ; to enrapture ; to delight. 

En-chant'er, n. One who enchants. 

En-chant'ing-ly, ad. With enchantment. 

!En-chant'ment, n. The act of enchanting; magi- 

* cal charm ;' spells; incantation; delight. 

En-chant'ress, n. A woman who enchants. 

En-chasa', v. a. [Fr. enchdsser ; chdsse, a shrine, 
a frame, a case (g. v.).] [pp. enchasing, en- 
chased.] To infix ; to adorn ; to engrave. 

En-chi-rid'i-on, n. [Gr. ev, in, and x et P) hand, — 
a diminutive word.] A manual ; a hand-book. 

En-cho'ri-al, a. [Gr. eyxioptos, native ; ev, in, 
and xuipa, a country.] Belonging to a country ; 
native; popular; common. 



En-cir'cle, v. a. [See Circle.] [pp. encircling, 
" encircled.] To surround ; to environ. 

En-clave' (or ong-klav'), ». [Fr. ; L. in, in, and 
" clavare, to fasten ; claims, a nail or key.] A 
small district enclosed within a foreign country. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. enclaving, euclaved.] To en- 
close, as in a foreign country. See Exclave. 

En-clit'ic, n. [Gr. cykAitikos ; ev, in, and aAiveiv, 
" to lean.] A particle which throws back the ac- 
cent upon the foregoing syllable. — 2, a. Relat- 
ing to enclitics ; throwing back the accent. 

En-clo§e', v. a. [See Close.] [pp. enclosing, en- 
closed. ] To environ; to encircle; to circum- 
scribe; to surround; to include; to inclose. 

En-clos'ure (en-klo'zhur), n. The act of enclos- 
" ing ; space enclosed ; "inclosure. 

En-co'mi-ast, n. A panegyrist ; a praiser. 

En-co-mi-as'tic, \a. Laudatory; panegyrical; 

En-co-mi-as'ti-cal, J eulogistic. 

En-co'mi-um, n. [L. ; Gr. eynu)p.Lov, an ode of 
" joy or praise ; ev, in, and ko>/uos, revelry.] L. 
pi. En-co'mi-a; Eng. En-co'mi-um§. Praise; 
panegyric ; eulogy. 

En-com'pass (en-kum'pas), v. a. [See Compass.] 
[pp. encompassing, encompassed.] To enclose ; 
to encircle; to surround; to environ. 

En-com'pass-ment, n. The act of encompassing. 

Encore (ahg-kor') [ong-kor', S. W. J. E. Ja. &m. ; 
jino-kor', F. R.], ad. [Fr. ; It. ancora, again, 
still; L. in hanc horum, to this hour.] Again; 
once more : — a word used to call for a repeti- 
tion. — 2, v. a. [pp. encoring, encored.] To call 
for a repetition. — 3, n. A call for a repetition. 

En-cb'un'ter, n. [Fr. enevntre ; L. in, toward, and 
" contra, against.] Battle; fight; conflict. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. encountering, encountered.] To meet; to 
attack. — 3, v. n. To engage ; to fight. 

En-cour'a£e (en-kur'aj), v. a. [Fr. encourager. — 
See Courage.] [pp. encouraging, encouraged.] 
To give courage to ; to animate ; to incite ; to 
embolden ; to cheer. 

En-cour'age-ment (en-kur'aj-ment), n. The act 
'of encouraging; countenance; support: — that 
which encourages : — courage. 

En'crin-ite, »• [Gr. ev, in, and Kplvov, a lily.] A 
stone-lily ; a crinoid. 

En-croach', v. n. [0. Fr. encrouer; Fr. accrocher; 
en, in, and croc, a hook, a crook (q. v.).] [j)p. 
encroaching, encroached.] To make invasion; 
to intrude ; to advance by stealth. 

En-croach'ing-ly, ad. By encroachment. 

^n-croach'ment, n. An unlawful intrusion ; ad- 
' vance by stealth. 

En-crust', v. a. [See Crust.] [pp. encrusting, 

" encrusted.] To cover. See Incrust. 

En-crust'ment, n. Incrustation. 

En-cum'ber', v. a. [Fr. encombrer.— See Cumber.] 
[pp. encumbering, encumbered.] To clog; to 
load ; to impede. 

En-cum'branca, n. Clog; load; impediment. 

En-cyc'li-cal [en-slk'le-kal, I. St.], u. [Gr. ey- 
(cv/cAto?, circular; ev, in, and kvk\o<;, a circle.] 
Circular; sent round. — 2, n. A circular letter. 

En-cy-clo-pse'di-a, n. [Gr. eyKVKXonaiSeia. — See 
Cyclopedia.] A complete circle of sciences ; a 
dictionary of the arts, sciences, and literature: a 
cyclopaedia. [encyclopaedia. 

En-cy-clo-ped'ic [-ped'-, 7. St.], a. Relating to an 

En-cy-clo-pe'dist, ft. One who assists in com- 
piling an encyclopaedia. 

En-cys-ta'tion, ) n. [See Cyst.] The state of be- 

En-cyst'ment, j ing enclosed in a cyst. 

En-cyst'ed, a. Enclosed in a vesicle or bag. 

End, n. '[A.-S., Dan., & Ger. ende ; Dut. einde ; 
Skr. onto, limit, end.] Conclusion ; termination ; 
period; limit; point: — final issue: — purpose; 
design.— 2, v. a. [pp. ending, ended.] To ter- 
minate ; to conclude ; to finish. — 3, v. n. To 
come to an end ; to die ; to cease. 

En-dan'|-er, v. a. [See Danger.] [pp. endanger- 
ing, endangered.] To expose to danger. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 9, 9, §•, soft; p, $3, c, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tnis. 



ENDEAK 



220 



ENGLISH 




Endless-screw. 



En-dear', v. a. [See Dear.] [pp. endearing, en- 
deared.] To make dear; to attach. 

En-dear'ing, p. a. Attractive; causing attach- 
ment, [ifestation of love. 

En-dear'ment, n. Cause of love ; affection ; man- 

?n-deav'or (en-deVur), n. [Fr. en, in, and devoir, 
duty.] Labor directed to some end; effort; at- 
tempt; essay; aim. — 2, v. n. [pp. endeavoring, 
endeavored.] To labor to a certain purpose ; to 
make an effort ; to strive ; to try. — 3, v. a. To 
attempt ; to essay. 

En-dec'a-gon, u. A figure of eleven sides. 

En-dem'jc, a. [Gr. e^jutos ; ey, in, and 677/aos, 
the people.] Peculiar to a country or place :— 
applied to diseases, plants, &c. 

End'ing, n. Conclusion; termination. 

En-dite',i>. n. [pp. enditing, endited.] See Indite. 

En'dive, n. [Fr. endive; L.inlubus; Gr. evTvfiov.] 
A plant used as a salad. 

End'less, a. Without end; perpetual. 

End'less-ly, ad. Perpetually ; without end. 

End'less-ness.jn. State of being endless. [ously. 

End'less-screw, n. A screw operating continu- 

En'do. A prefix to words 
of Greek origin, signifying 
within. 

En'do-carp, n. [Gr. evSov, 
within, and Kapnog, fruit.] 
The inner layer of the peri- 
carp of a fruit. 

En-dog'a-mous, a. Noting marriage in which the 
parties belong to the same tribe. 

En-dog'a-my, n. [Gr. evdov, within, and yojao?, 
" marriage.]' Marriage within a tribe :— opposed 
to exogamy. 

En' do-gen, n. [Gr. evSov, within, and yeveadai, 
to be produced.] (Bot.) A plaut or tree which 
grows by additions to the inside. 

En-dof'e-nous, a. Kelating to endogens : — grow- 
" ing within, or from within. 

En-dorse', v. a. [Fr. endosser ; en, in, and dos, L. 
* dorsum, the back.] [pp. endorsing, endorsed.] 
To write on the back ; to superscribe : — to ap- 
prove : — to ratify : — written both endorse and 
indorse. 

En-dorse'ment, n. Superscription : — ratification ; 
approval. 

En-dor'ser, n. One who endorses ; indorser. 

En-do-skel'e-ton, n. [Gr. ev&ov, within, and 
Skeleton."] The internal hard bony structure 
in man and other vertebrates. 

En-dos-mose', n. [Gr. evSov, within, and wcr/xo?, 
impulsion.] The inward passage of a fluid 
through a membrane. 

En-do<v\ v. a. [0. Fr. endoer, endouer. — See 
Dower.] [pp. endowing, endowed.] To fur- 
nish with funds, with riches, or with gilts; to 
endue; to invest; to enrich. 

En-dow'ment, n. The act of endowing : — any 
thing valuable be-tovved ; a gift of nature. 

En-due', v. a. [An older form of Endow ; through 
the word Indue (q. v.) it has received the influ- 
ence of L. induere, to put on, to clothe.] [pp. 
enduing, endued.] To supply with. See Indue. 

En-dur'a-ble, a. Tolerable; sufferable. 

En-dur'ance, w. Quality of enduring; duration; 
continuance : — fortitude ; patience. 

En-dure', v. a. [Fr. endurer.— See Durable.] [pp. 
enduring, endured.] To bear; to sustain; to 
support. — 2, v. n. To last ; to continue ; to re- 

^ main ; to bear. 

End' wise, ad. On end ; with one end forward. 

En'e-ma, n. ; pi. En-em'a-ta. [Gr. euep.a; em'rj/xi, 

^ I send in.] {Med.) A clyster; an injection. 

En'e-mj, n. [Fr. ennemi; L. inirnicus, hostile; in, 
not, and amicus, a friend.] One who is hostile 
to another ; a foe ; an adversary ; an opponent. 

En-er-g-et'ic, \a. Forcible; strong; active; 

En-er-g-et'i-cal, j vigorous ; powerful. 

En-er-g-et'i-cal-ly, ad. In an energetic manner. 

En'er-£ize, v. n. [pp. energizing, energized.] 



To acquire energy ; to become energetic : — to 
act with energy; to exert influence. — 2, v. a. 
To give energy to. 

En'er-g-y, n. [Gr. e^e'pyeta; ev, in, and epyov, 
work ((/. v.).] Power to operate; force; vigor; 
resolution :— strength of expression. 

E-ner'vate, v. a. [L. enervare, enervatum; e, out 
of, and nervus, a sinew, a nerve (q. v.).] [pp. 
enervating, enervated.] To deprive of force ; to 
weaken ; to render feeble ; to debilitate. 

E-ner'vate, a. Weakened ; deprived of force. 

En-er-va'tion [e-ner-va'shun, I.], n. Act of weak- 
ening : — weakness. 

En-fee'ble, v. a. [See Feeble.] [pp. enfeebling, 
enfeebled.] To weaken ; to enervate. 

En-fee'ble-ment, n. Weakness; feebleness; act 
of making feeble. 

En-feoff' (en-fef) [en-fef, S. W. E. Ja. C], v. a. 
[Law L. infeofare. — See Fief, Feud.] [pp. en- 
feoffing, enfeoffed.] To invest with possessions 
in fee ; to convey, as a fee. 

En-feoff'ment (en-fefment), «. The act of en- 
feoffing :— an instrument or deed. 

En-fi-lade', n. [Fr. ; enfiler, to thread; en, in, 
and jil, a line, a thread : L. filum, a line.] A 
line ; straight passage. — 2, v. a. [pp. enfilading, 
enfiladed.] To rake with shot. 

En-fold', v. a. [See Fold.] [pp. enfolding, en- 

' folded.] To fold; to embrace. 

En-force', v. a. [See Force.] [pp. enforcing, en- 

" forced.] To strengthen ; to urge : — to put in 
force : — to constrain ; to compel. 

En-f5rce'a-ble, a. Capable of being enforced. 

En-force'ment, n. Compulsion ; force applied. 

En-fran'chi'§e, v. a. [See Franchise.] [pp. en- 
franchising, enfranchised.] To make free ; to 
admit to the privileges of a citizen : — to liberate. 

En-fran'chi§e-ment, n. Act of enfranchising ; re- 

' lease from prison or from slavery ; emancipation. 

En-ga§"e', v. a. [Fr. engager, to pledge; gage, a 

" pledge. — See Gage.] [pp. engaging, engaged.] 
To bind by contract ; to enlist ; to induce ; to win ; 
to gain ; to employ : — to encounter. — 2, v. n. To 
conflict ; to fight ; to embark. 

En-ga£ed' (en-gajd'), p. a. Enlisted ; betrothed : 

' — feeling an interest; earnest : — encountered. 

En-gaf'ed-ness, n. Earnestness; zeal. 

En-ga|e'ment, n. Act of engaging; promise; 

' contract :— employment :— conflict ; battle. 

En-gai-'ing, p. a. Attaching; attractive. 

En-Jen'der, v. a. [Fr. enqendrer ; L. ingenerare, to 

' produce". — See Gender.] [pp. engendering, en- 
gendered.] To beget; to produce; to form. — 
2, v. n. To copulate ; to unite. 

En' fine (en'jjn), n. [Fr. engin ; L. ingenium, wit, 
genius ; also, a device, a machine. — See Ingen- 
ious.] A mechanical instrument of complicated 
parts ; a machine : — an agent. 

En-g4-neer', n. [Fr. ingenietir.] One who con- 
striicts or manages engines; one who plans 
machines, canals, railroads, &c. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
engineering, engineered.] To lay out and super- 
intend the construction of; to act as engineer 
of or for :— to conduct with skill and ingenuity; 
to pilot. 

En-gi-neer'ing, n. [Fr. genie, genius, skill, — also 
engineering.] The business of an engineer; 
art of managing engines : — the construction of 
bridges, railroads, canals, etc. 

En'gine-ry, n. Engines ; artillery ; machinery. 

En-fi'rd'. v. a. [See Gird.] [i. engirt or engirded; 

' pp. engirding, engirt or engirded.] To encircle ; 
to surround ; to gird. 

Eng'lish (ing'glish), a. [A.-S. JEnglisc,_ named 
from the Angli, or people of Angeln, a district in 
Holstein. Angeln (L. Angulus) was possibly 
named from its angular shape. — See Angle.] 
Kelating to England. — 2, n. The language of 
England. — pi. The people of England. — 3, v. a. 
[pp. Englishing, Englished.] To translate into 
English. 



a, e, 1, 0, u, y, 



a, e, 1, 0, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fSst, fall; heir, her; 



EXGOEGE 



221 



ENTAIL 



En-gbrgV, v. a. [See Gorge.] [pp. engorging, 
' engorged.] To swallow; to gorge. — 2, v. n. To 
feed with eagerness. 

En-graft', v. a. [See Graft.] [pp. engrafting, 
* engrafted.] To ingraft. See Ingraft. 

En-grave', v. a. [Fr. engraver; Ger. graben, to 

" cut, to dig, to grave (q. v.).] [i. engraved; pp. 

engraving, engraved or engraven.] To picture 

by incisions; to mark or cut metal, wood, or 

stone: — to impress; to imprint. 

En-grav'er, n. One who engraves. 

En-grav'ing, n. Art or work of an engraver. 

En-gross', v. a. [Fr. en gros, in the gross (g. ».)•] 
[pp. engrossing, engrossed.] To seize in the 
gross : — to monopolize ; to forestall ; to buy up 
in large quantities : — to occupy wholly : — to copy 
in a large hand. 

En-grbss'ment. n. Act of engrossing : — exorbi- 
tant acquisition : — the state of being engrossed. 

En-gulf, v. a. [See Gulf.] [pp. engulfing, eu- 
gnlfed.] To absorb. See Ingulf. 

En-hance', r. a. & v. n. [0. Prov. enaasar, to ad- 
" vance ; enans, before ; from L. in ante, forward.] 
[pp. enhancing, enhanced.] To raise; to ad- 
vance : — to heighten in price : — to aggravate. 

En-hance'ment.^. Increase; aggravation. 

E-nig'ma, n. ; pi. E-nig'mas. [Gr. aiviytxa, alviy- 
fiaTo;, a riddle; alvos, a tale.] A proposition 
put in ambiguous terms, so as to exercise the 
ingenuity in discovering the meaning; a riddle. 

E-nig-mat'ic, la. Partaking of the nature of 

E-njg-mat'i-cal, J an enigma; ambiguous; ob- 

E-nig-mat'i-cal-ly, ad. Obscurely. [scure. 

En-join', v. a. [Ft. enjoindre ; L. injnngere, to 
"join to or upon, to charge. — See Join. Enjoin, 
in the sense of to restrain, is a legal word, 
and is commonly followed by from, which sup- 
plies the negative element in its meaning.] 
[pp. enjoining, enjoined. 1 To direct earnestly ; 
to urge ; to prescribe : — to prohibit or restrain. 

En-jbin'er, n. One who gives injunctions. 

^n-jby'.V. a. [See Joy.] [pp. enjoying, enjoyed,] 
Tu have or obtain possession or fruition of: — to 
delight in ; to exhilarate. 

En-jby'a-ble, a. Capable of being enjoyed. 

^n-jby'ment, n. Gratification; fruition. 

En-kin'dle. v. a. [See Kindle.] [pp. enkindling, 
enkindled.] To set on fire; to inflame. 

En-large', v. a. [0. Fr. enlarger. — See Large.] 

' ipP- enlarging, enlarged.] To make greater; 
to increase; to extend ; to dilate ; to amplify : — 
to set free. — 2, v. n. To expatiate ; to be diffuse : 
— to grow larger. 

En-large'ment, u. The act of enlarging; in- 

" crease; expansion; amplification: — release. 

En-llght'en (en-ll'tn), o. a. [A.-S. Million.— See 
Lighten.] [pp. enlightening, enlightened.] To 
illuminate; to light : — to instruct: — to cheer. 

En-light'en-er (en-li'tn-er), n. An illuminator. 

?n-llght'en-ment (en-li'tn-ment), n, Instruc- 
tion; culture; civilization; intelligence. 

En-list', v. a. [See List.] [pp. enlisting, enlisted.] 
To enroll, as for military service; to engage; to 
record; to register. — 2, v. n. To enroll one's self. 

En-tfst'ment, ». The act of enlisting. 

^n-lJ'ven'(en-lI'vn), v. a. [See Life.] [pp. en- 
livening, enlivened.] To make alive, active, 

_ gay, or sprightly; to animate; to exhilarate. 

En'mi-ty, n. [Fr. inimihe; 0. Ft. enamistiet; L. 
in negative, and amicitia, friendship.] State of 
being an enemy ; animosity ; malevolence ; 
hatred; hostility. 

En-ne'a-g5n, or En'ne-a-gon, v. [Gr. ewea, nine, 
and ywvia, an angle".] ' A figure of nine sides or 
nine angles. 

En-no'ble, v. a. [Fr. ennoblir.— See Noble.] [pp. 
ennobling, ennobled.] To make noble ; to dignify. 

Ennui (on-nwe'), n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr anoi. — See Annoy.] 
Wearisomenoss ; lassitude; listlessness ; disgust. 

Ennuye (on-nwe-a'), p. a. ; fem. Ennuyee (on- 
nwe-a'). [Fr.] Affected with ennui ; languid 



from lack of interest or object. — 2, n. One 
affected with ennui. [crime ; atrocity. 

E-nbr'mi-ty, n. Excessiveness : — an atrocious 

E-nbr'mous, a. [L. enormia; e, out of, and norma, 
a rule.] " Excessive ; prodigious : — bad. 

E-nbr'mous-ly, ad. Beyond measure. 

E-noGgh' (e-niif), a. [A.-S. genoh, genog ; Goth. 
ganohs; Gei\ gemtg.] Sufficient; satisfying. — 
2, a. A sufficiency; plenty. — 3, ad. In a suffi- 
cient degree ; sufficiently. 

En-quire', v. a. & v. n. [Fr. enquerir; L. inquirere; 
' in, into, and quserere, to seek.] [pp. enquiring, 
enq'uired.] To ask ; to search ; to examine ; to 
inquire. See Inquire. 

En-quir'er, n. One who enquires ; inquirer. 

En-quir'y, v. Act of enquiring; examination; 
" inquiry. See Inquiry. 

En-rage', w. a. [Fr. enrager. — See Eage.] [pp. 
' enraging, enraged.] To irritate ; to make furious. 

En-rapt'ure (en-rapt'yur), v. a. [See Eapture.] 
[pp. enrapturing, enraptured.] To transport 
with pleasure; to delight; to enchant. 

En-rich', v. a. [Fr. enrichir. — See Rich.] [pp. 
' enriching, enriched.] To make rich ; to fertilize. 

En-rich'ment, n. The act of making rich : — that 
which makes richer. 

En-roll', v. a. [Fr. enroler.— See Roll.] [pp. en- 
' rolling, enrolled.] To register ; to record. 

En-rol'ment, n. A register; a record : — act of en- 

" rolling :' — the state of being enrolled. 

Ens, n. [L.] Any being; existence; essence. 

En-sam'ple, n. [O. Fr. — See Example.] An ex- 

" ample; a pattern. 

En-san'guine (eu-sang'gwjn), v. a. [See San- 

' guine.] '[pp. ensanguining, ensanguined.] To 
smear with gore ; to suffuse with blood. 

En-sconce', v. a. [See Sconce.] [pp. ensconcing, 

' ensconced.] To cover, as with a fort; to place 
under a shelter; to secure. 

Ensemble (au-sam'bl), ». [Fr. ; L. insimid, at the 
same time; simid, at once.] The whole; a rela- 
tive proportion of parts to the whole. 

En-shrine', v. a. [See Shrine.] [pp. enshrining, 
enshrined.] To preserve as sacred ; to put iu a 
shrine. 

En-shrbud', r. a. [See Shroud.] [pp. enshrouding, 
enshrouded.] To wrap or cover, as with a shroud. 

En'si-fbrm, a. [L. ensts, a sword, and forma, form.] 
Shaped like a sword. 

En'sign (en'sin) [en'sln or en'sin, H.], n. [Fr. 
enseigne, a sign, a standard ; L. insigne. — See In- 
signia.] An officer, subordinate to a lieutenant, 
who carries an ensign or flag: — a flag or stand- 
ard of a ship or regiment ; a banner. 

En'sign-cy. (en'sin-se), n. The office of an ensijrn. 

En'si-la£e, rt. [Fr. silage or ensilage; en, in, and 
silo, a' pit; L. sinis, Gr. tripo?, a pit.] A mode 
of preserving vegetables, as green corn, sugar- 
cane, and other fodder plants, by burying them 
in a silo, or trench : — fodder thus preserved. 

En-slave', v. a. [See Slave.] [pp. enslaving, 

' enslaved.] To reduce to slavery. 

En-slave'ment, n. Act of enslaving; bondage. 

En-snare', v. a. [See Snare.] [pp. ensnaring, 

' ensnared.] To entrap; to insnare. 

En-sue' (en-su'), r. «. [0. Fr. etuwr, ensuer; Fr. 
ensnirre; L. mseqvx; Late L. insequere ; L. tn, 
upon, and sequi, to follow.] [pp. ensuing, en- 
sued.] To follow ; to succeed. — 2, v. a. To follow. 

En-sure' (en-shur / ), v. a. [See Insure.] [pp. 
ensuring, ensured.] To make certain or secure ; 
to secure ; to insure. 

En-tab'la-ture, n. [0. Fr. ; Fr. entablement; L. in,- 
upon, and tabulation, flooring; tabula, a table 
(q. ».).] (Arch.) The architrave, frieze, and 
cornice of a column or pillar. 

En-tail', n. [Fr. entailler, to cut into; laiUer, to 

' cut, to tally (q. v.) : in the legal sense it means 
to cut into, in the sense of to limit, to abridge.] 
(Laic.) An estate entailed or limited with regard 
to the rule of its descent : — the rule or practice 



mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 9, c, §, soft; p, 0, p, §, hard ; s as z ; ? as gz ; 

19* 



tnis. 



ENTAILMENT 



222 



ENVIABLE 



of entailing : — the condition of being entailed. — 
2, v. a. [pp. entailing, entailed.] To settle the 
descent of an estate so that it cannot be be- 
queathed at pleasure. 

En-tail'ment, n. The act of entailing. 

?n-tan'gle (en-tang'gl), v. a. [See Tangle.] [pp. 
entangling, entangled.] To iuwrap; to twist; 
to confuse ; to involve ; to embarrass. 

En-tan'gle-ment, n. Involution; perplexity: — 

" that with which one is entangled. 

En-tan'gling, p. a. Involving; perplexing. 

En'ter, v. a. [Fr. entrer ; L. intrare, to enter; 
nearly identical in meaning, though only in 
part from the same roots, with introire, to go 
into; intro, inward.] [pp. entering, entered.] 
To go into; to initiate : — to set down; to regis- 
ter: — to report at the custom-house. — 2, v. n. 
To come in ; to go in ; to penetrate. 

En-ter'ic, a. [Gr. evrepiKo?; ivrepov, an intestine; 
ei/To?,' within.] Pertaining to the bowels. 

En-te-ri'tis, u. [Neo-Latin ; Gr. ivrepov, an in- 
testine.] Inflammation of the bowels. 

En-ter-o-zo'a, n. pi. [Gr. ivrepov, an intestine, 
and £doov, pi. £o>a, an animal.] A general name 
for parasites infesting the intestines of animals. 

En'ter-prlse, n. [Fr. entreprise, formerly enlre- 
priiise ; entreprendre, part, eidrepris, to undertake; 
L. inter, within, among, and premiere, for pre- 
hendere, to take hold of; obs. hendere, to get.] 
An undertaking of importance or hazard ; an 
adventure; an attempt: — business activity. — 
2, v. a. [pp. enterprising, enterprised.] To un- 
dertake ; to essay. 

En'ter-prl§-ing, a. Having enterprise ; bold. 

En-ter-tain', v. a. [Fr. entretenir; L. intertenere; 
inter, among, and tenere, to hold.] [pp. enter- 
taining, entertained.] To talk with : — to treat at 
the table : — to receive hospitably ; to lodge : — to 
keep ; to cherish : — to amuse; to divert ; to please. 

En-ter-tain'er, n. One who entertains. 

En-ter-tain'ing, a. Amusing; diverting. 

En-ter-tain' inent, n. Act of entertaining : — a 
treat ; & feast: — amusement ; diversion. 

En-thrall', v. a. [See Thrall.] [pp. enthralling, 
enthralled.] To bring into thraldom ; to hold 
captive ; to interest intensely. 

En-thral'ment, \ n. The act of enthralling, or 

^n-thrall'ment, j state of being enthralled. 

En-throne', v. a. [Gr. iv6povi£eiv ; iv, on, and 

* 6p6vo<>, a throne (q. v.).] [pp. enthroning, en- 
throned.] To place on a throne. 

En-throne'ment, or En-thro-ni-za'tion, n. The 

" act of enthroning of placing on a throne. 

En-thu'si-asm, n. [Gr. ev6ov<TLacrp.6<; ; evOovcria- 
£eiv, to be inspired; ivOovs, ev6eo<;, inspired; iv, 
in, and 6e6<;, a god.] Heat of imagination ; ele- 
vation of fancy; ardor of mind: — ardent zeal; 
fanaticism. 

En-thu'si-ast, n. [Gr. evflovo-iaorij?.] One pos- 
sessed of enthusiasm : — a visionary ; a zealot ; a 
fanatic. [ardent 

En-thu-si-as'tic, a. Having enthusiasm ; zealous ; 

En-thu-§i-as'ti-cal-ly, ad. With enthusiasm. 

En'thy-meme, n. [Gr. iv6vp.t]p.a; ivOvfxtlcrOaL, 
to keep in mind; iv, in and 0vfj.6<>, mind.] 
(Logic.) A syllogism of which one of the prem- 
ises is understood, or not actually expressed. 

En-tlce', v. a. [0. Fr. enticer.— Of. Fr. altiser, to 

" stir up ; L. titio, a firebrand ; Breton atiza, to in- 
cite. But in 0. E. tice is not uncommon for 
entice: this suggests tease, to pull, to draw, as 
wool.] [pp. enticing, enticed.] To allure to ill ; 
to tempt ; to seduce ; to attract. 

En-tlce'ment, n. The act of enticing; allure- 
ment : — that which allures. 

En-tic'ing, p. a. Alluring to ill ; attractive. 

En-tlc'ing-lE, ad. In an enticing manner. 

En-tire', a. [Fr. entier ; It. intero ; L. integer, whole ; 

" in, not, and tangere, to touch.] Whole ; undi- 
vided ; complete. 

En-tire'lx, o.d. In the whole: completely. 



En-tire'ness, n. Totality; completeness. 

En-tire'tjj, n. Completeness ; wholeness. 

En-ti'tle, v. a. [Fr. intituler.—See Title.] [pp. 
entitling, entitled.] To prefix a title to ; to give 

^ a title or a right to :— to superscribe ; to style. 

En'ti-ty, n. [L. ens, ertlis, pres. part, of esse, to 
be.] Something which is; real being. 

En'to. A prefix to words of Greek origin, signi- 
fying the inner side or inside, tviOtiu. 

En-tomb' (en-tom'), v. a. [See Tomb.] [pp. en- 
tombing, entombed.] To put into a tomb. 

£n-to-mo-16g'i-cal, a. Relating to entomology. 

En-to-mol'o-gist, v. One versed in entomology. 

En-to-mol'o-gy, n. [Gr. eVro/uoi/, an insect (q. v.), 
and Aoyos, a treatise.] That part of zoology or 
natural history which treats of insects. 

En-tour' age (en-tor'jj), n. [Fr. for "enclosure."] 
Enclosure ; environs. 

En'trail§ (en'triilz), n. pi. [Fr. entrailles; Late L. 
intralia; L. intranens or interaneus, inward, in- 
ner; interanea, entrails.] Intestines; bowels. 

En' trance, n. [See Enter.] The act of entering; 
passage for entering; avenue; entry. 

En-trance', v. a. [See Trance.] [pp. entranc- 

* ing, entranced.] To put into a trance ; to charm. 

En'trant, n. [Fr.] One who enters. 

En-trap', v. a. [See Trap.] [pp. entrapping, en- 
trapped.] To ensnare ; to catch in a trap. 

En-treat', v. a. & v. n. [0. Fr. entraiter. — See 
Treat.] [pp. entreating, entreated.] To beg 
earnestly; to importune. 

En-trea'tx (en-tre'te), n. Petition ; prayer. 

Entree (ang-tra'), }/. [Fr.] Entrance :— a side-dish. 

Entremets (Jing'tre-ma,'), w. sing. & pi. [Fr. entre, 
between, and mets (pi. rnets), a mess (q. v.), a 
course at table.] A side-dish : — dainties or small 
dishes. 

Entrepot (ang'tre-po r ), n. [Fr. ; L. interpositurn, 
from interponere, to place between ; inter, be- 
tween, and ponere, to place.] A magazine; a 
warehouse for depositing goods. [as Intrust. 

En-trust', v. a. [pp. entrusting, entrusted.] Same 

En' try, n. [Fr. entree. — See ENTtR.] A passage; 
entrance ; ingress : — a written memorandum. 

En-twine', v. a. & v. n. [See Twine.] [pp. en- 
' twining, entwined.] To intwine. 

E-nu'cle-ate, v. a. [L. emicleare, enucleatum, to 
' take out the kernel ; nucleus, a kernel ; nux, a 
nut.] [pp. enucleating, enucleated.] To solve ; 
to disentangle : — to remove piecemeal. 

E-nu'mer-ate, v. a. [L. enumerare, enumeratum, 
' to reckon ; e, out, and numerare, to count; nu- 
merus, number (q. v.).] [pp. enumerating, enu- 
merated.] To reckon up singly; to count; to 
number ; to compute ; to tell. 

E-nii-mer-a'tion, n. The act of numbering. 

E-nii'mer-a-tive, «. Beckoning up. 

E-nun'ci-ate (e-nun'she-at), v. a. [L. enuntiare, 
enuntiatum, to utter; e, out, and nuntiare, to pi"o- 
claim; nunlius, a messenger.] [pp. enunciating, 
enunciated.] To declare; to proclaim; to ex- 
press ; to announce ; to utter. 

E-nun-ci-a'tion (e-nun-she-a'shun), n. Declara- 
" tion; expression; manner of utterance. 

E-nun'ci-a-tive, «. Declarative. 

E-nun'ci-a-to-ry, a. Giving utterance. 

E-nure\V. n' [pp- enuring, enured.] (Law.) To 
' inure. See Inure. 

En-vel'op (en-vel'up), v. a. [Fr. envelopper ; It. 
invilup'pare ; Anglo-Fr. voluper, to fold; Walloon 
veloper, to wind ; Eng lap and wrap.] [pp. en- 
veloping, enveloped.] To cover with a wrapper ; 
toinwrap; to surround; to line. — 2, n. A wrap- 
per. — This is the English form of envelope. 

Envelope (a'ng-ve-lop' or en've )op), n. [Fr.] A 
wrapper ; an outward case. 

En-vel'op-ment, n. The act of enveloping; en- 

' tanglement : — a wrapping; a wrapper. 

En-ven'om, v. a. [See Venom.] [^.envenoming, 
envenomed.] To poison ; to enrage. 

En'vi-a-ble, a. That may excite envy ; desirable. 



a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a., e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



ENVIABLY 



223 



EPISCOPATE 



En'vi-a-bly, ad. In an enviable manner. 

En'vi-ous, a. Pained by another's prosperity; 
full of envy; malicious ; jealous; invidious. 

iSn'vi-ous-lx. ad. With envy or malignity. 

En-vi'ron, v. a. [Fr. environner, to encompass; 
environ, about; virer, to turn, to veer (q. v.).] 
[ pp. environing, environed.] To surround ; to 
encompass. 

En-vl'ron-ment, n. State of being environed or 
surrounded : — surrounding circumstances. 

En-vi'rons, or En'vi-rons [on-ve-ronz', S. J. E.], 
' n. pi. ' Places adjacent; neighborhood. 

En'voy, n. [Fr. envoi, a message; envoye, a mes- 
senger ; envoyer, to send ; L. iude, thence, and 
viare, to journey; via, a road.] A special public 
minister sent from one power to another; an 
ambassador : — the end of a ballad or other poem. 

En'vy, v. a. [Fr. envier, to envy; envie, envy; L. 
inridia, envy; invidus, envious: invidere, to envy, 
— literally, to look upon (with evil eye); in, 
upon, and videre, to look.] [pp. envying, en- 
vied.] To hate or dislike another for excellence 
or happiness; to grieve at; to grudge. — 2, ». 
Pain or vexation at another's good or pros- 
perity; ill-will; grudge; malice; spite. 

En-wrap' (en-rap'j, v. re. [See Wrap.] [pp. en- 
wrapping,' en wrapped.] To cover. See In wrap. 

E'o-cene, a. [Gr. ijuj?, dawn, and /cai^os, recent : 
the beginning of recent geological times.] {Geol.) 
Noting the first of the subdivisions into which 
the tertiary period of the earth is divided by 
geologists. 

E-o'li-an, or E-ol'ic, a. See 2Eolian, or iEoLic. 

E-ol'i-pile, n. [See ^Eolipyle.] A hollow ball 
of metal, with a pipe, to show the elastic power 
of steam. 

E'on, ». [See Mas.] A virtue, attribute, or per- 
fection existing throughout eternity :— in the 
metaphysics of Plato, an eternal attribute : — an 
won. 

E'o-sine (or e'o-sin), n. [Gr. 17015, dawn.] A rose- 
red dye-stuff. 

E'pact, n. [Gr. endyeiv, to bring to; enaKTos, 
added; em, to, and dyeiv, to lead.] The excess 
of the solar month above the lunar, and of the 
solar year above the lunar. 

Ep'arch, n. [Gr. e7rapx<>s ; eni, over, and dp\v, 

^ authority.] A governor of a Grecian province. 

Ep'arph-y., u. A province under an eparch. 

E-paule'ment, n. [Fr. ipaulement; ipavXe, a shoul- 
der.— See' Epaulet.] (Fort.) A side-work made 
of earth, gabions, &a 

Ep'au-let, n. [Fr. ipaulette, dim. of Cpaule, a 
shoulder; L. spatula, a blade, Later L. for a 
shoulder-blade; from Gr. a-nde-q, a blade.— See 
Spade.] A shoulder-knot, an ornamental mili- 
tary badge. 

E'phah, n. [Heb. — Cf. Egyptian epi, Coptic oipi, 
a measure; op, to count.] A Hebrew measure 
of about nine gallons. 

E-phem'e-ra, ». [L. ; Gr. e^y/.uepos, lasting a day; 
eni, for, and rj/utpa, a day.] (Med.) A fever that 
terminates in one day.— (Eat) An insect that 
lives only one day; the day-fly. 

E-phem'e-ral, a. Diurnal ; beginning and end- 
ing in a day; short-lived. 

E-phem'e-ris, n. ; pi. Eph-e-mer'i-des. [Gr. e<pri- 
p.epis ; ripipa, a day.] A 'journal :— * calendar: 
— an account of the daily motions and situa- 
tions of the planets. 

Eph'od [ef'od or e'fod, W. H.], n. [Heb., from 
oph.nl, to clothe.] An ornamental part of the 

^ dress worn by the Jewish priests. 

£p'i. [Gr. en-i; root of Skr. api, moreover, near; 
apt, away; L. ob, to, ab, from; Gr. and, away 
from ; Eng. of and off.] A Greek preposition 
used as a prefix, signifying on, upon, above, to- 
ward, addition. 

Ep'ic, a. [Gr. en-ixo?; en-o?, a song. — See Epos.] 
Narrative ; heroic : — applied to poetry.— 2, n. 
An epic, heroic, or narrative poem. 



Ep'i-carp, n. [Gr. eni, on, and Kapnos, fruit.] The 
outer portion of a fruit. 

Ep'i-cene, a. [Gr. eniKO(.vo<; ; eni, to, and koivos, 
common.] Common to both sexes; of both 
kinds : — applied to Latin nouns. 

Ep'i-cure, n. [From Epicurus, the Greek founder 
of a philosophy which made happiness the chief 
aim of life: his name signifies assistant.] One 
given to luxury ; a voluptuary ; a sensualist : — 
one devoted to the pleasures of the table. 

Ep-i-cu-re'an, n. One of the sect of Epicurus; a 
voluptuary. — 2, a. Belonging to Epicurus; de- 
voted to pleasure ; luxurious. 

Ep-i-cu-re'an-ism, or Ep-i-cii're-an-ism, n. The 
doctrine of Epicurus : — luxurious living. 

Ep'i-cu-rism, n. Luxury; voluptuousness. 

Ep'i-cy-cle, n. [Gr. iniKVK\os ; eni, upon, and 
kukAo?, a circle.] A little circle or curve moving 
upon the circumference of a greater circle. 

Ep-i-cy'cloid, n. A species of curve line. 

Ep-i-dem'ic, n- [Gr. emS-qpos ; eni, upon, and 
Stj/xos, the people.] A disease that attacks many 
persons at the same time. 

Ep-i-dem'ic, la. Generally prevailing; gen- 

Ep-i-dem't-cal, ) eral ; affecting great numbers, 
as the plague ; pandemic. See Contagious. 

Ep'i-derm, ». Same as Epidermis. 

Ep-i-der'mis, n. [Gr. em.8epfj.is; hrC, upon, and 
Seppa, the sskin.] (Anat.) The cuticle or scarf- 
skin of the body of man, &c. : — exterior bark. 

Ep'i-dote. n. [Gr. eni, upon, and 8i66va.t, to give; 
referring to a frequent enlargement of the base 
of the minor or constituent crystals.] (Mia.) A 
species of mineral. 

Ep-i-gas'tric, a. [Gr. eniydo-Tpios ; eni, over, and 
yao-r-qp, the belly.] Pert lining to the region of 
the stomach. 

Ep-i-glot'tis, »>. [Gr. eni, upon, and yAujttis, the 
glottis. — Of. yXuiaa-a, yKdirra, the tongue.] A 
cartilage of the larynx. 

Ep'i-gram, n. [Gr. eniypapp.a ; eni, upon, and 
ypdppa, a writing; ypd<f>eiv, to write.] A short 
poem ending in a point or turn of wit ; a pointed 
couplet or stanza. 

Ep-i-gram-mat'ic, ) a. Dealing in or like epi- 

£p-i-gram-ma.t'i cal, J grams ; pointed. 

Ep-i-gram'ma-tlst, n. A writer of epigrams. 

Ep'i-graph. u. [See Epigram.] An inscription 
on a building, statue, etc. ; a title. 

E-pIg'ra-phy, n. The art or practice of engraving 
inscriptions, as on rocks. 

Ep'i-lep-sy, n. [Gr. eniKrpf/ia ; eni, upon, and 
\ap.j3dveii', to seize.] A disease of the brain at- 

^ tended by convulsive stupor; falling-sickness. 

Ep-i-lep'tic, \a. [Gr. em.AenTLK6<;.] Relating 

£p-i-lep't|-cal, j to epilepsy ; convulsed. 

Ep-i-lep'ti-form, a. Resembling epilepsy. 

Ep-i-lep'tbid, a. Resembling or akin to epilepsy. 

Ep'i-logue (ep'e-liig), n. [Gr. eniXoyos ; eni, 
after, and Aoyos, a discourse.] A poem or speech 
addressed to spectators at the end of a play. 

E-pIph'a-ny. n. [Gr. enupdvia, manifestation : 
eni, upon, to, and <}>aivei.v, to show.] A festival 
in commemoration of Christ's being manifested 
to the world by a star, being the twelfth day 
after Christmas. 

Ep'i-phyte, n. [Gr. eni, upon, and <£utoV, a plant ; 
<pveiv, to grow.] An air-plant: — a vegetable 
parasite. 

E-pis'co-pa-cy, n. Church government by bish- 
ops, recognizing three orders of clergy,' — viz., 
bishops, priests, and deacons. 

E-pis' co-pal, a. [L. episcopali.* ; episcopns, Gr. 
e7n.'cnco7ro5, a bishop (q. v.).] Relating to episco- 
pacy; vested in a bishop; episcopalian. 
E-pis-co-pa'li-an, a. Relating to episcopacy. — 

2, n. An adherent to episcopacy. 
E-pis-co-pa'li-an-ism, n. Doctrine of episcopa- 
lians. 
E-pis'co-pate, n. [L. episcopalus.] The office of 
a bishop; bishops collectively. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, $, c, §, soft; p, p, e , g, hard; §asz; ? as gz ; this. 



EPISODE 



224 



EQUIPOLLENCE 



Ep'i-sode, n. [Gr. e7rei'cro6"os, an additional coming 
in; eiri, upon, over, and eicroSog, entrance; ets, 
into, and 6665, a way.] Incidental narrative; 
digression. 

Ep-i-sod'ic, "I a. Relating to, or contained in, 

Ep-i-sod'i-cal, j an episode; digressing. 

Ep-is-tax'is, n. [Gr. ; eiri, upon, and <rra£€ii>, to 
drop.] A bleeding from the nose. 

E-pis'tle (e-pis'sl), n. [L. epislola; Gr. int.(TTo\rj ; 
em', upon, and o-TeAAeii>, to send.] A writing 
sent ; a letter. 

E-pIs'to-la-ry, a. Relating to epistles. 

Ep i-taph, n. [Gr. kirna^nov ; eiri, on, and rectos, 
a tomb.] An inscription on a tombstone. 

Ep-i-tha-la'mi-um, n. [L. ; Gr. eiriQa\dp.t.ov, nup- 
tial (song) ; eiri, on, for, and da.kap.os, a chamber, 
a bride-chamber.] A nuptial song. 

Ep-i-the'li-al, a. Characterized by, or belonging 
to", epithelium. 

Ep-i-the'li-um, n. [L. ; Gr. eiri, upon, and tfrjAry, 
0. Ger. tila, a nipple ; the name was at first 
given to the loose cuticle of the nipples.] The 
lining membrane of the mucous surfaces; the 
material of which that membrane is composed. 

Ep'i-thet, n. [Gr. eirtOerov, something added ; eiri, 
on, and Tiflijjou, I place.] An adjective or word 
denoting any quality, good or bad ; a term ; a title. 

E-pit'o-me, u. [Gr. for "an abridgment;" eiri, 
' upon, arid re/avetv, stem rop.-, to cut; to/iaij, a 
cutting.] An abridgment ; a compendium. 

E-pit'o-mist, \ n. One who epitomizes ; an 

E-pit'o-miz-er, J abridger. 

^I-pit'o-mlzei v. a. [pp. epitomizing, epitomized.] 
To abridge ; to reduce. 

Ep-i-zo'an, n. A parasitic animal. 

Ep-i-zo'on, n. ; pi. Ep-i-zo'a. [Gr. eiri, upon, and 
£<*>ov, an animal.] A general name for animals 
infesting the surface of the bodies of other ani- 
mals ; an ectozobn. [ing among animals. 

Ep-i-zo-ot'ic, a - Parasitic on animals :— prevail- 

Ep-i-zo'o-ty, n. [Gr. eiti, upon, and £1007-19?, ani- 
mal nature; £cuov, an animal.] A disease pre- 
vailing among animals. 

Ep'oph, or E'poph, n. [Gr. eVo^*?, a check, a 
pause, a point of time ; eirex* 11 ', to check ; eiri, 
on, and e'xeiv, to hold.] A remarkable period 
of time ; an era ; dale. 

Ep'o-pha, n. [L.] The same as epoch. 

Ep'ode, n. [L. epodos ; Gr. e7ro>66s ; eiri, upon, 
and aeiSeiv, to sing. — See Ode.] The stanza fol- 
lowing the strophe and antistrophe : — an addi- 
tional ode. 

Ep'o-nyme, n. [Gr. eiri, upon, to, for, and bvopa, 
bvvp.a, a name.] The hypothetical person from 
whom a race, a kingdom, or a city is supposed to 
have taken its name : — the name so derived : — 
surname; an additional name. 

Ep-o-nym'ic, "I a. Giving, or supposed to give, 

E-pon'y-mous, j name to a country or people. 

^-pon'y-mist. n. A person who gives bis name 
to a country, a race, or a dynasty ; an eponyme. 

£p-c-pee', n. [Fr. epopee; Gr. en-o7rou'a, the 
making of an epic, epic poetry ; eiros, an epos 
((]. v.), and iroieiv, to make.— See Poet.] An 
epic or heroic poem : — a series of fine exploits. 

Ep'opt [e'popt, L], n. [Gr. eTrorrTr)?, a spectator, 
ari initiate, an overseer ; eiri, over, and root ott-, 
07rr-, associated with opdeiv, to see. — See Optic] 
An initiated person :— one admitted to view the 
secrets of the greater mysteries or religious 
ceremonies of the Greeks. 

Ep'os, n. [Gr., a word, a saying, a song, poetry, 
epic poetry.] An epic poem: — the story con- 
tained in an epic. 

fip'som, a. Noting a species of purgative salts, 
found in Epsom, England. 

E-qua-bil'i-ty, n. Evenness; uniformity. 

E'qua-ble [ek'wa-bl, Sm. St.], a. [L. sequnbilis. — 
See' Equal.] Equal to itself; even ; uniform in 
all parts; equal; steady. 

E'qua-bly, ad. Uniformly; evenly; steadily. 



E'qual, a. [L. sequalis, equal; sequus, just. — Cf. 
Skr. eka, one.] Like another; even: uniform. 
— 2, n. One of the sume age, rank, or merit. — 
3, /;. a. [pp. equalling, equalled.] To make 
equal ; to be equal to. 

E-qual'j-ty (e-kwol'e-te), n. State of being equal ; 
likeness ; uniformity. 

E-qual-i-za'tion, u. The act of equalizing. 

E'qual-ize, v. a. [pp. equalizing, equalized.] To 
make even or equal. 

E'qual-ly, ad. In the same degree; uniformly. 

E-quan'gu-lar, a. See Equiangular. 

E-qua-nlm'i-ty, n. [L. sequaniniilus, evenness of 
mirid; eequanlmis, mild-tempered; sequus, even, 
and animus, mind.] Evenness of mind ; com- 
posure ; mental firmness; evenness of spirits. 

E-quate', v. a. [L. square, sequatum, to make 
equal (q. ?>.).] [pp. equating, equated.] To 
make equal ; to reduce to a common standard of 
comparison. 

E-qua'tion, n. [L. sequatio. — See Equate.] The act 

" of bringing things to an equality ; same quantity 
expressed differently ; an expression of equality. 

E-qua'tor, n. [L., one who makes equal.] A 

" great 'circle (equidistant from the two poles) 
which divides the earth into two equal parts, 
the northern and southern hemispheres: — a 
great circle of the celestial sphere. 

E-qua-to'ri-al, a. Pertaining to the equator. — 
2, n. A telescope mounted for the continuous 
observation of any star. 

Eq'uer-ry (ek'we-re), 11. [Fr. ecurie, a stable; 
Late L. scwia, 0. Ger. scura, skiura, schiure, a 
shed, a stable; Ger. schauer, a shelter: not re- 
lated to L. equus, a horse.] A stable for horses : 
— an officer who has the care of horses. 

E-ques'tri-an, a. [L. equester ; eques, a horseman ; 

" equus, Gr.'uc/cos, 1777705, ahorse.] Relating to a 
knight, to a horseman, or to horsemanship. — 
2, n. A skilled rider. 

E-ques'tri-an-igm, n. The performance of an 

' equestrian ; horsemanship. 

E-ques-tri-enne', n. [Fr.] A female equestrian. 

E'qui-, a prefix, chiefly to words of Latin origin, 
represents the L. sequus, just, even, and signifies 
equality. 

E-qui-an'gu-lar, a. Having equal angles. 

E-qui-dis'tant, a. Being at the same distance. 

E-qui-dis'tant-ly, ad. At the same distance. 

E-qui-lat'er-al, a. ■ [L. sequilateralis or 
sequilateriis.—See Lateral.] Having 
all sides equal. 

E-qui-H'brate, v. a. [pp. equilibrating, 
equilibrated.] To balance equally. 

E-qui-li-bra'tion, n. Equipoise ; even Equilateral 
balance. ' triangle. 

E-quil'i-brist, n. An acrobat; a rope-dancer. 

E-qui-lib'ri-ty, n. Equality of balance. 

E-qui-lib'ri-um, n. [L. sequilibrium ; sequilibris, 
level ; sequus. even, and libra, balance ; librare, 
to weigh.] Equipoise; equality of weight; state 
of being balanced. 

E-qui'nal, or E'quine, a. [L. equinus ; equus, a 

' horse.— See Equestrian.] Relating to horses. 

E-qui-noc'tial, a. Pertaining to the equinox. — 
2, n. A great circle of the sphere : — the equator. 

E'qui-nox [ek'we-noks, Sm.], n. [L. seqiduoctium ; 
sequus, equal, and nqx, noctis, night.] The pre- 
cise time in which the sun enters into the first 
point of Aries or of Libra, when the nights and 
days are of equal length; the equinoctial point. 

E-qmp', v. a. [Fr. cquiper: root of Ship and 

* Shape (q. v.).] [pp. equipping, equipped.] To 
fit, as a ship for sea, or a soldier for service; to 
furnish ; to accoutre. 

Eq'ui-pa§e (ek'we-paj), n. Furniture for a horse- 
man ; carriage; retinue; accoutrements. 

E-quip'ment, n. Act of equipping ; accoutrements. 

E'qui-poi§e, n. [Equi- and Poise.] Equality of 
weight; equilibration; equilibrium. 

E-qui-pol'lence, n. Equality of force. 




a, e, 1, 0, u, y, long ; a, e, 5, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fSll ; heir, her; 



EQUIPOLLENT 



225 



EKUPT 



E-qui-pol'lent, a. [L. sequipollens; sequus, equal, 
and polle're, pollentis, to be strong.] Having 
equal force. 

E-qui-pon'der-ance, n. Equality of weight. 

E-qui-pon'der-ant, a. Of the same weight. 

E-qui-pon'der-ate, v. n. [L. sequus, equal, and 
ponderare, ponderatum, to weigh ; poitdus, pon- 
deris, weight. — Cf. peu'dere, to weigh; pende're, 
to hang, to suspend.] [pp. equiponderating, 
equiponderated.] To weigh equal. — 2, v. a. To 
be equivalent to in weight; to counterbalance. 

Eq'ui-ta-ble (ek'we-ta-bl), a. [Fr. equitable.— See 
Equity.] Partaking of equity; just; right; 
honest ; impartial ; fair. 

Eq'ui-ta-ble-ness, n. Justness; equity. 

Eq'ui-ta-bly., ad. Justly; impartially, [astride. 

Eq'ui-tant (ek'we-), a. Riding on horseback:— 

Eq-ui-ta'tion, u. Horsemanship. 

Eq'ui-ty (ek'we-te), n. [Fr. e quite ; L. sequilas; 
sequus, even, just.] Impartial distribution of 
justice; natural justice ; right; honesty; impar- 
tiality. — (Law.) A court of equity or of chancery 
is one for the correction of common law in cases 
in which it is deficient. 

E-quiv'a-lence, n. Equality in value or force. 

5-quiv'a-lent, a. [L. sequivalere, sequivaleutis, to 
be of equal worth ; sequus, equal, and valere, to 
be worth, to be powerful.] Equal in value, 
merit, or power; equal; commensurate. — 2, n. 
A thing of the surue value. 

E-quiv'o-cal, a. [L. sequivocus, ambiguous; sequus, 
even, alternative, and vox, vocis, voice.] Of 
doubtful meaning; ambiguous; doubtful. 

E-quiv'o-cal-lx, ad. Ambiguously ; doubtfully. 

E-quiv'o-cate, v. n. [Fr. equh-oquer. — See Equivo- 
cal.] [pp. equivocating, equivocated.] To use 
equivocation; to evade; to quibble; to shuffle; 
to prevaricate. 

E-quiv-o-ca'tion, n. The act of equivocating; a 
quibble ; evasion ; ambiguity of speech. 

E-quiv'o-ca-tor, n. One who equivocates. 

E'qui-voque, n. [Fr. equivoque. — See Equivocal.] 

_ An'ambiguous expression; equivocation; quibble.. 

E'ra, ii. [L. sera, a date, a reckoning; ses, brass, 
a brazen object; pi. sera, brasses, brass counters 
used in reckoning; items of an account.] A poiut 
of time from which reckoning begins ; an epoch ; 
a period; date: — a definite series of years. 

E-rad'i-ca-ble, a. Capable of being eradicated. 

^3-ra.d'i-cate, v. a. [L. eradlcare, eradicutum ; e, 
out, and radix, radicis, a root.] [pp. eradicating, 
eradicated.] To pull up by the roots. 

E-rad-i-ca'tion, n. The act of eradicating. 

^3-rase', v. a. [L. eradere, erasum; e, out, and 
radere, to scrape.] [pp. erasing, erased.] Toi 
expunge ; to rub out ; to efface. 

E-rase'ment, "• The act of erasing; obliteration. 

^3-ra'ser, it. An instrument for erasing. 

E-ra'sion, n. The act of erasing; erasure. 

E-ras'ti-an, n. One who advocates the subjection 
of the church to state authority. 

E-ras'ure (e-ra'zhur), n. The act of erasing:— 
something erased : — a spot where something has 
been erased. 

Ere (ar) [ar, W. J. F. Ja. K. Sm. St. I. ; ar, P. H. 
Wb. N.; er, S. E.], ad. [A.-S. aer, Icel. ar, 
soon; Goth, air, early (q. v.); Dut. eer, sooner.] 
Before ; sooner than. — 2, prep. Before. 

E-rect', v. a. [L. erigere, erectum, to set up; e, 
out, up, and regere, to set, to rule. — See Regent.] 
[pp. erecting, erected.] To place upright; to 
raise; to set up: — to construct; to form; to 
build. — 2, «. Upright; not leaning. 

E-rec'tile, a. Capable of being erected. 
5-rec'tion, n. The act of raising; elevation. 
E-rect'ness, n. Uprightness of posture. 
¥-rect'or, n. One who raises or constructs. 
Ere-long' (ar-long'), ad. Before long. 
Er'e-mite, n. [See Hermit.] A hermit. 
Ere-while' (ar-hwll'), ad. Some time ago. 
Er'g-6, ad. [L.] (Logic.) Therefore. 




Er'got, n. [Fr. ergot or argot, a cock's spur, a 

dew-claw.] A morbid excrescence in grain : — a 

horny substance near the pastern joint of a horse. 
Er'mine, n. [Fr. hermine; Ger. ermeiin; Sp. ar- 

ruiilo ; It. ermillirio ; 

Late L. armelinus. — 

Cf. 0. Ger. harme, 

hurmo, A.-S. hearma, 

an ermine ; Lith. 

szurmu, a weasel ; but 

it is believed that all 

these forms represent 

L. iilus armeuius, Ar- _ 

men'ian mouse.] A 

species of animal and its fur : — the emblem, 

office, or dignity of a judge. 
Erne, n. [A.-S. earn, Dan. Urn, an eagle. — Cf. Gr. 

opia?, a bird; Ger. aar, Russ. orel, an eagle.] 

The sea-eagle. 
E-rode', v. a. [L. erodere, erosum ; e, off, and 
* rodere, to gnaw.] [pp. eroding, eroded.] To eat 

away ; to corrode. [The act of eating away. 

E-ro'sion (e-ro'zhun), n. [L. erosio.— See Ekode.] 
E-ro'sive. a. Eating; corrosive. 
E-rot'ic, or E-rot'i-cal, «. [Gr. epcoTi/cd?; epcu?, 

epor'os, love".] Relating to love; amorous. 
Err (er), v. n. [L. errure, Ger. irrett, to wander : 

said to be distinct from Fr. ener, to wander. — 

See Errant.] [pp. erring, erred.] To miss the 

right way; to stray; to deviate; to commit 

error ; to mistake. 
Er'rand, n. [A.-S. & Dan. serende ; Icel. eyrendi, 

b're'ndi.] A message ; commission. 
Er'rant, a. [Fr., from errer, to wander; erre, a 

course ; L. iter, itiueris, a way : the Fr. verb is 

no doubt influenced in meaning by L. errure, to 

wander. — See Err.] Wandering; roving. 
Er-ra'ta, n., pi. of erratum. [L.] 
Er-rat'ic, \ a. [L. erraticus. — See Err.] Devi- 
Er-rat'i-cal, J ating from the right or usual way ; 
" erroneous ; wandering : — odd ; eccentric. 
Er-rat'i-cal-ly, ad. Without rule or order. 
Er-ra'tym, m. ; pi. Er-ra'ta. [L. ; errare, to err 

(q. v.)'.] An error in printing. See Errata. 
Er'rhine, a. [Gr. epptvov ; ev, in, and pis, pu>6<;, 

the nose.] That is snuffed up by the nose. — 

2, «. A medicine to be snuffed up. 
Err'ing, p. a. Committing error; fallible. 
Er-ro'ne-ous, a. [L. erronens; errare, to err (q. r.).] 

Being in error; incorrect ; mistaken ; false ; un- 
true; wrong. 
1 Er-ro'ne-ofis-ly, ad. By mistake ; not rightly. 
Er-ro'ne-ous-nlss, n. incorrectness. 
"Efror, n. [Fr. erreur ; L. error; errare, to err 

(q.'v.).] A deviation from the truth ; an invol- 
untary fault; a mistake; blunder; offence, 
j-se, ». [A variant of Irish.] The language of 

the Irish Celts. 
Erst, ad. [A.-S. serest, soonest, first; properly, the 

superlative of Ere (a. v.).] First; formerly; 

till now. [blush. 

Er-u-bes'cence, It. [E. erubescentia.] Redness; a 
Er-u-bes'cent, a. [L. erubescere, erubescenti*, to 
blush ; e, out, and rubescere, inceptive of rubere, 
to be red ; ruber, red.] Reddish ; somewhat red. 
E-ruct', or E-riic'tate, v. a. [L. eructare, erueia- 
' turn; e, out| and ructare, to belch. — Cf. Gr. epev- 
yeiv, to spit out.] [pp. eructing, eructed ; eruc- 
tating, eructated.] To belch ; to vomit. 
Er-uc-ta'tion, ». The act of belching; a belch. 
Er'u-dite, or Er'u-dite [er'u-dTt, Ja. K. Sm. E. St. 
H. I. C. Wb. ; er-u-dTt', W. ; er'u-dTt, P.], a. [L. 
eruditns; ertulire, to instruct ; e negative, and rudis, 
rude.] Learned; having erudition ; well-read. 
Er-u-di"tion (er-yu-dlsh'un), »?. Knowledge ob- 
tained from books ; literature ; learning. 
E-ru'£i-nous, a. [L. seruginosus; serugo, copper 
' rust ;' ses, seris, copper.] Partaking of verdigris. 
E-riipt', v. a. & v. n. [L. enunpere, eruplum ; e, 
' out, and nnnpere, to burst.] [pp. erupting, 
erupted.] To break forth ; to pour forth. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, 9, s, g, soft; fs, js, p, |, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 



ERUPTION 



226 



ESTIMATE 




E-riip'tion, n. [L. emplio.—See Erupt.] Act of 
bursting forth; explosion: — efflorescence; pus- 
tule; humor. [tion ; attended with eruptions. 

E-riip'tive, a. Bursting forth : — having an erup- 

Er-y-sip'e-las, n. [Gr. epucrin-eAas; epvQpos, red, 
and 7reAAa," skin.] (Med.) A painful inflamma- 
tion of the skin ; St. Anthony's fire. 

fir-y-si-pel'a-tous, a. Having erysipelas. 

Es-ca-lade', n. [Fr. ; 8p. escaludo; escalar, to 
scale (7. w.) ; esculo, L. scala, a ladder.] An at- 
tack by scaling walls with ladders. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. escalating, escaladed.j To scale by ladders. 

Escal'op (skul'lup or es-kol'up) [es-kal'lop, St. ; 
es-ko'1'lop, Wb.L},n. [0. Fr. 
escalope; Dut. schelp, a shell ; 
Ger. schelfe, a husk. — See 
Shell.] A shell-fish :— a dent. 

Es-ca-pade', n. [Fr. for "an 
escape ;" an escape from re- 
straints.] Irregular motion 
of a hoi se : — a freak : — a wild 
prank or adventure:— an act Escalop. 

of in) propriety. \^ 

Es-cape', v. a. [Fr. echapper, 0. Fr. escaper, It. 
scappare, to Blip away ; from L. ex cappa, out of 
the cloak.] [pp. escaping, escaped.] To shun ; 
to flee from ; to avoid. — 2, v. n. To fly ; to get 
out of danger.— 3, n. Flight; a getting out of 
danger or confinement : — means of escaping. 

Es-cape'ment, ». That part of a watch or clock 
which regulates its movements. 

Es-carp', v. a. [See Scaup.] [pp. escarping, es- 
carped.] To form into a slope. 

Es-carp'ment, n. [Fr. escurpement. — See Scarp.] 
An abrupt face or slope. 

Escha-lot' (esh-a-lot' or sha-lot'), n. [Fr. cchalotte ; 
Sp. eamlouu ; from Ascalou, a town of Palestine.] 
A small onion or garlic. See Shallot. 

Es'phar, n. [Gr. ecrxapa, a scar (7. v.).] A scab 
or mark on a wound. 

Es-pha-rot'ic, a. [Gr. ecrxapioTtKO? ; e(r\apa, a 
scar.'] Caustic ; searing the flesh. 

Es-pha-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. e<rx aTOI >> the last, and 
Aoyo?, a treatise.] The doctrine of the last 
things; the destruction of the world, <fec. 

Es-cheat', n. [0. Fr. eschet, rent, one's share; 
escheoir, now echoir, to fall to one ; L. ex, out, 
and cadere, to fall.] A forfeiture by want of 
heirs.— 2, v. n. [pp. escheating, escheated.] To 
be forfeited by want of heirs. 

Es-chew' (es-clm'), v. a. [0. Fr. eschever, Anglo- 
Fr. eschure, eschuer, to shun ; Ger. gckeuen, to 
avoid; scheu, shy (7. v.).] [pp. eschewing, es- 
chewed.] To flee from ; to avoid ; to shun. 

Es'cort, u. [Fr. escorte, a convoy; escorler, to 
guide ; It. scorta, an escort ; scorgere, to guide ; 
L. ex, out, and corrigere, to set right, to correct 
(7. v. ).] A body of men for a guard; convoy. 

Es-c6rt\ v. a. [pp. escorting, escorted.] To at- 
tend as a guard by land ; to accompany; to wait 
on; to convoy. 

Escritoire (es-kre-twor') [es-kru-tor', S. W. J. E. ; 
es-kru-twbr', Ja. K. I. Wb. H. St. ; es-kre-twar', 
Shi.], n. [0. Fr. ; Fr. ecritoire; ecrire, to write; 
Late L. scriptorium ; scribere, to write.] A box, 
desk, or bureau with implements for writing. 

Es-crow', n. [Law Fr. escrover, a roll, a scroll 
(7. i'.); 0. Fr. escroue, escroele, a strip. — See 
Screw.] (Lmr.) A deed of lands or tenements 
delivered to a third person. 

EVcu-lent, a. [L. esadeutus, eatable; escare, to 
eat; esca, food; edere, esum, to eat (7. v.).] Good 
for food ; eatable. — 2, n. A plant good for food. 

Es-cutch'eon (es-kuch'un), n. [Fr. ecusson, 0. Fr. 
eseusson, Anglo-Norman escuchonn, dim. of ecu, 
0. Fr. escu, L. scutum, a shield. — Cf. Gr. o-kvtos, 
a hide, leather; Skr. sku, to cover.] The he- 
raldic shield of a family; ensign armorial. 

E-soph/a-g-us, «. [L. oesophagus; Gr. oLcro^dyos ; 
o'tcro), I shall carry, (/xx-yua, food; <j)a.yeli>, to 
eat.] The gullet; the weasand. 



Es-O-ter'ic, a. [Gr. eo-torepiKo? ; from ecrwTepo?, 
inner; ecrw, within ; e? or eis, into.] Secret, — 
applied to private teachings or doctrines: — op- 
posed to exoteric or public: — resulting from 
causes internal and proper to the organization. 

Es-o-ter'i-cal-ly, ad. In an esoteric manner. 

Es-pal'ier (es-pal'yer), n. [Fr. ; It. spdlliera, an 
espalier, a chair-back; spalla, a shoulder; L. 
spatula, a blade.] A frame or lattice :— a tree 
trai ned on a frame. 

Es-par'to, n. [Sp. esparto; L. spartum : Gr. o-rrdp- 
tov.] A kind of grass used tor paper; also, a 
kind of broom which affords a strong fibre. 

Es-pe"cial (es-pesh'al), a. [See Special.] Chief; 
special. 

Es-pe"cial-ly (es-pesh'al-le), ad. Principally. 

Es'pi-o-nage (,es'pe-o-njj or es'pe-o-nazli') [es'pe- 
o-riaj, Ja. I. K. ; es'pe-o-nazh, £m.]> n. [Fr. 
espionnage ; espion, a spy (7. v.).] The einploy- 

^ ment of spies :— the practice of watching people. 

Es-pla-nade', n. [Fr. ; It. spianala, a levelled 
place ; from spianare, L. explanare, to level. — See 
Explain.] (Fort.) The sloping of a counter- 
scarp toward the open country; a glacis: — a 
grass-plot :— a terraced walk or drive. 

Es-pbu'sal, n. ; pi. Es-pbu'sals. A contract of 
marriage : — marriage : — betrothal. 

Es-pbuse', v. a. [Fr. epouser ; 0. Fr. espouser. — 

' See Spouse.] [pp. espousing, espoused.] To 
betroth : — to marry : — to defend or adopt. 

Es-py', v. a. [Fr. epier, 0. Fr. espier, to spy (7. v.); 

' also Fr. espiouner, to spy.] [pp. espying, espied.] 
To see at a distance ; to discover. — 2, v. n. To 
watch ; to look about with close attention. 

Es-quire', n. [Fr. ecuyer, 0. Fr. escnyer, Late L. 
scularius, a squire, — literally, a shield-bearer; 
Fr. ecu, 0. Fr. escu, a shield.— See Escutcheon.] 
An attendant on a knight : — a title of a justice 
of the peace, &c. — 2, v. a. [pp. esquiring, es- 
quired.] To attend; to wait on. 

Es-say', v. a. [Fr. essai, a trial; essayer, to at- 
tempt; L. exagium, a trial of weight. — See As- 
say.] [pp. essaying, essayed.] To attempt; to 
try ; to endeavor. 

Es'say, n. An attempt; a trial: — a short treatise 
or dissertation ; a tract. 

£s'say-ist, or Es-say'ist, n. A writer of essays. 

Es'sence, n. [Fr. essence, L. essentia, being; esse, 
Skr. as, to be.] The nature, substance, or being 
of any thing; existence: — perfume; scent: — a 
solution of a volatile oil. 

Es-sen'tial, a. Necessary; very important ; princw 

' pal: — pure; highly rectified. — 2, n. Something 
that is necessary; first principle ; nature; ele- 
ment; chief point. [ity of being essential. 

Es-sen-ti-al'i-ty (es-seu-she-are-te), u. The qual- 

Es-sen'tial-ly, ad. In an essential manner. 

Es-tab'lis'h, v. a. [Fr. etablir, 0. Fr. estublh; 
stem (in part) establiss- ; L. stabUire.] [pp. es- 
tablishing, established.] To constitute ; to settle 
firmly ; to found; to fix ; to confirm ; to ratify. 

Es-tab'lish-ment, n. Settlement; fixed state :— 

" that which is established: — form; foundation: 
— allowance ; income. 

Es-tate', v. [Fr. etat, 0. Fr. estat, L. status, state 

"(7. i'.).] Condition; fortune: — possessions; 
landed property : — quality ; rank. — pi. Classes 
or representatives of a people. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
estating, estated.] To endow. 

Es-teem', v. a. [Fr. estimer, to estimate (7. v.).] 
[pp. esteeming, esteemed.] To value; to value 
highly; to prize; to rate; to estimate; to re- 
spect ; to regard ; to think. — 2, n. Estimation ; 
high regard. 

Es-thet'ic, a. Relating to esthetics. See ^Esthetic. 

Es-thet'ics, n. pi. See ^Esthetics. 

Es'ti-ma-ble, «. [L. sestimabilis.] Worthy of es- 
teem ; ' valuable. 

Es'ti-mata, v. a. [L. sestimare, seetimatum, to 
value.] [pp. estimating, estimated.] To set a 
value on ; to rate. 



a, e, I, 6, u, y, long ; a, e, 1, 0, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fS.ll ; heir, her; 



ESTIMATE 



227 



EUD^EMONISM 



iss'ti-mate, n. Computation; calculation ; value ; 
valuation; appraisement; estimation. 

Es-ti-ma'tion, n. The act of estimating; com- 
putation ; estimate ; esteem ; valuatiou. 

Es'ti-val [es-ti'val, /.], a. [L. aestivalis or seslivus; 
from lestas, summer; eestus, heat.] Pertaining to 
the summer. 

Es-ti-va'tion, n. [L. sestivare, to pass the sum- 
mer.] The act of passing the summer. — (Bot.) 
State of a plant in summer. See Estivation. 

Es-top', v. a. [0. Fr. estoper, to stop (q. v.).] [pp. 
' estopping, estopped.] {Law.) To bar; to stop. 

Es-top' pel, n. An act that bars a legal process. 

Es-to'vers, n. pi. [0. Kr. estnver, provisions.— See 
" Stover.] (Lair.) Necessaries; supplies. 

Es-trade', n. [Fr. ; L. stratum, a layer, a pave- 
ment.— See Stratum.] A platform. 

Es-trange', v. a. [Fr. Stranger, 0. Fr. estranger, to 
" alienate. — See Strange.] [j>p- estranging, es- 
tranged.] To make strange; to alienate. 

Es-trange ment, n. Alienation ; a loss of mutual 
" regard. 

Es-tray'. n. A beast lost or wandering; a stray. 

Es-treat', n. [0. Fr. estraire, Fr. extraire, to ex- 
tract (q. v.), or to copy; pp. estret, eslrete.] A 
copy of an original writing. — 2, v. a. [pp. es- 
treating, estreated.] (Law.) To take from. 

Est'u-a-rine, a. Kelating to, associated with, or 
formed in an estuary. 

Est'ii-a-ry, n. [L. sestuarium; sestuare, to surge, 
to boil; sestus, tide, heat. — Cf. Gr. al6sLv, to 
glow.] An arm of the sea; a frith; the wide 
part of a tidal river near the sea. 

EtagSre (a-ta-zhar'), n. [Fr. ; from Stager, to ar- 
range in stories, shelves, or stages; Stage, a 
6tage (q. v.).] A piece of cabinet furniture with 
shelves; a what-not. 

Etch, v. a. [Dut. etzen, to etch ; Ger. atzev, to feed, 
to bite, to etch; eaten, to eat (q. v.).] [pp. etch- 
ing, etched.] To engrave on copper by means 
of nitric acid; to sketch. 

Etch'er, n. One who etches. t 

Etch'ing, n. An impression of an etched plate. 

E-ter'nal, a. [Fr. Sternel; L. selernalis; ttteruus, 
everlasting; serum, an age; the term -ternus 
shows a quality.] Without beginning or end; 
infinite; endless; perpetual; everlasting. — 2, n. 
An appellation of Sod. 

E-ter'nal-ly., ad. Without beginning or end. 

5-ter'ni-ty, n. Duration without beginning or 
end :— duration without ?nd. 

E-ter'nize. o. a. [pp. eternizing, eternized.] To 
make eternal or endless ; to make perpetual ; to 
immortalize. 

E-te'si-an (e-te'zhe-an), a. [Gr. 6x170-109, annual ; 
€tos, a year.] Noting winds that blow at stated 
times; periodical. 

E'ther, ». [L. aether, Gr. al9r)p, the upper air; 
al9pa, the sky ; alOeiv, to glow.] An element 
rarer and purer than air. — (Chem.) An anaes- 
thetic fluid, exceedingly volatile, inflammable, 
and intoxicating. 

E-the're-al, ". Formed of ether; celestial: — very 
delicate': — highly refined. 

E-the're-al-Ize, v. a. [pp. etherealizing, ethere- 
alized.] To render ethereal. 

E-ther-i-za'tion. ». The act of subjecting to the 
influence of ether. 

E'ther-ize, v. a. [pp. etherizing, etherized.] To 

^ subject to the action of ether. 

Eth'ic. \a. [Gr. ljfliKd?; tj#09, effo?, custom.] 

Eth i-cal, j Kelating to ethics or morals; moral. 

Eth'i-cal-ly, ad. In an ethical manner. 

Eth'ics, n. pi. The science of morals; moral phi- 
losophy; morality: morals. 

E-thi-o'pi-an, n. [Gr. AiOioxfj ; aldeiv, to burn, 
aiflos, burnt, and o\p, face.] A nativeof Ethiopia. ; 
an Ethiop. — 2, a. Relating to Ethiopia or its in- 

_ habitants. [Ethiopian, language. 

E-thi-op'ic, a. Ethiopian. — 2, n. The Geez, or 
Eth'moid, a. [Gr. r^uoeiS^ ; r)dfx6<;, a sieve, and 



eT5o?, form.] Sieve-like. — 2, n. A spongy bone 

of the head. 
Eth'nargh, n. [Gr. e0vapx7}9 ; eQvos, a natiou, 
^ and apxos, a ruler.] A provincial governor. 
Eth'nar-phj;, »• The dominion of an ethnarch. 
I Eth'nic, \a. [Gr. ZOvlicos ; iOvos, a nation.] 
Eth'ni-cal, J Heathen : — relating to ethnology, or 

to races of maukind. 
Eth-nog'ra-pher, »/. One versed in ethnography; 

one who writes on ethnographv. 

iSSSkfc,!, } - Re,atiD S t0 ethnography. 

Eth-nog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. eQvos, a nation, and 
ypdjieiv, to write.] A description of nations, or 

^ of the different races of men. 

Eth-no-log'i-cal, a. Relating to ethnology. 

Eth-nol'o-gist, n. One versed in ethnology. 

?th-nol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ZOvos, a nation, and Adyo9, 
a treatise.] A treatise on races of men. 

Eth-og'ra-phy, n. A description of the moral 
characteristics of man. 

Eth-o-log'i-cal, a. Treating of morality. 

E-thol'o-gy, n. [Gr. 77609, e9os, custom, and 
A6709, a treatise.] A treatise on ethics : — that de- 
partment of science which investigates the cus- 
toms prevailing among different races and at 
different stages of culture. 

E'ti-o-late. v. a. & v. n. [Fr. etioler, 0. Fr. estioler, 
to enfeeble, to make slender or pale. — Cf. iteule, 
stubble; Ger. stiel, a stalk.] [pp. etiolating, 
etiolated.] To blanch or whiten by excluding 
the sun ; to become white. 

E-ti-o-la'tion, n. Whitening by the exclusion of 
the'sun's rays; blanching. 

E-ti-ol'o-gy, ». [Gr. atria, a cause, and A6yo9, a 
treatise.] That department of any science which 
inquires into causes. 

Et-i-quette' (et-i-kef), n. [Fr. etiquette, a ticket 
(q. v.), a note of introduction.] The ceremonial 
code of polite life ; ceremony; civility. 

E-tru'ri-an, or E-triis'can, a. & n. Belonging to, 
or a native of, ancient Etruria, in Italy. 

Etude (a-tud), >i. [Fr. for "study."] A piece for 
study, as a passage in music, or a figure to be 
copied in drawing or sculpture; a study. 

Et-y.-mo-lo£'i-cal, <•. Relating to etymology. 

Et-y.-mo-log'i-cal-ly,<"?. According to etymology. 

Et-y-mol'o-£-Tst,' ». One versed in etymology. 

Et-y-mol'p-gy, n. [Gr. irv/xov, an etymon, a lit- 
eral meaning, and Aoyo9, a treatise.] That part 
of philology which treats of the origin and 
derivation of words :— a treatise on the parts of 
speech ; grammar. 

Et'y-mon, 11. ; pi. Et'y-mons. or Et'y-ma. [Gr. 
eTVju.oi', neuter of erv/u.09, true ; ereos, real.] An 
original or primitive word : — the primary signi- 
fication of a word. 

Eu, a prefix, is the Gr. ev, well ; its meanings are 
exactly opposite to those of the prefix dye. 

Eu-ca-lyp'tus, n. [Gr. ev, well, and KaAv7rT09, 
covered; KaKvirreiv, to cover : the bud has a lid 
or cover.] A genus of trees of many species, 
chiefly Australian. 

Eii'eha-rist (yu'ka-rist), v. [Gr. ev^apio-rta, a 
return of thanks; ev, well, and x«ipi9, thanks, 
favor. — Cf. x a P<*i 3°J-\ The Lord's supper; com- 
munion. See Sacrament. 

Eu-pha-ris'tic, 1«. Relating to the eucharist, 

Eu-pha-ris'ti-cal, j or Lord's supper. 

Eu'phre (yu'ke'r), n. [A factitious word ; con- 
jectured by some to be Gr. ev^etp or evxep7?9, 
skilful, expert ; ev, well, good, and x et P? a hand.] 
A game at cards. — 2, v. a. [pp. euchring, eu- 
chred.] To defeat an opponent in one of the 
stages of the game of euchre : — [Slang] to out- 
wit; to baffle; to foil. 

Eu-dae'mon-ism, n. [Gr. evSaijuovio-yu^ ; evSai- 
ftoiv, happy ; ev, good, and SaLfuov, spirit.] A 
system of ethics which makes morality depend 
on the production of happiness : — the systematic 
pursuit of happiness. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, 9, 5, § , soft ; (3, J3, p, §, hard ; s as z ; x as gz ; this, 



EUD^EMONIST 



228 



EVENTUATE 



Eu-dse'mon-ist, ) n. One who regards happiness 

Eu-de'mon-ist, J as the chief good ; one who 
studieshis own personal enjoyment. 

Eu-em'er-i§m, n. See Euhemerism. 

Eii'lo-gist, n. One who eulogizes. 

Eu-lo-fis'tic, \a. Containing eulogy ; lauda- 

Eu-lo-l'is'ti-cal, j tory ; encomiastic. 

Eu-lo'fi-um, n. [Late Gr. euAoyiov.] Eulogy; 
panegyric. 

Eu'lo-|lze, v. a. [pp. eulogizing, eulogized.] To 
commend ; to praise. 

Eu'lo-gy, B. [Gr. euAoyi'a ; eu, well, and Aeyeiv, 
to speak.] A speech or writing in praise of an- 
other; encomium; a panegyric; praise. 

Eu'nuph (yu'nuk), n. [Gr. euvouxos; euvTJ, a hed, 
and e\ei.v, to have, to have in charge.] One that 
is castrated : — a chamberlain. 

Eu'pep-sy, or Eu-pep'sy, u. [Gr. eu, well, and 
ireiTTeiv, to cook, to digest.] Good digestion. 

Eu-pep'tic (yu-pep'tik), o. [Gr. evnenTo*;. — See 
EiPEPSY.] Easy of digestion : — having a good 
digestion. 

Eu'phem-ism, ». [Gr. ev$r\p.io-p6<; or eu^Tjp-i'a. ; 
eu, well, and (frr/ni, I speak.] The describing 
of an offensive thing by an inoffensive expression. 

Eu-phe-nus'tic, a. Relating to or partaking of eu- 
phemism. 

Eu'phe-mize. v. a. [pp. euphemizing, euphe- 
mize'd.] To express by a euphemism, or in del- 
icate language. — 2, v. v. To express one's self 
in euphemisms or delicate language. 

Eu-phon'ic, \ a. Sounding agreeably; eupho- 

Eu-phon'i-cal, J nious : — relating to euphony. 

Eu-pho'ni-oiis, a. Harmonious; euphonic. 

Eu'pho-ni§m, n. Agreeable sound ; euphony. 

Eu'pho-ny (yu'fo-ne), n. [Gr. eu</>u>via; eu, well, 
and 0wvrj, voice.] Agreeable sound. 

Eu-phbr'bi-a, n. [Gr. eu<£6p/3iov, from Euphorbos, 
a noted Greek physician whose name signifies 
well fed; eu, well, and $ep/3eiv, to feed.] A 
genus of trees and herbs of many species, often 
poisonous. 

Eu'phra-sy. n. [Gr. evfypaaia, delight; eixfrpai- 
veiv, to delight ; eu, well, and </>pi?v, the mind, 
or the diaphragm.] A plant and its flower; the 
eyebright, a plant once much used for clearing 
the sight. 

Eu'phu-i§m, n. [Gr. eu<£u7j<r, fine, excellent,— 
literally, well grown ; eu, well, and 4>viq, growth : 
Euphues was the name of the hero of a romance 
[1579] by John Lyly, celebrated for the affecta- 
tions and artificiality of its style.] Extreme 
purity ; fastidious delicacy in language : — high- 
flown and affectedly artificial diction. 

Eu'phu-ist, n. One who uses euphuisms. 

Eu-phu-is'tic, a. Relating to euphuism. 

Eu'phu-Ize,'r. n. [pp. euphuizing, euphuized.] 
To express one's self in an affectedly refined 
manner; to be absurdly fastidious in language. 

Eu-ra'sian (yii-ra'shan), v. [From Europe and 
Asia.] ' A half-breed between a European and a 
native Asiatic. 

Eu-roc'ly-don, n. [Gr. evpon\vS<nv ; evpos, the 
south-east wind, and kAu6o>v, a surge.] The 
levanter, a storm-wind. 

Eu-ro-pe'an (yu-ro-pe'an), a. Belonging to Eu- 
rope.— 2, n. A native of Europe. 

Eu-ro-pe'an-ize, v. a. [pp. Europeanizing, Eu- 
rop'eanized.] To cause to become European ; to 
accustom to European usages. 

Eu'rus, ». [L. ; Gr. eupos.] The east or south- 
east wind. 

Eu-sta'phi-an, a. [From Eusfachius, an Italian 
anatomist of the sixteenth century; his name is 
the same as Eustace ; probably from Gr. eu, well, 
and o-raxv?, an ear of corn, an offshoot, a scion ; 
hence, a child.] Noting a tube which connects 
the ear with the nostril. 

Eu-than-a'si-a, or Eu-than'a-sy, n. JGr. eu0a- 
vatria ; eu, and 0<xvaTo?, death ; davelv, to die.] 
An easy death. 



E-vac'u-ant, n. A purgative medicine. 

E-vac'u-ate, v. a. [L. evacuare, evacuatum; e, out, 
and vacuus, empty.] [pp. evacuating, evacuated.] 
To make empty ; to quit. 

E-vac-ii-a'tion, n. Act of evacuating ; valua- 
tion ; a discharge ; a withdrawing. 

E-vade', v. a. [L. evadere, evasum, to go away ; e, 

' out, and vadere, to go.] [pp. evading, evaded.] 
To avoid by artifice ; to elude ; to shun. — 2, r. n. 
To equivocate : — to make an escap>\ 

E-val'u-ate, c. a. [Fr. trainer. — See Value.] [pp. 

' evaluating, evaluated.] To determine the value 
of by examination or experiment ; to appraise ; 
to appreciate, [r.] 

E-val-u-a'tion, n. A valuation or estimate de- 

" duced from investigation ; appraisement. 

Ev-a-nes'cence, n. Act of vanishing. 

Ev-a-nes'cent, a. [L. evauescere, evunescentis. — See 
Vanish.]' Vanishing; fleeting. 

E-van'gel, n. The gospel. 

E-van-gel'ic, o. Agreeable to the gospel. 

E-van-fel'i-cal, or Ev-an-geTi-cal, a. Agreea- 
ble to, or contained in, the gospel ; evangelic. 

E-van'ge-list, n. [Gr. euayyeAia-Tjjs ; euayyeAiov, 
gospel; eu, well, good, and dyyeAi'a, tidings. — 
See Angel.] One of the four writers of the gos- 
pel history : — a preacher of the gospel. 

E-van'gel-Ize, ». a. [pp. evangelizing, evange- 
lized.] To instruct in the gospel. 

E-van'ish, v. n. [See Evanescent.] [pp. evanish- 
' ing, evanished.] To vanish; to disappear. 

Ev-a-ni"tion (ev-a-nish'un), n. The act of vanish- 
ing, or state of having Vanished. 

E-vap'o-ra-ble, a. Easily dissipated in vapor. 

E-vap'o-rate, v. n. [L. evaporare, evaporation ; e, 
" out, and vapor, vapor (q. r.).j [pp. evaporating, 
evaporated.] To fly away in" vapors. — 2, v. a. 
To disperse in vapors. 

E-vap-o-ra'tion, n. Act of evaporating. 

E-vap'o-ra-tor, n. A machine for drying fruits. 

E-va'§i'on (e-va'zhun), n. [L. evasio. — See Evade.] 
" A quibble'; an elusion. 

E-va'sive, a. Practising evasion ; elusive. 

E-va'sive-ly, ad. By evasion ; elusively. 

Eve, n. [See Evening.] The evening: — the even- 
ing before an ecclesiastical festival : — time just 
preceding an event. 

E-vec'tion (e-vek'shun), n. [L. evectio; e, out, and 
' vehere,' vecium, to carry.] A carrying away; a 
deviation. 

E'ven (e'vn), a. [A.-S. pfen, efn : But. even ; Ger. 
eben ; Ban. jsevn.~\ Level; uniform; equal; par- 
allel : — quiet : — out of debt :— not odd. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. evening, evened.] To make even; to level. 
—3, v. n. To be equal or level.— 4, ad. Verily,; 
likewise; so much as. — 5, n. [See Evening.] 
Evening ; eve. 

E'ven-hand'ed, a. Impartial; equitable; just. 

E'ven-ing (e'vn-ing), w. [A.-S. tefnung, from efen, 
tefen, eve; Ger. abend; Ban. often; Fris. attend: 
closely related to After.] The close of the day. 

E'ven-ing-star. n. Hesper, or Hesperus :— Venus 
when visible in the evening. 

E'ven-ly. (e'vn-le), ad. Equally; uniformly. 

E'ven-nSss (e'vn-nes), n. State of being even. 

E'ven-song, n. Worship for the evening ; vespers. 

E-vent', n. [L. eventus, eventum ; evenire, to hap- 
pen ; e, out, and venire, ventum, to come.] Any 
thing that happens, good or bad ; issue ; end ; in- 
cident ; consequence. 

E-vent' ful, a. Full of events ; momentous. 

E'ven-tide (e'vn-tld), n. Time of evening. 

E-vent'u-al, «. [Fr. eventuel.—See Event.] Con- 
sequential ; ultimate ; final. 

E-vent-u-aTi-ty,, n. A propensity to take cogni- 

" zance of facts' and events : — that which event- 
uates or happens : — the probability of an event's 
happening. 

E-vent'u-al-ly, ad. In the event ; ultimately. 

5-vent'u-ate, v. n. [pp. eA-entuating, eventuated.] 
To happen ; to come to pass. 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; h6ir, her ; 



EVEE 



229 



EXAKCHATE 



Ev'er, ad. [A.-S. sefre. — See Aye.] At any time ; 
at' all times; always. — Forever, eternally. — Ever 
is used in composition in the sense of always. 

Ev'er-glade, w- [Said to be properly the name of 
a glade or open space in a marshy tract. This 
name is chiefly applied to certain great marshes 
in Florida.] A marshy tract of country. 

Ev'er-green, a. Verdant throughout the year. — 
2,'n. A plant or tree green all the year. 

Ev-er-last'ing, a. Having no end; eternal. — 
2,'n. God : — eternity : — a kind of plant. 

Ev-er-last'ing-ly., ad. Eternally. 

Ev-er-llv'ing, a. Undying; eternal. 

Ev-er-more', ad. Always; eternally. 

E-vert', v. a. [L. evertere; e, out, and vertere, to 

" turn.] [pp. everting, everted.] To overthrow : 
— to turn outward. 

Ev'e-ry, ad. [O.-E. everich, from ever and each.] 
Each one ; all, taken separately. 

Ev'e-ry-day, a. Common ; occurring daily. 

Ev'e-ry-where (-hwar), ad. In all places. 

E-vict', v. a. [L. evincere, cvictum, to regain by a 

" process; e, out, and viucere, to conquer.] [pp. 
evicting, evicted.] To dispossess by legal 
process. 

E-vic'tion, 11. Dispossession ; deprivation. 

Ev'i-deiice, it. [L. evideutia.] State of being evi- 
dent ; whatever evinces; testimony; proof;' wit- 
ness. — 2, v. a. [pp. evidencing, evidenced.] To 
prove ; to evince ; to show. 

Ev'i-dent, a. [L. evideus, evidentis, visible ; e, out, 
clearly, and videre, to see.] Plain; apparent; 
notorious. 

E>-i-den'tial, or Ev-i-den'tia-ry. (-sha-re), a. 
Affording evidence. 

Ev'i-dent-ly, ad. Certainly; obviously. 

E'vO (e-'vl) [e'vil, /.], a. [A.-S. ijfel; Dut. euvel ; 
Ger. iiliel; Goth, ubils. — See III.] Not good; 
wicked ; bad ; ill. — 2, n. Wickedness : — injury ; 
calamity. — 3, ad. Not well ; injuriously. 

E'vil-do'er (e'vl-do'er), «. A malefactor. 

E'vil-speak'ing (e'vl-spuk'jng), n. Slander. 

E-vince', v. a. [L. evincere, to conquer, to prevail, — 

" hence, to prove or show; e, out, and viucere, to 
conquer.] [pp. evincing, evinced.] To prove ; 
to show ; to manifest. 

E-vin'cive, a. Tending to show; indicative. 

E-vis'cer-ate, v. a. [L. evticerare, evisceratnm ; 

' e, outj and viscera, bowels. — See Viscus.] [pp. 
eviscerating, eviscerated.] To take out the en- 
trails of. 

E-vis-cer-a'tion, n. The act of disembowelling, 



]£-v6ke', v. a. [L. 



re: e, out, and vocare, to 



call.] [pp. evoking, evoked.] To call forth ; to 
call from. 

Ev'o-lute, n. [L. evolvere, evolution, to evolve 
(q~. v.).] A certain mathematical curve. 

Ev-o-lu'tion, a. [L. evolulio. — See Evolve.] The 
act, of unfolding; a displaying. — (Arilh.) Ex- 
traction of roots. — (MM.) The motion and wheel- 
ing of troops. — (Biol.) The series of steps through 
which any living being has passed in acquiring 
its present characteristics: — the doctrine that 
all organized beings have been developed by 
continuous upward progression from simpler 
forms and lower types to higher and more com- 
plex structures; Darwinism. 

Ev-o-lu'tion-al, at. Evolutionary. 

Ev-o-lu'tion-a-ry, a. Relating to evolution : — 
characterized by evolution or progressive devel- 
opment; produced by evolution. 

Ev-9-lu'tion-ist, w. One who maintains the doc- 
trine of evolution. 

E-volve' (e-v61v'), v. a. & v. n. [L. evolvere, to un- 
roll ; e, out, and volvere, to roll.] [pp. evolving, 
evolved.] To unfold; to open. 

E-vill'sion, n. [L. evnUio; e, out, and vellere, vid- 
sum, to' pluck. J A plucking or tearing out. 

Ewe (yu), n. [A.-S. eowu; Dut. ooi.—Cf. Lith. 
avis, L. oris, Gr. ois, Skr. avi, Russ. ovtsa, a 
sheep.] A female sheep. 




Ew'er (yu'er), n. [Fr. eav, 
0. Fr. ewe, aigue, L. aqua, 
water ; 0. Fr. aiguiere, L. aqua- 
rium, a water-vessel. — Cf. Fr. 
evier, a drain.] A pitcher for 
w ater ; a water-jug. 

Ex (eks or egz). A Latin and 
Greek preposition, signifying 
out of, from. Besides enter- 
ing "into the composition of 
numerous words, it is often Ewer. 

prefixed to names or terms of 
office, implying out of office, late; as, ej.-chancel- 
lor, ex-minister. 

Ex-ac'er-bate [egz-a-seVbat, S. Ja. E. ; ex-as'er- 
bat, St. I.], v. a. [L. exacerbare, exacerbutum, to 
irritate; ex, thoroughly, and acerbus, bitter.] 
[pp. exacerbating, exacerbated.] To exasperate. 

Ex-ac-er-ba'tion, n Exasperation ; height of a 
" disease ; a paroxysm ; increase of violence. 

Ex-act' (egz-akt'), a. [L. exigere, exactum, to weigh 
" or measure out, — originally, to drive out; ex, 
out, aud agere, to drive.] Accurate; precise; 
formal; particular; strict; methodical; punctual. 
— 2, v. a. [Late L. exactare, to compel, intensive 
of exigere, to drive out, as above.] [pp. exact- 
ing, exacted.] To require authoritatively; to 
demand of right ; to compel ; to enforce. 

Ex-act'ing, a. Severe in compelling fulfilment 
of obligations; hard; extortionate. 

Ex-ac'tion, n. [L. exactio.] The act of exacting; 
' extortion; extreme or unjust demand: — a trib- 

Ex-act'i-tude, «. Exactness; nicety. [ute. 

Ex-act'iy, ad. Accurately ; precisely. 

Ex-act'ness, n. Accuracy; nicety; strictness. 

Ex-act'or, it. One who exacts ; an extortioner. 

Ex-ag'ger-ate, v. a. [L. exaggerate, exaggeration, 
to heap up; ex, out, and agger, a heap; ad, to- 
gether, and gerere, to carry.] [pp. exaggerating, 
exaggerated.] To heighten by representation; 
to state too high ; to overstate. 

Ex-af-ger-a'tion, n. The act of exaggerating; 
' a statement which exceeds the truth ; hyperbole. 

Ex-ag'ger-a-tive, or Ex-aJ-'ger-a-to-ry, a. Ex- 
aggerating or exaggerated: overstated; height- 
ened : — tending to exaggeration. 

Ex-alt', v. a. [L. exaltare ; ex, out, and alius, 
' high.] [pp. exalting, exalted.] To elevate ; to 
heighten : — to praise ; to extol. 

Ex-al-ta'tion, n. The act of exalting : elevation. 

Ex-am-i-na'tion, n. The act of examining ; scru- 
" tiny; inquiry into facts; a trial : — research. 

Ex-am'ine, v. a. [L. examinare, to weigh, to con- 
sider ; examen or exagmen, a weighing, a bal- 
ance-rod ; ex, out, and agere, to carry, whence 
exigere, to weigh; examen (exagmen) strictly 
means a swarm, a troop, like ugmaA [pp. ex- 
amining, examined.] To try"; to question ; to 
search into ; to scrutinize ; to sift : to discuss. 

Ex-am'i-ner, n. One who examines : an inquirer. 

Ex-am'ple. )/. [Fr. exenvple, L. exemplum, a speci- 

" men, a pattern ; eximere, to take out, to select ; 
ex, out, and einere, to buy, to take.] Something 
to be imitated ; a copy ; pattern ; model : — some- 
thing to be avoided : — instance ; illustration ; a 
precedent. 

Ex-an'i-mate, v. a. [L. exanimare, exanimatum, to 

" deprive of spirit or breath; ex, out, and animus, 
spirit.] [pp. exanimating, exanimated.] To 
deprive of life : — to dishearten. 

Ex-an'i-mate, a. Lifeless; dead; spiritless. 

Ex-an-i-ma'tion, n. Deprivation of life. 

Ex-an'them [eks'an-them, J.], n. [L. Ex-an-the'- 
ma; pi. Ex-an-them'a-ta.] [Gr. e£dv6r)iJ.a.; e£, 
out, and dvOelv, to bloom ; av0o<;, a flower.] 
(Med.) A rash ; an eruption on the skin. 

Ex-an-them'a-tous, a. Efflorescent ; eruptive. 

Ex'arph (eks'iirk), ». [L. exarchus ; Gr. e£apx°s; 
e£, out, and dpxeti', to rule.] A vicerov. 

Ex'ar-phate [eks-iir'kat, Si. N. Wb.], n. The office, 
or province, of an exarch : — an outlying province. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bail, bur, rule, 6se.— g, Q, c, g, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; §asz; x as gz ; tfiis. 

20 



EXASPEEATE 



230 



EXCULPABLE 



Ex-as'per-ate, V. a. [L. exasperare, exasperatum, 

' to provoke, to roughen ; ex, out, aud asper, 
rough. — See Asperity.] [pp. exasperating, ex- 
asperated.] To irritate in a high degree ; to en- 
rage ; to vex : — to exacerhate ; to inflame. 

Ex-as-per-a'tion, n. Great provocation ; irrita- 
tion ; vexation; anger; increase of violence. 

Ex'ca-vate, or Ex-ca'vate, v. a. [L. excavure, ex- 
cavalum; ex, out, and cuvare, to hollow; cuvus, 
hollow.] [pp. excavating, excavated.] To cut 
into hollows ; to hollow ; to make hollow. 

Ex-ca-va/tion, n. The act of excavating ; cavity. 

Ex-ceed', v.' a. [L. excedere, to go beyond ; ex, 
out, and cedere, to go.] [pp. exceeding, ex- 
ceeded.] To go beyond; to excel; to surpass; 
to transcend ; to outdo. — 2, v. n. To go too far. 

Ex-ceed'ing, p. a. Great; very large. 

Ex-ceed'ing-ly, ad. To a great degree. 

Ex-cel', v. a. [L. excellere, to surpass.] [pp. ex- 

' celling, excelled.] To outdo in excellence; to 
surpass. — 2, v. n. To have or take high rank. 

Ex'cel-lence, n. State of excelling; superiority; 
good quality ; dignity ; goodness, [of a governor. 

Ex'cel-len-cy, n. Excellence : — a title of honor, as 

Ex'cel-lent, a. [L. excellere, excellentis, to excel.] 
Eminent in any good quality; superior; unusu- 
ally good; highly meritorious. 

Ex'cel-lent-ly,W Well in a high degree. 

Ex-cel' si-or, a. [L.] More elevated. 

Ex-cen'tric, a. See Eccentric. 

^Jx-cept', v. a. [L. exceptare, frequentative of ex- 
cipere, exceptant, to take out; ex, out, and capere, 
to take.] [pp. excepting, excepted.] To leave 
out; to exclude. — 2, v. n. To object; to make 
objections. — 3, prep. Exclusively of; not in- 
cluding; with the exception of. 

Ex-cept'ing, prep. With exception of ; except. 

^x-cep'tion, n. The act of excepting; thing ex- 

' cepted ; "exclusion ; objection: — cavil. 

Ex-cep'tion-a-ble, a. Liable to objection ; faulty. 

?x-cep'tion-al, a. Implying exceptions : — con- 
stituting an exception ; above or beyond aver- 
age; not ordinary or common; supereminent ; 
rare :— peculiar. 

Ex-cep'tion-al-ly, ad. In an exceptional man- 
ner ; to or in an exceptional degree. 

Ex-cep'tive, a. Including an exception. 

^x-cerpt', n. [L. excerpere, excerptum, to extract; 
ex, out, and carpere, to pluck.] A passage ex- 
tracted ; an extract. — 2, v. a. [pp. excerpting, 
excerpted.] To extract ; to select out. 

Ex-cerp'ta, n. pi. [L.] Extracts ; selections. 

Ex-cess', n. [L. excessus, a going out. — See Ex- 
ceed.] More than enough; superfluity; exu- 
berance ; extravagance : — intemperance. 

Ex-ces'sive, a. Beyond due bounds; vehement. 

Ex-ces'sjve-ly, ad. Exceedingly ; extravagantly. 

Ex-change', v. a. [Fr. tchauger ; L. ex, away, and 
" Change (</. v.).] [pp. exchanging, exchanged.] 
To give one thing for another; to barter; to 
commute ; to change. — 2, n. Act of exchanging ; 
traffic ; barter : — balance of money of different 
countries : — a place where merchants meet. 

Ex-change-a-bil'i-ty, n. The state or quality of 
being exchangeable. 

Ex-change'a-ble, a. That may be exchanged. 

?x-cheq'uer (eks-chek'er), u. [Fr. eehiquier, a 
chess-board ; also a checkered board for counting 
and reckoning; hence, public accounts, a treas- 
ury. — See Checker and Chess.] A public 
treasury. 

Ex-cip'i-ent, n. [L. excipere, excipientis, to receive ; 
ex, out, and capere, to take.] A vehicle or sub- 
stance in which a medicine is taken. 

Ex-cis'a-ble, «. Liable to the duty of excise. 

^x-clse', n [Fr. accise, excise; Dut. aksiis, Ger. 
accise, a tax ; Sp. sisa, a cess or tax ; Late L. ac- 
cisia, a score, a tally, — hence, a tax -account, a 
tax ; from L. accide>-e, accisum, to cut, to notch ; 
ad, to, and csedere, to cut.] An inland tax levied 
upon commodities of home consumption. — 2, 



v. a. [pp. excising, excised.] To levy a tax: — 
[L. excidere, excisms ; ex, out, and csedere, to cut] 
to cut out or off. 

Ex-clse'man, n. Inspector of excised goods. 

Ex-ci sion (eks-sizk'un), n. Extirpation ; ruin. 

Ex-ci-ta-bil'i-tx, n. Capability of being excited. 

Ex-ci'ta-ble, a. Easy to be excited. 

Ex-ci'tant [ek'se-tant, Sm. St. I.], n. {Med.) Med- 
icine which excites action.— 2, a. Exciting; 
stimulating. 

Ex-ci-ta'tion, n. Act of exciting or rousing. 

Ex-ci'ta-tlve, a. Having power to excite. 

Ex-cl'ta-to-rx, a. Tending to excite. 

Ex-cite', v. a. [L. excitare, freq. of exciere, to call 
out; ex, out, and ciere, to summon.] [pp. ex- 
citing, excited.] To rouse; to animate; to stir. 

Ex-clte'ment, 11. State of being excited ; sensa- 
tion ; agitation ; commotion ; movement. 

Ex-cit'ing, p. a. Tending to excite; rousing. 

Ex-claim', v. n. [L. exclamare, exclamatum ; ex, 
out, and claviare, to cry.] [pp. exclaiming, ex- 
claimed.] To cry out ; to vociferate. 

Ex-cla-ma'tion, n. Vehement outcry ; clamor : — 
a mark [ ! ] indicating emotion. 

Ex-clam'a»to-r;y., «. "Using exclamation. 

Ex-clude', v. a. [L. excludere; ex, out, and chni- 
dere, to shut.] [pp. excluding, excluded.] To 
shutout; to hinder from entrance ; to debar; to 
prohibit; to expel. 

Ex-clu'§ion (eks-klu'zhun), n. [L. exclusio. — See 

"Exclude.] Act of excluding; prohibition; a 
shutting out. 

Ex-clu'sive, a. Tending to exclude; debarring; 
excepting : — opposed to inclusive. 

Ex-clii'sive-ly, ad. Without admitting another. 

Ex-clu'sive-ness, w. State of being exclusive. 

Ex-clu'so-ry., a. Excluding; exclusive. 

Ex-cog'i-tate, v. a. [L. excogitare, excogitation ; ex, 

' out, and cogilare, to think.] [ pp. excogitating, 
excogitated.] To invent; to cogitate. — 2, v. u. 
To think ; to cogitate. 

Ex-cog-i-ta'tion, n. Invention; cogitation. 

Ex-com-mu'ni-cate, t'. a. [L. excomvtuuicare, ex- 
c&tnmunicatum. — See Communicate.] [pp. ex- 
communicating, excommunicated.] To exclude 
from communion; to expel from fellowship. 

Ex-com-mu-ni-ca'tion, n. Exclusion from the 
fellowship of the church ; an interdict. 

Ex-co'ri-ate, v. a. [L. excoriare, excoriuinm, to 
' skin; 'ex, off, and corium, Gr. x°P'- 0V t tne hide.] 
[pp. excoriating, excoriated.] To strip off the 
skin ; to abrade. 

Ex-co-rj-a'tion, n. Act of flaying; abrasion. 

Ex'cre-ment, n. [L. excrementwm ; excernere, ex- 
crehlm, to excrete (q. v.). Old writers, in speak- 
ing of haii' and feathers as excrements, follow the 
L. excrescere, excrelmit, to grow out. Excremeu- 
tum in Latin has both senses, that of ordure, 
and that of outgrowth.] Alvine discharges; 
ordure ; dung. 

Ex-cre-ment'al. \ a. Relating to or resem- 

Ex-cre-men-ti"tious, j bling excrement. 

Ex-cres'cence, n. [L. excrescetttia ; excrescere, ex- 
' cretnm, to grow out ; ex, out, crescere, to grow. — 
See Crescent.] A protuberance ; a tumor. 

Ex-cres'cent, a. Growing out of something. 

Ex-crete', v. a. [L. excernere, excretunt, to sepa- 
"rate; ex, out, and cernere, to sift.] [pp. ex- 
creting, excreted.] To eject as injurious. 

Ex-cre'tion, »?. Ejection of a waste substance from 
' the animal bodv :— waste substance ejected. 

Ex'cre-tlve [eks'kre-tiv, S. W. P. J. Wb. I. ; eks- 
kre'tiv, Ja. St. Sm'.], a. Separating; ejecting. 

Ex'crelto-ry. or Ex-cre'to-ry, a. Excreting; ex- 
cretive': — throwing out waste. 

Ex-cru'ci-ate (eks-kru'she-at), v. a. [L. excntciare, 
' excrnciuium, to torment ; ex, out, and cruciare, to 
torment, to torture; crux, crxicis, a cross.] To 
afflict with great pain ; to torture ; to torment. 

Ex-cru-ci-a'tion, n. Torment; vexation. 

Ex-cul'pa-ble, a. That may be excused. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 5, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



EXCULPATE 



231 



EXHUME 




Excurrent midribs. 



Ex-ciil'pate, v. a. [L. exculpare, exculpatwm ; ex, 
' out, and culpa, blame.] [pp. exculpating, excul- 
pated.] To clear from fault; to excuse. 

Ex-cul-pa'tion, n. Vindication; excuse. 

Ex-cul'pa-to-ry, a. Clearing, or tending to clear, 
' from imputed fault. 

Ex- cur' rent. a. [L. excurrere, excurrentis, to run 

' out; ej:,'out, and cwrrere, to run.] Running out; 
extending outward, like 
the midrib of certain 
leaves. 

Ex-ciir'sion, n. [L. ex- 
curoio, from excurrere, 
excursion, to run out.] 
A ramble; digression; 
journey. 

Ex-ciir'sion-ist, w. One 
" who goes on an excursion. 

Ex-ciir'sive, a. Rambling; wandering. 

Ex-cur' sus, n. [L.] A literary exercise or di- 

" gression ; a digressive dissertation. 

Ex-cus'a-ble, a. That may be excused (said of 
persons or of faults) ; pardonable; venial. 

Ex-cu'sa-to-ry, a. That excuses ; apologetic. 

Ex-cusV (eks-kuz'), v. a. [L. excusare, to clear of 
a charge ; ex, out, and causa or caussa, a cause 
(g. v.), a charge or accusation.] [pp. excusing, 
excused.] To extenuate by apology; to free 
from obligation ; to remit ; to pardon. 

Ex-cuse' (eks-kus'), «. A reason alleged for doing 
" or not doing a thing; plea; apology; pardon. 

Ex'e-cra-ble, a. Hateful; detestable. 

Ex'e-cra-bly. ad. Tn an execrable manner. 

Ex'e-crate, p- a. [L. execrari, execratus, to curse 
utterly ; ex, out, and sacrarc, to consecrate (also 
to pronounce accursed) ; sacer, sacred.] [pp. ex- 
ecrating, execrated.] To curse; to abominate. 

Ex-e-cra'tion, n. Malediction ; a curse. 

Ex-eVu-tarit, u. One who executes or performs. 

Ex'e-eute, v. a. [Fr. exccuter ; L. exsequi, exsecutus, 
to' pursue, to follow out; ex, out, and scrjui, to 
follow.] [pp. executing, executed.] To carr,y 
into effect ; to perform ; to complete ; to finish : 
— to put to death. 

Ex-e-cu'tion, n. The act of executing; perform- 
ance :— death inflicted by the tonus of law. 

Ex-e-cu'tion-er, n. One who kills ; one who puts 
to 'death condemned criminals. 

Ex-ec'ii-tive, a. Having the power to act or exe- 

"cute; putting the laws in force. — 2, n. The 
person or power that administers the govern- 
ment, [last will and testament. 

Ex-ec'u-tor, n. [L.] One who executes a testator's 

Ex-ec'u-tor-ship, n. The office of an executor. 

Ex-ec'u-to-ry, a. Relating to execution. 

Ex-ec'u-trix, n. [L.] A female executor. 

Ex-e-i-e'sis, n. [Gr. d^^cris ; l£r)yeia9ai, to ex- 
plain ; e'£, out. and rjyetadai, to guide; ayeiv, to 
lead.] The science or art of literary or critical 
interpretation ; explanation. 

Ex-e-get'i-cal, a. [Gr. efrj-yTjTiKos.— See Exege- 
sis.] Explanatory ; expository. 

Ex-em'plar, u. [L. exemplar, also exemplarium 

' aud exemplum. — See Example.] A pattern ; an 
example; a copy ; a model; plan; resemblance. 

Ex'em-pla-ri-ly, ad. In an exemplary manner. 

Ex'em-pla-ri-ness, n. State of being exemplary. 

Ex'em-pla-ry [egz-em'pla-re, P. K. H.], a. [L. 
ex'emplaris. — See Example.] Worthy of imita- 
tion ; serving for a pattern ; correct. 

Ex-em-pli-fi-ca'tion, n. Illustration : — copy. 

Ex-em'pli-fy, v. a. [Late L. exempt ijicare; L. ex- 
emplum, a copy, and facere, to make.] [pp. 
exemplifying, exemplified.] To illustrate by 
example : — to make a certified copy of. 

Ex-empt' (egz-emt'), v. a. [L. eximere, exemptum, to 
take out ; ex, out, and emere, to procure, properly 
to buy.] [pp. exempting, exempted.] To free 
from ; to dispense with ; to privilege ; to excuse. 
— 2, a. Free by privilege; not liable.— 3, w. A 
person exempted from certain services or duties. 



Ex-empt'i-ble, a. Capable of being exempted. 

Ex-emp'tion (egz-em'shun), n. State of being 

* exempted ; immunity ; privilege. 

Ex-e-qua'tur, n. [L.] A written instrument 
recognizing a person as consul. 

Ex'e-quy (eks'e-kwe), «., or Ex f e-quie§ (eks'e- 
kwiz), '«. pi. [L. exsequise, funeral rites ; ex, 
out, and sequi, to follow.] Funeral rites. 

Ex-er-cis/a-ble, a. That may be exercised. 

Ex'er-ci§e, n. [Fr. exercice ; L. exercilium; exer- 
cere, exerciturn, to drive on, to keep at work ; 
ex, out, and arcere, to compel, to drive away.] 
Labor; practice; performance. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
exercising, exercised.] To train by use; to em- 
ploy; to engage; to practise; to use ; to exert. — 
3, v. n. To use exercise ; to labor. 

Ex-er-ci-ta'tion, n. Exercise; practice; use. 

Ex-ert', v. <i. [L. exserere, exsertum, to thrust out; 

" ex, out, and severe, to put.] [pp. exerting, ex- 
erted.] To use with effort ; to put into exercise ; 
to perform. 

Ex-er'tion, n. The act of exerting; effort; en- 
deavor. 

Ex'e-flnt, v. n. [L. pi. of Exit.] They go out. 

Ex-io'li-ate, v. a. & v. n. [L. exfoliure, exfoliatuin ; 
ex, off, and folium, a leaf.] [pp. exfoliating, ex- 
foliated.] To shell off; to peel oft'. 

Ex-fo-li-a/tion, n. The act of shelling off. 

Ex-ha-la'tion, n. The act of exhaling; evapo- 
ration; vapor; fume; effluvium. 

Ex-hale' [eks-hal', bt.), v. a. [L. exhalare ; ex, 
' out, and halare, to breathe.] [pp. exjialing, ex- 
haled.] To send out in vapors ; to emit. — 2, v. n. 
To fly off or vanish as vapor. 

Ex-haust' [eks-hawsf, S<.;egz-awst'oregz-hawst', 
H.], v. a. [L. exhaurire, e'xhaustum ; ex, out, and 
haurire, to drain.] [pp. exhausting, exhausted.] 
To draw out totally ; to empty ; to weaken ; to 
tire out.— 2, w. (Steam Eng.) The steam to be 
let out of a cylinder after doing its work. 

Ex-haust'ed, p- u. Greatly fatigued ; tired out : 

' — emptied. 

Ex-haust'i-ble, a. That may he exhausted. 

Ex-haus'tion (effz-hawst'yun), „. The act of ex- 
hausting; state of being exhausted, [thorough. 

Ex-haust'ive, «. That exhausts: — complete: — 

Ex-haust'iess. a. That cannot be exhausted. 

Ex-hib'it [4ks-hib'it, St. ; eks-hib'it or egz-hib'it, 
H], v. a. [L. exhibere, exhibitum, to show ; ex, 
out, and habere, habitum, to hold.] [pp. exhibit- 
ing, exhibited.] To offer to view; to show : — 
to administer, as medicine. — 2, v. A paper ex- 
hibited ; a statement :— that which is exhibited : 
— articles displayed. 

Ex-hib'it-er. u. One who exhibits or offers. 

Ex-hi-bi"tion (eks-he-bish'un), n. The act of ex- 
hibiting; display; public'.sW-; — a public ora- 
torical performance at a literary seminary : — an 
allowance; a pension. 

Ex-hi-bi"tion-er, n. {England.) A university 
student who enjoys a pension. 

Ex-hil'a-rant. a. Enlivening; cheering. — 2, n. 
A medicine which enlivens; a cordial. 

Ex-hil'a-rate [eks-, St. ; eks- or egz-, H.], v. a. [L. 
exliilarare, exhilaration ; ex, out, and hilarare, to 
cheer; hilaris, glad.] [pp. exhilarating, exhila- 
rated.] To make cheerful ; to enliven ; to cheer ; 
to inspire ; to animate. 

Ex-hil-a-ra'tion, n. Hilarity ; animation. 

Ex-hbrt', v. a. [L. exhortari; ex intensive, and 
hartari, to urge.] [pp. exhorting, exhorted.] 
To incite to good; to persuade. 

Ex-hor-ta'ticn, n. Incitement to good ; advice ; 
an address intended to incite to a right course. 

Ex-hbr'ta-tive, a. Containing exhortation. 

E?-hSr'ta-to-ry. a. Hortatory ; giving advice. 

Ex-hb'rt'er, n. One who exhorts. 

Ex-hu-ma'tion, n. The act of disinterring. 

Ex-hume', v. a. [Fr. exhumer; L. ex, out of, and 

" humuH, the ground.] [pp. exhuming, exhumed.] 
To dig out of the earth ; to unbury ; to disinter. 



mien, si'r ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g , 9, 9, §, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



EXIGENCE 



232 



EXPENSIVENESS 



EVi-£ence, In. Pressing necessity; urgency; 

Ex'i-gen-cy, J emergency ; want; great need. 

Ex'i-i'ent, a. [L. exigere, exigeutis, to exact (q. v.).] 
Pressing; urgent. 

Ex'ile, n. [L. exsilium, banishment ; ex, out, and 
root of salio, to leap ; exsul, an exile ; exsulare, to 
banish.] Banishment: — the person banished. 

Ex-Ile' [eks'Il, Wb. J. Sm. ; eg'zll or ex'il, H. ; 

' eg'zTl, St. I.], v. a. [pp. exiling, exiled.] To 
drive from a country ; to banish. 

Ex-ist', v. n. [L. exsistere, to stand forth, to be; 

" ex, out, and sistere, to set, to cause to stand ; stare, 
to stand (q. v.).] [pp. existing, existed.] To 
have existence; to be; to live. 

Ex-ist'ence, n. State of being; being; life. 

E£-ist'ent, a. Having existence or being. 

Ex'it, n. [L. for "he goes out ;" exire, to go out ; 
ex, out, and ire, to go.] Departure ; a going out ; 
death :— a passage out. — 2, v. a. (pi. Ex'e-unt.) 
He, or she, goes out. 

iSx'o-dus, n. [Gr. e£o<5os ; e£, out, and 6S6?, a 
way.] A departure : — the second book of Moses, 
describing the journey from Egypt. 

Ex-og'a-mous, a. Of or relating to exogamy ; 

' noting marriage outside one's tribe. 

Ex-og'a-my, n. [Gr. e£w, outside, and ya/ixo?, 

" marriage.] Marriage beyond one's own tribe; the 
custom of selecting wives from some outside tribe. 

Ex'o-|'en, n. [Gr. e|w, outside, and yevecrOai, to 
be' produced.] (Bot.) A plant or tree which is 
increased by growth on the outside. 

Ex-og'e-neus, a. Belonging to exogens. 

E?-on'er-ate, v. a. [L. exonerare, exoneratum, to 
disburden ; ex, out, and onus, oneris, a burden.] 
[pp. exonerating, exonerated.] To disburden; 
to exculpate; to clear; to discharge ; to relieve. 

Ex-on-er-a'tion, n. The act of exonerating: — 
state of being exculpated. 

Ex-on'er-a-tive, a. That exonerates. 

E?-or'bi-tance, \n. Excess ; enormity ; extrava- 

Ex-or'bi-tan-cy., j gance. 

]j?-Sr'bi-tant, a. [L. exorbitare, exorbitantis, to go off 
the track; ex, out of, and orbila, an orbit (g. v.).] 
Exceeding due bounds; unreasonable; enor- 
mous; excessive: — anomalous. 

Ex-or'bi-tant-ry, ad. Excessively. 

Ex'or-cise [eks-or'siz, K.], v. a. [Gr. e£opKi£eiv; 
e£, out, and opKi^etv, to adjure ; 6p«o?, an oath.] 
[pp. exorcising, exorcised.] To expel, as evil 
spirits : — to purify from evil. 

Ex'or-cism, «. [Gr. e£opKia>i6?.— See Exorcise.] 
Expulsion of evil spirits. 

Ex'or-cist, n. [Gr. c^opkictttj?. — See Exorcise.] 
One who expels evil spirits. 

Es-Sr'di-um, n. [L. for a "beginning," a "warp;" 

' exordiri, ordiri, to weave, to begin.] L. pi. Ex- 
or'di-a; Eng. Ex-br'di-ums. {Rhei.) The open- 
ing part of an oration ; a preface ; an introduction. 

Ex-o-skel'e-ton, n. [Gr. i£a>, outward, and Skel- 
eton.] The external skeleton seen in many of 
the lower animals. 

Ex-os-mose', ft. [Gr. <i£u>, outside, and wOeiv, to 
push, or thrust.] The outward passage of fluids 
through membranes. 

Ex-os-mo'sis, n. See Exosmose. 

Ex-os-mot'ic, a. Relating to exosmose. 

Ex-os-to'sis, n. [Gr. e£6o-TO)o-ts ; e£, out, and 
otrVe'ov, bone.] The protuberance of a bone. 

Ex-o-ter'ic, \ a. [Gr. e£a)Tepi/co?, outward; 

Ex-o-ter'j-cal, J e^wrepw, more outward; e£w, 
outward ; e£, out.] Public ; exterior ; not secret : 
— opposed to esoteric. 

E?-ot'ic (egz-ot'ik), a. [Gr. e|coTiKo?, foreign; 

* f'|o), 'outward.]' Foreign; not native; not pro- 
duced at home.— 2, n. A foreign plant; a for- 
eign word; any thing foreign. 

Ex-pand', v. a. & v. n. [L. expandere, expansvm, 

' to spread out; ex, out, and pandere, to spread.] 
[pp. expanding, expanded.] To enlarge in sur- 
face ; to spread out ; to open ; to dilate ; to dis- 
tend ; to enlarge. 



Ex-panse', n. Wide extent : — the firmament. 

?x-pan-si-bil'i-tj:, «• Capacity of extension. 

Ex-pan' si'-ble, a. That may be expanded. 

^Ix-pan'sion, n. Act or process of expanding; 
extent; the state of being expanded :— space. 

Ex-pan' sive, a. Having the power or capacity of 
expanding ; tending to expansion. 

Ex-pan' sive-ly, ad. By expansion ; in an expan- 
sive or diffuse manner. 

Ex-pan' sive-ness, n. Quality of being expansive; 
diffuseness ; openness. 

Ex-pa'ti-ate (eks-pu/she-at), v. n. [L. exspatiari, 
exspatiatus ; ex, out, and spal'uiri, to roam ; spa- 
tiurn, space (q. v.).] [pp. expatiating, expati- 
ated.] To range at large; to enlarge upon in 
language. 

Ex-pa-ti-a'tion (eks-pa-she-a'shun), n. The act 

" of expatiating or roaming at large. 

Ex-pa'tri-ate, v. a. [Late L. expatriare, expatri- 
atura, to banish ; ex, out, and patria, native 
country.] [pp. expatriating, expatriated.] To 
banish or remove from one's country. 

Ex-pa-tri-a'tion, n. Banishment ; exile. 

Ex-pect', v. a. [L. exspectare, exspectatum ; ex, 
out, and spectare, to look.] [pp. expecting, ex- 
pected.] To look for; to wait for; to i 
See Hope. 



anticipate. 



Ex-pect'ance, \n. Act or state of expecting; 

Ex-pect'an-cy, j expectation ; hope : — abeyance. 

Ex-pect'ant, a. "Waiting in expectation. 

Ex-pec-ta'tion, w. Act of expecting; thing ex- 
pected ; hope ; trust : — prospect of good. — Expec- 
tation of life, the mean average duration of the 
life of individuals of any given age. 

Ex-pec'to-rant, a. Causing expectoration. — 2, n. 

" A medicine to promote expectoration. 

Ex-pec'to-rate, v. a. [L. expectorare, expectoralum ; 
ex, outj and pectus, pectoris, the breast.] [pp. 
expectorating, expectorated.] To eject from the 
breast, chest, or lungs ; to cough up. — 2, v. n. 
To eject phlegm or other matter from the lungs 
or breast. 

Ex-pec-to-ra'tion, n. Discharge of matter from 

" the chest or kings by coughing : — matter expec- 
torated. 

Ex-pe'di-ence, "In. Quality of being expedient; 

Ex-pe'di-en-cXi / fitness : — policy : — convenience, 
' advisabiiity ; suitableness to a good end ; utility. 

Ex-pe'di-ent, a. [L. expedire, expedientis, to for- 

" ward, to' make ready ; ex, out, and pes, pedis, the 
foot.] Proper; convenient : — profitable; accord- 
ant with present interests rather than with 
principle ; suitable ; requisite ; advisable ; useful. 
— 2, n. Means to an end ; device : — a shift. 

Ex-pe'di-ent-ly, ad. Suitably ; fitly. 

Ex'pe-dite, v. a. [L. expedire, expeditum. — See 
Expedient.] [p>p- expediting, expedited.] To 
hasten ; to quicken.— 2, a. Quick ; hasty ; easy ; 
active : — prompt. 

Ex'pe-dlte-lx, ad. With quickness ; hastily. 

Ex-pe-di"tion (eks-pe-dish'un), n. Haste; speed; 
activity :—" a military, naval, or other important 
enterprise ; an undertaking :— a voyage or march 
of importance. 

Ex-pe-di"tious (eks-pe-dish'us), a. Quick ; nim- 
ble; soon done; speedy; swift; hasty; prompt. 

Ex-pe-di"tious-lj:, ad. Speedily; nimbly. 

Ex-pel', v. a. [L. expellere, expvhma ; ex, out, and 

' pellere, to drive.] [pp. expelling, expelled.] To 
drive out; to eject; to banish. 

Ex-pel'la-ble, a. That may be expelled. 

Ex-pend', v. a. [L. expendere, to weigh out, to 
6pend ; ex, out, and pendere, to weigh.] [pp, 
expending, expended/] To lay out; to -waste-; 
to spend. [ment; cost; expense. 

Ex-pen'di-ture, n. Sum expended ; disburse- 

Ex-pense', n. [L. expensa, money spent. — See 

" Expend.] Cost; charges; money expended. 

Ex-pen'sive, a. Given to expense; costly; dear. 

Ex-pen'sive-lx, ad. In an expensive manner. 

?x-pen'sive-ness, n. Costliness. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, l, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, Xi obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



EXPERIENCE 



233 



EXPRESS 



Ex-pe'ri-ence, n. [L. experientia, trial, proof; ex- 
periri, ' expertus, to test ; ex, out, and periri, to 
try (a verb not found except in composition).] 
Knowledge or wisdom gained by practice ; re- 
peated trial; proof; test. — 2, v. a. [pp. experi- 
encing, experienced.] To know by practice or 
trial. 

Ex-pe'ri-enced (eks-pe're-enst), p. a. Having had 
experience; versed; tried. [ence. 

Ex-pe-ri-en'tial, a. Related to or having experi- 

Ex-pe-rj-en'tial-ism, n. The doctrine that all 
" knowledge and all our ideas are derived from in- 
dividual experience : — opposed to intuitionalism. 

Ex-per'i-ment, n. [L. experimentum, a test. — See 
Experience.] An operation to discover or prove 
some truth; a trial; test; proof. — 2, v. 11. [pp. 
experimenting, experimented.] To make trial 
or proof. [experiment. 

Ex-per-i-men'tal, a. Founded on experience or 

Ex-per-i-men'tal-ist, n. A maker of experi- 
' ments'; an experimenter. 

Ex-per-i-men'tal-ly, ad. By experience. 

Ex-per'i-ment-er, w. A maker of experiments. 

Ex-pert', a. [L. expertns.— See Experience.] 
"Skilful; prompt; dexterous.— 2, n. One who 
has' or professes great skill. 

Ex-pert'ly, ad. In a skilful, ready manner. 

Ex-pert'ness, n. Skill ; readiness ; dexterity. 

Ex'pi-a-ble, a. Capable of being expiated. 

Ex'pi-ate, v. a. [L. expiare, expiation; ex, out, 
and piare, to appease ; pins, kind, good.] [pp. 
expiating, expiated.] To atone for; to appease. 

Ex-pi-a'tion, n. Act" of expiating; satisfaction; 
atonement; compensation. ftion. 

Ex'pi-a-to-ry, a. Relating to or making expia- 

Ex-p'i-ra'tion, n. Act of expiring ; emission of 
breath : — end ; death :— evaporation. [breath. 

Ex-pi'ra-to-ry, a. Relating to exhalation of 

Ex-pire\ v. a. [L. ex&pirare, to breathe out; ex, 

' out, and spirare, to breathe. — See Spirit.] [pp. 

expiring, expired.] To breathe out; to exhale. 

— 2, v. n. To emit the last breath ; to die j to 

end. 

Ex-pir'ing 1 , a. Dying or associated with dying. 

Ex'pi-ry feks'pi-re, Wo. Wb. I. N. ; eks-pT're, St.], 
n. Expiration; end; cessation. 

Ex-plain', v. a. [L. explanure; ex, out, and pla- 
' nare, to spread ; planus, smooth, plain (q. p.).] 
[pp. explaining, explained.] To make intelligi- 
ble ; to expound; to illustrate; to elucidate. 

Ex-plain'a-ble, a. That may be explained. 

Ex-pla-na'tion, n. Act of explaining; illustra- 
tion; sense explained ; definition; explication : — 
a note ; a comment. 

Ex-plan'a-to-ry, «. Containing explanation. 

Ex'ple-tive, n. [L. expletivus, filling up; expletus, 
filled up; explere, to fill; ex, out, and plere, to 
fill.] A word not necessary to the sense, but 
used to fill a space or for ornament. — 2, a. Used 
to fill up a space. 

fix'pli-ca-ble, a. That may be explained. 

Ex'pli-cate, v. a. [L. explicate, explication or ex- 
plici'tiou, to unfold ; ex negative, and plicare, to 
fold; plica, af 'Id.] [pp. explicating, explicated.] 
To unfold ; to explain. 

Ex-pli-ca'tion, n. Act of explaining; explana- 
tion'; interpretation. 

Jsx'pli-ca-tive, a. Tending to explain. 

Ex'pli-ca-tor, n. An expounder; an explainer. 

Ex'pli-ca-to-ry, a. Explicative; explaining. 

Ex-plic'it, a. [L. explicitns, unfolded. — See Ex- 
plicate.] Plain; clear; direct; express. 

Ex-plic'it-ly, ad. Plainly; expressly. 

Ex-plis'it-ness, n. Quality of being explicit. 

Ex-plode', v. a. [L. explodere, explosion, properly, 
to drive off tlie stage by a noisy demonstration ; 
ex, off, and plandere, to applaud (q. ».).] [pp. 
exploding, exploded.] To drive out; to dis- 
charge : — to decry ; to disprove : — to destroy ; to 
cause to burst.— 2, v. n. To make an explosion ; 
to burst with noise. 



Ex-plSit', n. [Fr. exploit; L. explicition, a thing 

'displayed. — See Explicate.] A great act; 
achievement; deed. — 2, v. a. [Fr. exploiter, to 
work, to take advantage of: exploit in French 
formerly meant profit, revenue.] [pp. exploit- 
ing, exploited.] To turn to account ; to admin- 
ister ; to work. 

Ex-plbi-ta'tion, n. The act or process of utilizing ; 
the act of turning to account or administering : 
— the process by which ores or other minerals 
are won and made available. 

Ex-,plo-ra'tion, n. The act of exploring ; search. 

Ex-plo'ra-tive, or Ex-plor'a-to-ry [eks-plor'$- 
" tur-e, & J. K. I. St.], a. Made for the purpose 
of exploration. 

Ex-plore\ v. a. [L. explorare, to search out, to 
examine, — originally, to cry alter ; ex, out, and 
plorare, to grieve, to bewail, to weep.] [pp. ex- 
ploring, explored.] To search into; to examine 
by trial; to try; to inspect; to scrutinize. 

Ex-plor'er, n. One who explores. 

Ex-plo'§ion (eks-plo'zhun), n. [L. exjilosio. — See 
' Explode.] The act of exploding; a sudden, 
loud discharge ; displosion. 

Ex-plo'sive, a. Bursting; causing explosion. — 
•i, u. A substance that will or may explode. 

Ex-po'-nent, n. [L. exponere, exponentis, exposition, 
' to set forth ; ex, out, and ponere, to place.] {Al- 
gebra.) An index of a power; as, a 4 , in which 
4 is the exponent of a, denoting that a is raised 
to the fourth power : — one who expounds or t-ets 
forth any thing. 

Ex-po-neii'tial, a. Relating to an exponent. 

Ex-p6rt\ v. a. [L. exportare ; ex, out, and portare, 
' to carry.] [pp. exporting, exported.] To carry 
out of a country. 

Ex'port, n. That which is exported ; a commodity 
sent to a foreign market. 

Ex-port'a-ble, a. That may be exported. 

Ex-por-ta'tion, n. The act of exporting; the act 
of carrying merchandise to another country. 

Ex-port'er, n. One who exports. 

Ex-po§e\ V. a. [Fr. exposer ; L. ex, and pavsare, 
' to halt, to pause (q. ».) ; the word has, however, 
acquired the meaning of L. exponere, to set forth, 
to expound.— See Exponent.] [pp. exposing, 
exposed.] To lay open ; to disclose : — to put in 
danger ; to make liable. 

Expose (eks-po-za'), n. [Fr.] An exposition ; a 
formal recital of causes and motives. 

Ex-p6§ed', p. a. Unsheltered : — liable. 

Ex-po-si"tion (eks-po-zish'un), n. [L. erpositio. 
— See Exponent.] Explanation; interpretation; 
exposure : — an exhibition. 

Ex-p5s/i-tor, n. An explainer; an interpreter. 

Ex-pos'i-to-ry, a. Explanatory; illustrative. 

Ex-post'u-'late, v. n. [L. expostulate, expostulation ; 
ex intensive, and postulate, to demand. — Cf. post- 
cere, to ask.] [ pp. expostulating, expostulated.] 
To reason ; to remonstrate. 

Ex-post-u-la'tipn, n. The act of expostulating; 
discussion without anger; remonstrance. 

Ex-post'u-la-to-rx. a. That expostulates; con- 
taining expostulation. 

Ex-pos/ure (eks-po'zhur), n. The act of exposing; 
' state of being exposed ; manifestation :— situa- 
tion with respect to sun, air, or danger. 

Ex-pound', v. a. [0. Fr. espondre, to explain : L. 
exponere, to set forth. — See Exponent.] [pp. 
expounding, expounded.] To lay open the 
meaning; to explain ; to clear; to interpret. 

Ex-pSund'er, n. One who expounds. 

Ex-press', v. a. [L. exprimere, expression; ex, out, 
and primere, to press (q. v.); expressus, plain, dis- 
tinct.] [pp. expressing, expressed.] To repre- 
sent ; to utter ; to declare ; to signify : — to press 
out : — to send by express. — 2, a. Exactly resem- 
bling : — given indirect terms; definite: clear; 
explicit; plain: — swift; swift and regular. — 
3, n. A messenger, Aehicle, or message sent : — 
a regular conveyance. 



mien, sir; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5,9, 5, &,$oft; p, j&, c, £, hard; § as z ; xasgz;this. 

20* 



EXPEESSAGE 



234 



EXTOKTIONATE 



Ex-press' a£e, n. The charge for carrying by ex- 
press : — the business of sending by express. 

Ex-press'i-ble, «. That may be expressed. 

jpx-pres'sion (eks-presh'un), n. The act of ex- 

" pressing ; phrase ; term ) mode of speech : — rep- 
resentation : — appearance of the countenance. 

Ex-pres'sion-al (eks-presk'un-al), «. Conveying 
an expression. 

Ex-pres'sive, a. Serving to express; lively. 

Ex-pres'sive-ly, ad. In an expressive manner. 

ibx-pres'sive-ness, n. Power of expression. 

Ex-press' ly., ad. In direct terms; plainly. 

Ex-pro'brate [eks'pro-briit, P. Wb.J. 8m.'], v. a. 
[L. exprobrare, exprobratum; ex intensive, and 
probrum, a scandalous act.] [pp. exprobrating, 
exprobrated.] To upbraid ; to censure. 

Ex-pro'bra-tive, a. Upbraiding; reproaching. 

Ex-pro'pri-ate, v. a. [Fr. exproprier ; L. ex, out, 

" andjjrojjVws, one's own.— See Property.] [pp. 
expropriating, expropriated.] To part with. 

Ex-pro-pri-a'tion, n. The act of discarding. 

^x-pugn' (eks-pun'), v. a. [L. expugnare, to con- 
quer ; ex, out, and pugnare, to fight ; pugna, a 
fight] [pp. expugnin'g, expugned.J To con- 
quer ; to take. 

Ex-pug 7 na-ble, a. That may be won by force. 

Ex-pul'sion, n. [L. expulsio. — See Expel.] The 

" act of expelling ; ejection. 

Ex-pul'sive, a. Causing expulsion ; expelling. 

Ex-punge\ v. a. [L. expungere ; ex, out, andpjm- 

" gere, to prick. — See Pungent. At first no doubt 
applied to such inscriptions as had to be re- 
moved by a cutting instrument.] [pjj. expung- 
ing, expunged.] To blot out; to rub out; to 
wipe out; to efface ; to obliterate. 

Ex-piir'gate (or eks'pur-gat), v. a. [L. expurgare, 
expurgation; ex, out, and purgare, to purge 
(q. ».).] [pp. expurgating, expurgated.] To 
expunge ; to cleanse ; to purify ; to purge. 

Ex-pur-ga'tion, n. The act of expurgating or 
cleansing ; purification. 

Ex-piir'ga-tor {or eks'pur-ga-tur), n. A cleanser. 

Ex'qui-site,'a. [hi. exqidsitus, choice; exquirere, to 
search out; ex, out, and quxrere, to seek,] Ex- 
cellent; consummate; fine.— 2, n. A dandy; a 

Ex'qui-§ite-ly. ad. Completely ; perfectly, [fop. 

Ex-san'guine, or Ex-san'gui-ous, a. [L. ex, out. 
' and sanguis, sanguinis, blood.] Destitute of 
blood; pale. 

Ex-scmd' (eks-sTndO, v. a. [L. exscindere ; ex, out 
' or off, and scindere, to cut.] [pp. exscinding, ex- 
scinded.] To cut off. 

Ex-sect', v. a. [L. exsecare, exsectum, to cut out; 

* ex, out, and secare, to cut.] [pp. exsecting, ex- 
sected.] To cut; to cut away. 

Ex-sert'ed, a. [L. exsertm.— See Exert.] (Bot.) 
' Standing out; projecting. 

Ex-sic'cate, v. a. [L. exsiccare, 
exsiccaturn ; ex, out, and siccare, 
to dry; siccus, dry.] [pp. exsic- 
cating, exsiccated.] To dry; to 
make dry. Ting ; dryness. 

Ex-sic-ca'tion. n. The act of dry- 

Ex'tant, a. [L. exstans, exstantis, 
pre's. part, of exstare, to stand 
forth, to exist ; ex, out, and stare, 
to stand (q. v.).] Standing in 
view; now in being; still exist- 
ing; as, a book still extant. 

Ex'ta-sx,". See Ecstasy. [den; extemporary. 

Ex-tem-po-ra'ne-ous, a. Unpremeditated; sud- 

Ex-tem-po-ra/ne-ous-lx. ad. Extempore. 

Ex-tem-po-ra'ne-ous-ness, n. The quality of 
being unpremeditated. 

Ex-tem'po-ra-ry, a. Uttered or performed with- 
" out premeditation ; extemporaneous. 

Ex-tem'po-re, a. & ad. [L. ex tempore, at the time ; 
" tempus, time.— See Temporal.] Without pre- 
meditation. 

Ex-tem'po-rlze, v. n. [pp. extemporizing, ex- 
' temporized.] To speak extempore, or without 



-2, v. 



To devise or construct 




previous study, 
in haste. 

Ex-tend', v. a. [L. extendere, extentum, externum, 
to stretch out ; ex, out, and tendere, to stretch, 
to tend (q. v.).] [pp. extending, extended.] To 
stretch out; to expand. — 2, v. n. To reach to 
any distance. 

Ex-ten-si-bil'i-tx, n. Quality of being extensible. 

Ex-ten'si-ble, or Ex-ten'sile, a. That may be 
extended. 

Ex-ten' sion, n. [L. extensio, exteutio. — See Ex- 

* tend.] The act of extending; stretching; ex- 
tent ; expansion ; diffusion ; dilatation. 

Ex-ten'sive, a. Having great extent; large; 

" wide; broad; comprehemive ; expansive. 

Ex-ten'sive-ly, ad. Widely; largely. 

Ex-ten' sive-ness, n. Diffusiveness. 

Ex-ten' sor, n. A muscle which extends. 

Ex-tent', n. [See Extend.] Space; extension; 
bulk; compass. — (Law.) A writ of execution. 

Ex-ten'u-ate, v. a. [L. extenuare, extenmaimn, to 

' make thin; ex, out, and tenuare, tu thin ; tenuis, 
thin.] [jjp. extenuating, extenuated.] To lessen; 
to palliate : — to render thin. 

Ex-ten-u-a'tion, n. Palliation; mitigation. 

Ex-ten'u-a-to'-rj:, a. Extenuating. 

Ex-te'ri-or, a. [L. exter or exterus, out ; exterior, 

'outer'; 'extremns, outmost, last; from ex, out.] 
Outward ; external ; extrinsic. — 2, n. Outward 
surface. [nated. 

Ex-ter'mi-na-ble, a. Capable of being exteimi- 

Ex-ter'mi-nate, v. a. [L. exterminate, extermina- 
tum ; ex', out of, and terminus (q. v.), the bound- 
ary.] [pp. exterminating, exterminated.] To 
root out; to eradicate; to destroy; to kill; to 
slay ; to extirpate. [nation. 

Ex-ter-mi-na'tion, n. Total destruction; elimi- 

Ex-ter'mi-na-tor, n. A destroyer. 

Ex-ter'mi-na-to-rx, a. Destructive. 

Ex- tern', a. [Fr. externe : L. externus; exter, out- 
ward; ex, out.] External; exterior; outward. 
— 2, n. A student who does not board within 
a college or seminary : — a house-to-house sur- 
geon of a hospital, [visible. 

Ex-ter'nal, «. [See Extern.] Outward; exterior; 

Ex-ter'nal-ly., ad. In an external manner. 

Ex-ter'nals, n. pi. Things on the outside. 

Ex-tinct'", a. [See Extinguish.] Extinguished ; 
" put out; obliterated; quenched; destroyed; no 
longer existing. 

Ex-tinc'tion, n. A quenching; destruction. 

Ex-tm'guish (ek-sting'gwish), v. a. [L. extin- 
gnere, extinctum ; ex, out, and stingnere, to quench : 
on type of the cognate word distinguish.] [p>p. 
extinguishing, extinguished.] To put out; to 
quench : — to suppress ; to destroy. 

Ex-tin'guish-a-ble, a. That may be quenched. 

Ex-tin'guish-er, n. One that quenches :— a uten- 
sil to extinguish a candle or a 
lamp. 

Ex-tin'guish-ment, n. The act of 
' extinguishing; extinction; de- 
struction. — (Law.) Consolidation 
of an estate with another. 

Ex-t'ir'pate, v. a. [L. exsfhpare, ex- 
' stirpatum ; ex, out, and stirps, a 
stem or stock.] [pp. extirpating, Extinguisher, 
extirpated.] To root out; to eradicate. 

Ex-tir-pa'tion, n. Eradication ; destruction. 

Ex-tol', v. a. [L. extollere, to raise up; ex, out, 
' and toilere, to lift.] [pp. extolling, extolled.] 
To praise ; to magnify ; to laud ; to applaud ; 
to commend highly. 

Ex-tort', v. a. [L. extorquere, extortmn ; ex, out, and 

' torqnere, to twist.] [pp. extorting, extorted.] 

To draw from by force ; to force away ; to wring 

from; to exact.— 2, v. n. To practise oppression. 

Ex-tor'tion, n. [L. extorsio.— See Extort.] Ille- 
' gal exaction ; oppression. 

Ex-tbr'tion-a-ry, 1 «• Partaking of extortion; 

Ex-tbr'tion-ate, J rapacious. 




a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i s o, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



EXTORTIONER 



235 



EYRT 



Ex-tbr'tion-er, v. One who practises extortion. 

Ex'tra. [L. 'extra, beyond ; exler, extern, outside ; 
ex, out.j A word (often used in composition) 
meaning over and above, extraordinary, as extra- 
pay, &c. ; or beyond, as extra-judicial, &c. — 2, a. 
Additional : — unusual : — special. — 3, n. Some- 
thing unusual or special. 

Ex-tract',?, a. [L. extrahere, extractum ; ex, out, 
' and trahere, to draw.] (pp. extracting, ex- 
tracted.] To draw out ; to take from ; to select. 

Ex' tract, n. Substance extracted ; quotation. 

Ex-trac'tion, n. A drawing out :— lineage. 

Ex-trac'tive, a. Capable of being extracted. — 
' 2, b. That which may be extracted. 

Ex-tract'or, n. He who or that which extracts. 

Ex'tra-dite, v. a. [Fr. extruder, to surrender. — See 
Extradition.] [pp. extraditing, extradited.] 
To deliver up under a treaty of extradition. 

Ex-tra-di"tion, n. [Kr. extradition; L. ex, out, 
and traditi'o, a surrender. — See Tradition.] 
(Law.) The act of sending a person accused of 
a crime to be tried in a foreign country, where 
the crime was committed. 

Ex'tra-ju-di"cial (-dish'al), a. Being out of the 

^ course of legal procedure : — not legally required. 

Ex'tra-mun'dane, a. [L. extramundanus ; extra, 
beyond, and mundus, the world; mundanvs, 
worldly.] Beyond the world. 

Ex-tra'ne-ous, a. [L. extranet's; extra, beyond.] 
Not a part of; foreign; of different substance; 
exterior. 

Ex-traor'di-na-ri-ljr (eks-tror'de-na-re-le), ad. 
Uncommonly; remarkably. 

Ex-trabr'di-na-ry (or eks-tra-bVde-na-re), a. [L. 
exlraordinarius ; extra, beyond, and ordinarius, 
ordinary (,j. v.).] Not ordinary; eminent; re- 
markable; uncommon; unusual. 

Ex-trav'a-gance, n. Quality of being extrava- 
gant ; irregularity ; prodigal expense ; waste. 

Ex-trav'a-gant, a. [L. extravagans, extravagantis ; 
extra, beyond, and vagans, pres. part, of vagari, 
to wander; vagus, wandering, vague (q. v.).] 
Irregular; wasteful; wild. 

Ex-trav'a-gant-ly, ad. Wildly : — wastefully. 

Ex-trav-a-gan'za. n. [It. fur "extravagance.""] 
A piece of music or literature which is wild and 
extravagant. 

Ex-trav'a-sate, p. a. [L. extra, beyond, and oas, 
a vessel.] [pp. extravasating, extravasated.] 
To force or let out of the proper vessels, as 
blood. 

Ex-trav-a-sa'tion, n. The act of forcing out, 
or passing out, of the proper vessels or ducts; 
effusion. 

Ex-treme', a. [L. extremus, superlative of exter, 
extents, outside."— See Exterior.] Greatest; of 
the highest degi-ee ; utmost; last: — rigorous; 
6trict; severe. — Extreme unction, the rite of 
anointing a person at the point of death. — 2, n. 
Utmost point; highest degree of any thing; ex- 
tremity ; end. 

Ex-treme'ly, ad. In the utmost degree. 

Ex-tre'mist, n. A supporter of extreme doctrines 
or practice. 

Ex-trem'i-ty, >*• Utmost point or part; end: — 
necessity: — violence; rigor; distress. 

Ex'tri-ca-ble, a. That may be extricated. 

Ex'tri-cate, r. a. [L. extricare, extricatum; ex, 
out, and tricse, impediments, toys; tricare, to 
delay ; to dally.] [pp. extricating, extricated.] 
To disembarrass ; to free. 

Sx-tri-ca'tion, n. Act of extricating. 

Ex-trin'sic,' \a. [L. extrinsecus (a. & ad.), from 

Ex-trin'si-cal, J the outside ; extrim (ad.), outward, 
and seen*, according to. — Cf. Intrinsic] Xot 
contained in ; external ; not essential ; exterior. 

Ex-trin'si-cal-ly, ad. From without. 

Ex-trude', v. a. [L. extrudere, extrusum, to push 
forth; ex, out, and trudere, to thrust.] [pp. ex- 
truding, extruded.] To thrusi out; to drive 




Ex-tru'§ion, n. Act of driving out ; expulsion. 

Ex-u'ber-ance, )n. Overflowing plenty ; abun- 

Ex-u'ber-an-cy, J dance ; luxuriance. 

Ex-u'ber-ant (egz-yu'ber-ant), a. [L. exuberare, 

' exuberaiiiis, to be luxuriant; ex, out, over, and 
uberare, to be fruitful ; u.ber, fertile, or (>i.) an 
udder (q. v.).] Abundant; very copious; plen- 
teous ; luxuriant ; rich. 

Ex-u'ber-ant-ly, ad. Abundantly. 

Ex-u'ber-ate, v. n. [L. exuberare, exvberatum. — 
See Exuberant.] [pp. exuberating, exuber- 
ated.] To abound. 

Ex-u-da'tion, n. Act of exuding; that which 
exudes. 

Ex-ude' (eks-yudO, v. a. [L. exudare, exsudare; 
ex, out, and sudare, to sweat (q. v.)A [pp- ex- 
uding, exuded.] To force out ; to discharge. — 
2, v. n. To sweat out ; to issue out. 

Ex-ult' (egz-ult'j, v. a. [L. exsultare; intensive 
' of exsilere, exsullum, to leap up; ex, out, and 
sulere, to leap, to sally (q. ».).] [pp. exulting, 
exulted.] To rejoice ; to triumph. 

Ex-ult'ant, a. Bejoicing; exulting. 

Ex-ul-ta'tion, n. Act of joy ; expression of joy or 
triumph ; joy ; triumph; delight. 

Ex-ult'ing-ly,, ad. Triumphantly. 

Ex-u'vi-se (egz-yii've-e), n. pi. [L. ; from exnere, 
to stnp off.] Cast skins ; cast shells ; whatever 
is shed by animals: — whatever is cast off; or- 
ganic remains. 

Ex-u'vi-al, a. Pertaininjr to, or consisting of, ex- 
uvias, or parts of organisms 
shed or cast off. 

Eye (i), n. [A.-S. eage ; Dut. 
oog ; Dan. die; Ger. auge; 
Buss, olco; L. oadus; Fr. 
(id; Goth, a-ugo; Skr. altsha; 
iksh, to see.] The organ of 
vision : — aspect ; sight ; view ; 
notice: — a small hole: — a 
bud.— 2, b. a. [pp. eying, eyed.] To watch ; to 
view ; to observe. ' 

Eye'ball (T'bawl >. n. The globe of the eye. 

Eye'bright (i1>rit), n. [Named from au eye-like 
mark its flower sometimes bears: it was also 
once used to clear the vision.] A plant, the 
euphrasy. 

Eye'bro-& (iTirou), n. The hairy arch over the 
eye ; the brow. 

Eye'-glass, n. A glass to assist the sight. 

Eye'lash. /*- Hair that edges the eyelid. 

Eye'let (I'let), n. [Fr. ceillet, dim. of oeU, an eye.] 
A hole for the light, &c. : — a hole to receive a 
small cord or lace. 

Eye'let-hole. «. A hole for the eye of a button. 

Eye'lid (T'lid), n. The membrane or skin that 
shuts over the eye. 

Eye'-ser-vant, iu A servant who works only 
when under the eye of his master. 

Eye'-ser-vice (T'ser-vis), n. Service performed 
only under inspection. 

Eye'shot, n. A glance; range of vision. 

Eye'slght (i'sit), n. The Bight of the eye. 

Eye'sore (i'sor), >,. Something offensive. 

Eye'-stone, n. A small calcareous substance used 
to clear the eve from dust. 

Eye'-tooth (I'toth), n. ; pi. Eye'-teeth. The tooth 
on the upper jaw next to the grinders ; the fang 
or upper canine tooth. 

Eye'-wit-ness. n. One who sees a thing with his 
own eyes : — ocular evidence. 

Eyne (in), ». pi. Eyes. [Obs.] 

Ey'ot, n. [A.-S. igod, dim. of ig, an island; Icel. 
ey, an island (q. v.).] An islet. 

Eyre (ar) [ar, S. W. J. E. F. Ja. E. 8m. St. I. ; Ir, 
lf'6.1, n. [0. Fr. eire, L. iter, a journey ; Fr. erre, 
a way.] Court of itinerant justices ; "a circuit. 

Eyr'y. (ar'e) [a're, W. P. H. ; e're, Sm. ; i're, I. 
Wb. ; e're or i're, St.], n. [See Aerie.] The 
place where birds of prey build their nests and 
hatch ; an aerie. 



mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, c, §, soft ; p, p, e, £, hard ; § as z ; xa«gz; this. 



236 



FAIL 



F. 



Fthe sixth letter of the alphabet, has an unva- 
5 ried sound, except in the preposition of. It 
is a labial or labio-dental mute, identical in 
sound with the digraph ph. 

Fa, n. [From famuli, a word occurring in the 
Latin hymn whence most of the names of the 
eight notes of the gamut were selected.] (Mus.) 
The fourth note in music. 

Fa-ba'ceous (fa-ba/shus), a. [L. faba, a bean ; fa- 
baceus, of beans.] Like a bean. 

Fa'bi-an, a. Relating to Fabius : — cautious; 
wisely dilatory. 

Fa'ble (fa'bl), n. [Fr. fable ; L. fabula and fabella, 
a narrative ; fari, to speak.] A fictitious story 
designed to enforce some moral precept; an apo- 
logue ; a fiction : — a falsehood. See Novel. — 
2, v. n. [pp. fabling, fabled.] To feign ; to write 
fiction. — 3, v. a. To feign; to tell falsely. 

Fab'ric, n. [L. fubrica, a workshop, a fabric; 
fabe'r, a workman : akin to facer e, to make.] A 
building ; an edifice :— a manufacture ; cloth. 

Fab'ri-cate, v. a. [L. fabncari, fabricates, to con- 
struct. — See Fabric] [pp. fabricating, fabri- 
cated.] To build; to construct; to devise falsely. 

Fab-ri-ca'tion, n. The act of fabricating; con- 
struction : — that which is fabricated : — a fig- 
ment ; a falsehood ; forgery. 

Fab'ri-ca-tor, n. One who fabricates. 

Fab'u-Kst, n. An author or writer of fables. 

Fab'u-lous, a. [L. fabulosus. — See Fable.] 
Feigned; full of fables :— passing belief; in- 
credible; enormous. 

Fab'u-lous-ly, ad. In a fabulous manner. 

Fa-cade' [fa-sad', P. E. Wb.], n. [Fr. ; It, facciata, 
a front; faccia, a face (q. p.).] The front of a 
building. 

Face, n. [Vr. face, L. fades, the face.] The fore 
part of the head ; visage ; countenance : — sur- 
face ; front or fore part :— a plane :— appearance ; 
look :— boldness.— 2, v. a. [pp. facing, faced.] 
To meet in front :— to oppose with confidence ; 
to front ; to confront :— to stand opposite to :— to 
cover; to line.— 3, v. n. To be turned ; to front. 

Fac'et, n. [Fr. facette, dim. of face, a face (q. v.).] 
A little face ; a small surface. 

Fa-ce'ti-se (fa-se'she-e), n. pi. [L. ; from faeelus, 
pleasant, co'mely; fades, a face.] Witticisms; 
pleasantry ; humorous compositions. 

Fa-ce'tious (fa-se'shus), a. Sportive; jocose; joc- 
ular; lively'; gay; witty. 

Fa-ce'tious-ly, ad. Gayly ; wittily ; merrily. 

Fa-ce'tious-ness, n. Cheerful wit; mirth. 

Face-val^ue (-val'u), n. Apparent value. 

Fa'cial (fii/shal), a. Relating to the face. 

Fac'iie (fas'ilj, a. [L. facilis, easy ; facere, to do.] 
Easy; pliant; flexible. 

Fa-cil'i-tate, v. a. [Fr. faeililer.—See Facile.] 
'[pp. facilitating, facilitated.] To make easy or 
easier. [less difficult. 

Fa-cil-i-ta'tion, n. The act of making easy, or 

Fa-cil'i'-ty., n. [Fr. facilite; L. fadlitas. — See 
Facile.]' Readiness proceeding from skill or 
use; easiness; dexterity :— ductility ; pliability; 
ready compliance : — ease ; affability :— a means 
or appliance for a result. 

Fac'ing, n. A covering; ornamental covering. 

Fac-sim'i-le, n. [L. factum simile, a like fact; 
hence, a copy.] An exact copy or likeness of a 
writing, engraving, &c. 

Fact, n. [L. factum, a thing done ; facere, factum, 
to do.] A thing done ; reality ; action ; deed. 

Fac'tion, n. [L. factio, a doing; also a party, a 
taking sides ; facere, to do ; also to take sides, to 
stir up, to cause.] A political party ; junto : — 
dissension ; party spirit. 



Fac'tion-ist, n. One who promotes faction. 

Fac'tious (fak'shus), a. [L. factiosus.— See Fac- 
tion.]' Given to faction ; turbulent; seditious. 

Fac'tious-ness, n. Inclination to faction. 

Fac-ti"'tious (fak-tlsh'us), a. [L. fucticius, made 
up, artificial ; facere, to make.] Made by art 
and not by nature ; artificial ; not natural. 

Fac' tor, n. [L., a maker, a doer; facere, to make, 
to do.] A merchant's agent; a substitute. — 
(Arith.) A multiplier or a multiplicand : — an 
element or condition contributing to produce a 
result ; a constituent. 

Fac'tor-ship, n. State or office of a factor. 

Fac'to-ry, n. [L. factorium, a manufactory; in 
classical use, an oil-press.] A house or residence 
of factors; a body of factors : — a manufactory. 

Fac-to'tum, n. [L. fac totum, do the whole : fac is 
the present imperative active of facere, to do.] 
A servant employed alike in all kinds of busi- 
ness ; a handy deputy. 

Fac'ul-ty, n. [Fr. faculte, L. facullas, skill, ca- 
pacity ; facul, faculter (ads.), with skill ; facilis, 
ready, skilful ; facere, to make, to do.] Power 
of mind or body: — ability; gift; dexterity: — 
the officers of a college : — a body of physicians. 

Fac'und, a. [L. facundus, eloquent; fari, to speak; 
the' suffix -mtdus implies fulness.] Eloquent; 
ready of speech. 

Fa-cun'di-ty, n. [L. facunditas.— See Facund.] 
'Easiness of speech. 

Fad, n. [Slang contraction for Fr. fadaise, folly.] 
A craze ; a crotchet ; a hobby. 

Fade, v. n. [Fr. fade, insipid, weak ; L. fatuus, 
foolish, insipid, silly : root of fari, fatum, to 
speak. — Cf. Garrulous.] [pp. fading, faded.] 
To lose color ; to wither ; to vanish. — 2, v. a. To 
cause to lose color. 

Fadfe (faj), v. n. [Cf. A.-S. fsegian, to fit, to adorn ; 
found only in the word afmgian, to depict. — Cf. 
also fegan, to fit,] [pp. fadging, fadged.J 
suit ; to fit ; to agree. 

Fse'cal (fe'kal), a. See Fecal. 

Fae'cls. (fe'se'z), n. [L. ; pi. of fsex, dregs.] 
crernent : — lees. 

Fa'e-ry; (or far'e), a. Fairy; fairy-like. — 2, n. 
Fays collectively : — a fairy. 

Fag, v. n. [Perhaps for flag, to droop, or for fa- 
tigue.] [pp. fagging, fagged.] To grow weary; 
to faint; to drudge. — 2, v. a. To compel to 
drudge ; to beat. — 3, n. A drudge ; a school-boy 
who dors menial service : — a knot. 

Fag-end', n. [Said to be for flag-end.] End of a 
web of cloth ; refuse. 

Fag'ot, n. [Fr. fagot, It, fagotto, fangotto, a bun- 
dle' of sticks.— Cf. L. facida, dim. of fax, a torch ; 
also Icel. fanga, an armful ; fa, to grasp, to 
fetch.] A bundle of sticks; a twig.— 2, v. a. 
[pp. fagoting, fagoted.] To tie up; to bundle 
together. 

Fa-got' to, w. ; pi. Fa-got' tt, or Fa- 
got' to§. [It. for "a bundle:" it 
is made of strips of wood hooped ; 
or, if taken in pieces, it may be 
carried in a bundle.] A kind of 
bassoon. 

Fah-ren-heit', a. [Named from the 
inventor.] Noting the common 
thermometric scale. 

Faience, 1 (fa-yons), n. [Fr. ; from Faenza in 

Fayence, J Italy ; according to some, from Fayence 
in France ; but that town possibly took its name 
from the ware.] Glazed earthen-ware ; pottery. 

Fail, v. n. [Fr. faillir, to fail ; L. fallere, to elude ; 
Gr. <T4>d\\eLv, to cause to fall (q. v.).] [pp. fail- 
ing, failed.] To be deficient; to cease; to perish ; 



To 



Ex- 




Fagotto. 



a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fail ; heir, her; 



FAILING 



237 



FAMISH 



to decay: — to miss: — to become insolvent. — 

2, c. a. To desert: to disappoint; to deceive. — 

3, n. Omission ; failure : — want : — death. 
Fairing, w. Deficiency ; lapse :— fault : foible ; an 

imperfection : weakness. 

Fail'ure (fal'yur), n. Deficiency; decay; cessa- 
tion ; omission ; non-performance : — want of 
success : — bankruptcy. 

Fain, a. [A.-S. fsegen, 0. Saxon fagun, Icel. fe- 
ginn, glad.] Glad ; pleased. — 2, ad. Gladly. 

Faineant (fa-na-6i)), n. [Fr. ; faire, to do, ueant, 
nothing.] An epithet applied to French kings 
during whose reigns the real power was exer- 
cised by the mayors of the palace : — an apa- 
thetic or worthless ruler : — an idle fellow. 

Faint, ». [Fr. feint, sham ; feindre, to feign (q. v.).] 
A swoon. — 2, v. n. [pp. fainting, fainted.] To 
decay; to sink motionless. — 3, a. Languid; 
weak ; feeble ; dejected. 

Faint' -heart-ed, a. Cowardly ; timid. 

Faint'ly, ad. "Feebly ; languidly ; timidly. 

Faint'ness, n. State of being taint ; languor. 

Fair (far), a. [A.-S. fseger; Dan. feir ; Icel. fagr.] 
Beautiful : — white : — clear ; not foul : — favor- 
able ; equitable ; just ; honest : — plain : — open : 
— candid: — moderately good. — 2, v. [L. feria, 
0. Fr. feire, Fr. foire, a holiday.] A stated' mar- 
ket : — elliptical'ly, a handsome woman. — The 
fair, the female sex. — 3, ad. Gently ; frankly ; 
fairly ; well. 

Fair'i-ly. (far'i-le), ad. After the manner of a fairy. 

Fair'ing, n. A present given at a fair: — some- 
thing unpleasant and unexpected. 

Fair'ly, ad. With fairness; justly; candidly. 

Fair'ness, n. Quality of being fair; honesty. 

Fair'way, n. A navigable channel. 

Fair'y. (far'e), n. [From Fay (g. v.) ; 0. Fr. faerie, 
enchantment.] A fabled, aerial, mischievous, 
or sportive being or spirit, in human shape ; an 
elf; a fay : — an enchantress. — 2, a. Given by, 
or belonging to, fairies. 

Fair'y.-land, n. The ideal residence of fairies. 

Faith '(fa th), n. [0. Fr. fei, feid, foy, foil ; Fr. foi ; 
L. fides. — Cf. Gr. nelOeiv, to persuade ; 7ti'o-ti?, 
faith. The final th in English is apparently in 
imitation of that seen in health, truth, strength, 
and other abstract nouns.] Active belief; trust 
in God; trust in Christ as a Saviour: — doctrine 
or tenets believed ; creed : — fidelity ; constancy ; 
confidence; sincerity; honor. [upright. 

Faith'ful, a. Firm to the truth ; loyal ; trusty ; 

Faith'ful-ly, ad. In a faithful manner. 

Faith'ful-nSss, n. Quality of being faithful; 
fidelity; honesty; loyalty. 

Faith'less, a. Without faith ; perfidious. 

Faith'less-ness, n. Want of faith ; perfidy. 

Fake, n. [A.-S. fsec, a space.] A coil or turn of 
a cable or rope.— 2, v. n. & v. a. [A.-S. fucian, 
to deceive, to get ; feccan, to fetch ; facen, de- 
ceit. —Cf. Fakir.], [pp. faking, faked.] To 
cheat; to steal. [Slang.] 

Fa-kir', or Fa'kir [fa'kir, P. Sin. Wb. ; fa-ker', 
St. I. K. C], n. [Arab, for "a poor man."] A 
sort of wandering monk in India: — (fa'kir) [as- 
sociated with the idea of fake, to cheat. — Cf. Fr. 
faquin, a wretch, a poor sot ; Sp. fachin, a porter ; 
It. facchino, a porter, a base fellow] a wander- 
ing, cheating adventurer; a pedler. [Slang.] 

Fal'cate, a. [L. fulcalm, scythe-shaped; false, fal- 
cis, a scythe or sickle.] Bent like a hook. 

FSl'chion (fal'chun or fal'shun). n. [It. falcione ; 
Fr.fa'uchon; Late L. falcio ; from fd.r, a sickle. 
— Cf. Gr. 0<xAki75, a ship's rib or balk (g. v.); 
$oAko?, bow-legged.] A broad, crooked sword. 

Fai'con (faw'ku), n. [L. falco, fahonis, Gr. <£<xA- 
Kuiv, Fr. faucon, a hawk"; from the shape of the 
bill and talons : L. fdx, falcis, a sickle.] A hawk 
trained for sport ; a hawk. 

Fal'con-er (faw'kn-er), n. A trainer of falcons. 

Fal'co-nSt, or F&l'co-net, n. A little falcon :— 
a sort of ordnance." 



FSl'con-ry (faw'kn-re), n. [Fr. favconnerie.] The 
art of training hawks, or of taking birds and 
other game with falcons. 

Faid'st661, n. [Late L. faldistolium : roots of Fold 
and Stool. — Cf. Fr. fauteuil, an arm-chair.] A 
reading-desk ; a folding chair. 

Fill, v. n. [A.-S. feallau ; Dut. vallen ; Ger. fallen. 
— Cf. L. fullere, to deceive ; falli, to err, to be de- 
ceived. — See Fail.] [i. fell ; pp. falling, fallen.] 
To drop down : — to die : — to decline ; to sink : — 
to decrease ; to ebb : — to happen ; to befall : — to 
revolt; to apostatize : — to lose rank. — 2, it. Act 
of- falling; overthrow; destruction; downfall: 
— decline ; diminution : — cadence : — cataract 
(often in the pi.) : — autumn. 

Fal-la'cious (fal-la'shus), a. [L. fallax, fallacis. — 
'See Fallacy."] Producing mistake ; sophistical ; 
deceitful; deceptive; delusive. 

Fal-la'cious-ness, n. Tendency to deceive. 

Fal'la-cy,'n. [L. fallacia, deceit; fallax, fallacis, 
deceitful ; fallere, to deceive.] Sophism ; deceit- 
ful argument. 

Fall' en (fal'ln), p. from fall. 

Fal-li-bil'i-ty, ». State of being fallible. 

Fal'l|-ble,'a. ' [L. fallibilis; falli, to err; fallere, to 
deceive.] Liable to error ; imperfect. 

Fall'ing-sick'ness, n. The epilepsy. 

Fal'low (fal'lo),' a. [A.-S. fealn, feulo, yellow 
(q. v.) ; also unproductive ; Dut. vaal, faded, 
pale; Icel. fair, Ger. fuhl, falb, L. paltidus, Gr. 
ira\ios, Skr. paltia, pale (g. v.).] Pale yellow 
or red : — unfilled : — neglected. — 2, n. Untilled 
laud. — 3, v. n. [pp. fallowing, fallowed.] To 
plough and harrow land. [of European deer. 

Fal'low-deer, n. [See Fallow.] A small species 

Filse, «. [L. falsns, false, deceived ; fallere, falswn, 
to deceive.] Not true; not genuine; untrue; 
mendacious; spurious; perfidious; counterfeit. 

False' -heart-ed, a. Perfidious. 

Faise'hood (fals'hud), n. A false assertion ; want 
of truth ; untruth ; a lie. 

Faise'ly, ad. In a false manner; perfidiously. 

Faise'ness, n. Want of truth ; deceit. 

Fal-set'to, n. [It.] (Mas.) A feigned voice, or 
unnatural manner of singing. 

Fal-si-fi-ca'tion, n. Act of falsifying. 

Fai'si-f I-er, n. One who falsifies. 

Fai'si-fy, V. a. [Fr. falsifier ; L. fahns, false, and 
facere, to make.] [pp. falsifying, falsified.] To 
make or prove false ; to violate : — to forge ; to 
counterfeit. — 2, v. n. To utter lies or falsehoods. 

Fal'si-ty, n. Contrariety to truth ; error. 

Fal'ter, v. n. [0. Fr. falter, to fail ; Sp. falfar, It. 
failure, to be at fault ; Sp. & It. faltu, a fault.] 
[pp. faltering, faltered.] To speak with broken 
utterance; to hesitate; to stammer: — to waver. 

Fame, n- [L. fama, report ; Gr. </>rjjui, L. fan, to 
speak.] Public and favorable report; public 
opinion ; celebrity ; renown ; rumor. 

Famed (fanid),_p. a. Benowned ; celebrated. 

Fa-mil'iar (fa-mil'yar), a. [L. familiaris, belong- 
ing to the household; famUia, a family (g. <•.).] 
Affable; easy; unceremonious; intimate; free; 
frank. — 2, n. An intimate : — a demon. 

Fa-mil-i-ar'i-ty (fa-mil-ye-ar'e-te), n. State of 
being familiar; intimacy; acquaintance. 

Fa-mil'iar-Ize (fa-mil'yar-Jz), v. a. [pp. famil- 
iarizing, familiarized.] To make familiar; to 
make easy by habit. 

Fa-mil'iar-ly, ad. In a familiar manner. 

Fam'i-ly, n. [L. familia, a household, servants 
collectively ; famulus, 0. L. famul, a servant. — 
Cf. Oscan famel, a servant; faama, a house.] 
The persons collectively who live together in a 
house; household: — lineage; race; progeny; 
generation : — an order ; class. 

Fam'ine, n. [Fr. famine; Late L. famina; L. 
fames.] Great scarcity of food ; dearth. 

Fam'ish, v. a. [From famine, on type of demolish.] 
[pp. famishing, famished.] To afflict with hun- 
ger. — 2, v. ». To starve: to die of hunger. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, g>, c, £, soft; p, J3-, e, §, hard; s as z ; x as gz ; this. 



FAMOUS 



238 



FASCINATION 



Fa'mous, a. [L. famosus ; fama, fame.] Renowned ; 
celebrated ; noted. 

Fa'mous-ly, ad. In a famous manner. 

Fan, n. [L. vannus, a fan : akin to Wind and 
Winnow.] An instrument for putting the air 
in motion, used by women to cool themselves : — 
a machine to make a draught in a furnace : — a 
utensil to winnow grain. — 2, v. a. [pp. fan- 
ning, fanned.] To cool with a fan : — to winnow. 

Fa-nat'ic, n. [L. fanaticus, filled with religious 
enthusiasm ; fannm, a temple.] A wild enthu- 
siast; a visionary. 

Fa-nat'ic, \a. Filled with fanaticism; wild; 

Fa-nat'i-cal, j enthusiastic ; mad. 

Fa-nat'i-cal-ly, ad. In a fanatical manner. 

Fa-nat'i-cism, n. Visionary notions or feeling ; 
wild enthusiasm; frenzy. 

Fan'ci-er, n. One who fancies; an amateur. 

Fan'ci-iul, a. Imaginative; visionary; chimer- 
ical ; fantastical ; whimsical. 

Fan'ci-ful-ly, ad. In a fanciful manner. 

Fan'ci-ful-ness, n. Quality of being fanciful. 

Fan'cy, n. [For fantasy {q. v.).] The faculty of 
combining ideas ; imagination ; taste ; idea ; im- 
age : — inclination ; fondness : — freak; humor ; 
whim. — 2, v. n. [pp. fancying, fancied.] To 
imagine ; to suppose. — 3, v. a. To imagine ; to 
conceive : — to be pleased with ; to like. — 4, a. 
Fine ; pleasing the fancy ; ornamented. 

Fan-dan'go, n. [Sp. ; name and dance are said to 
be of African origin.] A Spanish dance. 

Fane, n. [L. fanum, a temple.] A temple; a 
church : — a vane. 

Fan' fare, n. [Fr. ; Sp. fanfarria, bluster; favfar- 
rear, to brag. — Cf. Arab, farfar, talkative.] A 
flourish of trumpets: — a short, lively piece of 
music for trumpets and drums. 

Fan-far-o-nade', n. [Fr. famfarcmma.de; Sp. fan- 
farrona'da, bluster. — See Fanfare.] A bluster. 

Fang, n. [A.-S. fang, a seizure ; Dut. vangeu, Ger. 
fangen, to catch ; fang, a fang, a claw.] Tusk 
of an animal ; a talon ; a claw. 

Fan-ta'si-a, n. [It. — See Fantasy.] (Mus.) A 
fantastical or capricious air. 

Fan-tas'tic, ) a. [Gr. fyavrao-Tiitos. — See Fan- 

Fan-tas'ti-cal, J tasy.] Imaginary ; fanciful; ca- 
pricious ; whimsical ; odd. 

Fan-tas'ti-cal-ly, ad. In a fantastic manner. 

Fan-tas'ti-cal-ness, n. Whimsicalness. 

Fan'ta-sy, nl [Fr. fantaisie ; Gr. fyavraala, imagi- 
nation ; (fravTa^eiv, to make visible ; 4>aiveiv, to 
show.] Fancy ; imagination. 

Fa-quir', or Fa-queer', n. See Fakir. 

Far, ad. [0. E. fer; A.-S. fear; Ger. fern; Dut. 
ver. — Cf. Gr. rrepav, Skr. paras, beyond ; para, 
far.] Remotely; at a distance: — much. — 2, a. 
Distant; remote; alienated. 

Fa-rad'ic, a. Relating to faradism. 

Far'a-dism, n. [From Faraday, a celebrated Eng- 
lish physicist.] A form of electricity :— the 
medical use of faradic currents. [dism. 

Far-a-di-za'tion, n. Medical application of fara- 

Farce, w". [Fr! farce, a farce,— properly, a hodge- 
podge, force-meat, stuffing for a fowl; farcer, to 
stuff; L. farcire, to cram.] A ludicrous dramatic 
representation ; a short piece of low comic char- 
acter.— 2, v. a. [pp. farcing, farced.] To stuff; 
to cram. 

Far'ci-cal, a. Relating to a farce; ludicrous. 

Far'ci-cal-ly, ad. In a farcical manner. 

Far'cy. n. [Fr. farcin, L. farciminnm, farcy; far- 
cirnen, a sausage ; farcire, to cram ; from the 
puffy tumors which characterize the disease.] 
Chronic glanders ; a destructive disease of horses. 

Fare, v. n. [A.-S. faran, Dut. varen, Dan. fare, 
Ger. fahren, Goth, faran, to go.— Cf. Goth, farjan, 
to convey : probably akin to Far, Ferry, Port.] 
[pp. faring, fared.] To go; to pass; to travel : 
— to happen to any one, well or ill : — to feed ; 
to eat. — 2, n. Price of passage in a vehicle : — 
food ; provisions : — fish taken : — a litter ; farrow. 



Fare-well', or Fare'well, ad. [For " go well," or 
"speed well." — Cf. Welcome.] The parting 
compliment; be well; adieu. — 2, n. Leave; de- 
parture : — adieu ; valediction. — 3, a. Valedic- 
tory ; taking leave. 

Far-fetched' (far-fetcht'), o. Brought from a dis- 
tance :— studiously sought; strained; forced. 

Fa-ri'na [fa-re'na, it. H.], n. [L. farina, meal; 
far, the grain called spelt.— Cf. Bere.] Flour; 
meal ; starch. 

Far-j-na'ceous, a. [L. farinaceus. — See Farina.] 
Mealy; flour-like; starchy. 

Farm, n. [Fr. ferme, a farm, — originally, a rent; 
Late L. firma, a farm, a rent; L. firm Has, secu- 
rity; firmus, firm, fixed.] Land cultivated by a 
farmer. — 2, v. a. [pp. farming, farmed.] To 
lease or let : — to cultivate. 

Farm'er, n. One who farms; a cultivator: — one 
who collects taxes on shares. 

Farm'ing, n. Business of a farmer. 

Farm' stead (-sted), «. [On type of homestead.'] A 
farm, with the buildings thereon. 

Far'o [fa/ro, St. I.; fa'ro, Wb.\ n. [It. faraone; 
Fr. pharaon ; from Pharaoh, the royal title in 
ancient Egypt.] A game at hazard with cards. 

Far-ra'go, ». [L. for a "hodge-podge," — prop- 
erly, a mixture, or mash, of grain ; far, faris, 
spelt. — See Farina.] A confused mass ; a medley. 

Far'ri-er, n. [Fr. ferreur, a smith ; L. ferrarius, 
an iron-worker ; 'ferrum, iron.] A shoer of 
horses; a horse-doctor. 

Far'ri-er-y, n. _ The art or skill of farriers. 

Far'row (f ar'ro), n. [A.-S. fearh, Dut. vark, Ger. 
ferkel, L. porcus, a pig ; Dan. fare, to farrow.] 
A litter of pigs ; young pigs. — 2, a. [A.-S. fear, 
an ox ; Dut. vaar, a bullock ; vaarkoe, a heifer ; 
Ger. fitrre, a steer, a bull. Thus a furrow cow 
is one that is unproductive, like an ox, for the 
season.] Not producing young ; barren. — 3, v. a. 
[pp. farrowing, farrowed.] To bring forth pigs. 

Far'-sight-ed (-slt-ed), a. Seeing far: — prudent. 

Far' trier, ad. [0. E. ferrer, comp. of fer, far; 
much influenced by further, with which it was 
early confounded.] More remotely; beyond; 
moreover; further. — 2, a. comp. More remote; 
further. — Further and farther are of much the 
same meaning, and are both in good use; but 
farther implies greater remoteness, while further 
means additional, in addition, in advance. 

Far'thest, a. snperl. [0. E. ferrest, superl. offer, 
far.] ' Most distant; furthest. — 2, ad. At the 
greatest distance ; furthest. 

Far'thjng, n. [A.-S. feording, ferthing, dim. of 
feord', fourth.] The fourth part of a penny. 

Far' thin-gale [-gal, H. I.], n. [Fr. vertugadin; 
Sp. v'erdugudo, hooped ; verdugo, a green rod, a 
hoop-pole ; verde, green. — See Verdant.] A 
hoop or circle of whalebone, to spread the petti- 
coat; crinoline. 

Fas'ces (fas'sez), n. pi. [L. pi. of fascis, a bundle. 
— Cf. Gr. (fxx/ceAo?, a band. — See 
Fascia.] Rods with an axe an- 
ciently carried by lictors before 
the Roman consuls. 

Fas'ci-a (fash'e-a), n. [L. for "a 
band."— See 'f'ascinate. The 
words of this group appear to 
have no relation to Fast and 
Fasten.] A fillet; a bandage ; 
the belt of a planet ; the sheath 
of a muscle. 

Fas'ci-cle, n. [L. fasciculus, dim. 
of fascis, a bundle.] A bundle :— a florescence. 

Fas-cic'u-lar, «. Belonging to a bundle. 

Fas'ci-nate, v. a. [L. fascinare, fascinalmn, to 
chain]. — Cf. Gr. /Sao-xaiVetv, to bewitch; L. fas- 
cinum, Gr. fiao-itaviov, a charm : kindred to fas- 
cina. a bundle.] [pp. fascinating, fascinated.] 
To enchant ; to charm ; to enrapture ; to bewitch ; 
to captivate. 

Fas-ci-na'tion, n. Enchantment; charm. 




a, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, \, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



FASCINE 



239 



FAWN 



Fas-cine' (fas-sen'), n. [Fr. ; L. fascina, a fagot ; 
fastis, a bundle; fascia, a band.] A long fagot 
used in fortifications. 

Fash/ion (fash'un), n. [Fr. facon; 0. Fr. fachon; 
L. factio, a making, a shaping; facere, to make. 
— See Faction.] The custom of many ; tlie gen- 
eral custom or practice : — form ; make : — way ; 
mode : — rauk ; high society. — I, v. a. [pp. fash- 
ioning, fashioned.] To form; to adapt. 

Fash'ion-a-ble (fash'un-a-blj, a. Conformed to 
the fashion ; modish ; genteel. 

Fash'ion-a-bly, ad. In a fashionable manner. 

Fast [fast," St L; fast, H. Wb.], v. n. [A.-S. fses- 
tan; Dut. ratten; D&n.faste; Ger. fasten; Goth. 
fastan : akin to Fast in the sense of firm, with 
"the idea of strictness.] [pp. fasting, fasted.] 
To abstain from food; to be abstinent. — 2, n. 
Abstinence from food : — time of fasting. — 3, a. 
[A.-S. fsest; Dut. vast; Dan. & Sw. fast; Icel. 
fastr; Ger. f est.) Firm; strong; fixed :— [a spe- 
cial use of fast in the sense of firm, or fixed ; the 
idea is that of urgency. This use of the word 
comes from the Scandinavian tongues] quick; 
swift. — 4, ad. Firmly ; closely ; nearly : — swiftly. 

Fast' -day, u. A day of a public fast. 

Fast'en (faVsn) [fiisn, St. I.; fasn, H. Wb.], v. a. 
[A.-S. faestnian ; from fsest, firm. The termina- 
tion -en is formative, as in harden, soften, blacken, 
quicken.] [pp. fastening, fastened.] To make 
fast : to make firm ; to cement ; to link ; to affix ; 
to bind.— 2, v. n. To fix itself. 

Fast'en-er (f as'sn-er), n. One who fastens. 

Fast'en-ing- (f iis'sn-), ». That which fastens. 

Fas-tid'i-otis, a. [L. fastidiosus ; fastidium, loath- 
ing ; ffom fastus, pride. The derivation of the 
L. fastidium from fasti (tedium, the disgust of 
pride, is very unlikely to be correct; the suffix 
-idium is the Gr. diminutive form in -lSiov. — Of. 
L. presidium, garrison, from prseses, guard.] 
Disdainful; squeamish. 

Fas-tld'i-ous-ly, ad. In a fastidious manner. 

Fas-tid'i-ou3-ness, n. Squeamishness. 

Fist'ing, n. The act of abstaining from food. • 

Fast'ness, ». [Words ending in -ness usually ex- 
press abstract qualities. In fastness, a strong- 
hold, the name of an abstract quality is given 
to an object possessing that quality. — Cf. L. 
dominio, power, Late L. dominio, a dungeon; Ger. 
feste, strength, a fortress.] Firmness ; strength : 
— swiftness :— a stronghold; a fortified place. 

Fat, ». [A.-S. frt; Dut. vet; Dan. fed; Sw. fet.] 
The unctuous part of animal flesh ; concrete oil : 
— [see Vat] a measure; a vessel; a vat. — 2, «. 
Plump; fleshy; gross; fertile; rich. — 3, v. a. 
[pp. tatting, fatted.] To make fat; to fatten. — 
4, o. n. To grow fat ; to grow full-fleshed. 

Fa'tal, a. Appointed by fate: — deadly; mortal; 
destructive: — inevitable ; necessary. 

Fa'tal-ism, u. The doctrine of overruling fate; 
belief in inevitable necessity. 

Fa'tal-ist, ». An adherent of fatalism. 

Fa-tal'i-ty, n. Decree of fate : — cause of ill : — 
mortality. 

Fa'tal-ly, ad. By fate ; mortally. 

Fate, n. [L.fatvm, fate, that which is spoken or 
decreed; fari, fatum, to decree, to speak.] An 
inevitable necessity; a fixed series of causes; 
destiny; final event; lot. 

Fat'ed, a. Decreed by fate ; doomed. [fate. 

Fate'ful, a. Momentous: — fatal: — decisive of 

Fates, ". pi. {Mythology.) Three sifter goddesses 
supposed to preside over the birth, life, and 
death of men ; the destinies. 

Fa'tfier, n. [A.-S. feeder; Dut. vader ; Dan. fader; \ 
Icel. fadir; Ger. vater ; L. pater; Gr. irarrip ; Per. 
pidar; Skr. pitri.] The male parent: — the first 
ancestor : — one who creates, invents, or forms : — 
a Catholic priest or confessor. — 2, v. a. [j)p. 
fathering, fathered.] To take; to adopt, as a 
child. [tionship of a father. 

Fa'ther-hood (-hud), n. The character or rela- 



Fa'tner-in-l£w', n. ; pi. Fa'tfiers-m-law'. The 
father of one's husband or wife. 

Fa'ther-land, u. One's native land. 

Fa'tfter-less, a. Destitute of a father. 

Fa'ther-li-ness, n. Tenderness of a father. 

Fa'tner-ly, a. Like a father; paternal. — 2, ad. 
In the manner of a father. 

Fatn'om, n. [A.-S. fsedm; 0. E. fadom, fadme, 
vedme; Dut. vadem; Dan. fucn ; Sw. famn ; Ger. 
faden. The original meaning of the A.-S., Dan., 
& Sw. is an embrace,— hence, as much as can 
be measured by the two arms. — Cf. Ger. fahen, 
to grasp; L. patere, to extend.] A measure of 
six feet in length.— 2, v. a. [pp. fathoming, 
fathomed.] To sound ; to find the bottom. 

Fatn'om-a-ble, a. That may be fathomed. 

Fath'om-less, a. That cannot be fathomed. 

Fa-tigue' tfa-teg'), n. [Fr. fatigue, weariness; 
fatiguer, to weary ; L. fatigare, to weary. j Weari- 
ness; lassitude; the cause of weariness; labor; 
toil :— work or duty in the army which is not 
military.— 2, v. a. [jjp. fatiguing, fatigued.] 
To tire ; to weary. 

Fat'ling, n. An animal fed for slaughter. 

Fat' ness, n. Quality of being fat; plumpness. 

Fat' ten (fat'tnj, r. «. [pp. fattening, fattened.] 
To make fat or fleshy. — 2, v. u. To grow fat. 

Fat'ti-ness, n. Grossuess ; fulness of flesh. 

Fat'ty, a. Lnctuous; oleaginous; greasy. 

Fa-tu'i-ty., n. Foolishness; weakness of mind. 

Fat'u-ous, a. [L. fatuus, foolish. — See Fade.] 
Foolish; silly; stupid. 

Faubourg (fo'borg), n. [Fr. ; Early Fr. forsbourg, 
from Late h. for is burgum, the town outside the 
gates; representing also a mediaeval Fr. faux 
bourg, false town, which replaced the earlier 
forsbourg.] The environs of a city; a suburb. 

F3,u'ce§, v. pi. [L.] The interior of the throat. 

Fau'cet. n. \~Fr. faucet or fausset; from L. faux, 
faucis, a gullet ; or, sotne say, from 0. Fr. favlser, 
to falsify, — hence, to fault, break, or pierce.] A 
pipe to give vent to a vessel. 

Faugh (faw), inter}. Notinsr contempt ; foh ! 

Fault, n. [Fr. faute; Sp. & It. fdt i ; L. fallere, to 
dece.ve; falli, to err, to fail (y. v.).] An offence; 
slight crime -.—blemish; defect ; want. — ( Miu.) A 
dislocation of strata.— At fault, puzzled; in diffi- 
culty.— 2, v. a. [pp. faulting, faulted.] To 
blame ; to find fault with. 

Fault'i-ly, ad. In a faulty manner; wrongly. 

F&ult'i-ness, n. Badness; viciousness ; defect. 

Fault/less, a. Exempt from fault ; perfect. 

Fault'less-ness, n. State of being faultless. 

Fault' y", a. Having faults ; wrong; defective. 

F&un, ». [L. Faunas: akin to Pan, the Creek rural 
divinity, and to L. favere, fautnan, to be propi- 
tious : a euphemistic name, since the fauns were 
dreaded by rustics.] A kind of demi-god or rural 
deity. 

F&u'na, n. [L. Fauna, a Eoman goddess of cattle 
and farms, sister to Faunus, chief of the fauns.] 
(Zool.) The various kinds of animals found in, 
or peculiar to, a country. 

Fauteuil (fo-tul), n . [Fr. ; L. faldistoUum, a fald- 
stool (g. r.).] An arm-chair; a rocking-chair. 

Fa'vor, p. o. [Fr. faveur, L. favor, good will; 
favere, fan/urn, to favor. 1 [pp. favoring, favored.] 
To support; to countenance; to assist: to spare : 
— to resemble. — 2, n. Kindness ; regard ; support; 
lenity ; good will : — any thing worn as a token. 

Fa'vor-a-ble, a. Kind ; propitious ; friendly ; ten- 
der; contributing to; convenient; advantageous; 
auspicious; fair. 

Fa'vor-a-bly, ad. In a favorable manner. 

Fa'vored (fa'vurd), p. «. Regarded with kind- 
ness : — featured (used with well, ill, &c). 

Fa'vor-ite, n. [Fr. favori, fern, favorite. — See 
Favor.] A person or thing beloved. — 2, a. Be- 
loved ; regarded with favor. 

Fa'vor-it-ism, w. Act of favoring; partiality. 

Fawn, n. [Fr. faon, a fawn, a puppy ; 0. Fr. feon, 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, 9, 5, £, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 



FAWNING 



240 



FELL 



feun, a young animal ; L. foetus, fetus, offspring. 
— Cf. Prov.feda, a sheep. The Fr. termination 
-on is here diminutive.] A young deer : — flat- 
tery. — 2, v. n. [A.-S. fsegnian, to rejoice ; Icel. 
fagna, to rejoice, to welcome. — See Fain.] [pp. 
fawning, fawned.] To court servilely ; to cringe. 

Fawn'ing, n. Gross or low flattery. — 2, p. a. 
Meanly flattering; servile. 

Fawn'ing-ly, ad. In a cringing, servile way. 

Fay (fa), n. ' [Fr. fee, Port, fada, It. fata, a fairy ; 
L. fatum, fate; Fata, the goddesses of fate, the 
Fates.] A fairy; an elf. — 2, v. a. [A variant 
of Fadge.] [pp. faying, fayed.] To fit; to 
suit ; to adapt ; to join. — 3, v. n. To lie or unite 
close ; to fit. 

Fe'al-ty, n. [0. Fr. fealte, fidelity (g. v.).] Oath 
of fidelity, or duty' due, to a superior or liege 
lord ; loyalty ; homage. 

Fear (fer), n. [A.-S. fser, danger, fear; Icel. far, 
mischief; Ger. gefahr, danger: root of Fare in 
the sense of to travel.— Of. Peril.] An uneasy 
or painful apprehension of danger; dread; ter- 
ror; awe; anxiety.— 2, v. a. To dread; to be 
afraid of : — to apprehend : to reverence. — 3, v. n. 
To live in terror ; to be afraid. 

Fear'ful, a. Filled with fear; timorous; afraid: 
— awful; dreadful. 

Fear'ful-ly, ad. In a fearful manner. 

Fear'ful-ness, n. Timorousness; dread. 

Fear'less, «. Free from fear; intrepid. 

Fear'less-ly, ad. Without terror ; intrepidly. 

Fear/less-ness, n. Courage ; intrepidity. 

Fear' some, a. Causing fear; frightful: — timid. 

Fea-si-bil'i-ty, n. Practicability. 

Fea'si-ble (fe'ze-bl), a. [Fr. faisable ; from faire, 
to do ; L. facere.] That may be done. 

Fea'si-ble-ness, n. Practicability. 

Fea'si-bly (fe'ze-ble), ad. Practicably. 

Feast (fest), n. [L. festum; festus, glad ; Fr. fete, 
0. Fr. feste, a feast.] An entertainment at the 
table; a sumptuous treat; a festival. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. feasting, feasted.] To eat sumptuously. — 
8, v. a. To entertain sumptuously ; to pamper. 

Feat, n. [Fr. fait; L. factum, a deed; facere, to 
do.] An act; deed; action; exploit. 

Feath'er, n. [A.-S. feder ; Dut. veder ; Ger. feder. 
— Cf. L. penna, Gr. nrepov, a wing ; Skr. patra, 
a feather.] A plume of a bird; covering of 
birds : — an ornament : — kind ; species. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. featheiing, feathered.] To dress in feath- 
ers : — to turn edgewise, as an oar. 

Featft'er-y, a. Feathered; plumose. 

Feat'ly, ad. Skilfully; neatly. 

Feat'ure (fet'yur), n. [0. Fr. faiture; L. factum, 
formation, make; facere, to make, to do.] A 
lineament of the face : — a prominent character- 
istic. — pi. cast of the face. — 2, v. a. [pp. feat- 
uring, featured.] To take after or resemble in 
features. 

Feat'ure-less, a. Without distinctive characters. 

Feb'ri-fufe, n. [L. febrifugia ; febris, fever, and 
fugare, to put to flight.]' Medicine to allay fever. 

Febrile, or Feb'rile, a. [Fr. febrile; L. febris, a 
fever (q. v.).] Relating to, partaking of, or in- 
dicating a fever. 

Feb'ru-a-ry, n. [L. Februarius ; februa, the annual 
Roman feast of purgation, on February 15; feb- 
ruare, to purge : a word of Sabine origin.] The 
second month in the year. 

Fe'cal, a. Relating to excrement or lees. 

Fe'ce - ?, ti. pi. Dregs ; ordure. See F^ces. 

Fec'u-la, n. [L. fsecula, dregs, especially the tar- 
tar of' wine; dim. of fsex, dregs, faeces {q. v.). — 
Cf. Gr. 4>et<\r), tartar.] Farina; starch. 

Fec'u-lence, n. Lees; sediment; dregs. 

Fec'u-lent, a. [L. fveculentns, abounding in dregs. 
—See Fecula.] 'Foul; dreggy; filthy. 

Fec'und, a. Fruitful ; prolific. 

Fe-cun'date, or Fec'un-date, v. a. [pp. fecun- 
dating, fecundated.] To make fruitful or pro- 
lific; to impregnate. 



Fec-un-da'tion, n. Act of making prolific. 

Fe-cun'di-ty, n. [L. fecundilas ; fecundus, fruitful. 
—See Fetus.] Fruitfulness ; fertility. 

Fed, i. & p. from feed. 

Fed'er-al, a. [L. foedus, foederis, a treaty : akin 
to fides, faith.] Relating to a league ; confederate. 

Fed er-al-ism, n. The principles of federalists. 

Fed'er-al-ist, n. An adherent to a federal union : 
— a' member of a political party. 

Fed'er-ate, a. Joined in confederacy. 

Fed-er-a'tion, n. A league ; a confederacy. 

Fed'er-a-tive, a. Uniting ; forming a league. 

Fee, n. [A. -S. feoh, feo, cattle, or property; Dut. 
vee, cattle; Icel. fe, cattle, money, property. — 
Cf. Goth, faihu, property, cattle ; L. pecus, cattle ; 
pecunia, money; Skr. pagu, cattle.] Reward; 
compensation for services. — (Law.) A tenure by 
which lands, &c, are held. An estate held in 
fee-simple is at the entire disposal of the owner. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. feeing, feed.] To reward; to 
pay :— to bribe ; to hire. 

Fee'ble, a. [Fr. faible, weak, or a foible; 0. Fr. 
foible, It. fiecole, weak, feeble ; L ftebilis, mourn- 
ful; Jiere, to weep.] Wanting strength, force, 
or vigor; iveak; debilitated; sickly; infirm. — 

2, n. The thinnest part of a sword-blade. 
Fee'ble-mind'ed, a. Weak of mind. 
Fee'ble-ness, ti. Weakness ; imbecility. 
Fee'bly, ad. In a feeble manner; weakly. 
Feed, v. a. [A.-S. fedan.— See Food.] [i. fed; pp. 

feeding, fed.] To supply; to furnish; to nour- 
ish ; to cherish. — 2, v. n. To take food ; to eat j 
to pasture. — 3, n. Food ; that which is eaten ; 
pasture. — 4, i. & p. from/ee. 

Feed'er, n. One Avho feeds : — a stream or channel 
of water for supplying a canal. 

Feel, v. n. [A.-S. felan ; Ger. fiihlen ; Dut. voelen.] 
[i. felt; pp. feeling, felt.] To have feeling; to 
be affected. — 2, v. a. To perceive by the touch : 
— to have sense of; to suffer : — to sound ; to try. 
— 3, n. Sense of feeling ; touch ; feeliug. 

Feel'er, n. He who or that which feels : — an an- 
tenna; a tentacle ; a palp. 

Feel'ing, p. a. Having sensibility ; tender. — 2, n. 
Sense of touch ; sensibility. 

Feel'ing-ly, ad. In a feeling manner. 

Fee'-sim-ple, n. An unconditional estate. 

Feet, n. The plural of foot. 

Feign (fan), v. a. [Fr. feindre ; L. fingere.—See 
Fiction.] [pp. feigning, feigned.] To make a 
show of; to pretend; to invent; to forge; to 
counterfeit. — 2, v. n. To relate falsely ; to image ; 
to pretend. 

Feigned (fund), p. a. Invented ; falsified. 

Feign' er (fan'er), n. One who feigns. 

Feint (fant), n. [See Feign.] False appearance ; 
mock assault. — 2, v. n. [pp. feinting, feinted.] 
To make a pretended attack with a view of in- 
ducing an adversary to expose some point, as in 
fencing. 

Feld'spar, n. See Felspar. 

Fe-lic i-tate, v. a. [pp. felicitating, felicitated.] 
To express joy for ; to wish happiness to ; to con- 

Fe-lis-i-ta'tion, n. Congratulation. [gratulate. 

Fe-lic'i-tous, a. Happy; blissful; prosperous. 

Fe-lVi-tous-ly, ad. Happily ; joyfully. 

Fe-lig'i-ty, w. [Fr. fclicite; L. felicitas ; felix, 
happy, fruitful.] Happiness; prosperity ; bliss. 

Fe'line [fe'lin or fe'lln, H.], a. [L. felinus, cat- 
like ; felis,'& cat.] Pertaining to or like a cat. 

Fell, a. [A.-S. fel, 0. Fr. & 0. Dut. fel, fierce; 
Dan. fsel, grim, hideous.— Cf. Irish feal, evil ; 
Welsh jfel, wily; cf. also Felon.] Cruel; inhu- 
man; savage; bloodv. — 2, n. [A.-S. fel or fell; 
Icel. fell, fjall; Sw. fall; Dut. vel; L. pellis, vel- 
Ins; Gr.neWa; Fr. peau ; 0. Fr. pel— Cf. Pelt.] 
The skin ; hide of a beast : — [Icel. fell or fjall, a 
mountain; Dan. field; 8vf.fja.ll: akin to Field] 
a hill; a mountain-slope: — a kind of seam. — 

3, v. a. [A.-S. fellav, to cause to fall, to fell ; 
fallan, feallan, to fall ; Dut. vellen, Ger. fallen, to 



5, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 5, 5, G, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, f&st, fall; heir, her; 



FELLAH 



241 



FEKKIC 



fell.— See Fall.] [pp. felling, felled.] To knock 
down ; to hew or cut down : — to sew with a level 
seam. — i, i. from fell. 

Fel'lah, n. ; pi. Fel-la-hin'. [Arab, for a "peas- 
ant," a "ploughman;" faUah, to plough.] An 
Arab peasant or husbandman. 

Fel'loe, n. The rim of a wheel. See Felly. 

Fel'low (fel'lo), n. [0. E. felawe, Icel. felagi, a 
partner; felag, a partnership; fe, property, fee, 
and lag, a laying, a law (g. v.), a laying together. 
— See Lay.] A companion; au associate; a 
mate ; an equal ; a peer : — a member of a cor- 
poration : — a privileged member of a college : — a 
mean person. [has the same creator. 

Fel'low-creat'ure (fel'lo-krcfyur), n. One that 

FeTlow-feeTing, n. Sympathy; joint interest. 

Fel/low-ship, n. Companionship; society; asso- 
ciation ; frequency of intercourse : — an estab- 
lishment in a college. 

FeTly, ad. Cruelly ; savagely ; barbarously. 

Fell's, "• E A --S. felga; l>ut. velg ; Dan. fselge ; 
Ger. felge. — Cf. A.-S. feolan, to stick, to cleave ; 
0. Ger. felahan, to put together.] The outward 
rim of a wheel ; felloe. 

Fe'lo-de-se', n. [Law L., "a felon upon him- 
self."]* (Law.) He who commits felony by sui- 
cide ; a self-murderer. 

Fel'on, re. [Law L. felo ; Gael, feallan, a traitor; 
Breton falloni, treachery ; Irish feall, to betray : 
akin to L. fallere, to deceive.] One convicted of 
felony : — a whitlow.— 2, a. Cruel ; felonious. 

Fe-lo'ni-ous, a. Criminal ; wicked ; villanous. 

Fe-lo'ni-ous-ly, ad. In a felonious way. 

Fel'o-ny, n. (Law.) A crime for which capital 
or other severe punishment may be inflicted. 

Fel'spar, n. [Ger. feldspath; feld, a field, and 
spath, spar (q. v.).] A silicious mineral which 
forms a constituent part of granite and sienite. 

Fel-spath'ic, a. Relating to felspar. 

Felt, l & p. from feel— 2, n. [Dut. vitt, Dan. filt, 
Ger. fdz, Gr. 7riAos, f It; L. pit ens or pilleus, a felt 
cap. — Cf. L. pilus, a hair; villus, a nap; veUus, a 
hide, a fleece; E. wool.] Woollen cloth or stuff 
for hats :— a skin. — 3, v. a. & v. n. [pp. felting, 
felted.] To turn into felt. 

Felt'ing, re. Cloth made of felt. 



falua, 




Fe-luc'ca (fe-luk'ka), n. [It. feluca ; 

falv.ca ; Fr. felouque ; 

"Arab, felulcka ; fulk, a 

ship ; falaka, to sail : 

root of fallah, to 

plough, whence fellah, 

a peasant.] A small 

vessel with two masts, 

propelled by oars and 

sails. 
Fe'male, n. [Fr. femelle ; 

L. femetta, a girl ; a 

dim. of femina, a woman. The English spelling 

is influenced by male, which is from a totally 

distinct origin.] One of the sex which brings 

forth young. — 2, a. Not male ; feminine ; soft. 
Feme covert (fam-ko-vert' or fem-kiiv'ert), n. 

[Law Fr. for "a woman protected."] (Law.] A 

married woman. 
Feme sole (Kim-soT or fern-sol') [fam-sol', Ja. ; 

fem-sol', Sm.], n. [Law Fr. for "a woman 

alone."] (Law.) A single woman. 
Fem'i-nine, a. [L. feminintis, pertaining to 

woman ; femina, a woman.] Relating to women 

or females; female ; soft; tender; delicate. 
Fem-i-nin'i-ty., or Fe-min'i-ty, n. The female 

nature. 
Fem'o-ral, a. [See Femur.] Belonging to the 

thigh.' [Thethijrh-bone. 

Fe'mur, n. ; pi. Fem'o-ra. [L. femur, femoris.] 
Fen, n. [A.-S. & Norse, 'fen ; Dut. teen, Goth, fani, 

mud. — Cf. L. pains, a fen ; Gr. 7rrjAos, mud.] A 

marsh ; a moor ; a bog ; a morass. 
Fence, n. [For defence/] A wall or hedge for pro- 
tection ; a guard ; enclosure ; a mound ; a hedge. 



— 2, v. a. [pp. fencing, fenced.] To enclose ; to 
secure ; to guard. — 3, v. n. To practise the art 
of fencing. 

Fen'cer, n. One who teaches or practises fencing. 

Fen'ci'-ble, a. Capable of defence.— 2, u. A sol- 
dier for defensive purposes. 

Fen'cing, «. The art of defence by weapons. 

Fend,'i-. a. & v. n. [For defend.] [pp. fending, 
fended.] To dispute; to resist; to ward off: — to 
make provision. 

Fend'er, n. [From Fend.] A metal guard placed 
before a fire or fireplace : — something to protect 
the, sides of a ship. 

Fe'ni-an, n. [Irish Fionna, a legendary race of 
heroes.] A member of a political and military 
organization which originated in 1857, having 
for its object the national independence of Ire- 
land. — 2, a. Of or pertaining to Fenians. 

Fe'ni-an-i§m, ». The principles of Fenians. 

Fen'nec, u. [A Moorish name.] A fox-like ani- 
mal of Africa. 

Fen'nel, n. [L. fseniculum, dim. of fsenam, hay ; 
A.-S'.ftnol; Fr. fenouil ; Ger. fenchel. The Latin 
also gives rise to Sp. hinojo, It. finocchio, Port. 
funcho.] A biennial aromatic plant. 

FSn'ny, a. Marshy ; boggy ; moorish. 

Fen'u-'greek [ten'-, J.], n. [L. fsenum Clrzcum, 
Greek hay.] A plant and its medicinal seeds. 

Feo'dal (fu'dal), a. See Feudal. 

Feoff '(fef) [flf, Ja.], v. a. [See Fief and Fee; 0. 
Fr. feoffer, fiefer; Late L. feoffare.] [pp. feoff- 
ing, feoffed.] To put in possession; to invest. 

Feoffee, or Feof-fee', n. One who is enfeoffed, 
or put in possession of real property. 

Feoffment, n. [Late L. feoffiamentum.] Grant of 
a possession. 

Fe'ral, a. [L. feralis, deadly; pertaining to tho 
dead ; fare, to bear ; feradum, a bier.] Fune- 
real; deadly: — [L. fera, a wild beast; ferns, 
wild, fierce (7. v.)] wild; fierce; untamed. 

Fe'ri-al, a. [L. feria, a holiday ; Ec 1. L. feria, a 
day not kept as a holy-day.] Relating to holi- 
days or common da\ s. 

Fer-ment', v. a. [L. fermentum, for fervimentum, 
leaven ; fervere, to boil. — See Fi:rvext.] [pp. 
fermenting, fermented.] To raise or rarefy by 
internal motion : — to cause to act. — 2, v. n. To 
have spontaneous internal commotion, as a 
liquid; to work. 

Fer'ment, »i. That which causes fermentation : — 
commotion; tumult. [able. 

Fer-ment-a-bil'i-ty, n. State of being ferment- 

Fer-ment'a-ble,'a. Capable of fermentation. 

Fer-men-ta'tion, n. The act of fermenting; a 
change by which a new fluid or gas is produced; 
a working. 

Fer-men'ta-tive, a. Causing fermentation. 

Fern, n. [A.-S. fearn ; Dut. varen ; Ger. farn. — Cf. 
Skr. parna, a leaf, a feather : akin to Feather.] 
A plant of many species ; a brake. 

Fe-ro'cious (fe-ro'shus), a. [L. ferox, ferocis, fierce 
(q. ».).] Savage; fierce. 

Fe-ro'cious-ly, «<:/. In a ferocious manner. 

Fe-roc'i-ty., n. [Fr. ferocitc ; L. ferocitas. — See 
Fierce.]' Savageness; fierceness. 

Fer're-ous, a. [L. ferreus, made of iron ; ferrttm, 
iron'.] Like iron ; made of iron. 

Fer'ret, n. [Fr. furet ; Late L. furelitx, furedus ; 
fnro, a ferret; Welsh 
ffiured, a ferret, a cun- 
ning person ; ffur, 
crafty. By some fu- 
retus is derived from 
L. fur, a thief: root 
of ferre, to carry.] A 
kind of weasel :— [It. foretto, a little flower, 
flowered silk;/?ore, a flower (g. v.)] a tape. — 
2, v. a. [pp. ferreting, ferreted.] To drive out 
of lurking-places. 

Fer'ri-a£e, n. Fare paid for pacing a ferry. 

Fer'ric, a. Pertaining to, or containing, iron. 




Ferret. 



mien, si'r ; m8ve, nor, son ; bfill, bur, rule, use. 
L q 



"P. 9. ?, £. soft; p, ^, g, I, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tfiis. 

21 



FEKEUGINOUS 



242 



FICHU 



Fer-ru f-i-nous, a. [L. ferruginus, ferrugineus; 
ferrvgo, ferruginis, iron rust ; ferrum, iron.] Con- 
taining iron. 

Fer'rule (fer'ril or fer'ryl), n. [Fr. virole, a ring; 
L. viriola, dim. of virtu, a bracelet ; viere, to bind, 
to twist : our word is influenced by L. ferrum, 
iron.] A metal ring at the end of a stick. 

Fer'ry, v. a. [Dan. fserge ; Icel. ferja ; Sw. fdrja ; 
A.-S. ferian, to carry ; faran, to go ; Goth, farjan, 
to sail.] [pp. ferrying, ferried.] To carry over 
a river, &c, in a boat. — 2, v. n. To pass over 
water in a boat. — 3, n. A place for passing, or a 
passage over which ferry-boats pass ; a ferry- 
boat, [across a ferry. 

Fer'ry-boat, n. A boat for conveying passengers 

Fer'ry-man, n. One who tends a ferry. 

Fer'tile, a. [L. fertilis; ferre, to bear.] Fruitful ; 
prolific ; productive. 

Fer-tll'i-ty, n. State of being fertile; richness; 
fecundity ; abundance ; fruitfulness. 

Fer-til-i-za'tion, n. The act of fertilizing. 

F'er'til-Ize, v. a. [pp. fertilizing, fertilized.] To 
make fertile. 

Fer'til-Iz-er, n. That which fertilizes ; manure. 

Fer'ule [fer'ril or fer'ul, H. Wb. ; fer'ul, St. I.], n. 
[L. ferula, a rod ; ferire, to strike.] An instru- 
ment of correction. — 2, v. a. [pp. feruling, fer- 
uled.] To chastise with the ferule. 

Fer'ven-cy, n. Heat of mind; ardor; fervor. 

Fer'vent, a. [L. fervere, ferventis, to glow.] Hot ; 
ardent ; eager ; zealous. 

Fer'vent-ly, ad. In a fervent manner, [zealous. 

Fer'vid, a. [L. fervidus.] Hot: vehement; eager; 

Fe'r'vid-ly, ad. In a fervid manner. 

Fer'vid-ness, n. Ardor of mind ; zeal. 

Fer'vor, n. [L.] Heat; warmth; aidor. 

Fes' cue, n. [L. festuca, a straw.] A wire to point 
with : — a kind of grass. 

Fes'tal, a. Relating to feasts ; festive. 

Fes' ter, v. n. [Cf. Walloon efister, to become cor- 
rupt; Low Ger. fistrig, ill-smelling. But more 
probably akin to Foster (in A.-S. foster or fester).] 
[pp. festering, festered.] To rankle; to corrupt. 
— 2, n. A small inflammatory tumor. 

Fes'ti-val, n. A day of civil or religious joy ; a 
festive'anniversary ; a, feast. — 2, a. Relating to 
a feast ; festive. [to feasts ; mirthful ; gay. 

Fes'tive, a. [L. festivus. — See Feast.] Relating 

Fes'tive-ly, ad. In a festive manner. 

Fes-tiv'i-ty, n. Festive or social joy ; a festival. 

Fes-tS6n', n. [Fr.feston; Late L. feslo : probably 
allied to L. fastigium, a ridge, a crest.] (Arch.) 
An ornament; carved work in the form of a 
garland of flowers. — 2, v. a. [pp. festooning, 
festooned.] To adorn with festoons. 

Fe'tal, a. Relating to a fetus or foetus. 

Fetch, v. a. [A.-S. fetiav, feccan, Dut, vatten, to 
take; Ger. fassen, to seize; A.-S. facian, to desire 
to get.] [pp. fetching, fetched.] To go and 
bring ; to derive. — 2, n. A long sweep or stroke : 
— [cf. Ger. fatzen, to trick ; It. fazio, a fool ; L. 
fatuus, foolish, or a jester] a stratagem; an arti- 
fice; a trick: — [Scand. vsett, a goblin: probably 
allied to L. fatuus, deceiving] a ghost; a wraith. 

Fete (fat), n. [Fr.] A feast; a holiday. 

FSte-champetre ffat'shon-patr'), »i. [Fr.] A rural 
feast, celebrated out of doors. 

Fe'tich, ) i/. [Fr. fetiche, Port, feitifo, a fetish, 

Fe'tish, j sorcery ; feitigo, artificial ; L. factitius, 
made up. — See Factitious.] An idol or charm ; 
an object of worship in Africa. 

Fet'i-chism, or Fet'i-cism, w. The worship of ma- 
terial substances, as stones, weapons, plants, &c. 

FSt'id [fe'tid, I. St. P.\ a. [L. fetidus ; felere, to 
stink.] Stinking; rancid. 

Fet'id-ness, n. The quality of being fetid. 

Fet'iock, n. [Dut. vitlok ; for "foot-lock."] A tuft 
of hair that grows behind the pastern joint of 
horses. [sive smell. 

Fe'tor, n. [L.— See Fetip.] A stench ; an oft'en- 

Fet'ter, n. [A.-S. feter ; Dut. veter; Icel. fjoiurr ; 



Ger. fessel: akin to Foot.] A chain for the feet. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. lettering, fettered.] To bind ; to 
enchain ; to tie. 

Fet'tered, p. a. Bound by, or as by, fetters. 

Fe'tus, n. ; pi. Fe'tus-es. [L. fetus, verbal noun 
from obs. fuere, Gr. <j>vetv, to generate. The 
spelling foetus is less approved.] An animal in 
the womb. 

Feud (ftid), n. [A.-S. fsehd, Ger. fehde, Sw. fejd, 
hostility; Dan. feide, a fight.— See Foe.] A 
deadly quarrel— {Law.) [See Feudal.] A fief; 
a conditional allotment of land. 

Feu'dal (fu'dal), «. [Late L. feudum, a fief; feu- 
dalis, a vassal : akin to Fee.] Relating to feudal- 
ism, or to fees, feuds, or tenures ; held by tenure. 

Feu'dal-i§m, n. A system of holding land by 
military service ; the feudal system. 

Feu'dal-ist, n. A maintainer of feudalism ; one 
versed in the feudal system or in feudal law. 

Feu-dal'i-tx, n. The state of being feudal. 

Feii'da-ry, n. A feudal tenant ; feudatory. — 2, a. 
Holding tenure under a superior. [vassal. 

Feu'da-to-ry, or Feu'da-ta-ry, n. A tenant; a 

Feuilleton (fu-el-ton), n. [Fr. - , dim. of feuillet, a 
leaf.— See Foliage.] Part of a newspaper de- 
voted to light literature :— a tale or sketch for 
a newspaper. 

Fe'ver, n. [Fr. fievre ; L. febris: probably akin to 
fervere, to burn.] A disease characterized by an 
accelerated pulse, increased heat, and thirst. — 
2, v. a. [pp. fevering, fevered.] To put into a 
fever. [febrifuge (q. v.).] A plant or herb. 

Fe'ver-few, n. [A.-S. fefer-fuge ; L. febrifugia, a 

Fe'ver-ish, a. Diseased with a fever ; tending to 
a fever :— inconstant : — hot; burning. 

Fe'ver-ish-ness, w. State of being feverish. 

Few'(fu), a. [A.-S. feawe, pi. of fea, of small 
number; Dan. faa.—Cf. L. paucus, few; Gr. 
7raupos, small.] Not many; small in number. 

Fez, n. [From Fez, a city in Morocco.] A red 
Turkish or Moorish cap. 

Fiacre (fe-a'kr), n. [Fr. ; named from the Hotel 
St. Fiacre, in Paris, where they were offered for 
hire in 1640. But it is said that the name was 
first given to the vehicles used in conveying pil- 
grims to the shrine of St. Fiacre near Pontivy. 
St. Fiacre was an Irish hermit who died in 
France about 670 and came to be considered 
the patron of gardeners.] A light vehicle. 

Fiancee (fe-6h-sa), «. [Fr.— See Affy.] Betrothed. 

Fi-as'c5, n. [It. for "flask" (q. v.) or bottle. It 
is said that allusion is made to the story of a 
glass-Mower who undertook to make a hand- 
some flagon, but barely succeeded in producing 
a coarse bottle.] A failure, as in a musical per- 
formance ; a blunder. 

Fi'at, n. [L. for "let it be done;" fieri, to be- 
come.] An order or decree. — 2, a. Noting a 
paper currency deriving its value from the fiat 
of the government issuing it. 

Fib, n. [Old slang for fable.] A lie; a false- 
hood.— 2, v. n. [pp. fibbing, fibbed.] To lie. 

Fi'bre (fi'ber), n. [Fr. fibre; L. fibra.] A small 
thread or filament of animal or vegetable pro- 
duction ; filaments collectively. 

Fib'ri-fbrm, a. Resembling a fibre. 

Fi'bnl, n. [L. fibrilla, dim. of fibra, a fibre.] A 
small fibre ; a little root. 

Fib-ril-la'tion, n. The state of being reduced to, 
or furnished with, fibrils. 

Fl'brine, n. (Chern.) A white fibrous substance 
obtained from coagulated blood. 

Fl'brous (f i'brus), a. Composed of fibres. 

FiVu-1'a, n. ; pi'. Flb'u-lse. [L. fibula, for figibula, 
a buckle ; figere, fixum, to fasten, to fix (q. v.).] 
(Anat.) The outer and smaller bone of the leg. 

Fichu (fe-shu), n. [Fr., a neckerchief; properly 
the past part, of ficher, to fix. This participle 
has many slang meanings, such as odd, queer, 
out of sorts, dressed, wretched, sorry.] A light kind 
of lace or silk cape worn by ladies. 



y, long; a., e, x, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



FICKLE 



243 



FILE 



Fic'kle, a. [A.-S. ficol, deceitful : allied to fie, 
fraud; facen, deceit.] Changeable; inconstant; 
wavering; variable; unstable; volatile. 

Fic'kle-ness, w. Inconstancy ; unsteadiness. 

FIc'tile, a. [L. fictilis ; fingere, fictum, to mould.] 
Moulded, as by a potter ; fit to be moulded ; 
capable of being moulded. 

Fic'tion, n. [L. fictio ; fingere, fictum, to mould, to 
feigii (q. v.).] Act of feigning or inventing; 
thing feigned ; an invented story ; an inven- 
tion : — a tale ; a novel ; a falsehood. 

Fic-ti"tious (fik-tish'us), a. [L. ficticius.] Coun- 
terfeit; false'; feigned; imaginary; not real. 

Fic-ti"tious-ly, ad. In a fictitious manner. 

Fid' die, «.* [A.-S. fidele ; Ice\. fidla; Danx.fiddel; 
Dut. vedel; Ger.fiedel; L. fidicula, dim. of fides, 
a stringed instrument, a viol (q. v.); Late L. 
ritula, a fiddle; Gr. <r<j)i$r), catgut.] An instru- 
ment of music ; a violin. — 2, v. n. [pp. fiddling, 
fiddled.] To play upon the fiddle ; to trifle. 

Fid'dler, n. One who plays upon a fiddle ; a kind 
of small crab. 

Fid' die-stick, n. A bow used by a fiddler. 

Fid'dle-string, n. The string of a fiddle. 

Fi-del'i-ty, n. [Fr. fidtlili ; L. fidelitas; fidelis, 
'faithful ; fides, good'faith.] Faithful adherence 
to duty ; honesty ; veracity ; faithfulness. 

Fidf-'et, v. n. [Dim. of Local Eng. fidge, a soft- 
ened form of 0. E. & Scot, fike, to be restless ; 
Norse film, to go nimbly; Dut. ficJcen, to switch.] 
[pp. fidgeting, fidgeted.] To move by fits and 
starts. — 2, n. Restless agitation ; uneasiness. 

Fidg'et-y, a. Restless ; impatient. 

Fi-du'cial (fe-du'shal), a. [L. fiducia, confidence; 
fides, trust ; fidus, "faithful.] Confident; firm: — 
having the nature of a trust. 

Fi-du'ci-a-ry. (fe-du'she-a-re), n. [L. fidaciarius. 
See Fiducial.] One who holds any thins in 
trust: — an Antinomian. — 2, a. Confident; 
steady; fiducial : — held in trust. 

Fie (fi), interj. [OF. Fr.fi; Icel., S\v., & Dan.///; 
Ger. pfui; L. phui; Skr. phut, — all exclamations 
of disgust, with the idea of puffing or blowing 
away s>methiag offensive.] Expressing blame 
or contempt. 

Fief (fef), n. [Fr. fief; Goth, faihu; 0. Ger. fihu, 
fehu; A.-S. feoh; Ger. vieh, cattle. — See Fee.] 
A fee; a manor; a possession. 

Field, n. [A.-S. & Ger. field; Dut. veld; Dan. felt ; 
Russ. pole. — Cf. Fell.] A cultivated tract of 
ground :— ground of br.ttle :— space ; compass; 
extent:— all the competitors in any contest or 
trial, or all save one :— the body of fielders.— 
2, v. n. [pp. fielding, fielded.] To act as a fielder. 

Field'-driv-er, n. An officer charged with the 
taking up and impounding of stray cattle. 

Field'er, n. (Cricket.) One of the party of crick- 
eters' who pick up or catch the balls :— also, the 
man who officiates in the same way in base-ball. 

Field' fare, n. [A.-S. feldefare, field-traveller ;feal- 
afor, fellow-traveller. — See Field and Fare.] 
A kind of thrush. 

Field'-gSn, n. (Artil.) A field-piece, which see. 

Field'ing, ». The act of one who fields at cricket 
or at base-ball. 

Field'-mar-shal, n. The commander-in-chief of 
an army; the highest military rank. 

Field'-of-fi-cer, n. An officer of a regiment above 
the rank of captain. 

Field'-piece (feld'pes), n. A small cannon. 

Fiend (fend), n. [A.-S. feond, fiond, a hater, an 
enemy ; feogan, to hate.— Cf. Dut. rijand, Dan. 
fiende, Ger. feind, an enemy.] A deadly enemy; 
au infernal enemy or being. 

Fiend'ish, a. Infernal; diabolical; malicious. 

Fiend'ish-ly, ad. In a fiendish manner. [ness. 

Fiend'ish-ness, n. Quality of a fiend; malicious- 
Fierce (fSrs), a. [Fr. fier ; 0. Fr. fiers ; L. ferns, 
wild. — See Deer.] Savage; ravenous; ferocious; 
eager; violent; angry; furious. 

Fierce'ly, ad. In a fierce manner; furiously. 



Fierce'ness, n. Ferocity ; savageness. 

Fieri facias (fi'e-ri fa'she-as), n. [L.] (Law.) 
A writ of execution directed to a sheriff. 

Fi'er-i-ness, n. Heat; acrimony. 

Fi'er-y, a. Consisting of fire; full of fire; hot; 
fervid ; fervent ; vehement ; ardent. 

Fife, n. [Fr. fifre ; Ger. pfeife.— -Cf. Ger. pfiiff, a 
whistle; pfifen, to fife. — See also Pipe.] A small 
wind-instrument of music. — 2, v. n. [pp. fifing, 
fifed.] To play on a fife. 

Fif'er, n. One who plays on a fife. [and ten. 

Fifteen, a. & n. [A.-S. fiftyne ; five and ten.] Five 

Fifteenth, a. The ordinal of fifteen.— 2, n. (Mus.) 
An interval of two octaves. 

Fifth, a. The ordinal of five ; next after fourth. 

Fifth'ly, ad. In the fifth place. 

Fif ti-eth, a. The ordinal of fifty. 

Fifty, a. & n. [A.-S. fiftig ; Ger. fiinfzig.] Five 
times ten ; five tens. 

Fig,*?. [Fr.^te; Sp.figo; L. ficus.] The fruit 
of the fig-tree ; a fig-tree. 

Fight (fit), v. n. [A.-S. feohtan; Dut. vechten ; 
Dan. fegte; Ger. fechten.] [i. fought; pp. fight- 
ing, fought.] To contend in battle or single 
combat; to battle; to combat; to contest. — 
2, v. a. To war or combat against. — 3, n. A 
hostile engagement or conflict; a contest; a 
battle; a combat; a duel. 

Fight'er (fit'er), n. Uue who fights; a warrior. 

Fig'ment, n. [L. figmentnni, a fiction ; fingere, to 
feign (q. v.).] An invention; a fiction. 

Fig'-tree, n. The tree that bears tigs. 

Fig'u-line, or Fig'u-line, n. [Fr. ; L. figvlinus or 
figlinus, belonging to a potter; figidus, a potter; 
fingere, fictum, to mould.] Figured potterv-ware ; 
figuresiu pottery; potter's clay: — written also 
figurine. [ble of being figured. 

Fig'ii-ra-ble, a. Capable of form or figure ; capa- 

Fig'u-rate, a. Having a determinate form. 

Fig-u-ra'tion, «. Act of giving a form. 

Fig'u-ra-tive, a. [L. figurativus. — See Figure.] 
Full of, or represented by, figures ; typical ; not 
literal ; metaphorical. 

Fig'u-ra-tive-ly. ad. In a figurative manner. 

Fig'ure" (f'lg'yur) [fig'yur, S. W. J. E. F. Ja. 
Wb.; fig'ur, P. , fig'yur, K. H. ; fig'yur or 
f ig'ur, St.], n. [L. figura : fingere, to form.] The 
form of any thing, as terminated by the outline ; 
shape : — appearance :— a statue • an image : — a 
character denoting a number, as 1, 2, 3, Arc. : — 
an allegory ; a type ; a metaphor ; an emblem. 
— 2j r. a. [pp. figuring, figured.] To form into 
any shape ; to show by a resemblance ; to repre- 
sent — 3, v. n. To make a figure : — to act a part. 

Fig'ure-head, n. A carved figure on a ship's prow : 
— one who is a mere puppet. 

Fi-la'ceous (-shus), a. [L. filum, a thread.— See 
Filament.] Consisting of threads. 

Fil'a-gree, n. Same as Filigree. 

Fil'a-ment, n. [Late L. filamentvm ; filnre, to wind 
as thread; L. filum, thread : akin to figere, fijeum, 
to fasten.] A slender thread; a fibre. 

Fil-a-men'tous, a. Like a thread; composed of 
threads. 

Fi'lar, a. Of or pertaining to thread ; furnished 
with a thread or threads. 

Fil'a-to-rx, n. A machine to form thread. 

Fil'a-ture,'». [Fr.] The spinning of thread or silk 
from cocoons : — a thread-factory : — a silk-reel. 

Fil'bert, it. [Origin doubtful; probably from St. 
Phi'libert's day, September 3.] A hazel-nut. 

Filch, v. a. [Cf. Ice), tela, to conceal; Goth, fib- 
han.] [pp. filching, filched.] To steal ; to pilfer. 

File, n. [Fr. fit, a thread ; file, a line ; L. filum, a 
thread.] A thread; a line or wire on which pa- 
pers are strung :— a roll ; a series : — a line of sol- 
diers :— [A.-S. fed; Dut. vijl ; Dan. fil ; Ger. feile ; 
Russ. pila] a tool for smoothing iron, &c— 2, 
v. a. (pp. filing, filed.] To string : — to smooth ; 
to polish. — 3, v. n. To march in a file or line ; 
to rank. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son j bull, biir, rule, use.— 5, Q, c, £, soft; p, j», $, g, hard; § as z : ? as gz ; this. 



FILE-LEADEK 



244 



FIRE-CLAY 



File'-lead-er, n. The soldier who leads a file or 

is placed in front of the file. 
Fil'ial (fil'yal), a. [L. Jilialis ; filius, a son.] Be- 
fitting a son or a daughter. 
Fil'i-bfls-ter, n. [Sp. filibustero ; Fr. flibuslier ; 
0. Fr. fribustier: probably from Eng. Free- 
booter.] A freebooter or buccaneer; a pirate : 
— a military adventurer. — 2, v. n. [pp. filibus- 
tering, filibustered.] To act as a freebooter. 

Fil'i-grane, \ n. [Sp. filigrano ; fila, a file, a line, 

Fil'j-gree, J and grano, grain, fibre, texture.] 
Fine ornamental work in gold or silver, in the 
manner of little threads or grains. 

Fil'ings, n. pi. Particles rubbed off by a file. 

FilL v. a. [A.-S. fyllan, ixomfid, full; Dut. vullen; 
D&n.fylde; Icel. & Sw.fylla; Ger. fiillen.— See 
Full.] [pp. filling, filled.] To make full ; to 
satisfy; to surfeit. — 2, v. n. To give to drink; 
to grow full. — 3, n. Fulness ; satiety :— a thill ; 
a bracing. 

Fil'let". [Fr. filet, dim. of fil, a thread; L. 
i&pW;'a thread.] A band for the head, &c. ; a 
Dandage :— the fleshy part of the thigh of veal. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. filleting, filleted.] To bind with 
a bandage. [which fills. 

Fill'ing, n. Act of making full:— woof: — that 

Fil'lip, v. a. [A variant of flip.] [pp. filliping, 
filliped.] To strike with the finger-nail. — 2, n. 
A jerk or snap of the finger :— a stimulus. 

Fil'ly, n. [A dim. of foal; Icel. fylja, a filly.] A 
young mare : — a wanton girl ; a flirt. 

Film, n. [A.-S. fijlmen, a membrane; 0. Fris. 
filmeue, skin : allied to Fell.] A thin pellicle or 
skin. — 2, v. n. [pp. filming, filmed.] To become 
covered with a film. 

Fil'my, a. Composed of membranes or films. 

Fil'ter, v. a. [Fr. filtrer, to filter; filtre, a filter; 
Late L. feltrum, filtrum, felt, a felt bag, a filter.] 
[pp. filtering, filtered.] To defecate or purify 
by a filter; to strain; to filtrate. — 2, v. n. To 
percolate. — 3, n. A strainer for liquors. 

Filth, n. [A.-S. fyld, fyldu, fetthe ; from fid, foul ; 
as wealth from iceal or well; health from heal or 
whole.'] Foul matter; dirt; grossness. 

Filth'i-ly., ad. In a filthy manner; grossly. 

Filth'i-ne'ss, n. Foulness ; dirtiness. 

Filth'y, a. Nasty; foul; dirty; polluted. 

Fil'trate, v. a. [pp. filiating, filtrated.] To 
strain ; to percolate ; to filter. 

Fil'trate, n. That which is filtered. 

Fil-tra'tibn, n. Act of filtrating or filtering. 

Fim'bri-ate, a. [L. fimbriatm; fimbrise, fringe, 
shreds :' nearly akin to Fibrk.] Fringed. 

Fin, n. [A.-S. fin ; Dut. vin ; Dan. finne.—Cf. L. 
pinna, a fin; penna, a feather.] The wing of a 
fish, by which it swims. [that may be purified. 

Fin'a-ble, a. Admitting or deserving a fine: — 

Fi'nal, a. [L. finalis ; finis, an end.— See Finish.] 
Relating to the end; ultimate; last; latest:— 
conclusive; mortal. 

Fi-na'le, n. [It.] (Mus.) The close ; the last. 

Fi-nal'i-ty, n. State of being final ; state of be- 
ing concluded or settled. 

Fi'nal-ly, ad. Ultimately ; lastly ; decisively. 

Fi-nance', n. ', pi. Fi-nan'ces. [Fr. ; Late L. 
'financia, a payment ;' finare, to pay a tax or fine 
(a. v.); finis, a settlement, a settled payment; 
L. finis, the end.] The public revenue of a 
government or state ; funds. 

Fi-nan'cial (-shal), a. Relating to finance. 

Fin-an-cieV [fi-iian'ser, I. St.], n. One who man- 
ages the public revenue ; one skilled in finance. 
—2, v. n. [pp. financiering, financiered.] To 
make shifts to raise money. 

Fin'-back, n. A kind of whale. 

Finch, n. [A.-S. fine; Dut. vink; Ger. & Sw. fink; 
Dan. finke; Welsh, pine; Gr. o-iriyyos; Fr. pin- 
son; Sri.pinzon; Late L. pincio: named from the 
note of the bird.] A small bird of many kinds. 

Find, v. a. [A.-S. findan; Dut. vinden; Dan. finde ; 
Ger. finden.] [z'.'found; pp. finding, found.] To 



obtain by searching; to meet with; to discover: 
— to furnish : — to determine by verdict. — 2, v. n. 
(Law.) To arrive at a finding; to pronounce a 
verdict. — 3, n. The act of finding ; a discovery : 
— the object found. 
Find'er, n. One who finds; a #iscoverer. 
Find'ing, n. A discovery :— a verdict of a jury. 
Find'ings, n. pi. The tools and materials used by 

journeymen. 
Fine, a. [Fr. fin; Dut. fijn; Ger. fein; ~L.fi.nUus, 
finished, polished, ended. — See Finish. Fine, 
exquisite, and /me, the end, are thus etymologi- 
cally the same.] Not coarse: — pure; clear: — 
thin ; keen : — nice ; exquisite ; delicate : — splen- 
did ; showy; beautifid ; elegant. — Fine arts, po- 
etry, music, architecture, painting, sculpture, 
&c. — 2, v. a. [pp. fining, fined.] To refine ; to 
purify : — [Late L. finis, a fine, a final payment; 
L. finis, the end. — See Finish] to inflict a pen- 
alty ; to amerce; to mulct.— 3, n. A pecuniary 
punishment; a mulct; a penalty ; forfeit: — the 
end, as in fine. 

Fine'ly., ad. Admirably : — nicely ; well. 

Fine'ness, n. State of being fine; delicacy. 

Fin'er, n. One who fines; a refiner. 

Fin'er-y., n. [Fr. finerie.] Show ; gayety in attire : 
— trinkets :— a furnace for refining metals. 

Fi-nesse', n. [Fr. finesse, fineness; also cunning, 
'tact.] Artifice; stratagem. 

Fin'fer (fing'ger), n. [A.-S., Dan., Sw., & Ger. ' 
finger; Icel.fingr; Dut. vinger: root of Fang.] 
One of the fid>* extreme parts of the hand: — 
the breadth of the finger. — 2, v. a. [pp. finger- 
ing, fingered.] To touch lightly ; to handle. 

Fin'ier-board, n. A board at the neck of a fiddle, 
guitar, &c. ; key-board. 

FWSered (f ing'gerd), a. Having fingers. 

Fin'ger-ing, n. The manual execution of music 
on a' keyed instrument. - ' [nacle. 

Fin'i-al, n. [L. finis, the end.] The top of a pin- 

Fin'i-cal, ,a. [From^jfei— See Finnikin.] Nice in 
trifles';' foppish; showy. 

Fin'i-cal-lx, ad. In a finical manner. 

Fi'nis, n. [L.] The end; conclusion. 

Fin'ish, v. a. [Fr. finir, part, finissant; L. finire, 
finltum, to end ; finis, the end," a boundary : root 
of findere, fissum, to cleave.] [pp. finishing, fin- 
ished.] To complete; to perfect; to end.— 2, n. 
The last touch ; last polish. [polished. 

Fin'ish-er, n. One who finishes or perfects. 

Fin'ish-ing, n. Completion ; the last touch. 

Fi'nite [f l'nlt, W. J. F. Ja. Sm. H. St. I. ; f i'nit, 
P.], a. [L. finire, finitum, to limit.— See Finish.] 
Limited ; bounded ; not infinite. 

Finned (find), a. Having fins. 

Fin'ni-kin, n. [A variant of finical. — Cf. Dut. 
fijnkens, neatly.] A particular variety of pigeon. 
— 2, a. Finical ; foppish. 

Fin'ny, a. Furnished with or 
having fins. 

Fiord. See Fjord. 

Fir, n. [A.-S. fvrh; Ger. ffhre; 
S-w.fur,fnra; Dan./iyr; Welsh, 
pyr: perhaps akin to L. quer- 
cus, an oak.] An evergreen 
tree of several kinds. 

Fire, n. [A.-S., Sw., & Dan. fyr ; 
Ger. feuer; Icel. fyri; Dut. 
vuur; Gr. nvp.] Combustion; 
conflagration ; the igneous ele- 
ment :— any thing burning : — flame , lustre : — 
ardor; spirit.— 2, v. a. [pp. firing, fired.] To 
set on fire ; to kindle ; to inflame.— 3, v. n. To 
take fire ; to discharge fire-arms. 

Fire'-a-larm, n. A telegraphic apparatus for 
giving notice of a fire. 

Fire'-arms, n. pi. Guns, muskets, pistols, &c. 

FIre'br&nd, n. A piece of wood kindled : — an in- 
cendiary ; one who inflames factions. 

Fire'-brick, n. A brick that will not melt. 

Fire'-clay, n. Clay for making fire-bricks. 




a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



FIRE-CRACKER 



245 



FIZZ 



Fire'-crack-er, n, A squib : a small firework. 

Fire'-damp, n. Carburetted hydrogen gas; an 
inflammable gas in coal-mines. 

Fire'-en-gine, n. A machine to extinguish fires. 

Fire'-es-cape, u. gleans of escape from a build- 
ing in case of fire. 

Flre'-fly, n. An insect which emits light. 

Fire'lock, n. A soldier's gun; a musket. 

Fire'man, n. One employed to extinguish fires : 
— one who tends fires. 

Fire'-new, a. New from the forge ; brand-new. 

Fire'place, n. A place for a fire in a chimney. 

Fire' -plug, n. A stopple in a pipe, used in fires. 

Fire'-pr66f. a. Proof against fires. — 2, n. Afire- 
proof room or safe.— -3, v. a. [pp. fire-proofing, 
fire-proofed.] To render proof against fire. 

Fire'-proof-ing, it. The act of making any thing 
fire-proof; the materials by which any thing is 
rendered fire-proof. 

Flre'-ship, n. A ship filled with combustibles. 

Fire'side, u. The hearth; chimney: — home. — 
2, a. Near the fire ; domestic. 

Fire'wood (f Tr'wud), n. Wood to burn ; fuel. 

Fire'works (fiiAviirks), n. pi. Preparations of 
powder, &c, to be fired for amusement or dis- 
play ; pyrotechnics. 

Fir'ing. n. Fuel : — discharge of fire-arms. 

Fir'kin, «. [Dut. vier, four, and dim. euding -kin, 
as in lambkin; a firkin was the fourth part of a 
barrel.] A vessel containing nine gallons. 

Firm, a. [h. firm us : Fr. fomtf] Solid; hard; 
fixed; stable; constant; steadfast; steady; res- 
olute ; strong. — 2, n. [Sp. firma, signature, sign- 
manual ; Port, firma, a "handwriting, a firm. 
The idea is that of a confirmation, an agree- 
ment; it refers to the signature and business- 
name of a house.] The persons composing a 
partnership, or the-Jiame under which a part- 
nership carries on mercantile or other business. 
— 3, v. a. [pp. firming, firmed.] To mike firm 

Fir'ma-ment, n. [L. firmamentum, a support, a 
prop, or the sky; fin, uu-e, to confirm, to support, 
to make firm (g. v.). As applied to the sky it 
means something fixed or established.] Eegion 
of the air ; the sky. 

Fir'man, +t. [Pers. farman. — Cf. Skr. pramana, 
measure, authority"; pro, before, and . t 
measure (a. v.).] A license or certificate from the 
sultan of Turkey; a passport. 

Firm'ly, ad. With firmness; strongly. 

Firm'ness, «. Solidity; stability; steadiness; 
constancy; resolution: strength; steadfastness. 

First, a, [A.-S. fyrst; Icel. f/jrstr ; Dan. & siw. 
forste. first. It is the superlative of fore (q. v.).] 
Earliest in time ; primary ; pristine :' primitive ; 
original: foremost; chief.— 2, ad. Before any- 
thing else; before all others; primarily. 

First' -born, a. First in order of birth ; eldest. 

First'-class, «. Of the first quality ; first-rate. 

First'-day, u. Sunday ; the first day of the week. 

First'-floor, n. The ground-floor: — the floor 
above the ground-floor. 

First'-hand, a. Obtained direct from the producer. 

Firstling, n. The first produce or offspring. 

First'ly, ad. In the first, place; first: — used by 
some writers instead of first. 

First' -rate, a. Preeminent; superior; best. 

Firth, n. [A form of fjord (q. v.).— See also 
Frm-h.] A frith; a fjord. 

Fisc (fisk), n. [I* fiscus, a basket, also a pur-e, a 
^treasury.] A puolic treasury. 

Fis'cal, a. [L. fiscatis, relating to a fisc, or treas- 
ury.] Belonging to a public treasury.— 2, n. 
Public revenue : — a treasure. 

Fish, n. ; pi. Fish'es. [Fish is also used collec- 
tively instead of the plural ; it is mostly fol- 
lowed, in this use. by a plural verb.] [A.-S". fisc; 
Dut. visch ; Ice\.fi.<kr; Dan. & Sw. fisk; Ger. fisch ; 
L. piscis; Welsh, pysg.] A vertebrated' ani- 
mal that inhabits the water: — the flesh of fish 
used for food.— 2, r. n. [pp. fishing, fished.] To 



catch fish ; to seek by art. — 3, v. a. To search 
in quest of fish, &c. 

Fish'er, n. One employed in catching fish : — an 
animal of the marten kind. 

Fish'er-man, u. One who lives by fishing. 

Fish-er-y, u. The business, or a place, of fishing. 

Fish' -hook (-bilk), n. A hook to catch fish. 

Fish'ing, n. The art or practice of catching fish. 

Fish'-mar-ket, n. A place where fish is sold. 

Fish'-mon-ier (-mung-ger), n. A dealer in fish. 

Fish'-pond, n. A small pool for fish. 

Fish'-wife, n. A woman who sells fish. 
I Fish'y, a. Consisting of fish ; like fish : — par- 
taking of the character of a fish-story ; — hence, 
dubious; suspicious. [Slang.] 
I Fis'sile [fls'sil, I.], a. [L. fi.ssilis ; fiudere, fissum, 
to cleave.] That may be split or cleft. 

Fis-sil'i-ty, n. The quality of being fissile. 

Fis'sion (f ish'un), n. A cleaving. 

Fis'sure (fish'yur), n. [li.fissura; findere, fisswn, 
to cleave.] A cleft; a narrow chasm ol^pen- 
ing ; a crevice. 

Fist. n. [A.-S. fyst; Dut. mist; Gev.faust; Buss. 
piaste. — Cf. Gr. ttv£, with the fi»t ; L. pagans, 
Gr. Trvyn.ri, the fist ; L. fistuca, a beetle, a ram- 
mer.] The hand clinched or closed. — 2, p. <. 
[ pp. fisting, fisted.] To strike with the fist. 

Fis ti-cuffs, n. pi. A combat with the fist. 

Fist'u-la, b. [L.] A pipe :— a sinuous ulcer. 

Fist'u-lar, a. Belating to a fistula; hollow. 

Fist'ii-loiis, a. Having the nature of a fistula. 

Fit, b. [A.-S. fit, a struggle; fitnH; to struggle : 
possibly allied to Fight.] A paroxysm of any 
distemper; a convulsion: — interval: — disorder 
of body or mind: — adjustment: — [A.-S. fit, a 
step, a song; Icel. fet, part of a poem, a"lso a 
poetical foot ; Skr. pada, a verse ; pad, a foot 
(q. v.); A.-S. fittan, to sing, also to struggle] a 
fytte or canto.— 2, a. Qualified ; proper ; becom- 
ing; meet; appropriate; suitable; conveniei : 
apt. — 3, a. a. [Norse fitja, to knit, to bind; 
Goth, fetjan, to adorn: Dut. ratten, to fit; 0. E." 
fettle, to adorn.] [pp. fitting, fitted.] To accom- 
modate ; to suit ; to adapt. — i, p. u. To be 
to be adapted to. 

Fitch, a. [See Vetch.] The vetch :—[0.*Dut. 
fisse, 0. Fr. fissau, Walloon fichatu, a polecat; Dut. 
vies, foul : akin to Fizz] fur of the polecat. 

Fitch'et, n. The polecat:— polecat's fur. 

Fit'ful. a. Full of fits: inconstant; fickle. 

Fit'ful-ly, ad. In a fitful or broken manner; 
fits; irregularly: brokenly. 

Fit'ful-ness, n. Inconstancy ; waywardness. 

Fit'ly, ad. Properly; justly: suitably. 

FIt'ment. n. A fixture; an article of furniture, 
or of an outfit or equipment. 

FIt'ness. n. Quality of being fit; qualification; 
propriety ; neatness ; suitablene-s. 

Fit' ting. p. a. Suiting; adapting: — fit: proper. 

Fit'ting-ly, ad. Appropriately; suitably. 

Fit' tings. »■ pi. Fitments; findings: equipments. 

Five. a. & n. [A.-S. fif.fi/? : Dut. trijf; Icel, rinan ; 
Goth, fimf; Ger.funf; L. quingve; Gr. n-eVre ; 
Skr. panclian.] Four and one; half of ten. 

Five'fold, a. & n. Five times as much. 

Fix. o. a. [L. figere, fixum, to fix. — Cf. Gr. a<i>iy- 
yetv, to bind.] [pp. fixing, fixed.] To make 
fast, firm, or stable ; to settle. — 2, v. n. To rest : 
to become firm or hard. [tion. 

Fix-a'tion, n. Act of fixing; stability: solidifica- 

Fixed (f ikst or fiks'ed), p. a. 5Iade fast ; firm ; 
stable; not wandering ; not volatile. 

Fix'ed-ly, ad. Certainly; firmly: steadfastly. 

Fix'ed-ness, n. Stability; firmness; solidity. 

Fix'i-ty. n. Fixedness ; stability. 

Fixt'ure (fikst'yur), n. A piece of furniture fixed 
to a house : any thing fixed to a place. 

Fizz, or Fiz'zle, v. n. [Imitative words, common 
in various forms in the Scandinavian languages.] 
[pp. fizzing, fizzed: fizzling, fizzled.] To make 
a hiss or a gush ng sound. 



by 



mien, sir; move, nbr, son; bull, bur, rule, use. 



-C $, c,%,soft, 

21* 



P, 0, e, g\ hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



FIZZLE 



246 



FLAT-IRON 



Fiz'zle, n. A flash in the pan ; a failure. [Slang.] 
— 2, v. n. [pp. fizzling, fizzled.] To niake an 
abortive effort; to bungle ; to fail. [Slang.] 

Fjord (fyord or fi-brd'), rt. [Norse; allied to 
Ford, also remotely to L. portus, a port; Gr. 
7rop0/i6s, a ferry : root of Fare, to travel.] A 
firth; a rock-bound strait or inlet. 

Flab'bi-ness, n. Condition of being flabby. 

Flab'by, «• [Dan. flab, the chops; Sw. fldbb, an 
under lip. — Cf. Flap and L. flabilis, airy,— liter- 
ally, blowing ', flare, to blow.' All this large class 
of words are imitative.] Soft; flaccid; lank. 

Fla-bel'li-fdrm, a. [L.flubella, a fan or flap (g. v.), 
forma, form ; flare, to blow.] Shaped like a fan. 

Flap'cid (flak's'id), a. [L. flaccidus or fluccus, 
flabby ; flaccere, to droop : akin to Flag.]' Weak 

, and soft; lank; lax. 

Flap-cid'i-ty, »■ Lankness; limberness. 

Flap'cid-ness, n. Slate of being flaccid. 

Flag, v. n. [L. flaccere, to droop ; Icel. flaka, to 
flap ; Ger. flackern, Sw. flage, to flutter.— Cf. Fr. 
flageoler, to totter, to fail.] [pp. flagging, 
flagged.] To grow dejected or feeble ; to lose 
vigor: — to hang loose. — 2, w. a. To let fall : — 
to cover with flat stones : — to signal by a flag. — 
3, n. A water-plant :— a banner: — [Dan. flag; 
Dut. vlag ; Ger. flagged the colors or ensign* of a 
ship, &c. : — [Icel. flaga, a slab; flagna, to flake 
(q. v.) ; Sw. flag, flak, a slice] a flat stone for 
paving. [practised self-flagellation. 

Fla&'el-lant, n. One of a religious society that 

Flaf'el-late, v. a. [L. flagellare, flagellantis, flugel- 
latum, to scourge ; flagellum or flagrum, a 
scourge.] [pp. flagellating, flagellated.] To 
whip or scourge. 

Flaf-el-la'tion, n. A whipping; a scourging. 

Flag'eo-let (flaj'o-let), n. [Fr., dim. of 0. Fr. 
flageol, flagel, Port, flanjol, a flute (q. v.).— But 
cf. Gr. 7rAayiavAos, a flute.] A small musical 
wind-instrument resembling a flute. 

Flagging, n. A foot-pavement of flag-stone. 

Fliig'gy, a - Weak; limber; not tense: — covered 
with flags. 

Flafi-tate, v. a. [L. flagitare, flagitatum, to de- 
mand. — See Flagitiox t s.J [^j>.*flagitating, flagi- 
tated.] To demand with eagerness or violence ; 
to importune. 

Flag-i-ta'tion, v. Eager entreaty ; importunity. 

Fla-§i"tious (fla-jish'us), a. [L. flagiliosus ; flagi- 
t'iuht, a gross outrage, — properly, an iutense de- 
sire ; flagitare, to demand with eagerness : root 
of flagrare, to burn.] Grossly wicked ; atrocious ; 
villanous; heinous; profligate. 

Fla-£i"tious-ness, n. Yillany. [a flag. 

Flag'man, n. One whose duty it is to signal with 

Flag'-of-fi-cer. u. A commander of a squadron. 

Flag' on, n. [Fr. flacon, 0. Fr. flascon, Gr. <£Ado-- 
Ktov, a great flask (q. v.). — Cf. L. vasculvm, a 
small vessel.] A vessel for holding liquor. 

Fla'gran-cy, n. Burning; heat: — enormity. 

Fla' grant, a. [L. flagrare, flagranti*, Gr. ^Ae'yeiv, 
to burn.] Ardent ; glowing : — enormous ; glar- 
ing; notorious; heinous. 

Fla'grant-ly, ad. In a flagrant manner. 

Flag'-ship, n. The ship which bears the com- 
mander of a fleet. 

Flag'-stSff, n. The staff on which the flag is fixed. 

Flag' -stone, n. A flat stone for paving. 

Flail, n. [Fr. fle'an; 0. Fr. flael ; Dut. rtegel ; Ger. 
flegel; L. flagellant, flagrum, , a scourge.] An in- 
strument for threshing grain. 

Flake, n. [See Flag, a stone ; also Norse flak, a 
flake ; flagna, to flake, to flay (q. ».).] Any thing 
loosely held together; a flock: — a layer; film; 
lamina : — scaffold. — 2, v. a. [pp. flaking, flaked.] 
To form into flakes or layers.— 3, v. n. To break 
into laminae or flakes. 

Fla'ky, a. Consisting of flakes or layers. 

Flam, n. [Fr. .//«, a drum-beat, a flam. — Cf. fla-fla, 
humbug, clap-trap ; flan, refuse, a puff or light 
cake, a blank.] A falsehood ; illusory pretext : — 



a drum-beat. — 2, v. a. [pp. flamming, flammed.] 
To deceive with a lie; to delude. 

Flam'beau (flam'bo), n. [Fr. ; flamme, a flame; 
flamber, to flame.] Fr. pi. Flambeaux ; Eng. 
Flambeaus (flam'boz). A lighted torch ; a flame. 

Flame, n. [Fr. flamme; L. flamma for flagma; 
flagrare, to burn; Gr. <j>\eyfxa.] Lighted' gas in 
a state of combustion ; fire; blaze; flash : — ardent 
love; ardor. — 2,v.n. [pp. flaming, flamed.] To 
shine as fire ; to burn. 

Fla' men, n. [L. ; probably from flagrare, to burn : 
referring to the burning of sacrifices.] (liom. 
Ant.) A priest. 

Flam'ing, a. Gaudy; resplendent: — ardent. 

Fla-min go. n. ; pi. Fla-min'goes. [Sp. flamenco, 
from its flame-like color; but flamenco properly 
means Flemish, and it was doubtless at first 
applied to this bird by reason of a popular error. 
— Cf. Provencal flammant, flaming, also a fla- 
mingo.] A tall red bird allied to the geese. 

Fla'my, a. Inflamed; burning; blazing. 

Flanfe. w. [A variant of flank .— Cf. range and 
rank.] A ledge or rim raised on an iron rail, 
or on the tire of a wheel. 

Flank, ». [Fr. flanc, Ger. flanke, Goth, hlanc, 
O. Ger. lane, the side : root of L. flaccus, soft, 
which may have become nasalized into flanc.] 
Part of the side : — part of a bastion : — the side 
of an army or fleet. — 2, v. a. [pp. flanking, 
flanked.] To attack the side of a battalion or 
fleet : -to secure on the side : — to border. 

Flank' er, n. One who flanks ; a structure which 
flanks. 

Flan'nel, «. [Fr. flanelle ; Local H.flannen ; "Welsh, 
gwlan'en; givlan, wool (q. v.).] A soft, nappy 
woollen cloth. 

Flap, ». [Dut. flappen, to flap ; flap, a stroke ; L. 
plaga, a blow. — See Flag.] Any thing that 
hangs broad and loose :— a blow. — 2, o. a. [ pp. 
flapping, flapped.] To beat or move with a flap. 
— 3, v. n. To ply the wings with noise. 

Flap' jack, n. A broad, thin pancake. 

Flap'per, n. One who or that which flaps. 

Flare, v. n. [Norse flara, Sw. flora, to blaze : akin 
to Flash and to L. flare, flatum, to blow. Some 
connect it with L. flagrare, to burn.— Cf. Ger. 
flacker, to flicker (q. v.).] [j)p. flaring, flared.] 
To give a glaring or unsteady light; to glare; 
to glitter :— to expand or widen outward or 
upward.— 2, ». An unsteady, glaring light; a 
glare : — expansion or divergence. 

Flash, n. [Local Sw. flasa, to blaze.— See Flush.] 
A sudden blaze; flame:— & sudden burst of wit; 
something transient. — 2, v. n. [pp. flashing, 
flashed.] To burst out into flame or light. — 
3, v. a. To strike or throw up, as water; to 
throw, as light, on the eyes, or the mind: — 
[Icel. flasa, to rush ;flas, a rushing.— See Plash] 
to inundate ; to flush.— 4, a. Tile ; low ; vulgar : 
—vulgarly gaudy or showy :— trashy ; false. 

Flash'ing, n. A blazing.— (Arch.) A piece of 
metal let into the joints of a wall. 

Flash's, a. Dazzling for a moment ; gay; showy, 
but empty ; not solid ; dashing. 

Flask, n. [A.-S. flasc; Icel. fluska; Dan. flaske; 
Ger. flasche; It. fiasco; Gr. 4>Xdaicv; Late L. 
flasca. Perhaps akin to L. flare, to blow.] A 
bottle ; a powder-horn. 

FlaVket, n. [Cf. "Welsh fllasg, a basket, a flask.] 
A vessel in which viands are served : — a shallow 
basket ; a clothes-basket. 

Flat, a. [Dan. flad; Svr.flat; Ger. flach; Dut. 
vlak.—Cf. Gr. n\dij, a flat surface : TrAaTvs, wide ; 
Fr. plat, flat.] Horizontal; plain -.—level:— ab- 
solute :— insipid ; dull :— not shrill; not sharp; 
not acute.— 2, n. A level ; plain :— a shoal :— a 
dunce : — a single story used as a dwelling. — 
(Mus.) A markof depression ; a depressed tone. 

Flat'f ish, n. A fish with a flat body. 

Flat'-ir-on (-I-urn), n. An instrument for smooth- 
ins clothes; a sad-iron. 



a, e, i, 6, u, y, long ; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obsc«re. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, hers 



FLATLY 



247 



FLIEK 



Flat'ly, ad. In a flat manner ; peremptorily. 

Flat'ness, «• Evenness; insipidity; duluess. 

Flat' ten (flat'tn), v. a. [pp. flattening, flat- 
tened.] To make flat, even, or level : — to make 
vapid : — to deject; to depress. — (Mus.) To make 
less sharp. — 2, v. n. To grow even or dull. 

Flat'ter, v. a. [0. Dut. flatteren ; Icel. jiadra ; Fr. 
flatter; 0. Fr. flater.] [pp. flattering, flattered.] 
To compliment with praises; to piaise falsely; 
to caress : — to raise false hopes. 

Flat'ter-er, n. One who flatters ; a fawner. 

Flat'ter-ing, p. a. Bestowing flattery; encour- 
aging; artful; obsequious; pleasing. 

Flat'ter-y, n. False, venal praise ; adulation. 

Flat'tish, o. Somewhat flat. 

Flat'u-lence, \n. Windiness; turgidness; emp- 

Flat'u-len-cy, J tiness; levity. 

Flat'u-lent, a. [Fr. ; L. flutus, wind, a blowing; 
flare, flalum, to blow.] Turgid with air; windy. 

Fla'tus', n. [L.] Wind ; flatulence; breath. 

Flat'wlse, ad. With the flat side down. 

Flaunt (flant) [flawnt, I. St. P. £.], v. n. [Local 
Ger. flandem, to flaunt, to flutter ; Ger. flutleru, 
to flutter.] [pp. flaunting, flaunted.] To make 
ostentatious display ; to flutter : — to show impu- 
dence. — 2, v. a. To display ostentatiously or 
impudently. — 3, n. Ostentatious display. 

Fla-ves'cent, a. [L. flavescere, flavescenlis, to be- 
come yellow; flaver'e, to be yellow; flavus, yel- 
low.] Yellowish. 

Flavor, n. [0. Fr. flaneur, odor; Late L. flavor, 
originally yellowness, then brightness or tint. 
It first acquired the meaning of Fr. flair, smell, 
fragrance (g. v.), and has in English received a 
still further change of meaning.] Power of 
pleasing or affecting the taste; relish; taste; 
6avor :— odor.— 2, r. a. [pp. flavoring, flavored.] 
To give a flavor or taste to. 

Fla'vor-ous, a. Delightful to the palate. 

Flaw, n. [A.-S. floh, Sw. flaga, a breach.— See 
Flake.] A crack ; a defect : — [a variant of 
Flow] a gust of wind : — an uproar. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
flawiug, flawed.] To break ; to crack ; to violate. 

Flaw'y, a. Full of flaws or cracks : — gusty. 

Flax. u. [A.-S. fleax; Dut. riis ; Ger. fluchs: root 
of Plat, to weave. — Cf. Fleece.] A fibrous 
plant, of which the finest thread is made : — the 
fibres of flax cleansed. 

Flax'en (flak'sn), a. [Ger. flachsen.] Made of or 
like flax. 

Flax'seed, ■». The seed of flax ; linseed. 

Flax'y, a. Like flax ; of a light color; flaxen. 

Flay (fla), v. a. [A.-S.jlean ; Icel. fla.—See. Vl.\ k f,.] 
[pp. flaying, flayed'.] To skin; to strip off the 
skin. 

Flea (fle), «. [A.-S. flea, fleo ; Dut. vloo ; Ger. 
floh : akin to Fly.] A small' blood-sucking insect. 

Fiea'bane, n. A genus of plants, horse-weed. 

Flea'-bite (fle'blt), n. The sting of a flea. 

Flea'-bit-ten (fle'bit-tn), a. Stung by fleas. 

Fleam, n. [Fr. flarnme; Gr. <*>\tfioT6piov. — See 
Phlebotomy.] An instrument to bleed cattle. 

Fleck, v. a. [Ger. fleck, a spot; flecken, to spot: 
found in Dut. ami Norse languages also.] [pp. 
flecking, fleck, d.] To spot ; to streak ; to dapple. 
—2, n. A spot ; a stain ; a streak :— a flake. 

Fleck'less, o. Without a fleck ; spotless. 

Flec'tion, h. [See Flexion.] The act of bending. 

Fled, i. & p. from flee. 

Fled|e, v. a. [0." E. flegge, ready to fly; Icel. 
fleygr, able to fly; fleijgja, to cause to fly (g. v.). 
Influenced by 0. E. fletch, to feather an arrow; 
fletcher, an arrow-maker ; Fr.fleche, 0. Gev.fli/sch, 
Dut. flits, Sp. flecha, an arro'w.] [pp. fledging, 
fledged.] To furnish with wings or feathers. 

Fledg'ling, n. A young bird newly fledged. 

Flee, v. n. [A variant of Fly ; Sw. ftp, Dan. f!?/e, 

to flee.] [i. fled; pp. fleeing, fled.]' To run from 

danger ; to resort to shelter. 

Fleece, n. [A.-S. flys ; Dut. vlies; Ger. fliess, flams. 

— Cf. Russ. volos, Czech vlas, hair : probably akin 



to Flax.] The wool shorn from on<- sheep. — 
2, v. a. [pp. fleecing, fleeced.] To shear off; 
to strip ; to plunder. 

Flee'cjj, a. Woolly ; like a fleece. 

Fleer, v. n. [Sw. & N orw. flira, for flisa, to titter.] 
[pp. fleering, fleered.] To mock ; t > gibe ; to leer. 
— 2, n. A mocking grimace ; a sneer ; mockery. 

Fleet, n. [A.-S. fleol, fllet, flota, a ship ; Icel. floii, 
a ship, a fleet ; Ger. flotte, Fr. flotte, Dan. flaade, 
Sw. flotta, Dut. vloot, a fleet. — See Float. — Cf. 
also A.-S. fleot, a bay ; 0. E. fleet, a stream ; Dut. 
vliet, a brook.] A company of ships; a navy. — 
2, a. [A.-S. fleotig, swift; fleot, to float {g. v.); 
Icel. fljotr, quick. — See Flit.] Swift of pace ; 
quick ; nimble. — 3, v. a. [A.-S. fliet, cream, that 
which floats.] [pp. fleeting, fleeted.] To skim, 
as milk : — to hasten. — 4, v. n. To fly swiftly ; 
to hasten. 

Fleet'ing, a. Transitory; swift; transient. 

Fleet'ly, ad. Swiftly ; nimbly ; with swift pace. 

Fleet' ness, m. Swiftness; celerity; quickness. 

Flem'ing, n. An inhabitant of Klanuers. 

Flem'ish, a. [Ger. Fluntisch ; Dut. Vlaemisk.] Re- 
lating to Flanders or to the Flemings; Belgian. 

Flense, v. a. [Dut. vlensen; Dan. flense.] [pp. 
flensing, flensed.] To cut up, as a whale for 
blubber. 

Flesh,". [A.-S. flmsc; Dut. vleesch ; Ger. fleisch. 
— Cf. Dan. flesk, Sw. flask, Icel. flesh, bacon.— See 
Flitch.] The muscular part of an animal body ; 
animal food : — pulp of fruit : — the human race : 
— animal nature, as opposed to spirit. — -. v. <<.. 
[pp. fleshing, fleshed.] To initiate; to glut; to 
satiate. 

Flesh'er, n. A butcher :— a dealer in meat. 

Flesh'i-ness, n. Plumpness: fatness. 

Flesh'iess. a. Destitute of flesh ; lean. 

Flesh'li-ness, n. Carnal appetite. 

Flesh'ly, a. Carnal ; not spiritual ; corporeal. 

Flesh'-meat. n. Flesh of animals used as food. 

Flesh'-mon-ger, n. One who deals in flesh. 

Flesh'-tint, n.' A color which represents the tint 
of the human body. 

Flesh'-wound (-wood or -wound), n. A wound 
injuring no part beyond the flesh. 

Flesh'y, a. Full of flesh; fat; pulpy; plump. 

Fleur-de-lis (fliir-de-le'), ». [Fr.] 'A flower re- 
sembling the iris, called also flotoer-deHuce. — 
(Her.) A bearing in the royal arms of France. 

Flew (flu)» i. from fly. 

Flex, v. a. [L. flectere, flexum, to bend.] [pp. flex- 
ing, flexed.] To beiid ; to inflect. 

Flex-i-bil'i-ty, n. Flexibleness : pliancy. 

Flex'i-ble,' o. [L. flextotiis.— See Flex'.] That 
may be bent; pliable; pliant. 

Flex'ile, «. [L. flexilis.—See Flex.] Pliant; 
easily bent; flexible. 

Flex'ion (flek'shun), n. [L. flexio.— See Flex.] 
The act of bending. 

Flex'or, n. [Late L.] A muscle which bends. 

Flex'u-ous. <«. Winding: bending. 

Flex'ure (fleks'yur), n. [L. flexura.— See Flex.] 
A bending; joint; bend. 

Flick, v. a. [Icel. flik, a flap; flekka, to spot; 
A.-S. flicerian, to strike often. — See Fleck. — Cf. 
also Fr. flic-flac, a stroke of a whip ; L. fligere, 
flictum, to strike.] [pp. flicking, flicked.] To 
whip with a light, quick stroke.— 2, n. A light, 
quick sti-oke : — [see Flitch] a flitch. 

Fllck'er, n. [A.-S. flicerian, to strike lightly and 
often; Dut. fl ikkeren, to sparkle.— Cf. Ger/fl«cZ- 
ern, to flicker, which is not improbably influ- 
enced by L. flagrare, to burn. — Cf. also Flut- 
ter. Flicker iu the sense of flutter is probably 
distinct in its origin from flicker, to gleam feebly, 
yet it is impossible to separate their senses at 
present.] A wavering, evanescent gleam, as 
of flame ; an expiring flash : — the great wood- 
pecker.— 2, v. n. [pp. flickering, flickered.] To 
flutter; to flap the wings : — to burn unsteadily. 

Fli'er, n. One who flies : — part of a machine. 



mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use— Q,Q, c, &,soft; p, p, p, g, hard ; §asz; xosgz; tnis. 



FLIGHT 



248 



FLOUNCE 



Flight (flit), n. [A.-S. flyht; Ger. & Tcel. flng ; 
Sw. flygt, flyM ; Dan. ftiujt ; Dut. vlugl.] The act 
of flying or fleeing; escape : — a flock of birds : — 
a saily of the imagination : — a series of steps. 

Flight' i-ness, n. Quality of being flighty. 

Flight' y. (fli'te), a. Wild ; of disordered imagina- 
tion ; extravagant in fancy ; capricious. 

Flnn'si-ness, n. Weakness of texture. 

Flim'sy, a. [Fr. fleme, idleness, inactivity; a va- 
riant of flegrne, phlegm (q. v.), dulnes*, insipid- 
ity. — But cf. Limp, flexible.] Of weak texture ; 
feeble ; mean ; superficial ; without force. 

Flinch, v. n. [L. fleclere, to bend; Fr. fltchir : it 
acquired a modification from blench, to which it 
gave in turn a new meaning.] [pp. flinching, 
flinched.] To shrink ; to withdraw ; to wince. 

Flin'ders, n. pi. [Cf. Ger. flinder, a spangle ; Dut. 
flenter, a splinter.] Broken pieces ; shreds. 

Fiing, v. a. [0. Sw. flenga, to strike ; fldng, hard 
exercise; fldnga, to romp.] [i. flung; pp. fliug- 
ing, flung.] To cast from the hand; to throw; 
to dart : — to scatter about. — 2, v. n. To flounce ; 
to wince; to sneer. — 3, n. A throw; a cast : — 
a sneer ; an insinuation : — a kind of dance.' 

Flint, n. [A.-S. & Dan. flint; Sw. flinta.—Cf. 
Plinth, and Fr. flin, pyrites.] A hard stone ; a 
stone for striking fire. 

Flint' y., a. Made of flint; hard : — cruel. 

Flip, n. [A variant of Flap.] A light blow; a 
fillip : — liquor made of beer, spirits, and sugar : — 
a leap. — 2, v. n. [pip. flipping, flipped.] To skip; 
to leap.— 3, v. a. To strike lightly. [Colloq.] 

FKp'pan-cy, n. Loquacity ; pertness of talk. 

FHp'pant, a. [Cf. Icel. fleipa, to prattle; Sw. 
flepu, to talk nonsense ; Local Sw. flip, the lip.] 
Talkative ; loquacious ; pert. 

FHp'per. »/. [See Flap.] The arm of a seal, whale, 
or turtle ; a broad fin. 

Flirt, v. a. [Cf. Scot, flird, to flirt; flirdoch, a 
flirt; Sw. fl'drd, deceit; A.-S. fleard, a foolish 
act; but the primary meaning in English seems 
to be a quick motion, as with a fan.] [pp. flirt- 
ing, flirted.] To throw with a quick motion. — 
2, v. n. To be unsteady ; to coquet. — 3, n. A 
jerk : — a pert girl ; a coquette. 

Flir-ta'tion, n. The act of flirting; coquetry; 
desire or effort to attract notice. 

Flit, v. n. [Cf. Sw. fiylta, Dan. flytle, to flit, to 
remove ; Ger. fliltem, to flit ; Icel. flyta, to hasten : 
akin to Fleet, Float, and Fly.] [pp. flitting, 
flitted.] To fly away; to remove; to flutter: — 
to be unstable. 

Flitch, n. [A.-S. flicce; Icel. flikH (see Flesh). 
Flitch is a softened form of Flick, which is a va- 
riant of Flake (q. v.).— Cf. Ger. flatsche, a piece.] 
The side of a hog salted and cured : — a slab or 
plank of timber. 

FHt'ter, w. [Ger. & Sw. flitter, a gew-gaw.] A 
rag; a scrap. — 2, v. n. [pp. flittering, flittered.] 
To flutter; to flit. 

Float (Hot), v. n. [A.-S. fleotan, flotian ; Sw. flyta; 
Ger. flossen ; Fr. flotter ; the latter from L. flvere, 
fluctum, to flow ; the others from the root of Flow : 
both are from the same remote roots.] [pp. 
floating, floated.] To swim ; to move easily. — 
2, v. a. To cover with water; to flood: — to 
cause to swim. — 3, n. [A.-S. flota, a ship ; Icel. 
floti, Dut. rht, Ger. floss, a raft.] A body swim- 
ming on water; a raft: — a cork or quill fastened 
to a fishing-line : — a rasp or file. 

Float' a-ble, w. [Fr. flottable.] Capable of float- 
ing : — navigable for rafts. 

Float'ing, p. a. Not settled; not fixed; unattached. 

Floc'cu-lence, n. Quality of being floeculent. 

Floc'cu-lent, a. Floccose : — adhering in flakes; 
full of flakes ; flaky : — noting the floccus or 
down on newly-hatched birds. 

Floc'cus, n. [L.] The down of unfledged birds. 

Flock,' n. [A.-S. flocc; Icel. floMr ; Dan. flok; 
Ger. flng.] A company of birds or sheep: — a 
congregation : — [L. floccus, a lock of wool] down 



from cloth. — 2, v. n. [pp. flocking, flocked.] 
To gather in crowds or companies : — to go away 
in a crowd. 

Floe, n. [Dan. flage, a flake (q. v.). — Cf, Ger. 
fluh, a stratum.] A mass of floating ice. 

Flog, v. a. [L. flagellare, to scourge ; flagellum or 
flagrum, a scourge.] [pp. flogging, flogged.] To 
lash ; to whip ; to beat. 

Flog'§ing, n. A whipping; act of beating. 

Flood '(flud), n. [A.-S. flod;. Dut. vloed; Icel., 
Sw., & Dan.^od; Goth, flodus; Ger. fluth.— Cf. 
L. fluctus, a wave, a flood. — See Flow.] A great 
flow of water ; the sea : — a river : — a deluge ; an 
inundation ; the general deluge : — flow ; flux. — 
2, v. a. [p>p. flooding, flooded.] To deluge ; to 
overwhelm. 

Flood' gate (flud'gat), n. A gate to stop or let out 
water ; a passage ; an avenue. 

Floor (flor), h. [A.-S. flor ; Dut. vloer ; Ger. flvr ; 
Welsh, llaur-] The bottom of a room or build- 
ing ; a platform : — a story in a building. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. flooring, floored.] To cover with a floor : 
— to place on the floor; to strike down. 

Floor'ing, n. Materials for floors : — a floor. 

Flop, v. a. [A variant of Flap.] [pp. flopping, 
flopped.] To clap the wings; to flap. — 2, v. 
The sound made by a broad flat object falling to 
the ground : — a flap. 

Flo'ra, n. [L. Flora, goddess of flowers; flos, 
florls, a flower (q. v.).] (Bot.) The botany, or 
various plants and flowers, of a country: — a 
treatise on local botany : — a list of plants. — 
(Astron.) A small planet. 

Flo'ral, a. [L. floralis, belonging to Flora, god- 
dess of flowers.] Relating to flowers. 

Flor'en-tine, n. A native of Florence : — a silk. — 
2, a. Belonging to Florence. 

Flo-res'cence, n. The act of flowering : — the sea- 
son of the flowering of plants. 

Flo-res'cent, a. [L. florescerc, florescentis, incho- 
ative of flor -ere, to flower (<j. v.).] Blooming into 
flower; 'flowering. 3tf* 

Flo' ret, n. [Dim. of L. flos, floris, a flower.] *VPf* 
A little flower; a floweret. W3 

Flor'i-cult-ure, n. [L. flos, floris, a flower, M 
and" cultura, culture.] The cultivation of ll 
flowers. U 

Flor-i-ciilt'u-rist, «. A cultivator of Floret> 
flowers. 

Flor'id, a. [L. floridus ; flos, floris, a flower (q. v.).] 
Having flowers; flowery :— flushed with red :— 
embellished ; splendid. 

Flo-rid'i-ty;, n. State of being florid; freshness. 

Flor'in,'**. ' [It. fiorino ; fiore, a flower: it bore a 
lily', in allusion to Florence (L. Florerdia) ; L. 
florere, to flower; flos. floris, a flower.] [Fr.] A 
coin first made at Florence ; now a coin of dif- 
ferent values : — a modern English coin, worth 
2s. sterling, or 50 cents. 

Flo'rist, n. [Fr. flmriste.] A cultivator of flowers. 

Floss", n. [It. floscia seta, floss silk ; floscio, local 
flosso, soft; L. fluxus, flowing; fluere, to flow 
(q. v.).] Ravelled or untwisted silk. 

Flos' sy, a. Like floss; made of floss. 

Flo-ta'tion. n. [Fr. flottaisou; flotter, to float.] 
The act of floating. 

Flo-til'la, n. [Sp., dim. of flota, a fleet (q. v.).] 
A fleet' of small vessels ; a little fleet :— a large 
naval force. 

Flot'sam [flot'sam, H. I.], Float'sam, or Flot'son 
[flot'spn, H. /.],n. [Law Fr. ; root of Float and 
the Norse termination -samr, seen in the words 
lonesome, icholesome.] (Law.) Goods that float on 
the sea without an owner, when a ship is wrecked. 

Flounce, v. n. [Local Sw. flmisa, to plunge, to 
flounder (q. v.).} [pp. flouncing, flounced.] To 
move with violence. — 2, v. a. [0. E. frounce; 
Fr. froncer, to plait, to wrinkle. — See Front 
and Frown.] To deck with flounces. — 3, n. A 
j er k : _a dash: — a frill or ruffle sewed to a 
woman's gown. 



a, e, I, o, 5, y, long ; a, e, 5, o, ii, y, sliort; a, e, j, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



FLOUNDEE 



249 



FLUXION 



Flofin'der, «. [Sw. flundra ; Dan. JJynder; Icel. 
flydra ; Ger. fl under.] _-<*-x«*-. 

A small, flat fisli. — --^iv. 

2, r. n. [Ger. & Dut. tJBPBB^ 

flodderen, to flap, to g|fc^g^_ 
splash; Sw. fladdra, fStgfr^ -"-'~ J 
to flutter.] [j>p. ^^ : HBBHL 
floundering, floun- ^%*>pfiIj3ji[BP^ 

dered.] To strug- ^^ggggS^*'' 

gle ; to stumble. Flounder. 

Flour, w. [Identical 
with flower, in the sense of the choicest part.] 
The edible part of wheat, and other grain, bolted 
or sifted ; meal. — 2, r. a. [pp. flouring, floured.] 
To convert into flour : — to sprinkle with fluur. 

Flofir'ish (flur'ish), v. n. [Fr. fleurir ; pres. part. 
fleurissant; L. florescere, inceptive of florere, to 
bloom; flos, floris, a flower.] [pp. flourishing, 
flourished.] To thrive, as a plant; to grow; to 
be prosperous : — to boast. — (Mas.) To play with 
bold, irregular notes. — 2, v. a. To adorn; to 
brandish. — 3, n. Bravery : — state of prosperity : 
— ostentatious embellishment; display: — a mu- 
sical prelude ; a triumphant sounding of musical 
instruments. 

Flout, v. a. [Dut. finite)), to play the flute (gr. v.) ; 
also to jeer; Scot, flyte, to scold.] [pp. flouting, 
flouted.] To mock ; to insult; to sneer at. — 2, 
v. a. To practise mockery ; to sneer. — 3, u. A 
mock; an insult; a sneer; a jeer. 

Flout'ing-ly, ud. In an insulting manner. 

Flow (flo), v. n. [A.-S. flowan ; Dut. vloeijen. As- 
signed by etymologists to the root plu, to swim 
(Gr. nKeeiv, 7>\ujeiv, to swim, to sail; L. phut, it 
rains, etc.), rather thau to the rootjffu, to flow; 
whence L. fluere, to flow.] [pp. flowing, flowed.] 
To run as water : — to rise as the title : — to melt : 
— to proceed ; to issue ; to circulate ; to glide 
smoothly: — to abound. — 2, v. a. To overflow; 
to deluge. — 3, n. The rise of water; current; 
stream ; volubility. 

Flbw'er (flbu'er), u. [L. flos, floris ; Fr. fleur : cog-' 
nate with Bloom, Blow.] The blossom of a 
plant: — an ornament: — the prime: — the most 
excellent part, as the flower of an army. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. flowering, flowered.] To be in flower; to 
blossom. — 3, v. a. To adorn with flowers. 

Flbw'er-de-luce', n. The iris; fleur-de-lis. 

Flb^'er-et, it. A small flower; a floret. 

Flbw'er-i'-ness, n. State of being flowery. 

Flbw'er-y, a- Adorned with flowers ; florid. 

Flow'ing.p. a. Fluent; copious; abundant. 

Flow'jng-ly. (flo'jng-le), ad. With copiousness. 

Flown (flou),jj. from. fly. Gone away. 

Fluct'u-ate, o. n. [L. fluctuare, fluctuation ; flue 
(us, a wave; fluere, to flow.] [pp. fluctuating, 
fluctuated.] To roll hither and thither, as a 
wave ; to waver ; to vacillate. 

Fifict-u-a'tion, n. The act of fluctuating ; alter- 
nate motion ; uncertainty. 

Flue, h. [0. Fr. flue, a flow ; Fr. flver, L. fluere, 
to flow; but some say a corruption of flute.] 
Pipe of a chimney :— [Fr. floe; Low Ger. flog, 
down. — See Flock. — Cf. Fr. flou, light, soft] 
down or fur. 

Flii'en-cy, n. The act of flowing; volubility; 
smoothness of speech ; copiousness. 

Flu'ent, a. [L. fluere, fluentis, fluxion, to flow ; Gr. 
<f)\'veiv, to overflow, to swell ;'Skr. plu, to swim.] 
Liquid; flowing : — voluble. — 2, ». A stream. 

Flu'ent- ly, ad. With ready flow ; volubly. 

Fluff, n. '[See Flue.— Cf. also Welsh pluf, feath- 
ers] Nap or down : — loose, light, downy stuff. 

Fluffy, a. Downy ; like fluff. 

Flu'gel-man (flu'gl-man), n. [Ger. flugelmann ; 
fliigel, a wing, a file, and maim, man.'] A soldier 
or non-commissioned officer u>ed as a guide to 
soldiers in the drill ; a fugleman. 

Flu'id, a. [L. fluidus ; fluere, to flow.] Running, 
as water; not solid; liquid or gaseous. — 2, n. 
A liquid or gas ; juice ; animal juice. 



I Flu-id'i-ty, n. The quality of being fluid. 

Flu'id-iiess, n. State of being fluid; fluidity. 

Fluke, n. [Ger. pflug, a plough ; or, better, Low 
Ger. flunk, awing, an anchor-fluke; Dan. flig, a 
fly or lapel, an anchor-fluke ; Sw. fly, a fluke.] 
The broad part or arm of an anchor : — tail of a 
whale :— [A.-S. floe; Icel. floki] a flat fish :— a 
turbot: — a chance stroke at billiards: — hence, 
an unexpected advantage gained rather by luck 
than by judgment. [Slang.] 

Flume, n. [A.-S. flam, Norse flaunt, a stream. — Cf. 
L. fiumen, a river; fluere, to flow.] A channel 
or passage for water. 

Flum'mer-y, n. [Welsh Uymru, sour oatmeal 
jelly ; Uymrig or llym, sharp or sour.] A kind of 
jelly or food made of flour, &c. : — flattery ; non- 
Fifing, i. & p. from fling. [sense. 

Flfink, r. [Scot, flunk, to squat ; also a lazy fel- 
low: perhaps from Flunky.] A total failure 
in a college recitation ; a backing out. [Slang.] 
— 2, v. n. [pp. flunking, flunked.] To fail ut- 
terly in a college examination. [Slang.] 

Flfink'y, n. [Fr. flanquer, to flank (g. v.), to stand 
at one's elbow.] A mean person; a lackey; a 
liveried servant ; a snob. 

Flfink'y-dom, ji. The region of flunkies ; flunkies 
as a class; the state or characteristics of flunk- 
ies ; snobbishness. 

Flu'or, \ n. [L. fluor, a flow ; fluere, to flow : 

Flu'or-spar. / so called from its fusibility.] [Mia.) 
Lime fluoride, a mineral often very beautiful. 

Flu-or'ic, o. Partaking of fluorine. 

Flu'or-ide, n. A compound containing fluorine. 

Flu'or-me, n. [Because found in fluor-spar.] A 
corrosive chemical element. 

Flfir'ry, n. [Cf. Fr. fleurte, a light foam; fleuret, 
a kind of step, or flourish, in the dance : 
flower.] A gust of wind :— a light squall of 
snow: — hurry; bustle. — 2, g. a. [pp. flurrying, 
flurried.] To put in agitation : to alarm. 

Flfish, v. n. [In all its senses it seems to be de- 
ved from L. fluxus, a flow.— See Flux.— Cf. 
also Dut. flnyseu. to rush; Ger.flies&en, to flow.] 
[pp. flushing, flushed.] To flow suddenly ; to 
start : — to glow. — 2, v. a. [Cf. Sw. flossa, to 
blaze.] To color; to redden: — to elate: — to 
arouse: — to wash out or flood. — 3, «. Fresh; 
glowing:— [Norse flu*, open-handed] affluent: — 
even or level with something else.— 4, n. Flow; 
bloom; abundance: — a blush: — [Sp. flux, a suit 
of cards] a run of cards of the same suit. 

Flus'ter, v. a. [Icel. flaustr, hurry ; flaustra, to be 
agitated : akin to "Bluster.] [ pp. flustering, 
flustered.] To make hot, as with liquor ; to con- 
found; to hurry. — 2, )i. Agitation: — hurry. 

Flfis'tered (flus'terd), p. a. Agitated. 

Flute, 'u. [Fr. flilte ; 0. Fr. flaiiter, to blow ; 0. E. 
flouie, to flute ; Late L. flutuare; L. flare, flatum, 
to blow. The old derivation from L. fluta, a 
lamprey (which has holes not unlike those of a 
flute), is quite unhistorical.] A musical wind- 
instrument : — an upright channel in a column; 
a groove. — 2, v. n. [pp. fluting, fluted.] To 
play on the flute. — 3, v. a. To cut into hollows ; 
to channel. [of the nature of the concertina. 

Flu-ti'na, u. [Ital. flaulino.] A musical instrument 

Flfit'ter,' v. n. [A.-S. flotorian, to float (g. v.) ; Low 
Ger. './fa/fern, to flutt'er ; Ger. flittem, to flit (q. v.).] 
[pp. fluttering, fluttered.] To fly or move 
quickly. — 2, v. a. To drive quickly ; to agitate. 
— 3, H. Hurry ; quick motion : — confusion. 

Flu'vi-al, a. [L. flucialis ; fluvius, a river; fluere, 
to flow.] Relating to rivers ; fluviatic. 

Flu'vi-a-tile. a. Belonging to rivers. 

Flux, n. [L. fluxus, a flowing ; fluere, fluxion (flue- 
Him), to flow.] The act of flowing :— dysentery : 
— a substance to promote fusion.— 2, v. n. & v. a. 
[pp. fluxing, fluxed.] To melt; to cause to melt. 

Flfix'ion (fluk'shun), n. [L. fluxio, better fludio, 
a flowing.— See Flux.] The act «>f flowing; mat- 
ter that flows.— {Math.) An infinitely small, 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, £, c, §, soft; p, p, c, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



FLY 



250 



FOOD 



variable quantity; a fluent.— pi. The analysis 
of fluxions and fluents. 
Fly, v. u. [A.-S.fleogau; Dut. vliegen; Ger. fliegen ; 
Dan. flyve.] [i. flew; pp. flying, flown.] To 
move through the air with wings ; to float in the 
air; to pass swiftly: — to run away; to flee. — 

2, v. a. To shun ; to avoid : — to cause to fly. — 

3, n. [A.-S. fleoga ; Icel. fluga; Ger. Jliege.] A 
small winged insect :— the regulator of a ma- 
chine : — a light carriage. 

Fly'bl5w (fli'blo), n. The egg of a fly.— 2, v. a. 
[i. flyblew; pp. flyblowing, flyblown.] To fill 
with eggs of flies. 

Fly'-catch-er, n. A bird that devours flies. 

Fly'ing-f ish, n. A fish which has apparently a 
power of flight. 

Fly'ing-jib, re. The sail spread on the flying- 
jib-boom outside of the standing-jib. 

Fly'ing-squir'rel (-skwir'rel, -skwer'rel, or 
-sk'wur'rel), n. A squirrel that takes long leaps, 
having a natural parachute. 

Fly' -leaf, n. An inserted, loose, or blank leaf. 

Fly' -wheel, n. A heavy wheel attached to ma- 
chinery to regulate its motion. 

Foal (fol), n. [A.-S. fola; Dut. veulen; Icel. full; 
Ger. fohlen; Gr. 7rd>Aos. — Cf. L. pullus, a young 
animal.] The offspring of a mare ; a colt. — 
2, v. n. [pp. foaling, foaled.] To bring forth a 
colt or filly. — 3, v. a. To bring forth, as a mare. 

Foam, n. [A.-S. fam ; Local Ger. faum ; Ger. feim. 
— Cf. L. spuma, Russ. plena, Skr. phena, foam.] 
A white substance ; froth ; spume. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
foaming, foamed.] To froth ; to gather foam ; 
to rage. 

Foam'y, a. Covered with foam ; frothy. 

Fob, re. [Local Ger. Juppe, a pocket.] A small 
pocket for a watch. — 2, v. a. [Dut. foppen.] [pp. 
fobbing, fobbed.] To cheat ; to trick ; to defraud. 

Fo'cal, a. Belonging to the focus. 

Fo'cus, n. [L. for "hearth" or "fireplace"']; pi. 
Fo'ci; Eng. pi. Fo'cus-es (little used). {Optics.) 
The point of convergence, where the rays of 
light are concentrated by a lens or concave mir- 
ror. — 2,v.a. [pp. focussing, focussed.] To bring 
to a focus, as a camera or a microscopic object. 

Fod'der, n. [A.-S. fodor ; Dut. voeder; Icel. fodr; 
Dan', foder.— See Food.] Food for cattle. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. foddering, foddered.] To feed with fodder. 

Foe, re. [A.-S. fah; feogan, to hate.] An enemy 
in war ; an adversary. 

Foe'man (fo'man), v. An enemy in war. 

Foe'tal, a. Of or pertaining to a foetus ; embryonic. 

Foe-ta'tion, ) n. [L. fetare, to breed. — See FffiTUS.J 

Fe-ta'tion, j The formation of a foetus in the 
womb; pregnancy. 

Foe'tus, re. [L. ; better fetus ; from the obsolete 
feo, I breed; Gr. <^>va>, I produce.] A child in 
the womb: — a young animal unborn. 

Fog, n. [Dan. fog, Icel. fjuk, a snow-storm ; fol; 
spray; fjvka, to drift.] A thick mist; a moist 
vapor :— [Welsh ffwg] dead aftergrass. 

Fog'-bank, n. An appearance at sea, 
weather, resembling land at a distance, 

Fog'iage, n. Dead aftergrass. 

Fog'gi-ness, n. State of being 

foggy. 

Fog'gy, a . Filled with fog; 
misty ; cloudy. 

Fog'-horn, n. A horn blown 
by steam, or otherwise, as a 
signal during fogs. 

Fo'fy, n. [Perhaps from Fog. Fog-horn. 

— Cf. Dan. fjog, a dullard.] 
An eccentric old man : — a stickler for old cus- 
toms ; a stupid fellow : — written also fogey. 

Fo'gy-i§m, n . Stubborn adhesion to old usages. 

Foh, inter}. Expressing contempt or aversion. 

FSi'ble, n. [0. Fr. foible, Fr. faible, weak, or a 
weakness. — See Feeble.] A weakness; a fail- 
ing ; a fault : — the slender part of a sword ; the 
feeble. 



in hazy 




Foil, v. a. [Fr. fouler, to oppress, to trample. — 
See Foul.] [pp. foiling, foiled.] To defeat; to 
balk ; to frustrate ; to puzzle :— to blunt ; to dull. 
—2, n. A defeat :— [Fr. feuille, a leaf; L. folium] 
a thin plate or leaf of gold or other metal ; gild- 
ing :— something to heighten lustre :— a coat of 
tin or quicksilver on the back of a plate of glass : 
— a blunt sword. 

Foist, v. a. [Probably Fr. fausser, to falsify.] 
[pp. foisting, foisted.] To insert wrongfully; 
to interpolate. 

Fold, n. [A.-S. fold, falod; Welsh, ffald; Dan. 
fold.] A pen or enclosure for Bheep ; a flock of 
sheep :— [A.-S. feuldan ; Dan. folde ; Ger. fallen] 
a plait ; a double ; a complication. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
folding, folded.] To shut in a fold :— to double. 
— 3, v. u. To close over another. 

Fold'er, «. One Avho folds : — an instrument for 
folding paper, &c. 

Fo-li-a'ceous (to-le-a'shus), a. [L. foliaceus; fo- 
lium, Gr. <j)v\\ov, a leaf.] Leafy. 

Fo'li-a&e, n. [Fr. feuillage ; feuille, L. folium, a 
leaf.] Leaves of trees collectively. 

Fo-li-a'tion, •//. The act of beating into leaves : — 
arrangement in leaves or layers. 

F6'li-o, or Fol'io, n. ; pi. F6'li-6s. [Sp. folio, It. 
foglio, a leaf; in L. folio is the ablative singular 
of folium, a leaf.] A leaf or page :— a book of 
which the pages are formed by a sheet of paper 
once doubled. — 2, a. Noting the size of a book 
having a sheet doubled into two loaves. 

Folk (fok), or Folks (foks), «. pi. [A.-S. folc; 
Norse, folk; Dut. & Ger. volk: perhaps akin to 
Flock. — Cf. Kuss. polk, pvlk, a regiment.] Peo- 
ple, in familiar language ; persons ; mankind. — 
Folk is a collective noun ; yet in modern use the 
plural form, folks is more common. 

Folk' -lore, n. Popular legends and superstitions. 

FSl'li-cle (fol'le-kl), n. [L. follicvlus, dim. of follis, 
a bag.] (Anat.) A little bag or cvst; a gland. — 
(Bot.) A seed-vessel. [ing to, a follicle. 

Fol-Hc'u-lar, a. Having the shape of, or pertain- 

Fol'low (fol'io), v. a. [A.-S. fylcgan, fyligan, Dut. 
volgen, Dan. fb'lge, Ger. folgen, to follow : said to 
be akin to Folk.] [pp. following, followed.] 
To succeed ; to go after ; to pursue ; to attend : — 
to imitate; to copy. — 2, v. n. .. To come after 
another; to be posterior in time; to result. 

Fol'low-er, n. One who, or that which, follows; 
a disciple. 

Fol'low-ing, n. A body of followers : — occupa- 
tion ; employment. — 2, p. a. Succeeding ; next 
in order. 

Fol'ly, re. [Fr. folie ; fol or fou, foolish, or a fool 
(q. i:).] Foolishness; weakness :— depravity : — 
a foolish act. 

Fo-ment', v. a. [L. fomentare; f omentum for fovi- 
mentum, a warm lotion ; focere, to warm.] [pp. 
fomenting, fomented.] To cherish with heat; 
to bathe with warm lotions : — to excite : — to abet. 

F6-men-ta'tion, )*. The act of fomenting; a 
warm lotion ; excitation. 

Fo-ment'er, n. One who foments. 

Fond, a. \0. E. fon, Sw. fane, a fool : closely akin 
to Vane (q. v.), a weathercock; 0. E. fomien, to 
act the fool, whence the participle fonned and our 
adjective fond.] Indulgent; weakly tender; at- 
tached :— foolish : — highly enjoying. 

Fon' die, v. a. [Frequentative verb from fond, in 
the sense of loving.] [pp. fondling, fondled.] 
To treat fondly ; to caress. 

Fond'ling, n. A person or thing much fondled. 

Fond'ly, ad. Dotingly : — with tenderness : — fool- 
ishly. 

Fond'ness, n. Tenderness; love; affection. 

Font, n. [L. fons, fonti% a fount.] A baptismal 
basin or vessel ; a fount : — [Fr. fonte, a casting; 
fondre, to cast. — See Found] an assortment of 
printing-types. 

F66d, n. [A.-S. /oda; Icel. fsedi; Dun. fode; Sw. 
fb'da.] Victuals; any thing that nourishes. 



a, e, I, 5, ii, y, long; a, e, I, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



FOOL 



251 



FOKEFOOT 



F881, n. [Fr. fou or fol; L. follis, a bellows, a 
wind-bag.] A person void of understanding; 
an idiot ; a changeling :— a buffoon ; a jester. — 
2, v. n. [pp. fooling, fooled.] To trifle; to 
toy ; to play ; to idle. — 3, v. a. To disappoint ; 
to cheat ; to befool. 

FS61'er-jr» »■ Habitual folly ; an act of folly. 

F661'b.ar-di-ness, n. Courage without sense. 

F6ol'har-dy., a. Foolishly bold; rash. 

Fool'ish, a. Void of understanding ; idiotic ; silly ; 
indiscreet; simple; unwise; ridiculous. 

Fool'ish-ljr, ad. In a foolish manner; weakly. 

Fool'jsh-ness, n. Folly; foolish practice. 

F66lV-cap, n. [Said to be from a fool's cap and 
bells once used as a water-mark on paper.] A 
kind or size of writing-paper. 

Foot (fut), n. ; pi. Feet. [A.-S. fot; Dut. voel; 
Dan. fod; Ger. fuss; L. pes, pedis; Gr. irov'?, 
jroSos ; Skr. pad.] The part upon which a man, 
an animal, or a thing stauds : — a base ; bottom ; 
end :— infantry : — a certain number of syllables 
in verse : — a measure of twelve inches. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. footing, footed.] To dance; to trip; to 
walk :— to be summed up. — 3, v. a. To kick ; to 
tread : — to add up. 

Foot' -ball (fut'bal), w. A ball driven by the foot : 
— a play with the foot-ball. 

Foot' -fall (fut'-), n. A stumble : — a footstep. 

Foot'-hill (fut'lnl), n. One of the hills of an out- 
lying range of a mountain system, or of a sub- 
alpine region. 

Foot'hold (fut'liold), w. A space for the foot to 
stand on ; that on which one may stand. 

Foot'ing (fiit'ing), v. Ground for the foot ; sup- 
port ; basis; foundation: — state; condition: — 
foot of a shoe or stocking : — the act of adding. 

Foot'man (fut'man), n. A menial servant. 

Foot'-note (fut'not), n. A note, as of illustration, 
comment, &c, at the bottom of a page. 

Foot'pad (ffit'pad), n. A highwayman on foot. 

Foot'-path (fit'-), n. A way for foot-passengers. 

Foot'-pbund (fut'-), n. (Meek.) The unit of work 

Foot'print (fut'-), n. Mark of the foot. [done. 

Foot' -race (fut'-), n. A race run by men on foot. 

Foots (futs), n. pi. Settlings ; lees. 

Foot'-sore (fut '-), a. Having feet rendered pain- 
ful by travel. [petiole. 

Foot' stalk (tut'stawk), n. The stem of a leaf; a 

Foot' step (fut'-), n. A mark or tread of the f lot ; 
footprint; track; mark; vestige. 

Foot' stool (fut'-), n. A stool for the feet. 

Fop, n. [Dut. foppen, to cheat; Ger. foppen, to 
banter, to make a fool of.] A gay, trilling man ; 
a coxcomb ; a beau. 

Fop'lingr, n. A petty fop; a dandy. 

Fop'pe r-y., n. Impertinence ; showy folly. 

Fop'pish, a. Like a fop; vain in dress; finical. 

Fop'pish-ly, ad. In a foppish manner. 

Fop'pish-ness, ». Quality of being foppish. 

For, prep. [A.-S. & Dan. for; Dut. vow; Ger. 
far; L. pro; Gr. irpd. Etymologically, it is 
closely related to Fore.] Because of; with re- 
spect to; in the place of; for the sake of; 
during; on account of.— 2, conj. Because; on 
this account that. For (or fore), in composition, 
has sometimes an intensive force, and often con- 
veys the idea of from, as in forbid, to bid from ; 
forefend, to feud off. 

For'al'e, v. n. [Fr. fourrage, forage; fourrager, to 
forage ; feurre, straw, fodder ; Late L. fodrum, 
fodder (q. v.).] [pp. foraging, foraged.] To 
wander in search of forage or food.— 2, v. a. To 
plunder; to strip; to spoil.— 3, n. Search for 
provisions :— food for horses and cattle ; fodder. 

For'a-ger, n. One that forages ; a provider. 

Fo-ra'men, n. ; pi. Fo-ram'i-na. [L. ; forare, to 
bore.] A small hole ; a perforation. 

For-a§-much', conj. Because; since. 

For'ay (for'a or fo-ra'), n. [A form of Forage.] 
A hostile incursion ; a raid. 

For-bade' (for-bad'), j. from forbid. 



For-bear' (for-bar'), v. n. [For-, away from, and 
Bkar.] [i. forbore; pp. forbearing, forborne.] 
To cease from any thing; to intermit; to pause; 
to abstain. — 2, v. a. To decline ; to avoid ; to 
omit ; to spare. 

For'bear (or for'bar), n. [Scot. ; fore, before, and 
bear, to produce.] An ancestor. 

For-bear' ance, n. The act of forbearing; inter- 
mission : — command of temper ; lenity. 

For-bear'ing, p. a. Patient; favorable; lenient. 

For-bid', i'. a. [For-, away from, and bid, to com- 
mand.] [i. forbade, forbid; -pp. foi bidding, for- 
bidden.] To prohibit; to interdict. 

For-bld'den (for-bid'dn), p. from forbid. 

For-bid'ding, p. a. Causing aversion ; austere. 

For-borne', p. from forbear. 

Force, n. [L. fortis, strong; Late L. fortia, 
strength.] Strength exerted ; vigor; might ; vio- 
lence : — virtue; efficacy; validness : — armament; 
military preparation; an army. — 2, v. a. []>]>■ 
forcing, forced.] To compel; to constrain; to 
impel ; to urge ; to coerce .-—to ravish :— tu hasten. 

Forced (foist), p. a. Overstrained ; affected : — 
strained ; compulsory. 

Force'ful, a. Violent; strong; forcible. 

Force'less, a. Weak; feeble; impotent. 

Force'nieat, n. [Farce, to cram, and Meat.] 
Finely-cut meat. 

FSr'ceps, n. [L. forceps, tongs ; formtis, hot, and 
capio, to take.] A surgeon's pincers. 

Force'-pump, n. A pump which ejects water 
forcibly. 

For'ci-ble, a. Strong; mighty; cogent; valid; 
efficacious ; active ; powerful ; violent. 

For'ci-bly, ad. Powerfully ; by force. 

Ford, n. [A.-S. ford; Ger. furd: root of Fare, to 
travel.] A shallow part of a river; a current. — 
2, v. a. [pp. fording, forded.] To pass a river 
without swimming. 

Ford'a-ble, a. Passable without swimming. 

Fore, a. [A.-S. fore, before (prep.) ; farecn, foro 
(ad.). These words are modifications of for 
(q. i'.).] Anterior; not behind; coming first. — 
2, ad. Anteriorly.— Fore und aft, the whole 
length of a ship. — Fore is much used in compo- 
sition to mark priority. [See For.]— 3, n. Iho 
front. — To the fore, to the front; into or in plain 
view ; in existence ; living. 

Fore'arm, n. That part of the arm between the 
elbow and the wrist. 

Fore-arm', v. a. & o. n. [pp. forearming, fore- 
armed.] To provide early for attack. 

Fore-armed' (-armd'), p. «. Armed beforehand. 

Fore-bode', v. a. [Fore and Bode.] [pj>. fore- 
boding, foreboded.] To prognosticate ; to augur. 

Fore-bod'ing, ». Presage ; presentiment. 

Fore-cast', r. a. & v. n, [Fore and Cast.] [i. 
forecast; pp. forecasting, forecasted.] To pro- 
ject; to contrive; to prognosticate. 

Fore'cast, n. Foresight ; forethought : — an at- 
tempt to anticipate the future ; a prognostication. 

Fore'cas-tle (forlcas-sl), n. [Fore and Castle.] 
(Naut. ) The upper deck, near the head of a ship. 

Fore-close', v. a. [Fr. forclore, part, forclos ; L. 
foris, outside, and claudere, clcmmm, to close 
(7. ».)•] [pp- foreclosing, foreclosed.] To shut 
up ; to preclude. 

F5re-clos/ure (for-klo'zhur), n. Act of foreclosing. 
— (Law.) A deprivation of the power of redeem- 
ing a mortgage. 

Fore-dSom', v. a. [Fore and Doom.] [pp. fore- 
dooming, foredoomed.] To doom beforehand. 

Fore'doSm, n. Previous doom. 

Fore' -end, n. The anterior part. 

Fore'fa-tner[for-fa'ther, W. F. R. TT6.]» n. [Fore 
and Father.] An ancestor. 

Fore-fend', v. a. [Prefix fore-, away from, off, 
and Fend.] [pp. forefending, forefended.] To 
forbid : — to avert ; to prevent. 

Fore'fin-§er, n. The finger next to the thumb. 

Fore'foot (for'fut), n. The anterior foot. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 9, 9, 5, g, soft; J3, (5, p, g, hard; § as z ; $ as gz ; tnis. 



FORE-FRONT 



252 



FORLORN 



Fore'-front, n. The foremost rank. 

Fore-go', v. a. [Prefix fore-, away from, and Go; 
A.-S. /organ.] [i. forewent; pp. foregoing, fore- 
gone.] To quit; to give up ; to resign. 

Fore-go'jng, p. a. Previous ; antecedent. 

Fore-gone', p. a. [For gone before.] Past; gone 
by ; settled : — already determined. 

Fore'grbund, n. That part of a picture which 
seems to lie before the figures. 

Fore'head (fOr'ed or for'hed), n. [Fore and 
Head; Ger. vorhaupt; Dut. voorhoofd.] The up- 
per part of the face. 

For'eign (for'in), a. [Fr. forain; Late L. fora- 
neus ; L. foras, out of doors, outside. — See Door.] 
Of another country ; not domestic ; exotic ; out- 
landish; alien; remote: — not to the point; ex- 
traneous. 

For'eign-er (for'in-er), n. One from another 
country"; not a native ; an alien ; a stranger. 

Fore-judge', v. a. [pp. forejudging, forejudged.] 
To judge beforehand : — [Law Fr. forjuger, to de- 
prive ; fors, apart, L. foris, out of doors, and Fr. 
juger, to judge] to dispossess by legal judgment. 

Fore-know' (for-no'), v. a. [i. foreknew ; pp. fore- 
knowing, foreknown.] To know previously ; to 
have prescience of; to foresee. 

Fore-knowl'edge (for-nol'ej), n. Knowledge of 
what has not yet happened ; prescience. 

Fore'land, re. [Dan. forland ; Dut. voorland; Ger. 
vorland; Fore and Land.] A promontory. 

Fore'lock, n. A lock of hair on the forehead. 

Fore'man, n. [Fore and Man.] The first or pre- 
siding' officer of a jury : — a chief workman. 

Fore'mast, n. The first or head mast of a ship. 

Fore'most, a. [Fore and Most ; corrupted from 
0. E. formest, a double superlative of fore, of 
which' the A.-S. superlative was forma, first. — 
Cf. L. primus, first.] First in place, or in dignity. 

Fore'noon, n. The time before mid-day. 

Fo-ren'sic, a. [L. foren&is ; forum, a court.] Be- 
longing to courts of law. 

Fore-or-dain', v. a. [pp. foreordaining, foreor- 
dained.] To ordain beforehand. 

Fore-br'der, v. a. [pp. foreorderiug, foreordered.] 
To order or arrange beforehand ; to foreordain. 

Fore-br-di-na'tion, w, [Fore and Ordination.] 
Predetermination ; predestination. 

Fore'part, n. The anterior or previous rart. 

Fore-run', v. a. [Ger. vorrennen ; Goth, faurrinan; 
Fore and Run.] [i. foreran ; pp. forerunning, 
forerun.] To come before ; to precede. 

Fore-run'ner, n. A precursor; a harbinger. 

Fore'sail, n. (Navf.) The sail of the foremast. 

Fore-see', v. a. [Fore and See; A.-S. foreseon; 
Dut. vorzien; Ger. vorsehen.] [i. foresaw; pp. 
foreseeing, foreseen.] To see beforehand. — 2, 
v. n. To have the faculty of foresight ; to see 
or look before. 

Fore-see'ing, </. Having the faculty of foresight ; 
thoughtful for the future ; provident. 

Fore-shad'ow, v. a. \ pp. foreshadowing, fore- 
shadowed.] To typify before :— to indicate be- 
forehand. 

Fore' shore, n. The sea-bottom near the shore : — 
laud near the sea. 

Fore-shbrt'en (for-shor'tn), v. a. [pp. foreshort- 
ening, foreshortened.] To shorten in accordance 
with a fore-view of the object. 

Fore-show', v. a. [i. foreshowed ; pp. foreshow- 
ing, foreshown.] To discover before it happens ; 
to represent before ; to predict. 

Fore' sight (for'sit), n. Act of foreseeing; pre- 
science ; foreknowledge ; forecast : — prudence. 

Fbre'skin, re. The prepuce. 

Fore-spent', ". See Forspent. 

For'est, n. [Fr.foret; Late L. foresta or foresHs, 
forest, waste land; L. foris, out of doors; fores, 
a door.] A tract of land covered with trees. 

For'est-al, a. Of or pertaining to a forest. 

Fore-stall', v. a. [A.-S. forsteal, an obstruction; 
fore, before, and steall, a settling.— See Stall.] 



[pp. forestalling, forestalled.] To anticipate: 
— to buy up corn, &c, before it conies to market. 

Fore-stall'er, n. One who forestalls. 

For'est-er, n. A keeper or inhabitant of a forest. 

For'est-ry, n. The art of forming, caring for, or 
cultivating forests; the business of a forester. 

Fore'taste, n. Taste beforehand ; anticipation. 

Fore-tell', v. a. [Fore and Tell.] [i. foretold ; 
pp. foretelling, foretold.] To tell beforehand; 
to portend ; to predict ; to prophesy ; to prog- 
nosticate. — 2, v. n. To utter prophecy. 

Fbre'thought (for'thawt), n. Prescience; antici- 
pation ; provident care ; forecast. 

Fbre-to'ken (for-to'kn), n. [Fore and Token.] 
A previous sign. — 2, v. a. [pp. foretokening, 
foretokened.] To foreshow. 

Fore-told', i. & p. from foretell. 

Fore'tooth, n. ; pi. Fore'teeth. A tooth in the 
forepart of the mouth; an incisor. 

Fbre'top, n. Tbe top part in front : — hair on the 
forehead : — a platform on the foremast. 

For-ev'er, ad. Eternally; without end. 

Fore-warn', v. a. [pp. forewarning, forewarned.] 
To admonish beforehand. 

Fore-warn'ing, n. Caution beforehand. 

Fbr'feit (for'fjt), n. [Fr. forf ait, a foifeit; for- 
faire, to forfeit, — properly, to trespass ; Late L. 
forisfacere, forisfactium, to transgress ; L. fori", 
beyond, outside," and facere, to do.] A fine for an 
offence; mulct: — a deposit as a security. — 2, 
v. a. [pp. forfeiting, forfeited.] To lose by 
some offence. — 3, a. Forfeited; alienated for 
neglect or crime. 

Fbr'feit-a-ble, a. That may be lost. 

Fbr'feit-ure (foi'fit-yur), n. The act of forfeiting ; 
the thing forfeited ; a mulct; a. fine. 

For-fend', v. a. See Forefend. 

For-gave', i- from forgive. 

Forge, n. [Fr. forge, Sp. forja, a forge ; Fr. forger, 
Sp. forjar, to forge ; L. fabricari, to forge. — See 
Fabric] A place where iron is beaten ; a stithy : 
a smithy : — a furnace : — act of working iron : — 
a place where any thing is made. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
forging, forged.] To form by the hammer; to 
make : — to counterfeit ; to falsify ; to feign. — 
3, v. n. To move on. 

Forg'er, n. One who forges or counterfeits. 

Forf'er-x, n. The crime of forging, falsifying, or 
counterfeiting ; fabrication. 

For-£et', v. a. [A.-S. forgitan; Dut. vergeten; Ger. 
vergessen; Dan. forgiette; A.-S. for, away, and 
gitan, to get.] [i. forgot; pp. forgetting, forgot- 
ten or forgot.] To lose memory of; to overlook ; 
to neglect. [heedless. 

For-get'ful, a. [A.-S. forgitol.] Apt to forget ; 

For-fet'ful-ness, n. Quality of being forgetful. 

For-iet'-me-not, n. A plant and its flower. 

Forg'ing, «.' The act of one who forges at a foun- 
dry or smithy : — that which is forged : — the act 
of one who commits forgery. 

For-§ive', v. a. [Fope, away, from, and Give; 
A.-S. forgifan ; Dut. vergeveu ; Ger. rergeben.] 
[i. forgave ; pp. forgiving, forgiven.] To over- 
look an offence and treat the offender as not 
guilty ; to pardon ; to condone : — to remit. 

For-fiv'en (for-glv'vn), p. from forgive. 

For-give'ness, n. The act of forgiving; pardon. 

For-fiv'ing, p. a. Beady to forgive ; placable. 

For-got', i. & p. from forget. 

For-got'ten (for-got'tn), p. from forget. 

Fork, n. [A.-S. fore; Dut. vorc; Fr. fourehe ; L. 
furca.] An instrument divided at the end into 
two or more points or prongs :— a point. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. forking, forked.] To shoot into blades ; to 
divide. — 3, v. a. To raise or pitch with a fork. 

For-lbrn', a. [A.-S. & Dan. forloren, Dut. & Ger. 
verloren, lost; all participles from verbs signify- 
ing to lose; A.-S. forUosan; for, away, and 
leosan, to lose (q. r.).] Forsaken; helpless; des- 
perate ; lost. — Forlorn hope, a body of soldiers 
put upon a service of great peril. 



a, e, I, 6, u, y, sliort; a, e, i, 9, u, x, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



FORM 



253 



FOSTER 



Form, n. [L. forma, shape ; formare, to form : 
akin to Firm." The old etymology which made 
forma an anagram of the Gr. ixopfyi), form, is 
now abandoned by all.] A mould; method; 
shape ; figure : — order ; empty show ; ceremony ; 
rite. — 2, v. a. [pp. forming, formed.] To make ; 
to constitute ; to fashion ; to model ; to contrive ; 
to arrange. — 3, v. n. To take form. 

Form, or Form, n. A long seat : — a class : — bed 
of a hare : — type for a sheet set up and locked 
in an iron frame or chase. 

Fb'r'mal, a. [L. formalis.— See Form.] Ceremo- 
nious; ceremonial; solemn ; precise; stiff; ex- 
act; regular; methodical. 

Fbr'mal-Ism, ». Quality of being formal: — im- 
moderate adherence to form ; excess of form. 

Fbr'mal-ist, n. An observer of forms only. 

For-mal'i-ty, n. State of being formal ; cere- 
mony; precisene-'s : — established procedure. 

Fbr'mal-ly, ad. In a formal manner; precisely. 

For-ma'tion, n. [L. formatio.] The act of form- 
ing; contrivance. — (Geol.) An assemblage or 
group of rocks referred to a common origin. 

Fbr'ma-tive, a. Giving form ; plastic :— serving 
to form ; derivative ; not radical. 

F'drm'er, n. One who forms; a maker. 

Fbr'mer, a. [A.-S. forma, first, superlative of 
fore (q. v.); formest, a later double superlative 
of the same word (see Foremost). The compar- 
ative former was afterward invented to go with 
this superlative.] Before; previous; prior. 

Fbr'mer-ly, ad. In times past. 

Fbr'mic, a. [L. formica, an ant.] Noting an acid 
first obtained from ants. 

Fbr'mi-ca-ry, n. An ant-hill. 

Fbr-mi-ca'tipn, n. [L. formicatio. — See Formic] 
A sensation as of ants creeping over the skin. 

Fbr'mi-da-ble, a. [L. formidabilis ; formido, dread ; 
formidare, to fear.] Terrible; dreadful; terrific. 

Fbr'mi-da-bly, ad. In a terrible manner. 

Fbrm'ress, a. Shapeless; having no form. 

Fbr'mu-la, n. [L. ; dim. of forma, a form (q. v.).\ 
L. pi. Fbr'mu-lae; Fng. Fbr'mu-la§. A pre- 
scribed form ; a model. 

Fbr'mu-la-ry, n. A book containing forms. — 2, a. 
Kitual ;'prescribed ; stated. 

Fbr'mu-late, v. a. [Fr. /ormufer.] [pp. formu- 
lating, formulated. J To reduce to a formula. 

Fbr-mu-la'tion, n. The act or process of formu- 
lating, or state of being formulated. 

Fbr'ni-cate, v. n. [L. foriticari, fornicatus ; fornix, 
forn'icis. an arch, — later, a brothel.] [pp. forni- 
cating, fornicated.] To commit lewdness. 

For-ni-ca'tion, a. [L. fornicatio.] Incontinence 
or lewdness of unmarried persons. [tion. 

Fbr'ni-ca-tor, n. [L.] One who commits fornica- 

For-ray', or For'ray, n. & v. See Foray. 

For-sake', v. a. [A.-S. forsacan ; Dut. verzagen; 
Dan. forsage ; Ger. versagen. The Ger. and Out. 
verbs seem to stand for for- negative, and say, 
thus meaning to deny ; the others apparently 
come from for, against, and A.-S. sacan, Goth. 
sakan, to contend.] [L forsook; pp. forsaking, 
forsaken.] To leave; to quit; to desert; to re- 
linquish; to neglect; to abandon. 

For-sook' (for-suk'), i. from forsake. 

For-s66th', ad. [A.-S. for, for, and sode, truth. — 
See Sooth.] In truth ; indeed; certainly. 

For-swear' (for-swar'), ». a. [A.-S. forswerian; 
for- negative, and svoerian, to swear (q. v.).] [i. 
forswore ; pp. forswearing, forsworn.] To re- 
nounce or deny upon oath.— To forswear one's 
self, to swear falsely.— 2, v. n. To swear falsely. 

Fort, n. [Fr. fort, strong, a stronghold ; L. fortis, 
strong.] A fortified post ; a castle; a fortress. 

For'ta-llce, n. [0. Fr. fortelesse, Sp. fortaleza, Late 
L. fortalida, a fortress (q. v.).] A small fortress. 

Forte, n. [L. fortis, neuter forte, strong.] That 
in which one excels ; a peculiar talent or fac- 
ulty ; a strong side. 

Fbr'te (for'ta), ad. [It.] {Mus.) With force. 



Forth, ad. [A.-S. forth, from fore, before; Dut. 
voort, forward.] Forward ; abroad ; out of doors. 

Forth' -com-ing, a. Beady or about to appear. 

Fbrth-with',"ad. [With what is forth, or just be- 
fore.] Immediately. 

Fbr'ti-eth, o. The ordinal of forty ; fourth tenth. 

Fbr'ti-i" I-a-ble, a. That may be fortified. 

Fbr-ti-fi-c'a'tion, n. [L. fortificatio. — See Fortify.] 
The science of military architecture : — the works 
constructed around a place for defence. 

Fbr'ti-f I-er, n. One who fortifies. 

Fbr'tl-fy, V. a. [L. fortificare ; fortis, strong, and 
fac'ete, to make.] [pp. fortifying, fortified.] To 
strengthen against attacks by walls or other 
works : — to encourage. 

Fbr-tis'si-mo, ad. [It.] (Mus.) Very loud. 

Fbr'ti-tude, w. [L. fortitudo ; fortis, strong: akin- 
to fen-e, to bear.] Strength and patience to en- 
dure pain or to encounter danger ; resolution ; 
patience; firmness; courage. 

Fbrt'night (furt'uit or foft'nit), n. [A.-S. feoicer- 
tyne nihta, fourteen nights.— Of. Sennight.] The 
space of two weeks. 

Fbrt'nlght-ly., a. Occurring, or published, every 
fortnight.— 2, ad. Every fortnight. 

For' tress, v. [Fr. forteresse ; 0. Fr. fortelesce. — 
See Koetalice.] A stronghold; a fortified place. 

For-tu'i-tous, a. [L. fortuitus; furs, fortis, chance; 
forte, by chance : akin to ferre, to bear, to pro- 
duce.] Accidental; casual; contingent. 

For-tii'i-tous-ly., ad. Accidentally. 

For-tu'i-tous-ness, w. Accident; chance. 

For-tu'i-ty., n. Chance ; fortuitousness. 

Fbrt'u-nate, a. [L. fortunatus, lucky; fortunare, 
fortunaium, to bless," to prosper; fortuna, fortune 
(q. v.).] Lucky; successful; happy. 

Fbrt'u-nate-ly, ad. Happily ; successfully. 

Fbrt'une (for'chun, IT". J.; for'tun, /. S. F. Ja. ; 
for'tiin or fbrt'shon, Sm. J, n- [L. fortuna ; for&> 
forti% chance : akin to ferre, to bear, to produce.] 
The good or ill that befalls man ; chance ; luck; 
fate ; event ; success, good or bad : — destiny : — 
estate ; portion ; wealth ; riches. — 2, v. n. [pj). 
fortuning, fortuned.] To befall; to happen. 

Fbrt'une-tell-er, n. A foreteller of fortunes. 

Fbr'ty, a. & n. ' [A. S. feoicertig ; feower, four, and 
the root of ten; Dut. veertig ; Ger. viertig.] Four 
times ten. 

Fo'rum, n. [L. : akin to foras, out of doors.] L. 
pl.Fb'ra ; Eng. Fo'rurns. The Boman market 
and tribunal ; a court". 

For' ward, ad. [A.-S. foreiceard; fore, before, and 
-weard, denoting direction. Forward was at first 
an adjective, forwards an adverb.] Onward; 
progressively ; before. — 2, o. Warm; earnest; 
ready : — coufident ; bold : — early ripe : — ante- 
rior; early. — 3, v. a. [pp. forwarding, for- 
warded.] To hasten ; to quicken ; to advance : 
— to send on, as goods. 

Fbr'ward-er, n. One who forsvards. 

Fbr'ward-ness, n. Boldness: — assurance: — ad- 
vanced stage of progress or of preparation. 

Fbr'ward§, ad. [Dut. rooncaarts ; Ger. vorwcirts. 
— See Forward.] Onward : — same &s forward. 

Fosse. »- [Fr. ; L. fossa, a ditch ; fodere, fossum, 
to dig.] A ditch ;*a moat ; an intrenchment. 

Fos'sil, n. [L. fossilis; fodere, fossum, to dig.] A 
substance dug out of the earth, as a petrified 
plant, mineral, shell, bone, &c. — 2, a. Dug out 
of the earth : — antiquated. 

Fos-sil-if'er-ous. a. [Fossil, and L. ferre, to pro- 
duce.] Producing fossils. 

Fos'sil-ize. v. a. & r. n. [pp. fossilizing, fossil- 
ized.] To change to a fossil state. 

Fos-so ri-al, a. [L. fossorius ; fodere, fossum, to 
dig.] Digging in the earth ; burrowing. 

Fos'ter, v. a. [A.-S. fostriaii ; fostnr, food ; Dut. 
voedster, a "foodster," a nurse; Icel. fostra, to 
nurse ; Dan. & Sw. foster, offspring : root of 
Food.] [pp. fostering, fostered.] To nurse; 
to feed ; to support ; to cherish ; to pamper. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, riile, use.- 



■£. <?. S, §1 so#; P> Pi fi* £» hard; § as z ; 5 as gz j tiiis. 

22 



FOSTER-BROTHER 



254 



FRANGIBILITY 



Fos'ter-brotft-er, n. One fed at the same breast. 

Fos'ter-chlld, n. A child nursed or bred by one 
who is not its parent. [man's child. 

Fos'ter-fa-ther, n. One who brings up another 

Fos'ter-motft-er, n. A nurse. [mother. 

Fos'ter-par-ent, n. A foster-father or foster- 

Fos'ter-s6n, n. One fed and educated as a son, 
though not a son by nature. 

Foth'er, v. a. [Ger. fulter, a lining,— originally 
meaning fodder (q. v.).] [pp. fathering, fath- 
ered.] (Naut.) To stop a leak in a ship.— 2, n. 
[Ger. fader, foder, Dut. voeder, a cart-load.] A 
load : — a weight for lead or coals. 

Fought (fawt), i. &. p. from jight. 

Foul, a. [A.-S. & Sw. fid;' But. vuil; Icel. full; 
Dan. fuul; Ger. faul] ' Not clean ; filthy ; dirty ; 

• impure: — coarse; gross : — unfair: — not clear; 
not fair. — 2, ad. With rude force, against; as, 
to run or fall foid of.— 3, v. a. [pp. fouling, 
fouled.] To daub; to bemire; to soil: — [Fr. 
fouler, to press, to full (q. v.)j to jostle unfairly 
in a race : — in a boat-race, to collide with. — 
4, v. n. To become foul or entangled; to come 
into collision. — 5, n. A touch or jostle in a 
race : — in a boat-race, a collision. 

Fou-lard', u. [Fr. ; fouler, to full (q. t;.).] A kind 
of silk. 

Fbul'ly, ad. In a foul manner ; filthily. 

Fbul'-mbutfted (foul'mbuthd), a. Scurrilous. 

Fbul'ness, n. State of being foul ; filthiness. 

Found [A.-S. funden, part, of fiudan, to find], i. & 
p. from jiud.—2, v. a. [L. fundare ; fundus, a 
base.] [pp. founding, founded.] To lay the 
basis of; to build ; to raise ; to institute ; to es- 
tablish; to ground; fa fix :— [Fr. fondre; L. 
fundere, to pour] to form in a mould; to cast. — 
3, v. n. To lay a foundation*"; to base as an argu- 
ment, inference, or opinion ; to rely. 

Fbun-da'tion, n. The lowest *iart of a structure 
lying on the ground; base; oasis; groundwork: 
— first principles; ground; establishment. 

Fbund'er, ii. One who founds; a builder: — a dis- 
ease in a horse's hoof. — 2, v. a. [pp. founder- 
ing, foundered.] To cause lameness or soreness 
in a horse's foot. — 3, v. n. [Fr. fonder, to sink; 
effondrer, to fall in ; fond, L. fundus, the bottom ; 
fondriere, a slough.] To sink : — to trip ; to fall. 

Fbun'der-y, n. [Fr. fonderie.—See Found.] The 
art of'casting metals ; a place in which founding 
is carried on : — written also foundry. 

Fbund'ling, n. [Dim. from found. — See Find.] A 
child deserted or exposed. [font; a fountain. 

Fbunt.w. [See Font and Fountain.] A spring; a 

Fbun'tain (fiiun'tin), n. [Fr. fontaine; Late L. 
fontana, a spring ; L. fontanns, of a spring ; fans, 
fontis, a spring : akin to L. fundere, to pour.] A 
well; a spring; a source; a jet; a spout of 
water : — first principle ; first cause ; origin : — a 
printer's trough. 

Four (far), «. & n. [A.-S. feower; Tris.fior; Dut. 
& Ger. vier; L. quatuor; Albanian, hater; Skr. 
chatvar.] Twice two. 

Fbur'fold (for'fald), «. Four times told.— 2, n. 
Four times as many or as much. 

Four'-foot-ed (far'fut-ed), a. Having four feet. 

F6u'rier-ism, n. [From M. Fourier, who proposed 
the theory.] A form of socialism. 

Four' -in-hand, n. A carriage drawn by four 
horses, with one driver. 

Four'pence, n. Four pennies : — a groat. 

Four' score, a. & n. Four times twenty ; eighty. 

Foursquare (for'skwar), a. Quadrangular. 

Fbur'teen (for'ten), a. & n. Four and ten. 

Four'teenth, a. The ordinal of fourteen. 

Fourth (forth), a. The ordinal of four.— 2, n. A 
quarter ; a fourth part. 

Fburth'ly. (farth'le), ad. In the fourth place. 

Fbftl (fotil), n. [A.-S. fugol; Dut. & Ger. vonet ; 
Dan. fugl.] A winged animal; a bird: — birds. 
— 2, v. n. [pp. fowling, fowled.] To kill birds 
for food or game. 




Fbwl'er, n. A sportsman who pursues birds. 

Fbwl'ing-piece, n. A gun for shooting birds. 

Fox, n. [A.-S. fox; Icel. 
fox, foa; Dut. vos; Ger. 
fuchs.} An animal remark- 
able for cunning. 

Fox' glove (faks'gluv), n. 
[A.-S. foxes glofa: some 
say folk's glove is an older 
form, mssimng fairies' glove; r ox " 

but this is improbable.] A plant, digitalis. 

Fox' -hunt- ing, n. The act of hunting foxes. 

Fox'i-ness, n. The state of being foxy, or of hav- 
ing a harsh flavor or a sour taste. 

Fox' tail, n. A plant, a species of grass. [holes. 

Fox-teVri-er, n. A dog that hunts foxes in their 

Fox' -trot, n. A pace of a horse intermediate 
between a trot and a walk. 

Fox'y, a. Relating to or like a fox : — having a 
flavor or odor like that of the fox ; austere. 

Fra'cas (fra'kas or fra-ka') [frak'as, fra'kas, or 
frak-a, H.], n. [Fr. fracas, It. fracasso, a crash ; 
Fr. fracasser, It. fracassare, to break ; fra- (L. 
tra-, trans), across, and cassare, L. guassare or 
quatere, to break.— See Quash.] A noisy quar- 
rel ; a disturbance. 

Frac'tion (-shun), n. [L. fractio, a breaking; 
frangere, fractum, to break.] The act of break- 
ing; a broken part; a break: — a broken num- 
ber, or part of an integer. 

Frac'tion-al, a. Relating to fractions. 

Frac'tious (-shus), a. [Akin to Fkeak (q. v.).] 
Cross ; irritable. [fracture. 

Fract'u-ral, a. Pertaining to or consequent on a 

Fract'ure' (frakt'yur), n. [L. fractura; frangere, 
fractum, to break.] A breach ; a rupture. — 
2, v. a. [pp. fracturing, fractured.] To break. 

Frag'ile, a. [L. fragilis; frangere, fregi, to break.] 
Brittle ; easily broken ; frail. 

Fra-§il'i-ty, n. Biittleness; weakness. 

Frag'ment, n. [L. fragmentum ; frangere, to 
break.] A part broken off; a piece. 

Frag'men-ta-ry, a. Composed of fragments. 

Fra'grance,' \ n. Sweetness of smell; pleasing 

Fra'gran-cy, J scent or odor ; perfume. 

Fra'grant, a. [L. fragrare, fragrantis, to emit an 
odor.] Odorous; sweet of' smell. 

Frail, a. [Fr. frele, L. fragilis, fragile (q. v.).] 
Weak ; infirm ; liable to error; easily led astray : 
—liable to decay ; fragile.— 2, n. [Norman Fr. 
fraile, a basket; 0. Fr. frayel.] A basket made 
of rushes ; a rush. 

Frail'ness, n. Weakness; instability. 

Frail' ty, n. State of being frail; weakness; in- 
firmity ; irresolution ; instability. 

Frame, v. a. [A.-S. fremman, to promote, to for- 
ward, to further, to effect; Icel. fremja, to pro- 
mote; A.-S. fram, from, forward, excellent. — 
Cf. Ger. fromm, foremost, excellent (now mean- 
ing harmless, devout): akin to From.] [pp. 
framing, framed.] To form or fabricate ; to 
make: — fa compose; to regulate; to contrive; 
to plan ; to devise ; to invent. — 2, n. The timbers 
which support a building ; a fabric ; a structure : 
— order; regularity: — scheme: — shape; form. 
— (Printing.) A stand for the compositor's cases. 

Fram'er, n. One who frames; a farmer. 

Frame'work (-wiirk), n. Skeleton ; frame. 

Fram'ing, n. A joining together; timber-work. 

Franc, n. [Named from France. — See Frank.] A 
French coin, value nearly 20 cents. 

Fran'chise tfran'chiz) [fran'chlz, St. I.], n. [Fr. 
franchir, to clear ; part, franchissant ; Fr. franc, 
free. — See Frank.] Exemption from an oner- 
ous duty or service ; privilege ; immunity ; right 
granted: — a privileged district. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
franchising, franchised.] To make free ; to en- 
franchise. . 

Fran-cis'can, n. A monk of the order of St. 
Francis : a gray friar. 

Fran-|-i-bil'i-ty, n. S f ate of being frangible. 



a, e, I, 5, 5, y, long; a, e, 5, 5, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 







FRANGIBLE 



255 



FRESH 



Fran'fi-ble, a. [Fr. ; L. frangere, to break.] 
Easily broken ; fragile ; brittle. 

Frank (frangk), a. [Fr. franc, free, frank ; Late 
L. francos, free ; from the Franci or Franks, a 
German tribe.] A free letter; exemption from 
postage : — a native of Western Europe. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. franking, franked.] To exempt letters from 
postage. — 3, a. Free; open; ingenuous; candid. 

Frank-al-mbign' (frangk-al-moin'), n. [Fr. franc, 
fiee, 6. Fr. aimoine, almosne, Fr. aumone, alms 
(q. v.).] (Law.) A tenure of divine service. 

Frank'in-cense (frangk'in-sens), n. [Fr. franc, 
unadulterated, and encens, incense.] A gum- 
resin used as a perfume; olibanum: — pitch. 

Frank'lin, n. [A dim. form of frank, free ; O. E. 
frankeleyn; Late L. fruuchilainis.] A freeholder; 
a yeoman. 

Frank'ly, ad. Liberally ; freely ; candidly. 

Frank'ness, n. Openness ; liberality ; candor. 

Fran' tic, a. [Fr. frenetique, L. phrenelia<s, Gr. 
(f>peviTiKos, insane ; <f>pevLTig, inflammation of 
the brain; <\>pr)v, diaphragm, or mind.] Mad; 
raving; furious; fierce. 

Fran'tie-ly, ad. Furiously; outrageously. 

Fra-ter'nal, a. [Fr. fraternel ; L. fraternus ; f rater, 
a brother (q. v.).] Brotherly; like brothers. 

Fra-ter'nal-ly., ad. In a brotherly manner. 

Fra-ter'ni-ty, «. A body of men united ; a society ; 
a brotherhood : — brotherly spirit. 

Fra-ter'nize, v. n. [pp. fraternizing, fraternized.] 
To concur ; to agree or associate as brothers. 

Frat-ri-ci'dal, a. Relating to fratricide. 

Frat'ri-clde' n. [L. fratricida, murderer of a 
brother; fratricidium, murder of a brother; fat- 
ter, fratris, a brother, and csedere, to slay.] The 
murder of a brother : — the murderer of a brother. 

Fraud, n. [Fr. fraude ; L. /raits, fraudia.] Deceit 
in contracts or dealing ; imposition.; a cheat. 

Fraud'u-lence, \ n. [L. fraudideniia. — See Fraud.] 

Fraud'u-len-cy, J Deceitfulness ; trickishness. 

Fraud'u-lent, a. [L. fraudidentus. — See Fraud.] 
Full of fraud or artifice ; treacherous; deceitful. 

Fra.ud'u-lent-ly, ad. By fraud ; by artifice. ' 

Fraught (fiawt). p. from freight. [The verb to 
fraught was once identical in meaning with the | 
later verb to freight.] Laden. 

Fray, n. [For affray.] A battle; a fight; a quar- 
rel; a riot: — a chafe. — 2, v. a. [Fr. frayer, to 
rub; L. fricare. — See Friction.] [pp. fraying, 
frayed.] To fright ; to terrify : — to rub ; to wear. 
— 3, v. n. To become worn, as by rubbing. 

Freak (frek), n. [Scot, frack, A.-S. free, Ger. 
frech, Dan. frsek, impudent, bold.] A sudden 
fancy; a whim; a caprice; a prank. — 2, v. a. 
[Dan. fregue, Sw. frdkne, a freckle (q. v.).] [pp. 
freaking, freaked.'] To variegate; to checker. 

Freak'ish, a. Capricious; whimsical; fickle. 

Freak'ish-ly, ad. Capriciously. 

Frec'kle (fre'k'kl), n. [Dim. of the verb freak.'] A 
spot on the skin.— 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. freckling, 
freckled.] To give or acquire freckles. 

FreVkled (frek'kkl), a. Spotted; maculated. 

Freck'ly, a. Full of freckles; spotted. 

Free, a. [A.-S. freo ; Dut. vrij ; Norse, fri; Ger. 
frei.] Being 'at liberty; not enslaved : — fa- 
miliar; open; ingenuous ; frank ; liberal: — lax; 
licentious: — innocent; clear; exempt. — 2, v. a. 
[ pp. freeing, freed.] To set at liberty ; to rescue. 
Free'b8ot-er, n. [Dut. vrijbuiter; Ger. frabenter; 
Dut. buiter, a plunderer. — See Booty.*] A rob- 
ber; a pillager; a pirate. 
Free'bbrn, «. Born free ; inheriting liberty. 
Freed'man, n. A slave manumitted. 
Free'dom, n. State of being free; liberty: — inde- 
pendence: — privileges; franchises; immunities: 
—facility : — license. 
Free'-hand, a. (Art.) Drawn without the help 
of instruments or measurement ; executed freely 
by the hand. 
Free'-hand-ed. a. Liberal; generous. 
Free'-heart-ed. a. Open ; liberal. 



Free'hold, n. An estate held in perpetual right. 

Free'hold-er, n. One who has a freehold. 

Free' -lance, n. A mercenary soldier : — a literary 
Ishmaelite. 

Free' -love, n. The doctrine or practice of sexual 
commerce without marriage. 

Free'ly, ad. With freedom; frankly. 

Free'man, n. One who enjoys liberty : — one pos- 
sessed' of civil rights ; a citizen. 

Free'ma-son (fre'ma-sn), n. One of the fraternity 
of masons. See Mason. 

Free'ma-son-ry, n. The craft of freemasons. 

Free'ness, n. Openness; candor. 

Free-soil', a. In American politics, the party op- 
posed to the extension of slavery. 

Free'stone, n. A sandstone used in building, 
easily wrought, and cut freely. 

Free'think-er [fre'thlnk-er, 8m. Wb. H. I. ; fre- 
think'er, 6. PP.], n. An unbeliever; an infidel. 

Free'think-ing, n. Unbelief; infidelity; deism. 

Free' -trade, ». The admission of goods into a 
country free of duty. ' 

Free-will', n. The power of directing one's own 
actions freely ; voluntariness. — 2, a. Volun- 
tary; spontaneous. 

Freeze, v. >i. [A.-S. freosan; Dan. fryae; Ger. 
frieren. — Cf. L. pruinu, frost; thought to be al- 
lied to Skr. plush, to burn ; L. prima, a live coal ; 
prurire, to burn, to itch.] [i. froze; pp. freezing, 
frozen.] To be congealed by culdj to chill. — 
2, v. a. To congeal by cold ; to chill. 

Freez'ing-pSInt, n. The temperature at which 
congelation takes place. 

Freight (frat), v. a. [0. E. fraught, fret; Dan. 
fragte, to freight; fragt, freight; Sw. frakta, to 
'freight; Dut. vra'cht, cargo; Ger. fmchien, to 
freight; fracht, Fi. fret, cargo; Fr. freter, to 
charter, — formerly, to freight.] [pp. freighting, 
freighted or fraught.] To load, as a ship. ^Vc — 
2, n. The cargo v~ lading of a ship; burden : — 
price of transportation of goods. [freight. 

Freight' a£e (frat'aj), n. Freight : — charge for 

Freight' -car (frat'kar), n. A railroad-car lor car- 
rying goods. 

Freight' er (frat'er), n. One who freights. 

French,/;. [Fr. franpais.— See Faa.NK.1 The lan- 
guage of France.— pi. The people of France. — 
2, a. Belonging to France or to the French. 

French'man. b. A native of France. 

French-rSof , n. A mansard roof. 

Fre-net'ic [fren'e-tik, S. E. K. ; fre-net'jk or fr£n r - 
e-tik, W. P. Ja.],o. [See Frantic] 'Mad; dis- 
tracted ; frantic. 

Fren'zied, a. Frantic; maddened. 

Fren'zy, n. [Fr. frenisie; L. phrenestis ; Gr. <£pe- 
vTjeri?, for (^peitri?. — See Frantic] Madness; 
distraction ; phrensy. 

Fre'quence, n. [L. freqnentia, a crowd.] A throng; 
a crowd : — frequency. 

Fre'quen-cy, n. Frequent or common occurrence. 

Fre'quent. a. [L. frequent, frequenHs, crowded, 
dense: allied to farcire, to cram.— See Farce.] 
Often occurring; usual. 

Fre-quent', v. a. [Fr. frequenter, L. frequentare, to 
resort to (see above).] [pp. frequenting, fre- 
quented.] To visit often ; to resort to. 

Fre-quen-ta'tion, n. The practice of frequenting. 

Fre-quen'ta-tlve, n. (Grain.) A verb which de- 
notes the frequent repetition of an act. — 2, a. 
Noting frequent repetition : — applied to verbs. 
Fre-quent' er, n. One who frequents. 
Frg'quent-iy. ad. Often; commonly. 
Fres co, n. t* 1 - fresco, fresh (q. v.).) A painting 
on fresh plaster. — 2, v. a. [pp. frescoing, fres- 
coed.] To decorate with frescos, as walls. 
Fresh, a. [A.-S. fersc; Icel. friekr; Sw. frisk; 
Dut. versch; Ger. frisch; Fr. frais, fratche : al- 
lied to Frisk, and probably toBRisic] Cool : — 
not salt : — new ; recent ; not stale : — florid ; vig- 
orous ; ruddy: — raw. — 2, n. ; pi. FresVe§. 
Fresh water ; a flood, or overflowing of a river. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c. £ , soft; p, fr, p, §, 7*aro*; § us 



gzj this. 



FRESHEN" 



256 



FRO 



FrSsh'en (fresh'shn), v. a. [pp. fre-hening, fresh- 
ened.'] To make fresh. — 2, v. n. To grow fresh. 

Fresh'et, n. A flood of water or sudden rise 
caused by rain or melting snow ; a spate. 

Fresh'ly, ad. Coolly; newly; recently; ruddily. 

Fresh'man, n. A novice : — one in the lowest class 
in a college. 

Fresh'ness, n. State of being fresh. 

Fresh' -wa-ter, a. Living in fresh water. 

Fret, n. [A.-S. fretan; for iutens^e, and etan, 
to eat (q. v.). — Cf. Ger. fressen, for ver-esseu ; Dut. 
vreten, ver-eten ; Sw. frblta, fo'r-ata ; Goth, fraitan, 
fra-itan.] Agitation : — worry : — wear and tear : — 
agitation of mind; irritation. — [A.-S. frsetuwe, 
ornament; 0. Saxon fratahon, to adorn.] An or- 
nament : — [Fr. frette, a hoop ; fretter, to hoop ; 
Late L. ferrare, to hoop with iron; L. ferrum, 
iron] a bar on a musical instrument. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. fretting, fretted.] To agitate violently ; to 
vex : — to corrode : — to form into raised work. — 
3, v. n. To be agitated or angry ; to be worn. 

Fret'ful, a. Disposed to fret; irritable; petulant; 
peevish; ill-humored; captious. 

Fret'ful-ly, ad. In a fretful manner. 

Fret'ful-ntss, n. State of being fretful. 

Fret'ty, a. Adorned with fretwork. 

Fret' work (frefwiirk), n. A sort of raised work; 
masonry raised in protuberances. 

FrI-a-bil'i-ty, \n. Capacity of being easily re- 

Frl'a-ble-ness, J duced to powder. 

Frl'a-ble, a. [L. friubilis ; friare, to crumble, to 
rub.— Cf. Frivolous.] Easily pulverized. 

Fri'ar, n. [Fr. frtre, L. frater, a brother (q. v.).] 
A religious brother of some order. 

Fri'a-ry, n. A monastery or convent of friars. 

Frib'ble, a. [Local Fr. friboler, to trifle ; L. frico- 
lus, frivolous (q. v.).] Frivolous; trifling; silly. 
—2, v. n. [pp. fribbling, fribbled.] To trifle ; 
to fritter.— 3, n. A fribbler. 

Frib'bler, n. A trifler ; a fop. 

Fric-as-see', w. [Fr. fricasse ; fricasser, to squan- 
ders—also, to hash up. — Cf. L. frigere, frixum, to 
fry (q. v.). It may also be allied to the word 
fracas, through a popular confusion of terms.] 
A dish of chickens, &c, cut small and dressed 
■with strong sauce.— 2, v. a. [pp. fricasseeing, 
fricasseed.] To dress as a fricassee. 

Fric'tion, n. [L. frictio ; fricare, frictum, a variant 
of friare, to rub.] The act of' rubbing; resist- 
ance caused by rubbing; attrition. [tion. 

Fric'tion-al, a. Produced by, or relating to, fric- 

Fri'day, n'. [A.-S. Frige-dseg, Friga's day; Friga 
was' the goddess of love ; frigu, love. — Cf. Fr. 
vendredi, literally, Venus's day; Ger. Freitag.] 
The sixth day of the week. 

Fried (frid), p. a. from/r;/. Roasted in a pan. 

Friend (frend), n. [A.-S. freond; Dut. vriena; 
Dan. frsend; Ger. freund; the A.-S. is a parti- 
ciple from freon or freogan, to love.] One joined 
to another by affection ; an intimate ; a confi- 
dant : — one of a religious denomination ; a Qua- 
ker. —2, v. a. [pp. friending, friended.] To 
favor ; to befriend. 

Friend'less (frend'les), a. Wanting friends. 

Friend'li-ness (frend'le-nes), n. Kindness. 

Friend'ly (frend'le), a. Having friendship; ami- 
cable; kind; favorable: — salutary. 

Friend' ship, n. Intimacy united with affection; 
personal kindness; favor. 

Friese (frez), or Frie'sic, n. The language of 
Friesland; Frisian. 

Frieze (frez), n. [Fr. frize, frise; Sp. frisa; prob- 
ably named from Friesland.] A coarse woollen 
cloth. — [Fr. frise, f raise, a border, a ruff; Sp. 
friso ; It. fregio ; from the source of Friz, to carl, 
through which it is connected with the cloth 
called frieze.] (Arch.) A large, flat member, 
which separates the architrave from the cornice. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. frieziug, friezed.] To form nap 
on cloth ; to frizz. 

Frig' ate, n. [Fr. frigate} It. fregata; Sp. frngata. 



: — Cf. Sp. fraguai, L. fabricare, to forge, to con- 
struct. Some" derive it from Gr. a^pa/cros, un- 
decked, — an undecked ship.] A ship of war 
smaller than a ship of the line. 

Fright (frit), v. a. [A.-S. fyrhto ; D&xi.frygt; A.-S. 
fyrld, timid ; Ger. fiirchten, Sw. frukta, to fear : 
perhaps akin to Fear.] [pp. frighting, frighted.] 
To terrify ; to frighten. — 2, n. A sudden terror ; 
panic ; alarm : — a thing to cause terror. 

Frlght'en (fri'tn), v. a. [pp. frightening, fright- 
ened.] To terrify ; to daunt. 

Fright' ful (frit'ful), a. Terrible ; dreadful ; ter- 
rific; direful; awful ; fearful. 

Fright' ful-ly. (frit'ful-le), ad. Dreadfully. 

Fright' ful-ness, n. Quality of causing fright. 

Frig'id^a. [L. frigidus ; frigere, to be cold ; frigns, 
Gr. ptyo?, cold.] Cold: — dull; lifeless: — impo- 
tent. — Frigid zone, the part of the globe between 
a polar circle and the pole. 

Fri-gid'i-ty, n. Quality of being frigid ; coldness. 

Frif'id-iy., ad. In a frigid manner; coldly. 

Frif'id-ness, n. Frigidity ; ceddness. 

Frlg-o-rific, a. [L. frigorificus ; frigus, cold, and 
facere, to make.] Causing or producing cold. 

Frill, n. [0. Fr. fritter, to tremble, to shiver ; Fr. 
frileux, L. frigidulus, chilly ; frigidus y cold. — See 
Frigid.] An edging of linen or cotton ; a ruffle. 

Fringe, n. [0. Fr. fringe; Vv.frange; L. fimbria, 
a fringe; a variant of fibra, a fibre (q. v.). — Cf. 
Roumanian fimbrie, fringhie, a fringe.] Orna- 
mental trimming; edge. — 2, v. a. [pp. fringing, 
fringed.] To adorn with fringes; to decoiate. 

Frip'per-y, n. [Fr. friperie, trifles, rags, old 
clothes ; fripe (slang), victuals, scraps. — for- 
merly, a rag ; friper, to crumple, to wear out ; 
also, to devour. — Cf. Ger. flickerei, patchwork.] 
Traffic in old clothes ; old clothes; cast dresses; 
tattered rags: — gaudy finery or trumpery; tri- 
fles. — 2, a. Trifling; contemptible. 

Fris/i-an (frizh'yan), a. Of or pertaining to 
Friesland. — 2, «." A native of Friesland or of 
the islands on its coast ; a Frieslander : — the 
language of Friesland; Friese. 

Frisk, v. a. [0. Fr. frisque, Icel. friskr, Dan. frisk, 
hearty, brisk (q. v.) ; Sw. frisk, fresh : closely re- 
lated to Fresh.] [pp. frisking, frisked.] To 
leap ; to skip ; to dance. — 2, n. A frolic ; a fit 
of wanton gayety ; a leap. 

Frisk'et, n. [Fr. frisquet.) A light iron frame to 
confine sheets of paper in printing. 

Frisk'i-ness, n. Gayety ; liveliness ; frolic. 

Frisk'y, a. [Fr. frisquet, brisk.] Gay ; airy ; frolic- 
some"; wanton. 

Frit, n. [Vr. fritte ; L. frigere, frictum, frixum, to 
fry (q. v.), to roast.] Matter for making glass, 
consisting of calcined silex, fixed alkali, &c. 

Frith, n. [A variant of Firtu or Fjord ; possibly 
influenced by L. fretum, a strait.] A strait of 
the sea ; an estuary ; a firth. 

Frit'ter, n. [Fr. friture, a frying, something fried. 
— See Fry. From this, by extension, came in 
English the idea of a slice, a shred, and the verb 
to fritter, as below. — Cf. Sp. fritilla, a pancake.] 
A pancake : — a fragment. — 2, v. a. [pp. fritter- 
ing, frittered.] To cut or break into small 
pieces : — to waste little by little. 

Fri-vol'i-ty, n. Triflingness ; frivolousness. 

Friv'o-lous', a. [L. frivolus; origin doubtful.] 
Slight; trifling; trivial. 

Friv'o-lous-ly, ad. Triflingly; foolishly. 

Friv'o-lous-ness, v. Triflingness; vanity. 

Frizz,' n. '[Fr. /riser, Sp. frisar, to curl; originally, 
to raise a nap like that on frieze (q. v.).] A curl ; 
a frizzle.— 2, v. a. [pp. frizzing, frizzed.] To 
curl; to frizzle.. 

Friz'zle, v. a. [Dim. of frizz.'] [pp. frizzling, 
frizzled.] To curl in short curls. — 2, n. A curl ; 
a lock of hair crisped. 

Fro, ad. [Dan. & Icel. fra, from ; Scot. & North 
Eng. /me.— See From.] From.— To and fro, 
backward and forward. 



i, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obsenr.-.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



FROCK 



257 



FRY 



Frock, n. [Fr. froc ; Late L. frocus and floccus : 
related perhaps to Ger. rock, 0. Ger. hroch, a 
cloak, or possibly to L. floccus, a flock or lock of 
wool. — Cf. Sw. & Ger. frock, a coat; Port, fraca; 
Fr. frac] A dress; a coat :— a loose outer gar- 
ment : — a gown for children. 

Frock' -coat, n. A kind of coat for a man. 

Frog, n. [A.-S. froga; Dut. vorsch; Ger. frosch.] 
A small amphibious animal : — an ornamental 
button : — a tender horn beneath a horse's foot. 

Frol'ic, a. [Dut. vrolijh; Ger. frolich, merry; Ger. 
froh, A.-S. frah, merry, and the termination 
-lich, like.] Gay ; full of levity or pranks. — 2, n. 
A wild prank; a scene of mirth. — 3, v. n. [£. 
frolicked ; pp. frolicking, frolicked.] To play 
pranks ; to be merry. 

Fr6Tic-some, a. Full of gayety ; playful. 

From, prep. [A.-S. from, from; Sw.fvan; Dan. & 
Icel.fra; Goth, from : closely allied are Icel. & 
Sw. fram, forth, forward : root of Far (q. v.).] 
Noting source, privation, distance, absence, or 
departure; out of ; since. 

Frond, n. [L. frons, frondis, a leafy branch.] A 
leaf of a palm or fern. 

Fron-des'cence, n. [L. frondescere, inceptive of 
frondere, to put forth leaves.] The time or the 
act of putting forth leaves. 

Fron-dose', or Fron'dous, a. [L. frondosus. — See 
Frond.] Full of leaves ; leafy. 

Front [front, 8. K. ; frunt or front, W.\ n. [L. 
frons, frontis: cognate with Brow.] The fore- 
head; face: — van of an army: — forepart. — 
2, v. a. [pp. fronting, fronted.] To oppose 
directly ; to face. — 3, v. n. To lace ; to be oppo- 

Front'age, n. The forepart; the front. [site. 

Front' al, a. [Late L. frontalis; frons, frontis, a 
forehead.] Kelating to the forehead or front. — 
2, n. A little pediment ; a frontlet. 

Fron'tier [frOnt'yer, S. J. F. W.], n. [Fr. fron- 
tiere; front, a front.] Utmost verge of any ter- 
ritory ; a border ; confine. — 2, a. Belonging to 
a frontier. ( 

Fron'tis-piece, n. [Fr. frontispice; Late L. fron- 
tispicium, a front view ; L. frons, a front, and 
specere or spicere, to see.] An ornamental page 
of a book : — tbe face of a building. 

Front'less, a. Unblushing; wanting shame. 

Front'let, n. [Dim. of frontul] A bandage worn 
upon the forehead :— the margin behind the bill 
of a bird. 

Frore, o. [A.-S. /row?, gefriren, part, from freosan, 
to freeze (q. «.).] Frosty; frozen. 

Frost (frost or frawst), n. [A.-S. font; Dut. vorst; 
Dan. & Ger. frost; Goth, frius: closely akin to 
Freeze.] A fluid congealed by cold; the power 
of congelation ; the effect of congelation ; frozen 



dew ; boar-frost : — frosting. 



runzel, a wrinkle.] A wrinkle ; a curl ; a fringe. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. frouncing, frounced.] To curl ; 
to frizzle ; to wrinkle. 

Frow, n. See Froe. 

Fro' ward, a. [A.-S. fromweard; 0. E. froward; 
fro for from: on type of toward.'] Peevish; re- 
fractory; perverse. 

Fro'ward-ly, ad. Peevishly; perversely. 

Fro'ward-ness, n. Peevishness ; perverseness. 

Frown, v. n. [0. Fr. frongner ; Fr. se refroguer, to 
frown ; Norse froyna : perhaps allied to L. frons, 
the forehead.] [pp. frowning, frowned.] To 
express displeasure ; to scowl. — 2, v. a. To re- 
pel by stern looks. — 3, n. A stern look ; a look 
of dislike. 

Frb'w'y, «. [Local E. frow, a slattern.— Cf. Ger. 
/raw, a woman,] Musty; frowzy. 

Frow'zy, a. Fetid ; musty : — dim ; cloudy. 

Froze, i- from freeze. 

Fro'zen (fro'zn),p. from freeze. Congealed. 

Fruc-tif er-oiis, a. [L. fructus, fruit, aud ferre, to 
bear.] 'Bearing fruit. 

Fruc-ti-fi-ca'tion, n. [L. fructificatio.] Act of 
fructifying; fecundation; fertility. 

Fruc'ti-fy, v. a. [Fr. fructijier ; L. fructificare ; 
fiuctus, fruit, and facere, to make.] ["pp. fructi- 
fying, fructified.] To make fruitful ; to fertilize. 
— 2, v. n. To bear fruit; to be fruitful. 

Fru'gal, a. [L. frugalis, belonging to fruit, also 
worthy, virtuous, thrifty, sparing; frux, fruit, 
dative frngi, for fruit, — hence, advantageous, 
honest, fit, virtuous, discreet, thrifty.] Thrifty; 
sparing; economical. 

Fru-gal'i-tx, n. State of being frugal; thrift; 
economy ; frugal management. 

Fru'gal-ly, ad. Economically ; thriftily. 

Fru-i'lf er-ous, a. [L. frugifer ; frux, frugis, fruit, 
■And ferre, to bear.] Bearing fruit; fructiferous. 

Fru-£-iv'o-rous, «. [L. frux, frugis, fruit, and 
vorare, to devour.] Feeding on fruit. 

Fruit (frut), n. [Fr. fruit ; L. fructus, fruit, or en- 
joyment; frui, fructus, to enjoy.] Product of 
the earth, trees, and plants :— profit ; effect: — 
offspring. — 2, v. n. [pp. fruiting, fruited.] To 
bear fruit. 

Fruit' age (frut'aj), n. Fruit collectively. 

Fruit'er, n. A ship that carries fruit. 

Fruit'er-er, n. One who trades in fruit. 

Fruit' ful, a. Productive; fertile: bearing fruit; 
prolific ; child-bearing ; not barren. 

Fruit' ful-ly, ad. In a fruitful manner. 

Fruit' ful-ness, n. Plentiful production. 

Fru-i"tion (fru-ish'un), «. [L. fmitio; frui, to 
enjoy.] Act of enjoying; enjoyment ; possession. 

Fruit'less, a. Barren; vain; idle; unfruitful. 

Fruit'less-ly, ad. Vainly; uuprofitably. 



ing, frosted.] To cover, as with hoar-frost. 

Frost'-bite, n. A freezing; congelation. — 2, r. a. 
[i. frost-bit ; pp. frost-biting, frost-bitten.] To nip 
or wither with frost : — to expose to the frosty air. 

Frost' -bit- ten (-tn), a. Nipped by frost. 

Frost'ed, a. Covered with hoar-frost; chilled. 

Frost'-f ish, n. A small sea-fish. 

Frost'i-ly, ad. With frost: — chillingly. 

Frost'i-ness, n. Cold ; freezing cold. 

Frost'ing, n. A crust, as of sugar on a cake: — 
that which resembles frost. [frost. 

Frost'ling, n. A fruit, flower, or leaf injured by 

Frost' -work (-wiirk), n. Work resembling hoar- 
frost :— singular forms assumed by frost. 

Frost' y., a. Very cold; hoary : — producing or 
containing frost :— of a cold disposition :— re- 
sembling frost. 

Froth (froth or frawth), n. [Icel. froda; Dan. 
fraade; Sw. fradgcu] Spume ; foam; unsubstan- 
tial matter.— 2, y. «. [pp. frothing, frothed.] 
To foam ; to throw out spume. 

Froth'i-ness, n. The state of being frothy. 

Froth's, a. Full of foam, froth, or spume. 

Frounce, n. [Fr. froncer, to wrinkle.— Cf. Ger. 



[pp. frost- J Fruit'less-ness, n. Unfruitfulness; vanity. 



Fruit' -tree, n. A tree that produces fruit. 

Fruit'y, a. Having the taste or smell of fruit. 

Fru-men-tii'cedus (-shus), a. [L. frumentacem ; 
fruntentum, grain : akin to Fruit.] Made of grain. 

Frush, n. [Cf. Ger. frosch, a frog.] The frog or 
tender horn in the middle of the sole of a 
horse's foot : — thrush. 

Frus'trate, v. a. [L. friistrari, frustrates; frustra, 
in vain : akin to Fraud.] ' [pp. frustrating, 
frustrated.] To defeat ; to disappoint; to balk. 

Frus-tra'tion, n. Disappointment; defeat. 

Frus'tule, n. [L. fntstuhim, dim. of frustum, a 
piece.] The horny cell of a diatom. 

Frus'tum, n. ; pi. Frus'ta. [L.— Cf. Gr. 0pavar6<;, 
broken ; 6pavo-p.a, a fragment.] The part of a 
solid next to the base when cut off by a plane. 

Fru-tes'cent, a. [An inceptive form; better fru- 
tiscescent ; L. frutex, a shrub; fruliscescere, to 
become shrubby.] (Bot.) Almost shrubby ; be- 
coming shrubby. [shrub.] (Bot.) Shrubby. 

Fru-ti-cose', a. [L. fruticosus, shrubby ; frutex, a 

Fry, n. [Icel. free, Dan. fro, Fr. f'rai, spawn; 
Goth, fraiw, seed.] A swarm of little fishes : — 
little fishes:— a dish fried. —2, v. a. [Fr. frire ; 



mien, sir; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 

r 



~9- 9. ?, §, soft; p, p, $, g\ hard; $asz; ? as gz ; this. 

22* 



FUCHSIA 



258 



FURBELOW 



L. frigere : Gr. fypvyeiv ; Skr. bhraij.] [pp. fry- 
ing, fried.] To dress food in a pan on the fire. 
— 3, v. n. To be roasted or cooked in a pan. 

Fuch'sia (fu'she-a), re. [After Leonhard Fuchs, 
a German botanist. Fuchs is the German for 
"fox."] A genus Of beautiful fiowering plants. 

Fuch'sine (fuk'sjn or fu'sin), n. [F'rom the tints 
characteristic of the fuchsias.] A deep-red col- 
oring matter derived from coal-tar. 

Fud'dle, v. a. [Low Ger. fuddig, confused. — Cf. 
Ger. fiisseln, to be unstt-ady on the feet.] [pp. 
fuddling, fuddled.] To make drunk; to intoxi- 
cate. — 2, v. n. To drink to excess ; to tipple. 

Fudfe, inter}. [Cf. Local Fr. feuche, Ger. futsch, 
interjections of contempt.] An expression of 
contempt. — 2, re. Nonsense. 

Fu'el, re. [0. Fr. fouaille; Late L. foallia; 0. 
Fr. fuelles, brushwood; Late L. focale, right 
of cutting fuel; focus, a hearth. — See Focus.] 
Matter or aliment of fire ; wood, &c. 

Fu-ga'cious (fu-ga/shus), a. [L. fugax, fugacis ; 
fuga, flight.] Volatile; flying. 

Fu-ga/cious-ness, n. Volatility. 

Fu-gac'i-tx, re. Act of flying away; volatility. 

Fu-ga'to, a. [It.] (2Ius.) A composition in the 
style of the fugue. 

Fii'gi-tive, a. [L. fugitivus; fugere, fugitum, to 
flee ; Gr. </>eu'yeii/, to flee.] Unstable ; not dura- 
ble ; volatile.; fleeting; wandering; short-lived. 
— 2, n. A deserter; a runaway. 

Fu'gle-man, re. See Flugelman. 

Fugue (fug), n. [Fr. ; It. fuga, L. fuga, a flight.] 
(JIus.) A repetition of parts in a composition. 

Ful'crum, n. [L. ; from fulcire, to prop..] L. pi. 
FGl'cra; Eng. Ful'crum§. A prop; a support 
to a lever. 

FuT-f il\ v. a. [A.-S. fulfyUam : Full and Fill.] 
[pp. fulfilling, fulfilled.] To accomplish ; to com- 
plete : — to fill full ; to make full ; to replenish. 

Ful-flTler, n. One who fulfils. 

Ful-fil'ment, n. Completion; performance. 

Ful'l-en-cy. n. Splendor; effulgence. 

Ful'fent, 'a. [L. fulgere, fulgentis, to glow.— Cf. 
Gr. <£>Aeyeiv, to burn.] Shining; very bright. 

Ful'gor, n. [L. for "lightning," "splendor," a 
"gleam;" fulgere, to gleam.— Cf. fulgur, light- 
ning.] Splendor; dazzling brightness. 

Fu-lif'i-nous, «. [L. fuliginosus ; fuligo, fuliginis, 
soot.] Smoky; sooty. 

Full, a. [A.-S. fid; Put. vol; Ger. roll; Icel. fullr. 
— See Fill.] Having no space empty; filled; 
replete ; without vacuity ; saturated ; sated ; im- 
pregnated : — strong : — large : — complete; entire ; 
perfect : — not horned or gibbous ; as, a fall moon. 
— 2,n. Complete measure; the whole. — 3, ad. 
Quite; exactly : — often used in composition ; as, 
full-fed, sated." — i, v. a. [A.-S. fullian, to cleanse; 
Fr. foider, to compress.— See Fuller.] [pp. full- 
ing, fulled.] To thicken and cleanse, as cloth. 

Full'er, n. | A.-S. fullere ; L. fullo, fullonis ; Fr. 
foulou.) One whose trade it is to full cloth. 

Full'er's-e'arth', n. A kind of clay, used in full- 
ing and cleansing cloth. 

Ful'lx, ad. Completely; without lack. 

Ful'mar, n. [Gael, fulmaire; Icel. fulmar: va- 
riously explained.] A kind of sea-bird ; a petrel. 

Ful'mi-nant, a. Making a loud noise. 

Ful'mi-nate, v. ??. [L. fuhninare, fidminatum, to 
thunder or lighten; fulmen, a thunderbolt; ful- 
gere, to flash.] [pp. fulminating, fulminated.] 
To thunder ; to explode.— 2, v. a. To utter, as a 
threat ; to denounce : — to cause to explode. — 
3, w. A salt of fulminic acid. 

Ful-mi-na'tion, re. A thundering; an explosion. 

FuTmi-na-to'-ry, a. Thundering; terrific. 

Ful-min'ic, a. Xoting an acid which forms explo- 
sive salts, [abundance; satiety; repletion. 

Ful'ness, n. State of being full; completeness; 

Ful'some. a. [Full and the suffix -some, denoting 
tendencv.— See 



ous ; offensive. 



Gamesome, Gladsome.] Nause- 



Ful'vid, a. [Late L. fulvidus, yellowish; f ulcus, 
yellow. — Cf. Jiavus, yellow; fulcere, to glow.] 
Yellowish ; tawny. 

Ful'vous, a. [L. fulvus.] Yellow ; tawny ; fulvid. 

Fu'ma-role, u. [It. fumaruolo ; fumare, to smoke.] 
A volcanic smoke-hole. 

Fum'ble, v. n. [Dut. fommelen; Sw. famla, funda; 
Dan. famle; Icel. falma. — Cf. A.-S. folm, L. 
palma, the palm (g. v.) of the hand.] [pp. fum- 
bling, fumbled.] To attempt awkwardly ; to 
feel. — 2, v. a. To manage awkwardly. 

Fume, n. [L. furnns, smoke ; fumare, Fr. fumer, 
to smoke. — Cf. Skr. dhuma, smoke.] Smoke; 
vapor: — rage; idle conceit. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
fuming, fumed.] To smoke : — to be in a rage. 
— 3, v. a. To smoke ; to perfume by smoke. 

Fii'mid, a. Smoky; vaporous. 

Fu-mid'i-ty, n. Sinokiness ; tendency to smoke. 

Fu'mi-gate, v. a. [L. fumigare, fumigatum ; re- 
ferred to fumus, smoke, and agere, to drive.] 
[pp. fumigating, fumigated.] To smoke; to 
cleanse or purify by smoke ; to perfume. 

Fvi-mi-ga'tion, n. Act of fumigating; vapor. 

Fu'mi-to-ry, n. [Fr. fume-terre, L. fumus terrte, 
smoke of the earth : names of similar meaning 
are found in various languages, probably from 
the rank smoky odor.] A strong-smelling plant. 

Fu'my, a. Filled with fumes ; smoky. 

Fun, n. [Irish & Gael, fonn, pleasure : possibly 
allied to A.-S. fan, foolish.] Sport; high merri- 
ment; frolic. 

Fu-nam'bu-la-to-ry, a. Like a rope-dancer. 

Fu-nam'bu-Hst, n. [L. funis, a rope, and ambulare, 
to walk. — See Amble.] A rope-dancer. 

Func'tion, n. [L. functio ; fungi, functus, to per- 
form.]' Employment; office; power. 

Func'tion-al, a. Relating to some office. 

Fiinc'tion-a-ry, n. One who has an office. 

Fund, n'. [L. fundus, bottom, foundation.— Cf. Skr. 
budh-nas, ground.] Funded stock or capital; 
stock; capital; a bank of money. — Public fund*, 
the public debt due from a government. — 2, v. a. 
[ pp. funding, funded.] To place in the funds, 
as money. 

Fiind'a-ble, a. That can be funded or converted 
into bonds. 

FQn'da-ment, n. [L. fundamentnm ; fimdare, to 
found (q. v.).] The seat of the body : — a base. 

Fun-da-ment'al, a. Serving for the foundation or 
basis; essential; important. 

Fun-da-ment'al-ly, ad. Essentially ; originally. 

Fu'ner-al, n. [Late L. funeralis; L. funus, funtris, 
a burial. ] Burial; interment; obsequies.— 2, a. 
Relating to burial ; mourning. 

Fu-ne're-al, a. [L. funereus ; funus, funeris, a 
burial,' a dead body.]' Suiting a funeral ; dismal. 

Ffin'gous, a. Like a fungus; excrescent. 

Ffln'gus, n- [L.— Cf. Gr. o-<i>6yyos or cnroyyos, a 
sponge (q. v.).] L. pi-. Fun'^i ; Eng. Ffin'- 
gus-e§. A mushroom : — an excrescence. 

Fu'ni-cle, n. [L. funiculus ; dim. of funis, a rope.] 
A small cord ; a fibre ; a string. 

Fu-nic'u-lar, a. Consisting of cord or fibre. 

Fun'nel, n. [L. fundibulum, for iufundibidum ; i», 
into,' and fundere, to pour.— See Tunnel.— Cf. 
Breton found, a funnel.] A pipe ; a shaft. 

Fun'ny, «. Comical ; droll. [Colloq.] 

Fur, re. ' [Fr. fourrer, to cover, to sheathe, to thrust ; 
fourrure, fur; fourreau, a scabbard; Sp. forro, a 
lining; Late L. fodratura, fur: akin to Fodder. 
— Cf. Dut. voeder, fodder,— also fur ; Ger. fuller, 
fodder,— also a case or a lining. The idea is that 
of a covering or lining.] Soft hair: — a skin with 
soft hair.— 2, v. a. [pp. furring, furred.] To line 
with fur :— to cover with morbid matter :— to line 
with slips of wood. — 3, a. Made of fur. 

Fur'be-low. n. [Fr. farbala, falbala; Sp. & It. 
falbala, falfala: origin doubtful.] A flounce, 
fringe, or other ornament on a woman's dress. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. furbelowing, furbelowed.] To 
arlorn with furbelows. 



a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a, e, x, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



FUKBISH 



259 



FYTTE 



Fur'bish, v. a. [Fr. fourbir, part, foiirbissant ; 
0. Ger. furpjan, viirben, to brighten, to cleanse.] 
[pp. furbishing, furbished.] To burnish; to 
polish ; to rub. 

Fiir'bish-a-ble, a. Capable of being furbished. 

Fiir'cate, or FUr'cat-ed, a. [L. furca, a fork 
(q. v.).] Forky; fork-shaped. 

Fur-ca'tion, n. Forkiness ; a forking. 

Fur'cu-la, n. [L. ; dim. of furca, a fork.] The 
wish-bone, or merrythought in birds. 

Fur-fu-ra'ceous (flir-fu-ra/shus), a. [L. furfura- 
ceus; furfar,' bran, or dandruff.] Husky; scaly. 

Fu'ri-ous, a. [L. fwriosus. — See Fury.] Mad; 
frantic ; raging ; violent. 

Fu'ri-ous-Ljj, ad. In a furious manner. 

Fu'ri-ous-nSss, n. Frenzy ; madness ; fury. 

Fiirli v.'a. [0. E. furdle or fardel, to pack; Eng., 
Sp., & 0. Fr. fardel, a pack; Fr. fardeau, a load : 
probably from the Arabic] [pp. furling, furled.] 
To draw up ; to contract ; to roll up. 

Fur'long, w. [A.-S. furhtng, "furrow-long," the 
length of a furrow.] The eighth part of a mile. 

Fur'lough (flir'lo), n. [Dut. verlof; Dan. forlov ; 
Ger. rerluub : for- in the sense of away, far, and 
leave (</. v.).] A temporary leave of absence from 
military service. — 2, v. a. [pp. furloughing, fur- 
loughed.] To give leave of absence to. 

Fur'nace [fur'niis, /. St.], n. [Fr. fournaise; L. 
fornax, fornacis, also fortius, an oven. — Cf. L. 
form us, warm (q. v.).'] An enclosed fireplace 
for producing great heat : — a place for melting 
metals. 

Fiir'nish, v. a. [Fr. fournir, part fowrrmzant ; 
0. Fr. fornir, furuir, also frotmir; 0. Ger. frum- 
ja<i, to furnish, to provide; fruma, advantage, 
profit; Ger. fromm, good: allied to Eng. from, 
with the idea of furthering or advancing.] ' [jip. 
furnishing, furnished.] To supply; to fit up. 

FUr'ni-ture [-tyur, H; -toor or -chur, St.], v. 
Goods in a house for use; movables: — append- 
ages ; equipage. 

Fu-ro're, n. [It. ; L. furor, fury (q. v.).] A rage ; 
intense excitement; fury. 

Fur'ri-er, n. A dealer in furs. 

Fiir'ring, re. Timber nailed to joists or rafters in 
order to bring them to an even surface. 

Fur'row (fur'ro), n. [A.-S. furh; Icel. for; Ger. 
furche ; Dan. fare ; S\v. fara.] A long trench or 
hollow. — 2, v. a. [pp. furrowing, furrowed.] To 
cut in furrows. 

Fur'row-y., a. Marked wPh furrows; ridged. 

Fiir'ry, a. Covered with or consisting of fur. 

Fiir'tner, a. [A.-S. furthur, comparative of fore, 
before ; Dut. verder ; Ger. f order. It is distinct 
from Farther (f. ».).] fco'mp. of fore or of forth ; 
gnperl. first and furthest.] More in advance ; at a 
greater distance ; farther. — Further and farther 
are both in good use, and have much the same 
meaning. See Farther.— 2, ad. [A.-S. fur- 
thran ; Dut. vorderen : Ger. fordern.] To a greater 
distance; farther. — 3, V. a. [pp. furthering, fur- 
thered.] To forward; to promote; to assist. 

Fur'tner-ance, n. Promotion ; advancement. 

Fiir'tfter-er, re. A promoter; an advancer. 

Fiir'tfrer-more, ad. Moreover; besides. 

Fur'tner-most, a. Most distant; furthest. 

Fiir'tnest, a, [A factitious superlative of Fur- 
ther, of which the true and original superlative 
is first. ] M- *st remote. 

Fiir'tive, a. [L. furlirus, secret, stolen; furtum, 
a theft; fur, Gr.'</>wp, a thief; L. furari, to steal; 
allied to ferre, to carry.] Stolen; got by theft; 
thievish :'— stealthy. 

Fur'tive-lx, ad. Stealthily. 

Fu'run-cle, n. [L. furunculus, a boil, — literally, a 
little thief.] An inflamed tumor; a pustule. 

Fu'ry, n. [L. fnria, rage ; furere, to rage.] Mad- 
ness ; rage ; passion ; frenzy. 

Furze, n. [A.-s. /,/;-., .- thought to be akin to Fir.] 
A prickly shrub; gorse; whin. 

Fiirz'y., a. Overgrown with furze. 



Fus'cous, a. [L. fuscus, tawny.] Brown; dark; 
dusky. 

F5§e, v. a. [L. fundere, fusum, to pour, to melt.] 
[pp. fusing, fused.] To melt; to liquefy by 
heat : — to unite closely. — 2, v. n. To be melted ; 
to melt : — to unite closely. — 3, n. [Corrupted 
from fusee or fusil.] A fuze ; a slow-match. 

Fu-§ee', n. [Fr. fusee, a fuse, a match, a spindle- 
full ; fuseau, L. fusus, a spin- ^ 
die.] Part of a watch on 
which a chain is wound : — a 
pipe, for firing a bomb : — [a 
corruption of fusil] a small 
musket; a fusil. 

Fu'§el-SIl, n. [Ger. fusel, bad liquor; fusehi, to 
drink, or have the smell of, bad liquor. — Cf. 
Fuddle, Fuzzle.] An oily substance obtained 
from whiskey ; amylic alcohol. 

Fu-§i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being fusible. 

Fu'§i-ble, a. That may be melted. 

Fu'§i-fdrm, a. Shaped* like a spindle. 

F3'§il (fu'zil or fu-ze'), n. [Fr. fusil; L. focile, a 
fire-steel; focus, a hearth.] A firelock; a fusee. 

Fu'§ile, or Fu'sil, a. [L. fusilis, molten, liquid; 
fundere, fusumj to pour.] Fusible :— liquid. 

Fu-§i-leer', n. A soldier armed with a fusil. 

Fu-sjl-lade', n. [Fr. fusillade.] A discharge of 
fire-arms.— 2, v. a. [Fr. fusilier.] [pp. fusil- 
lading, fusilladed.] To attack or destroy by a 
fusillade. 

Fu'§ion (fu'zhun), n. The act of melting; fluid- 
ity ;' a coalition ; a blending together. 

Fuss, n. [Usually referred to A.-S. fus, funs, 
quick; Icel. fuss, eager; but it is probably iden- 
tical with fuzz, fizzle. — Cf. Ger. pfuscheu, to 
dabble, to meddle, to bungle ; Dan. fuske, Sw. 
fuska, to bungle.] A tumult; bustle; noise. — 2, 
V. //. [pp. fussing, fussed.] To make ado about 

Fus'si-ness, n. State of being fussy. [trifles. 

Fus'sj, a. Busy about trifles ; bustling. 

Fust, o. n. [See Fusty.] [pp. fusting, fusted.] 
To become mouldy, rusty, or rancid. — 2, «. [Fr. 
fiit, L. fustis, a stick.] The shaft of a column. 

FGs'tet, ». [Fr.] A dye-wood resembling fustic. 

Fust'ian (fust'yan), «. [0. Fr. fouskana ; Fr. fit- 
taine; It. fustagno ; from Fostat, or old Cairo, in 
Egypt.— Cf. Arab. fuM, it. a g..at's-hair tent.] A 
kind of cloth : — bombast. — 2, a. Made of fus- 
tian : — pompous. 

Fus' tic, n. [L. fusticvlus, a little stick ; fustis, a 
cudgel.] A sort of wood used in dyeing. 

Fus'ti-gate, v. a. [L. fustigare, fustigatwm ; fustis, 
a cudgel.] [pp. fustigating,' fustigated.] To 
beat with a stick. 

Fus'ti-ness, n. Mouldiness : — a bad smell. 

Fus'tx, a. [0. Fr. fusti; juste, Vr.f&t, a cask, a 
stave, a staff, a stick ; L. fustis, a cudgel : fusty 
at first meant something like a foul cask.] Ill- 
smelling; musty. 

Fu'tile, a. [L. fukUs, better fultilis, vain, empty, — 
literally, easily pouring; fundere, fudi, fusum, to 
pour. — Cf. futlilis or futis, a water-jug.] Trifling ; 
worthless ; of no weight. 

Fu-til'i-ty, n. Want of effect ; worthlessness. 

Fut'tocks,' n. pi. [For foot-hooks.] The lower 
timbers in a ship. 

Fut'ure, a. [L. futurus, about to be.— Cf. fui, I 
was.] That will be hereafter; that is to come. 
— 2, n. Time to come. 

Fu-tfi'ri-tXt n. Future time, or time to come. 

Fuze, ». A tube used in exploding. 

Fuzz, r. n. [Dut. voos, spongy.] [pp. fuzzing, 
fuzzed.] To fly out in small particles. — 2, n. 
Light particles ; volatile matter. — . 

Fy. inter;". A word of blame and contempt. ^Ij 

Fyke,w. [Dut. fuik.] A bow-net for catch- f 
ins: fish. "■ 

Fyl'fot, n. [A.-S. fier-fote, four-foot.— Cf. F y lfot - 
trivet (for three-feet).] A very ancient and wide- 
spread symbol, "of dubious import. 

Fytte, re. A division of a poem ; a canto. 



mten, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, $, £, soft; p, ft, t, §, hard; § as z : x as gz ; this. 



260 



GALLEY 



G. 



Ghas two sounds : one hard, before a, o, and u, 
as in go; the other soft, like/, before e, i, and 
y, as iu gem. — (Mm.) The treble clef. 

Gab, n. [Sw. & Icel. gabb, mockery ; Icel. gabba, 
to mock. — Cf. Irish gob, the mouth ; Gael, ga- 
bair, to talk.] The mouth: — loquacity; prate. 

Gab-ar-dine' (-den'), ?i. [Sp. gabardina ; gabcm, a 
great-coat : akin to cabaila, a shelter, a cabin 
(q. i-.).] A coarse frock. 

Gab'ble, v. n. [Frequentative form of Gab.] [ pp. 
gabbling, gabbled.] To talk idly; to prate. — 
2, ». Loud, foolish talk; prate. 

Ga'bel, n. [A.-S. gafol, Fr. gabelle, Ger. gaffel, Sp. 
gab'ela, Late L. gabulum, tax : said to be Arab. 
qabala, agreement, impost.] A tax or impost. 

Ga'bi-on, n. [Fr. gabion ; It. gabbione ; augmented 
forin'of gabbia, a cage : coguate with Cage and 
Cave.] (Fort.) A wicker basket filled with 
earth, used for a protection. 

Ga'ble, n. [Dut. gevel; Dan. gavl; Sw. gafvel; 
Ger. giebel: closely related to Ger. gabel, Icel. 
gaff, Irish gabhal, Welsh gaff, a fork.] The tri- 
angular end of a house from the eaves up. 

Gad, n. [Icel. gaddr, a goad (q. v.) ; Norse gadd, a 

point.] An ingot of steel ; a style or graver : — a 

, goad : — a spike. — 2, v. n. [Probably from gad, a 

goad, with the idea of driving.] [pp. ga,dding, 

gadded.] To ramble about; to rove idly. 

Gad'fly, n. A fly that stings cattle and horses. 

Gae'lic (ga'lik), n. The Gaelic language, a dialect 
of the Celtic, spoken in tbe Highlands of Scot- 
land.— 2, a. Pertaining to the Gaelic language, 
or to tbe Highlanders. 

Gaff, n. [Fr. gaffe, Sp. gafa, Irish gaf, gafa, a 
hook: akin to L. capere, to take. — Cf. W. gaff, 
Ger. gabel, a fork.] A harpoon or large hook : 
— a boom, or spar. 

Gaf fer, n. [For grandfather.] An old title of re- 
spect for an aged man : — grandfather : — master : 
— an aged rustic. 

Gag, v. a. [Cf. Welsh ceg, the mouth ; Irish gag- 
gach, stammering ; Local Swiss gaggen, to stut- 
ter; Gael, gag, a chink, an impediment.] [pp. 
gagging, gagged.] To stop the mouth; to shut 
tip. — 2, n. An instrument to stop the mouth 
with. 

Ga£e, n. [Fr. gage, Late L. vadium, L. vas, vadis, 
A.-S. wed, a pledge.— See Wed and Wage.] A 
pledge ; a pawn : — a measure ; a rule : — a chal- 
lenge to combat.— 2, v. a. [See Gauge.] [pp. 
gaging, gaged.] To engage : — to measure. 

Gag'er,"«. One who gages. See Gauger. 

Gai'e-ty, «• Cheerfulness ; mirth. See Gayety. 

Gai'ly, ad. Cheerfully ; merrily. See Gayly. 

Gain (gan), n. [Sw. & Icel. gagn, advantage; 
gagna, to help ; Dan. gavn, gain ; game, to bene- 
fit'.] Profit; advantage; interest; benefit:— 
overplus, — opposed to loss. — 2, r. a. [From the 
noun ; the Fr. gagner, which early acquired the 
meanings of this word, and afterwards influ- 
enced it in turn, originally meant to pasture. — 
Cf. Fr. gagnage, pasturage.] [pp. gaining, 
gained.] To obtain; to win; to get; to reach. 
—3, v. n. To grow rich ; to advance. 

Gain'fftl, a. Profitable; lucrative; productive. 

Gain'ful-ly, ad. Profitably; advantageously. 

Gain'ful-ngss, n. Profit ; advantage. 

Gain-say', or Gain'say, v. n. [A.-S. gegn, Ger. 
gegen, against, and Say (q. ».).] [i. gainsaid ; pp. 
gainsaying, gainsaid.] To contradict ; to deny. 

Gain-say'ing, n. Opposition; denial. 

Gair'ish, a. Gaudy ; fine : gay. See Garish. 

Gait, n. [A special use of Gate (q. v.) in the sense 
of a way.] March; walk; manner of walking. 

Gai'ter, v.; pi. Gai'ters. [Fr. guetre; 0. Fr. 



guestre; Breton, giceltren : akin to Welt (q. v.).] 

A covering for the leg and ankle ; a kind of 

spatterdashes. 

i'la, w. [Fr. ; 

A festival; a show ; mirth. — Gala-day, a day 



Ga'la, n. [Fr. ; It. gala, finerv.— See Gallant.] 

. of 
festivity and show 



Ga-lan'gal, n. [0. Fr. garingal, Fr. galangue, Sp. 
galanga, Arab, khalavjun (thought to be allied 
to Gr. e\evLov, elecampane) ; Chinese Eau-liang- 
Eiang, ginger of Kau-liang, an old name for 
a district near Canton.] An aromatic drug like 
ginger. 

Gal'ax-y, n. [Fr. galaxie ; Gr. yaA.a£i'a? ; yaka, 
ydkaKTos, milk. — Cf. L. lac, lacti*, milk.] The 
Milky Way, a luminous tract crossing the heav- 
ens : — a splendid assemblage. 

Gal'ba-num, n. [L. ; Gr. ^aA/Savr), Heb. chelbenah, 
a kind of gum or dried resinous sap.] A kind 
of gum-resin. 

Gale, «. [Dan. gal, furious ; Icel. gola, a breeze ; 
Norse galen storm, a gale, a furious storm.] A 
strong wind, not tempestuous ; gust ; current of 
air:— [Fr. gale ; Dut. gagel; Sp. galo] a fragrant 
shrub. 

Gal'eas. or Ga'le-as, n. [Fr. gaUasse; Sp. galeaza; 
It. galeazza, augmentative form of galea, a gal- 
ley.] A heavy -built vessel. 

Ga'le-at-ed, a. [L. galeatus; galea, a helmet; 
Skr. jal, to cover.] Covered as with a helmet. 

Ga-le'na, n. [L. for " lead ore ;" Gr. ya.krjvr\, silvery 
lead ore ; also, an antidote ; originally, a calm.] 
(Min.) A sulphuret of lead. 

Gal'iot [gal'yot, TT. Ja. K. C ; gal'e-ot, P. Sm. I. 
St. Wb.], n. [Fr. galiote ; It. galcofla, dim. of 
galea, a galley.] A little galley ; a Dutch vessel. 

Gill, n. [A.-S. gealla; Dut. gal; Ger. galle; Gr. 
XoAtj : akin to Yellow.] The bile, a bitter 
animal juice : — rancor; malignity; bitterness 
of mind:— [Fr. galle, L. galla, a gall-nut] a nut- 
gall : — an excoriation. — 2, v. a. [Fr. gale, a scab ; 
gallei; to scratch ; L. callus, a thick place in the 
skin.] [pp. galling, galled.] To rub off the 
skin : — to tease ; to vex.— 3, v. n. To fret ; to 
be teased or chafed. 

Gal'lant, a. [Fr. galant; 0. Fr. galer, Late L. ga- 
lare, to regale (q. v.), to rejoice ; Goth, gailjan, to 
rejoice ; It. & Fr. gala, fine attire, festivity. — Cf. 
A.-S. 0oZ, luxurious; Ger. & Dut. geil, lustful, — 
formerly, merry.] Brave ; high-spirited. 

Gal-lant', a. [See Gallant, above.] Polite and 
attentive to ladies.— 2. n. A man attentive to 
ladies; a wooer; a paramour. — 3, r. a. [pp. gal- 
lanting, gallanted.] To pay attention to ladies. 

Gal-lant'ly, ad. In a gallant manner. 

GJl'lant-ly, ad. Bravely ; generously. 

Gal'lant-ry, n. Quality of being gallant :— show : 
— bravery ; courage : — nobleness ; generosity : — 
refined address to women. 

Gall'-blad-der, v. (Anat.) A membranous sac 
that receives the bile from the liver. 

Gal'le-on, n. [Sp. galeon ; Fr. galion; It. galleone, 
augmentative form of galea, a galley.] A large 
ship with four decks. 

Gal'ler-y, 7i. [Fr. galerie ; It. galleria; Late L. ga- 
leria; originally prob- 
ably a place of amuse- 
ment ; galare, to re- 
joice.] A covered 
passage of greater 
length than breadth : 
— a balcony around a 
building : — an apart- 
ment in a church or 
a ship. Ga,le y- 

Gal'ley (galle), n. ; pi. Gal'leys. [Fr. 




a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, x» obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



GALL-FLY 



261 



GANOID 



galley (ship) ; gaU.Ce, a printer's galley ; Late L. 
& It. galea, a galley; O. Fr. galie; Sp. gulera.] 
A low, flat-bottomed vessel driven with oars and 
sails : — a frame which receives the contents of 
the printer's composing-stick. 
Gall'-fly, h. A fly that causes galls on plants. 

Gal'lic, \a- [h.gallicus; Gallus, a Gaul.] Re- 
Gal' li-can, J lating to Gaul or France ; French. 

Gall'ic, a. Eelating to the gall-nut. 

Gal'li-can-ism, n. The former French ecclesias- 
tical theory and system. 

GaTli-cism, n. A French idiom or phrase. 

Gal-li-gas'kins, n. pi. [0. Fr. gregues, yargesques, 
greguexques', breeches, Greekish (hose) ; Fr. grC- 
geoi% It. grechescho, Greek ; formerly a kind of 
breeches : the last two syllables come from the 
old idea in Engbmcl that the garment was of 
Gascon origin.] Large hose or breeches. 

Gal-li-mau'fry. n. [Fr. galimafrCe, a hash; gali- 
mafrC, a clown (the latter name was assumed by 
one Guerin, a noted clown of Paris, about 1809). 
— < If. galimatias, a hodge-podge of ideas or words.] 
A hash; a vile medley. 

Gal-li-na'ceous (gal-le-na'shus), a. [L. gaUina- 
ceus; gaUuia',a, hen; gullus, a cock.] Denoting 
birds of the gallinacean or pheasant kind. 

Gal'li-nip-per, n. A large mosquito. 

Gal'li-pot, nl [0. Dut. gleypot, a clay pot.] A pot 
painted and glazed : — [Fr. galipot] a resin found 
on fir and pine trees. 

Gall' -nut, n. An excrescence growing on a spe- 
cies of oak, used in making ink ; nutgall. 

Gal'lon, n. [Sp. galon; Late L. galo, or galona; 
0. Fr. gallon, jalon. — Cf. Fr. jale, a bowl; L. 
gonitis, Gr. -yauAos, a bucket : akin to Gill.] A 
measure of four quarts. 

Gal-lSSn', n. [Fr. & Sp. galon; It. gallone. — Cf. 
It. & Sp. gala, finery.] A kind of lace. 

Gal'lop, v. n. [Fr. galoper ; galop, a gallop; 0. 
Flem. walop, a gallop; 0. Fr. waloper, to gallop; 
a form of Wallop (q. v.). — Cf. Skr. xalg, to gallop. ] 
[pp. galloping, galloped.] To move by leaps or 
very fast. — 2, n. The swiftest motion of a horse. 

Gal-lo-pade', u. A kind of dance. 

Gal'lop-er, n. One that gallops. 

Gal'lo-way, n. [From Gallowutj, in Scotland.] A 
species of small horse. 

Gal'lows (gal'lus, S. W. P. J. F. C. II. ; gal'loz, 
J. St Ja.\ n. ; pi. Gal'lows-es. [A.-S. gahja, a 
gibbet; 0. E. galive, pi. "</«Z<res.— Cf. Dan. galge, 
Dut. gala, Ger. galgen, a. gibbet.] An erection 
for hanging criminals : — suspenders. 

Gall'-stone, n. A concretion in the gall-bladder. 

Ga-loche' (ga-losh') [ga-losh', H. I. St.], n. ; pi. 
Ga-16'ches (ga-lo'shez). [Fr. ; Gr. KaKoTroBiou, 
dim. of KaXanrovs, a shoe ; Ka\ov, wood, and n-ov?, 
7ro5o5, a foot. But Cf. L. gallka, a kind of shoe, 
a Gallic shoe.] A shoe worn over another shoe, 
or a boot, in wet weather. 

Gal'op (or ga-lo), n. [Fr.— See Gallop.] A lively 
sort of dance; also, the music for the dance. 

Ga-lore', ad. [Irish gu leoir, goleor, in plenty.] 
Abundantly ; in abundance. 

Ga-losh'es, n. pi. See Galoche. 

Gal-van'ic, a. Eelating to galvanism. — Galvanic 
batter//, an apparatus for accumulating galvan- 
ism ; the voltaic pile or battery. 

Gal'van-ism, n. A branch of electricity named 
from Galcani : voltaic or dynamic electricity. 

Gal'van-Ize, v. a. [}yp. galvanizing, galvanized.] 
To affect with galvanism. 

Gal-va-nom'e-ter, n. [Galvanism and Metkr.] 
An instrument for detecting currents of elec- 
tricity. 

Gam'bit, n. [Fr. gambit; It. gambetto, a trip, a 
fall ; gamba, a leg.] An opening at chess. 

Gam'ble, v. n. [A frequentative form of Game.] 
[pp. gambling, gambled.] To play for money. 

Gam'bler, n. One addicted to gambling. 

Garn'Min?, v. Act of playing for money. 

Gam-bo'gV [gam-bo.j', St H. Wb.], n. [Named 



from Cambodia.] A gum-resin used in medicine 
and as a pigment. 

Gam'bol, v. n. [Fr. gambade, a, gambol; It. gam- 
bata, a kick ; 0. E. gambaude, gamhaidd, gambold. 
— See Gambeel.] [pp. gambolling, gambolled.] 
To dance; to skip; to leap. — 2, n. A skip; a 
hop; a leap for joy. 

Gam'brel, n. [L. gamba, a hough ; Sp. gamba, a 
leg; Gr. ndixirrj, a bend.] The hind leg of a 
horse : — a crooked stick to hang meat on. 

Game, n. [A.-S. gurnen, Dan. gam men, sport, 
glee, joy.] Sport of any kind; play : — a single 
match at play: — advantage in play: — field 
sports : — animals pursued in the field or forest : 
— a solemn contest ; as, the Grecian games. — 2, 
v. u. [pp. gaming, gamed.] To play for money ; 
to gamble. — 3, a. Courageous like a game-cock ; 
plucky : — lame ; defective. 

Game' -cock, n. A cock bred to fight. 

Game'some (gam'sum), a. Frolicsome ; gay. 

Game'some-ly. (gam'sum-le), ad. Merrily. 

Game'ster, n. One addicted to gamiug. 
| Gamin (ga-man), n. [Fr. slang; very doubtfully 
conjectured to be for L. hormmcio, a manikin ; 
homo, a man.] A neglected boy of the criminal 
class ; a street Arab. 

Gam'ing, n. Practice of gamesters; gambling. 

Garn'mer, u. [For grandmother.] An old woman ; 
grandmother. 

Gam'mon, n. [0. Fr. gambon, Fr. jambon, It. gam- 
bone, a ham, the thigh; L. gamba, a hough. — See 
Gambrel.] The thigh or buttock of a hog 
salted and dried: — backgammon : — [A.-S. gamen, 
play, jest. — See Game] a hoax ; humbug. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. gammoning, gammoned.] To salt and dry 
in smoke, as bacon: — to hoax: — to fasten a 
bowsprit. 

Gam-o-pet'a-lous, «■ [Gr. ya/u.os, marriage, union, 
and neraXov, a leaf.] Having the petals united. 

Gam'ut, n. [Fr. gamme. Tbe Greek letter y 
[gamma) was formerly used to mark the gr (now 
b), or seventh note in the musical scale. This 
letter gamma was followed by ut (now do), the 
first note of the next octave. [7 is a Latin con- 
junction, and was arbitrarily chosen, like the 
other names of the notes, from the syllables of a 
Latin hymn.] The scale of musical notes. 

Gam'y, a. Having the flavor of game; having a 
somewhat high flavor : — showing game ; plucky. 

Gan'der, n. [A.-S. gandra, older form ganra ; Dut. 
gent; Gcr. ganserich; L. anser. — See Goose.] 
The male of the goose. 

Gang, c. n. [Icel. ganga, Scot, gang, to go; A.-S., 
Dut., & Dan. gang, a walk ; Icel. gangr, a going, 
a gang, a crowd.] [pp. ganging, ganged.] To 
go; to walk. [Old E. & Scot.]— 2, n. A troop; 
a company ; a band ; crew. 

Gan'gli-on, n. ; pi. Gan'gli-a. [Gr. ■yayyA.toi'.] A 
minor nerve-centre. 

Gan-gli-on'ic, a. Pertaining to a ganglion. 

Gang'-plank, n. A plank used in going on board 
a ship. [eral furrows at once. 

Gang'-plough (-plow), n. A plough that cuts sev- 

Gan'grene (gang'gren), n. [Gr. ydyypaiva, an 
eating; ypaiveiv, ■ypdeiv, to gnaw; Skr. gri, gras, 
to eat.] The first stage of mortification :— a 
mortification. — 2, v. a. [pp. gangrening, gan- 
grened.] To corrupt and mortify. — 3, v. n. To 
become mortified. 

Gan'gre-nous, a. Mortified ; putrefied. 

Gangue (gang), «. [Fr. ; root of Scot, gang, to 
go.] (Min.) The matrix of an ore or the course 
of a vein : — a substance containing ore. 

Gang' way, n. A passage-way in a ship. 

Gan'net, n. [A.-S. ganot, a sea-fowl.— Cf. Ger. 
gans, a goose; Dut. gent, a gander (q. v.); Cym- 
ric gan, Gr. xv v , L- anser, Skr. kansa, a goose.] 
A large aquatic bird. 

Ga'noid, a. [Gr. ydvos, splendor, and elSos, ap- 
pearance.] Noting certain fishes with bony 
plates or scales. 



mien, sir j m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, Q, c, §, soft; p, £, g, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



GANTLET 



262 



GATHER 



Gant'let, n. [Corrupted from the Sw. gatlopp, a 
gantlet; gata, a laue (see Gate), and lopp, a 
course.— See Lope.] A military punishment in 
which the criminal, running between the ranks, 
receives a lash from each man. See Gauntlet. 

0aol (jal), n. [0. Fr. gaiole, Fr. geule, a cage, a 
jail ; Late L. gabia, dim. gabiola, a cage (q. v.).] 
A prison : — also written jail. 

^aol'er ( jal'er), n. A keeper of a jail ; jailer. 

Gap, «. [Icel. & Sw. gap, a gup; Dan. gab, a 
mouth, a gap.] An opening ; a breach ; a passage. 

Gape, or Gape, v. n. [A.-S. geapan, Dut. gapen, 
Dan. gabe, Ger. gaff en, Skr. jabh, to yawn.] 
[jjp. gaping, gaped.] To open the mouth wide ; 
to yawn : — to crave : — to stare. — 2, n. Act of 
gaping ; yawn. [several kinds. 

Gar, n. [A.-S. gar, Icel. geirr, a spear.] A fish of 

Garb, n. [0. Fr. garbe, comeliness; It. garbo, 
grace, polish, style ; Ger. gerben, to polish, to 
make ready : root of Scot, gar, to compel, — lit- 
erally, to get ready. — See Gear, Garment.] 
Dress ; clothes ; exterior appearance. 

Gar'ba£e, n. [Probably from garble, to purify, to 
sort 'out.— Cf. Fr. grabeau, refuse.] The entrails : 
— offal; refuse: 

Gar'ble, v. a. [Sp. garbillar, It. garbellare, to sift; 
Sp. garbillo, Arab, gliirbal, Per. gharbil, a sieve. — 
Cf. Sp. crlbillo, L. cribellwn, cribrum, a sieve.] 
[pp. garbling, garbled.] To select and cull so 
as to give a false impression ; to purify by assort- 
ing ; to assort or pick out. 

Gar' den (gar'dn or giir'den), n. [Ger. garten; Fr. 
jardin; Prov. giardina: cognate with A.-S. geard, 
a yard (q. v.).] A piece of ground enclosed, ap- 
propriated to plants, flowers, or fruits; ground 
highly cultivated. — 2, v. n. [pp. gardening, 
gardened.] To cultivate a garden. 

Gar'den-er, n. A cultivator of a garden. 

Gar'den-ing (gar'dn-ing), n. Horticulture. 

Gar'gle, v. a. [Fr. gargouiller, to gargle, to rattle, 
to rumble ; Gr. yapydpt^eiv, to gargle : akin to 
Gurgle. — See Gorge.] [pp. gargling, gargled.] 
To wash, as the throat and mouth, with a liquid 
preparation. — 2, n. A wash for the throat. 

Gar'goyle, n. [Fr. gargouille, a water-spout. — See 
Gorge.] A projecting water-spout. 

Gar'ish, a. [0. E. gave, gauren, to stare : perhaps 
variants of Gaze.] Gaudy; showy; staring. 

Gar'land, n. [0. Fr. garlande ; Fr. guirlande; It. 
ghirlanda; related to 0. Ger. wiara, a golden 
ornament (see Wire). — Cf. L. virise, armlets.] A 
wreath of branches or flowers : — an ornamental 
band or wreath. — 2, v. a. [pp. garlanding, gar- 
landed.] To deck with a garland. 

Gar'lic, v. [A.-S. garleac ; gar, a spear, and leac, 
a leek (q. v.).] A strong-scented plant. 

Gar'lick-y, a. Containing or resembling garlic. 

Gar'ment, n. [Fr. garniment; garnir, to garnish 
(q. v.).] An article of clothing; dress. 

Gar'ner, n. [0. Fr. gamier, Fr. grenier, L. grana- 
riurn, a granary (q. ».).] A place for grain; a 
granary. — 2, v. a. [pp. garnering, garnered.] 
To store, as in a granary. 

Gar'net, n. [Fr. grenat; It. granato; L. granatmm, 
a pomegranate ; qranatus, having seeds or grains ; 
granum, a grain (q. v.). The mineral was prob- 
ably named from its resemblance in color to the 
interior of a pomegranate.] A red mineral : — a 
tackle. 

Gar'nish, v. a. [Fr. garnir, part, garnissant, to 
decorate, to fit out, to provide, — originally, to 
forewarn; 0. Fr. guarnir, warnir. — See Warn.] 
[pp. garnishing, garnished.] To decorate with 
appendages : — to warn. — 2, n. Decoration ; em- 
bellishment : — a fee. 

Gar-nish-ee', n. (Law.) A person in whose hands 
the property belonging to another is attached. 

Gar'nish-ment, v. Ornament : — legal notice. 

Gar'nj-ture, n. Embellishment ; ornament. 

Gar' ret, n. [Fr. garite, a ship's top, a lookout ; 
0. Fr. garir, warir, to guard, to keep; A.-S 



warian, to defend.— See Wary.] The uppermost 
room of a house. 

Gar-ret-eer', n. One who lives in a garret. 

Gar'ri-son (giir're-sn), n. [Fr. garuison; garnir, 
to stock, to supply. — See Garnish.] Soldiers or 
guard for a fortified place; a fortified place. — 
2, v. a. [pp. garrisoning, garrisoned.] To fortify. 

Gar-rote' [ga-rof, St. I.], u. [Sp. garrote (gar- 
ro'ta), dim." of garra, a clutch, a talon.] A mode 
of capital punishment practised in Spain, and 
performed by strangling a criminal with an iron 
collar. — 2, v. a. [pp. garroting, garroted.] To 
rob a person after disabling him by throttling 
him : — to punish by the garrote. 

Gar-ru'li-ty, v. [L. garrulitas.] The talkativeness 
of old age ; loquacity. 

Gar'ru-lous, a. [L. garridus; garrire, to chatter; 
Skr. gir, speech.] Prattling; prating; talkative. 

Gar'ter, w. [0. Fr. & Walloon garbier; Fr. jarre- 
Here; jerret, 0. Fr. garret, a leg; Breton garr, 
Irish cara, the shank or leg.] A string, ribbon, 
or elastic band, to hold up the stocking : — the 
mark of an English order of knighthood :— chief 
English king of arms. — 2, v. a. [pp. gartering, 
gartered.] To bind with a garter; to invest 
with the order of the Garter. [yard. 

Garth, n. [See Garden and Yard.] A garden ; a 

Gas, n. ; pi. Gas'e§. [Invented by Van Helmont, 
a Flemish experimenter in the seventeenth cen- 
tury; conjectured to be for Dut. geest, Ger. geist, 
spirit or ghost (q. v.).] A permanently elastic, 
aeriform fluid or air. 

Ga.s-con-a.de', n. [Fr. gasconnade, a boast; Gascon, 
a native of Gascony, a boaster.] A boast; a 
bravado. — 2, v. n. [pp. gasconading, gascon- 
aded.] To boast; to brag; to bluster. 

Gas/e-ous, a. Having the form or state of gas. 

Gas'-f lx-ture, n. A bracket or chandelier for gas. 

Gash, v. a. [Corrupted from 0. E. garsh or game; 
0. Fr. garser, to cut; Late L. garsa, a cut. — Cf. 
Gr. xapa|is, a cut.] [pp. gashing, gashed.] To 
" e a gash " 
aping wound. 

Gas r -light (gas'lit), n. The light produced by 
the combustion of carburetted hydrogen gas. 

Gas'-me-ter, n. A measure for gas. 

Gas'o-lene", n. [Gas, and L. oleum, oil.] A volatile 
hydrocarbon. 

Gasp [gasp, H. ; gasp, I. St.], v. n. [Icel. geispa; 
Sw. gdspa; 0. Norse gapsa; which may be a 
frequentative of Gape.] [pp. gasping, gasped.] 
To catch for breath. — 2, n. A catch of breath. 

Gas'ter-p-pod, n. ; pi. Gas'ter-o-pods, or_Gas-ter- 
op'o-da. [Gr. yao-rrip, the belly, and 7rous, iroo~6s, 
a foot.] A mollusk that walks by a ventral disk. 

Gas'tric, a. [Gr. yao-rrip, yao-repo<; or yaarpoq. 
the belly.] Eelating to the belly or stomach. 

Gas-tril'o-quist, n. [L. gaster, the belly, and 
loqtn, to talk.] A ventriloquist. 

Gas-trl'tis, n. [Gr. yao-nqp, the belly, and the 
term -itis, denoting inflammation.] An inflam- 
mation of the stomach. 

Gas-tro-nom'ic, a. Relating to gastronomy. 

Gas-tron'o-mist, n. An epicure. 

Gas-tron'o-nry., n. [Gr. yaar^p, the belly, and 
vo/u.0?, a rule.] Delight in eating ; epicurism ; 
the science or the art of good living. 

Gate, n. [A.-S. geat, Dut. gat, a gate or opening. 
— Cf. Dan. gade, Ger. gasse, a street: the latter 
are distinct from the others, but are kindred 
forms, being represented by the Scot, gate, a 
way, a course. Eoth are related to get in the 
sense of to reach.] The door of a city, castle, 
palace, building, or yard: — an avenue; a way. 

Gate'-way, n. A passage having a gate. 

Gatfi'er, v. a. [A.-S. gsedrian, gaderian; Dut. gade- 
ren;' A.-S. & Dut. gader, together.] [pp. gath- 
ering, gathered.] To collect; to pick up; to 
glean : — to assemble : — to contract : — to pucker. 
— 2, v. n. To be condensed : — to assemble. — 3, n. 
A pucker ; cloth drawn together. 



cut deep ; to make a gash in. — 2. n. A deep cut ; 



a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a., e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fSst, fall; heir, her 



GATHERER 



263 



GENERALITY 



Gatft'er-er, n. One who gathers ; a collector. 

Gath'er-ing, n. An assembly : — an abscess. 

Gat'ling-g-un, n. [From Galling, the inventor.] 
A inachine-gun or mitrailleuse. 

Gaucherie (gosh-re), n. [Fr. ; gauche, left-handed.] 
Awkwardness; clumsiness; bungling: — an awk- 
ward action. 

Gaud, n. [L. gaudium, joy ; gnudere, Gr. yaleiv, to 
rejoice.] A trinket; a piece of finery. 

Gau'di-ljj, ad. In a gaudy manner; showily. 

Gau'di-nlss, n. Showiuess ; tawdry show. 

Gau'dy, a. [See Gaud.] Showy; tawdry; gay. 

Gauge' (gaj), v. a. [Fr. j auger ; 0. Fr. gauger ; 
jauge, a gauge ; Late L. gaugia, a measure.] 
[pp. gauging, gauged.] To measure with re- 
spect to the capacity or contents of a vessel. — 
2, n. A measure; a standard. 

Gaug'er (gaj'er), n. One who gauges. 

Gauging, n. The art of measuring vessels or 
casks, as hogsheads, barrels, vats, etc. 

Gaul'ish, «. Relating to the Gauls; Gallic. 

Gaunt (gant) [gawnt, St. S. P.], a. [Cf. Norse 
gaud, a stick, a thin man, a tall stripling.] 
Thin; slender; lean; meagre. 

Gaunt'let [gawnt'let, St. I. P. Ja.], n. [Fr. gante- 
let, dim. of gant, a glove. — Cf. Dan. vante, Dut. 
want, a mitten.] An iron glove. See Gantlet. 

Gaunt'ly. (g^nt'le), ad. Leanly ; slenderly. 

Gauze, n. [Fr. gaze; Late L. gazzatum: named 
from Gaza, in Syria] A kind of thin, trans- 
parent silk. 

Gau'zy, a. Relating to or resembling gauze. 

Gave, i. from glee. 

Gav'el, >/. [Fr. javelle, 0. Fr. gavelle, It. gavella, 
a heap of straw or grain. — Of. Late L. capella, 
a handful ; L. capere, to take ; Welsh gafael, a 
holding.] A pile of reaped grain: — [Cf. Ger. 
gaffel, a fork] a mallet. 

Gav'el-kind, n. [Possibly derived from A.-S. 
guwl, tax, and cyud, kind, condition, or sort; 
more probably the Celt, gabal-cined; gabal, a 
branch or share, and cined, a family.] The dis- 
tribution of land among heirs. 

Ga'vi-al, n. [LV-ng. gharkd.] An Asiatic crocodile. 

Gav'ot, or Ga-vot', n. [Fr. gavot, fem. gavotte, 
belonging to Gap, a town.] A kind of dance. 

Gawk, m. [A.-S. geac, Ger. ganch, Scot, gowk, a 
cuckoo ; L. cuens, a cuckoo, a fool. Many bird- 
names are used as synonymes of fool in almost 
every language.] A cuckoo :— a booby ; a gawky. 

Gawk'y., n. [A dim. of Gawk.] A stupid or 
awkward person. — 2, a. Awkward; ungainly. 

Gay (ga), a. [Fr. gai; Ger.jahe, gay, rash : allied 
to Go.] Airy ; cheerful ; jovial ; merry ; sportive . 
— fine ; finical ; showy ; gaudy. 

Gay'e-ty,, n. [Fr. gaiete. | Cheerfulness; joy; 
mirth :— finery ; show : — also written gaiety. 

Gay'ly., ad. Merrily; cheerfully :— finely. 

Gaze, v. n. [Local Sw. g<is«, to stare.] [pp. 
gazing, gazed.] To look intently and earnestly ; 
to stare ; to gape. — 2, n. Intent regard ; a look 
of wonder. 

Ga-zelle', n. [Fr. ; Arab, ghazal] A small, beau- 
tiful antelope. 

Ga-zette', n. [Fr. ; It. gazzetta, a small coin, dim. 
of L. gaza, Gr. yd£a, wealth ; of Persian origin: 
it is said that this coin, worth about half a cent, 
was paid for the privilege of reading the first 
new s-sheets ; or perhaps the word is derived 
from It. gazzetta, dim. of gazza, a magpie, a chat- 
terer.] A newspaper. — 2, v. a. [pp. gazetting, 
gazetted.] To insert in a gazette. 

Gaz-et-teer', n. A writer or publisher of news : — 
a geographical dictionary. 

Pear, n. [A.-S. gearwe, preparations, adornments; 
gearu, ready ; Dut. guar, dressed. — See Garb.] 
Furniture ; accoutrements ; dress : — ornaments : 
— stuff; goods: — harness; gearing. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. gearing, geared.] To put in harness : — to 
connect by gearing. — 3, v. n. To fit together, as 
toothed wheels. 



J&ear'ing, n. A series of wheels working into one 
another to transmit motion ; toothed wheels. 

peck'6, n. ; pi. (Seck'oes. [Named from its cry.] 
A kind of lizard. 

(Seese (§es), n. The plural of goose. 

freez, n. The old Ethiopic language. 

pe-hen'na, ». [Heb. ge-hinom, the valley of Hin- 
nom.] Hell; luture punishment. 

£el'a-tine, n. [Fr. gelatine; L. gelare, gelalum, to 
congeal; gelu, frost.] A viscous substance of 
animal origin. 

ge-lat'i-nlze, v. a. [pp. gelatinizing, gelatinized.] 
To convert into gelatine or jelly. 

^e-lat'i-nous, a. Containing gelatine or jelly; 
Viscous ; cohesive ; like glue. 

j3-eld, *.'. a. [Icel. gelda ; Dan. gilde.] [L gelded 
or gelt ; pp. gelding, gelded or gelt.] To cas- 
trate; to mutilate, [trated horse. 

p-eld'ing, >i. [Icel. gelding ; Dan. gilding.] A cas- 

grel'id (jel'id), a. [L. gelidns, cold; gelu, frost: 
probably akin to Chill.] Extremely cold. 

pelt, i. & p. of geld. 

gem (jem), n. [L. gemma, a bud, a jewel : prob- 
ably related to L. gemere, to swell (hence, to 
sigh); Gr. ye/xecv, to swell.] A jewel; a pre- 
cious stone : — a bud. — 2, v. a. [pp. gemming, 
gemmed.] To adorn, as with jewels or buds 
3, c. n. To put forth the first bu 



Gem l-ni, 



; to bud. 
pi. [L. for "twins."] The Twins, 
Castor and Pollux; the third sign in the zodiac. 

Gem'mate, a. (Biol.) Producing gemmae, or buds : 
—reproducing by buds ; gemmiparous. 

Gem-ma'tion, it, [L. gemmatio ; gemmare, to bud.] 
(Biol.) Budding : — a mode of reproduction in 
some of the lowest animals by the development 
of buds on the parent, which form new indi- 
viduals or remain attached as independent or- 
ganisms : — that process by which certain animals 
reproduce parts which they have lost. 

Gem'me-ous, a. [L. gemmeus.] Pertaining to or 
like gems. 

Gem-mif er-oiis, a. [L. gemma, a bud, and ferre, 
to bear.t Propagating by buds. 

Gem-mip a-rofis. a. [L. gemma, a bud, and parere, 
to produce.] Reproducing by buds. 

Gem-mu-la'tion, n. Multiplication or reproduc- 
tion by buds' or gemmules ; gemmation. 

Gem'mule, n. [L. gemmula, dim. of gemma, a bud.] 
A little bud. 

Gem'my. (jem'me), a. Resembling gems. 

pems'bok, n. [Dut. ; Ger. gemse, a chamois, and 
bock, a buck.] A South African antelope. 

Gendarme (zhan-darm'). n. [Fr. ; from gens d'armes, 
men of arms.] A military man. — The gendarme*, 
gens d'ormes, or gendannerie, are a body of police 
in France. 

Gen'der, v. [Fr. genre, kind ; L. gemis, generis (see 
Genus) ; generare, to generate (<;. v.).] A sex : — 
the distinction in regard to sex. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
gendering, gendered.] To beget ; to engender. 
— 3, v. n. To copulate ; to breed. 

Gen-e-a-log'i-cal, a. Relating to genealogy, or 
to descent of families. 

Gen-e-al'o-|-ist, n. One who traces descents. 

Gen-e-al'o-fy. [je-ne-al'o-je, W. P. F. Ja. Sm. St. 
I.],' n. '[Gr. yevea\oyia; yeved, race, descent, 
and Aoyo?, a treatise.] The pedigree, or a his- 
tory of the succession, of families : — a successive 
se;ies of families. 

Gen'e-ra (jen'e-ra), n. The plural of genus. 

Gen'er-al, «• [L. generalis, common, belonging to 
a genu's or class.] Relating to a genus or whole 
class : — public ; extensive ; common : — compen- 
dious. — 2, )j. A high military officer ; the com- 
mander of an army : — the whole ; the total ; the 
public. — In general, in the main. 

Gen-er-al-is'si-mo, n. [It. ; from generate, a gen- 
eral, with the superlative suffix -issimo.] The 
commander-in-chief of a very large army. 

Gen-er-al'i-ty. n. [Fr. generalite.] The main 
body ; the bulk : — a vague or general statement. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, 9, §, soft ; p, p, p, g, hard; s as z ; x as gz ; this. 



GENERALIZATION 



264 



GERANIUM 



gten-er-al-i-za'tion, n. The act of generalizing: 
— a' general statement; a general inference. 

^en'er-al-ize, v. a. [pp. generalizing, general- 
ized.] ' To arrange under general heads : — to re- 
duce to a genus. — 2, v. n. To form classes or 
genera; to draw general inferences or conclu- 
sions from individual instances. 

£en'er-al-ly, ad. In general ; commonly. 

gten'er-al-ship, n. The conduct of a general. 

§ren'er-ate, v. a. [L. generare, generatum, to pro- 
duce. — See Genus.] [ pp. generating, generated.] 
To beget ; to produce"; to cause. 

£ren-er-a'tion, n. The act of begetting : — a race ; 
offspring :'— a single succession ; an age. 

gten'er-a-tive, a. Producing; prolific. 

gen'er-a-tor, n. He who or that which produces. 

gre-ner'ic, a. [See Genus.] Relating to, or em- 
bracing, the genus. 

5re-ner'i-cal-ly, ad. With regard to the genus. 

£ren-er-os'i-ty.,'r?. Liberality in dispensing favors; 
magnanimity ; munificence. 

§ren'er-ous, a. [L. generosus, of noble birth. — See 
Genus.] Magnanimous; noble; liberal; mu- 
nificent :— strong ; courageous. 

gen'er-ous-ly, ad. In a generous mariner. 

Qen'e-sis, n. [Gr. yevecris, source, origin ; yev- 
vaeiv, to beget.] The first book of Scripture : — 
the act or process of producing or originating 
any thing ; the mode or conditions of reproduc- 
tion ; origination. 

Qren'et, n. [Sp. ginete, a horseman, ahorse; from 
the' Zenete, a Berber tribe, famous in Spanish 
annals; more probably from L. ginnus, a mule.] 
A small Spauish horse : — [Fr. genette ; Sp. gineta ; 
Arab, djerneit] an animal of the weasel kind. 

Qe-net'ic, «. Relating to birth or origin. 

Gre-ne'va, n. [Fr. genievre, juniper; Dut. jenever, 
juniper, gin ; a popular error gave the word the 
form of Geneva, a town name.] A spirituous 
liquor; gin. 

9e'ni-al, a. [L. genialis, agreeable,— properly, 
pertaining to generation or birth. — See Genus.] 
Causing production : — cheerful; merry; kindly; 
sympathetic. [fulness; kindliness. 

ge-ni-al'i-ty, n. Quality of being genial; cheer- 

Qe'ni-al-iy, ad. In a genial manner. 

SJ-e-nic'u-late, a. [L. genicidare, geniculalum, to 
bend the'knee ; genioulnm, dim. of genu, the knee 
(q. v.).] (Bot.) Knee-jointed. 

0e-nic-u-la'tion, n. Knottiness; a join ting. 

£re'nie (je'ne), n. [Arab, jinnee, pl.jtnn; perhaps 
for L. genius, a tutelary spirit.] (Moham. Myth.) 
A spirit. 

^en'i-tal, a. [L. genitalis; gignere, gentium, to be- 
get.] ' Belonging to generation. 

gen'i-tive, a. [L. genetivus, belonging to birth or 
origin ; gignere, to beget ; this case denotes pri- 
marily the origin or source, and is called the 
" whence case."] (Gram.) Applied to the sec- 
ond case of Latin, Greek, and German nouns; 



£en'i-tor, n. [L.] A father; a sire. 

£ren'ius, or ^e'ni-us, n. ; pi. £en'ius-e§. [L. ge- 
nius, the native quality, inborn faculty ; gignere, 
to beget.] Inborn bent of mind ; mental power ; 
power of invention ; peculiar cast of mind; dis- 
position of nature; talent: — a man of great 
mental power. [evil; a tutelary divinity. 

9e'ni-us, w. ; pi. ge'ni-I. [L.] A spirit, good or 

Genre (zhon'r), n. [Fr.— See Gender.] Method 
or style in painting : — a style of art which depicts 
scenes from every-day life. — 2, a. Noting paint- 
ings of every-day scenes. 

gen-teel', a. '[Fr.' geuiil ; L. gentilis, belonging to 
a family ; gens, gentis, a clan.] Polite ; well- 
bred ; polished; elegant; civil; graceful: — ele- 
gantly dressed. 

(?en-teel'ly, ad. Elegantly ; politely. 

5en'tian ( jen'shan), n. [L. gentiana : said to be 
named from Genlius, an Illyrian king.] A plant 
and its flower 



gen'tile ( jen'til), n. [L. gentilis, a pagan ; from 
gens, gentis, a nation or race.] A pagan ; a hea- 
then. — 2, a. Belonging to heathens. 

Cren-til'i-ty., n. Dignity of birth : — elegance of be- 
havior; gracefulness; politeness. 

Qren'tle, a. [A variant of Genteel.] Soft; mild; 
meek : — well-born. 

gen' tie-folk (-fok), or Qen' tie-folks (-foks), n. pi. 
Persons distinguished from the vulgar; gentry. 

5en'tle-man, n. A man raised above the vulgar 
by birth,' education, condition, or profession ; a 
man of refinement and honor. 

gren' tie-man-like, ) a. Becoming a gentleman ; 

g-en'tle-man-ly, j honorable ; polite. 

pen'tle-ness, n. Quality of being gentle; softness 
of manners ; mildness. 

<?en'tle-wom-an (jen'tl-wum-an), n. A woman 
above the vulgar; a lad}'. 

gen'tly, ad. Softly ; meekly ; tenderly. 

§ren'try, n. [0. Fr. genterise, gentillece, from gentil, 
gentle, like Fr. noblesse from noble.] A class of 
people above the vulgar. 

§ren-u-flect\ v. n. [pp. genuflecting, genuflected.] 
To make genuflections. 

ge-nu-flec'tion, n. [L. genu, the knee (g. v.), and 
flectere, flexum, to bend.] The act of bending 
the knee. 

Qe-nu-flex'ion. n. Same as Genuflection. 

<?en'u-ine ( jen'yu-in), a. [L. genuinus, true to its 
genus or kind.] Belonging to the original stock ; 
native; free from adulteration; uncorrupt; not 
spurious; authentic; real; true. 

gen'u-ine-ness, n. State of being genuine. 

gre'nus, n. ; pi. gen'e-ra. [L. genus, Gr. yeVo?, 
race ; L. gignere, to beget ; Gr. yiyvto-Qai, to be 
born ; Skr. jan, to beget.] A race or family : — a 
class of beings comprehending under it different 
6pecies. See Species. 

£re-o-cen'tric, a. [Gr. yr\, the earth, and /ceVrpov, 
the centre.] Having the earth for its centre : 
— opposed to heliocentric. 

Q-e'ode, n. [Gr. yeu8r)s, earthy; yr), the earth, 
and elSos, form.] A hollow stone ; a hollow in 
a stone. 

$e-od'e-sy, n. [Fr. geodesie ; Gr. yi), the earth, 
and Saielv, to divide, to lay off in shares.] The 
art of measuring the earth : — land-surveying. 

ge-o-det'ic, a. Relating to geodesy. 

gre-og'no-sy, n. [Gr. yg, the earth, and yvd>c7-i?, 
knowledge.] Geology, or a branch of it. [phy. 

£e-og'ra-pher, n. One who is versed in geogra- 

Qe-9-graph^c, 1 Relating to geography. 

ge-o-graph'i-cal, J , , 

Qe-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. yaaypa^ia ; yrj, the earth, 
and y'pd^elv, to write.] A description of the 
earth : — a book containing a description of the 
earth ; the science which treats of the earth's 
surface. 

£e-o-log'i-cal, a. Relating to geology. 

£e-ol'o-gist, n. One who is versed in geology. 

ge-ol'o-fy. n. [Gr. yrj, the earth, and Ao-yos, a 
treatise.] The science which treats of the for- 
mation and structure of the earth, its soil, 
rocks, strata, organic remains, &c, and the 
changes it has undergone. 

ge-om'e-ter, n. One skilled in geometry. 

gg-o-mit'ric, \ a. Pertaining or according to 

ge-o-met'ri-cal, ( geometry. 

(?e-om-e-tri"cian, n. One versed injjeometry. 

9e-om'e-try, n.' [Gr. yew/u.eTpia ; yrj, the earth, 
and juerpo'v, measure.] The science of the rela- 
tions of magnitude ; or the science which treats 
of solids, surfaces, lines, and angles. 

g-eorge (jorj), n. A figure of St. George on horse- 
back, worn by the knights of the Garter. 

gebr'gic (jbr'jik), a. [L. georgicus ; Gr. yecopyi- 
kos ; yecopyia, tillage ; yr), the earth, and epyetv, 
to work; yeu>pyo?, a farmer.] Relating to agri- 
culture. — 2, n. A poem on agriculture. 

g-e-ra'ni-iim.w. [Gr. ytpdvLov; yepavos, a crane.] 
A plant; crane's-bill. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, 6, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall* heir, her; 



GEKFALCOX 



265 



GIMCRACK 



Ger'fal-con (jer'faw-kn), n. [Late L. gyrofalco ; 
gyrare, to circle, and falco, a falcon (g. v.).] A 
bird of prey. 

Germ, n. [Fr. germe ; L. germen, germinis.] A 
sprout; a shoot; a bud : — origiu. 

Ger'man, a. [See Germane.] Akin; related. — 
Cousin-german, a first-cousin. — German silver, a 
silver alloy composed of nickel, copper, and 
zinc— 2, n. [L. Germanus.] A native of Ger- 
many: — a dance combining the principles of 
round and square dancing. 

Ger'man-der, or <jer-man'der, n. [Fr. german- 
dree; It. calamandrea; Gr. x a M- at 'Spus ; x a P- at > 
ground, and <Spv?, tree.] A plant; a shrub. 

Ger-mane', a. [L. germanus, akin, or (».) a brother : 
root of Germ.] Pertinent : — appropriate. 

5'e'r'mi-nal, a. Relating to a germ. 

£r<?r'mi-nate, v. a. [L. germinare, gerrninatum, to 
bud;' germen, a bud, a germ (q. v.).] [pp. ger- 
minating, germiuated.] To sprout; to shoot. — 
2, f. a. To cause to sprout. 

Ger-mi-na'tion, w. Act of sprouting; growth. 

Ger'mi-na-tive, a. Pertaining to germination. 

Ger-ry-man'der, v. a. & v. n. [From Elbridge 
Gerry, who was accused of having introduced 
the practice, and salamander: the outline of 
one of his districts was compared to that of a 
salamander.] [pp. gerrymandering, gerryman- 
dered.] (Amer. Pol.) To rearrange electoral 
districts so as to enable one political party to re- 
turn more representatives than it is fairly en- 
titled to. 

Ger'und, w. [L. geritndium ; gerere, , to carry; ge- 
rundum, that which is to be carried on or per- 
formed.] A verbal noun, in Latin. 

Ge-run'dive, n. A participle used like a gerund; 
a participial noun. 

5-es-ta'tion, n. [L. gestatio; gesture, frequentative 
of gerere, to carry. J The act of bearing young 
in the womb; pregnancy. 

0es-tic'u-late, v. n. [L. gesticidari, gesticulatns, to 
make gestures; gestiadns, dim. of geslns, a gest- 
ure (q. v.).] [pp. gesticulating, gesticulated.] To 
use gestures; to act. — 2, v. a. To act; to imitate. 

Ges-tic-ii-la'tion, n. [L. gesticulatio.] Act of ges- 
ticulating; representation by gestures ; action. 

Gest'iire (jest'yur), n. [L. gestus, gesture, post- 
ure; Late L. gestura; gerere, gestitm, to carry.] 
Action or posture expressive of sentiment ; move- 
ment of the body. — 2, v. «. [pp. gesturing, gest- 
ured.] To gesticulate ; to make gestures. 

Pet, w. a. [A.-S. & Goth. gUan; Icel. geta. L. 
hendere and Gr. x av ^° LVeLV , to seize, are nasal- 
ized forms from the same root.] [j. got; pp. 
getting, got. — Formerly, i. gat, obsolete; p. got- 
ten, obsolescent.] To procure ; to obtain ; to gain ; 
to beget. — 2, v. n. To arrive at ; to become ; to 
advance. 

Get'-iip, n. Equipment; appointments; style. 

Gew'gaw, n. [U. E. giuegove, Local Eug. gijT-gajf, 
give and take, — reduplicated form of give.] A 
showy trifle; a toy. —2, a. Showy, without 
value; gaudy. 

pey'ser, n. [Icel. geysir, a gusher; geysa, to gush 
(q. v.).] An intermittent hot spring. 

Ghast'li-ness, n. Frightful aspect. 

Ghast'ly, a. [A.-S. gsestan, Goth usgaisjan, to 
frighten.] Like a ghost; dismal; horrid. 

Ghee, n. [Hind, ghi.] A kind of butter. [India.] 

eher'kin, n. [Sw. gurka; Dut. agurkje ; 0. Dut 
agurkken, agurke. — Cf. Pers. Jchiyar, a cucumber.] 
A small pickled cucumber. 

Ghost (gost), ii. [A.-S. & Sw. gast; Dut. geest; 
Ger. & Dan. geist.] The soul of man ; a spirit : 
—a spectre ; an apparition. 

Gh5st'ly, a. Spiritual; relating to the soul. 

Ghoul, b. [Pers. ghol.] A demon that feeds on 
human flesh. 

Gi'ant, n. [Fr. giant; L. gigas, gigantis ; Gr. yt- 
yas.] A man of extraordinary size. — 2, a. 
Large, like a giant ; gigantic. 



Gl'ant-ess, n. A female giant. 

Giaour (jour), n. [Pers. gaivr ; Turk, giaour or 
jaur; from Arab. Jcafir, an infidel.] An infidel : 
— applied by Turks to Christians. 

Gib'ber, ». n. [A form of Jabber.] [pp. gibber- 
ing," gibbered.] To speak inarticulately. 

Gib'ber-ish, n. [0. E. gibberage ; from Gibber.] 
Words without meaning ; confused, inarticulate 
talk; slang. — 2, a. Canting; unintelligible. 

Gib'bet (jib'bet), b. [Fr. gibet; Dut. wippen.—Cf. 
Svf.'jippa, to jerk upward.] A gallows. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. gibbeting, gibbeted.] To hang or expose 
on a gibbet. 

Gib'bon, iz. [Fr. gibbon.— Cf. Gr. /crj|3o<r, Heb. kof, 
Egypt, leaf, Skr. kapi, an ape.] A long-armed ape. 

Gjb-bos'i-ty., n. Convexity; protuberance. 

Gib'bous, a'. [L. gibbosus, hunch-backed ; gibbus, 
bent, — also a hump ; gibber, humped ; Skr. ku.bja, 
Gr. Kvfyos, crooked.] Convex ; protuberant. 

Gib'bous-ness, n. Convexity; protuberance. 

Gibe, v. n. [Possibly akin to Gab. — Cf. Icel. geip, 
idle talk; geipa, to talk nonsense : more closely 
allied to jab, a thrust.] [pp. gibing, gibed.] To 
join censure with contempt. — 2, v. a. To scoff 
at; to deride; to taunt. — 3, n. A sneer; a hint 
of contempt; a taunt. 

GiVing-ly, ad. Scornfully ; contemptuously. 

Gib'iets, ii. pi. [Gael, giblian, giblets.— Cf. Fr. 
gibelolte, a stew ; gibier, game ; L. gigeria, gib- 
lets.] The eatable internal parts of a fowl. 

Gid'di-ly, ad. In a giddy manner; unsteadily. 

Gid'di-ngss, n. State of being giddy ; vertigo :— 
levity; wiluness; fickleness. 

Gid'dy, a. [A.-S. gyddian, to sing, to be merry; 
gied, a song; Xorse gidda, to shake.] Vertigi- 
nous; having a whirling sensation; whirling; 
inconstant; wild; fickle. 

Gier'ea-gde (jer'e-gl), n. [Dut. gier, Ger. geier, a 
vulture.] A kind of large eagle. 

Gift, n. [A.-S., Dut., & Ger. gift.— See Give.] A 
thing given; a present; a donation; gratuity; 
benefaction :— a talent; faculty. 

Gift'e'd, a. Endowed with eminent powers. 

Gig - , »• [Fr. gigne, a jig, a shank; It. giga. a jig; 
Ger. geige, a jig, a fiddle. — See Jog and Shake.] 
Any thing whined round: — a light chaise: — a 
harpoon : — a boat. 

Gi-gan'tic, «• [Gr. yiyavriKo? ; yiyas, a giant 
(q. v.).] Like a giant; big; enormous. 

Gig'&le (gig'gl), n. [A variant of Cackle; imi- 
tative. — Cf. Ger. kichern, to giggle.] A kind of 
laugh ; a titter. — 2, v. n. [pp. giggling, giggled.] 
To laugh; to titter. 

Gig'gler, n. A laugher ; a titterer. 

Gild, i-.' o. [A.-S. gyldan ; Icel. gylla. — See Gold.] 
[('. gilt or gilded ; pp. gilding, gilt or gilded.] To 
overlay with gold in leaf or powder : — to adorn; 
to illuminate. [guilder. See Guilder. 

Gild'er, n. One who gilds: — a Dutch coin; a 

Gild'ing:, n. The act of laying on gold: — gold 
laid on a surface for ornament. 

Gill (jil), n. [0. Fr. gelle; Late L. gillo, gella, a 
Avine measure. — See Gallon.] The fourth part 
of a pint : — [For Jill or Gillian, a woman's name ; 
L. Juliana] ground-ivy. [gully. 

Gill (£il)> »■ [Icel. gil, geil.] A glen ; a ravine; a 

Gill§, n. pi. [Dan. ghille ; Sw. gal.—Cf. Jowl.] 
The apertures of a fish's head which are the or- 
gans for breathing. 

Gil'ly-fiow-er, n. [Fr. giroftce, a clove gillyflower ; 
girofle, a clove ; Gr. Kapv6<bv\Kov, a clove ; from 
Kapvov, a nut, and (piiAAov, a leaf.] A garden 
flower; stock. 

Gilt, i. &p. of gild.— 2, n. Gilding. 

Gim'bals [§im'- s H. I. Wb.], n. pi. [Fr. gemeau 
(later jumeau), fern, gemelle, a twin ; L. gemellus, 
a twin. — See Gemini.] Rings to suspend a sea- 
compass. 

Gim'crack, n. [0. E. gincraclc, a fop ; perhaps from 
jimp, spruce, neat, and crack or crake, a lad, a 
fop.] A trivial mechanism ; a toy. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son 
M 



bull, bur, rule, use. 



-C. G, 5: 

23 



§, soft ; G, Gi P. £. '«wd ; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



GIMLET 



266 



GLAKING 



p-im'let, n. [Fr. gibelet ; 0. Fr. guimbelet; Eng. 
wimble ; Ger. ivendelbohrer. — See Wind.] A small 
instrument with a screw at its point for boring 
holes : — sometimes written gimblet. 

fjimp, n. [Ger. gimpf; probably from Fr. guimpe, 
a wimple {q. v.). — Of. Guipure.] A kind of silk 
twist or lace. 

gtfn, n. [See Geneva.] A distilled spirit :— [For 
,- Engine {q. v.); influenced by Norse girma, to 
deceive] a trap ; a snare : — a machine for raising 
great weights : — a machine for separating the 
seeds from cotton. — 2, v. a. [pp. ginning, 
ginned.] To entrap : — to clean cotton. 

£rin'ger, n. [L. zingiberi ; Fr. gingembre; Ger. 
ingwer; Gr. £(.yyi'/3epis ; Skr. gringavera ; Arab. 
zunjabil; Pers. chunkober. — Cf. Tamil inchi, gin- 
ger, and ver, root.] A plant or root of a hot 
quality. [containing ginger. 

gtfn'£er-bread (jin'jer-bred), n. A sweet cake 

Srin'Jer-lx, ad. [Cf. Local Sw. gingla, gangla, to 
totter, to walk gently. — Cf. gang, to go.] Cau- 
tiously ; timidly. 

JSring-'ham (ging'am), n. [Fr. guingan; probably 
from 'Guingamp, a town in France : some derive 
it from Javanese ginggang, perishable, slight.] 
A checkered cotton cloth. 

Qing'ko, n. [A Japanese name.] A large Japan- 
ese tree. [An aromatic root and plant. 

Qrin'seng, n. [Chinese; dzhin, man, seang, form.] 

Qip'sy, or Gip'sey, n. See Gypsy. 

gi-raffe' fji-raf' or je-raf, H. ; je-raf, Wb. I.; 
j'i-raf or zhi-raf, St.], n. [Fr. girafe; Sp. gi- 
ro fa ; Arab, zarafa, jarafa. — Cf. Egypt, sorafe, 
long-necked.] The tallest of quadrupeds; the 
camelopard. 

JSi'rd, v. a. [A.-S. gyrdan; Dut. gorden; Icel. 
gyrda; Sw. gjorda; Dan. giorde; Ger. gurten; 
Goth, bigairdan : akin to Garden.] [i. girt or 
girded; pp. girding, girt or girded.] To bind 
round; to invest: — [A.-S. geurd, a yard (q. v.), 
a rod] to strike ; to reproach ; to gibe. — 2, v. n. 
To sneer. — 3, w. A stroke or blow; a twitch; 
a pang ; a gibe ; a sneer. 

pi'rd'er, n. A large beam. 

pi'r'die, n. [A.-S. gyrdel; Dut. gordel; Ger. gur- 
tel. — See Gird.] A band or belt for the waist; 
belt ; sash ; zone ; enclosure.— 2, v. a. [pp. gir- 
dling, girdled.] To gird; to bind: — to make a 
circular incision round a tree. 

0-i'rl, n. [Low Ger. gb'r, a child ; Local Ger. gnrre, 
a girl ; 0. E. girl, a young person of either sex.] 
A young woman ; a female child. 

pi'rl'hood (girl'hud), n. The time of being a girl. 

P'irl'ish, a. Suiting a girl ; youthful. 

JJ'irl'ish-ly, ad. In a girlish manner. 

Jcrirt, i- & p. from gird. 

pi'rt. \u. [Dan. giord; Goth, gairda. — See Gird.] 

jSi'rth, J A band by which the saddle is fixed upon 
a horse : — a bandage : — the compass measured 
by a girt. — 2, v. a. [pp. girting, girted; girth- 
ing, girthed.] To bind or encompass with a girt; 
to encircle; to gird. 

gist (jist), n. [0. Fr. gisle, Fr. gite, a lodging; gii, 
it lies, — third person pres. ind. of the nearly ob- 
solete gesir, L. jacere, to lie.] The main point 
of a question or action, or that on which it 
turns ; essence ; meaning. 

^it'tern, n. See Cithara. 

Jcrive'(giv), v. a. [A.-S. gifan; Dut. geven ; Icel. 
gefa; Dan. give; Ger. geben.] [i. gave; pp. giv- 
ing, given.] To bestow; to confer; to yield; to 
grant; to supply; to pay; to allow; to apply. — 
2, v. n. To yield or give way, as to pressure : — 
to melt or soften ; to thaw :— to open : — to afford 
a view. — 3, n. Elastic quality. 

piv'er, n. One who gives ; a donor. 

Qiveij, w. pi. Fetters. See Gyve. 

fjiz'zard, n. [Fr. gesier. — Cf. L. gigeria, giblets.] 
The' musculous stomach of a fowl." 

Gla'brous, a. [L. glaber, smooth. — Cf. Gr. yXa- 
<£>upds,' smooth, hollowed.] Smooth. 



Gla'ci-al (gla'she-al), a. [L. glacialis; glacies, ice: 
remotely akin to Glass.] Icy ; frozen : like ice. 
— Glacial period (Geol.), the period connecting 
the tertiary and post-tertiary ages, marked by 
indications of the action of ice. 

Gla'ci-ate (gla'she-at), v. n. [pp. glaciating, gla- 
ciated.] To turn into ice. 

Gla-ci-a'tion (gla-she-a/shun), n. Act of freezing. 

Glac_'i-er (glas'e-er) [gla'sher or gliis'e-er, H. St. ; 
gla'she-er, /.],«.; pi. Glas'i-er§. [Fr. glacier- 
glace, ice; L. glacies, ice; glaciare, to freeze.] 
A field of ice and snow, as in the elevated val- 
leys of the Alps. 

Glacis (gla'sis or gla-ses') [gla'se or glii'sjs, H.], n. 
[Fr. ; from glace, ice.] {Fart.) A sloping bank 
of earth ; an insensible declivity or slope. 

Glad, a. [A.-S. glsed, shining, glad ; Dut., Dan., & 
Sw. glad, glad; Ger. glatt, smooth.] Much 
pleased ; delighted ; cheerful ; gay ; elevated with 
joy; joyful. — 2, v. a. [pp. gladding, gladded.] 
To make glad ; to gladden. 

Glad'den (glad'dn), v. a. [pp. gladdening, glad- 
dened.] To make glad. 

Glade, n. [Cf. Norse glette, glott, a clear place 
among clouds ; gletta, to peep : akin to Glad 
and Glitter.] A lawn or opening in a wood. 

Glad'i-ate, a. {Bot.) Sword-shaped. 

Glad'i-a-tor, n. [L. for "a swordsman ;" gladius, 
a sword": akin to eludes, slaughter.] A sword- 
player ; a prize-fighter ; a combatant. 

Glad-i-a-to'ri-al, a. Relating to prize-fighters. 

Glad'i-a-to-rjji'a- Same as Gladiatorial. 

Gla-di'o-lus, in. ; L. pi. Gla-di'o-H; Eng. pi. Gla- 
d'l'o-lus-es. [L. ; dim. of gladius, a sword.] A 
bulbous plant. 

Glad'ly, ad. Joyfully; with gladness. 

Glad'ness, n. Cheerfulness; joy ; exultation. 

Glad' some (glad'sum), a. Gay; delighted. 

Glad'some-ness, n. Gayety ; delight. 

Glair, n. [Fr. glaire, Sp. clara, It. chiara, white of 
egg; L. clams, clear (q. v.), white. — See Glare.] 
The white of an egg :— a halberd. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
glairing, glaired.] To smear with glair. 

Glair'x, a. Relating to or resembling glair. 

Glaivei n. [Fr. for " a sword ;" Welsh glaif, a 
bill: akin to L. gladius, a sword.— See Clay- 
more.] A broadsword : — a battle-axe. 

Gla'mour, ) {or gla'mer) [glam'er, St. L], n. [Al- 

Gla'mer j lied to Gleam.— Cf. Glamr, a spirit 
much celebrated in Norse myths. Some derive 
this word from grammar, which in the Middle 
Ages was popularly associated with sorcery as a 
mysterious art.] Fascination ; witchery ; charm. 

Glance, n. [Sw. & Dut. glans, Dan. glands, Ger. 
glunz, splendor; Local Sw. gliinta, to glance off. 
— See Glint, Glitter.] A sudden shoot of light: 
— a darting of the eye: — a snatch of sight; a 
glimpse: — lustre of a mineral. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
glancing, glanced.] To view with a quick cast 
of the eye ; to play the eye ; to fly off obliquely : 
— to censure by oblique hints. — 3, v. a. To dart 
suddenly. 

Gland, n. [L. glans, glandis, an acorn.] {Anat.) 
A secreting organ of the body, composed of 
blood-vessels, nerves, &c. 

Glan'ders [gliin'der§, I.], n. pi. [From the glands, 
which it affects.] A disease in horses. 

Glan-dif'er-ous, a. [L. glandifer; glans, glandis, an 
acorn, and ferre, to bear.] Bearing mast or acorns. 

Glan'du-lar, a. Pertaining to the glands. 

Glan'dule,' n. [L. glandula, dim. of glans, a gland.] 
A small gland, as in plants. [glands. 

Glan'du-lous, a. [L. glandidosus.] Relating to 

Glare [glar, I. Si.], v. n. [A.-S. glser, amber, or 
a pellucid substance ; Dut. gloran, Icel. glora, to 
gleam.— Cf. Dan. glar, 0. Sw. glser, Icel. gler, 
glass.] [pp. glaring, glared.] To shine so as 
to dazzle the eyes, as lightning; to flare; to 
Maze : _to stare. — 2, n. Dazzling light or lus- 
tre; flame: — glassiness; smoothness. 

Glar'ing, a. Blazing; dazzling: — notorious. 



i, e, I, o, S, y, long; a, e, i, S, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y obscure.— Jive, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



GLASS 



267 



GLOW 



Glass, n. [A.-S. glees ; Dut, Sw., & Ger. gins. Like 
many other words beginning with gl (root gal), 
it conveys the idea of shining.] A hard, brittle, 
transparent substance: — any thing made of 
glass ; a glass vessel ; a cup : — as much as a glass 
holds : — a looking-glass ; a mirror : — a telescope : 
— an hour-glass. — 2, a. Vitreous ; made of glass. 
— 3, v. a. [pp. glassing, glassed.] To cover with 
glass ; to glaze : — to reflect, as a minor. 

Glass' -blow-er (glas'blo-er), «. One whose busi- 
ness it is to 'blow or fashion glass. 

Glass'i-ness, n. Quality of being glassy. 

Glass'y, a. Made of glass ; like glass ; vitreous. 

Glau'ber's-salt, n, [From Glauber, a German 
chemist, died 1668.] A sulphate of soda. 

Glau-co'ma, n. [Gr. yAaiiKio/ua ; yAau/cos, green- 
ish.] (Med.) A disease of the eye, — opacity of 
the vitreous humor. [sea-green color. 

Glau'cous, a. [L. glaucus; Gr. yAav/co?.] Of a 

Glaze, v. a. [From Glass.] [pp. glazing, glazed.] 
To furnish or cover with glass : — to polish. — 2, n. 
A polishing substance : — a hard, smooth surface. 

Gla'zier (gla'zher), ». One who glazes. 

Glaz'ing, re. The act of furnishing with glass : — 
a vitreous substance on potter's ware. 

Gleam, n. [A.-S. glsem, glimu: akin to Glow, 
Glimmer.] A sudden shoot of light; glimmer. 
— 2, v. n. [pp. gleamiug, gleamed.] To shine 
suddenly; to flash. 

Glean, v. a. [Fr. glaner ; glome, a gleaning; Late 
L. glena, a handful, — all probably from A.-S. 
gihn, a handful, 0. E. gelm, gleme, yelm, to 
glean.] [pp. gleaning, gleaned.] To gather 
what is left or thinly scattered. — 2, n. A collec- 
tion gleaned. 

Glean'er, re. One who gleans or gathers. 

Glean'ing, n. Act of gleaning; thing gleaned. 

Glebe,')*. [Fr. glebe; L. glxba.] Turf; soil; 
ground : — land belonging to a parish church or 
to a benefice. 

Glede, or Glead, re. [A.-S. glida; from glidan, to 
glide.] A kind of hawk. ' , 

Glee, n. [A.-S. gleow, gleo, gliw, glig, joy, music ; 
Icel. ghj, glee.— Cf. Gr. xAevrj, a jest.] Joy; 
merriment; mirth : — a song. 

Glee'ful, a. Gay; merry; cheerful. 

Glee'some (gle'sum), a. Merry; joyous. 

Gleet,'". [A.-S. gilt: root of Glide.] A thin 
matter running from a sore. 

Gleet'y, a. Ichorv ; thinly sanious. 

Glen, n. [Celt, gleam; Welsh, glyn.—Cf. Welsh 
glan, a hill-side.] A narrow valley ; a dale; a vale. 

Gle'noid, o. [Gr. yArjvoeiSijs ; yArjyyj, a socket.] 
Like a shallow socket. 

Glib, a. [Dut. glibberig, slippery ; glibberen, gUppeu, 
to slip.] Smooth; slippery; voluble; quick. 

Glib'ly, ad. Smoothly; volubly; quickly. 

Glib'ness, re. Smoothness; slipperiness. 

Glide, v. n. [A.-S. glidan ; Dut. glijden ; Dan. glide; 
Ger. gleilen.] [pp. gliding, glided.] To flow or 
move easily. — 2, n. Lapse; act of passing 
smoothly : — a kind of dance. 

Glim, re. [A form of Gleam.] A candle ; a light. 

Glim'mer, v. re. [Dan. glimre ; Ger. glimmern; 
frequentatives from the root of Gleam.] [pp. 
glimmering, glimmered.] To shine or appear 
faintly.— 2, «, [Sw., Dan., & Ger. glimmer.) A 
faint, unsteady gleam of light; a ray. 

Glimpse, v. n. [A variant of Gleam.] [pp. 
glimpsing, glimpsed.] To appear by glimpses. 
— 2, n. A faint or transitory view : — a gleam ; 
a glance. 

Glint, v. re. [Dan. glindse, to shine; Local Sw. 
glinta, to gleam ; Dut. gliuster, a glittering : 
closely akin to Glow.] [pp. glinting, glinted.] 
To gleam ; to glisten ; to flash.— 2, n. A gleam , 
a flash ; a glance. 

Gils' ten (glis'sn), v. re. [A.-S. glisnian: akin to 
Glitter.] [pp. glistening, glistened.] To shine ; 
to sparkle. 

Glis'ter, v. n. [0. Dut. glisteren, Dut. glinsteren, 



Ger. glilzern, to glitter.] [pp. glistering, glis- 
tered.] To shine; to glimmer; to glitter. 

Glit'ter, v. n. [Sw. glittra; Icel. glita, glitra; A.-S. 
glitian; 0. Sax. glitan; Ger. gleissen.] [pp. glit- 
tering, glittered.] To shine ; to exhibit light or 
lustre. — 2, n. Sparkling light ; specious lustre. 

Gloam'ing, n. [A.-S. glomung, glom, twilight; 
Scot. ' gloom, to gloom, to grow dark. — See 
Gloom.] Incipient or partial darkness; a slight 
degree of gloom ; shade ; twilight. 

Gloat, v. re. [Icel. glolla, to grin; Dan. gloe, Ger. 
glotzen, klolzen, to stare: akin to Glow'; influ- 
enced in its meaning by Glut.] [pp. gloating, 
gloated.] To stare with desire; to gaze with 
satisfaction or longing. [globe. 

GIS'bate, a. [L. globulus.'] Having the form of a 

Globe, n. [L. globus. — See Glome.] A spherical 
solid body ; a sphere ; a ball : — the earth ; the 
world : — a spherical map of the earth or of the 
heavens. [round. 

Glo-bose', a. [L. globosus.] Globular; spherical; 

Glo-bos'i-ty, n. Sphericity ; sphericalness. 

Glo'bous, u.' Spherical ; round ; globular. 

Glob'u-lar, a. Having the form of a globe or 
sphere'; round; spherical. 

Glob'ule, n. [L. globulus, dim. of globus, a globe.] 
A small round particle, as of blood ; a little globe. 

Glome, re. [L. glomus, a ball : akin to Globe and 
Clew.] A roundish head of flowers. 

Glom'er-ate, v. a. [L. glomerare, glomeratum ; glo- 
mus,' glomeris, a ball.] [pp. glomerating, glom- 
erated.] To gather into a ball. 

Glom-er-a'tion, n. Conglomeration. 

Gloom! m. [A.-S. glom: akin to Glow, Gleam. — 
See Glum.] Dimness; darkness :— dismal ness ; 
sadness; melancholy. — 2, v. n. [pp. gloom- 
ing, gloomed.] To be dark or melancholy. 

Gloom'i-ly., ad. Dismally ; not cheerfully. 

Gloom'i-ness. n. State of being gloomy. 

Gloom'y, «. Dark; dismal; melancholy. 

Gl5-ri-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of glorifying. 

Glo'ri-fy, v. a. [Fr. glorifier; L. glorificare; glo- 
ria, glory, and facere, to make.] [pp. glorify- 
ing, glorified.] To honor; to exalt to glory. 

Glo'ri-ous, a. Noble; illustrious; excellent. 

Glo'ri-ofis-ly., ad. Nobly ; illustriously. 

Glo'ry, n. [L. gloria.] High honor; praise; re- 
nown: — lustre; splendor: — pomp :— a circle of 
ays round a head in paiuting. — 2, v. n. [L. gh>- 
riari.] [pp. glorying, gloried.] To boast; to 
exult; to be proud. 

Gloss, n. [Fr. glose; L. glossa, a word requiring 
explanation ; Gr. yAwcrcra, a tongue ; also, a 
word requiring explanation.] A comment or 
exposition : — [Icel. glossi, a blaze ; 0. Ger. glosen, 
to glow; glosa, a glow] superficial lustre; a 
smooth, shining surface. — 2, v. a. [pp. glossing, 
glossed.] To explain by comment : — to palliate : 
to smooth ; to embellish. 

Glos'sa-rist, n. A writer of a gloss or glossary. 

Glos'sa-ry, n. [L. glossarium ; glossa, a difficult 
word'. — See Gloss.] A dictionary of difficult 
words or phrases, or of uncommon words. 

Glos'si-ness, n. State of being glossy ; polish. 

Glos-s51'o-f y, n. [Gr. -yAdxro-a, a tongue, a hard 
word, and Aoyo?, discourse.] The science of 
languages : — the nomenclature of a science. 

Glos'sy, a. Smooth and shining; polished. 

Glot'tis, n. [Gr. yAajxris. — Cf. yAwrra, for yAaxr- 
a-a.]' (Anat.) An opening in the larynx. 

Glot-tol'o-gj;, n. [Gr. yAtoTra, a tongue, and Adyos, 
a treatise.] Comparative philology ; glossology. 

Glove (gluv), n. [A.-S. gluf; Icel. glofi.] A cov- 
ering for the hand. — 2, v. a. [pp. gloving, 
gloved.] To cover, as with a glove. 

Glov'er, n. One who makes or sells gloves. 

Glow, v. n. [A.-S. glowan, to glow; Dan. gloe; 
Dut. gloeijen ; Ger. gluhen.] [pp. glowing, 
glowed.] To shine with intense heat; to burn : 
— to feel heat; to feel ardent passion. — 2, n. 
Shining heat; passion: — brightness. 



mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.— 5, 9, 5, g, soft; fs, js, p, §, hard; s as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 



GLOWING 



268 



GODWIT 




G15w'ing\ p. a. Shining with heat; bright. 

Glow'worm (glo'wiirm), n. A small insect that 
shines in the dark. 

Gloze, v. n. [Fr. ghser, 
to comment, to explain, 
to gloze. — See Gloss " 
[pp. glozing, glozed 
To flatter ; to com- 
ment.— 2, v. a. To pal- 
liate by specious ex- Glowworm, 
position ; to smooth 

over ; to put a fair face on. — 3, n. Flattery ; 
specious show. 

Glu'cose [glu-kos', St. J.], w. [Gr. yXvicvs, sweet.] 
Sugar obtained from starch and from fruits. 

Glue (glu), n. [Fr. glu; L. glus (glutti), gluten; 
Gr. y\ia, yAoids.J A viscous substance; cem- 
ent. — 2, v. a. [pp. gluing, glued.] To join with 
glue or a viscous cement ; to cement ; to join. 

Glu'ey (glu/e), a. Having the nature of glue. 

Glum, a. [Local Ger. glumm : akin to Gloom.] 
Sullen ; frowning ; stubbornly grave. 

Glume, «. [L. gluma, a husk ; glubere, to peel. — 
Cf. Gr. yAv<£eu/, to carve.] The husk of corn; 
chaff of grass, &c. 

Glut, v. a. [L. glulire, to swallow ; aula, throat ; 
gulo, a glutton ; Skr. gri, gal, to eat.] [pp. glut- 
ting, glutted.] To swallow : — to cloy ; to satu- 
rate. — 2, n. More than enough; superabun- 
dance ; repletion : — a large wooden wedge. 

Glu'ten, n. [L. — See Glue.] A viscid, elastic 
substance, found in wheat and other grains. 

Glu'ti-nate, c a. [L. glutinere, glutinatum ; from 
gluten, glue.] [ pp. gliitinating, glutinated.] To 
join with glue ; to glue. [tenacious. 

Glu'ti-noiis, a. [L. glutinosus.] Gluey; viscous; 

Glu'ti-nous-ness, n. Viscosity ; tenacity. 

Glut' ton (glut'tn), n. [Fr. glouton; L. gluto, ghi- 
tonis. — See Glut.] One who eats to excess ; a 
gormandizer : — a wolverene. 

Glut'ton-ous, a. Given to excessive eating. 

Gliit'ton-y, n. Excess in eating; voracity. 

Glys'e-rine, w. [Fr. glycerine; Gr. yAv/cepds, for 
yXvkvs, sweet.] A sweet, viscid liquid, extracted 
from fatty substances : — written also glycerin. 

Glyp'tic, n. [Gr. y\vnTLK6<;, carving; yA.v7rTo?, 
carved; yXv4>eiv, to carve.] The art of en- 
graving gems and precious stones. — 2, a. Per- 
taining to gem-cutting. 

Gnarl (narl), v. n. [Frequentative of 0. E. gnar, 
to snarl; Dut. knorren, Dan. Jcnurre, Ger. Jcnurren, 
to growl.] [pp. gnarling, gnarled.] To growl; 
to snarl : — to twist ; to knot. — 2, n. [Dim. of 
0. E. gnar, knur, a knot; 0. Dut. knor ; Dut. 
knorf; Dan. knort, Icel. gnerr, Ger. knorren, a 
knot.] A knot in wood. 

Gnarl'ed (narl'ed), a. Knotty; twisted. 

Gnar'ly. a. Having knots; knotty; gnarled. 

Gnash (nash), v. a. [Sw. knastra; Dan. knaske; 
Ger. knastern.] [pp. gnashing, gnashed.] To 
strike together; to clash. — 2, v. n. To grind the 
teeth. 

Gnat (nat), n. [A.-S. gnset. — Cf. Sw. gnet, a nit.] 
A small stinging insect. 

Gnaw (naw), v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. gnagan, Dut. 
knagen, Dan. gnave. — Cf. Ger. nagen, Dan. nage, 
to gnaw.] [pp. gnawing, gnawed.] To bite ; to 
corrode ; to wear away by biting. 

Gneiss (nTs), n. [Ger.] (Min.) A stratified stone 
resembling granite. 

Gnome (nom), n. [Fr. ; probably Gr. yvu>ixy], in- 
telligence.] An imaginary being ; a spirit. 

Gnome (no'me or nom), u. [Gr. yv^^y, a maxim, 
intelligence; yjwai, to know (q. v.).] A wise 
saying. 

Gnom'ic (nOm'ik). a. [Gr. yvtaixiKos. — See Gnome.] 
Didactic ; sententious. 

Gno'mon (no'mon), n. [Gr. for "interpreter;" 
yvoiv'ai, to know (q. v.).] The hand or pin of a 
dial : — an instrument for taking altitudes. 

Gno-mon'ics (no-mon'iks), «. The art of dialling. 



Gnos'tic (nfls'tjk), n. [Gr. yvtoariKos, knowing; 
yvurog, yvioo-Tos, known; yvutats, knowledge; 
yviivai, to know (q. v .).] One of certain early 
sects of heretics. 

Gnos'ti-ci§m, n. An ancient system of half- 
Christian philosophy, of many sects. 

Gnu (nu), n. [A Hottentot name.] (Zool.) An 
African antelope, called horned horse, or wildebeest. 

Go, v. n. [A.-S. gan, for gangan, to go; Dan. gaae ; 
Sw.ga; Dut. gacin; Ger.' geheu.] [i. want; pp. 
going, gone.] To walk; to move; to travel; to 
proceed ; to pass.— 2, n. [Colloq.] Spirit ; enter- 
prise :— a fashion ; prevailing mode. 

Goad (god), n. [A.-S. gad, gadu; Icel. gaddr.— See 
Gad.] A pointed stick to drive oxen. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. goading, goaded.] To drive with a goad ; 
to incite; to spur; to irritate. 

Go'-a-head (go'a-hed), a. Rapidty progressive; 
pushing; energetic. [Colloq.] 

Goal (gol), n. [Fr. gaide, a pole, winning-post; 
Fris. waal; Goth, walus.] The point to which 
racers run ; a starting-post : — final purpose ; end. 

Goat, n. [A.-S. gal; Dut. geit; Ger. geiss ; Goth. 
gaitsa; L. hsedus. — Cf. Eng. kid.] A well-known 
ruminant animal. 

Goat'herd, n. One who tends goata. 

Goat'suck-er, n. A nocturnal bird, popularly be- 
lieved to suck the milk of goats. 

Gob'bet, n. [Fr. gobet, a morsel; gobe, a bolus; 
0. Fr. gob, mouthful, gulp ; Irish gob, the mouth. 
—See Gab.] A mouthful ; a lump. 

Gob'ble, v. a. [Frequentative from Fr. gober, to 
swallow.] [pp. gobbling, gobbled.] To swal- 
low with noise. — 2, v. n. [Imitative.] To make 
a noise as a turkey. — 3, n. The noise of a turkey. 

Gob' bier, n. One that gobbles : — a male turkey. 

Go'-be-tween, n. One that transacts business by 
going between two parties : — a neutral. 

Gob'let, n. [Fr. gobelet, dim. of 0. Fr. gobeau, 
gobe'l, a cup; Late L. cupellus, a cup (q. v.)', L. 
cupella, cupa, a vat.] A cup or drinking- vessel. 

Gob'lin, n. [Fr. gobelin; Late L. gobeliuus, for 
cobalus, Gr. »c6/3aAo?, a goblin. — See Xobold.] 
An evil spirit ; phantom; fairy. 

Go'by, n. [Fr. gobie ; L. gobim, gobio ; Gr. kco- 
/3io5.] A spiny sea-fish. 

Go'-cart, n. A machine or small frame by wnich 
to teach children to walk. 

God, n. [A.-S. & Dut. God; 
Icel., Dan., & Sw. Gud ; Ger. 
Gott; Goth. Guth: probably 
quite distinct from Good.] 
The Supreme Being ; the Cre- 
ator; the Deity: — a false 
god ; an idol. 

God'child, ii. [See Gossip.] A 
child for whom one became 
sponsor at baptism. 

God'daugh-ter (god'daw-ter), h. A girl for whom 
one became sponsor at baptism. 

God'dess, n. A female divinity. 

God'fi-tner, n. A male sponsor in baptism. 

God'head.V [God, and A.-S. had, Ger. heit, Eng. 
-hood, state or condition.] Deity ; divine na- 
ture ; divinity. 

God'less, a. Atheistical ; wicked ; impious. 

God'like, a. Divine; supremely excellent 

God'li-ness, n. Piety; religious life. 

God'ly, a. Pious toward God; religious. 

God'moth-er (god'muth-er), n. A woman 
has undertaken sponsion in baptism. 

God'§-a'cre (-a'ker), n. [Ger. gottesacker.] 
church-yard. 

God'send, n. An unexpected help or gift ; some- 
thing providentially sent. 

God' son (god'sun), n. [See Gossip.] He for whom 
one has become sponsor in baptism. 

God'-speed, n. Prosperous journey ; success. 

God'wit, n. [Referred to A.-S. god wild, good 
wight, good creature, from its excellent flavor.] 
A kind of snipe. 




Go-cart. 



who 



The 



a, e, i, o, u, y, 



a, e, l, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fS.ll ; heir, her ; 



GOFFER 



269 



GOSPEL 



Goffer, r. a. [Fr. gaufrer ; gaufre, a plait, a wa- 
fer \q. v.).] [pp. goffering, goffered.] To form 
in flutes or plaits. 

Gog'gle (gog'gl), v. n. [Cf. Gael, gogshuileach, hav- 
ing wandering eyes ; gog, to move slightly, and 
suil, the eye.] [pp. goggling, goggled.] To 
strain or roll the eyes. — 2, n. A stare; a hold 
or strained look. — pi. Blinds for horses: — 
glasses worn to defend the eyes. — 3, a. Staring; 
having full eyes. 

Go'ing, /(. Act of walking; departure. 

Goitre (goi'ter), n. [Fr. goitre (gwatr) ; L. guttur, 
the throat.] A tumor or swelling on the throat ; 
a morbid enlargement of the thyroid gland; 
bronchocele. 

GbTtrous, a. [Fr. goitreux; L. gutturosus.] Par- 
taking of, or like, the goitre. 

Gold, n. [A.-S. & Ger. gold; But. gold, goud; Dan. 
guld.] A precious metal : — money. — 2, a. Made 

Gold'-beat-er, n. A beater of gold. [of gold. 

Gold'-dust, n. Gold in particles. 

GSld'en (gol'dn), a. Made of gold: — bright; 
splendid : — yellow : — excellent ; precious : — hap- 
py and prosperous. 

Gold'finch, r». A small singing-bird. 

Gold'-leaf, n. Gold beaten into thin leaf. 

Gold'smith, n. One who works in gold. 

Golf, n. [But. kolf; Ger. & Ban. koUte, a club 
(q. v.).] A game played with a ball and bat. 

Go-lo'ches, n. pi. See Galoche. 

Gom'bo, n. [Fr. gombaud, gombo : probably from 
gomme, gum (q. p.).] Soup or food made from 
the pods of the plant okra : — okra ; gumbo. 

Gon'do-la. n. [It., dim. of gonda, a boat. — Cf. Late 
Gr. kovSv, Pers. kandu, an earthen vessel.] A 
Venetian barge or pleasure-boat ; aflat-bottomed 
boat : — a kind of freight-car. 

Gon-do-lier', n. One that rows a gondola. 

Gone (gon or gawn), p. from go. Advanced; past. 

Gon'fa-lon, or Gon'fa-non, n. [Fr. ; 0. Ger. gund, 
battle, and fano, 'Ger. fahne, standard. —See 
Yank.] A banner; a standard. 

Gong, n. [Malay, gang, agong ; Chinese, gong-gong.\ 
A sort of brass drum or cymbal: — a sounding 
instrument used at hotels. 

G5-ni-om'e-ter, n. [Gr. ywvi'a, an angle, and p.e- 
rpov, a measure.] An instrument lor measuring 
angles, as those of crystals. 

Go-ni-o-met'ri-cal, a. Relating to goniometry. 

Go-ni-om'e-try, »• Art of measuring angles. 

G6n-or-rhoe'a (gon-or-re'a), n. [Gr. yovo'ppoia ; 
yovos, seed, and pieiv, to flow.] (Med.) A mor- 
bid running, occasioned by contagious taints. 

Good (gud), a. [A.-S., Ban., <fe Sw. god; Bnt. 

foed; Ger. gut.] [comp. better; euperL best.] 
'ossessedof excellent qualities; not bad ; excel- 
lent; right; proper; fit; convenient; sound. — 
2, n. The contrary to evil ; benefit.— 3, ad. Well ; 
not ill ; not amiss. 

Good'-breed'ing, n. Politeness; civility. 

Good' -by' (g'ud'biO, ad. [For God be'icilh you.] 
Adieu; farewell. 

Good'-Fri'day (gud'fri'de), n. The fast in com- 
memoration of our Saviour's crucifixion, being 
the Friday before Easter. 

Good'-hu'mor (gud'yu'mur), n. A cheerful and 
agreeable temper of mind. See Himor. 

Good'-hii'mored (gud'yu'murd), a. Cheerful. 

Good-lack', interj. Alack (an exclamation of sur- 
prise). 

Good'li-ness (gud'le-nes\ n. Beauty ; grace. 

Good'ly. (gud'le), «. Beautiful ; graceful : — happy; 
pleasant ; desirable. 

Good'man, n. A rustic term of civility. 

Good'-nat'ure (gud'nat'yur), n. A kindly dis- 
position ; good-humor ; kindness. 

Good'-nat'ured (gud'nat'yurd , a. Of a kindly 
disposition ; placid ; benevolent. 

Good'ness (gud'nes), n. Quality of being good; 
excellence; benevolence; virtue. 

Goods (gudz), «. pi. Movables : — merchandise. 



[Probably a di- 




Good-will' (gud-wll'),,«. Benevolence ; kindness ; 
friendly feeling and influence. 

Good'y (gud'e), n. ; pi. Good'ie§. A rustic ap- 
pellation for a woman, especially an old woman : 
— pi. Belicacies; sweetmeats. 

Goos-an'der [gos'an-der, N. I.], ; 
minutive form of Goose.] 
A large water-fowl. 

Goose, n. ; pi. ^eese. [A.-S. 
gos, pi. ge$; Ban. gcuis, 
pi. gses; Icel. gas; Kuss. 
gus; Lith. zasli; Ger. j= 
gam* L. anser ; Gr. XV V \ 
Skr. hansu.] A large do- 
mestic water-fowl : — a 
tailor's iron : — a sim- 
pleton. 

G66se'ber-ry, «. [But. 
kruisbezie; Fr. groseille ; Sw. knisbcir ; Ger. kraus- 
beere; kraus, rough, curled, and beere, berry.] 
A shrub and its fruit. 

Go'pher, n. [Fr. gaufre, to honeycomb; from the 
burrows of the various animals of this name.] 
A potiched rat: — a kind of ground-squirrel: — 
a kind of serpent : — [probably from its burrow- 
ing (as above) ; but its native name is said to be 
muitgofa] a species of Xorth American tortoise : 
— [Heb. : perhaps akin to Cypress] anciently, a 
tree and its wood. 

GSr'di-an, o. Kelating to Gordius ; intricate. — 
Gordum knot, an intricate knot made by Gordius 
and cut by Alexander the Great. 

Gore, n. [A.-S. gor, filth; Icel. gor, gore; Sw. 
gorr, dirt.] Blood clotted or congealed : — [A.-S. 
gara; from gar, a spear; Icel. geiri; from geirr, 
a spear. — Cf. L. gsenan, a javelin] a triangular 
piece of cloth : — a slip of land.— 2, v. a. [pp. 
goi-ing, gored.] To stab; to pierce ; to penetrate. 

Gorfe, n. [Fr. gorge, Sp. go>ja, the throat; L. 
gurges, a whirlpool, the throat ; gurguUo, a gullet. 

— Cf. Skr. gargara, a whirlpool.] The throat; 
the swallow; the gullet: — a passage through 
a mountain. — 2, v. a. [pp. gorging, gorged.] 
To glut; to satiate; to swallow. — 3, v. n. To 
feed ; to eat greedily. 

GSr'geous.(gor'jus), «. [0. F. gorgias, a gorget, a 
neck-ruff (q. v.), — later (slang), gorgias, gaudy, 
showy ; se gorgiaser, to flaunt.] Splendid ; showy. 

Gbr'fet (gor'jet), n. [Fr. gorgette; from gorge, the 
throat.] A piece of armor to defend the throat: 

— a pendant: — a surgical instrument: — the 
throat-patch on certain birds. 

Gor'gon, n. [Gr. TopyJj ; L. Gorgon. — Cf. Gr. 
yopyos, active, dreadful.] A fabled monster; 
any thing horrid. 

Go-rll'la, n. [Gr. ; from a 
W. African name, through 
the Punic] A large ape 
in form much like a man. 

Gbr'mand, n. A gourmand. 

Gb'r'mand-Ize, v. n. [Fr. 
gonrmander ; goiuinandise, 
gluttony. — See Gouk- 
maxd.] [pp. gormandiz- 
ing, gormandized.] To 
eat greedily. 

Gbr'mand-iz-er, n. A vora- 
cious eater. 

Gbrse, n. [A.-S. gorst. — Cf. 
A.-S. gears, goers, grass.] 
A prickly shrub ; furze ; Gorilla 

whin. 

Gor'y, a. Covered with clotted blood ; bloody. 

Gos'hawk, n. [For goose-hawk.] A hawk of a 
large kind. [goose not full grown. 

Gos'ling, h- [Bim. of A.-S. gos, a goose.] A young 

Gos'pel, n. [A.-S. godspell; god, God, and spell, a 
story; also for god, good, and spell, a story, 
tidings.— Cf. 0. Ger. gotspel, Icel. gudspjall, God- 
story.] The evangelical history of Christ : — the 
Christian revelation :— divinitv. 




mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 



-C. Q, 5, g, soft; p, £, p, g, hard; § , 

23* 



z ; ? as gz ; this. 



GOSSAMEK 



270 



GKAMMAK 



Gos'sa-mer, n. [Called locally summer-goose, sum- 
mer-gauze, summer-colt; in German, sommerfdden, 
summer- threads, madchen-sommer, virgin's-sum- 
mer ; l)ut. zomerdraden, Sw. sommertrad, summer- 
thread; many other similar names are found. 
There is a legend that the gossamer is made of 
the shreds of St. Mary's winding-sheet which 
fell away at her assumption.] Down of plants : 
— a thin, floating cobweb or film spun by spiders. 

Gos'sip, n. [A.-S. god, God, and sib, peace, — later, 
kindred, meaning kindred through God. — See 
Godchild, Godfather. A gossip at first was a 
sponsor or a godchild. — Cf. Ger. sippe, affinity ; 
Goth, sibja, relationship.] An idle tattler :— tri- 
fling talk : — a close friend ; a sponsor. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. gossiping, gossiped.] To chat; to prate; 
to be merry. 

Gos'sip-Ing, p. a. Tattling; talking idly. 

Got, i. & p. from get. [barian. 

Goth, n. One of an old Teutonic people : — a bar- 

Goth'ie, a. Relating to the Goths ; rude : — noting 
a style of pointed architecture. 

Goth'i-ci§m, n. A Gothic idiom : — rudeness. 

Got'ten (got'tn), p. of get. Got. [Obsolescent.] 

Gou£e (gbuj or goj), n. [Fr. gouge; Sp. gubia. — 
Cf. Gr. ko7t<.'s, a curved knife.] A scooping chisel. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. gouging, gouged.] To scoop out, 
as with a gouge : — to force out with the thumb. 

Gourd (gord or gord), n. [Fr. gourde; 0. Fr. cou- 
gourde, gouhourde ; L. eucurbita.] A plant that 
Dears a bottle-shaped fruit. 

Gourd' -tree (gord'-), n. The calabash-tree. 

Gour'mand, n. [Fr. — Cf. Irish gioraman, a glut- 
ton ; giorr, to gorge.] A glutton ; a greedy eater. 

Gourmet (gbr-ma), ». [Fr. ; said to be for gromet, 
a cellar-boy; 0. Dut. grom, a boy.] A connois- 
seur in eating and drinking; a delicate eater. 

Gout. n. [Fr. goutte, L. gutta, a drop.] (3Ied.) A 
painful inflammation of the joints ; a very pain- 
ful disease ; arthritis. [Taste ; relish. 

Gout (go), n. [Fr. gout; L. gustare, to taste.] 

Gbut'i-ness, n. The state of being gouty. 

Gout'y, «• Diseased with the gout. 

Gov'ern (guv'eru), v. a. [Fr. gouvemer, to rule; 
L. gubernare, Gr. Kvflepvaeiv, to steer.] [pp. 
governing, governed.] To rule; to direct; to 
regulate; to control.— 2, v. n. To administer 
the laws. 

Gov'er-nance, n. Government ; rule. 

Gov'ern-ess, n. A directress ; an instructress. 

Gov'ern-ment, n. [Fr. gouvernement.] The act of 
governing; the body of fundamental laws of a 
state; administration; direction; control; exer- 
cise of authority; executive power; manage- 
ment: — a state, or body politic. — (Gram.) The 
power of one word in determining the case, 
mood, &c, of another. 

GSv-ern-ment'al, a. Relating to government. 

G6v'ern-or, n. [L. gubernator, steersman, ruler.] 
One who, or that which, governs : — a device for 
maintaining uniform velocity in machines. 

GovVan, n. [Cornish growan, grouan, gravel. — 
Cf. Breton grouan, sand.] Decomposed granite : 
— [Gael, gugan] the daisy. 

Goftn, n. [Welsh, gvm; Gael, gun.] A garment 
of women, — also ot men devoted to arts of peace, 
as divinity, law, &c. 

Gowned (gbund), a. Dressed in a gown. 

Gowns/man, n. A man devoted to the arts of 
peace; a divine, lawyer, professor, or student, 
wearing a gown. 

Grab, v. a. [Sw. grabba, to grasp; Skr. grabh, 
grah, to seize. — See Gripe.] [pp. grabbing, 
grabbed.] To seize suddenly ; to gripe. — 2, n. 
A sudden act of seizing : — something grabbed. 

Grace, n. [L. gratia, favor; gratus, pleasing. — Cf. 
Gr. x.<xpis, favor, grace.] the unmerited favor 
of God ; undeserved kindness ; pardon ; mercy : 
— virtue ; piety ; goodness : — privilege : — ease 
and elegance of form and manners; polish; 
beauty ; ornament : — a short prayer before or 



after meals : — the title of a duke or of an arch- 
bishop. — 2, v. a. [pp. gracing, graced.] To 
adorn ; to embellish. 

Grace' ful, a. Elegant in manner or appearance ; 
beautiful; becoming; genteel; comely. 

Grace'ful-ly, ad. In a graceful manner. 

Grace' ful-ness, n. Elegance of manner. 

Grace'less, a. Void of grace ; very wicked. 

Gra'ce§, n. pi. (Myth.) Three sister goddesses, 
attendants on Venus : — elegant manners ; 
charms :— favor : — a game for girls. 

Gra'cious (grFi'shus), a. Merciful; benevolent; 
kind ; acceptable ; good ; condescending. 

Gra'cious-ly, ad. Mercifully; kindly. 

Gra'cious-ness, n. Mercifulness; condescension. 

Gra-da'tion, n. [L. gradatio. — See Grade.] Regu- 
lar progress from one degree to another ; a step ; 
order; a series. [Proceeding step by step. 

Grad'a-to-ry., n. A series or flight of steps.— 2, a. 

Grade, n. [L. gradus, a step; gradi, to go.] Bank; 
degree ; step : — the rise and descent of a rail- 
road. — 2, v. a. [pp. grading, graded.] To re- 
duce, or level, and prepare, as ground, for 
placing rails on a railroad : — to cross with a 
purer breed. — 3, a. Cross-bred. 

Gra'di-ent, a. [L. gradiens, gradients, pres. part, 
of gradi, to walk, to go.] Walking; moving by 
steps. — 2, n. Degree of ascent and descent. 

Grad'u-al (grad'yu-al), a. [L. gradus, a step.] 
Proceeding by degrees; advancing step by step. 
— 2, n. An order of steps :— [Late L. graduate, 
gradale, a church service-book ; properly, that 
part of the service sung from the altar-steps ; L. 
gradus, a step] a grail, or service-book. 

Grad'u-al-ly, ad. By degrees ; step by step. 

Grad'u-ate, v. a. [Late L. graduare, graduaium; 
gradus, a step, or degree. — See Grade.] [pp. 
graduating, graduated.] To dignify with a de- 
gree or diploma: — to divide into degrees. — 2, v. n. 
To receive a degree ; to proceed regularly or by 
degrees. — 3, n. A man dignified with a degree : 
— a glass cup marked off for measuring. 

Grad-u-a'tion, n. The act of graduating ; state of 
being graduated : — regular progression. 

Grad'u-a-tor, n. One who graduates: — an instru- 
ment for'dividing into degrees :— a contrivance 
to hasten evaporation. 

Graft, n. [Fr. graej'e, 0. E. graff, a scion; L. 
graphiolum, a pencil, a shoot; Gr. ypa^iov, a 
pencil ; ypa^eie, to write.] A small shoot or 
scion of a tree. — 2, v. a. [pp. grafting, grafted.] 
To insert a scion, or branch, of one tree into the 
stock of another; to insert. 

Grail, n. [See Gradual.] A book of hymns and 
prayers : — [0. Fr. graul, grasal ; Late L. gradale : 
probably from Late L. cratellus, dim. of crater, a 
cup. — See Crater] an ancient name for a cup. 

Grain, n. [Fr. graine; L. granum.] Any kind of 
corn : — a s^ed, or the seeds, of a cereal : — a 
minute particle: — a small weight: — the direc- 
tion of the fibres of wood, &c. : — disposition ; 
temper; heart.— 2, v. a. [pp. graining, grained.] 
To form with grains; to paint so as to resemble 
the fibres of wood. 

Grained (grand), a. Painted to resemble the grain 
of wood : — finished with a grain, as leather. 

Grains (granz), n. pi. Husks of malt in brewing : 
— a fish-spear. 

Gral'la-tp-ry, a. [L. grallator, pi. grallalores, a 
stilt-walker; grallse, stilts; gradi, to go.] Noting 
a wading bird ; wading. [pea. 

Gram, n. Same as Gramme: — [Hind.] the chick- 

Gra-mer'cy, inlerj. [Fr. grand merci, great thanks.] 
An expression of gratitude. 

Gra-min'e-al, or Gra-min'e-ofis, a. [L. gramineus; 
gramen, graminis, grass.] Grassy. 

Gram-i-nw'o-rous, a. [L. gramen, grass, and 
vorare, to eat.] Living upon grass. 

Gram'mar, n. [Fr. grammaire; Late L. (probably) 
grammaria ; L. grammatica, Gr. ypafx^aTiKri, 
grammar; ypdfxfj.a, a letter, a writing; ypafyeiv, 



a, e, l, o, u, y, 



a, e, i, 5, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, x, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



GRAMMARIAN 



271 



GRATULATE 



to write.] The art of speaking or writing a 
language correctly ; a system of laws or rules 
which regulate language ; a book of principles. 

Gram-ma'ri-an, n. One versed in grammar. 

Gram'mar-sphool, n. A school in which the 
Greek and Latin languages are taught : — a 
school in rank above a primary school. 

Gram-mat'i-cal, a. Conformed to grammar. 

Gramme (gram), n. [Fr. ; Gr. yp6.p.p.a, a letter 
(see Grammar), — also, a scruple's weight.] The 
metric unit of weight; 15.43 grains troy. 

Gram'pus, n. [Fr. grand poisson, Sp. gran pes, great 
fish; Nornian, grapois.] A cetaceous animal. 

Gran'a-ry [gra'na-re, P. Ja.], n. [L. granaria, 
from granum, grain (q. v.).] A storehouse or 
room for grain. 

Grand, a. [Fr. grand; L. grandis, great (q. v.).] 
Great; illustrious; high in power; splendid; 
magnificent; sublime: — principal; chief. 

Grand' child, n. The child of a son or daughter. 

Grand'daugh-ter (grand'daw-ter), a. The daugh- 
ter of a son or daughter. 

Grand-duke', ». A title of certain princes. 

Gran-dee', n. [Sp. grande, a nobleman; gran, or 
grande, great; L. grandis.— See Grand.] A man 
of great power or dignity; a Spanish nobleman. 

Gran'deur (graad'yur), n. [Fr. — See Grand.] 
Splendor; magnificence; greatness. 

Grand' fa-ther, u. A father's or mother's father. 

Gran-dil'o-qusnce, n. High, lofty speaking. 

Gran-dil'o-quSnt, \a. [L. grandiioquus ; grandis, 

Gran-dil'o-quoiis, /large, and loqui, loquentis, to 
talk.] Using lofty words; pompous. 

Gran'di-ose, a. [Fr. ; It. qrandioso.— See Grand.] 
Bombastic; turgid: — grand; imposing. 

Gran-di-os'i-ty, n. The quality of being grandi- 
ose; grandeur or pomp in style or manner. 

Grand'-ju'ror, n. One of a grand-jury. 

Grand'-ju'ry. n. A jury whose duty it is to con- 
sider whether bills of indictment should lie pre- 
sented to the court against persona accused. 

Grand'ly. ad. Sublimely ; loftily. 

Grand'moth-er (grand'niuth-er), n. A father's or 
mother's mother. [parent. 

Grand'par-ent, n. The father or mother of a 

Grand'sire, n. A grandfather; an ancestor. 

Grand'son, n. The son of a son or daughter. 

Grange, w. [Fr. grange, a barn ; Sp. granja, a 
villa, a farm-house ; Late L. granea, a bani ; L. 
granum, grain.] A farm; a farm-house: — an 
association of farmers designed to bring the pro- 
ducer and consumer into direct relations. [U. S.] 

Gran'ger, n. A member of a grange. [U. S.] 

Gra-mf'er-ous, a. [L. granifer; granum, corn, and 
ferre, to produce.] Grain-bearing. 

Gran'ite, n. [Fr. granit ; It. granito, granite, — 
also, grained, speckled; granire, to speckle.] 
(Min.) A hard stone or rock, composed of 
quartz, felspar, and mica. 

Gra-nit'ic, a. Containing or like granite. 

Gra-niv'o-roiis, a. [L. granum, a grain, and vorare, 
to eat.] Living upon grain. 

Grant, v. a. [0. Fr. graunter, creamier, to caution, 
to assure, to grant ; Late L. creantare, credentare, 
to guarantee ; credentia, a promise ; L. credere, to 
trust : influenced by Guarantee.] [pp. grant- 
ing, granted.] To admit as true what is not yet 
proved : to allow ; to yield ; to concede ; to cede : 
—to give ; to bestow.— 2, n. Any thing granted ; 
a gift; a boon. 

Gran-tee', n. One to whom a grant is made. 

Grant'or, or Grant-br', n. A person by whom a 
grant is made. 

Gran'u-lar, ) a. Consisting of grains; resem- 

Gran'u-la-ry, J bling grain or seed. 

Gran'u-late, r. v. [Fr. granular.] [pp. granulating, 

granulated.] To be formed into grains.— J, r. a. 

To break into grains. [like mass. 

Gran-u-la'tion, n. Act of granulating :— a grain- 

Gran'iile (gran'yul), n. [L. granuhim, dim. of 

granum, a grain.] A small particle. 



Gran'u-lous (gran'yu-lus), a. Full of grains. 

Grape, n. [Fr. grapp'e, a cluster, a bunch, a hand- 
ful : root of Grapple, Grab.] The fruit of the 
vine : — grape-shot. 

Grap'e-ry, n. A plantation of grape-vines. 

Grape' -shot, n. A combination of small shot 
fired from a cannon. 

Grape'-stone, n. Stone or seed of a grape. 

Grape'-vine, n. The vine that bears grapes. 

Graph'ic, \a. [Gr. -ypa^t/cos; ypafyeiv, to 

Graph'i-cal, J write.] Relating to delineation; 
descriptive ; delineated. 

Graph' i-cal-ly. ad. In a graphical manner. 

Graph'ite,' n. [Gr. ypa^eiv, to write.] Black lead; 
plumbago. 

Gra-phit'ic, a. Of the nature of graphite. 

Grip'nel,'n. [Fr. grappin; Ger. krapfe, a hook.] 
(Naui.) A small anchor; a giappling-iron. 

Grap'ple (grap'pl), v. n. [Fr. grappe, a handful; 
Sp. grapa, a clamp; It. grappolo, a cluster: akin 
to Grab.] [pp. grappling, grappled.] To con- 
test in close fight; to struggle, as wrestlers; to 
seize. — 2, v. a. To seize; to lay fast hold of. — 
3, n. Close fight : — a seizure. — (Xaut.) A hook 
or iron instrument. 

Grap'pling, or Grap'pling-ir'on (-I'urn), n. 
(Naul.) An instrument used in close action. 

Grasp, v. a. [Ger. grwpsen: akin to Grab, Gripe, 
Gropk. — Cf. Gr. 6p6.aaoiJ.ai, to grasp.] [pp. 
grasping, grasped.] To lay hold of; to hold in 
the hand; to gripe; to seize. — 2, v. u. To en- 
deavor to seize ; to struggle. — '■'•, //. Gripe or 
seizure of the hand; hold : — comprehension. 

Grasp'ing, a. Avaricious ; greedy. 

Grass,'/*. [A.-S. grsea, guers ; Dut., Goth., & Ger. 
graft; Dan. & Sw. grlis.~] The common herbage 
of fields. — 2, c. n. [jip. grassing, grassed.] To 
breed grass; to become pasture.—:;, a. >•. To 
cover with grass. [allied to the locust. 

Grass'hop-per, //. [A.-S. gsershoppa.] An insect 

Grass'i-ness, i*. State of abounding in grass. 

Grass'-plot, n. A level spot covered with grass. 

Grass/y, a. Covered with or containing grass. 

Grate, ". ^It. grata, Late L. grain, vrata, L. crates, 
a hurdle, a crate (q. r.).] A partition or frame 
made with bars: — a range of bars within which 
fires are made.— 2, v. a. "[Fr. gratter, It. grattare, 
Sw. Jcratle, But, kronen, Ger. hratzen, to scratch 
(q. v.).] [pp. grating, grated.] To rub off; to 
make a harsh sound : — to rob so a< to vex : — to 
enclose with bars. — 3, v. n. To rub; to make a 
harsh noise. [ing bars like a grate. 

Grat'ed, a. Granulated; worn by robbing : — hav- 

Grate'ful. a. [L. grata*, pleasing: gratise, thanks. 
— See Grace.] Having a due sense of benefits; 
thankful :— acceptable; delightful. [ner. 

Grate'ful-ly, ad. In a grateful or pleasing man- 

Grate'ful-ness, u. Gratitude; thankfulness. 

Grat'er. »■ He who or that which grates: — a 
rough instrument to grate with. 

Grat-i-f i-ca'tion, n. Act of gratifying; enjoy- 
ment ; pleasure ; delight; that which affords 
enjoyment. 

Grat'i-fy, r. a. [Fr. gratifier : L. gratificsri; grains, 
pleasing, and facere, to make.] [pp. gratifying, 
gratified.] To indulge; to humor: to please. 

Grat'ing, n. A harsh noise : — the bars of a grate. 
— 2, jp. a. Sounding harshly ; offensive, [freely. 

Gra'tis. ad. [L. ; from gratia, favor.] For nothing; 

Grat'i-tude, n. [L. gratUudo; grafm, pleasing.] A 
due' sense of benefits received; duty to bene- 
factors ; thankfulness. 

Gra-tu'i-tous, a. [L. gratuitus. — See Grattitt.] 

Bestowed freely; free: — voluntary: — asserted 

without proof or reason. [without proof. 

Gra-tu'i-tous-ly, ad. Without compensation : — 

Gra-tu'i-ty, n. [L. gratvitas; gratis, free.] A 

present ; 'free gift ; benefaction. 
Grat'u-late, v. n. [L. grahdari, gratulatm ; grains, 
pleasing.] [pp. gratulating, gratulated.] To 
congratulate: to salute. 



mten, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, Q, 5, g, soft; (S, £, c, §, hard; § as 7. ; ? as gz ; this, 



GRATULATION 



272 



GRIEVANCE 



Grat-u-la'tion, n. Congratulation. 

Grat'u-la-to-ry, a. Congratulatory. 

Gra-va'men, n. [L. ; from gravis, weighty, trouble- 
some] ; pi. Gra-vam'i-na. (Law.) The essen- 
tial part of the grievance complained of; the 
substantial cause of action. 

Grave, n. [Ger. grab; Dut. graf; Pol. & Russ. 
grob : root of Grave, to cut, to dig.] A pit in the 
earth for the dead. — 2, v. a. [A.-S. grafun, Dan. 
grave, Dut. graven, Ger. graben, to cut, to dig ; 
Gr. ypa<j>eiv, to write, to engrave.] [i. graved; 
pp. graving, graven or graved.] To carve; to 
cut ; to engrave : — [from Eng. greaves or graves, 
waste tallow; Ger. griebe ; Platt-Deutsch greven] 
to clean and dress, as a ship's bottom. — 3, v. n. 
To delineate on hard substances. — 4, a. [L. 
gravis, heavy; Fr. grave.] Solemn; serious; 
weighty: — slow: — not showy: — not acute or 
sharp in sound. 

Grav'el, n. [Fr. gravelle, dim. of greve, or grave, 
gravel. — Cf. Celt, grow, gro, sand, pebbles; 
Skr. gravan, a stone.] Hard, rough sand : — 
sandy or calculous matter concreted in the kid- 
neys or bladder.— 2, v. a. [pp. gravelling, grav- 
elled.] To cover with gravel :— to puzzle. 

Grave'less, a. Wanting a tomb; unburied. 

Grav'el-ly, a. Abounding with gravel. 

Grave'ly, ad. Solemnly ; seriously ; soberly. 

Grav'en.'j?. a. from grave. Engraved; carved. 

Grave'ness, n. State of being grave. 

Grav'er, m. One who engraves : — a graving-tool. 

Gravestone, n. A stone placed by a grave. 

Grave'yard, n. A place for burying the dead. 

Grav'id, a. [L. gravidus; gravis, heavy.] Heavy 
with pregnancy. 

Gra-vim'e-ter, n. [L. gravis, heavy, and Metre.] 
An instrument for ascertaining the specific 
gravity of bodies. 

Grav'ing, n. Carved work; engraving. 

Grav'i-tate, v. n. [Fr. graviter ; L. gravare, to 
burden; gravis, heavy.] [pp. gravitating, gravi- 
tated.] To be affected by gravitation; to tend 
to the centre of attraction. 

Grav-i-ta'tion, n. The act of gravitating or tend- 
ing to the centre of gravity ; gravity. 

Grav'i-ty, n. Tendency to the centre ; heaviness ; 
ponderosity ; weight : — seriousness. — Specific grav- 
ity is the weight of the matter of any body, com- 
pared with the weight of an equal bulk of pure 
water taken as a standard. 

Gra/vy, n. [From 0. E. grave, greaves, drippings, 
tallow-waste. — See Greave.] The juice of roast- 
ed meat, &c. 



Gray, 



[A.-S. grseg ; Dan. graa; Dut. graauw ; 



Ger. gran; Gr. ypaio? ; L. rams.] White mixed 
with black ; hoary. — 2, n. A gray color : — a badger. 

Gray'beard (gra/berd), n. An old man. 

Gray'ish, a. Approaching to a gray color. 

Gray'Iing, n. [From its gray color.] A fish much 
like a trout. 

Graze, v. n. [From Grass.] [pp. grazing, grazed.] 
To eat grass ; to supply grass. — 2, v. a. To sup- 
ply with grass; to feed on or devour, as grass : 
Dut. krassen, Ger. kratzen, to scrape; Fr. raser, 
to grate (q. v.). — Cf. Skr. grish, to grind; Gr. 
Xpteiv, to graze] to touch or rub lightly. — 3, n. 
The act of grazing : — a slight scratch or rub. 

Graz'ier (gra'zher), n. One who feeds cattle. 

Graz'ing, n. The act of feeding on grass. 

Grease (gres), n. [Fr. graisse; gras, fat, plump; 
L. crassus, fat, thick.] Animal fat in a soft state; 
fatty matter: — a swelling in a horse's leg. 

Grease (grez), v. a. [pp. greasing, greased.] To 
smear with grease. 

Greas'i-ness, n. State of being greasy. 

Greas'y (gre'ze), a. Oily; fat; unctuous. 

Great (grat), 'a. [A.-S. great; Dut. groot; Ger. 
gross: akin to Grow.] Having magnitude; 
large in bulk or number; chief; principal; 
illustrious; noble; grand; generous: — distant 
by one or more, generations, as gree^-grand father. 



Great'ly (grat'le), ad. In a great degree. 

Great'ness, n. Largeness ; dignity ; power. 

Greave, n. ; pi. Greaves. [Fr. greves ; Sp. grebas.] 
Ancient armor for the legs : — [Ger. griebe ; Low 
Ger. greven; Local Sw. grevar] sediment of melted 
tallow. [water-bird. 

Grebe, n. [Fr. grebe. — Cf. Cymric crib, a crest.] A 

Gre'cian (gre'shan), a. Relating to Greece. — 2, n. 
A native of Greece ; a Greek. 

Greed, n. [See Greedy.] Greediness; avarice. 

Greed'i-ly, ad. In a greedy manner. 

Greed'i-ness, n. Quality of being greedy ; raven- 
ousness ; voracity ; avidity : — avarice. 

Greed'y, a. [A.-S. grsedig ; Dut. gretig ; Dan. 
graadig ; Skr. griddhin; gridh, to be greedy. — Cf. 
Goth, gredus, Russ. golod, Icel. gradr, hunger.] 
Ravenous; voracious; eager. 

Greek, a. [L. Grsecus.] Relating to Greece ; Gre- 
cian. — 2, n. A native of Greece ; a Grecian : — 
the language of the Greeks or Grecians. 

Green, a. [A.-S. grene ; Dan. grim; Dut. groen; 
Ger. grunT] Of the color of grass ; verdant : — 
flourishing; fresh; new: — not dry: — unripe; 
immature : — inexperienced. — 2, n. Green color : 
— a grassy plain. — 3, v. a. [pp. greening, 
greened.] To make or become green. 

Green'back, n. In United States currency, a 
legal-tender note, so called because the backs 
w-ere printed in green. 

Green'bri-er, n. An American climbing shrub. 

Green'er-y, n. Green vegetation ; verdure. 

Green' -gro-cer, n. A retailer of vegetables. 

Green' house, "». A house for tender plants. 

Green'ing, w. A large, green apple.— 2, p. & a. 
Growing green ; becoming verdurous. 

Green' ness, n. State of being green. 

Green' room, n. A retiring-room attached to a 
theatre. 

Greens, n. pi. Leaves of vegetables for food. 

Green'shank, n. A species of snipe. 

Green' sward, n\ Turf on which grass grows. 

Green' -wood (-wud), n. A green or leafy forest. 

Greet, v. a. [A.-S. gretan ; Dut. groeten; Ger. 
grilssen.] [pp. greeting, greeted.] To address 
kindly at meeting; to welcome; to hail; to con- 
gratulate. — 2, v. n. To meet ana salute. 

Greet'ing, n. A friendly salutation at meeting. 

Gre-g5'ri-ous, a. [L. gregarius; grex, gregis, a 
flock.] ' Going in flocks or herds. 

Gre-nade', n. [Fr. grenade, a grenade,— properly, 
a' pomegranate ; Sp. granado ; L. granatus, seedy ; 
granum, a seed.] A little hollow'ball of iron, to 
be filled with powder, and thrown upon invaders. 

Gren-a-dier', n. A tall foot-soldier. 

Gren'a-dfne, n. [Fr. grenadin; from Granada, in 
Spain.] A thin fabric for ladie 

Grew (gru), i. of grorv. 

Grew' some (gru'sum), a. [Dut. 
grausam; Dut. grue, to dr< 
Frightful; dreadful; ugly. 

Grey (gra), a. Gray. See Gray. 

Grey'hb'und (gra'hound), n. 
[Grey and Hound.— Cf. Icel. 
greyhundr, a dog, a greyhound ; 
grey, a dog, and hundr, a hound 
(g. v.). — Cf. Local E. grey, a 
badger.] A tall dog, remark- 
able for swiftness and keenness of sight. 

Grid' die, n. [Welsh, gredyll; Irish, greideal; 
Welsh greidio, Irish greadaim, Sw. gr'dda, to 
bake or broil.] An iron pan for baking cakes. 

Gride, v. n. [By metathesis from Gird.] [pp. 
griding, grided.] To strike ; to cut :— to grate ; 
to chafe.— 2, n. A grating sound. 

Grid'Ir-on (grid'T-urn), n. [Griddle and Iron.] 
A portable grate" on which meat is laid to be 
broiled. 

Grief (gref), n. [Fr. grief, sorrow,— also, heavy, 
burdensome; L. gravis, heavy.] Sorrow; afflic- 
tion; regret. 

Griev'ance, n. A wrong suffered ; an injury. 



gruwzaam ; Ger. 
gru, horror.] 




Greyhound. 



i, e, i, o, 5, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, u, y, obscure.— -Fire, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



GRIEVE 



273 



GEOSSNESS 



Grieve (grev), v. a. [Fr. grever, L. gravare, to 
burden; gratis, heavy.] [pp. grieving, grieved.] 
To afflict ; to make sad. — 2, v. n. To ieel sorrow ; 
to mourn. — 3, n. A farm manager or bailiff; the 
principal servant on a farm; a reeve. 
Griev'ous (gre'vus), a. Afflictive; painful; sad; 

causing sorrow : — atrocious ; heinous ; heavy. 
Griev'ous-ly., ad. Painfully ; calamitously. 
Griev'ous-ness, n. Oppressiveness: — sorrow; 

pain i-^-enormity. 
Griffin, "In. [Gr. ypvty; L. gnjphus; Fr. griffon; 
Griffon, / Ger. greiff.] A fabled animal, with the 
upper part resembling an eagle and the lower 
part a lion. 
Grig, n. [Probably a form of Cricket. — Cf. Dut. 
kriel; krichd, a cricket. Similar names are given 
in various languages to insects and small ani- 
mals. — Cf. Ger. kriechen, to creep.] A cricket; 
a grasshopper : — a young eel. 
Grill, v. a. [Fr. gril. a gridiron ; grille, a grating ; 
L. craticulu, dim. of crates, a crate (g. v.).] [pp. 
grilling, grilled.] To broil on a grate or grid- 
iron. — 2, n. A grating. 
Grilse, n. ; pi. Grilse. [Fr. gril] A salmon one 

year old. 
Grim, a. [A.-S. & Dan. grim; Icel. grimr. — Cf. Ger. 
grimm, fury; grimmen, to rage: closely allied to 
Ger., A.-S., & Dan. gram, angry, and to Grum. — 
Cf. Sp. grima, dread.] Horrible; hideous: — 
sour : — surly. 
Gri-mace', n. [Fr. : akin to A.-S. & Icel. grima, a 
mask, and to Grin.] A distortion of the coun- 
tenance from habit, affectation, or insolence. 
Gri-mal'kin, n. [For gray maUcvn: maOcm is an 

old dim. of Matilda.] The name of an old cat. 
Grime, v. a. [Dan. grim; 0. Dut. grimael; Fris. 
grime.] [pp. griming, grimed.] To sully deep- 
ly; to daub. — 2, n. Dirt deeply insinuated. 
Grim'ljj, ad. Horribly ; hideously ; sourly. 
Grim'ness, n. Horror; frightfulness. 
Gri'mv,, a. Dirty ; sooty : — grim ; frightful. 
Grin, v. n. [A.-S. grermian; Dan. grim; Sw, 
griiia ; Dut. grijnsen ; Ger. grinsen. — Cf. Ger. 
greinen, to gri:_, — also, to howl ; Dut. grijuen, to 
fret, to weep: closely related to Groan.] [pp. 
grinning, grinned.] To show the teeth set to- 
gether; to simper. — 2, n. The act of grinning; 
an affected laugh; a forced or contemptuous 
smile. 
Grind, v. a. [A.-S. grindan. — Cf. Skr. gkrish, to 
grind; Gr. xP tet,, > to graze.] [i. ground; pp. 
grinding, ground.] To reduce to powder or 
meal by friction ; to triturate : — to sharpen : — to 
oppress. — 2, v. n. To perform the act of grind- 
ing; to be ground: — to cram or study.— 3, //. 
The act of grinding : — hard or distasteful work. 
Grind'er, n. He or that which grinds ; an instru- 
ment for grinding : — a double tooth. 
Grind'stone, or Grind'stone, n. A stone on which 

edged tools are ground. 
Grip, n. [Fr. gripper, to seize. — See Gripe.] 
Power of griping; grasp :— an appliance for 
holding fast :— a handle.— 2, v. a. [pp. gripping, 
gripped.] To lay fast hold of; to seize ; to gripe. 
Gripe, v. a. [A.-S. gripan; Dut. grijpen; Dan. 
gribe ; Ger. greifen : akin to Grab.] [pp- 
griping, griped.] To hold hard; to grasp; to 
squeeze.— 2, v. n. To feel the colic ; to pinch. — 
3, n. A grasp ; hold ; pressure :— a lever : — a 
ditch. — pi. Pain in the bowels; the colic. 
Grip'ing, n. A holding fast : — pain; distress. 
Gri-sette (gre ztt'), n. [Fr. ; properly a name for 
a cheap gray fabric; gris, gray. — See Grizzly.] 
A woman or girl of the working-class : — a fabric 
for dresses. 
Gris'ly, a. [A.-S. gris, horror; 0. Dut. grijseliel; 
Dan. grsessclig, 0. Ger. grisenlieh, hideous. — Cf. 
Ger. graasig, horrible; graus, horror.] Dreadful; 
horrible :— grizzly. 
Gri'son, n. [Fr. prison, gray-haired; gris, gray.] 
The South American wolverene. 



Grist, n. [A.-S. grint : grindan, 0. Ger. griesen, to 
grind. — Cf. Grate; also Skr. ghrish, to grind, 
and Ger. griitze, grits (meal). J Com to be 
ground : — supply. 

Gris' tie (gris'sl), n. [A.-S. gristle: akin to Grist 
and Grind, from its toughness.] A tough, 
smooth, elastic animal substance ; a cartilage. 

Gris'tly. (gris'sle), a. Full of gristle. 

Grist' -mill, n. A mill for grinding grain. 

Grit, n. [A.-S. greot; 0. Fris. gret ; Ger. gries : 
akin to Grixd, Geate, and Grout. — Cf. Ger. 
griitze, grits.] The coarse part of meal : — sand ; 
gravel: — a coarse-grained sandstone: — resolu- 
tion; courage. — 2, v. n. [pp. grilting. gritted.] 
To grate. — 3, v. a. To cause to grate. 

Grit'ti-ness, n. State of being gritty. 

Grit'ty, a. Full of grit; consisting of grit. 

Griz'zle, n. [Fr. grisaille, a gray color; 0. E. 
grisel, Ger. greis, an old man ; Fr. grig, Ger. greis, 
gray.] A mixture of white and black. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. grizzling, grizzled.] To become grizzly or 
gray ; to grow grav - -haired. 

Griz'zly, a. Somewhat gray ; grayish. 

Griz'zlx-bear, n. A formidable American bear. 

Groan, v. n. [A.-S. granian. — Cf. Dut. grijuen, to 
weep : akin to Grin. — Cf. Fr. grogner, to groan, 
to grunt (g. v.).] [pp. groaning, groaned.] To 
moan or sigh, as in pain. — 2, n. A deep moan 
from sorrow or pain. 

Groan'ing, n. Lamentation; a deep sigh. 

Groat (grawt) [grot, I. Ja.], n. [Dut. groot, 0. Ger. 
grote, great (q. v.): so called from its size.] A 
piece of money valued at four pence. 

Groats (grawtsl, n. pi. [A.-S. gratan, grid; Dut. 
grid. — See Grout.] Oats freed from hulls. 

Gro'cer, n. [0. Fr. grossier, Fr. marchand en grot, 
a wholesale dealer ; Fr. grosserie, wholesale 
trade; gros, large. — See Gross.] A dealer in 
tea, sugar, spice, etc. 

Gro'cer-y,, n. Commodities sold by grocers: — 
place where a grocer's business is carried on. 

Grog, »i. [Said to be from Admiral Vernon (died 
in 1757), called "Old Grog,*' from his grogram 
breeches. He diluted the sailors' rat ons of 
spirits.] Spirit and water : — strong drink. 

Grog'ier-y, n. A place where grog is sold. 

Grog'gy, a. Tipsy ; tender-footed. 
i Grog'ram, n. [Fr. gros-grain ; grot, coarse, gross, 
and grain, texture.] A kind of silk stuff. 

Grog'-shop, ». Same as Groggery. 

GrSin, n. [Icel. grein, a branch ; grcina, to fork ; 
Dan. green, a prong; Sw. gren.] The part next 
above the thigh :— an angular curve. — 2, /•. «. 
[pp. groining, groined.] (Arch.) To form into, 
or embellish with, groins. 

Groom, n. [Dut. grom, 0. Xorse gromr, a boy.— 
Cf. Fr. gromiau, an urchin, a brat. Groom is, 
however, probably a corruption of A.-S. ijinihi, a 
man; Icel. gumi ; L. homo. — See Human.] One 
who tends horses; a servant : — a bridegroom. — 
2, r. a. [pp. grooming, groomed.] To take care 
of, as a horse. 
Grooms'man, «. An attendant on a bridegroom. 
Groove, v. a. [Dut. groef, a groove ; Ger. gmbe, a 
pit : identical in origin with Grave.] [pp. 
grooving, grooved.] To cut in channels; to 
hollow. — 2. n. A channel. 
Grope, v. n. [A.-S. oi-apian, to seize. — See Grasp, 
Gripe.] [pp. groping, groped.] To feel where 
one cannot see. — 2, a. a. To search by feeling 
in the dark. [some bird. 

Gros' beak, n. [Fr. gros-hec, thick beak.] A hand- 
Gross, a. [Fr. gros; Ger. gross; L. gr-ossns, crassus, 
thick: akin to Great.] Thick; bulky: — palpa- 
ble: — indelicate; coarse; rough: — impure; un- 
refined: — stupid; dull: — fat: — not net. — Gross 
weight, the total weight of merchandise, in- 
cluding the vessel containing it. — 2. n. The 
bulk or main body ; the whole : — twelve dozen. 
Gross'ly, ad. In a coarse manner; coarsely. 
Gross'ness, ». Quality of being gross : — vulgarity. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.— Q, Q, c, £, soft; fi, #, e, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



GROT 



274 



GUERILLA 



Grct, n. [Fr. grotte ; It. grotta ; Prov. crota, cropla ; 
Late L. grupta, crupta, L. crypto, a crypt (q. v.).] 
A cave ; a cavern ; a grotto.' 

Gro-tesque' (gro-tesk'), a. [Fr. ; It. grottesca, paint- 
ing in the style found in grottos.] Distorted; 
fantastic; odd. 

Gro-tesque'ly, ad. In a fantastic manner. 

Grot' to, n. ; pi. Grot'tos. [For It. grottu.] A cave; 
a cavern. 

Ground, n. [A.-S., Dan., Sw., & Ger. gnmd ; Dut. 
grond; Lith. gruntas ; Irish, grunnt ; Gael . grunnd.] 
Earth; land; territory: — floor; bottom; basis; 
foundation: — first stratum of paint : — first hint; 
first principle. — pi. [Gael, grunndas ; Irish, grun- 
tas, grunndas : kindred with Ground, the base or 
bottom. — Cf. Foots.] Lees. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
grounding, grounded.] To place or fix ; to 
found. — 3, v. n. To strike the bottom and remain 
fixed, as a vessel. — 4, i. & p. from grind. 

Grbund'-floor (-flor), n. Tlie lower floor. 

Grbund'-hog, ». Tbe marmot, or woodchuck. 

Groundless, a. Wanting ground or reason. 

Grbund'less-ness, n. Want of ground. 

Gr«5und'-nut, n. A plant and its fruit. 

Ground' -plot, n. Ground occupied by a building. 

Ground' -rent, n. Eent paid for land on which a 
building stands. 

Ground' sel, n. [A.-S. grundsicelge ; Ground, and 
swelgan,' to swallow.] A coarse weed ; ragwort : 
— a ground-sill. [buildug. 

Grbund'-sill, n. The lowest sill or timber of a 

Grbund'-swell, n. An undulation of the ocean, 
or the swell of billows near the shore. 

Ground' work (-wLirk),«. The foundation ; ground ; 
first principle ; first stratum ; base. 

Group (grop), n. [Fr. groupe, It. yroppo, a group, 
a bunch; A.-S. crop, a knot.— See Crop.] A 
cluster; a collection. — 2, v. a. [pp. grouping, 
grouped.] To form into groups; to collect. 

Grouse, n. ; pi. Grouse. [0. Fr. griocjie, griesche ; 
probably from gris, Late L. grists, gray. — See 
Grizzly.] A kind of fowl ; a heath-cock. 

Grout, n. [A.-S. & Dut. grid; Dan. grod; Ger. 
griitze, grits ; Fr. griot } gruau. — Cf. Icel. grautr, 
porridge ; Lith. grudas, corn ; Fr. gru, gronx, 
gruel.] Coarse meal ; wort : — mortar in a fluid 
state.— pi. Sediment of liquor. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
grouting, grouted.] To fill with grout or mortar. 

Grout' ing, n. A bed or floor of cement or mortar. 

Grbut'y, a. Cross-tempered; surly; irritable. 

Grove, n. [A.-S. graf; probably from grafan, to 
cut : the word may have meant at first a place 
where wood was cut.] A small wood. 

Grov'el (grdv'vl), v. u. [Probably, by a popular 
error, from 0. E. adverb groveling, face-down- 
ward (cf. darkling, sideling, headlong) ; Icel. grufa, 
grvfla, to lie on one's face; Local Sw. gruva, flat 
on one's face; Scot, groufe, flat: akin to Grub, 
and to Ger. grubeln, to dig.] [pp. grovelling, 
grovelled.] To lie prone : — to creep low on the 
ground : — to be mean. 

Grow, v. n. [A.-S. growan; Dut. groeijen; Dan. 
groe; Sw. gro: akin to Green and Grkat.] [i. 
grew; pp. growing, grown.] To vegetate; to 
increase in size : — to improve ; to advance ; to 
extend : — to become. — 2, v. a. To cause to grow ; 
to raise ; to produce by culture. 

Growl, v. n. [Dut. grollen. — Cf. Ger. grollen, to be 
angry, to rumble; Fr. grouiller, groiler, to grum- 
ble; Gr. ypvWi^eLv, to grunt; ypvAAos, a pig.] 
[pp. growling, growled.] To snarl; to mur- 
mur; to grumble. — 2, v. a. To express by 
growling. — 3, n. A murmur, as of a dog. 

Grbwl'er, n. One that growls; an angry dog. 

Grown, p. from grow. Advanced. 

Growth (groth), n. [Icel. gradr, grodi. — See Grow.] 
Act of growing; vegetation: — product; thing 

- produced: — increase of stature : — progress; ad- 
vance ; advancement. 

Grub, v. a. [Ger. grubeln, to grovel, to dig. — See 
Grovel, Grope.] [pp. grubbing, grubbed.] To 



dig up; to root out. — 2, n. A small worm or 
maggot : — victuals. [Slang.] 

Grudge, v. a. [0. E. grucchen ; 0. Fr. groncher, 
gruger. — Cf. Icel. krytju, to murmur : akin to 
Grunt.] [pp. grudging, grudged.] To envy the 
enjoyment of; to give unwillingly ; to begrudge. 
— 2,v.n. To murmur ; to be envious. — 3,"n. An 
old quarrel ; ill-will ; envy. 

Grud£'ing-ly, ad. Unwillingly. 

Gru'el, n. [Fr. gruau; 0. Fr. gruel. — See Grout.] 
Food made by boiling meal in water. 

Grue'some, a. Same as Grewsome. 

Gruff, a. [Dut. & Sw. grof, Dan. grov, Ger. grob, 
coarse, huge. — Cf. commercial Eng. grovpli or 
grough, rough, crude ; as, grovph saltpetre.] Sour 
of aspect ; harsh of manners. 

Gruffly, ad. In a gruff manner; harshly." 

GrQff'ness, n. Harshness of manner or look. 

Grum, a. [A.-S. & Dan. grum, Welsh grivm, sour, 
surly. — See Grim.] Sour; surly; severe; grim. 

Grum'ble, v. n. [Fr. gromeler, grumeler, to growl ; 
Ger. grummel, Puss, grorne, thunder; Dut. grom- 
men, to growl (q. v.). — See also Rumble: all are 
imitative.] [ptp. grumbling, grumbled.] To 
murmur with discontent. 

Grum'bler, n. One who grumbles; a inurmurer. 

Grume, n. [L. grumus, a heap, a knot ; Fr. gru- 
meau, a clot; grumeler, to clot.] A viscid fluid. 

Grum'ly, ad. In a grum manner; sullenly. 

Gru'mous, a. Thick; clotted; viscid. 

Grunt, v. n. [A.-S. grnnian, Dan. grynle, Ger. 
grunzen, Fr. grander, L. grunnire, grundire, Gr. 
ypvC,etv. all imitative.] [pp. grunting, grunted.] 
To murmur like a swine.— 2, n. The murmur 
of a swine; a groan. 

Gryph'on, n. See Griffin. 

Gua'iac (gwa'yak), or Gua'ia-cum (gwa'ya-kum), 
ti. [Late L. ; Sp. guayacan, from the native 
Haytian name.] A resin from the lignum-vitse. 

Gua-na'co, n. [Spanish-American]; pi. Gua-na'- 
cos. A wild llama. 

Gua'no, n. [Sp. ; Peruvian huawu, dung.] The 
excrement of sea-fowls, imported for manure. 

Guar-an-tee' (gar-an-te'), n. [Fr. garantie ; ga- 
rantir, to guarantee. — See Warrant.] A surety 
for performance ; surety : — one to whom a guar- 
antee of surety is made. — 2, v. a. [pp. guaran- 
teeing, guaranteed.] To engage tliat another 
shall perform stipulations : — to insure the per- 
formance of; to warrant. 

Guar'an-tbr, n. One who guarantees. 

Guar'an-ty, v. & v. a. See Guarantee. 

Guard' (gar'd) [gyard, W. J. F.], v. a. [Fr. garder, 
to guard; garde, a guard. — See Ward.] [pp. 
guarding, guarded.] To watch by way of de- 
fence or security : — to protect ; to keep. — 2, r. u. 
To be in a state of caution. — 3, v. A man, or 
body of men, employed for defence : — protec- 
tion ; care : — part of the hilt of a sword. 

Guard'ed-ly, ad. In a cautious manner. 

Guar'di-an (gar'de-an or giird'yau), ». One who 
has the care of an orphan or other person ; a 
protector. — 2, a. Performing the office of pro- 
tector; guarding; protecting. 

Guar'di-an-ship, n. The office of a guardian. 

Guard'-room, n. A room in which those who are 
appointed to watch assemble. 

Guard'-shlp, n. A ship to guard the coast. 

Guava (gwa'va), w. [Sp. guayaba, a Mexican 
name.] A tropical tree and its fruit. 

Gu-ber-na-to'ri-al, a. [L. gubernator, a governor 
(q. ».)■]' Relating to a governor. 

Gfldfeon (gudjun), n. [Fr. goujon; L. gobio, go- 
bins; Gr. kio/3i6?, kJ)0os.] A fish : — a man easily 
cheated : — a pin on which a wheel turns. 

Guer'don (§er'don), n. [Fr. gverdon; It. gvidar- 
done; Late L. wider donia; Ger. wieder, back 
again, and L. donum, a gift.] A recompense. 

Gue-ril'la, v. [Sp. guerrilla, a skirmish ; dim. of 
guerra, war (q. v.).] Irregular warfare :— a per- 
son engaged in irregular warfare. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y,, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



GUESS 



275 



GUSTY 



Guess (£es), v . n . [Dan. gisse; Sw. gissa ; Dut. 
gessen ; Fris. gedse, gezze : related to Get, of which 
it was at first probably a desiderative form.] [ pp. 
guessing, guessed.] To conjecture; to judge. — 
2, v. a. To hit upon by conjecture. — 3, u. Judg- 
ment without certain evidence ; a conjecture ; a 
supposition. 

Guest (gest), n. [A.-S. gsest, gest; Dan. giest; Dut. 
& Ger. gust.— Cf. L. hostis, a guest, an enemy.] 
One entertained by another. [horse-laugh. 

Guf-faw', n. [Imitative.] A boisterous laugh ; a 

Gug'gle, v. n. See Gurgle. 

Guld'ance (gid'ans), n. Direction ; government. 

Guide" (§Id) [gyld, S. W. J. F. C], v. a. [Fr. gukler; 
guide, a guide; It. guidare ; Sp. guiar; probably 
from the Teutonic root of Wise. — Cf. A.-S. wl- 
sian, to guide.] [pp. guiding, guided.] To di- 
rect; to govern; to regulate; to conduct; to 
lead.— 2, n. One who guides ; a director. 

Guide'book (gld'buk), n. A tourist's directorj\ 

Guide'post (gld'post), n. A directing post. 

GuT'don, n. [Fr. — See Guide.] A cavalry banner. 

Gulld'(gild), n. [A.-S. & Goth, gild, gyld, a pay- 
ment; A.-S. gildan, to pay, to yield (q. v.) ; Dut. 
gild, Ger. gilde, a guild.] A society ; a corpora- 
tion, [the root of.GoLO.] A Dutch coin. 

Guild'er (gild'er), n. [Ger. & Dut. gulden; from 

Guild'hall, u. ' The meeting-place of a guild or 
corporation. 

Guile (gil) (gyil, S. W. J. F. (?.], n. [0. Fr. gnile, 
A.-S. wil, a trick, a wile (q. v.).] Deceitful 
cunning; insidious artifice; deceit, fraud; du- 
plicity ; craft. 

Guile'ful, «. Wily; insidious; arrful. 

Guile' ful-ly (gll'ful-le), ad. Insidiously. 

Guile'less, a. Free from deceit ; honest. 

Guil'le-mot. n. [Fr.] A marine bird like the auk. 

Guil-lo-tlne' (gil-lo-ten'), n. [Fr. ; named for the 
inventor of the improved machine.] A machine 
used for beheading in France. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
guillotining, guillotined.] To behead by the 
guillotine. < 

Guilt (gilt), n. [A.-S. gylt, a crime; at first a 
fine, a recompense ; gyll, gild, a payment.] State 
of being guilty of having violated a law; crim- 
inality ; sin; a crime. 

Guilt'i-ness, ». State of being guilty; guilt. 

Guilt'iess, a. Free from crime ; innocent. 

Guil'ty. (gil'te), a. Having guilt ; chargeable with 
a crime ; not innocent; wicked. 

Guin'ea (gin'e), n. [At first coined from Guinea 
gold'; the country was called Guinea from Jemie, 
a town on the river Niger.] An English gold 
coin, value 21 shillings sterling; 21 shillings. 

Guin'ea-hen, n. A species of fowl. 

Guin'ea-pig (gln'e-pigi, n. [Probably named 
from Gni ma.] A small quadruped. 

Guise (gTz), n. [Fr. gui*e, Sp. guisa, Ger. rceise, 
method, way: cognate with Wise.] Manner; 
mien ; habit: dress. 

Gui-tar' (ge-tar'), i/. [Fr. guitare ; Sp. guitarra ; 
tt. cithura: Gr. Ki.6a.pa. — See Cithara and Zith- 
er.] An instrument of music. [water-course. 

Gulch. )*. [A variant of Gtn.LT.] A gully ; a deep 

Gules (gulz), n. [Fr. gueules, pi. of gneule, the 
mouth ; L. guln, the throat, the mouth : it is the 
color of the open mouths of heraldic animals. — 
Cf. Sw. gnl, yellow ; Per. gul, a rose.] (Her.) Red. 

Gulf, n. [Kr. golfe; It. golfo ; Late Gr. koA$os, 
Gr. ko.Wo?, a bay, the bosom.] An arm of the 
sea extending into the land; a large bay: — a 
whirlpool : — a deep hole. 

Giilf'y, a. Full of deep places or whirlpools. 

Gull, v. a. [Corn sh, guOan; Welsh, gwtjlan; Fr. 
go'eland, a gull.] [pp. gulling, gulled.] To trick ; 
to cheat; to defraud. — 2, ». A sea-fowl: — a 
t'ick : — one easily cheated; a dupe. 

Gul'let, ii. [Fr. gonlet; gueule, L. gula, the throat.] 
The throat; the oesophagus. 

Giil-li-bil'i-ty, n. Weak credulity. 

Gul'li-ble, o. Easily gulled or imposed upon. 



Gul'ly, n. [A form of Gullet.] A ravine ; a chan- 
nel :" — a knife. — 2, v. a. [pp. gullying, gullied.] 
To wear away by water. — 3, v. n. To form a 
channel; to gurgle. 

Gulp, v. a. [Dut. gulpen, to devour; Dan. gulpe, 
to vomit : possibly connected with Gulf. — Of. 
Dut. gidp, a swallow, a gulp, — also a wave, a 
billow; golf, a gulf, a wave.] [pp. gulping, 
gulped.] To swallow eagerly or voraciously. — 
2, n. The act of taking a large swallow ; a large 
swallow of liquid. 

Gum,-«. [Fr. gomme ; L. gummi; Gr. KOfj.ni.; 
Coptic, koine.] A concrete vegetable substance 
that exudes from certain trees: — [A.-S. goma, 
Sw. gom, Ger. gaumen, the palate : root of Gape] 
the fleshy covering that contains the teeth. — 
2. v. a. [pp. gumming, gummed.] To close or 
wash with gum. 

Gum-ar'a-bic, n. A dried mucilaginous gum. 

Gum'bo, h. See Gombo. 

Gum'bdil, n. An abscess on the gum. 

Gum'-e-las'tic, n. Caoutchouc ; india-rubber. 

Gum-mif er-ous, a. [L. gummi, gum, and ftrre, 
to bear.]' Producing gum. 

Gum'mi-ness, it. The state of being gummy. 

Gihn'my, a. Consisting of or having gum. 

Gump'tion (gum^hun), n. [A.-S. gyman, Icel. 
guma, to observe.] Understanding. Wulgar or 
colloq.] 

Gum'-rash, n. A cutaneous disease; red-gum. 

Gum-res'in, n. A resinous gum. 

Gum'-tree. n. A name of many kinds of tree. 

Gun, ». [Welsh gwn, a gun, a bowl : Gallic gurma : 
perhaps for 0. Fr. mangonne, a mangonel, a ma- 
chine for throwing stones in war; or possibly a 
variant of Caxxox.] A general name for all 
kinds of fire-arms. — 2, v. n. [pp. gunning, 
gunned.] To shoot with a gnn; to hunt. 

Gun'-bar-rel, ». The tube of a gun. 

Gun'-boat, n. A boat carrying one or two guns. 

Gun'nel, n. See Gunwale. 

Gun'ner, n. A cannoneer; one who shoots. 

Gim'ner-y, n. Art of handling artillery. 

Giin'ny, n. [Guni, gouia, native Indian names for 
fibrous plants.] A coarse sacking-cloth. 

Gun'pbw-der, n. The powder put into guns, com- 
posed of saltpetre, sulphur, and charcoal. 

Gun'shot. ii. The reach or range of a gun. — 2, a. 
Made by the shot of a gun. 

Gun'smith, n. A nwn who makes guns. 

Gun'stock, n. Wood in which a gun is fixed. 

Gun'wale (commonly pronounced gun'nel), ( /. Prob- 
ably the u-ole or beam from which a gun was dis- 
charged.] (NauL) Upper part of a ship's side. 

Giir'gle (giir'gl), v. n. [Imitative.— Cf. It. gor- 
gogliare, to gurgle; gorgogiio, a gurgling; L. 
gnrgidio, a gullet ; gurges, a whirlpool.] [pp. gur- 
gling, gurgled.] To gush, as water from a bot- 
tle. — 2, n. The noise or flow of water. 

Gur'nard, n. [Fr. grognard, a growler; grogner, to 
grunt (q. v.) ; from the noise emitted by the fish, 
which are locally called crooners.] A fish of sev- 
eral kinds. 

Gush, v. v. [Icel. gma, (josa ; Dut. gudsen ; Ger. 
gie*sen. — Cf. A.-S. geotan, Dan. gyde, to pour; 
Ger. guss, a gush, a shower.] [pp. gushing, 
gushed.] To flow or rush out as a fluid. — 2, n. 
A copious emission of water or a liquor : — effu- 
sive sentiment. 

Gush'ing. a. Flowing copiously or with a gush : 
— effusively sentimental. 

Gus'set, n. [Fr. gousset, dim. of gousse, a pod. — 
Cf. It. guscio, a husk, a shell.] An angular piece 
of cloth at the upper end of a shirt-sleeve. 

Giist. n. [L. gnstm, taste; gustnre, to taste: Skr. 
jiish, to like ; Gr. Yeuetv, to taste.] Sense of tast- 
ing : — [Icel. gitstr; gjosta, gjosa, to gush (q. v.)] a 
violent blast of wind ; a sudden squall. 

Gus'ta-to-ry. a. Pertaining to tasting. 

Gus'to, ii. fit.] Taste ; relish : liking. 

Gus'ty, a. Stoi 



stormy; tempestuous; windy. 



mien, sir ; mQve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, <>, c, £, soft; p, p, p, £, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



GUT 



276 



HACK 



Gut, n. [A.-S. gut, a gut, a channel ; Sw. gjnta, a 
null-channel; Dan. gyde, a lane; Ger. gosse, a 
drain : root of Gush.] The intestinal canal of 
an animal ; an intestine : — a passage : — catgut : 
— a stout cord made from the entrails of silk- 
worms. — 2, v. a. [pp. gutting, gutted.] To evis- 
cerate : — to plunder. 

Gut'ta, n. ; pi. Gflt'tae. [L.] A drop.— (Arch.) A 
little cone in the form of a bell. 

Giit'ta-per'cha, n. [Malay guita, gum, and percha, 
the name of a species of tree.] A substance much 
used in the arts, obtained from the juice of a 
tree found in some of the Asiatic islands. 

Gut'ter, «. [Fr. goidliere ; fcp. golera ; Fr. goutte, 
L. gutta, a drop : originally the gutter was an 
eaves-trough.] A passage for water ; a channel. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. guttering, guttered.] To cut in 
small hollows. 

Gut'tur-al, a. [L. gutturalis ; guttur, the throat.] 
Belonging to the throat. — 2, n. A letter pro- 
nounced chiefly in the throat, as the Greek \- 

Guy (§i), n. [Sp. Quia, a guy, a guide (>j. v.). 
Guy, in the sense of a "fright," is s<> named 
from the effigies of Guy Fawkes, burned on the 
5th of November in England. Guy, as a proper 
name, is the same as Guido, L. Vitus.] A rope 
used for lifting; a stay-line or rod; a sort of 
tackle : — a fright; a dowdy. [Colloq.] — 2, v. a. 
[pp. guying, guyed.] To act as a guy or stay- 
line : — to vex or make ridiculous. 

Guz'zle (guz'zl), v. n. & v. a. [0. Fr. gouziller, 
gosiller, Fr. gosier, the gullet. — Cf. It. gozzo, the 
throat, the crop.] [pp. guzzling, guzzled.] To 
drink greedily. 

Guz'zler, n. An immoderate drinker. 

g-ym-na'si-um ( jim-na/zhe-um), u. [L. ; Gr. yvfi- 
vdcriov ; yvfxvd^eiv, to exercise naked ; yvixvas, 
yvjuvo?, naked.] L. pi. Gym-na/si-a ; Eng. 
gym-na'si-ums. A place for athletic exercises : 
— a seminary ; a school of high grade. 

gym'nast, n. [Gr. yuju.va.o-T77s.] One who teaches 
or practises athletic exercises. 

gym-nas'tic, a. [Gr. yv^vaariKos.] Kelating to 
gymnastics ; athletic. 



gym-nas'tics, n. pi. The art of applying gym- 
nastic exercises; athletic exercises. 

gym'no- (jim'no). A prefix to several words of 
Greek origin, implying nakedness. 

gym-nos'o-phist, n. [Gr. yvp.vo<;, naked, and 
<ro</)6s, wise ; <ro</>itrTrjs, a sophist.] An Indian 
philosopher. 

gym'no-sperm, n. [Gr. yu/uvos, naked, and 
a-rrepfj.a, seed.] A plant having naked seeds. 

gym-no-sper'mous, a. Having naked seeds. 

gyn-se-col'o-gist, n. One versed in gynaecology. 

gyn-ae-col'o-gy, n. [Gr. yvvrj, yvvaiKo<;, a woman, 
and Aoyos, a treatise.] That department of sci- 
ence which treats of the female constitution. 

gyp'se-ous, a. Relating to gypsum. 

gyp' sum, n. [L. gypsum, Gr. yui//o?, chalk; Per. 
jabsin, lime; Arab. jibs, plaster.] Plaster-stone; 
a sulphate of lime. 

GYP'sy, n.; pi. gyp'sies. [From Egypt, once 
supposed to be the original home of the Gypsies.] 
One of a wandering race of people : — a strolling 
beggar ; a fortune-teller. 

gy'rant, a. Gyrating; gyral. 

gy'rate, v. n. [L. gyrare, gyratum, to turn ; grirus, 
Gr. yupos, a ring.] [^.gyrating, gyrated.] To 
turn round ; to whirl. 

(Jry-ra'tion, n. The act of turning about. 

gry-ra'tion-al, a. Of or pertaining to, or charac- 
terized' by,' gyration. 

9y'ra-to-ry, a. Moving round ; ro- 
tatory". 

Gyre (jir), n. [Gr. yupos, a ring.] 
A circle or circular motion. 

gyVfal-con, n. See Gerfalcon. 

Qy'ro-scope, u. [Gr. yupos, a circle, 
and (TKOirelv, to view.] An instru- 
ment for exhibiting certain effects 
of revolution or rotation. 

gyve, n. ; pi. gyves. [Welsh, gefyn; 

Gael, geimheal: root of Celt, gabh, Gyroscope. 
to take.] A fetter; a chain for 
the legs or limbs; — used commonly in the plu- 
ral. — 2, v. a. [pp. gyving, gyved.] To fetter; 
to shackle. 




H. 



His a note of aspiration, or mark of a strong 
breathing; and it is, by some, accounted no 
letter. [delight. 

Ha, interj. An expression of wonder, surprise, or 

Ha'be-as cbr'pus, n. [L. for "you may, or do 
you, take the body."] (Law.) A writ bringing 
an imprisoned person before a court with a view 
to his discharge on bail. 

Hab'er-dash, v. n. [pp. haberdashing, haber- 
dashed.] To deal in small wares or in a small 
way. 

Hab'er-dash-er, n. [0. Fr. hafertas, a kind of 
cloth ; 0. feel, hapurtask, trumpery, — at first 
probably pedlers' wares. — Cf. Icel. haprtask, a 
haversack (q. v.).~\ A dealer in small wares. 

Hab'er-dash-er-y, n. Small goods or wares. 

Ha-ber'fe-on, n. [0. Fr. haubergeon, dim. of hau- 
berc, a hauberk (q. v.).] Armor for the breast. 

Ha-bil'i-ment, n. [Fr. habillement, clothing; ha- 
biller, to dress, to fit out ; habile, ready ; L. habilis, 
fit; habere, to have.] Dress; clothes; garment. 

Hab'it, n. [Fr. habit, a garment,— formerly, a 
custom, a practice ; L. habitus, condition, habit, 
attire; habere, habitum, to have.] The effect of 
a frequent repetition of the same act : — usual 
practice; custom; inveterate use; usage: — con- 
stitution; state of any thing: — dress; garb. — 
2, v. a. [pp. habiting, habited.] To dress; to 
accoutre ; to array. 



Hab-i-ta-bil'i-ty, n. State of being inhabitable. 

Hab'i-ta-ble,'«. '[L. habitabilis ; habitare, to dwell, 
to inhabit, frequentative of habere, to have, to 
hold.] Capable of being dwelt in. 

Hab'i-tan-cy, n. (Law.) Legal settlement. 

Hab'i-tant, n. [Fr.] An inhabitant. 

Hab'i-tat, n. [L. for "he, she, or it dwells."] 
The place of the natural growth of plants, ani- 
mals, insects, &c. 

Hab-i-ta'tion, n. [L. habitatio.— See Habitable.] 
Place of abode ; dwelling. 

Hab'it-ed, a. Clothed :— accustomed ; usual. 

Ha-bit'u-al (ha-bit'yu-al ), a. [Fr. hnbituel; Late 
L. habilualis.]' Being "in constant use ; custom- 
ary; constant; common. 

Ha-bit'ii-al-ly, ad. Customarily ; by habit. 

Ha-bit'u-ate, v. a. [L. hubituare, habituatum. — See 
Habit,] [pp. habituating, habituated.] To 
make habitual ; to accustom ; to make familiar. 

Hab'i-tude, n. Long custom ; habit; state. 

HabituS (a-be-tu-a), n. [Fr.] One who frequents 
a place. 

Hack, v. a. [A.-S. haccan; Dut. hakken; Dan. 
hakke; Scot, hag; Ger. hacken; Fr. hacher. — See 
Hatchet.] [pp. hacking, hacked.] To cut ; to 
chop; to cut clumsily. — 2, «. A notch ; a cut : — 
[see Hackney] a horse kept for hire : — a hack- 
ney ; a hackney-coach : — a writer for hire. — 3, a. 
Hired ; mercenary ; venal. — 4, v. w. To be venal : 



a, e, I, 5, 5, y, long ; a, e, I, 5, fi, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, hen 



HACKBEREY 



277 



HALLELUJAH 



— [Imitative. — See Hawk ; Welsh Jiochi; Magyar 
Jiak] to cough. 

Ha.ck'ber-ry,«i. [Haw and Beery. — Cf. A.-S. haga, 
a haw, a hedge.] A species of tree and its fruit. 

Hack'but, ) w- [0. Fr. haquebuie; l>ut. haakbus. — 

Hag'bui, j See Arquebuse.] A mediaeval very 
heavy arquebuse fired from a hook or forked rest. 

Hac'kle, v. a. [See Heckle.] [pp. hackling, 
hackled.] To dress flax; to hatchel. — 2, n. A 
comb for dressing flax; hatchel: — a pointed 
feather. [American larch. 

Hack'ma-tack, n. [Native American name.] The 

Hack'ney (hak'ne), n. [Sp. hacanea; haca, a pony ; 
It. chinea, acchinea; 0. Fr. hacquente; 0. Dut. 
hackeneye: origin doubtful.] A nag; a hired 
horse : — a drudge : — a hireling : — a prostitute : — 
any thing let out for hire, as a carriage ; a hack. 
— 2, a. Much used ; let out for hire. — 3, v. a. [pp. 
hackneying, hackneyed.] To use much ; to inure. 

Hack'ney-coach, n. A carriage let for hire. 

Hack'neyed (hak'nid), p. a. Much used; trite. 

Had, i. '& p. of have. 

Had'dock, n. [Gael, adag ; Irish, codog; Fr. hadot, 
hadec: probably a dim. of Cod (q. v.).] A sea- 
fish of the cod kind. 

Hade, n. [A.-S. heald, inclined, heeled; hyldan, 
to incline; Ger. halde, Dan. held, slope. — See 
Heel.] The steep descent of a shaft ; descent : — 
the dip of a mineral vein. — 2, v. u. [pp. hading, 
haded.] (Mining.) To deviate from the vertical ; 
to slope, as a vein or lode. 

Ha'des, n. [Gr. a'Srys, said to be from a privative, 
and iSetV, to see.] The place of departed spirits. 

Haem'or-rhafe, n. Same as Hemorrhage. 

Haft, w. [A.-S. hfeft; Dut. & Ger. heft: root of 
Have.] A handle; a hilt. 

Hagr, n. [A.-S. hsegtesse; Ger. hexe. — Cf. Dut. 
haagtis, a lizard, from haag, a hedge. The idea 
seems to be that of a woman who lives among 
the hedges.] A witch ; a fury : — an ugly woman. 
-2, v. a. [pp. hagging, bagged.] To torment; 
to harass with vain terror. , 

Hag'but, n. See Hackbut. 

Hag'gard, a. [Probably meaning nag-Mke ; Ger. 
hager, lean.] Lean; pale; ugly; deformed: — 
wild. — 2, n. [Ger. hagard, a hawk ; hag, a hedge ; 
or perhaps akin to Hawk.] A species of hawk : 
— any thing ugly :— [from hag, a hedge] a stack- 
yard ; an enclosure. 

Hag'gard-ly, ad. De formed ly ; pallidly. 

Hag'fis, n. [Fr. hachis, a hash (q. v.).] A Scotch 
dish of chopped meat. 

Hag'gHsh, a. Like a hag; deformed; horrid. 

Hag'gie, v. a. [Dim. or frequentative of Hack.] 
[pp. haggling, haggled.] To cut; to chop; to 
mangle. — 2, u. n. To be difficult in a bargain ; 
to higgle. 

Hag'gler, n. One who haggles; a higgler. 

Ha-gi-og'ra-pher, n. [Gr. ayi.6ypa.fya, holy writ- 
ings; ayi'o?, holy, and ypdfyeiv, to write.] A 
holy writer. 

Ha-gi-og'ra-phy, «. Holy or sacred writings; 
biographies of the saints. 

Ha-gi-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. oiyio?, holy, and Aoyos, a 
treatise.] A treatise on the saints. 

Hah (ha), interj. Expressing surprise or effort. 

Ha-ha', n. A fence sunk below the ground. 
Hail (hal), ». [A.-S. hagal; Ger., Dut., Dan., & 
Sw. hagel.] Drops of rain frozen in falling. — 
2, v. n. [pp. hailing, hailed.] To pour down 
hail. — 3, v. a. To salute ; to call to : — to pour. — 
4, v. n. (Naut.) To declare in answer to a hail ; 
to sail from or belong to.— 5, interj. A term of 
salutation; health. —6, a. [Icel. heill, well, 
sound ; Sw. hel. Dan. lieel, well cognate with 
Whole.] See Hale. 
Hail' -f el-low, n. An intimate companion. 
Hail' stone, n. A particle or single ball of hail. 
Hail'y, a. Characterized by hail. 
Hair, n. The dry, elastic filaments arising from 
tbe skin of animals. 




Hair' -breadth (har'bredth), n. The diameter of 
a hair ; a very small distance. 

Hair'-brush, n. A brush for the hair. 

Hair'j-ness, n. The state of being hairy. 

Hair' -pin, n. A pin used in dressing the hair. 

Hair'y, a. Covered with, or consisting of, hair. 

Hake, n. [Sw. hake, Dan. huge, a hook; from the 
shape of its under-jaw.J A kind of 
fish resembling the cod. 

Hal'berd, or Hal'berd, n. [Ger. helle- 
burte; 0. Ger. he'lmburte; Fr. halle- , 
barde; Ger. halm, a stalk, — formerly, 
a pole or handle (see Helm), — and 
barte, Icel. barda, an axe. By con- 
fusion with helm, a helmet, the name, 
especially in German y, came to mean 
a helmet-axe, an axe for splitting Halberd, 
helmets. Ger. barte, an axe, is closely 
related to barb, a beard.] A kind of spear; a 
cross-bar : — written also halbert. 

Hal-ber-dier', n. One armed with a halberd. 

Hal'cy-on (hal'she-un or hal'se-uu), n. [L. hal- 
cyon or alcyon, otherwise alctdo, Gr. o.\kvu>v, a 
kingfisher. The bird was believed to breed at 
midwinter, at which time the sea was said to be 
calm for fourteen days.] A bird, the king- 
fisher. — 2, «. An epithet applied to seven days 
before, and seven after, the winter solstice : — 
placid; quiet; still; peaceful. 

Hale, a. [Icel. heill, Sw. hel, Dan. heel, Ger. he'd, 
whole (</. v.), well.— See Heal.] Healthy ; sound ; 
hearty; uninjured. [See Haul. 

Hale, or Hale, v. a. [pp. haling, haled.] To drag. 

Half (hiif), m. ; pi. Halves (havz). [A.-S. healf, 
Dut. & Sw. half, Dan. hale, Ger. halb, a half,— 
originally, a side.] A moiety; one of two equal 
parts. — 2, ad. In part ; equally. — 3, a. Consist- 
ing of a moiety or half. 

Half -ape, ». A lemur. 

Half-blood (haf'blud), n. One torn of the same 
father or mother, but not of botli :— a half-breed. 

Half-breed, n. A person or an animal of mixed 
race ; a half-caste. 

Half -broth-er, n. A brother by one parent only. 

Half-caste, n. A half-breed; a person of mixed 
descent. 

Half -cock, v. a. [pp. half-cocking, half-cocked.] 
To set the cock of a fire-arm at the first notch. 
— 2, n. The first notch of a gun-lock. 

Half-crb<vn', n. A British silver coin, worth 
about sixty cents. 

Half-dime', n. A five-cent piece. 

Half-dol'lar, n. A fifty-cent piece. 

Half -doz-en (hafdiiz-zn), n. or a. Six. 

Half-heart'ed, a. Lukewarm; indifferent. 

Half -mast, 'a. At half the full height (said of 
flags). [effectual scheme. 

Half -meas-ure, n. An imperfect, feeble, or in- 
Half -m66n, n. The moon half illuminated. 

Half -note, n. A minim in music. 

Half -pen-ny (ha'pen-ne, hap'pen-ne, or hafpgn- 
ne), n. ; pi. Half -pence (ha'pens or bafpens), 
or Half-pen-nies (or ha'pen-nez). A copper 
coin worth half a penny. 

Half -pike, n. A pike carried by officers. 

Half-sis' ter, »/. A sister by one parent only. 

Half-way, w. Half the distance. — 2, a. Equi- 
distant ; in the middle. 

Half -wit-ted (haf wit-ted), a. Foolish. 

Hal'i-but (hoi'-), n. [Dut. heilbot; heilig, holy, 
and bot,. Ger. butte, a flounder.] A large, flat 
sea-fish. 

Hail, n. [A.-S. hal, heall; Dut. hal; Icel. & 0. Sw. 
hall : root of A.-S. helan, to cover. — Cf. Ger. halle, 
and Skr. gala, a mansion. — See Cell. It is dis- 
tinct from L. aula, a hall.] A large room for 
the transaction of public business ; a large pub- 
lic room : — a manor-house : — an entry ; a vesti- 
bule : — a collegiate body in a university. 

Hal-le-lu'jah (bal-le-lu'ya), n. [Heb., Praise ye 
the Lord.] A song of thanksgiving. 



mien, sir; m6ve, nor, sSn; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, <?,$,§, soft; p, £}, p, § , hard ; sasz; $ 

24 



gz ; this. 



HALLIAKDS 



278 



HANDY 



Hall'iards (hal'yardz), n. pi. [Haul (Hale) and 
Yard.] (Xaut.) Hopes or tackle to hoist or lower 
yards, &c. 

Hal-loo', iuterj. [A simple interjection. — Cf. Ger. 
halo; Fr. huro ; A.-S. eula.] Expressing call. — 
2, v. n. [pp. hallooing, hallooed.] To cry out. 
— 3, v. a. To encourage with shouts; to chase 
with shouts; to call to. — 4, n. A loud call. 

Hal'low (hal'lo), v. a. [A.-S. halig, holy; hulgiah, 
to make holy.] [pp. hallowing, hallowed.] To 
consecrate ; to make holy ; to sanctify ; to rev- 
erence as holy. 

Hal-low-een', re. [Originally, halowene was the 
genitive plural of O. E. halo we, a saint, and sig- 
nified of the saints; later, it signified the eve 
(colloq. Scut, e'en) or evening preceding the 
feast of All Saints.] The evening before Hal- 
lowmas. 

Hal'low-mas, n. [0. E. alle halowene tyd, all saints' 
time; A.-S. halig, holy, halga, a saint, and Mass 
(q. ».).] The feast of All Saints. 

Hal-lu-ci-na'tion, n. [L. ulncinutio ; aliiciuari, to 
wander in mind; Gr. aXveiv, aAvcrcreii'.] A dis- 
eased imagination ; a delirium : — error ; blun- 
der; mistake. 

Ha'io, b.; pi. Ha'los. [L. halos ; Gr. aA«>s, liter- 
ally, a round threshing-floor.] A bright circle 
round the sun or moon ; a glory. 

Ha'lbid, )i. [Gr. aAs, ciAos, salt, and elSos, form.] 
(Chem.) A species of salt. — 2, a. Like com- 
mon salt. 

Halt, v. n. [A.-S. healtian.] [pp. halting, halted.] 
To limp : — [Ger. halt en, to hold, to make a halt ; 
halt, a halt. — See Hold] to stop; to hesitate. — 
2, v. a. To cause to stop. — 3, a. [A.-S. healt; 
Dan. & Sw. halt.] Lame; crippled. — i, n. The 
act of limping : — a stop in a march. 

Hal'ter, n. [A.-S. healfter ; Ger. halfter.] A rope 
to hang malefactors with : — a sort of bridle. — 
2, v. a. [pp. haltering, haltered.] To bind with 
a halter. 

Halve (hav), v. a. [pp. halving, halved.] To 
divide into two equal parts. 

Halve§ (havz), ». The plural of half. 

Hal'yards, re. pi. See Halliards. 

Ham, n. [A.-S. hamm; Dut. ham ; Icel. horn, a 
haunch. — Cf. JPr.fambe; It. gamba; L. gamba, 
a hock; Gr. /ca/u.7rij, a bend.] The hip: — the 
thigh of a hog salted. 

Ham'a-dry-ad, n. [Gr. pi. 'A/uaSpvaSes ; &M a , 
with (see 'Same), and opus, a tree (q. ».).] A 
wood-nymph. 

Hames, n. pi. [Walloon hene, a splint; Flem. 
haem, a horse-collar. — Cf. Fr. humegon, a hook.] 
A frame attached to a horse-collar. 

Ham'let, n. [Anglo-Fr. hamelet; 0. Fr. humel; 
Fr. h'ameau: root of Home.] A small village. 

Ham'mer, b. [A.-S. humor; Dan. & Ger. hammer; 
Dut. h'anier.] An instrument for driving nails. — 
2, v. a. [pp. hammering, hammered.] To beat 
or form with a hammer. — 3, v. n. To work ; to 
be busy. 

Ham'mer-cloth, n. [Dut. hemel, Ger. himmel, a 
covering (later, heaven), and Cloth.] Cloth 
covering a coach-box. 

Ham'mock, n. [Sp. hamaco ; a West-Indian 
name.] A swinging bed : — a fertile tract. 

Ham' per. n. [0. E. hanaper, Late L. hunaperium, 
a basket. — Cf. A.-S. hnsep, Dut. nap, Ger. napf, 
Eng. nappy, a dish, a basin.] A large basket ; 
a kind of fetter. — 2, v. a. [Etymology unknown. 
— Cf. Scot, hamp, to stumble, to halt, to go limp; 
A.-S. hamelian, 0. E. humble, to mutilate. Prob- 
ably related to Ham and Hamstring.] [pp. 
hampering, hampered.] To shackle; to entan- 
gle ; to ensnare ; to fetter; to put into a hamper. 

Ham'ster, n. [Ger. & Fr.] An animal of the rat 
tribe. ' 

Ham'string, n. The tendon of the ham. — 2, v. a. 
[i. hamstrung; pp. hamstringing, hamstrung.] 
To lame by cutting the tendon of the ham. 



Han'a-per, n. [See Hamper.] A hamper :— a 
treasury. 

Hand, n. [A.-S., Dan., Sw., & Ger. hand; Dut. 
haand: root of Goth, hinthan, to seize.— Cf. L. 
prehendere, to grasp.] The palm with the fin- 
gers :— a measure of four inches ; a palm ; an 
index, as of a clock : — manner of writing :— side, 
right or left : — a person employed ; a workman : 
— agency. — 2, v. a. [pp. handing, handed.] To 
give or transmit :— to guide or lead. 

Hand' -bar-row, n. A frame carried by hand. 

Hand'bill, n. A loose printed sheet. 

Hand'-book (hand'buk), n. A manual. 

Hand' -breadth (hand'bredth), n. A space equal 
to the breadth of the hand ; a palm. 

Hand'-car, n. A car propelled by hand. 

Hand'-cart, n. A cart pushed or pulled by hand. 

Hand'craft, n. See Handicraft. 

Hand' crafts-man, n. See Handicraftsman. 

Hand' cuff. n. [A.-S. handcops; cops or cosjy, a fet- 
ter.] A fetter for the wrist. — 2, v. a. [pp. hand- 
cuffing, handcuffed.] To manacle; to fasten. 

Hand'fast, v. a. [A.-S. handfsestan.— See Hand 
and Fasten.] [pp. handfastiug, handfasted.] 
To betroth : — to marry conditionally. 

Hand'ful, n. ; pi. Hand'ful§. As much as the 
hand can grasp : — a small quantity. 

Han'di-cap, v. a. [For hand in cap ; probably from 
the drawing of lots from a cap.] [pp. handi- 
capping, handicapped.] To assign, as to a horse, 
some additional weight to counterbalance sup- 
posed superiority : — to affect disadvantageous^- ; 
to burden; to weight. — 2, b. A race in which 
the chances are equalized by granting some ad- 
vantage in the start to inferior ones : — the allow- 
ance thus made. 

Hand'i-craft, n. [A.-S. handcrseft; Hand and 
Craft.] Manual occupation. 

Hand'i-crafts-man, n. A manufacturer; a me- 
chanic ; an artisan. 

Hand'i-ly, ad. Skilfully; conveniently; easily. 

Hand'i-nlss, n. Readiness ; dexterity. 

Hand'i-work (-wurk), n. [A.-S. hand jeweorc ; ge- 
weorc is a form of iceorc, work.] Work of the 
hand ; work done by the hands. 

Hand'ker-chlef (hang'ker-chlf ), n. [Hand and 
Kerchief.] A piece of silk or linen to wipe the 
face or cover the neck. 

Han'dle, w. «. [A.-S. handlian; Dut. handelen ; 
Dan. handle; Ger. handeln ; Dut. handel, a han- 
dle.— See Hand.] [pp. handling, handled.] To 
touch, feel, use, or hold, with the hand : — to 
manage ; to treat of; to use. — 2, n. The part of 
a thing held in the hand ; a haft :— that of which 
use is made. 

Hand'ling. n. Touch ; execution ; management. 

Hand'maid, n. A maid that waits at hand. 

Hand'maid-en (-ma-dn), n. A handmaid. 

Hand-br'gan, n. A barrel-organ. 

Hand'saw, n. A saw managed by the hand. 

Hand'sel (han'sel), m. [A.-S. handxelen, a delivery ; 
hand, hand, and sellan, to deliver (see Sell) ; Icel. 
handsal, a bargain; hand, hand, and sal, a giv- 
ing; Dut. handsel; Sw. handsol.] The first use 
of any thing : — an earnest. — 2, v. a. [pp. hand- 
selling, handselled.] To use or do the first 
time. 

Hand'some (han'sum), a. [Hand and the suffix 
-some,' as in u-insome, gladsome: the first mean- 
ing was handy, dexterous, skilful, serviceable. — 
Cf. Dut. handzaam, serviceable.] Moderately 
beautifid ; graceful ; elegant : — ample ; liberal. 

Hand'some-ly, ad. Beautifully ; generously. 

Hand'some-ness, n. Beauty ; elegance. 

Hand' spike, n. A kind of wooden lever. 

Hand' work (-wtirk), n. Work done by hand. 

Hand'writ-ing (-rit-ing), n. A form of writing 
peculiar to each hand ; :-hirography. 

Hand'y, a. [A.-S. hendig, Dut. handig, Dan. hsen- 
dig ; all from hand.] Ready ; dexterous :— [A.-S. 
gehende, near at hand] convenient. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, 6, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, x. obscure— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



HANG 



279 



HAKMONICALLY 



Hang", v. a. [A.-S. hongian, pp. hangen : Icel. hengja ; 
Ger. hilngen, henken ; Dut. hanyen ; Dan. hsenge.] 
[i. hung or hanged; pp. hanging, huug or 
banged.] To suspend; tu show aloft :— to kill 
by suspending by the neck. — 2, v. n. [A.-S. 
hongian; Icel. hanga; Ger. hangen.] To be sus- 
pended ; to depend. — 3, v. Manner of connection. 

Hang'er, n. He who or that which hangs : — that 
by which a thing hangs : — a broad sword. 

Hang'ing, n. A suspension : — that which hangs : 
— drapery hung to the walls of rooms. 

Hang'man, n. A public executioner. 

Hang'nail. n. [Hang and Nail: the word repre- 
sents, however, the much older Agnail (q. v.).] 
A portion of the cuticle shivered off from the 
roots of the finger-nail. 

Hank (hfingk), n. [Dan. lunik, a handle ; Sw. 
hank, a string; Ger. henkel, a handle; Icel. Itouk, 
a hank ; hang, a coil : akin to Hang.] A skein ; 
a tie. — 2, v. a. [pp. hanking, hanked.] To form 
into hanks. 

Hank'er (hangk'er), v. n. [Dut. hunkeren, — for- 
merly honkeren, hengelen, to hanker; Local Eug. 
hank, to long for; from Hang. — Of. to hang about; 
Icel. hanga, to cleave to.] [pp. hankering, hank- 
ered.] To long importunately; to have eager 
desire ; to crave. 

Han-se-at'ic, a. [Ger. hanse, hansa, an associa- 
tion ;' Goth, hausa, a troop.] Relating to the 
Hanse towns. [wheeled cab. 

Han'som, n. [From the inventor's name.] A two- 
Hap, u. [Icel. hupp, unexpected luck; "Welsh 
hap, good luck. — Cf. A.-S. gehsep, fit; possibly 
connected with Fr. happer, Ger. happen, to snap, 
to seize, to lay hold of; cf. also L. aptus, fit; Gr. 
a-Teiv, to seize.] Chance; fortune; luck; acci- 
dent. — 2, v. n. [pp. happing, happed.] To hap- 
pen.— 3, v. a. [A form of hp or wrap.] To 
cover ; to wrap. 

Hap-haz'ard, n. Chance ; accident. — 2, a. Hap- 
pening by chance; made or done at random. 

Hap'less, a. Unhappy; luckless , 

Hap'ly, ad. Perhaps ; by chance. 

Hap'pen (hapfpn), ,-. „. [From Hap.] [pp. hap- 
pening, happened.] To chance; to take place. 

Hap'pi-ly, ad. In a happy manner :— appropri- 
ately. 

Hap'pi-ness, n. Felicity; bliss; blessedness. 

Hap'py, a. [From Hap.] Having the desires 
satisfied ; felicitous ; lucky ; successful ; fortu- 
nate:— apt. 

Ha-rangue' (ha-r;ing'), n. [Fr. harangue; Sp. 
arenga ; It. arringa; from 0. Ger. hring,a ring, 
a circus, an assembly. — See Ring.] A declama- 
tory or noisy speech ; declamation. — 2. r. n. [pp. 
haranguing, harangued.] To make a declama- 
tory speech ; to declaim. — 3, v. a. To address by 
an oration. 

Har'ass, c. a, [Fr. harasaer; possibly connected 
with Fr. herse, a harrow, — more probably with 
Eng. Harry, 0. Fr. harer.—Vf. Lith." 
war; Goth, harjis, an army; Skr. para, hurt.] 
[pp. harassing, harassed.] To waste : — to weary ; 
to perplex ; to distress. 

Har'bin-£-er, n. [0. E. herbergeour, a provider of 
lodgings, a quartermaster; 0. Fr. herberger, to 
harbor, to lodge ; herberge, Fr. auberge, a lodg- 
ing; Ger. heer, 0. Ger. heri, an army, and bergan, 
to shelter. — See Harbor.] A forerunner: a 
precursor. — 2, v. a. [pp. harbingering, harbin- 
ger ed.] To forerun or precede and announce; 
to usher in ; to introduce. 

Har'bor, n. [Icel. herbergi, harbor, inn; herr, an I 
army, and bjarga, to protect; 0. Sw. hserberge, i 
an inn; 0. Ger. hereberga, a camp; heer or heri, 
an army, and bergan, to shelter.] A station for 
ships; a port;' a haven: — asylum; shelter. — 
2, v. n. [pp. harboring, harbored.] To lodge; 
to take shelter.— 3, v. a. To entertain ; to shel- 
ter; to secure. — (Law.) To receive clandestinely. 

Har'bor-age. u. Shelter; entertainment. 



Har'bor-er, n. One who harbors. 

Har'bor-less, a. Wanting harbor. 

Har'bor-mas'ter, n. An officer who has the care 
of mooring ships in a harbor. 

Hard, a. [A.-S. heard; Dut. hard; Dan. hoard; 
Ger. hart; Goth, hardus. — Cf. Gr. Kparvs, strong.] 
Not easy to be pierced, penetrated, or com- 
pressed; firm; solid; not soft: — difficult; pain- 
ful ; laborious : — rigorous ; severe ; unkind : — 
insensible ; obdurate : — impregnated with salts. 
— 2, ad. Close; near; laboriously. 

Hard'en (har'dn), v. n. [pp. hardening, hardened.] 
To grow hard. — 2, v. a. To make hard or firm. 

Hard'-f a-vored (-vurd), a. Coarse of feature. 

Hard'-f ist-ed, a. Close-handed; covetous. 

Hard' hack, n. A small shrub, spiraea. 

Hard'-head-ed, a. Sshrewd; obstinate. 

Hard'-heart-'ed, a. Cruel; obdurate. 
■ Hard'i-hood (har'de-hud;. n. stoutness; bold- 
ness"; effrontery ; audacity. 
' Hard'i-ly, ad. Boldly; confidently. 
i Hard'i-nSss, n. Firmness ; stoutness ; courage. 

Hard'ly, ad. Xot easily ; scarcely ; barely ; al- 
most : — severely ; harshly. [hard. 

Hard'ness, n. [A.-S. heardnes.] Quality of being 

Hard' -pan, n. (Geol.) The hard strata imme- 
diately underlying the soil : the till; the pan. 

Hard'ship, n. Severe labor; suffering. 

Hard' tack, n. Hard dry bread; sea-bread. 

Hard'ware, /*. Manufactures, goods, or wares 
made of iron or other metals. 

Hard'ware-man, n. A dealer in hardware. 

Hard'y, a. [Fr. hurdi, bold; O. Fr. hardir, to 
make' bold. — See Hard.] Bold; brave; stout; 
6trong; firm. 

Hare, n. [A.-S. hara; Dut. haas; Dan. hare; Ger. 
hose. — Cf. Skr. fasa, papa, a hare, — literally, a 
leaper; pas, pap, to jump: cognate with Haste.] 
A small, swift, timid quadruped, allied to the 
rabbit : — a constellation. 

Hare'bell, n. [Hare and Bell.] A plant and its 
blue flower. 

Hare'-brained (-l>r"ind\ a. Volatile; wild. 

Hare'llp, n. A divided lip, like a hare's. 

Hare'lipped (har'llptj, a. Having a harelip. 

Ha'rem, or Ha'rera, n. [Arab, haram, prohibited, 
sacred: men are forbidden to enter harems.] 
The apartments for women in a seraglio or other 
house in the East : — the women of a seraglio. 

Har'i-cot ihar'e-ko), „. [Fr. for "a bean," "a 
stew;" connected apparently with 0. Fr. hkrigot, 
t. a spur or dewclaw.] A kind of ragout : 
— a kind of bean. 

Hark, v. n, [See Hearken.] [pp. harking, 
harked.] To listen; to give ear: to hearken. — 
2. interj. (imperative of hark.) List: hear. 

Har'le-quin (hiir'le-kin) [har'le-kwln, Jo. St. I.], 
n. [Fr. asieguht; It. arlecchino; 0. Fr. hierlekin: 
probably a dim. of hade, a smew or gull.] A 
buffoon; a merry -andrew ; a zany. 

Har'lot, n. [0. E. harlot, a person, a fellow ; 0. 
Fr. arlot, a vagabond ; "Welsh herlod, a stripling : 
probably the word was at first a dim. of Churl 
Iq.v.).] A prostitute ; a strumpet.— 2, a. Wan- 
ton ; lewd ; like a harlot. 

Har'lot-ry. ». The trade of a harlot; lewdness. 

Harm, n. [A.-S. hearm, harm, grie; ; Dan. borate, 
Sw. harm, anger; Ger. harm, grief.] Injury ; 
mischief; hurt; eril.—2, r. a. [pp. harming, 
harmed.] To hurt; to injure; to damage. 

Harm'ful, a. Hurtful ; injurious ; mischievous. 

Harm'less. a. Innocent; not hurtful : — unhurt. 

Harm'less-ly, ad. Innocently ; without harm. 

Harm'less-ness. n. State of being harmless. 

Har-mon'ic, j a. [L. harmonicas. — See Har- 

Har-mon'i-cal. j MONT.] Relating to music or 
harmony ; concordant. 

Har-mon'i-ca, n. A musical apparatus, consisting 
of a collection of glass goblets :— a small, flat 
wind-instrumeut. 
Har-mSn'i-cal-ly, ad. "With harmony. 



mien, si'r; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, <?, 5, £, soft; p, J3, p, g, hwd ; s us z; ? <« gz; this. 



HARMONICS 



280 



HATEFUL 



Har-mon'ics, n. pi. The science of musical 
sounds; proportions of sound: — subsidiary 
sounds. 

Har-mo'ni-ous, a. [See Harmony.] Partaking 
of harmony; concordant; musical; agreeing. 

Har-mo'ni-ous-ly, ad. With harmony. 

Har-mo'nj-ous-ness, ■». Concord; harmony. 

Kar'mo-nist, n. One skilled in harmony. 

Har-mo'ni-um, n. A reed-orgun. 

Har-mon-i-za'tion, n. The act, state, or process 
of harmonizing. 

Har'mo-nize, v. a. [Fr. harmoniser.] [jip. har- 
monizing, harmonized.] To adjust properly. — 
2, v. n. To agree ; to correspond. 

Har'mo-ny, n. [Fr. harmonie; Gr. a.pp.ovla, a joint, 
a fitting, fitness, accord ; ap/uo^eiv, apeiv, to fit.] 
The just adaptation of parts to each other; sym- 
metry ; agreement : — musical concord ; melody : — 
a literary work showing agreement; as, a Har- 
mony of the Gospels. 

Har'ness, ><• [Fr. harnais; Ger. hamisch. — Cf. Bret. 
harnez, old iron ; Welsh hakim, Gael, iarunn, 
iron (g. v.).] Armor :— furniture for horses. — 
2, v. a. [pp. harnessing, harnessed.] To put 
on harness ; to equip. 

Harp, 11. [Dut. harp ; A.-S. hearpe ; Dan. harpe ; 
Ger. harfe; It. arpa.] A musical stringed in- 
strument; a lyre: — a constellation. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. harping, harped.] To play upon the harp; 
to dwell on. 

Harp'er, or Harp'ist, n. A player on the harp. 

Har-po-neer', ) n. ' One who throws the harpoon 

Kar-p66n'er, J in whale-fishing. 

Har-poon', n. [Fr. harpon; Sp. arpon ; Dut. har- 
poeit ; Fr. harper, to grapple ; Sp. arpar, to tear. 
— Cf. L. harpago or harpaga, Gr. apnayri, a hook ; 
Gr. dpnd^eiv, to seize.] A dart to strike whales 
with. — 2, v. a. [pp. harpooning, harpooned.] 
To strike with the harpoon. 

Harp'si-phbrd, n. [Late L. harpichordum ; 0. Fr. 
harpechorde ; harpe, a harp, and corde, a tone; 
It. arpicordo.] A keyed musical instrument 
strung with wires. 

Har'py, n. ; pi. Har'pies. [Gr. dp-rrvia, a spoiler; 
apnd'^etv, to seize.] A fabulous monster, or a 
species of fury, with wings and claws like a 
bird : — a ravenous wretch or extortioner. 

Har'que-buse, n. See Arqui buse. 

Har'ri-dan, n. [Fr. haridelle, an old horse, a 
wretched woman. — Of. 0. Fr. harer, to harry, to 
worry.] A strumpet : an old hag. 

Har'ri-er, n. [From Hare.] A small hound 
trained for hunting the hare :— [from Harry] 
a kind of hawk. 

Har'row (har'ro), rt. [A.S. hearge, 0. E. harwe, 
Icel. herfi, Dan. harv, a harrow ; harve, to har- 
row. — Cf. Ger. harke, a rake.] A frame of timber 
set with teeth, to be dragged over ploughed 
lands. — 2, v. a. [pp. harrowing, harrowed.] To 
break or cover with the harrow : — to tear up. 

Har'ry, v. a. [A.-S. hergian; Dan. hterge; A.-S. 
here, genitive herges, Ger. heer, an army.] [pp. 
harrying, harried.] To tease; to ruffle; to 
plunder. [rough ; crabbed ; severe. 

Harsh, a. [Ger. harsch ; Dan. harsh.] Austere; 

Harsh'ly, ad. In a harsh manner; roughly. 

Harsh'ness, n. Roughness ; acrimony. 

Hars'let,' n. See Haslet. 

Hart, n. [A.-S. heort; Dut. hert; Dan. hiort; Ger. 
hirsch : akin to L. cervus, a deer, and Gr. (cepa?, 
a horn (q. v.).] A he-deer; the male of the hind. 

Harts'horn, n. The horn of the hart :— water of 
ammonia : — a plant. 

Har'um-scar'um, a. Flighty; wild. 

Ha-rus'pice, n. [L. haruspex.] See Aruspice. 

Har'vest, n. [A.-S. hserfest, Dut. herfst, Oer. herbsi, 
autumn : related to L. carpere, to'gather.] The 
season of gathering in grain and other produce : 
— corn, grain, and other produce gathered; 
product of labor. — 2, v. a. [pp. harvesting, har- 
vested.] To gather in, as produce. 




Hastate leaf. 

Dan. haste, Dut. 
to haste.] Speed; 
a. & v. n. [pp. 



' Har'vest-er, In. One who gathers grain; a 

Har'vest-man, J reaper : — a long-legged insect. 

HaV vest-home, n. The time of harvest : — a har- 
vest-feast : — a harvest-song. 

Har'vest-m66n, n. The moon in harvest time, 
near' the autumnal equinox, when it rises near 
the same hour for several evenings. 

Ha§. The third person sing, of have. 

Hash, v. a. [Fr. hachis; hacher, to hash.— See 

Hack.] [pp. hashing, hashed.] To mince; to 

chop into small pieces. — 2, n. Minced meat; 

a mixture :— a scarifier for grass-land. 

. Hash' eesh, \ n. [Arab, for " dried herb."] Indian 

| Hash'ish, J hemp, a narcotic drug. 

Ha'slet, or Has'let, n. [Fr. hdtelette, a roast, dim. 
of 0. Fr. hastille ; Fr. haste or hdtelet, a spit ; L. 
hasta, a spear.] Liver, lights, &c, of a beast: — 
written also luirslet. 

Hasp, «. [A.-S. hsrpse; Dan., Sw., & Ger. haspe.] 
A clasp fold* d over a staple. — 2, v. a. [pp. hasp- 
ing, hasped.] To shut or fasten with a hasp. 

Has' sock, n. [Welsh hesgog, 
sedgy; hesg, sedges; hesor, a 
pad; Cornish hescen, a rush 
or reed.— Cf. Sp. has, a bun- 
dle. — See also Tussock.] A 
thick mat : — a footstool : — a 
tuft of coarse grass ; a tussock. 

Hast. The second person sing. 
of have. 

Has'tate, a. [L. hasiafus; hasta, 
a spear.] Formed like a spear 
or halberd. 

Haste, 11. [Dan. haste, Ger. hast, 
Dut. haast, Fr. hate, haste; 
haasten, Ger. hasten, Fr. hater, 
hurry ; precipitation. — 2, v. 
hasting, hasted.] To hasten. 

Has'ten (h;l'sn), v. n. [pp. hastening, hastened.] 
To make haste; to be quick or in a hurry. — 
2. v. a. To drive forward ; to urge on ; to speed ; 
to push on. 

Has'ti-ly. ad. With haste; speedily: quickly. 

Has'ti-ness, n. Haste; speed: — testiness. 

Hast'ing§, n. pi. Early pease; early fruit. 

Has'ty, a. Quick; speedy; cursory: — vehement; 
rash; easily excited; irritable. 

Hat, w. [A.-S. hset; Dan. hat; Sw. haft— Cf. Skr. 
chhad, to cover: probably not related to Hood.] 
A cover for the head. 

Hat'a-ble. a. That may be hated; odious. 

Hat' -band, n. A string tied round the hat. 

Hatch, v. a. [Sw. h'dcka, to hatch, from had; a 
coop, a hatch ; Ger. hecken, to hatch ; hecle, a 
cage or coop.] [pp. hatching, hatched.] To 
produce young from eggs : — to plot ; to contrive : 
— [Fr. hacher, to cut.— See Hack] to engrave; 
to shade.— 2, v. n. To be hatched.— 3, n. [A.-S. 
haca, dative hsecce, a bar; Dut. heh, a fence; 
Dan. hteh, a rack.] A half door :— a brood ex- 
cluded from the egg; exclusion from the egg; 
disclosure : — the opening in a ship's deck or 
floor ; floodgates : — cover for such openings. 

Hatch' el, w. [See Hackle.] An instrument for 
cleaning flax :— written also hackle and hetchel. — 
2, v. a. [pp. hatchelling, hatchelled.] To clean 
or dress flax, &c. 

Hatch'et, 11. [Fr. hachelle, dim. of hache, an axe; 
hacher, to hack {q. v.).] A small axe. 

Hatch'et-face, n. An ugly, thin face. 

Hatch'ing, n. A kind of shading in a drawing. 

Hatch'inent, n. [For achievement.] (Her.) An 
armorial escutcheon. 

Hatch'way, ". An opening with a trap-door. 

Hate, v. a. [A.-S. hete, Dut. haat, Dan. had, Ger. 
hass, hate; A.-S. hatien, Dut. haten, Dan. hade, 
Ger. hassen, to hate. — Cf. Welsh casan, to hate.] 
[pv. hating, hated.] To detest; to abhor; to 
abominate. — 2, n. Hatred ; malignity ; detesta- 
tion, [nable; malignant. 

Hate'ful, a. Detestable ; odious ; execrable ; abomi- 



a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



HATEFULLY 



281 



HEAL 



Hate'ful-ljr, ad. In a hateful manner. 

Hate'ful-ne'ss, ». Quality of being hateful. 

Hat'er, n. One who hates; an abhorrer. 

Hath, v. An archaic form for has. 

Ha'tred, n. [Hate and the suffix -red, as in Kin- 
dred; A.-S. -rseden, condition, mode.] Extreme 
aversion ; animosity ; detestation ; enmity ; hate ; 
abhorrence; malignity. 

Hat'ter, n. A maker of hats. 

Hau'b'erk, n. [Fr. haubert; 0. Fr. halbert; 0. Ger. 
hols-berg ; hats, the neck, and bergan, to protect, 
to cover.] A coat of mail without sleeves. 

Haugh (haw), n. A meadow ; a dale : — haw. 

Haugh' ti-ly (haw'te-le), ad. Proudly; arrogantly. 

Haugh' ti-ness, n. Pride ; arrogance ; disdain. 

Haugh' ty. (haw'te), a. [Fr. hautain; haul, L. alius, 
high.] Proud; arrogant; insolent: — bold; ad- 
venturous; high; lofty. 

Haul, v. a. [A.-S. holian, to get; Dut. halen, Dan. 
hale, to draw ; Ger. holen, to fetch ; Fr. haler, to 
haul.] [ pp. hauling, hauled.] To pull ; to draw ; 
to drag. — 2, n. A pull ; a violent pull : — a draugbt. 

Haum, or Haulm (hawm), n. [A.-S. heahn; Dut. 
& Dan. halm.— See Calamus.] The dry stem or 
stalk of a plant : — written also halm, and hawm. 

Haunch (hancii) [hawnch, St.], n. [Fr. hanche; 
Sp. anca. — Cf. £>. Ger. ancha, encha, the leg : akin 
to Ankle.] The thigh ; hip; rear. 

Haunt (hant) [hawnt, St. I. E. K. R.], v. a. [Fr. 
hanter ; probably from a Late L. ambikere, to 
go about. — See Ambition.] [pp. haunting, 
haunted.] To resort to : — to frequent trouble- 
soinely, or as a spirit. — 2, n. A place much fre- 
quented. 

Haunt'ed, p. a. Frequented, in an ill sense. 

Haut'boy (ho'bbi), »,.. [Fr. hautbois; hunt, high 
(in tone), and bois, wood.] A wind-instrument; 
an oboe ; a sort of flute : — a strawberry. 

Hauteur (ho-tiir'), n. [Fr.] Haughtiness. 

Haut-gout (ho-gG'), n. [Fr.] A strong relish. 

Have (hav), v. a. [A.-S. habban; Dut. hebben; 
Dan. have; Ger. haben: allied to L. capere, to 
take.] [%. had; pp. having, had; ind. pres. I 
have, thou hast, lie has; we, you, they have.] To 
possess ; to enjoy ; to hold.— It is much used as 
an auxiliary verb. 

Ha'ven (ha/vn), n. [A.-S. hsefene; Dut. haven; 
Dun. havn; Ger. hafen; connected with Have, to 
hold; also with Ger. haff, a sound; A.-S. hsef, 
Dan. hav, the sea.] A port; a Juirbor ; a shelter. 

Hav'er-sack, n. [Fr. hav.esac; Ger. hafersaek; 
hafer, Scot. & Dut. haver, oats, and sack, a sack.] 
A soldier's bag for food. 

Hav'oc, «. [Probably from A.-S. hafoc, a hawk 
(q. v.).] Waste; devastation; destruction.— 
2, v. a. [pp. havocking, havocked.] To destroy; 
to lay waste. 

Haw, n. [Ger. hag, a hedge ; hagapfel, a haw ; Sw. 
hiigg, a wild cherry. — See Hedge.] Berry of 
the hawthorn :— [imitative] a stammer.— 2, v. n. 
[pp. hawing, hawed.] To speak slowly, with 
hesitation :— [cf. Fr. huhau, imperative gee] to 
turn to the left, as a team. 

Haw-haw', n. A sunk fence. See Ha-ha. 

Hawk, n. [A.-S. hafoc, haefoc; Dut. havic; Dan. 
hog; Sw. hb'k ; Ger. habi'cht: perhaps akin to 
Have.] A voracious bird of prev. — 2, ». n. 
[pp. hawking, hawked.] To fly hawks at fowls : 
—[Welsh, hochi; Magyar, hah: imitative.— See 
Hack] to force up phlegm with a noise.— 3, v. a. 
[See Hawker, and Norse hauka, to cry.] To cry 
and sell goods; to peddle. 
Hawk'er, n. [0. Dut. heukeren, Dan. hokre, to 
hawk; Ger. hocker, a retailer; Dan. boker, a 
huckster (q. v.).] A pedler ; a news-carrier :— a 
falconer. 
Hawk'ing, n. Falconry :— peddling. 
Hawse'-hole, n. [Dut. hals, neck, a tack (nauti- 
cal) ; Icel. hals, the neck, a ship's bow, end of a 
rope : not related to Hawser.] A hole for a 
cable in a ship's bow. 



Haw'ser, n. [Fr. haussiere, aussiire; hausser, to 
hoist ; It. alzare, to raise ; L. alius, high : con- 
nected with Haul, but not with Hoist.] A rope 
or cable. [bears haws. 

Haw' thorn, n. [Haw and Thorn.] A thorn that 

Hay (ha), n. [A.-S. hig ; Dut. hooi; L>an. ho; Ger. 
heu: akin to Hew, to cut.] Grass dried for fodder. 

Hay' -cock, n. A heap of fresh hay. 

Hay'ing, n. The employment of making hay. 

Hay'-loft, n. A loft to put hay in. 

Hay'mak-er, n. One employed in making hay. 

Hay'-mow (ha'mou), n. A mow of bay. 

Hay'-rick (ha'rik), n. A rick of hay. 

Hay' -seed, n. The seed of grass. 

Hay'-stack (ha'stak), n. A stack of hay. 

Haz'ard, n. [Fr. hasurd; Sp. azar ; Arab, al zar, 
the'die ; Pers. zar, a die.] Chance of loss ; risk ; 
peril ; danger ; chance ; hap : — a game at dice. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. hazarding, hazarded.] To ex- 
pose to chance ; to risk. 

Haz'ard-oQs, a. Dangerous; exposed. 

Haze", n. [A.-S. hasu, a dark gray color; Icel. 
hoss, gray. — Cf. Breton aezen, a vapor.] A light 
mist. — 2, v. a. [pp. hazing, hazed.] (Nnut.) To 
punish by hard work : — to play abusive tricks on. 

Ha'zel (ka/zl), ?*. [A.-S. hsesel; Dut. hcaelaar; 
Icel. hasl; Dan. hassel; Ger. hasel] A slirub 
or small tree bearing a nut. — 2, a. Light brown ; 
like a hazel-nut. 

Ha'zel-nut, n. The nut or fruit of the hazel. 

Ha'zi-ness, n. State of being hazy. 

Ha'zy, a. Characterized by haze ; misty. 

He, pron. [A.-S. .he; Dut. hij ; Dan. han. — Cf. 
Goth, his, this; Gr. e/ceivos, he.] [pos. his; obj. 
him: pi. they ; pos. theirs; obj. tliem.] The man; 
the person :— the male alluded to. — Sometimes 
used adjectively for male; as, a 7<e-goat. 

Head (hed), ». [A.-S. heafod; Dut. hoofcl; Dan. 
hoved; Ger. haupl; Gr. Ke(ba.\ri ; Skr. kapalaJ] 
The part of an animal that contains the brain 
and is the seat of sensation : — the chief; princi- 
pal; the principal person; leader: — first place; 
place of honor : — understanding; brain ; mind : 
— front ; forepart : — topic : — foam or bead : — 2, a. 
Chief; principal; first; highest. — 3, v. a. [pp. 
heading, headed.] To lead; to direct ; to gov- 
ern. — 4, v. n. To form a head, as a plant. 

Head'ache (hed'ak), ». Pain in the head. 

Head'-dress (hed'dres), ». Dress of the head. 

Head-first', or Head-fore'most, ad. With the 
head in advance; precipitately. 

Head'-gear (hed'gar), «. Dress of the head. 

Head'i-ness, n. Rashness: — obstinacy. 

Head'ing, n. Materials for a head : — foam. 

Head'iand, n. A promontory : a cape. 

Head'less, a. Having no head : — rash. 

Head'long (hed'long), «. [The suffix -long (A.-S. 
-lunga or -unga) is properly adverbial.] Steep : — 
thoughtless. — 2, ad. Rashly ; hastily ; precipi- 
tately : — with the head foremost. 

Head'man (hed'man), n. A chief; a leader. 

Head'-piece, n. Armor for the head; helmet: — 
understanding; force of mind. 

Head'-quar'ters (hed'kwar'terz), w. pi. The quar- 
ters or office' of a general. 

Head' ship, n. Authority : — chief place. 

Heads'man (hedz'man), n. An executioner. 

Head' -spring, n. Fountain; origin. 

Head' stall (hed'stal), n. Part of a bridle. 

Head'strSng, a. Ungovernable; obstinate; self- 
willed ; heady ; stubborn ; violent. 

Head-wa'ters, n. pi. Upper part of a river: — 
upper tributaries of a river. 

Head'-way, ». The space under an arch : — the 

motion of advancing ; progress. 
Head' -wind, n. A contrary wind. 
Head'y (hed'e), a. Rash ; hastv ; violent. 
Heal (hel), v. a. [A.-S. hxlan ; Dut. heelen ; A.-S. 
hal, Dut. heel, whole (q. v.).] [pp. healing, 
healed.] To cure; to restore: — to reconcile. — 
2, v. n. To grow well. 



mien, sir; mSve, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use. 



24* 



oft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



HEALER 



282 



HECKLE 



Heal'er (hel'er), n. One who heals. 

Heal'ing, p. a. Tending to cure ; sanative. — 2, n. 
Cure : — recovery of health. 

Health (helth), n. [A.-S. hseld, from hal, whole 
(q. v.).) Soundness of body ; freedom from bod- 
ily pain or sickness; a sound state : — purity; 
moral soundness : — wish of happiness, used in 
drinking : — condition of body. 

Health'ful (helth'ful), a. Free from sickness; 
sound ; salubrious ; salutary ; healthy. 

Health'ful-ly, ad. In a healthful manner. 

Health'ful-ngss, n. Healthiness. 

Health'i-ly, ud. Without sickness or pain. 

Health'i-ness, n. State of being healthy. 

Health'y. (helth'e), a. Enjoying health; condu- 
cive to health ; wholesome; bealtliful. 

Heap (hep),n. [A.-S. heap; Dut. Itoop ; Dan. hob; 
Ger. haufe; Kuss. kupu.\ A pile; accumulatiun ; 
cluster. — 2, v. a. [pp. heaping, heaped.] To 
throw ; to pile ; to accumulate. 

Hear (her), v. n. [A.-S. hyrun; Dut. hooren; Ger. 
hb'ren; Dan. hare. — Of. Ear.] [i. heard; pp. 
hearing, heard.] To perceive by the ear; to 
listen ; to be told. — 2, v. a. To perceive by the 
ear ; to attend to ; to listen to ; to regard ; to 
obey :— to attend to judicially ; to try. 

Heard (herd), i. & p. from hear. 

Hear'er (her'er), n. One who hears. 

Hear'ing, n. The sense by which sounds are per- 
ceived; audience : — a judicial trial. 

Heark'en (har'kn), v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. hyrcnian, 
heorcnian; 0. Dut. horkeH; Ger. horchen: closely 
akin to Hear.— See Hark.] [pp. hearkening, 
hearkened.] To listen ; to attend. 

Hear'say (her'sa), n. A report; a rumor. — 2, a. 
Founded on rumor. 

Hearse (hers), n. [Fr. herse, a harrow, a hearse ; 
It. erpice, L. hirpex, a harruw ; 0. E. herce, a har- 
row, a candle-frame for decorating a bier.] A 
carriage in which the dead are conveyed to the 
grave. — 2, v. a. [pp. hearsing, hearsed.] To 
place upon a hearse. 

Hearse' -cloth, n. A cloth covering a hearse. 

Heart (hart), n. [A.-S. heorte ; Dut. hart; Dan. 
hierte ; Ger. herz ; Gr. KapSia, Kyp ; L. cor, cordis ; 
Skr. hrid; Irish, cridhe ; Russ. serdtse. — Of. Skr. 
Jcurd, to leap.] The primary organ of the blood's 
motion in an animal body : — chief or vital part : 
— courage ; spirit :— affection ; good-will : — ear- 
nestness; sincerity :— memory ; as, to learn by 
heart. — It is much used iu composition for mind 
or affection. 

Heart'aphe (hart'ak), n. Sorrow; pang. 

Heart' -bro-ken (-bro'kn), a. Yery sorrowful. 

Heart'-biirn, n. Pain in the stomach ; cardialgy. 

Heart' -biirn-ing, «. Heart-burn :— enmity. 

Heart'-felt (tiart'felt), a. Felt at heart :— affect- 
ing or touching the heart; deeply felt; sincere. 

Hearth (harth), n. [A.-S. heord; Dut. haard; 
Ger. herd.] A place for a fire under a chimney ; 
fireplace : — home. 

Hearth'-stone, n. The fireside ; the home hearth. 

Heart'i-ly, ad. Cordially ; sincerely. 

Heart'i-nlss, n. Cordiality; sincerity. 

Heart'iess, a. Void of feeling -.—insincere. 

Heart'less-ly, ad. In a heartless manner. 

Heart'less-niss, n. Want of feeling. 

Heart' s'-ease, n. A violet : — quiet. 

Heart'-shaped, a. Cordate. 

Heart' -sick, a. Pained in mind 
or heart. 

Heart' strings, n. pi The tendons 
or nerves supposed to brace and 
sustain the heart. [love. 

Heart'-whole (-hoi), a. Not in 

Heart' -wood (-wild), n. The cen- Heart-shaped. 
tral wood of a tree-trunk. 

Hear'ty (har'te), a. [See Heart.] Cordial; sin 
cere : — healthy. 

Heat, n. [A.-S'. hselu, from hat, hot (q. v.); Dan, 
hede; Sw. hetta; Dut. hitle; Ger. hitze; A.-S. hsetan 




to heat.] The sensation caused by fire ; caloric : 
— hot air or weather : — party rage ; a flush ; pas- 
sion ; ardor : — course at a race. — 2, v. a. [i. heat- 
ed (formerly heat); pp. heating, heated (for- 
merly heat).] To make hot ; to warm ; to excite. 

Heat'er, n. He who or that which heats. 

Heath (heth), n. [A.-S. hied; Dut. heide ; Dan. 
hede ; Ger. heide.] A shrub called ling or heather : 
— a place overgrown with heath or other shrubs. 

Heath'-cock, «. A large fowl; grouse. 

Hea'then (he'thn) n. ; pi. Hea'then, Hea'then§. 
[From Heath, in the sense of waste-land or 
wilderness; dwellers in remote districts were 
naturally among the last to become Christian- 
ized.] A gentile ; a pagan. — 2, a. Gentile ; pagan. 

Hea'then-dom, n. The parts or regions of the 
earth in which heathenism prevails. 

Hea'then-ish (he'thn-ish), a. Pagan ; savage. 

Hea'then-i§m (he'thn-izm), n. Paganism. 

Hea'then-Ize (he'thn-Tz), v. a. [pp. heathenizing, 
heathenized.] To render heathenish. 

Heath'er [heth'er, I. M. St. Wb.], n. Heath; 
ling. ' 

Heath'er-y, n. A plantation of heaths. — 2, a. 
(heth ; er-e.) Abounding in heather. 

Heath' -hen, n. See Prairie-chicken. 

Heath'y (heth'e), a. Full of health. [lating. 

Heat'ing, a. Tending to promote heat; stiniu- 

Heave, v. a. [A.-S. hebbau; Dut. heff'en; Ger. 
heben; Dan. hseve.] [i. heaved or hove; pp. 
heaving, heaved.] To lift ; to raise : — to throw. 
— 2, v. u. To pant; to breathe with pain. — 8, n. 
A throw :— an effort to vomit. 

Heav'en (hev'vn), n. [A.-S. heofon; 0. Sax. hevan: 
probably that which is heaved or raised up.] The 
regions above ; the expanse of the sky : — the 
habitation of God and blessed spirits :— state of 
bliss : — divine power. 

Heav'en-born, a. Descended from heaven. 

Heav'en-li-ness, n. State of being heavenly. 

Heav'en-ly, a. Celestial; divine; excellent. 

Heav'en-ward, ad. Toward heaven. 

Heave' -of- fer-ing, n. An offering to be raised 
aloft in worship. [by difficult respiration. 

Heave§, n. pi. A disease of horses, characterized 

Heav'i-ly,, ad. With weight or grief. 

Heav'i-ne"ss (hev'i-nes), n. Quality of being 
heavy; weight; gravity; depression. 

Heav'ing (hev'ing), n. A pant; a swell. 

Heav'y (hev'e),a. [A.-S. hefig ; Icel. hofign: root 
of Heave.] Ponderous; weighty: — sorrowful; 
dejected; depressed: — grievous; oppressive; se- 
vere : — sluggish ; slow ; dull. 

Heav'y-la'den, a. Heavily burdened. 

Heb-do'm'a-dal, \a. [Gr. €/3Som<xs, seven to- 

Heb-dom'a-da-ry, J gether; iirra, seven (q. v.).] 
Relating to a week ; weekly. [weekly. 

Heb-dom'a-dal-ly, ad. In periods of seven days; 

Heb'e-tude, n. [L. hebetudo ; hebes, hebetis, dull.] 
Dulness; obtuseness. [istic. 

He-bra'ic, a. Relating to the Hebrews ; Hebra- 

Hi'bra-ism [heb'ra-izm, W. J. C], n. A Hebrew 
idiom : — a Hebrew characteristic ; the Hebrew 
type of character. 

He'bra-ist, n. One versed in Hebrew. 

He-bra-is'tic, a. Relating to the Hebrews. 

He'bra-ize.'v. a. [pp. Hebraizing, Hebraized.] 
To cause to conform to or adopt Hebrew cus- 
toms. — 2, v. n. To conform to or adopt Hebrew 
speech, idioms, or customs. 

He' brew (he'brii), n. [Fr. hebreu; Gr. e/3paios ; 
Syr. ebraya ; Heb. iori, from avar, to cross over, — 
referring to their origin beyond the Euphrates.] 
An Israelite; a Jew: — the Hebrew tongue. — 
2, a. Relating to the Jews. 

Hec'a-tSmb (hek'a-tom) [hek'a-tom, S. Sm. T. St], 
n. [Gr. eKaTOju^rj ; e/caroi^, a hundred, /3ous, an 
ox.] A sacrifice of a hundred oxen or cattle. 

Heck'le (hek'kl), n. & v. a. [Dan. hegle, Ger. 
hechel, h'dkel, Dut. hekel, dims, of Dan. huge, Ger. 
haken, Dut. haak, a hook.] See Hackle. 



y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y,, obscure— Fare, far, fast, fill; heir, her; 



HECTAEE 



283 



HELLENIZE 



Hec'tare [hek'tar, I.; hek'tar, H. ; hek-taV, 

St.], n. [Fr. ; Gr. eKarov, a hundred, and are 
(q. v.).] A land measure equal to 100 ares, or 
10,000 square metres, or 2.471 acres. 

Hec'tic, n. [Gr. 6ktik6? ; e£is, habit,; e'x etv ) ^ u " 
ture e£u>, to have.] A remittent or hectic fever. 
— 2, a. Habitual ; protracted : — applied to a fever 
or cough. 

Hec'to-gram, \n. [Fr. hectogramme; Gr. e/ca- 

Hec'to-gramme, J tov, a hundred, and gramme 
(g. v.).] A metric weight equal to 100 grammes, 
or 3.5277 ounces avoirdupois. 

Hec'to-li-ter, \ n. [Fr. hectolitre; Gr. e<ar6v, a 

Hec'to-li-tre, j hundred, and litre.] A measure 
of capacity equal to 100 litres, or 2.75 bushels. 

Hec'to-me-ter, \n. [Fr. hectomitre ; 

Hec'to-me-tre (hek'to-ma-tr), J Gr. ena-rov, a hun- 
dred, and metre.] A measure of length equal to 
100 metres, or 328.086 English feet. 

Hec'tor, v. a. [From Hector, the Trojan hero : his 
name literally means "hold fast" in Greek.] 
[pp. hectoring, hectored.] To bully ; to threaten ; 
to tease. — 2, v. n. To play the bully. — 3, n. A 
bully ; one that tea-es. 

Hed§-e, n. [A.-S. kege, haga ; Dut. hegge, heg, 
haag; Fr. haie.] A fence made with thorns, &c. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. hedging, hedged.] To enclose 
with a hedge ; to obstruct.— 3, v. n. To shift ; to 
hide the head. 

Hedfe'hog, w. An animal set with prickles. 

Hedg'er, n. One who sets or trims hedges. 

Hedges-row, n. Bushes for enclosures ; a hedge. 

Hed'o-nism, n. [Gr. r/<W?y, pleasure ; rjSeaOat, to 
delight ; i)8vs, sweet.] The pursuit of pleasure 
as the highest good. 

Hed'o-nist [he'do-nist, I.], n. One who makes the 
pursuit of pleasure the main object of life. 

Heed, v. a. [A.-S. hedan, Dut. koeden, Ger. kitten, 
to heed; Ger. hut, heed; Dut. hoede, care: akin 
to Hood.] [pp. heeding, heeded.] To mind; to 
regard ; to attend to. — 2, v. n. To consider ; to use 
caution. — 3, n. Notice; circumspection; watch 
for danger; care; attention; caution; regard. 

Heed'ful, a. Watchful; vigilant; attentive; cau- 
tious; careful; mindful. 

Heed'ful-ly, ad. Attentively; carefully. 

Heed'ful-ness, n. Vigilance; attention. 

Heed'less, a. Negligent; inattentive. 

Heed'less-ly, ad. Carelessly; inattentively. 

Heed'less-ness, n. Carelessness. 

Heel, n. [A.-S. hela; Dut. Mel; Dan. kml] The 
hind part of the foot; the whole foot : — a spur : 
— the hind part of any thing. — 2, y. n. [A.-S. 
hijldan; Dan. helde; Icel. hatta; Dan. held, a 
slant; A.-S. heald, bent; Ger. halde, a slope.] 
[pp. heeling, heeled.] To lean to one side, as a 
ship.' — 3, v. a. To arm a cock : — to add a heel. 

Heft, n. [Root of Have.] A handle :— [root of 
Heave] weight: — the greater part. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. hefting, hefted.] To try the weight of by 
lifting. [Old and colloq.] 

He-£e'li-an-i§m, n. The metaphysical system 
taught by Hegel, a German philosopher. 

He-gem'o-nx, or Heg'e-mon-x, n. [Gr. y\ytp.ovLa; 
7)yeiAu)v, a guide.] Leadership. 

He£'i-ra, or He-gi'ra, n. [Arab, hijvah, hajr, sep- 
aration.] Flight : — the Mohammedan era, reck- 
oned from the day when Mohammed tied from 
Mecca, July 16, a.d. 622. 

Heifer (hefer), n. [A.-S. heahfore ; thought to be 
from heah, tall, and fear, an 'ox or cow. — Cf. Gr. 
7r6pis, Ger. farre, a bullock; farse, a heifer.] A 
young cow. 

Heigh' -ho (hl'ho), interj. Expressing languor. 

Height (hit), n. [A.-S. heahdu, from heah, high ; 
Dut. hoogie, from hoog, high ; Dan. hb'ide, from 
Mi, high; Ger. ho'he, from koch, high.] State 
of being high ; elevation ; altitude ; summit ; 
ascent ; high place : — utmost degree :— crisis. 

Height'en (hl'tn), v. a. [pp. heightening, height- 
ened.] To raise ; to improve. 



Hei'nous (ha'nus), a. [Fr. haineux; 0. Fr. ha'inos; 
Fr. haine, hate (grj v.).] Atrocious; very wicked. 

Hei'nous-ly. (ha/iius-le), ad. Atrociously. 

Hei'nous-ness (hii'nus-nes), w. Atrociousness. 

Heir (ar) n. [L. heres; Fr. hoir; 0. Fr. heir. — Cf. 
L. erus, a master.] One who inherits ; an in- 
heritor. — Heir apparent, an heir whose right of 
inheritance is indefeasible, if he outlives the an- 
cestor; heir presumptive, one whose inheritance 
may be defeated by some contingency. 

Heir'dom (ar'dum), n. The state of an heir. 

Heir'es's (ar'es), n. A woman who inherits. 

Heir'iess (ar'les), a. Being without an heir. 

Heir'166m (ar'IGm), n. [Heir, and Loom in the 
old sense of a piece of furniture or of property.] 
Any movable or personal chattel which descends 
by inheritance. 

Heir' ship (ar'ship), n. The state of an heir. 

Held, i. & p. from hold. 

He-li'a-cal, a. [Gr. TjAia/cds ; rjAios, the sun.] 
Pertaining to or near the sun. 

He-li'a-cal-ly., ad. With regard to or near the 
sun, 'in rising or setting, as a star. 

Hel'j-cal, a. [See Helix.] Spiral; winding. 

Hel'i-cSid, n. [Gr. eMKoeiSr/s ; e'Ai£, a helix 
{q.'v.), and elfios, shape.] A parabolic spiral or 
curve. 

He-li-o-cen'tric, a. [Gr. rjAios, the sun, and kev- 
Tpov,'the centre.] Relating to the sun as a centre. 

He'li-o-graph, n. [Gr. rjAtos, the sun, and -ypa- 
^eiV," to write.] A reflector for transmitting 
messages to a distance by means of sun-flashes : 
— the message so sent :— a picture taken by heli- 
ograph}' ; a photograph. — 2, v. n. [pp. helio- 
graphing, heliographed.] To send a message 
by means of a heliograph ; to communicate by 
reflected sun-flashes. [heliography. 

He-li-o-graph'ic, a. Relating to, or produced by, 

He-li-og'ra-phy, n. A description of the sun : — 
the art of fixing images of objects made by the 
camera obscura : — the art of signalling to a dis- 
tance by reflecting the sun's rays: — a process of 
photographic printing. 

He-li-o-gra'vure, n. [Fr. heliogravure; Gr. rjAioy, 
the sun, and Fr. gravure, an engraving.] The 
art of photographic engraving: — a picture pro- 
duced by photographic engraving. 

He'li-o-stlt, n. [Gr. tjAios, the sun, and la-Tavat, 
to place.] A reflector for sunlight. 

He'li-o-trope, n. [Gr. ■qKioTponioi' ; rjAios, the 
sun, and rpeiretv, to turn.] (Bot.) A genus of 
plants; the turnsole : — a silicious mineral. 

He'li-o-type, n. [Gr. rjAios, the sun, and Type.] 
A picture produced by heliotypy. 

He-li-o-typ'ic, «. Of or relating to heliotypy. 

He-li-5t'y.-py, »• A method for photographic pic- 
tures by a process akin to lithography. 

He'lix, n. ; pi. Hel'i-ce§. [Gr. e'Aif, a coil ; eAur- 
creiv, to turn.] Part of a spiral line ; a winding; 
a coil : — the snail ; snail-shell. 

Hell, n. [A.-S., Dut., & Icel. hel; Ger. Mile: root 
of A.-S. hehin, Ger hehlen, to hide. — Cf. L. celare, 
to hide.] The grave; hades: — the place of the 
devil and wicked spirits ; the infernal regions : 
— a gaming-house. 

Hel'le-bore, n. [L. helleborus; Gr. eAAe£opos.] A 
plant, the Christmas rose. 

Hel'lene, »• ; pi. Hel-le'nes. [Gr. "EAArji/es, 
Greeks.] A native of Greece, ancient or mod- 
ern ; a Greek. 

Hel'le-nic, or Hel-len'ic, a. [Gr. 'EAAtjukos.] 
Relating to the Hellenes ; Grecian. 

Hel'le-niijm, h. [Gr. 'EAAr/j'tcrp-o?.] A Greek idiom 
or characteristic ; type of character of the Greeks. 

Hel'le-nist, n. A Jew who used the Greek lan- 
guage : — one skilled in the Greek language. 

Hel-le-ms'tic, a. Relating to the Greek tongue 
or to the Hellenists. 

Hel'le-nize, v. a. [Gr. 'EAA^eiv.] [pp. Helle- 
nizing, Hellenized.] To give a Greek form or 
character to; to change into Greek or Greeks. 



mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, Q, s, £, soft; p, {&, p, §, hard; §asz; x as gz ; tnis. 



HELLISH 



284 



HEKBIVOKOUS 



Hell'ish, a. Eelating to hell ; infernal. 

Helm, n. [A.-S. helma, Icel. hjalm, a rudder; Ger. 
helm, a helve (q. v.).] The instrument by which 
a ship is sieered :— post of direction :— a helmet. 

Hel'met, n. [A.-S., Dut., & Ger. helm ; Icel. 
hjahur ; Dan. hielm ; Goth. hUms; Lith.. szalmas ; 
Russ. shleme.] Armor for the head ; a head-piece. 

Hel-mln'thes, n. pi. [Gr. for ''worms."] (Zool.) 
A class comprising the various kinds of worms. 

Hel-min-thol'o-gy, n. [Gr. eAp.ii/?, e'AjUtvflos, a 
worm, and Adyos, a treatise.] The science of 
worms. 

Helms/man, n. One who manages the helm. 

Hel'ot, ». [Gr. e'iAa>s, pi. eiAures ; said to have 
been named from the town of Helots, in ancient 
Laconia.] A slave; a Spartan slave. 

Hel'ot-i§m, n. Tlie condition of helots. 

Hel'ot-ry, n. Helots collectively. 

Help, v. a. [A.-S. helpan; Dut. helpen; Dan. hielpe ; 
Ger. helfeu; Lith. szelpti.] [pp. helping, helped.] 
To lend aid to; to assist; to support; to aid : — 
to prevent; to forbear; to avoid. — 2, v. n. To 
contribute assistance. — 3, n. Assistance ; aid ; 
support; succor. 

Help'er, u. One who helps; an assistant. 

Help'iul, a. Giving help ; useful ; salutary. 

Help'ful-ness, n. Assistance ; usefulness. 

Help'less, «. Destitute of help ; weak ; feeble. 

Help'less-ly, ad. Without help or succor. 

Help'less-ness, n. Want of ability. 

Help'mate, n. A companion ; an assistant ; a con- 
sort ; a wife.— Helpmeet, formed by the union of 
the two words help and meet ("an help meet for 
him,'" Gen. ii. 18), is sometimes used in the same 
eense as helpmate. 

Hel'ter-skel ter, ad. Confusedly. 

Helve (helvj, 'n. [A.-S. hielf, 0. Dut. helce, 0. 
Ger. helbm, Ger. helm, a handle. — See Helm.] 
The handle of an axe. — 2, v. a. [pp. helving, 
helved.] To fit with a helve. 

Hel-vet'ic, a. [L. Helvetia, the ancient name for 
Switzerland.] Eelating to Switzerland. 

Hem, n. [A.-S. hemm ; Fris. ha,„el.— Cf. Ger. 
hamme, a fence ; hemmen, to check, to stop.] The 
edge of a garment doubled and sewed : — an 
inarticulate sound. — 2, v. a. [pp. hemming, 
hemmed.] To form a hem : — to shut in. — 3, v. n. 
[Imitative. — Cf. Dut. hem, to hem.] To utter a 
noise expressed by hem. 

Hem'a-tite. «■ [Gr. aiixariTTqs, like blood ; al/xa, 
blood.] A kind of iron ore. 

Hem'i (hem'e). [Gr. iip-i-, half. — See Semi.] An 
abbreviation from the Greek, used in composi- 
tion, and signifying half. 

Hem-i-cra'ni-a, n. [Gr. ; i]fju-, half, and KpavLov, 
the skull.] " A pain in the side of the head. 

Hem-i-ple'gi-a, »• [Gr. ; rjp-i-, half, and n\7jyq, 
a stroke.] A paralysis of one side. 

Hem-i-pleg'ic, «. Relating to hemiplegia. 

He-nup'te-ra, n. pi. [Gr. rjfja.-, half, and -rrrepov, 
a wing.] An order of insects, including locusts. 

Hem'i-sphere (hem'i-sfer), n. [Gr. T/p.icr$aipioi/ ; 
t)p-i-', half, and cnpcupa, a sphere.] Haifa globe. 

Hem-i-spher'ic, )a, Relating to, or forming, 

Hem-i-spher'i-cal, j a hemisphere. 

Hem'is-tiph, or He-mis'tigh, n. [Gr. t/p-icttixiov ; 
T//JU-, half, and crVi'xos, a row, a verse.] Half a 
line in poetry. 

Hem'lock, n. [A.-S. hemlic, perhaps for hntie lice, 
stinking leek.] A poisonous plant; a deadly 
poison : — an evergreen tree. 

He-mop'ty-sis, n. [Gr. alp.a, blood, and tttvo-i^, 
a spitting; TrTueiv, to spit.] (Med.) The spit- 
ting of blood. 

Hem'or-rhai-e (hem'or-raj), n. [Gr. ai/xoppayia; 
alp.a, blood, and p-qyvvixt, I burst.] A discharge 
of blood. 

Hem-or-rhag'ic, a. Relating to hemorrhage. 

Hem-or-rhoid'al, a. Relating to hemorrhoids. 

Hem'or-rhoid§, n. pi. _ [Gr. at/u.oppot?, pi. aijuop- 
pot'Ses; atp-a, blood, peecv, to flow.] The piles. 



Hemp, n. [A.-S. henep ; Dut. hennep ; Dan. hamp ; 
Ger. hauf ; Gr. Kavva$L<; ; Skr. cana. — See Can- 
vas.] A plant ; also its dressed fibres. 

Hemp' en (hem'pn), «. Made of hemp. 

Hemstitch, n. An ornamental stitch for a hand- 
kerchief. 

Hen, n. [A.-S. henn; hana, a cock; Dut. hen; 
haan, a cock; Dan. hone; hune, a cock; Ger. 
henne; hahn, a cock; huhn, a fowl.] The female 
of a fowl or a bird. [ous plant. 

Hen'bane, n. [Hen, and Bane, poison.] A poison- 
Hence, ad. [A.-S. heonun, older hiuan ; Ger. hin, 
humeri; L. hinc. It is related to he, him, as the 
L. hinc is 10 hie, hunc, and the Ger. him/en to ihn, 
him, through intermediate adverbial words.] 
From this place ; at a distance ; from this time, 
reason, cause, or source. — 2, v. imp. Begone ; 
depart. [forward. 

Hence' forth (or hens-forth'), ad. From this time 

Hence-fbr'ward, ad. Henceforth. 

Heneh'man, n. [A.-S. hengest, Ger. & Dut. hengst, 
Sw. & Dan. hingst, a horse, and man.] A fol- 
lower ; a servile supporter. 

Hen'-coop, n. A cage for keeping hens. 

Hen-dec'a-gon, n. [Gr. eVfie/ca, eleven, and ytovia, 
an angle ; eV, one, and Seica., ten.] A figure of 
eleven sides. 

Hen-di'a-dys, n. [Gr. eV Sid Svoiv, one through 
two.] (Ehet.) A figure by which two substan- 
tives are used, instead of a substantive and a 
limiting adjective or genitive. 

Hen'-hu§-§y, n. A cotquean; a cotbetty. 

Hen'ne-ry, n. A coop or place for hens. 

Hen'-pecked (hen'pekt), a. Governed by a wife. 

Hen'-r66st, n. A place where poultry roost. 

He-pat'ic, \a. [Gr. ^rran/cos ; ynap, the liver.] 

He-pat'i-cal, j Relating to the liver : — of a liver- 
brown color. 

He-pat'i-ca, a. A plant and its flower ; liverwort. 

Hep-a-ti-za'tion, n. [See Hkpatic.] Consolida- 
tion into a substance resembling liver. 

Hep'ta-gon, n. [Gr. en-ra, seven, and ytovia, an 
angle. J A figure of seven sides and seven angles. 

Hep-tag'o-nal, a. Having seven angles and sides. 

Hep-ta-hg'dron, n. [Gr. eirrd, seven, and e6pa, 
a seat.] A solid figure with seven sides. 

Hep'tar-phy, n. [Gr. eTrrd, seven, and apx>y, gov- 
ernment.] A government conducted by seven 
persons or sovereigns. 

Her, pron. [A.-S. heo, gen. hire; Ger. ihr.] The 
objective ca^e of she.— pron. a. Belonging to a 
female ; of a she. 

Her'ald, n. [Kr. heraut; Ger. herold; Late L. he- 
ralihis; Ger. heer, an army, and walten, to direct.] 
An officer who anciently proclaimed war and 
peace : — one who registers genealogies and regu- 
lates funerals and public ceremonies : — a precur- 
sor; a harbinger : — a proclaimer. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
heralding, heralded.] To introduce as by a 
herald. 

He-ral'dic, a. Relating to heraldry. 

Hgr'ald-ry, n. The art or office of a herald ; the 
science of conventional distinctions on coats of 
arms, shields, banners, &c. ; registry of genealo- 
gies; blazonry. 

Her'ald-ship. n. The office of a he- aid. 

Herb' (erb) [herb, D. St. S. J. K. Sw.], n. [Fr. 
herbe; L. herba ; Sp. yerba.] A plant not woody. 

Her-ba'ceous (her-ba/shus), «. [L. herbaceus.] 
Relating to herbs. 

HerVafe (er'baj or her'baj), n. [Fr. herbage.] 
Herhs collectively ; grass ; pasture. 

Herb'al, n. A treatise on, or book of, plants. — 
2, a.' Pertaining to herbs. 

Herb'al-ist, \ r>. One skilled in herbs; a sim- 

Herb'ar-ist, j pier :— a botanist. 

Her-ba'ri-um, n. [L., from herba, an herb (q. v.).] 
L. pi. Her-ba'ri-a ; Eng. Her-ba'ri-fim§. (Bot.) 
A collection of dried plants ;' a hortus-siccus. 

Her-Mv'o-rous. a. [L. herba, an herb, and vorare, 
to devour.] Feeding on herbage. 



a, e, 1, 0, u, y, long; a, e, 1, 0, u, y, short; a, ?, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



HEKBOKIZE 



285 



HETEEODOX 



Her'bo-rlze, v. n. [Fr. herboriser.'] [pp. herbo- 
rizing, herborized.] To seek for plants. 

Her-cu'le-an, a. Relating to or like Hercules; 
very strong: — requiring strength; arduous; 
difficult :— large ; massy. 

Herd, n. [A.-S. heord, care, herd; Ger. heerde; 
Dan. hiord.] A number of beasts together; a 
drove. — 2, v. n. [pp. herding, herded.] To run in 
herds ; to associate : — to care for a herd. — 3, v. a. 
To throw or put into a herd : — to attend in a herd. 

Herd'er, n. A herdsman. 

Herds' -grass, n. A valuable grass for hay. 

Herds/man, n. One who tends herds. 

Here, ad.' [A.-S. & Dan. her; Dut. & Ger. hier: 
related to the pronoun he.] In this place; in 
this state. 

Here-after, ad. In time to come; in future. — 

2, n. A' future state. 
Here-at', ad. At this point; hereupon. 
Here'a-way, ad. Hereabouts. 
Here-by', ad. By this place or thing. 
He-red'i-ta-ble, a. That may be inherited. 
Her-e-dit'a-ment, n. (Law.) ' Property inherited ; 

inheritance. 
He-red' i-ta-ri-ly, ad. By inheritance. 
Ke-red'i-ta-ry, a. [L. hereditarily ; heres, heredis, 
an heir.]' Transmitted from parents to children ; 
descending by inheritance. 
He-red'i-ty, n, [L. hereditas; heres, heredis, an 
heir (7. r.').] Heirship: — the doctrine that off- 
spring inherit the characteristics of their parents 
or ancestors. 
Here-In', ad. In this place or thing. 
Here-in-after, ad. In this afterward. 
Here-in'tS, or Here-in-t6\ ad. In this. 
Here-of (or her-ov'), ad. From this ; of this. 
Here-on', ad. On this; in this place or thing. 
He-re'si-arph [he-re'zhe-ark, W. P. F. ; he-re'se- 
ark, I. K. ; her'e-se-ark, 8m. C. StXn. [Or. a'i- 
pe<7i<xpxi75 : aipea-is, heresy, and apxos, chief.] A 
leader among heretics; a chief heretic. 
Her'e-sy, n. [Gr. aipeo-19, a choice, a sect, a her- 
esy"; aipeiv, to choose.] An heretical doctrine; 
an opinion not orthodox ; heterodoxy ; a sect. 
Her'e-tic, n. [Gr. aipei-uco?; L. hsereticus. — See 
Heresy.] One who propagates his private opin- 
ions in opposition to the Catholic church ; one 
who propagates or holds opinions inconsistent 
with the Christian religion. 
He-ret'i-cal, a. Containing heresy ; heterodox. 
He-ret'j-cal-ly, ad. In an heretical manner. 
Here-to', ad. To this; hereunto. 
Here-to-fore', ad. Formerly; anciently. 
Here-un-t6\ ad. To this place or thing. 
Here-up-on', ad. Upon this place or thing. 
Here'with, or Here-witn', ad. With this. 
Her'i-ot, "• [A.-S. heregeat; from here, army, and 
gea'tu, provisions.] A fine paid to the lord of a 
manor. 
Her'i-ta-ble, a. Capable of being inherited. 
Her'i-ta|-e, n. [Fr. heritage; heriter, to inherit. — 

See Heir.] An inheritance; inherited estate. 
Her-maph'ro-dism, n. The state of being an 

hermaphrodite ; hermaphroditism. 
Her-maph'ro-dite, >/. [Gr. epp.a(pp66i.To? ; from a 
fabled son' of Hermes and Aphrodite : he was 
united into one person with the nymph Sal- 
macis.] A person, animal, or plant of double 
sex, or of doubtful sex. 
Her-maph-ro-dit'ic, \a. Partaking of both 
Her-maph-ro-dit'i-cal, J sexes. 
Her-maph'ro-dit-isni, n. The union of both 

sexes in the same individual. 

Her-me-neu'tics, n. pi. [Gr. epprj^evriKos, skilled 

in interpretation ; eppeveuTTjs, an interpreter ; 

'Ep/xfj? (Hermes), the god of skill.] Science of 

interpretation. 

Her-mgt'ic, ) a. [Late L. hermeliem, relating 

Her-met'i-cal, j to alchemy ; from Hermes Tris- 



megistus, the reputed discoverer of great secrets 
in alchemy; hence secret.] Chemical: — com- 
pletely closing; as, an hermetic seal : — noting the 
ancient mystic literature of the Egyptians ; also 
the writings of the mediaeval alchemists. 

Her-met'i-cal-ly, ad. Closely. 

Her'mit, n. [Fr ermite ; Gr. epTjjuinjs ; epijpia, 
a desert or solitude ; epyjpos, deserted.] One 
who retires from society ; an anchoret ; a re- 
cluse ; a solitary. 

Her'mit-age, n. A hermit's cell. 

Her'mit-Sss, n. A female hermit. 

Hern, n. [See Heron.] A heron. 

Her'ni-a, n. [L.] (Med.) A rupture. 

He'ro, n. ; pi. He'roes. [L. heros, herois; Gr. 
rjpojs ; Sp. heroe.] A man distinguished for valor ; 
a brave man ; a great warrior : — the principal 
character in a poem. 

He-ro'ic, "I a. Relating to a hero; brave: in- 

He-ro'i-cal, J trepid ; valiant : — epic : — noting a 
daring mode of treatment in which remedies 
remarkable for their potency are employed. 

He-ro'i-cal-ly, ad. In an heroic manner. 

He-ro-i-com'ic, ) a. [Heroic and Comic] 

He-ro-i-com'j-cal, J Comic in heroic mask ; com- 
bining what is heroic with what is ludicrous. 

Her'o-Ine (or he'ro-m), n. [Fr. heroine; L. hero- 
ina'; Gr. ripaiLvr). — See Hero.] A female hero. 

Her'o-ism (or he'ro-izni), n. The qualities or 
character of a hero ; valor; gallantry; courage. 

Her'on, n. [Fr. heron, 0. Fr. hairon, It. aghirone, 
Sp." airon, augmentative forms. — Of. Sw. hUger, 
Dan. heire, A.-S. hragra, Ger. heiger, reiher, a 
heron; L. ardea, Gr. epoiSios, a heron.] A 
bird that feeds upon 
fish. S£s$lM^*J$%%£ : : 

Her'on-ry, n. A place 
where herons breed. 

He'ro -wor' ship (-wiir'- 
ship), n. Reverence 
paid to great men. 

Her' pes, n. [L. ; Gr. ep-' 
mj?; epneiv, L. ser- ! 
pere, to creep.] (Med.) 
A cutaneous inflamma- 
tion or eruption, as tet- 
ter, ringworm, &c. neron - 

Her-pet'ic, a. [Gr. epirr/vrtKos.] Relating to 
herpes. 

Her-pe-tol'o-i-y, n. [Gr. epnerov, a reptile, and 
AoyoV, a treatise ; epueiv, to creep.] The science 
which treats of reptiles. 

HeVring, n. [A.-S. hserincg; Dut. hairing; Ger. 
hcLring; perhaps from the root of Ger. heer, an 
army.] A small sea-fish. 

Hers, pron. The possessive form of she. 




Her-self, 



pr< 



A female individual ; she or her 



(emphatic or reflexive). 

Hes'i-tan-cy, tj. Uncertainty; suspense. 

Hes'i-tant, a. Hesitating. 

Hes'i-tate [hes'i-tat, St], v. n. [L. heesitare, hesi- 
tation, intensive of hserere, to stick, to adhere 
(q. v.).] [pp. hesitating, hesitated.] To stop to 
consider; to be doubtful ; to pause; to falter : — 
to stammer. 

Hes-i-ta'tion, n. Doubt; a faltering. 

Hes-pe'ri-an, a. [L. hesperus, evening star; Gr. 
eo-rrepos, L. vesper, evening.] Western; being 
in the west. 

Hest, n. [A.-S. 1ms; root of A.-S. hatnn, Ger. heis- 
sen, to command. — See Hight.] Behest. 

Het'ai-ri§m, n. [Gr. eraipicr/uo? ; eratpa, a con- 
cubine, a companion.] Harlotry : — concubinage 
as practised in ancient Athens. 

Hetch'el, ». & v. See Hackle. 

Het'er-o-clite, n. [Gr. erepoxAtTo? ; eTepo?, other, 
and /cXtveiv, to lean, to decline.] An irregular 
noun or word. — 2, a. Irregular ; anomalous. 

Het-er-o-clit'ic, \a. Irregular; deviating from 

Het-er-o-clit'i-cal, j rule. 

Het'er-o-dox,' a.' [Gr. erepo?, other, and 66f<x, 



mien, sir ; m3ve, nor, son ; bfill, biir, rule, lise— 5, Q, 5, £, soft ; p, p, p, §, hard ; § as z ; ? as gz ; tnis. 



HETEKODOXY 



286 



HIND 



opinion ; Sokslv, to think.] Not orthodox ; 
heretical. 

Het'er-o-dox-y, n. Quality of being heterodox. 

Het-er-o-l-e-ni'i-tjr, n. Opposition ; diversity. 

Het-er-o-|-e'ne-ous, a. [Gr. eVepo?, other, and 
yeVos, "kind, genus (q. v.).] Opposite or dissim- 
ilar in nature ; composed of differing elements : 
— opposed to homogeneous. 

Het'man, n. [Ger. hauptmann; havpt, head, and 
mann, man.] The commander of the Cossacks : 
— a minor officer of Cossacks : — an ataman. 

Hew (hu), v. a. [A.-S. heawan; Dut. houwen; 
Dan. hugge; Ger. hauen. — Cf. L. cudere, to strike.] 
[£. hewed; pp. hewing, hewn or hewed.] To cut 
with an axe ; to chop : — to cut and form regu- 
larly, as timber. 

Hew'er, n. One who hews wood, &c. 

Hex'a-gon, n. [Gr. k£dyu>vo<; ; e£, six, and yiovi'a, 
an angle.] A figure of six sides or six angles. 

Hex-ag'o-nal, a. Having six sides or six angles. 

Hex-a-he'dral, a. Relating to a hexahedron. 

Hex-a-he'dron, n. [Gr. e£, six {q. v.), and eSpa, a 
base.] (Geom.) A solid figure having six equal 
square sides ; a cube. 

Hex-am'e-ter, n. [Gr. etjanerpos ; e£, six, and 
p-erpov, measure.] A verse or line of six feet. — 
2, a. Having six metrical feet. 

Hey (ha), interj. [Cf. Ger. & Dut. hei, Fr. hem, 
hey; purely interj ectional.] An expression of 
joy or inquiry. 

Hey'day (ha'da), h. [Probably for high day.] A 
frolic ; wildness ; flush ; vivacity. — 2, interj. [Cf. 
Ger. heida, halloo.] Noting exultation. 

Hi-a'tus, n. [L. for a "chasm" (q. v.); hiare, hia- 
tum, to yawn (q. v.).] An aperture; a breach; 
a deficiency. 

Hi'ber-nate, v. n. [L. hibernare, hibernatum ; hi- 
ber'nus, wintry; hiems, winter. — Cf. Skr. hima, 
frost.] [pp. hibernating, hibernated.] To pass 
the winter; to winter in sleep, or in a dormant 
state. 

Hi-ber-na'tion, n. The act of wintering. 

Hi-ber'ni-an', a. [L. Hibemia, Gr. 'Iepvr?, Ireland.] 
Eelating to Ireland; Irish. — 2, n. An Irishman. 

Hi-ber'ni-cism, n. An Irish idiom or phrase. 

Hl-bis'cus, n. [L. ; Gr. i)3tcrK:os.] A genus of plants. 

Hic'cough (hik'kup or hik'kof), n. [Imitative; 
Fr. hoquet; Dut' Ink ; Dan. hikke; Welsh, ig ; 
Breton, hik, hak.] A convulsive cough or sob ; a 
hickup. See Hickup. — 2, v. n. [pp. hiccough- 
ing, hiccoughed.] To have a hiccough. 

Hick'o-ry, n. [Native American.] A tree of the 
walnut kind. 

Hick'up, n. & v. See Hiccough. 

Hid, Hid'den (hid'dn), v . See Hide. 

Hi-dal'go. n. [Sp. for hijo de algo, a son of some- 
thing ; L. films alicujus, a son of somebody ; Port. 
fidulgo.] A Spanish gentleman. 

Hide, v. a. [A.-S. hidan. — Cf. Gr. xevOeiv, to hide : 
akin to the noun Hide.] [i. hid; pp. hiding, 
hid or hidden.] To conceal; to cover; to pro- 
tect ; to secrete ; to shelter : — to beat. — 2, v. n. 
To lie hid ; to be concealed.— 3, n. [A.-S. hyd ; 
Dut. huid; Dan. hud; Ger. haul; L. cutis; Gr. 
kvtos, (7/ct)to?.] The skin of an animal : — [A.-S. 
hid, higid. — Cf. hiivisc, a household; hi/van, those 
of one house] a quantity of land from sixty to a 
hundred acres. [gardly; stingy :— bigoted. 

Hide'-bound, a. Having the skin close: — nig- 

Hid'e-oiis, a. [Fr. hideux ; 0. Fr. hideus, hidos, 
possibly for L. hispidiosus, hispidns, rough, hispid 
(q. ?,'.).] Horrible; dreadful; shocking; ghastly. 

HId'e-ous-ly, ad. Horribly ; dreadfully. 

Hld'e-ous-ness, n. Horribleness. 

Hid'ing, n. Concealment : — a beating. 

Hie '(hi), v. n. [A.-S. higian, to haste.— Cf. Gr. 
kUiv, to move; L. ciere, to cause to move.] [pp. 
hying or hieing, hied.] To hasten ; to go in haste. 

Hi'e-rarph, n. The chief of a sacred order. 

Hl'e-rar-phal, ) a. Eelating to a hierarch or 

HI-e-rar'phi-cal, J to a hierarchy. 



HI'e-rar-phy, n. [Gr. lepapxia; iepos, sacred, and 
apxeiv, to rule.] Governmi-nt by the priesthood ; 
ecclesiastical government : — prelates collectively. 

Hi-e-rat'ic, a. [Gr. lepari/cos ; iepos, sacred.] 
Employed in sacred uses. 

Hi'e-ro-glyph, \n. [Gr. iepoyXvfyiicos ; iepo<;, 

Hl-e-ro-glyph'ic, J sacred, and y\v<*>eiv, to carve, 
to inscribe.]' Picture-writing; a symbolical 
character.. 

Hi-e-ro-glyph'ic, \a. Having the nature of 

Hl-e-ro-glyph'i-cal, J hieroglyphics. 

Hl-e-ro-glyph'ics, n. pi. Picture-writing, con- 
sisting of figures of animals, plants, and other 
material objects. 

Hi-er'o-phant, or Hi'e-ro-phant, n. [Gr. tepo- 
cpavTTjs ; iep6<;, sacred, and (pcuVeiv, to show.] 
An expounder of mysteries ; a priest. 

Hig'gle, v. n. [Cf. Dut. heukelaar, a huckster; 
Local Ger. Imgkler, apedler; hughe, Ger. hr>ck, a 
pack.] [pp. higgling, higgled.] To chaffer ; to 
haggle ; to be hard in a bargain ; to peddle. 

Hig'gler, n. One who hawks or higgles. 

High (hi), a. [A.-S. heuh; Dut. hoog ; Dan. hoi; 
Ger. hoch.] Rising much above the ground or 
surface; elevated; exalted; not low: — difficult; 
arduous :-r-proud : — noble; great: — violent; op- 
pressive : — full : — exorbitant; dear : — loud. — 
2, ad. Aloft ; aloud ; powerfully. 

High'-born (hl'born), a. Of noble extraction. 

HIgh'-bred, a. Of high breed or training. 

High' -church, a. Strenuous for episcopal and 
ecclesiastical authority. 

High' -flown (hi'tlon). «. Turgid; bombastic. 

HIgh'-hand-ed, a. Arbitrary; overbearing. 

High'land, n.' A mountainous district. 

High'land-er, n. A mountaineer. 

High ly (hi'le), ad. Aloft; in a great degree. 

High' -mass, n. The Roman Catholic, mass cele- 
brated with the singing of the choristers. 

High'-mind-ed, a. Noble ; magnanimous ; honor- 
able : — proud ; arrogant. 

High'ness (hi'nes), n. Elevat ; on ; dignity of na- 
ture ; excellence : — a title of princes. 

High' -priest, n. The chief priest. 

High' -road, n. A public road. 

High'-spir-it-ed, a. Bold; daring; proud. 

Hight (hit), n' See Height.— 2, v. & p. passive 
and defective. [A.-S. hatan, to be called; Ger. 
heissen, Goth, haitan, to call.] [i. bight; p. 
hight.] To be called :— called. [Poet, and antiq.] 

High-way' (hT-wfi/), n. A great road; a public 
path : — an open way by water. 

HIgh'way-man (hi'wa-man), n. A robber. 

Hi-la'ri-ous, a. [L. hilarus, hilaris; Gr. iXapo?, 
gay ; iAao?, propitious.] Gay ; merry ; jovial. 

Hi-lkr'i-ty, n. [Fr. hilarite ; L. hilaritas.—See 
Hilarious.] Gayety excited by social pleasure ; 
joviality ; mirth ; merriment. 

Hill, n. [A.-S. hull; 0. Dut. hit; Ger. hiigel—Cf. 
L. collis, Lith. kalnas, a hill.] An elevation of 
ground less than a mountain and larger than a 
hillock.— 2, v. a. [pp. hilling, hilled.] To form 
into, or surround with, elevations or hills. 

Hil'lock, n. A little hill. 

Hil'ly, a. Full of hills ; unequal in surface. 

Hilt, n. [A.-S. hilt; Icel. hjalt ; 0. Ger. helza: not 
connected with Hold.] The handle of a sword, &c. 

Hilt'ed, a. Having a hilt. 

Hi'lu'm, n. [L.] (Bot.) The scar left upon a seed 
when separated from its support. 

Him, pron. The objective case of he. 

Him-self , pron. in the nominative or objective 
case. He or him.— By himself, alone. 

Hin, n. [Heb. ; from the Egyptian.] A Jewish 
liquid measure of ten pints. 

Hind, a. [A.-S. hindan, back ; Goth, hindar, Ger. 
hinter, hinten, behind : allied to Hence.] [comp. 
hinder ; super!, hindmost.] Backward; contrary 
in position to the face. — 2, n. [A.-S. & Dan. 
hind; Dut. hinde ; Ger. hind, hinde, hindin: prob- 
ably related to Hlnt.] The female of the stag : 



a, e, I, 6, u, y, !ong ; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a,'e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



HINDEK 



287 



HOBBLEDEHOY 



— [A.-S. hina or hina-man, a house-servant ; Iriwan, 
domestics : possibly related to Hive] a rustic. 

Hin'der, v. a. [A.-S. hindrian ; hinder, hindan, be- 
hind"; Icel. hindra, to hinder. — See Hind.] [pp. 
hindering, hindered.] To obstruct; to stop; to 
impede. — 2, ». n. To cause impediment. 

Hind er, a. On the rear <>r backside. 

Hin'der-ance, n. Any thing that hinders; an ob- 
stacle; 'an impediment; a stop; an obstruction : 
— very often written hindrance. 

Hm'der-er, ». He who or that which hinders. 

Hind'er-most, a. Hindmost; last. 

Hind'most, a. [A corrupt lbim : A.-S. hindema ; 
Goth, hindu mists; hind, and suffixes akin to the 
L. superlative ending -imus.] Last; that comes 
in the rear. 

Hin-d6S', n. ; pi. Hin-d66s'. A native of Hindostan. 

Hin-dos-tan'ee, n. A language of the Hindoos.— 
2, a.' Relating to the Hindoos or to Hindostan. 

Hin'drance, n. See Hinderance. 

Hin-du\ \ n. [Arab. Hind, India, named 

Hin-du-stan'ee, J from the river Indus; Skr. 
si, i<lhv, a river.] See Hindoo, Hindostanee. 

Hinge, n. [0. E. hingel; Dut. hengsel; Ger. hanqe: 
root of Hang.] The joint on which a door turns : 
— that on which something depends.— 2, v. a. 
[pp. hinging, hinged.] To furnish with hinges; 
to bend. — 3, p. n. To turn, as upon a hinge. 

Hin'ny., n. [L. Irinnvs, ginnvs, a mule ; Gr. yiVvo;, 
ivvo?.] The offspring of a stallion and a she-ass ; 
a mule. — 2, 7-. n. [See Whinny : imitative.] [pp. 
hinnying, hinnied.] To neigh ; to whinny. 

Hint, v. a. & v. n. [Pan. ymte, to whisper; affected 
by 0. E. henlen, A.-S. hentan, Goth, hinthan, to 
catch, to seize.] [pp. hinting, hinted.] To bring 
to mind ; to allude. — 2, n. A remote suggestion ; 
an intimation. 

Hip, n. [A.-S. hi/pe: Dut. hcnp ; Ger. hiifte ; Dan. 
hofte : allied to Heap.] The joint of the thigh ; 
the haunch :— [A.-S. heope ; 0. Ger. hiefe ; Goth. 
hivfo, a bramble] the fruit of the brier of dog-rose. 

Hipped (hipt), \a. (A corruption of hypochondriaa) 

Hip pish, J Low-spirited : — affected with hyp- 

ochondria; hypped. 

Hip'po-drome, )/. [Gr. i7T7T6SpojU.o? ; itttto?, a horse, 
and Sp6/uo9, a race; 8po.fj.eii>, to run.] A course 
for horse-races. 

Hip-p6ph'a-£y, n. [Gr. 'iwiros, a horse, and <f>ayelv, 
to eat.] 'The eating of horse-flesh. 

Hip-po-pot'a-mus, n. [L. ; Gr. in-Tron-ora/uo? ; iV- 
nos, a horse, and noTa.fj.cs, a river.] L. pi. Hip- 
po-pot'a-mi; Eng. Hip-po-pot'a-mus-es. The 
river-horse, a large aquatic animal. 

Hi'r'cine, or Hir'cine, a. [L. hircinus; hircns, a 
goat.] Of or pertaining to, or resembling, a 
goat : — smelling like a goat; smelling rank. 

Hire, v. a. [A.-S. hi/r ; Dut. hwir ; Dan. hijre ; 
Ger. heuer.] [pp. hiring, hired.] To engage for 
pay ; to employ for wages : — to bribe :— to let or 
let out. — 2, n. Reward ; recompense ; wages ; 
salary. [2, a. Serving for hire ; venal. 

Hire'ling, n. One who is hired ; a mercenary. — 

Hir'er, n. One who hires. 

Hir-sute', a. [L. hirsvius; hirtutj, shaggy: prob- 
ably related to Harsh.] Rough ; hairy ; shaggy. 

H5§ (biz), prom. The possessive case of he. Of him. 

His'pid, a. [L. Mspidm.] Set with bristle*. 

Hiss, v. n. [Imitative: A.-S. h>/sian ; 0. Dut. hiss- 
chen ; Dut. eissen; Gei'. zischen; Local E. sws.] 
[pp. hissing, hissed.] To utter a noise like that 
of a serpent; to express contempt or disapproba- 
tion. — 2, v. a. To condemn by hissing. — 3, n. 
The voice of a serpent; censure. 

Hiss'ing, n. Noise of a serpent, &c. ; hiss. 

Hist, interj. [Dan. hys; hi/use, to hush (q. v.). — 
See Whist.] Commanding silence ; hush. 

His-tol'o-iry., n. [Gr. icrro?, a web, a bolt of 
cloth, and Aoyo?, a discourse ; Io-tos also means 
a mast, a standing beam ; from lareftt, to set up, 
to stand (q. p.).] Anatomy, especially the minute 
anatoniv of the tissues. 



His-to'ri-an, n. A writer of history. 

His-tor'ic, "la. [Gr. ia-ropt/cos.] Relating to 

His-tor'i-cal, J history ; containing historj'. 

His-tor'i-cal-ly, ad. In the manner of history. 

His-to-ri-og'ra-pher, n. [Gr. io-ropto-ypd$os ; i<r- 
ropia, history, and ypa^ecv, to write.] One who 
is employed to write history ; an historian. 

His-to-ri-og'ra-phy, n. Business of an historian. 

His'to-ry, n. [L. historia, Gr. io-ropia, history, 
information, inquiry; to-rcop, learned; eiSevcu, 
to know : akin to Wit.] A narrative of past 
events; a relation of facts respecting nations, 
empires, &c. [Theatrical ; pantomimic. 

His-tri-on'ic, a. [L. histrionicus ; htetrio, an actor.] 

His-tri-on'i-cal-ly, ad. Theatrically. 

Hit, v.'a. [Dan. hitte, Icel. hitta, to meet, to hit 
upon; Sw. hilta, to find.] [i. hit; pp. hitting, 
hit.] To strike; to touch; not to miss: — to reach; 
to attain : — to suit; to touch or represent prop- 
erly. — 2, v. n. To clash ; to collide ; to fit ; to suit. 
— 3, n. A stroke : — a chance ; a lucky chance. 

Hitch, v. n. [Probably by mutation from Hook. — 
Cf. 0. E. hicchen, kikken, to move convulsively.] 
[pp. hitching, hitched.] To be caught: to move 
by jerks. — 2, v. a. To fasten; to bind to; to 
tie. — 3, n. A catch ; any thing that holds. 

Hith'er, ad. [A.-S. hither, hider ; Goth, hidre; 
Dan', hid; L. cilra ; Ger. hierher: related to 
Here and He.] To this place ; to this end. — 
2, a. Nearer; being toward this part. 

Hitfi'er-most, a. Nearest on this side. 

Hith'er-to, ad. To this time; yet; till now. 

Hither- w|rd, ) d This vvav . toward this place. 

Hitn er-wards, J 

Hi'ty-tl'ty, interj. See Hoity-toity. 

Hive. ». [A.-S. h§fb, hyfi: akin to Cover.] A box 
or artificial receptacle for bees. — 2, p. a. [pp. 
hiving, hived.] To put into hives: to harbor. 
— 3, v. n. To reside or take shelter together in 
large numbers. 

Hiv'er, n. One who puts bees in hives. 

Hive's, n. pi. [Related to Heave.] The disease 
called croup : — a skin disea-e. 

Ho, interj. Commanding or calling attention. 

Hoar (hor), a. [A.-S. hear; Icel. hair; hum, gray 
hair.] White or gray with age or frost.— 2, n. 
Antiquity; hoariness : — mist. 

Hoard (hord), n. [A.-S. hard, Ger. hort, a hoard; 
A.-S. hordian, to hoard : akin to Herd.] A store 
laid up; a treasure.— 2, c. n. [pp. hoarding, 
hoarded.] To lay up stores or hoards. — 3, v. a. 
To store ; to lay in hoards. 

Hoard'ing (hord'ing), n. [0. Fr. horde, a barrier; 
0. Ariglo-Fr. hordi/s, a fence; Dut. horde, a hur- 
dle (q. ».).] A board fence enclosing a house in 
process of erection or repair. 

Hoar'-frost (lnVfrdst), n. A white frost. 

Hoar'hound, n. [A.-S. humor harhune; har, hoary, 
and hnne, strong-scented.] A bitter medicinal 
plant. 

Hoar'i-ness, n. The state of being hoary. 

Hoarse (hors), a. [A.-S. has; Dan. hx* ; Sw. hes; 
Dut. heesch ; Ger. heiser.] Having the voice rough. 

Hoarse'ly (hors'le), oil. With a rough voice. 

Hoarse'ness, n. Tlie state of being hoar>e. 

Hoar'y (h'or'e), a. [See Hoar.] White : gray with 
age : — white with frost ; hoar :— mouldy. 

Hoax (hoks), n. [Cf. Hocus-pocrs.] An imposition; 
a deception. — 2, v. a. [pp. hoaxing, hoaxed.] 
To deceive ; to impose upon ; to quiz. 

Hob. n. [An old nickname for Hobert ; otherwise 
Bob and Bob.] A fairy :— a rustic fellow: — [a 
form of Hub] side of a grate ; a hub. 

Hob'ble, v. n. [A frequentative of Hop.— Cf. Dut. 
hobbelen, to rock, as a boat, to stutter; 0. Fr. 
hober, to stir.] [pp. hobbling, hobbled.] To 
walk lamely; to limp.— 2, v. a. To fetter; to 
clog.— 3, n. An uneven, awkward gait ; a limp : 
— a scrape ; a difficulty :— a fetter ; a hamper. 

Hob'ble-de-hb'y', n. [A factitious word, having 
a reference to awkwardness.] A stripling. 



mien, c:r , move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— -g, Qt, 9, g, soft ; p, p, p, §, hard ; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 



HOBBY 



288 



HOLY-WATER 



HoVby, n. [Fr. hobereau ; 0. Fr. hole, hobel: per- 
haps 'related to Ger. habicht, a hawk (gr. v.).] A 
hawk : — [Fr. uubiu, hobin, a nag ; Dan. hoppe, a 
mare; Frisian hoppe, a pony : connected with 
Hop] a horse ; a nag : — a favorite object, pur- 
suit, or plaything. 

Hob'by-hbrse, n. A wooden horse on which boys 
ride : — a favorite object ; a hobby. 

Hob-gob'lin, n. [Hob and Goblin.] A fairy; a 
frightful apparition. 

Hob'nail, n. [Hob, a head or hump, and Nait..] A 
nail used in shoeing a horse, or in heavy shoes : 
— a clown ; a rustic fellow. 

Hob'nob, n. [A.-S. hubban, to have, and nabban, 
for ne habban, not to have, implying a free 
choice.] A familiar call in drinking. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. hobnobbing, hobnobbed.] To drink with 
another in a familiar manner : — to be familiar. 

Hock, v. a. [See Hough.] [pp. hocking, hocked.] 
To cut the hough; to hamstring; to hough. — 
2, ra. The joint of an animal between the knee 
and the fetlock :— [from Hochheim, a place in 
Germany] a Rhenish wine. 

Hock'ey, n, [From Hook.] A game at ball : — 
called also hawkey, or hookey. 

Ho'cus-po'cus, n. [Meaningless juggler's Latin.] 
A juggler :'— a juggle ; a cheat. 

Hod, n. [Local E. hod, for hold. — Cf. Local Ger. 
hotte, a tub ; 0. Dut. hotte, a pedler's pack ; Fr. 
hotte, a basket carried on the back.] A trough 
used in carrying bricks and mortar : — a coal- 
scuttle. 

Hodge, n. [A nickname for Eoger.] A rustic 
person ; a clown. 

Hod£e'podge, n. [Cf. Hotchpot.] A medley; a 
hotchpotch. 

Ho-di-er'nal, a. [L. hodie, for hoc die, this day; 
hodlernus,' of to-day.] Of this day; of to-day. 

Hod'man, n. A laborer who carries mortar. 

Hod'o-graph, n. [Gr. 6665, a way, and vpa^eiv, to 
inscribe.] A certaiu mathematical curve. 

Ho-dom'e-ter, n. [Gr. 666?, a way, and ixerpov, a 
measure.]' A device for registering the distance 
travelled hy a vehicle. 

Hoe (ho), n. [Fr. hone; Ger. hone: akin to Hew.] 
A tool used in gardening, &c. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
hoeing, hoed.] To cut or dig with a hoe. 

Hog, n. [Probably akin to Hack in the sense of 
to cut, to castratp, or to shear. — Cf. Welsh hwch, 
a sow; Bret, hoch, a pig.] A swine: — a young 
sheep : — a mean man. — 2, v. a. [pp. hogging, 
hogged.] To cai ry on the back : — to cut the 
hair short : — to scrub a ship's bottom. 

Hoggish, a. Like a hog ; brutish ; selfish. 

Hog'iish-ness, n. Brutality ; selfishness. 

Hogs/head (hogz'hed), n. [Dut. oxhoft, Ger. ochs- 
hoft, Dan. oxhoved, — literally, ox-head; perhaps 
from some old brand on casks.] A large cask : 
— a liquid measure, half a pipe, or sixty-three 
wine gallons. 

HSi'den (hoi'dn), n. [Dut. heiden, a heathen, a 
gypsy ; 0. E. hoydon, a clown : a variant of Hea- 
then; but cf. 6. E. hoit, to riot.— See Hoot.] 
A rude, awkward girl. — 2, a. Rustic; coarse; 
rude. — 3, v. n. [pp. hoidening, hoidened.] To 
romp indecently or rudely. 

Hoist, v. a. [Dut. hijschen; 0. Dut. hyssen; Dan. 
heisse; Sw. hissa; Fr. hisser: distinct from Fr. 
hausser, to raise.— See Hawser.] [pp. hoisting, 
hoisted.] To raise or lift up; to heave. — 2, n. 
A lift; the act of raising up; an elevator. 

Hbi'ty-tbi'ty, ittterj. [Reduplicated from 0. E. 
hoit,'to riot." — Cf. Hoot.] Noting surprise. — 2, a. 
Thoughtless; giddy. 

Hold, v. a. [A.-S. healdan; Dut. houden; Dan. 
holde; Ger. Ixdten.] [i. held; pp. holding, held 
or holden : — holden is now little used except in 
legal forms.] To restrain from escape ; to grasp ; 
to keep ; to retain ; to have ; to maintain : — to 
consider ; to regard : — to receive ; to contain. — 
2, v. n. To stand ; to last :— to refrain.— 3, «. A 



grasp ; support ; custody ; a prison ; a fortress : 
—[Dut. hoi, a hold, a hole (q. v.)] the interior 
of a ship. 

Hold'back, n. A hinderance ; a restraint. 

Hold'er, n. He who or that which holds: — a 
tenant : — something to take hold with. 

Hold' fast, n. A catch; a hook; a support; ahold. 

Hold'ing, n. Tenure ; hold :— land held. 

Hole.'w. [A.-S. & Dut. hoi; Dan. hid; Ger. hold. 
— Cf. A.-S. holen, to hide.] A cavity ; a perfora- 
tion ; a hollow place ; a cell :— a mean habitation. 

H51'i-day, n. [For holy day, a saint s day.] A 
day of some ecclesiastical festival ; a day of fes- 
tivity, rest, or sport :— written also holyduy. — 
2, a. Befitting a festival ; cheerful. 

Hb'li-ly, ad. Piously ; with sanctity. 

Ho'li-ness, n. [A.-S. halignes. — See Holy.] Qual- 
ity of being holy ; sanctity ; piety : — the title of 
the pope. 

Hol'land, n. A fine linen made in Holland. 

Hol'l^nds, n. A sort of gin. 

Hol-lo\ interj. [Fr. hold. — See Halloo.] A word 
used in calling to any one at a distance. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. holloing, holloed.] To cry out loud; to 
halloo. — 3, n. A shout; a loud call. 

Hoi' low (hol'lo), a. [A.-S. holh, healoc, holg, vari- 
ants of hoi, a hole (q. v.).] Excavated ; having 
a void within ; void ; not solid : — not faithful. — 
2, n. A space between hills or elevations; a 
cavity ; cavern ; hole ; pit. — 3, v. a. [pp. hol- 
lowing, hollowed.] To make hollow. 

Hol'low-ness, n. A cavity :— deceit. 

H61' low-ware, n. Kitchen-utensils. 

Hol'ly, n. [A.-S. holen; Dut. huht; Ger. huhe; 
L. ilex, ilicis; Fr. houx. — Cf. Welsh celyn, Bret. 
kelen, Irish cuilennu, holly.] An evergreen tree 
or shrub. 

Hol'ly-hock, n. [0. E. holihoc; holy, and A.-S. 
hoc, mallow ; said to have been called holy be- 
cause it was regarded as a native of the Holy 
Land.] A plant, the rose-mallow. 

Holm (bom or holm), n. [A.-S. holm, a mound, a 
billow, the sea; Dan. & Ger. holm, an islet; 
Russ. kholm, a hill; L. oilmen, a ridge.] A small 
island : — low, flat land : — [A.-S. holen, holly] the 
evergreen oak. 

Hol'o-caust, n. [Gr. b\6i<avo~Tov ; 0A05, entire, 
and Kaleiv, fut. ko.v<tu>, to burn.] A whole 
burnt-sacrifice. 

Hol'o-graph, n. [Gr. oAos, entire, and -ypa<f>eiv, 
to write.] A document entirely in its author's 
handwriting. 

Hol-o-graph'ic, a. Relating to a holograph. 

Hol-o-pho'tal [ho-loph'o-tal, St.], a. [Gr. 6A0?, 
entire, and </>o>s, 4>o>t6?, light.] Utilizing all the 
light (chiefly used of light-house apparatus). 

Hol-o-thu'ri-an, n. [Gr. oAos, whole, and 0vpa, 
an 'opening: the alimentary canal is open at 
either end.] (Zob'l.) The sea-cucumber, a ma- 
rine animal. 

Holp, l, Holp'en (hol'pn), p., from help. 

Hol'ster, n. [Dut. holster; A.-S. heolstor, a cov- 
ering; Goth, hnlistr, a veil; Dut. hullen, A.-S. 
Iwlan, L. celare, to cover.] A case for a horse- 
man's pistol. 

Holt, m. [A.-S. & Icel. holt, a grove ; Dut. houl, 
Ger. hoh, wood : akin to A.-S. helan, to cover.] 
A grove ; a woodland ; an orchard. 

Ho'ly., a. [A.-S. halig ; Dut. & Ger. heilig ; A.-S. 
hall Ger. heil, whole, perfect.] Perfectly pure ; 
divine; immaculate; pious; religious; hallowed; 



Hol'y-day, m A festival day ; a day of rest or joy : 

—written also holiday— Ln the solemn style, 

written and pronounced ho'ly-day. 
Ho'ly-phost', n. The Holy Spirit. 
Ho'ly-rSod, n. The cross of Christ. 
Ho'ly-stone, n. A stone used in scouring a ship's 

decks. — 2, v. a. [pp. holy-stoning, holy-stoned.] 

To clean with a holy-stone. 
Ho'ly-wa'ter, n. Water blessed by a priest. 



a, e, 1, 0, G, y, long; a, e, 1, 6, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure— Fare, far, fast, fail; heir, her; 



HOMAGE 



289 



HOOT 



Hom'afe, «. [Fr. hommage, — literally, a man's 
service ; Homme, L. homo, a man. — See Human.] 
Service and submission to a superior; fealty; 
reverence ; duty ; respect. — 2, v. a. [pp. hom- 
aging, homaged.] To reverence ; to pay honor. 

Home, n. [A.-S. ham; Dan. & Ger. heim: closely 
akin to Goth, haims, a village. — Cf. Lith. kemas, 
Gr. /COJ/U.7J, a village : root of Gr. Kelnai, to lie 
down.] One's house, dwelling, place of abode, 
or country ; residence ; domicile. — 2, a. Domes- 
tic : — close ; direct ; pointed. — 3, ad. To one's 
home : — to the point. 

Home'less, a. Destitute of a home. 

Home'li-ness, n. Plainness ; coarseness. 

HSme'ly, a. [For Jwme-like.] Plain ; not elegant ; 
coarse ; rude. 

Ho-mer'ic, «. Relating to the poet Homer. 

Home'sick, a. Ill by being absent from home; 
desirous to go home ; nostalgic. [nostalgia. 

Home'sick-ness, n. State of being homesick; 

Home'spim, a. Made at home ; plain ; homely. 

Home' stead, n. [Home and Stead.] The place 
of the house ; a mansion-house ; a farm with its 
buildings. 

Home'ward, or Home'wards, ad. Toward home. 

Hom-i-ci'dal, a. Relating to homicide. 

Hom'i-cide, ». [L. homicida, a man-sla3 T er ; horni- 
cidium, manslaughter; homo, a man, and csedere, 
to kill.] (Laic.) The killing of a man by the 
hand of man ; manslaughter : — a man-slayer. 

Hom-i-let'ic, ) o. [Gr. o/uiA^ti/cos. — See Hom- 

Hom-i-let'i-cal, J ily.j Relating to homilies; 
hortatory :— 'social. 

Hom-i-let'ies, n. pi. The art of preaching. 

Hom'i-list, n. A preacher to a congregation. 

Hom'i-ly, n. [Gr. o/xiMa; d/xiAo?, an assembly; 
6|u.6?, like, same, and eiArj, a crowd ; e'tAeij/, to 
press.] A religious discourse : — a sermon. 

Hom'ing-, a. Returning home (as a pigeon). 

Hom'i-ny, »• [Algonquin, auhuminia.] Food made 
of maize boiled : — written also homony and hom- 
mony. < 

Ho-mo-cen'tric, a. [Gr. bp.6s, same, and icevrpov, 
a centre.] Having the same centre. 

Ho-mce-o-path'ic, a. Relating to homoeopathy. 

H6-mce-op'a-thist, n. One who practises or is 
versed in homoeopathy. 

Ho-moe-op'a-thx, u. [Gr. op-oiowdOeia, likeness 
of feeling; 6/xoio?, like (o/xd?, same), and iraQelv, 
to suffer.] (Med.) A system of medicine based 
on the opinion that diseases are cured by medi- 
cines which have power to cause similar diseases 
in healthy persons. 

Ho-mo-i-e-ne'i-ty;, \ n. Sameness of nature 

Ho-mo-ge'ne-ous-ness, J throughout. 

H6-mo-|-e'ne-ous, a. [Gr. ojioyei/r}? ; 6/u.d?, same, 
and yei/o?, race, genus (gr. v.).] Having the same 
nature throughout: — composed of similar ele- 
ments : — opposed to heterogeneous. 

Ho-mol'o-gate, v. a. [See Homologous.] [pp. 
homologating, homologated.] To allow ; to ap- 
prove. 

Ho-mol'o-gous, a. [Gr. 6/aoAoyd?, agreeing; 
o/u-os, same, and Adyo?, a saying ; Ae-yeii>, to say.] 
Proportional to each other: — corresponding in 
structure. 

Hom'o-logue (hoiu/o-log), n. An organ structu- 
rally like another, but of different functions. 

Ho-mol'o-fy, n. (Auat.) The correspondence of 

parts in structure, with difference in function. 
Hom'o-ny, n. Food of maize. See Hominy. 
Hom'o-nyme, n. A word which agrees in sound 
with another, but has a different meaning ; as, 
air and heir. See SYNONYMS. 
Ho-mon'y-moiis, a. [Gr. o/u.aii'w.aos ; bp.6<;, same, 
and ow^a, a name.] Having the same sound, 
but different signification ; equivocal. 
Ho-mon'y-my, n. Sameness of sound with differ- 
ence of meaning : — an equivocation. 
Hone, n. [A.-S. han, Icel. hein, Sw. hen, a hone; 
Skr. cana, a grindstone ; po, to sharpen : akin to 



Cone, and to L. cos, a whetstone.] A stone for 
whetting razors, &c. — 2, v. a. [pp. honing, 
honed.] To sharpen on a hone. 

Hon'est (on'est), a. [Fr. honnite, L. honestus, hon- 
orable ; houos, honor (g. v.).} Upright; true; 
just ; equitable : pure ; sincere ; virtuous ; chaste. 

Hon'est-ly (on'est-le), ad. Uprightly ; justly. 

Hon'es-ty (on'es-te), n. [L. hoaestas, honor, credit. 
—See Honest.] Constant adherence to truth 
and rectitude; uprightness; probity; integrity; 
fair dealing ; justice ; virtue. 

Hon'ey (hun'e), n. [A.-S. hunig ; Dut. & Ger. 
honig ; Dan. honning.] A sweet substance col- 
lected by bees from flowers. — 2, v. a. [pp. hon- 
eying, honeyed.] To sweeten. 

Hon'ey-ant, u. An ant that stores up honey. 

Hon'ey-comb (-kom), n. [Honey and Comb; 
A.-S. hunig-carub.] Cells for honey. [ties. 

Hon'ey-combed (-komd), a. Having little cavi- 

Hon'ey-dew, n. A sweet substance on leaves. 
j Hon'ey-moon, n. The first month after marriage. 
j Hon'ey-sfic-kle (hun'e-suk-kl), s. [Honey and 
Suckle.] A plant or shrub; the woodbine and 
its fragrant flower. 

Hong, n. [Chinese, hang.] A European or foreign 
factory in China. 

Hon'or (on'or), n. [Fr. honneur ; L. honor or ho~ 
nos, honoris.] High estimation or respect: dig- 
nity ; high rank ; reputation ; integrity ; fame ; 
glory : — a title of respect. — 2, v. a. [pp. honor- 
ing, honored.] To reverence ; to dignify ; to 
venerate ; to respect ; to adore. 

Hon'or-a-ble (on'or-a-bl), a. Having honor; il- 
lustrious ; magnanimous ; generous. 

H6n'or-a-bly (on'or-a-ble), ad. With honor. 

Hon-o-ra'ri-um, n. [L.j A fee voluntarily paid. 

Hon'o-ra-ry (on'o-ra-re), a. Conferring honor. 

Hood (hfidj. [-hood or -head, a suffix, is the A.-S. 
had, state, Ger. -licit.] A suffix used to denote Mate 
or quality ; as, chi!d/>ooc/. — 2. n. [A.S.hod; Dut. 
hoed; Ger. hut : allied to Hked and Hide.] A 
covering for a woman's head : — a cap-like cov- 
ering. — :i, v. a. [pp. hooding, hooded.] To dress 
in a hood ; to cover. 

Hood'lum (hfid'lum), n. [Ger. hudel, Sw. hnllare, 
a ragamuffin; Ger. hudehi, Sw. hutla, to be a 
loafer.] A rowdy, a young ruffian. [Slang.] 

Hood'wink (hud'-), v. a. [pp. hoodwinking, hood- 
winked.] To blindfold ; to impose upon. 

Hoof. ». [A.-S. hof; Dut. half; Dan. fop; Ger. 
kaf; Skr. papha.] The homy part of a beast's 
foot.— 2, v. ii. [pp. hoofing, hoofed.] To walk, 
as cattle. [Vulgar or colloq.] 

HoSfed (hoft), a. Furnished with hoofs. 

Hook (bilk), n. [A.-S. hoc; Dut. hnah; Dan. 
huge; Ger. haken.—Cf. Skr. Jcueh, to bend.] Any 
thing bent so as to catch hold ; a catch : — a 
snare : — an instrument. — 2, v. a. [pp. hooking, 
hooked.] To catch with a hook ; to insnare : — to 
gore or strike with a horn : — to steal. — 3, v. n. 
To bend ; to have a curve. 

H66'kah, n. [Arab. ; from hugq, a hollow.] A 
sort of tobacco-pipe in the East. 

Hooked (huk'ed or hu'kt), a. Bent; curvated. 

Hoop (hop or hup), n. [Dut. hoep. — Cf. Icel. hop, 
a curve, a bay; Skr. chapa, to bend.] A band 
of wood or metal encompassing a cask : — any- 
thing circular; a farthingale. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
hooping, hooped.] To bind or enclose with hoops. 

H6Sp, r. n. [Fr. houper. — See Whoop.] [pp. hoop- 
ing, hooped.] To shont; to whoop.— 2, n. A 
shout ; a whoop :— a peck measure. 

Hoop'ing-cough', n. See Whooping-cough. 

H66 poe, or H68'p66, «- [Fr. huppe ; L. upuna ; 
Sp. abubilla; Gr. eVoi//: from the bird's note.] A 
bird with a fine crest. 

Hoot, v. n. [Imitative. — Cf. Fin. hutaa, to shout; 
Sw. huta ut, to hoot out, to drive out ; hota, to 
threaten.] [pp. hooting, hooted.] To shout; to 
cry as an owl. — 2, v. a. To drive away with 
noise. — 3, n. A shout of contempt; a clamor. 



mien, sir; mfive, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5,9, c,§, soft, 
N t 25 



P, £, P, §. hard; § as z ; $ as gz ; this. 



HOP 



290 



HOSANNA 



Hop, v. n. [A.-S. hoppian; Dut. happen; Ger. 
hilpfen.] [pp. hopping, hopped.] To jump; to 
skip ; to leap on one leg. — 2, n. [Dut. hop ; Ger. 
Ivopfen; Fr. Jwublon ; Icel. humal; Dan. hunde; 
Late L. humulus. — Of. Gr. Kaju7rvAos, bent, 
twined.] A plant and its flower, used for making 
beer, &c. : — a dance : — a jump ; a leap. 

Hope, n. [A.-S. hopian, Dut. Itopen, to hope; hoop, 
A.-S. hopu, Dan. haab, hope; Ger. hojf'en, to 
hope.] Desire united with expectation: — a 
thing hoped for : — a ground for expectation. — 
2, v. n. [pp. hoping, hoped.] To live in expec- 
tation of some good. — 3, v. a. To expect with 
desire. — Forlorn hope [Dut. verloren hoop, a lost 
or devoted troop; hoop, a band, — literally, a 
heap], a military party detailed for service of 
uncommon peril. 

Hope'ful, a. Full of hope :— giving hope; prom- 
ising good ; encouraging. 

Hbpe'ful-ly, ad. In a hopeful manner. 

Hope'ful-ness, n. Prospect of good : — quality of 
being hopeful. 

Hope'less, a. Destitute of hope; despairing. 

Hbpe'less-ly, ad. In a hopeless manner. 

Hope'less-ness, n. Want of hope ; despair. 

Hop'lite, «. [Gr. ottAi'ttj? ; 07rAa, war-imple- 
nients.] A heavy-armed soldier of ancient 
Greece. 

Hop'per, n. One who hops : — a box : — a kind of 
funnel :— a box for supplying corn to millstones : 
— a grasshopper. 

Hop'ple, v. a. [See Hobble,] [pp. hoppling, 
hoppled.] To tie the feet together; to fetter. 

Hop'ple? (hop'plz), n. pi. Fetters for horses, &c. 

Hops, n. pi. Dried flowers of the hop plant. 

Ho'ral [L. hondis], or Hb'ra-ry. [L. horarius], a. 
Relating to an hour. 

Horde, n. [Fr. ; Turk. & Pers. ordu, urdu, Tartar 
urdu, a camp, an army, a horde.] A clan ; a no- 
madic or migratory party ; a multitude. 

Hore'hbund, n. See Hoarhound. 

Ho-ri'zon, n. [Gr. 6pi'c,W, — originally a pres. part. 
6f opi'^eip, to bound; 6po?, a limit.] The line 
that terminates the view; the apparent junction 
of the earth and sky : — this is called the sensible 
horizon; the rational horizon is an imaginary 
great circle whose poles are the zenith and 
nadir, and which divides the globe into two 
hemispheres. 

Hor-i-zon'tal, «. Parallel to the horizon ; level. 

Hor-i-zon'tal-ly, ad. In a horizontal direction. 

Horn, ». [A.-S., Dan., & Ger. horn; Dut. horen ; 
L. cornu.] A hard substance growing on the heads 
of some quadrupeds :— any thing in the shape 
of a horn ; a point :— a drinking-cup : — a feeler 
of an iusect : — a wind-instrument of music. 

Hbrn'beam, n. [From the horny hardness of its 
wood.] A tree having tough timber. 

Hbrn'bill, v. A species of large-billed bird. 

Hbrn'blende, n. [Ger. ; horn and blende.] A dark- 
colored mineral. 

Hbrn'-blow-er, n. One who blows a horn. 

Hbrn'book (horn'buk), «. A child's book or read- 
ing-tablet, formerly covered with plates of horn. 

Horned (hbrn'ed or hbrnd), a. Furnished with 
horns ; shaped like a horn. 

Ebr'net, n. [A.-S. hi/met; Ger. horniss; Dut. 
hornsel: akin to Horn, from its tone.] A large 
sort of wasp. 

Hbrn'plpe, n. A dance :— a wind-instrument :— a 
tune for the dance called hornpipe. 

Hbrn'work (-wiirk), n. (Fort.) A work having 
angular points or horns. 

Hbr'ny, a. Made of horn :— hard; callous. 

Ho-rog'ra-phy, n. [Or. oipa, an hour, and ypd- 
fciv, to describe.] The art of constructing dials : 
— an account of the hours. 

Hor'o-loge [hbr'o-loj, J. E. Ja.], n. [Fr. horloge; 
Gr. copoAoyioi/ ; iopa, an hour, and \eyet.v, to 
tell.] A clock or watch ; a timepiece. 

Hor-o-lofi-cal, a. Relating to horology. 



Ho-rol'o-fy:, n. [Gr. oipa, an hour, and Aoyo?, a 
treatise.] The art of measuring time : — the prin- 
ciples of the. construction of timepieces. 

Ho-rom'e-try, n. [Gr. topa, an hour, and p.irpov, 
a measure.] The art of measuring time. 

Hor'o-scope 1 n. [Gr. oipoaKonos ; oipa, the time, 
and o-Ko-rrelv, to see.] (Astrol.) A scheme show- 
ing the configuration of the planets at the hour 
of one's birth ; a nativity. 

Hor'rent, a. [See Horrid.] Bristling. 

Hor'ri-ble, a. [Fr. ; L. horribilk; hoirere, to shiver, 
to dread, — primarily, to be bristly.] Tending to 
excite horror ; enormous ; dreadful ; terrible ; 
shocking; hideous. 

Hor'ri-ble-ness, n. Dreadfulness; hor -or. 

Hor'ri-blx, a ^- I n a horrible manner. 

Hor'rid, a. [L. horridus, rough; horrere, to be 
rough.] Hideous; dreadful; shocking. 

Hor'rid-ly, ad. In a horrid manner. 

Hor'rid-ness, n. Hideousness; enormity. 

Hor-rif'ic, a. Causing horror ; terrible. 

Hor'ri-fy, v. a. [L. horrificare; horrere, to dread, 
and facere, to make.] [pp. horrifying, horri- 
fied.] To impress with horror. 

Hor'ror, n. [L. horror, dread,— originally, rough- 
ness'.] Terror mixed with hatred; a shudder- 
ing; dread; excessive fear; gloom. 

Horse, n. [A.-S. hors; Icel. liars, hross; Dut. ross; 
0. Ger. hros; Ger. ross.] A well-known quad- 
ruped : — caAalry : — a wooden frame for a sup- 
port.— 2, b. a. [pp. horsing, horsed.] To mount 
on a horse ; to ride. 

Hbrse'back, n. The back of a horse :— the posi- 
tion or state of being on a horse. 

Hbrse'-car, n. A street-car drawn by horses. 

Hbrse'-chest-nut, n. A tree and its nut. 

Horse' -flesh, n. The flesh of horses : — horses 
generally. 

Hbrse'-fly, n. A fly that stings horses. 

Horse' -guards, n. pi. A body of cavalry : — the 
British war-department, or its military officers. 

HSrse'-jock-ey, n. A dealer in hoises. 

Horse'-laugh (-laf), n. A loud, rude laugh. 

Horse' -leech, n. A large species of leech : — a 
horse-doctor; a veterinarian. 

Hbrse'-lit-ter, «. A carriage hung upon poles, 
borne by and between two horses. 

HSrse'man, n. One skiiled in riding; a rider. 

Hbrse'man-ship, n. The art of riding. 

Hbrse'mint, n. A coarse kind of mint. 

Hbrse'-play, n. Coarse, rough play. 

Horse'-pb^-er, n. The power or strength of a 
horse in draught : — the dynamical unit used to 
express the power of the steam-engine; a power 
capable of raising 33,000 pounds one foot in a 
minute : — a machine worked by horses. 

Hbrse'-race, w. A match of horses in running. 

Hbrse'rad-ish, u. A plant and its acrid root. 

Hbrse'shoe' (hors'shu), n. A shoe for horses : — 
any thing shaped like a horse-shoe. 

Hbrse'-tail, n. A name of several plants. 

HSrse'whip, n. A whip to strike a horse with. — 
2, v. a. [pp. horsewhipping, horsewhipped.] To 
strike with a horsewhip. 

Hbrse'wom-an (-wum-an), n. A woman expert 
in riding ; an equestrienne. 

Hbr'sy, a. Associated with, devoted to, or sug- 
gestive of horses or horse-racing. 

Hbr-ta'tion, n. Advice; exhortation. 

Hbr'ta-to-rx, a. [L. hortator, an exhorter; hortari, 
to exhort; hnri, to urge.] Encouraging; ad- 
vising ; containing exhortation. 

Hbr-ti-cult'u-ral, a. Relating to horticulture. 

Hbr'ti-cult-ure (hbr'te-kult-yur), n. [L. horlus, a 
garden, and adtura, culture \q. ».).] The art of 
cultivating gardens; gardening. 

Hbr-ti-cult'u-rast, n. One skilled in horticulture. 

Hbr'tus sic'cus, n. [L. for a "dry garden."] A 
collection of specimens of plants'dried ; an her- 
barium. 

Ho-san'na, n. [Gr. ilwawa; Heb. hoshiahnna, 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long ; a, e, l, o, 



u, y 



short : 



y, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



HOSE 



291 



HUB 



"Save, we pray."] An exclamation of praise to 
God ; a shout or song of praise. 

Hose, n. ; pi. Hose {formerly Hos'en). [A.-S. hosa; 
Dan. hose; Dut. hoos, a stocking, a spout; Ger. 
hose, breeches.] Stockings ; covering for the 
legs : — a tube or pipe for conveying water. 

Ho'sier (ho'zher), n. A dealer in stockings. 

Ho'sier-y, n. The business of making or selling 
stockings : — stockings collectively. 

Hos'pice, n. [Fr., for L. hospitium, a guest-house; 
hospes, a guest, a host.] A sort of hospital for 
monks : — an inn for lodging travellers. 

Hos'pi-t.i-ble, a. [0. Fr. ; Fr. hospitalier ; L. hos- 
pes, a host (q. v.).] Kind to guests or strangers. 

Hos'pi-ti-bly, ad. In a hospitable manner. 

Hos'pi-tal [Cs'pe-tal, W. E. F. K. 11. C], n. [0. Fr. ; 
Fr. hopital, Late L. hospitale, a large house; L. 
uOspitaUa (pi.), guest-chambers; hospes, a guest 
or host (q. ».).] A refuge or abode for the sick, 
the wounded, the insane, or the poor. 

Hos-pi-tal'i-ty, n. Quality of being hospitable; 
attention or kindness to strangers. 

Hos'pi-tal-ler, n. A knight of a religious order. 

Hospitium (hos-pish'e-uin), n. [L. — See Hospice.] 
A monastery serving as an inn for travellers. 

Host, b. [L. hospes, a host or guest, — also, an en- 
emy ; 0. Fr. hoste, Fr. hole, host or guest.] One 
who entertains another; a landlord : — [L. hosHs, 
an enemy, a hostile army] an army ; a great 
number: — [L. hostia, a victim, a sacrifice; hos- 
tire, 0. L. fostire, to strike] the consecrated wafer 
in the mass. 

Host' age, >i. [Fr. otage ; 0. Fr. hostage; It. ostag- 
gw/Late L. obsidalicus ; obsidatus, state of being 
a hostage ; L. obses, a hostage ; obsidere, to re- 
main ; ob, at, and sedere, to sit.] One given in 
pledge as security for the performance of ceitain 
conditions. 

HSs'tel-rv (or ho'tel-re), n. [Fr. hotellerie.—See 
Hotel.] An inn ; a tavern. 

Host'ess, b. A female host; a landlady. 

Hos'ti'le [hos'til, Ja. St. I.], a. [L. hostilU ; 
host'ls, an enemy.] Like an enemy ; inimical ; 
adverse. 

Hos'tile-ly, ad. In a hostile manner. 

Hos-til'i-ty. n. Open war; the practice of war; 
warfare; hatred: animosity; enmity. 

Hos'tler (osier), n. [Fr. hotdier, 0. Fr. hostelier, an 
innkeeper. — See Hotel.] One who has the care 
of horses at a stable. 

Hot, a. [A.-S. hat; Dut. heet ; Dan. hed; Ger. 
hews. — See Heat.] Having heat; fiery ; furious. 

Hot'-bed, n. A bed of earth heated by the fer- 
mentation of dung, for rearing early plants. 

H6t-bl66d'ed, a. Impulsive : — high-spirited. 

Hot'-brained (hot'br-ind), «. Rash; precipitate. 

Hotch'pot, 1 »• [Fr. hochepot ; hocher, to jog, to 

Hotch'potch, J hustle (q. v.), and pot, pot (q. v.).] 
A hash; h dgepodge : — a blending of propertv. 

Ho-tel', n. [Fr. hotel; 0. Fr. hostel, Late L. hos- 
pitale, an inn.— See Hospital.] An inn, public 
house, or house of entertainment. 

Hot'-head-ed, a. Violent; passionate; rash. 

Hot' -house. b. An enclosure kept warm for rear- 
ing tender plants and ripening fruits. 

Hot'ly, ad. With heat; not coldly; violently. 

Hot'ness, n. State of being hot ; heat ; fury. 

Hot' spiir, n. A violent, passioDate, rash man. 

Hough (hcik), n. [A.-S. hoh, heel ; Dut. hah.— Cf. 
L. coxa, hip.] The joint of the hinder leg of a 
beast ; the ham ; hock. — 2, v. a. [pp. houghing, 
houghed.] To hamstring ; to hock. 

Hound. b. [A.-S., Dan., &"~Ger. hund ; Dut. hond; 
L. canis; Gr. kvhjv; Skr. coon; Roumanian, cum. 
— Cf. Ksthonian hundi, a wolf.] A species of dog 
used in the chase. — 2, v. a. [pp. hounding, 
hounded.] To set on the chase ; to hunt. 

Hour (our), w. [Fr. heiire ; L. horn; Gr. cipa; 
u>po<;, a year (q. v.), a season.] The twenty- 
fourth part of a natural day; sixty minutes: — 
a particular time. 



t 



' Hbur'-glass (our'glas), n. A glass 
| filled with sand for the purpose of 

measuring time. 
Hou'ri (hbu're), n. [Per. hurl— Cf. 

Arab, hawra, black-eyed.] A nymph 
| of the Mohammedan paradise. 
Hbur'ly (dut'le), a. Happening every 

hour.— 2, ad. Every hour ; often. Hour-glass. 
| House, n. ; pi. HSus/es. [A.-S. hus ; Dut. huis; 

Dan. huus; Ger. haus.] A sheltered place of hu- 
| man abode : — a family ; a race ; a household : — a 
I hotel : — au abode ; a dwelling : — a church : — a 
| college : — a legislative body. 
; House, v. a. [pp. housing, housed.] To harbor; 

to cover. — 2, v. n. To take shelter ; to reside. 

HSuse'-break-er. ft. A thief who forcibly enters 

i a house ; a burglar. 

House' -break-ing, n. Forcible entry into a house. 

Hoiise'-fly, n. The common fly. 

! Hbuse'hold, n. A family living together.— 2, a. 

Domestic ; belonging to a family or home. 
i House'hold-er, ?i. An occupier of a house. 
Hbuse'-keep'-er, n. One who keeps a house: — a 

woman who has the care of a family. 
House' -keep-ing, n. Management of a house. 
Hbuse'leek, b! A plant of seveial species. 
Hbuse'less, a. Destitute of a house. 
Hbuse'-inaid, n. A female menial servant. 
House' -rent, b. Rent paid for a house. 
House' -siir-geon, n. A surgeon resident in a 

hospital. 
! House' -warm-ing, n. A feast or merrymaking 

upon goiug into a new r house. 
House'wife (huz'wif or hbus'wif) [huz'zif, P. J. 

E. Ja.], u. distress of a family: — a female 

economist: — a case for needles, thread, &c 
House'wife-ly, a. Economical ; thrifty. 
House'wife-ry, n. Domestic economy. 
Hbus'ing, ?;. A habitation : — [Fr. housse, Late L. 

hv.cia, hii<ia, hvlci<i, kulcititm, covering. — Cf. Ger. 

hiilie, Dut. hulse, a hull, a husk] a saddle-cloth. 
Hove, t. of heave. 
Hov'el [huv'l, Tl'6.]. n. [Dim. of A.-S. hof, a 

house.] A shed; a mean habitation; a hut. — 

2, v. a. [pp. hovelling, hovelled.] To shelter 

in a hovel. 
Ho'ven (ho'vn), n. [From Heavf..] A disease 

of cattle ; distention of the stomach with gas. 
Hov'er [huv'er, IF. F. J. 8m. C H. ; hov'er, S. St. 

I. K. E.], v. n. [Dut. hui/veren, 0. Dut. kuivereu, 

to quiver. It seems to be a form of QUIVER. 

But cf. 0. E. hove, to abide, connected with A.-S. 

hof, a house.] [pp. hovering, hovered.] To hang 

in the air overhead : — to wander about. 
How, ad. [A.-S. hu, hut/ ; Dut. hoe : related to 

Who and Why.] To what degree; in what 

manner. 
Hbw-ad'ji, n. [Arabic for "a traveller."] In the 

East, a pilgrim :— also, a merchant or pedler. 
Hbw-be'it, ad. Nevertheless : yet. 
Hbw-ev'er, ad. & eonj. In whatever manner; at 

all events.; at least ; nevertheless ; yet. 
Hbw'it-zer, n. [Ger. hanbilze.— Cf. Czech haufnice, 

a sling.] A kind of cannon. 
Howl, v. ». [Fr. houhovler, hnluler, L. tdulare, Gr. 

i/Aav, Ger. heulen, Dut. huilen, Dan. hyle, to 

howl. — Cf. L. vlula, Skr. ulttka, Oer. eide, an 

owl. These words are all imitative.] [pp. 

howling, howled.] To cry as a wolf or a dog, 

or as one in distress ; to make a loud cry. — 2, n. 

The cry of a wolf or a dog; a cry of distress. 
Hbw'let, n. A bird of the owl kind; an owlet. 
Hbwl'ing, r. The cry of a wolf or a dog; a yell. 
Hbw-so-ev'er, ad. In whatever manner; al- 
though; however. 
Hoy, n. [Dut. & Fr. hen ; Flem. hoi.] A small 

vessel, usually rigged as a sloop. — 2, interj. A 

vague exclamation or call. 
Hub, w. [A form of Hump or Heap; Ger. hub, a 

lift (see Heave) ; Gr. k{/<£o?, a hump.] Nave of 

a wheel : — a mark : — a hilt. 



mien, sir ; m3ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, c, §, soft; p, p, p, jjj, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



HUBBUB 



292 



HUMOKOUSNESS 



Hub'bub, n. [Imitative.— Cf. Fr. houper, to whoop 
(q. »,).] A contusion; a tumult. 

Huck, v. n. [See Huckster.] [pp. bucking, 
hucked.] To baggie in purchasing goods. — 
2, n. [For huckaback.] Coarse linen for towels. 

Huck'a-back, n. [Cf. Ger. huckeback, pickapack; 
hucke, a back, and back, bebind. It was prob- 
ably at first the name of a pedler's pack or 
ware.] A coarse kind of linen cloth. 

Huc'kle-ber-ry, n. [See Whortleberry.] A 
small shrub and its fruit ; whortleberry. 

Huck'ster, n. [Dut. heuker, a hawker (q. v.) ; heu- 
kelaar, a retailer; Dan. hb'kre, a huckster. — Cf. 
Ger. hucke, a back, a bent back ; 0. Dut. huycken, 
Low Ger. huken, to crouch : akin to Hook.] A 
retailer; a pedler.— 2, v. n. [pp. huckstering, 
huckstered.] To deal in petty bargains. 

Hud' die, v. a. [A frequentative word, akin to 
Hide and Hoop ; Local E. hud, to collect.] [pp. 
huddling, huddled J To du or perform in a 
hurry; to throw together in confusion. — 2, v. n. 
To press together in confusion.— 3, n. A crowd ; 
a tumult ; confusion. 

Hu-di-bras'tic, a. Like Hudibras ; doggerel. 

Hue, n. [A.-'S. hiw, heo, looks; Sw. hy, skin, com- 
plexion; Goth, hiici, form, show.] Color; tint: 
— [Fr. huer, to hoot, to yell: akin to Hoot] a 
clamor ; a pursuit. 

Huffj n. [Ger. & Scot, hauch, to puff : iinitatn e.] 
A swell of anger or arrogance. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
burring, huffed.] To swell ; to treat with inso- 
lence. — 3, v. n. To bluster ; to storm. 

Huffish, a. Arrogant; insolent; petulant. 

Huffy, a. Petulant ; angry ; huffish. 

Hug, v. a. [A form of Hook.] [pp. hugging, 
hugged.] To embrace ; to hold fast : — to cling 
to. — 2, ». Close embrace ; a gripe in wrestling. 

Huf'e, a. [0. Fr. ahuge, ahuque, ahoege. — Cf. Dut. 
hoog, high, large; Ger. hnch, high (q. v.).] Vast; 
very great; bulky; enormous. 

Hufe'ly, ad. Immensely; enormously. 

Huge'ness, n. Enormous bulk; vast extent. 

Hu'gue-'not (hii'ge-not), n. [0. Fr. dim. of Hugues, 
Hugh ; originally a cant name.] A French Cal- 
vinist or Protestant. 

Hu'lan, n. [See Uhlan.] A cavalryman ; uhlan. 

Hulk, n. [A.-S. hide, Late L. kulcus, holcas, a 
heavy ship; Gr. 6Ak<xs, — properly, a ship to be 
towed ; from eA/ceiv, to drag.] The body of a 
ship: — an old vessel. — 2, v. a. [pp. hulking, 
hulked.] To eviscerate. 

Hulking, a. Heavy ; large ; unwieldy ; clumsy. 

Hulk'j, a - Heavy, large, or unwieldy. 

Hull, n. [A.-S. hula; Ger. hulle ; A.-S. hulian, 
helan, Ger. hidlen, to cover; Dut. huUen, to cap; 
Ger. verhiillen, to enwrap.] A husk ; a covering : 
— [Dut. hoi, the hold (q. v.) of a ship : assimi- 
lated in form and meaning to hull, a shell] the 
body of a ship. — 2, v. a. [pp. hulling, hulled.] 
To peel off: — to pierce the hull. 

Hul-la-ba-lo6\ n. [Fr. hurlvburlu, a giddy person. 
— Cf. Hurly-burly; also Heb. (and Fr.) tohu- 
bohu, chaos.] An uproar; noisy confusion. 

Hum, v. «. [Ger. hummen, Dut. hommelen, to buzz : 
imitative. — Cf. Port, zumbir, Sp. zumbar, to hum.] 
[pp. humming, hummed.] To sing low ; to 
buzz ; to murmur. — 2, v. a. To sing low : — to 
impose upon. — 3, n. A buzzing noise : — [ap- 
plause and hence flattery and cajolery were 
formerly often expressed by humming: cf. Sp. 
zumbar, to buzz, — also, to jest] a jest; a hoax. — 
4, inlerj. Implying doubt and deliberation. 

Hu'man, a. [Fr. hnmain, L. humanus, human, 
gentle; L. hmno, a man.] Belonging to man; 
having the qnaliries of a man or of mankind. 

Hu-mane', a. [See Human.] Having the quali- 
ties which become a man ; kind ; benevolent. 

Hu-mane'ly, ad. In a humane manner. 

Hu'man-i§m, n. The sturly of humanity or clas- 
sic literature, or the refinement resulting from 
6uch study. 



Hu'man-ist, n. One versed in the knowledge of 
humanity ; a grammarian ; a philologist : — a 
student of Latin. 

Hu-man-is'tic, «. Of or relating to humanism or 
the study of classic literature. 

Hu-man-i-ta'ri-an, a. Noting one who believes 
Christ was only a man : — humane ; benevolent ; 
philanthropic : — often used ironically. — 2, n. 
One who believes Christ was a mere* man :— a 
philanthropist. 

Hu-man-i-ta'ri-an-ism, n. The doctrine that 
Christ was only a man :— affected or sentimental 
philanthropy : — the worship of human nature. 

Hu-man'i-ty, n. [L. hnmanitas. — See Human.] 
The nature of man; mankind :— philanthropy ; 
benevolence; tenderness. — (sing, or pi.) Polite 
literature ; classical learning. 

Hu'man-ize, v. a. [pp. humanizing, humanized.] 
To render humane. — 2, v. n. To become human : 
— to wax mote humane or civilized. 

Hu-man-kind', m. Race of man ; mankind. 

Hu'man-ly, ad. After the manner of men. 

Hum'ble (hum'bl or tirn'bl), a. [Fr. humble; L. 
humilis, lowly; humus, the ground; hnmi, Gr. 
Xa/uai, on the ground.] Not proud ; modest ; 
submissive; lowly of spirit. — 2, v. a. [pp. hum- 
bling, humbled.] To make humble ; to subdue. 

Hum'ble-bee, n. [Dut. hommel; Ger. hummel; 
hummen, Dut. hommelen, 0. E. humble, to hum.] 
A large bee ; bumblebee. 

Hum'bles (um'blz), n. pi. [Fr. nombles. — Cf. L. 
lumbellus or lombulus, dim. of lumbus, a loin.] 
The entrails of a deer: — called also nombles, 
nnmbles, and umbles. 

Hum'bl^, ad. Without pride; with humility. 

Hum'bug. n. [Probably Hum, a hoax, and Bug, a 
terror, false alarm.] An imposition ; a hoax. — 
2, v. a. [pp. humbugging, humbugged.] To 
cheat; to impose upon. 

Hum'drum, a. [Hum, and Drum, to drone.] Dull ; 
dronish : — tedious; commonplace. — 2, n. A 
stupid fellow ; a drone. 

Hu'me-rfis, n. [L. ; Gr. w/mos, Goth. & Skr. amsa, 
shoulder.] The arm-bone ; arm above the elbow. 

Hii'mid, «. [L. humidus; humere, to be damp; 
udus, uvidus, Gr. vypo?, moist. — Cf. Skr. uksh, to 
wet.] Wet; moist; damp; watery. 

Hu-mid'i-ty., n. State of being humid or some- 
what wet; moisture; dampness. 

Hu-mil'i-ate, v. a. [L. humiliare, hvmiliatum ; hu- 
milis, humble (q. v.).] [p>p. humiliating, humili- 
ated.] To humble ; to mortify. 

Hu-nril-i-a'tion, n. Act of humbling; state of 
being humbled ; mortification. 

Hu-mil'i-ty, n. [L. humilitas. — See Humble.] 
Quality of being humble ; lowliness of self-esti- 
mation ; the opposite of pride ; modesty ; diffi- 
dence. 

Hurn'ming, n. Noise of bees or flies; hum. 

Hum'ming-bi'rd, n. A small beautiful bird. 

Hum'mock, n. [Dim. of Hump.] A circular 
mound :— ice thrown up by pressure. 

Hu'mor (yu'mur or hu'rnur) n. [L. humor, moist- 
ure, — later, a temperament ; Fr. humeur, condi- 
tion, temper, whim ; L. humere, to be moist. — 
See Humid.] Moisture : — animal fluid ; animal 
fluid in a vitiated state, tending to eruptive dis- 
ease ; cutaneous eruption : — temper ; disposition : 
— whim ; caprice : — facetiousness ; merriment ; 
a kind of wit flowing from the temper or dispo- 
sition of the person. — 2, v. a. [pp. humoring, 
humored.] To gratify ; to indulge. 

Ku'mor-al (yu'- or hu'-), a. Relating to humors. 

Ku'mor-al-ism, n. (Med.) The doctrine that dis- 
eases have their seat in the humors. 

Hu'mor-ist (yu'mor-ist), n. One who gratifies his 
own humor : — a jester ; a wag. 

Hu'mor-ous (yu'mor-iis), o. Full of humor; mer- 
ry; jocular; jocose; pleasant. 

Hu'mor-ous-ly. (yu'mpr-us-le), ad. Jocosely. 

Hu'mor-ous-ness (yu'mor-us-nes), n. Humor. 



a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



HUMOESOME 



293 



HYBEID 



Hu'mor-some (yu'mor-suni), a. Petulant; odd. 

Hump, n. [Dut. homp ; Low Ger. hiimpel; Norse 
hump, a knoll: akin to Heap.] A protuberance, 
as on the back. [a crooked back. 

Hump'back, n. A crooked back : — a person with 

Hump'y, a. Full of humps or protuberances. 

Hu'mus, n. [L. — Cf. L. Inoni, Gr. xajuai, on the 
ground.] Decomposed organic matter in soil. 

Hunch, v. a. [A nasalized form of Hook. — Cf. 
Ger. hucfce, the back ; hock or hocker, a hunch ; 
Skr. hunch, kuch, to bend.] [pp. hunching, 
hunched.] To jostle; to shove; to crook. — 2, n. 
A hump ; a bunch : — a push : — a lump. 

Hunch'back, n. A humpback. 

Hun'dred, a. [A.-S. hand, hundred ; Ger. hundert ; 
A.-S. hund originally meant tenth, and red, or 
reed, a rate (q. v.) or reckoning. — Cf. Goth, tai- 
hun-laihund, tenth-ten, a hundred.] Ten multi- 
plied by ten ; ten times ten. — 2, n. The number 
100 : — a district. 

Hun'dredth, a. The ordinal of a hundred. 

Hung, t. &p. of hang. 

Hun'ger (hung'ger), n. [A.-S. hungor; Dut. han- 
ger; Sw., Dan., & Ger. hunger. — Cf. Dut. hunkeren, 
to hanker.] An eager desire for, or want of, 
food; a craving appetite. — 2, v. n. [pp. hunger- 
ing, hungered.] To feel hunger. 

Hungered (hung'gerd), a. Famished; hungry. 

Hun'gri-ly, ad. With keen appetite. 

Hun'gry (hung'gre), a. [Ger. hungrig.] Feeling 
pain from want of food ; wanting food ; famish- 
ing, [a large piece. [Low.] 

Hunk, n. [Cf. Hunch, Hump, Chunk.] A lump; 

Hunk'er, n. An opposer of changes ; a conserva- 
tive. " [miser. [Colloq.] 

Hunks, n. A sordid wretch; a curmudgeon: a 

Hunt, V. a. [A.-S. hunlian, to capture; haito.n, to 
seize; hunta, a hunter; Goth. J 'rah inthan (part. 
frahunthoms, to take captive.] [pp. hunting, 
hunted.] To chase ; to pursue; to search for. 
— 2, v. n. To follow the chase ; to search. — 3, n. 
A pack of hounds; a chase; pursuit. 

Hunt'er, n. One who chases animals. 

Hunt'ing, n. Diversionofthecha.se; hunt. 

Hunt'ress, n. A woman who hunts. 

Hunts'inan, n. One who practises hunting. 

Hur'dle, n. [A.-S. hyrdel; Dut. horde; Ger. hurde. 
— Cf. Gr. KapTaAo?, a basket : akin to Cradle.] 
A texture of sticks; a kind of wicker-work; a 
crate :— a sort of sledge. — 2, v. a. [pp. hurdling, 
hurdled.] To close with hurdles. 

Hur'dle-race, n. A race in which hurdles or bar- 
riers are placed to be leaped. 

Hiir'dy-gur'dy, n. [Purelj imi- 
tative. —Cf. Dan. hurre, Scot. 
hur, to snarl, to buzz, and Scot. 
gurr, to growl.] A stringed in- 
strument ; a vielle. 

Hiirl, v. a. [Probably a form of 
Hurtle, or of Whirl.] [pp. 
hurling, hurled.] To throw 
with violence ; to fling ; to drive : 
— to play a kind of game. — 2, 




Hurdy-gurdy. 



v. n. To move 
rapidly ; to whirl.— 3, n. The act of throwing : 
— a tumult ; a riot. 

Hiir'ly.-bUr'ly, v. [Fr. hurluberhi.—Cf. hurler, It. 
urltire, to howl.] A tumult; confusion; bustle. 

Hur-rah' (hu-ra'), interj. & n. [Dan. & Sw. hurra. 
— -Cf. Huzza.] A shout of joy, triumph, or ap- 
plause ; huzza. 

Hur'ri-cane, n. [Sp. & Carib huracan.] A violent 
storm of wind ; a tornado ; a violent tempest. 

Hur'ry, v. a. [Local Sw. him; haste : related to 
Whir.] [pp. hurrying, hurried.] To hapten ; 
to drive confusedly.— 2, v. n. To move on with 
precipitation.— 3, n. Too great or blind haste; 
tumult; precipitation; commotion. 

Hur'ry-skur'ry, n. [Hurry and Skurrt.] Haste 
and confusion.— 2, ad. Confusedly ; in a bustle. 

Hurt, v. a. [0. E. hurten, to dash ; Fr. harder. — 
Cf. Welsh hyrddu, to butt; Cornish hordh, a ram; 



It. urtare, to hit; Dut. horten, to jolt.] [i. hurt; 
pp. hurting, hurt.] To do injury to ; to harm ; 
to wound; to injure. — 2, n. Harm; mischief; a 
wound ; injury. 

Hiirt'ful, a. Mischievous; injurious. 

Hiirt'ful-ly, ad. Injuriously. 

Hiirt'ful-ness, n. Injuriousness; harm. 

Hiir'tle (hiir'tl), v. n. [Frequentative of Hurt 
in the old sense of to dash.] [pp. hurtling, 
hurtled.] To clash; to skirmish: — to make a 
loud noise ; to resound. — 2, v. a. To push ; to 

Hiirt'less, a. Innocent; harmless. [whirl. 

Hus/band, n. [A.-S. husbonda; Norse, husbondi; 
hus, "a house, and buandi, abiding, a participle 
from bua, to dwell.] A married man : — correla- 
tive to wife: — an economist. — 2, v. a. [pp. hus- 
banding, husbanded.] To manage frugally. 

Hus'band-man, n. A farmer; a cultivator. 

Hus'band-ry, n. Culture of land ; farming : — do- 
mestic economy ; thrift; frugality. 

Hush, inter}. [Imitative; Ger. hutch. — Cf. Whist.] 
Silence! be still ! no noise! — 2, a. Still; silent; 
quiet. — 3, n. Quietude ; silence. — L v. n. [pp. 
hushing, hushed.] To be still; to be silent. — 
5, v. a. To still ; to silence ; to quiet. — Hush up, 
to keep silent or concealed. 

Hush'-mon-ey (hush'mun-e), n. A bribe to in- 
duce secrecy or to hinder information. 

Husk, n. [Eelated to Ger. hulee, Dut. hulse, a 
husk, and to Hull. — See Holster.] The out- 
most integument of fruits. — 'I, v. a. [pp. husk- 
ing, husked.] To strip off the integument. 

Husk'i-ness, n. The state of being husky. 

Husk'ing, n. The act of stripping off busks. 

Husk'y, a. [Formed from hi'*k, hut representing 
A.-S.' hicosta, Dut. hoest, GeT.husten, Scot, hoast, 
a cough ; Skr. kas, to cough.] Having husks : — 
dry; hoarse. 

Hu§-§ar' (huz-zar'), «. [Hung, huszar, twentieth; 
husz, twenty : at first the hussars were a levy of 
every twentieth man.] A horse-soldier. 

Hu§'§y (huz'ze), n. [For Housewife.] A base 
woman: — [Tcel. liusi, a case, a cover; has, a 
house] a needle-case. 

Hust'ing§, n.pL [A.-S. hasting; Norse, husthing ; 
hus, a bouse, and thing, an assembly. — See 
Thing.] A court. — {England.) The place of 
meeting for electing a member of parliament. 

Hus'tle (hus'sl), v. a. [Dut. hutselen; from hot- 
sen, to jog, to hitch (q. v.).] [pp. hustling, hus- 
tled.] To shake together. — 2, v. n. To push 
one*s way, as through a crowd; to move hastily 
and with embarrassment. 

Hiis/wife (huz'zif or huz'wif ), n. A bad manager ; 
a hussy : — a case for needles, &c. :— a housewife. 
See Housewife. 

Hut. n. [Fr. hutte; Ger. hiltte ; Sp. hvta ; Dut. 
hut; Sw. hydda; Skr. kuti. Similar words of re- 
lated meaning are found also in nearly all Fin- 
nic and Dravidian tongues. — See Cot.] A poor 
cottage ; a temporary building. — 2, v. a. &i v. n. 
[pp. hutting, hutted.] To lodge in huts. 

Hutch, n. [Fr. huche : Sp. hucha; Late L. hutica.] 
A corn-chest :— a rabbit-box : — a trap for taking 
vermin; a rat-trap. — 2, v. a. [pp. 'hutching, 
hutched.] To hoard ; to lay up. 

Huz-za' [hfiz-za' or huz-za', H.], interj. [Ger. 
hussa.) An exclamation of joy or triumph ; 
hurrah. — 2, n. A shout; a cry of acclamation. 
— 3, v. n. [pp. huzzaing, huzzaed.] To utter 
acclamation or huzzas. — 4, v. a. To receive or 
attend with acclamation or huzzas ; to applaud. 

Hy'a-cinth, «. [L. hyacinthus ; Gr. vaieivOos.] A 
beautiful cultivated' plant and flower : — a gem 
or mineral of several kinds. 

Hy-a-cin' thine, a. Relating to hyacinths. 

Hy-ae'na, n. ' See Hyena. 

Hy'a-line, a. [Gr. t»aAii/os; vaAos, glass (q. v.).] 
Glassy; crystalline; transparent. 

Hy'brid. or HyVrid, a. [L. hybrida, a mongrel ; 
referred to Gr. vj3pi?, {JjSpiSo?, insult, outrage, 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, s6n ; bull, biir, rule, use.— g. Q-, c, £•, soft; p, £, p, g, hard; s as z ; x as gz ; 

25* 



this, 



HYBRIDISM 



294 



HYPERBOLE 



lewdness.] Mongrel; of mixed origin. — 2, n. 
An animal or plant of mixed origin. 

Hyb'rid-ism (or hy'brjd-isni), or Hy-brid'i-ty, n. 
State of being bybrid. [of species. 

Hy-brid-i-za'tion (or hib'rid-), n. Tbe crossing 

Hyb'rid-Ize, or*Hy'brid-Ize, v. n. [pp. hybrid- 
izing, hybridized.] ' To produce offspring by 
cross-breeding.— 2, v. a. To cause to blend with 
another species. 

Hy'da-tld (or hl-dat'id), n. A little bladder : — an 
animal formed like'a bladder. 

Hy'da-tis, n. ; pi. Hy-dat'i-des. [L. ; Gr. vSa- 
ti's ; i)Su>p, water.] A little transparent, watery 
bladder; hydatid. 

Hy'dra, n. [L. ; Gr. i)8pa, a water-serpent ; v8<ap, 
water.] A monster with many heads. 

Hy'dra-gogue (hi'dra-gog), n. [Gr. vSpayoyos ; 
t)Su>p, water, and dycoyos, leading; dyetv, to 
lead.] A medicine which expels water. 

Hy'dra-head'ed, a. Having many heads : — hard 
to exterminate. 

Hy-dran'ge-a, n. [Gr. vSwp, water, and ayyelov, 
a vessel (referring to its seed-capsules).] A shrub 
and its flower. 

Hy'drant, »?. [Gr. vSpcu'veiv, to flood; vSiop, 
water.] A pipe for discharging water. 

Hy'drate, n. [Fr.] (Chem.) A compound of a me- 
tallic oxide with water. 

Hy-drau'lic, o. [Gr. vSpavkiicos ; v&op, water, 
and auAo?, a pipe.] Eelating to hydraulics. 

Hy-drau'lics, n. The science of the motion and 
force of fluids : — the art of conveying water 
through pipes. [gen with an element. 

Hy'drlde (or hi'drid), n. A compound of hydro- 

Hy'dro-. A prefix, usually representing the Gr. 
vSmp, water; latterly, it frequently stands, in 
chemical names, for Hydrogen.— Cf. Skr. uda- 
ham, water (q. v.). [and carbon. 

Hy-dro-car'bon, >i. A compound of hydrogen 

Hy'dro-cele, n. [Gr. iSpo/cr/Ar) ; vficop, water, and 
KriArj, a tumor.] (Med.) A morbid collection of 
water in the scrotum. 

Hy-dro-ceph'a-lus, n. [Gr. vSpoKed>a\o<; ; vSop, 
water, and /ce$aA»J, head.] A dropsy in the 
head. 

Hy-dro-phlo r ric, a. [Hydrogen and Chlorine.] 
Noting an acid containing hydrogen and chlo- 
rine ; muriatic. 

Hy-dro-cy-an'ic, a. [Hydrogen and Cyanogen.] 
Noting a poisonous acid, called also prussic acid. 

Hy-dro-dy-nam'ics, n. [Hydro- and Dynamics.] 
A science comprising hydrostatics and hydrau- 
lics. 

Hy'dro-f-en, n. [Gr. iJStop. water, and -yeVeiv, to 
generate.] (Chem.) A gaseous element, which, 
combined with oxygen, produces water. 

Hy-drog'ra-pher, n. One versed in hydrography ; 
a maker of charts. 

Hy-dro-graph'ic, a. Eelating to hydrography. 

Hy-drog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. vStop, water, and ypd- 
<j>ei.p, to Avrite.] The science of the waters of the 
earth or of any country. 

Hy'dro-mel, n. [Gr. vSpo/ueAi ; viScop, water, and 
/u.e'Ai,' honey.] A liquor formed of honey and 
water; mead; metheglin. 

Hy-drom'e-ter, n. [Gr. vSwp, water, and fj-erpov, 
a measure.'] An instrument to measure the 
gravity, density, &c, of liquids. 

Hy-drom'e-try, «. Art of measuring the densi- 
ties or specific gravities of liquids. 

Hy'dro-path, n. One who practises hydropathy. 

Hy-dro-path'ic, a. Eelating to hydropathy. 

Hy-drop^a-thist, n. One versed in hydropathy. 

Hy-drop'a-thy, n. [Gr. vSu>p, water: on type of 
homoeopathy.} The method of curing diseases 
by means of water ; water-cure. 

Hy-dro-pho'bi-a, n. [Gr. vSiop, water, and <^6j8o?, 
fear.] Dread of water ; canine madness ; rabies. 

Hy-dro-phob'ic, a. Eelating to hydrophobia. 

Hy-drop'ic, \a. [Gr. vSpwirt/cos. — See Dropsy.] 

Hy-drop'i-cal, j Diseased with dropsy ; dropsical. 




Hyena. 
Eelating to health : — promotive 



Hy-dro-stat'ic, a. Eelating to hydrostatics. 

Hy-dro-stat'ics, n. [Hydro- and Statics.] The 
science which treats of the equilibrium and 
pressure of liquids. [in the chest. 

Hy-dro-tho'rax, n. [Hydro- and Thokax.] Dropsy 

Hy-dro-zo'a, n. pi. [Gr. u6wp, water, and t,wov, a 
living animal.] A class of aquatic animal or- 
ganisms, chiefly marine. 

Hy-e'mal, or Hy'e-mal, a. [L. hyemalis ; hiems 
or hyems, winter.] Belonging to winter ; wintry. 

Hy-e'na, n. [L. hysena, Gr. vaiva, a hyena, — lit- 
erally', swine-like ; 0? 
a sow.] A fierce ani 
mal like a wolf. 

Hy'|i-ene, or Hy' 
Irene, n. [Fr. hygiene 
Gr. v-yirj?, v-ytetvo? 
healthy ; 'Yyieia 

health, or the goddesi 
of health.] (Med.) Th< 
science of the preser 
vation of health. 

Hy-gi-en'ic 
of health. 

Hy-grom'e-ter, n. [Gr. uypo?, moist, and p.irpov, 
a measure.'] An instrument to measure the 
moisture of the atmosphere. 

Hy-gro-met'ric, a. Eelating to hygrometry. 

Hy-grom'e-try, n. The measurement of the 
moisture' of the atmosphere. 

Hy'gro-scope, n. [Gr. vypog, moist, and (TKorrelv, 
to view.] An instrument to show the moisture 
and dryness of the air. 

Hy-gro-scop'ic, a. Imbibing moisture :— percep- 
tible 'by the'hygroscope. 

Hy'ing, p. from hie. 

Hy'inen, n. [L. ; Gr. 'Y/avjv, the god of marriage : 
not improbably related to L. suere, Eng. sew, to 
unite.] The god of marriage :— [Gr. vy.-qv, a 
membrane] a membrane. 

Hy-me-ne'al [him-e-ne'al, S. E.\ a. [Gr. vp.i- 
vatos.] Pertaining to marriage. 

Hy-me-ne'an, a. Same as Hymeneal. 

Hy-men-op 7 te-ra, n. pi. [Gr. i/iijc, a membrane, 
and VTepov,' a Ming.] An order of insects, in- 
cluding the bees and ants. 

Hymn (him), ?i. [L. hymtuts; Gr. ii/mvos, a song.] 
A religious song; a song of praise. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. hymning, hymned.] To praise in song; to 
sing. — 3, v. n. To sing songs of adoration. 

Hym'nal, or Hym'na-ry, n. A collection of 
hymn's. 

Hymn' -book (-buk), n. A hymnal. 

Hym'no-dy, n. [Gr. vp.v(oSCa, hymn-singing; 
v/xvos, a hymn, and aeiSeiv, to sing.] A treatise 
on hymns ; hymns collectively. 

Hym-nog'ra-phy, v. [Gr. v/uvos, a hymn, and 
ypdcfretv, to write.] The art of hymn-writing. 

Hym-nol'o-fy.. «• [Or. vp.vo<;, a hymn, and Aoyo?, 
a treatise.] A collection of hymns : — a treatise 
on hymns. 

Hy'bid, a. [Gr. votSrjs, Y-shaped; from the letter 
Y and elfios, form.] Noting the bone at the root 
of the tongue. 

Hy-o-scy'a-mus (hi-o-sr'a-mus), n. [Gr. for "hog- 
bean ;" v?, a hog, and /cua/ao?, a bean.] A medici- 
nal plant, an extract from whose leaves is used 
to alleviate pain and procure sleep; henbane. 

Hyp. v. a. [pp. hypping, hypped.] To make 
melancholy ; to dispirit : — a contraction of hypo- 
chondi-iasis. [Vulg.] 

Hy'per-, a prefix, is the Gr. preposition vnep, L. 
super, above. It denotes excess. 

Hy-per'bo-la, n. [Gr. vnepfioAr), excess : the cut- 
ting plane makes a greater angle with the base 
than that made by the side of the cone. — See 
Hyperbole.] One of the conic sections. 

Hy-per'bo-le, n. [L. ; Gr. v7rep/3oAij, excess; vnep, 
beyond, and /3dAAeii/, to throw.] (L'het.) A figure 
which expresses more than the exact truth ; ex- 
aggeration. 



a, e. l, o, u, 



y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, 



u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



HYPERBOLIC 



295 



ICE-BLINK 



Hy-per-bol'ic, \a. Like an hyperbole or an 

Hy-per-bol'i-cal, J hyperbola. [ner. 

Hy-per-bol'i-cal-ly, ad. In a hyperbolical man- 

Hy-per-bo're-an, a. [Gr. v7rep/36peos; virip, be- 
yond, and 'p'opeas, Boreas (q. v.).] Far north; 
frigid ; cold. 

Hy-per-crit'ic, it. [Gr. V7rep, beyond, and KpiTi- 
kos, critical.]. A captious critic. 

Hy-per-crit'i-cal, a. Too severely critical. 

Hy-per-crit'i-clse, v. a. [pp. hypercriticising, 
hypercriticised.] To criticise too severely. 

Hy-per-crit'i-cism, n. Captious criticism. 

Hy-per'me-ter, n. [Gr. vTrep/xerpos, excessive ; 
virep, over, and jxerpov, measure.] (Bhet.) Some- 
thing more than the standard, as a verse too long. 

Hy-per'tro-phy, n. [Gr. virep, over, and rpo^ij, 
nourishment; rpe<pei.v, to nourish.] Morbid 
overgrowth. 

Hy'phen, n. [Gr. v<pev ; vno, under, and eV, one.] 
A mark of conjunction, thus [-]. 

Hyp-not'ic, n. | Gr. v7rvo)Tt/c6s ; vttvos, sleep.] A 
medicine to induce sleep. 

Hyp'no-txsm, n. Magnetic or mesmeric sleep. 

Hy'po-. [Gr. vtto, under.] A prefix, usually de- 
noting deficiency or lowness of situation. — 2, n. 
Melancholy ; hypochondriasis. [Colloq.] 

Hyp-o-ghon'dri-a, w. [L. pi. ; Gr. vTro\6vSpia, 
the 'region under the breast-bone ; vwo, under, 
and xov&PoS) cartilage. This is the region of 
the spleen, once thought to be the seat of low- 
ness of spirits.] The region of the stomach : — 
(L'ltg. sing.) low spirits or dejection ; melancholy; 
spleen ; vapors ; hypochondriasis. 

Hyp-o-phon'dri-ac, a. [Gr. VTroxov8pi.aK.6s.] Hy- 
pochondriacal.— 2, n. One who is melancholy, 
or afflicted with hypochondria. 

Hyp-o-ghon-dri'a-cal, a. Melancholy; dispirited; 
disordered in tlie imagination. 

Hyp-o-chon-dri'a-sis, n. [Neo-Latin.] Hypo- 
chondriac affection ; melancholy; hypochondria. 

Hy-poc'ri-sy, n. [Gr. inroicpio-K;, acting, playing 
a part ; vwo, under, and Kpiveiv, to judge, to dis- 
cern ; vTroKpivecrdai, to feign, to play a pai*t.] 
Dissimulation ; deceit. 

Hyp'o-crite, u. [Gr. i)7ro/cptTijs^ — See Hypocrisy.] 
A dissembler in religion, &c. 

H^p-o-crit'ic, 1 a. Partaking of hypocrisy ; 

Hyp-o-crit'i-cal, j dissembling ; insincere : — pre- 
tended; false; simulated. 

Hyp-o-crit'i-cal-ly, ad. With hypocrisy. 

Hy-po-der-mat'ic, a. The same as Hypodermic. 

Hyp-o-der'mic, a. [Gr. vno, under, and Sepp.a, 
skiii.] Of or pertaining to what lies under the 
skin ; subcutaneous. 

Hyp-o-gas'tric, «. [Gr. vTroyao-rpiof, the lower 
abdomen.— See Htpo- and Gastric] Seated in 
the lower part of the belly or abdomen. 



Hy-po-phos'phate, n. A salt of hypophosphoric 
acid and a base. 

Hy-po-phos'phlte, n. A salt of hypophosphorous 
acid" and a base. 

Hy-po-phos-phor'ic, a. [Hypo- and Phosphoric] 
Noting one of the acids formed of phosphorus 
and oxygen, but having less oxygen than the 
phosphoric acids contain. 

Hy-po-phos'phor-ous, a. Noting one of the acids 
formed of phosphorus and oxygen, and having 
a smaller proportion of oxygen than phosphor- 
ous acid contains. 

Hy-pos'ta-sis, n. ; pi. Hy-pos'ta-ses. [L. ; Gr. 
vTToaraa-ig, a groundwork, substance ; viro, 
under, and a-rdo-is, a standing : root crra-, to 
stand (q. v.).] Personality ; person : — substance : 
— element. 

Hy-po-stat'i-cal, a. Constitutive ; personal. 

Hy-po-stat'i-cal-ly, ad. Personally. 

Hy-poth'ec, n.' [Gr. vno9ri>cr), a pledge, — origi- 
nally, a'prop ; viro, under, and ri&ivat, to place.] 
A kind of pledge, lien, or security. 

Hy-poth'e-cate, v. a. [Law L. hi/pothecare, hypothe- 
catum, Gr. vTroO^Krj, a pledge"; viro, under, and 
Ti9evai, to place.] [pp. hypothecating, hypothe- 
cated.] To pawn; to give in pledge: — to state 
by hypothesis. 

Hy-po*th-e-ca'tion, n. The act of hypothecating : 
— a pledge without possession. 

Hy-poth'e-niise, n. [Gr. inroreLvovaa, subtend- 
ing, a participle from vnoTeiveiv, to subtend; 
viro, under, and relveiv, to stretch.] The longest 
side of a right-angled triangle : — written also 
hypotenuse. 

Hy-p5th'e-sis. n. ; pi. Hy-poth'e-ses. [Gr. vtroBi- 
<rt5, a supposition, a basis, a foundation ; v-6, 
under, and TL0evat, to place.] A theory or doc- 
trine assumed but not proved ; a supposition. 

Hy-po-thet'ic, )o. Conditional; conjectural: 

Hy-po-thet'i-cal. J —supposed. 

Hy-po-thet'i-cal-ly, ad. Conditionally; in a hy- 
pothetical manner. 

Hyp-som'e-try, n. [Gr. v^os, height, and /uerpov, 
a measure.] Art of measuring heights. 

Hy'rax, v. [Gr. vpa£, a shrew (q. v.); L. sorex: 
the word is apparently related to Gr. vs, L. sus, 
a swine. 1 A small animal of several 6pecies. 

Hy'son (hi'snK n. [Chinese hi-tshnn, blooming 
spring, — i. e., the first leaves of the season.] A 
species of green tea. 

Hys'sop, or Hys'sop, n. [L. hyssopus; Gr. va- 
aojTro? ; Heb. ezobh'.] A genus of plants ; an herb. 

Hys-te'ri-a, n. Hysterics. 

Hys-ter'ic, \a. [Gr. vo-repiKog; varepa, the 

Hys-ter'i-cal, ) uterus.] Relating to hysterics; 
troubled with fits. 

Hys-ter'ics, n. pi. Fits peculiar to women. 



I. 



I a vowel, has two principal sounds: one long, 
j as in fine ; the other short, as in fin 7 is a nu- 
meral for one. It is also used as an abbreviation 

_ for id; as, i.e., id est, that is. 

I, pron. of the first person. [A.-S. ic ; Dut. ik; 
Dau. jeg ; Ger. ich; L. ego; Gr. eyJJ; Skr. aham. 
— See Am.] Myself, the person speaking. — Pos. 
mine; obj. me; pi. we, ours, us. 

I-am'bic, a. [Gr. icliaPlkos. — See Iambus.] Having 
a short and a long syllable. — 2, n. A verse com- 
posed of iambic feet. 

I-am'bus, n. [L„ ; Gr. Ia/u.j3o?; Idnreiv, to throw, 
to assail. The Greeks considered the iambus as 
specially adapted to satire and sarcasm.] L. pi. 
i-am'bi; Eng. i-am'bus-es- A poetic foot con- 
sisting of a short and a long syllable. 



[L.] A wild goat. 
I'bis. n. [L. ; Gr. I|8i? : 



I'bex, n. 

Coptic & 
Heb. hip'pen.] An Egyptian bird 
like the stork. 

ice, n. [A.-S. & Sw. is; Dut. ijs ; 
Ger. eis ; Dan. its.] Water or 
other liquid congealed solid by rC~ 
cold. — 2, v. a. [pp. icing, iced.] jL/*^ 
To cover with ice ; to freeze. «^ 

Ice'berg, ». [Dan. iisbierg ; Dut. Ibex- 

ijsberg ; Sw. isberg ; Ger. eisberg ; Ice, and Ger., 
Dut., & Sw. berg, Dan. bierg, a mountain.] A 
mountain or great mass of ice, as in the polar seas. 

Ice'-bllnk, n. [Dan. usbUnk; Sw. isblink; Dan. 
blinl-e, to gleam.] The dazzling whiteness caused 
by the reflection of light from a field of ice. 




mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, £, c, g, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



ICE-BOAT 



296 



IDYL 



Ice'-boat, w. A boat to sail on the ice : -a boat to 
break the ice. [&c, frozen. 

Ice'-cream, b. A confection made of cream, sugar, 

Iced (1st), a. Chilled with ice : — frosted with sugar. 

ice' -house, n. A house in which ice is kept. 

ice'-w3.-ter, n. Water cooled by ice. 

fch-neii'mon (lk-nu'mon), n. [Gr. ixvevp.oiv, a 
tracker, an ichneumon ; ixveveiv, to track ; ix* 
vos, a track.] A small animal : — a kind of insect. 

Iph'no-Hte, n. [Gr. 'ix*^, a track, and Ai0o9, a 
stone.] A stone marked with fossil footprints. 

I'chor (I'kor), n. [Gr. i-x^p, juice or blood of the 
gods.] A thin, watery discharge. 

I'chor-ous (I'kor-us), a. Serous ; sanious. 

Iph'thy.-b'id, a. [Gr. ix0voei6r)s ; i-x^^y a fish.] 
Resembling a fish. 

ich-thy-ol'o-i-y, n. [Gr. tx^t a fi sn > aQ d A6yo9, 
a treatise.'] The science of fishes. 

iph-thy.-oph'a-|-ist, n. An eater of fish. 

iph-thy.-oph'a-gy, n. [Gr. ix#v?, a fish, and <j>a- 
yeiv, to eat.*] The practice of eating fish. 

Iph-thy.-o-saur'i-a, \ n. pi. [Gr. Lx^vs, a fish, and 

iph'thy-o-saurs, ' J craupo?, a lizard.] A group 
of extinct marine lizards whose remains are 
found in the mesozoic strata. 

i'ci-cle (i'sik-kl), n. [A.-S. isgicel; is, ice, and 
gicel, also ice. — Cf. Icel. iss, ice, and jokull, an 
icicle, — also, a glacier, an ice-mountain ; dim. 
of jaki, a piece of ice ; Low Ger. (shekel, isjiikel, 
icicle.] A pendent shoot of ice. 

i'ci-ly, ad. In an icy manner; freezingly. 

I'ci-ness (I'se-nes), n. The state of being icy. 

I'cing, n. A covering of concreted sugar. [ture. 

i'con, n. [Gr. et/cwv.] An image ; a figure ; a pic- 

I-con'o-clast, n. [Gr. ei/<c6v, einovos, an image, 
and KAao-Ti75, a breaker; KKaetv, to break.] A 
breaker of images. 

1-con-o-cla.s'tic, «. Breaking images : — destruc- 
tive of fancies, of ideals, or of superstitions. 

I-con-o-graph'ic, a. [Gr. cikujv, a likeness, and 
ypa.<$e<.v, to write.] Describing by means of pic- 
tures or cuts. 

I-co-sa-he'dron, n. [Gr. eiicoo-i, twenty, and i6p<x, 
abase.] (Geom.) A solid figure comprehended 
under twenty equal sides. 

Ic-ter'ic, \ a. [Gr. iKTepiKos; from "ucTepos, 

jc-ter'i-cal, J jaundice.] Eelating to the jaundice ; 
good against the jaundice. [voice. 

J c'tus, n. [L. ; (cere, to strike.] Accent ; stress of 

i'cy, a. Full of ice; cold; frosty; chilling. 

I'd (id). A contraction for I would or I had. 

ide, n. [Ft. ide: Neo-Latin (dvs. — Cf. Skr. (ddha, 
bright.] A fresh-water fish. 

I-de'a, n. ; pi. i-de'as. [L. idea, Gr. [Sea, look, 
image ; ISelv, to see.] An archetype ; a pattern : 
— the image of any thing in the mind; concep- 
tion; thought; notion ; perception ; imagination. 

I-de'al, n. [Ft. ideal; L. idealis. — See Idea.] An 
imaginary model of perfection :— any thing im- 
aginary. — 2, a. Mental ; intellectual ; imaginary. 

I-de'al-ism, n. The doctrine of ideal existence : — 
the opposite of materialism. 

I-de'al-ist, w. One who believes in idealism : — 
one' who indulges in ideas of imaginary excel- 
lence ; one given to form romantic fancies ; a 
dreamer. 

I-de-al-is'tic, a. Of or pertaining to idealization ; 
given to idealizing; characteristic of an idealist. 

I-de-al'i-ty, n. The quality of being ideal : — the 
talent for poetry and works of imagination: — 
capacity to form ideals. 

I-de-al-i-za'tion, n. The act of regarding from 
an ideal point of view; the act of investing with 
ideal perfection. 

I-de'al-Ize, v. a. [pp. idealizing, idealized.] To 
form ideas of: — to form in idea : — to endow with 
imaginary qualities. 

I-de'al-ly, ad. Intellectually; mentally. 

I-de-a'tion, n. The act or process of forming 
ideas o'f external objects; thought as distin- 
guished from sensation. 



l-de-a'tion-al, a. Of or relating to ideation or the 
forming of ideas. 

I'dem. [L.] The same : — often contracted to id. 

I-den'ti-cal, a. [Ft. identique. — See IDENTITY.] 
The same ; not different. 

i-den'ti-cal-ly, ad. Not differently. 

I-den-ti-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of identifying. 

I-den'ti-fy, v. a. [Ft. identifier. — See Identity.] 
[pp. identifying, identified.] To prove or make 
the same : — to establish the identity of. 

I-den'ti-ty, n. [Ft. identite ; L. identitas, same- 
ness; idem, the same.] Sameness; the quality 
of being identical. 

i'de-o-graph, n. [Gr. ISea, idea, and ypa^eiv, to 
write.] A written or printed character repre- 
senting an idea independently of sound. 

I-de-o-graph'ic, a. Kepi-esenting ideas. 

I-de-og'ra-phy, n. Short-hand writing : — writing 
by signs intelligible to people speaking any lan- 
guage whatever. 

I-de-ol'o-£y, n. [Gr. i8ea, idea, and Aoyos, a 
treatise.] The science of mind, or of ideas. 

Ides, n. [L. idus. — Cf. Skr. indv, the moon ; iddha, 
clear, bright.] (Roman Calendar.) The 15th 
day of March, May, July, and October, and the 
13th of the other months. 

id-i-oc'ra-sy, n. [Gr. 16109, own, and fcpacrts, 
mixture.]' Peculiarity of constitution. 

id-i-o-crat'i-cal, a. Peculiar in constitution. 

id'i-o-cy, n. [See Idiot.] State of being an idiot ; 
want of understanding, idiotcy. 

Id'i-om, n, [L. idioma, Gr. iBLiofxa, a peculiarity; 
ifiioeiv, to make one's own; 'iStos, own.] A 
mode of expression peculiar to a language. 

Id-i-o-mat'ic, ) «. [Gr. t5ia)p.aTiK:6?.] Relating 

id-j-9-mat'i-cal, j to idioms; peculiar or proper 
to a language. 

id-i-o-path/ic, a. [Gr. ISioTraOeia, feeling for 
one's self;' 16109, own, peculiar, and ira9elv, to 
suffer.] Primary; not derived from any other. 

id-i-o-syn'cra-sy, «. [Gr. 16109, own, peculiar, 
and" o-uy»cpa"o-i9, mixture, constitution ; <rvv, to- 
gether, and /cpao-19, a hi ending, a mingling.] A 
peculiar temperament or disposition ; individual 
peculiarity. 

id'i-ot, n. [Ft.; L. idiota, an ignorant person; 
Gr. i6to>TTj9, a private person ; 16109, peculiar, 
own, personal.] One devoid of understanding; 
a person born without the ordinary mental 
qualities. 

fd'i-ot-cy, n. See Idiocy. [foolish. 

id-i-ot'ic', a. Devoid of understanding; stupid; 

i'dle, a.' [A.-S. & Dan. idel, But. ijdel, Ger. e.itel, 
vain, empty. These words, or their originals, 
once meant clear, pure. — Cf. Skr. iddha, bright.] 
Lazy; not employed; inactive; indolent: — iise- 
less"; trifling.— 2, v. n. [pp. idling, idled.] To 
lose time in indolence ; to trifle. — 3, v. a. To 
waste ; to trifle with. 

i'dle-ness, n. Laziness; sloth: — trivialncss. 

i'dler, n. An idle or lazy person ; a sluggard. 

i'dly, ad. In an idle manner; foolishly. 

id'o-crase, n. A hard mineral, hyacinth. 

i'dol, n. [Ft. idole ; Gr. ei6coAor, image, appear- 
ance ; ISelv, el&ov, to see.] An image worshipped 
as a god ; a fabe object of worship : — a person 
loved and honored to adoration. 

i-dol'a-ter, n. A worshipper of idols. 

i-dol'a-tress, n. A female idolater. 

i-dol'a-trous, a. Having the nature of idolatry. 

i-dol'a-try, n. [Ft. (dolatrie ; Gr. e£6wAoAa.Tpei'a ; 
ei6u)Xov, an idol, and Aarpei'a, service.] Wor- 
ship of idols or images : — excessive attachment 
or veneration. 

i'dol-ize. v. a. [pp. idolizing, idolized.] To love 
or reverence to excess. 

i'dyl (i'dil or Id'il), n. [L. idyllium, Gr. elSv\- 
Ai'ov, a descriptive poem, — dim. of e!6o9, appear- 
ance, figure ; eiSevai, to seem, to appear ; L. vi- 
dere, to see.] A pastoral poem; an eclogue; a 
picturesque narrative p<>em. 



a, e, 1, 0, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, §, i, o, u, x, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



IDYLLIC 



297 



ILLUMINE 



I-dyl'lic, a. Relating to idyls ; like an idyl. 

If, couf. [A.-S. ,jif; Icel. ef, if; Dut. of; 0. Fries. 
ief, gef; Goth, iba; 0. Ger. ibu, if, dative of iba, 
condition, agreement. — Cf. Icel. ef, doubt; efa, 
to doubt. Not clearly allied to Give, although 
0. E. & Scot, gif and gin (given), if, have acquired 
the idea and* form of give.] Give or suppose 
that; allowing that; though : — used as the sign 
of condition. 

Ig'ne-ous, a. [L. igneus, fiery; ignis, fire.] Con- 
taining fire; emitting fire; produced by fire; 
relating to fire. 

Ig'nis fat'u-us. re. ; pi. Ig'nes fat'u-i. [L. for 
"foolish fire," since it is said to mislead trav- 
ellers.] A fiery meteor, seen in marshy places, 
arising from the gas of putrefying substances : 
— called Will-tcith-the-icisp and Jack-with-a-lantem. 

Jg-nlte', v. a. [L. ignire, ignitum, to kindle; ignis, 
Skr. agni, Lith. ugnis, fi're.l [pp. igniting, ig- 
nited.] To kindle ; to set on fire. — 2, v. re. To 
become fiery ; to take fire. 

?gr-nit'i-ble, a. Capable of being ignited. 

jg-ni"tion (jg-nlsh'un), u. [Fr. ; L. ignire, ig- 
nttwm, to kindle. — See Ignite.] The act of ig- 
niting : — the state of being ignited. 

Ig-no'ble, a. [Fr. ignoble; L. ignobilis; in, not, 
and nobilis, formerly gnobilis, noble (</. v.).] Not 
noble; of low birth ; mean. 

Ig-no'bly, ad. Ignominiously ; meanly. 

Ig-no-mln'i-ous, a. [L. ignominioms. — See Igno- 
miny.] Shameful; dishonorable; reproachful; 
infamous ; mean. 

Ig-no-min'i-ous-ly, ad. Meanly; basely. 

Ig'no-min-y, n. [L. ignominia; in privative, and 
nomen (gnotnen), a name (q. v.).] Public disgrace; 
reproach; shame; infamy; dishonor; discredit. 

Ig-no-ra'mus, n. ; pi. Ig-no-ra'mus-es. [L. for 
"we are ignorant," — a legal term.] A foolish 
fellow; a vain pretender; a sciolist. [edge. 

Ig'no-rance, re. [L. ignoranUa.] Want of knowl- 

Ig'no-rant, a. [L. ignorant, ignorantis, pres. part, 
of ignorare, to ignore (q. v.)'.] Wanting knowl- 
edge; unlearned. — 2, n. An nninstructed person'. 

Ig'no-rant-ly, ad. Witliout knowledge. 

Jg-nore', v. a. [Fr. ignorer; L. ignorare; in, not, 
and noscere, older gnoscere, to know (q. v.).] 
[pp. ignoring, ignored.] (Laic.) To declare 
ignorance of : — to treat as unknown ; to neglect. 

J-gua'na, n. [Sp. ; Carib igoana, or guana.] A 
lizard of tropical America. 

I1-, a prefix, represents the pre- 
fix in before the letter I. 

Xl'e-um, re. [L.] The lowest part 

_ of the small intestine. 

I'lex, re. [L.] A kind of oak: — 
a holly-tree. 

Il'i-ac, «. [Fr. iliaque ; L. He, 
or ileum, a flank, a bowel.] 
Relating to the lower bowels. 

Il'i-ad, re. [Gr. 'Ui<£?, 'IAiiSo?; 
from "IAio?, Troy.] The Greek 
epic poem of Homer. iguaua 

Ilk. a. [A.-S. He, ylc, the same; 
i, he, and lie, like.] The same; each.— 2, n. The 
same name; as, Balfour of that ilk; i.e., Baltour 
of Balfour. [L'sed in Scotland.] 

Ill, a. [Icel. illr, ill ; Dan. Ode, Sw. ilia, bndlv : 
contracted forms, closely akin to Evil.] Bad ; 
not good; evil :— sick; 'ailing.— 2, re. Wicked- 
ness; misfortune; misery. —3, ad. Not well; 
not rightly. 

?l-lapse' (il-laps'), re. [L. illobor, illapsus, to glide 
in ; in, into, and labi, to glide.— See Lapse.] A 
gradual sliding in. 

Jl-la'que-ate, v. a. [L. illaqneare, illaguealum ; in, 
in, and laquere, to snare ; lagueus, a snare.] [pp. 
illaqneating, illaqueated.] To entrap; to in- 
snare ; to entangle. 

Jl-la'tion, re. [L. Ulatio ; in. and {ferre) latum, to 
carry.] A conclusion drawn from premises ; in- 
ference; deduction. 




Il'la-tive, a. Eelating to illation ; inferential. — 
2, re. A particle denoting illation. 

Il'la-tive-ly, ad. By illation or conclusion. 

Il-laud'a-ble, a. [L. tUaudabilis; in, n<>t, and lau- 
dabilis,' laudable (q. v.).] Not laudable ; cen- 
surable. 

Il-laud'a-bly, ad. Without deserving praise. 

Ill' -bred', a.' Not well-bred ; uncivil. 

Il-le'gal, a. [Li, not, and Legal.] Contrary to 
law ; 'not legal. 

11-le-ga.l'i-ty, re. State of being illegal. 

il-le'gal-Ize, v. a. [pp. illegalizing, illegalized.] 
To render illegal. 

Il-le'gal-ly, ad. In an illegal manner. 

Il-le|--i-bil'i-ty, re. Incapability of being read. 

Il-leg'i-ble,'«. '[In, not, and Legible.] that can- 
not be read ; not legible. 

Il-leg'i-bly, ad. Not legibly. 

Il-le-£-it'i-ma-cy, re. State of being illegitimate. 

Il-le-git'i-mate, a. [In, not, and Legitimate.] 
Not legitimate; born out of wedlock; spurious; 
unlawful; illegal. 

Il-le-fit'i-mate, v. a. [pp. illegitimating, ille- 
gitimated.] To make illegitimate. 

Il-le-£-it'i-mate-ly, ad. Not in wedlock. 

Il-le-git-i-ma'tion, re. The act of illegitimating. 

Ill'-fa/vored (-fa'vurd), a. Deformed; ugly. 

Ill'-hu'nior (-yu'mor), n. Bad temper. 

Il-lib'er-al, a. [In, not, and Liberal.] Not lib- 
eral ; sparing ; mean. 

fl-lib-er-al'i-ty, re. Want of liberality. 

il-lib'er-al-iy, ad. In an illiberal manner. 

Il-lic'i't (Il-lis'it), a. [L. illicitns, not permitted; 
in, not, and licitus, passive part, from Ucere, to be 
lawful. — See License.] Unlawful ; illegal. 

Il-lim'it-a-ble, a. [In, not, and Limitable.] 
That cannot be limited. 

H-lim'it-a-bly, ad. Without susceptibility of 
bounds;' without limits. 

jl-li"sion (il-lizh'un), re. [L. Olisio; illidere, illi- 
su:n, to strike against ; in, against, and Ixdere, 
Isesum, to strike.] A collision. 

Il-lit'er-a-cy, n. Want of learning; ignorance. 

Il-lit'er-ate, a. [L. ittUeratus; in, not, and Kte- 
ratus, instructed; litera, a letter («/. v.).] Igno- 
rant; unlearned. 

Ill' -judged' (-jujd'), a. Unwise; injudicious. 

Ill'-man'nered, a. Uncivil ; rude ; impolite. 

Ill'-nat'ure (il'nafyur), re. Bad temper. 

Ill'-nat'ured (-nat'yurd), a. Cross : peevish. 

Ill'ness, n. Sickness; a malady; a disorder. 

Il-log'i-cal, a. [In, not, and Logical.] Cor« 
trary to' the rules of logic. 

Il-lo|--i-cal'i-ty, n. Illogicalness. 

Il-log'i-cal-iy, ad. In an illogical manner. 

Ill'-o'mened, a. Ill-starred; unlucky. 

Ill'-starred' (Il'stiird'), a. [The stars were once 
held to be ominous of good or evil to every per- 
son.] Unlucky. [sour : — not well mixed. 

Ill'-tem'pered (-tem'perdi, «. Morose: crabbed; 

Ill-timed' (-timd'), a. Attempted or said at an 
unsuitable time. [treat ill ; to alaise. 

Ill-treat', v. a. [pp. ill-treating, ill-treated.] To 

Il-lude', v. a. [L. illudere, iUumm, to deceive; in, 
upon, and ludere, to play.] [pp. illuding, il- 
luded.] To deceive; to mock; to delude. 

Il-lume'. r. a. [See Illuminate.] [pp. illuming, 
illumed.] To enlighten; to illuminate. 

Il-lu'mi-nate, v. a. [L. Slummare, Uheminatum ; 
in, upon, and luminare, to shine, to make light; 
lumen, a light.] [pp. illuminating, illuminated.] 
To throw light on ; to enlighten ; to illustrate : 
— to adorn or illustrate with pictures and colors. 
Il-lu-mi-na'tion, n. The act of illuminating : — 

splendor : — lights hung out as a token of joy. 
il-lu'mi-na-tive, a. Affording light, 
il-lu'mi-na-tor, re. One who illuminates, 
il-lu'mine, r. a. [Fr. illuminer. — See Illumi- 
nate.] [pp. illumining, illumined.] To throw 
light on; to enlighten; to decorate; to adorn; 
to illuminate. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, 0, 5, £, soft; p, p, ft, g\ hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tnia. 



ILLUSION 



298 



IaOIEKGE 



jl-lu'§ion (il-lii'zhun), n. [L. illusio.— See II- 
lude.] Deceptive appearance ; mockery : false 
show ; delusion : — a delicate fabric used for la- 
dies' dresses, drapery, veils, &c. 

jl-lu'sive, <i. Deceiving by false show ; delusive. 

jl-lii'sive-ly. ad. In a deceptive manner. 

il-lu'sive-ness, n. Deception ; false appearance. 

il-lii'so-ry, a. [Fr. Ulusoire.] Deceiving ; delusive. 

il-lus'tra-ble, a. That can be illustrated. 

jl-lus'trate, v. a. [L. iUustrare, illustration ; in, 
upon, and lustrare, to lighten. — See Lustre.] 
[pp. illustrating, illustrated.] To make bright, 
plain, or clear; to explain; to elucidate by pic- 
tures ; to make illustrious. 

Il-lus-tra/tion, n. Something which illustrates; 
an explanation ; an elucidation ; an example. 

il-lus'tra-tive, a. Tending to illustrate. 

il-lus'tra-tor, n. One who illustrates. 

il-lus'tri-otSs, a. [Fr. ilhistre, L. illustris, renowned ; 
from lustrum, a purification, or more probably 
from the root of lumen, light; lucidus, bright.] 
Conspicuous; eminent; renowned; celebrated; 
distinguished ; famous. 

Ill' --will', n. Malevolence; enniity; spite. 

Il'ly., ad. In an ill manner : — not well. [Hardly 
in'good use ; HI is preferable.] 

I'm (im). A contraction for I am. 

Im-, a prefix, represents the prefix in- (in its va- 
rious senses) before b, m, and p. It sometimes 
replaces the French prefix em, and not unfre- 
quently represents the English preposition in. 

Im'a£e, n. [Fr. image; L. imago: akin to Imi- 
tate.] Any corporeal representation ; a statue ; 
& figure; a picture : — an idol : — an idea. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. imaging, imaged.] To copy by the fancy ; 
to imagine. 

Im'a-i-er-y, or lm'a§-e-ry, n. A representation ; 
pictures ; statues : — figurative language ; meta- 
phors. 

im-a.fi-na.-ble, a. That may be imagined. 

Im-af'i-na-ry, a. Fancied ;_visionary ; ideal. 

jm-aj-i-na'tion (e-mad-je-na'shun), n. [L. ima- 
ginatio. — See Imagine.] The faculty or power 
of forming ideal pictures, or producing original 
thoughts or new combinations of ideas; inven- 
tion ; an image in the mind ; conception ; idea ; 
fancy. 

Im-af'i-na-tive, a. That imagines ; fancying. 

jm-aj'ine. *'. a. [Fr. imaginer; L. imaginari, ima- 

finatus; from imago, imaginis, an image (q. ».).] 
pp. imagining, imagined.] To fancy; to con- 
ceive. — 2, v. n. To form conceptions. 

r.-mam\ or i-maum', n. [Arab. ; from ammo, to 
preside, to go before.] A Mohammedan priest 
or prince : — variou.-ly written and pronounced 
I-mihii', I-m&umf, I-maun', I-mCin', I' man. 

Jm-bank', w. a. [pp. imbanking, imbanked.] To 
embank. 

Im-bank'ment, n. A bank; an embankment. 

im-bec'ile, or Im-be-cile' [jm-bes'jl or im'be-sil, 
H. ; im'be-sil, B. Wb.], a. [L. imbecUlus or im- 
becillis, weak ; by some referred to in privative, 
and bacillus, a staff, without a support.] Want- 
ing strength of body or mind ; weak ; feeble ; 
infirm. — 2, n. One who is weak in mind or body. 

Im-be-cTl'i-ty, n. [L. imbecillitu-s.] Feebleness of 
mind or body. 

|m-bed', v. a. [pp. imbedding, imbedded.] To 
cover, as in a bed. See Embed. 

Jm-bibe', v. a. [L. imbibere ; in, into, and bibere, 
to drink.— Cf. Skr. pibami, a drink.] [pp. im- 
bibing, imbibed.] To drink in; to absorb. 

Im-bi-bi"tion (-bish'un), n. The act of imbibing. 

Jm-bod'y, v. a. [pp. imbodying. imbodied.] Toem- 
body. See Embody. [shelter. See E3ibower. 

Im-bb'w'er, v. a. [pp. imbowering, imbowered.] To 

Im'bri-cate, ]_ a. [L. imbiicare, ivibricatum, to 

Im'bri-cat-ed, j cover, to tile ; imbrex, imbricis, a 
gutter-tile; imber, Gr. 6/m.8po?, a shower.] In- 
dented with concavities ; overlapping like slates 
or shingles. 



Im-bri-ca'tion, n. A concave indenture :-=- an 
overlapping. 

Imbroglio (im-brol'ye-o), n. [It. ; brogliare, to 
broil (q. v.).] An intricate plot : — an embarrass- 
ing complication. 

Im-brue' (im-bru'), v. a. [0. Fr. embruer, to be- 
dabble : a variant form of Imbue.] [pp. imbru- 
ing, imbrued.] To soak ; to drench. 

Im-brute', v. a. [In and Brute.] [pp. imbruting, 
imbruted.] To degrade to brutality.— 2, v. n. 
To sink down to brutality. 

im-bue', v. a. [L. imbuere, to cause to drink in; 
from imbibere, to drink in. — See Imbibe.] [pp. 
imbuing, imbued.] To tincture deeply ; to tinge. 

Im-i-ta-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being imitable. 

Im'i-ta-ble, a. That may be imitated; worthy 
of' imitation. 

Im'i-tate, v. a. [L. imitari, imitatum. — See Im- 
age.] [pp. imitating, imitated.] To follow the 
way or action of another; to copy. 

Im-i-ta'tion, n. The act of imitating : — a resem- 
blance; a copy; likeness; a counterfeit. 

Im-i-ta'tion-al, a. Implying imitation. 

Im'i-ta-tive, a. Inclined or tending to copy. 

Im'i-ta-tor, n. One who imitates or copies. 

Im'i-ta-trix, n. She who imitates. 

Im-mac'u-late, a. [L. immaeuhdus ; in, not, and 
maculare, maculatum, to spot ; macula, a spot.] 
Spotless ; pure ; cleaD. 

Im'ma-nence, n. Internal dwelling ; inherence. 

Im'ma-nent, a. [L. immanere, immaneutis, to re- 
main near; in, in or at, and manere, to remain 
(q. ».).] Intrinsic; inherent; internal. 

Jm-man'i-ty, n. [L. immanitas ; immanis, huge, 
atrocious; in intensive, and magnus, great.] 
Barbarity : — monstrousness. 

Im-ma-te'ri-al, a. [In, not, and Material.] Not 
material ; ' incorporeal : — spiritual : — not impor- 
tant ; unimportant. 

Im-ma-te'ri-al-i§m, n. The opinion that matter 
does' not really exist : — the doctrine of the ex- 
istence of spiritual being. 

Im-ma-te-ri-al'i-ty. v. [Fr. immattrialite.] State 
of being immaterial : — distinctness from matter. 

Im-ma-ture', «. [L. immaturus; in, not, and ma- 
turus, mature.] Not mature; not perfect; not 
ripe ; incomplete : — early ; hasty. 

Im-ma-ture'ly, ad. Too soon ; too early. 

Im-ma-ture'ness, \ n. [Fr. immaturity ; L. imma- 

Im-ma-tu'ri-ty, J turitas.] State of being imma- 
ture ; unripeness. 

Im-meas'u-ra-ble (im-mezh'yu-ra-bl), a. [In, 
not, and Measurable.] That cannot be meas- 
ured; immense. 

Im-meas'u-ra-bly, ad. Beyond measure. 

Im-me'di-ate, a. [In, not, and Mediate ; Fr. 
immedi'at.'] Having nothing intervening; act- 
ing without a medium ; proximate ; direct ; not 
acting by second causes : — instant; present. 

Im-me'di-'ate-ly, ad. "Without a medium or any 
intervention :— instantly ; directly. 

Im-me'di-ate-ness, n. State of being immediate.; 
exemption from second causes. 

Im-me-mo'ri-al, a. [Fr. immemorial. — See Mem- 
ory."] Past the time of memory ; not remem- 
bered : — originating before records begin. 

Im-me-mo'ri-al-ly, ad. Beyond memory. 

Im-mlnse', '«.' [Fr. immense; L. immensus; in, 
not, and mensus, measured; metiri, to measure 
(q. ».).] Unlimited; unbounded; v*st. 

Im-mense'ly, ad. Without measure or limits. 

im-mense'ness, n. Immensity. 

im-men'si-ty, n. [L. immensitas.] Unbounded 
extent ; infinity. [measured. 

Im-mens-u-ra-bil'i-ty, n. Impossibility of being 

Im-mens'u-ra-ble, a. [In, not, and Mensurable.] 
Not to be measured ; immeasurable. 

Im-m'e'ri-e', v. a. [See Immerse.] [pp. immerg- 
ing, immerged.] To put under water; to im- 
merse. — 2, v. n. To disappear, as behind another 
body, or by immersion into some medium. 



a, e, i, o, ii, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



1MMEKSE 



299 



IMPASSIONED 



Jm-merse', v. a. [L. immergere, immersum; in, 
into, and mergere, to plunge.] [pp. immersing, 
immersed.] To put under water ; to plunge into 
a fluid; to immerge ; to sink. 

Jm-mer'sion (iin-nier'shun), n. [L. immersio. — 
See Immerse.] The act of putting, or the state 
of being put, below the surface ; submersion ; 
an overwhelming. 

Im-mesh', v. a. [In and Mesh.] [pp. immeshing, 
immeslied.l To entangle in meshes or nets. 

Im-me-thod i-cal, a. Not methodical. 

Im-me-thod'i-cal-ly, ad. Without method. 

im'mi-grant, n. [L. immigrant, immigrantis (pres. 
part.). — See Immigrate.] One who comes into a 
country to dwell in it. 

Xm'mi-grate, v. n. [L. immigrate, immigratum ; 
in, into, and migrare, to remove.] [pp. immi- 
grating, immigrated.] To come into a country 
in order to dwell in it : — to emigrate, to go out of 
a country. 

im-mi-gra'tion, n. Act of immigrating. 

Im'mi-iience, n. An impending danger. 

im'mi-nent, a. [L. imminere, pres. part, immi- 
nently, to project; in, upon, and minere, to jut. — 
See Eminent.] Impending; threatening; near. 

Jm-mln'gle (im-ming'gl), v. a. [In and Mingle.] 
[pp. immingling, immingled.] To mingle. 

Im-nus-ci-bil'i-ty., n. Incapacity of being mixed. 

Im-mis'ci-ble, a. " [In, not, and Miscible.] Not 
capable of being mingled. 

Jm-mis'sion (im-mlsh'un), n. [L. immissio. — See 
Immit.] ' Act of sending in. 

Jm-mit', v. a. [L. immittere, immissum; in, into, 
and mittere, to send.] [pp. immitting, immitted.] 
To send in ; to inject. 

im-mit'i-ga-ble, a. [In, not, and Mitigable.J 
That cannot be mitigated. 

T.m-nux\ v. a. [In and Mix.] [pp. immixing, 
innnixed.] To mingle; to intermix; to mix. 

Jm-mob'ile, a. [L. immobUis. — See Mobile.] 
Fixed; immovable; stable. 

i m-mo-bil'i-ty, n. [Fr. immobilite ; L. immobUUas. 
— hi negative, and Mobility.] Lack of mo- 
bility ; resistance to motion. 

fm-mod'er-ate, a. [L. immoderatus. — See Moder- 
ate.] 'Excessive; extravagant. 

im-mod'er-ate-ly, ad. Excessively. 

Im-mod-er-a'tion, n. Want of moderation. 

Im-mod'est, a.' [L. vmmodestus. — See Modest.] 
Not modest; indelicate. 

Im-mod'es-ty, n. Want of modesty. 

Im'mo-late, v. a. [L. immolare, immolation, to 
sacrifice; in, upon, and viola, meal (g. v.) : salted 
meal was sprinkled on the heads of victims.] 
[pp. immolating, immolated.] To sacrifice ; to 
offer up. [offered. 

1 m-mo-la'tion, n. Act of sacrificing :— the sacrifice 

fm'mo-la-tor, n. One who offers in sacrifice. 

f m-mor'al, a. [In, not, and Moral.] Not moral ; 
dishonest; vicious. 

Im-mo-ral'i-ty, n. [Fr. immorality.] Quality of 
being immoral; dishonesty; want of virtue; 
vice ; depravity ; an immoral act or practice. 

im-mbr'tal, a. [L. immortaJis. — See Mortal.] 
Not mortal ; imperishable ; exempt from death ; 
perpetual ; deathless. 

fm-mor-tal'i-tx, «• [I*. immortalitac—See Mor- 
tality.] State of being immortal; exemption 
from death ; endless life. 

Im-mor'tal-Ize, v. a. [pp. immortalizing, immor- 
talized.] To make immortal; to exempt from 
death ; to perpetuate. 

Im-mor'tal-ly, ad. Without mortality or end. 

Im-mor-telle, n. [Fr.] A name common to sev- 
eral flowers, from their durability ; everlasting 
flower: — a wreath of such flowers. 

Im-mov-a-bil'i-ty, \n. Quality of being immov- 

Im-mov'a-ble-ness, | able ; steadfastness. 

Xm-m6v'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Movable.] That 
cannot be moved; firmly fixed :— hard-hearted ; 
unim 



T.m-mu'ni-ty, n. [L. immunilas; immunis, free 
from a' service ; in, not, and mums, obliging, 
serviceable. — Of. mumts, a duty, a gift.] Free- 
dom from obligation or service ; privilege ; ex- 
emption ; freedom. 

Im-mure', v. a. [L. in, within, and murare, to 
wall; murus, a wall.] [pp. immuring, im- 
mured.] To enclose; to confine; to shut in. 

Im-mu-ta-bil'i-ty, n. Exemption from change. 

im-mii'ta-ble, a. [L. immutabilis. — See Mutable.] 
Unchangeable ; unalterable. 

im-mu'ta-bly, ad. Unchangeably. 
Imp,/)i. [0. E. imp, a scion, offspring, child. — Cf. 
Late L. impotus, a graft; Gr. ep-^vros, a shoot; 
(j>vei.v, to grow r ; Dan. ympe, Ger. imp/en, to 
graft.] A subaltern or puny devil ; a demon ; a 
sprite. — 2, v. a. [pp. imping, imped.] To graft; 
to enlarge : — to mend. 

Jm-pact', v. a. [L. impingere, impactum ; in, upon, 
and pangere, to strike.] [pp. impacting, im- 
pacted.] To drive close or hard. 

Im'pact, ft. [L. impactus.] Instantaneous action 
of one body on another; collision ; impulse. 

Im-pac'tion, n. [L. impactio.] Compression : — a 
disease among animals in which the food be- 
comes dry and impacted in the stomach ; stom- 
ach-staggers. 

Im-pair', v. a. [Fr. empirer, Late L. impejorare, 
to make worse; in, intensive, and L. pejor, 
worse.] [pj). impairing, impaired.] To injure; 
to make worse. — 2, r. n. To be lessened or worn. 

Im-pair'ment, n. Injury. [Empale. 

Im-pale', v. a. [pp. impaling, impaled.] See 

f m-pal-pa-bil'i-ty., ""• State of being impalpable. 

Im-pal'pa-ble, a. ' [In, not, and Palpable.] Not 
to be distinguished by the touch : — exceedingly 
fine : — not easily distinguishable. 

im-pa-na'tion, n. [Late L. impanatio; in, within, 
and panis, bread.] The supposed presence of 
the body of Christ in the sacramental bread. 

Im-pan'el, v. a. [See Panel.] [pp. impanelling, 
impanelled.] To enroll; to form, as a jury. 

Jm-par'a-dise, v. a. [See Paradise.] [p]>. im- 
paradising, imparadised.] To put in a state of 
felicity. 

Im-par'i-ty, n. [L. imparitas : vmpar, unequal. — 
See Parity.] Inequality; disproportion. 

Im-park', v. a. [In and Park.] [j^j. imparking, 
imparked.] To enclose in a park. 

Im-par'lance, n. [See Parlance.] (Lair.) Li- 
cense for delay of trial ; continuance of a cause. 

Im-part', v. a. [L. impartire; in, upon, and partire, 
to bestow or share, — originally, to divide. — See 
Part.] [pp. imparting, imparted.] To make 
known; to communicate ; to give; to confer. 

Xm-par'tial (-shal), a. [In, not, and Partial.] 
Not partial : equitable : free from regard to party ; 
disinterested; just; fair. 

im-par'tial-ist. u- One who is impartial. 

Im-par-ti-al'i-ty (lm-par-she-al'e-te), «. Quality 
of being impartial ; equitableuess. 

Im-par'tial-ly, ad. With impartiality. 

im-part-i-bil'i-ty, n. State of being impartible. 

im-part'i-ble,' a. [From Impart.] Communica- 
ble : — [in negative, and Part] not divisible. 

Im-part ment, ». The act of imparting : — that 
which is imparted. 

Im-pas'sa-ble, a. [In, not, and Passable.] Not 
to be passed ; impervious. 

fm-pas'sa-ble-ness, n. Incapability of passage. 

Im-pas-si-bil'i-ty, \n. Exemption from suffer- 

Im-pas'si-ble-ness, J ing. 

Im-pas'si-ble, a. [L. impassibilis ; passibUis, capa- 
ble of suffering; pad, passus, to suffer.] Incapa- 
ble of suffering; exempt from pain or injury. 

Im-pas'sion-ate, a. [In, intensive, and Passion- 
ate.] Strongly affected ; full of passion :—[in, 
not, and Passionate] free from passion ; without 
feeling. 

Jm-pas'sioned (im-pash'und), p. a. [For impas- 
sionate.] Animated : — full of passion : excited. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.— Q, 9, 5, §■, soft; £, (3-, p, §, hard; § as z ; $ as gz ; tnis. 



IMPASSIVE 



300 



IMPIOUSLY 



Im-pas'sive, a. [In, not, and Passive.] Not pas- 
sive ; free from suffering. 

Jm-pas'to, n: [It. ; in, and pasta, paste (g. «.).] A 
layer or body of pigment applied by a painter to 
his canvas. 

Im-pa'tience (lin-pu'shens), n. [L. impatientia. — 
See Patience.] Want of patience ; vehemence 
of temper ; restlessness ; inquietude ; uneasi- 
ness; eagerness. 

Im-pa'tient (lm-pa'shent), a. [L. impatiens. — See 
Patient.] Not patient ; uneasy; hasty; eager; 
ardently desirous. 

Im-pa'tient-ly. (Im-pa/shent-le), ad. Uneasily. 

Jm-peach', v. a. [Fr. empecher, to hinder; Sp. 
empaclmr, It. impacciare, to delay. The French 
is said to represent L. impedicare, to fetter ; from 
Ii. pedica, a fetter ; pes, pedis, a foot ; but the 
Spanish and Italian are from Late L. impac- 
tare, frequentative of L. impingere, impactum, to 
fasten; pangere, to bind.] [pp. impeaching, 
impeached.] To charge publicly with an of- 
fence as a public officer; to accuse; to censure : 
— to bring discredit upon. 

Jm-peach'a-ble, a. Liable to impeachment. 

Jm-peach'ment, n. The act of impeaching; pub- 
lic accusation; censure. 

Jm-pearl', v. a. [pp. impearling, impearled.] To 
adorn as with pearls. 

im-pec-ca-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being impecca- 
ble ; sinlessness ; incapability of doing wrong. 

fm-pec'ca-ble, a. [L. impeccubilis ; peccare, to sin.] 
Exempt from possibility to sin ; not liable to sin ; 
sinless; infallible. 

fm-pec'can-cy, n. [L. impeccantia.] Sinlessness. 

im-pe-cu'-ni-os'i-ty, n. Want of money. 

fm-pe-cu'ni-ous, a. [L. in, not, and pecunia, 
money.] Destitute of, or scantily supplied with, 
money ; moneyless ; poor. 

Jm-pede', v. a. [L. impedire, to obstruct, to en- 
tangle the foot; in, in, and pes, pedis, the foot.] 
[pp. impeding, impeded.] To hinder; to delay; 
to obstruct. [struction ; hinderance. 

Im-ped'i-ment, n. [L. impedimentum.] An ob- 

jm-pel', v. a. [L. impellere, irnpulsum, to drive on; 
in, on, and pellere, to drive.] [pp. impelling, im- 
pelled.] To urge forward; to instigate; to in- 
cite : to drive. 

Jm-pel'lent, a. Impelling ; urging onward. — 2, n. 
A power that drives forward. 

Jm-pend', v. n. [L. impendere ; in, upon, over, and 
pendere, to hang.] [pp. impending, impended.] 
To hang over; to be at hand; to press nearly; 
to threaten. 

Im-pend'ence, \n. The state of hanging over; 

im-pend'en-cy, J near approach. 

im-pend'ing, a. Hanging over; near at hand. 

Im-pen-e-tra-bil'i-tjr, n. The quality of being 
impenetrable. 

im-pen'e-tra-ble, a. [In, not, and Penetrable.] 
That cannot be penetrated; impervious: — not to 
be affected. 

im-pen'e-tra-ble-ness, n. Impenetrability. 

im-pen'e-tra-bly, ad. With impenetrableness. 

im-pen'i-tence, \n. [L. impcenitentia. — See Pen- 

im-pen'i-ten-cy, J itence.] Want of penitence or 
contrition ; obduracy. 

Im-pen'i-tent, a. [L. impcenitens. — See Penitent.] 
Not penitent ; obdurate. 

Im-pen'i-tent-ly, ad. Without penitence. 

Jm-per'a-tive, «. [L. imperaticus ; imperare, to 
command : in, upon, and parare, to order, to 
make ready.] Commanding; authoritative. — 
(Gram.) Noting the mood of a verb which com- 
mands, entreats, or exhorts. 

Jm-per'a-tive-ly, ad. In an imperative manner. 

Im-per-cep-ti-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of being 
imperceptible. 

Im-per-cep'ti-ble, a. [In, not, and Perceptible.] 
Not to be perceived ; impalpable ; not easily per- 
ceived. 

Im-per-cep'ti-bly, ad. Without being perceived. 



fm-per'fect, a. [L. imperfectus. — See Perfect.] 
Not perfect; defective. 

Im-per-fec'tion, n. Want of perfection: — a de- 
fect; a fault. 

fm-per'fect-ly, ad. In an imperfect manner. 

Im-per'fo-ra-ble, a. Not to be perforated. 

Im-per'fo-rate, a. [In, not, and Perforate.] 
Not pierced through. 

Im-pe'ri-al, a. [L. imperialis ; imperium, empire 
(q. v.).] Relating to an empire or an emperor : 
— monarchical ; supreme.— 2, n. A size of paper, 
21 inches by 30 :— a Russian gold coin, equal to 
tenjubles, and worth nearly eight dollars. 

Jm-pe'ri-al-ism, n. Imperial power or authority ; 
spirit of empire. [imperial government. 

Im-pe'ri-al-ist, n. One who is favorable to an 

Im-pe-ri-al'i-ty, n. Imperial state or power. 

Im-per'il, v. a. [In, not, and Peril.] [pp. im- 
perilling, imperilled.] To bring into danger; 
to peril. 

Jm-pe'ri-oiis, a. [L. imperioms ; imperium, author- 
ity.] Assuming command; domineering; com- 
manding; authoritative; magisterial; haughty; 
arrogant ; tyrannical. 

Im-pe'ri-ous-ly, ad. In an imperious manner. 

Im-pe'ri-ous-ness, n. Arrogance. 

Im-uer'is'h-a-ble, a. [Fr. imperissable. — See Per- 
ish.] Not liable to perish. 

im-per-me-a-bil'i-ty, n. [See Permeability.] 
The quality of being impermeable. 

Im-per'me-a-ble, a. Not to be passed through. 

Im-per'son-al, a. [L. impersonalis- — See Person.] 
Not personal. — Impersonal verb, a verb used only 
in the third person singular; as, it rains, it 
snows. 

Im-per-son-al'i-ty, n. Absence of personality. 

Im-per'son-al-iy., ad. Without personality. 

im-per'son-ate, v. a. [See Personate.] [pp. im- 
personating, impersonated.] To assume the part 
of; to personate. 

Im-per-son-i-fi-ca'ti9n, \ n. Act of personifying ; 

Im-pe'r-son-a'tion, /representation; person- 

ation ; investment with personality. 

im-per'ti-nence, 1 n. Irrelevancy : — intrusion ; 

Im-p'e'r'ti-nen-cy, J rudeness ; insolence. 

Im-per'ti-nent, a. [L. impertinent. — See Perti- 
nent.]' Of no weight; not pertinent; not ap- 
posite: — rude; intrusive; insolent. 

1 m-per'ti-nent-ly, ad. Intrusively ; rudely. 

Im-per-turb-a-bii'i-ty, n. Calmness ; composure. 

Im-per-turb'a-ble, a. [L. imperturbabilis. — See 
Perturb.] * That cannot be disturbed; com- 
posed; unmoved. 

Im-per-tur-ba/tion, n. Calmness ; quietude. 

Im-per'vi-ous, a. [L. impervim; in, not, per, 
through, and via, a way.] Impenetrable; im- 
passable. 

im-pe-tig'i-nous, a. [L. impetiginosus. — See Im- 
petigo.] Covered with scabs. 

im-pe-ti'go, n. [L. impetigo, impetiginus ; impetere, 
to attack; in, upon, and petere, to seek, to "go to- 
ward.] (Med.) An eruption of small pustules on 
the skin ; a tetter. 

Im-pet-u-os'i-ty, n. Violence; vehemence. 

im-pet'u-ous (im-pet'yu-us), a. [L. impetvoms ; 
impetus, an impulse.] Violent; forcible; fierce; 
vehement of mind ; passionate. 

Im-pet'u-ous-ly, ad. In an impetuous manner. 

im-pet'u-ous-ness, n. Impetuosity; rashness. 

im'pe-tus, n. [L. for "attack," "impulse;" in, 
upon, and petere, to seek, to go toward.] Force 
applied to any thing; momentum; impulse. 

fm-pi'e-ty, n. [Fr. impiete; L. impielas. — See Im- 
pious'.] Want of piety ; irreverence with respect 
to God ; irreligion ; wickedness. 

Im-pingV, v. v. [L. impingere, impactum; pangere, 
to strike. — See Impact.] [pp. impinging, im- 
pinged.] To strike against ; to clash. 

fm'pi-ofis, a. [L. impius; in, not, and pins, good, 
kindly.] Not pious ; irreligious ; wicked. 

Im'pi-ous-ly, ad. In an impious manner. 



e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, l, o, u, y, short; a, e, 



u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



IMPIOUSNESS 



301 



IMPKECATOEY 



Im'pi-ous-ness, n. Impiety; irreligion. 

imp'ish, a. Like an imp ; mischievous. 

Im-pia-ca-bU'i-tx, n. Inexorable enmity. 

Im-pla'ca-ble, a. [L. implacabilis. — See Placa- 
ble.] that cannot be appeased; not placable; 
inexorable; unrelenting; relentless. 

Im-pla'ca-ble-ness, n. State of being implacable. 

Im-pla'ca-bly., ad. Inexorably ; relentlessly. 

Im-pla-cSn'tal, a. [In, not, and Placental.] 
Having no placenta. 

Im-plant', v. a. [Fr. im planter ; in and Plant.] 
[pp. implanting, implanted.] To plant; to in- 
sert; to ingraft. 

Im-plan-ta'tion, n. Act of implanting. 

im-plead' (im-pled'), v. a. [Fr. emplaider. — See 
Plead.] [pp. impleading, impleaded.] (Law.) 
To prosecute ; to sue ; to indict ; to accuse ; to 
arraign. 

Im-plead' er, n. One who impleads or indicts. 

im'ple-ment. n. [L. implementum, accomplish- 
ment, means of accomplishing; implere, to ful- 
fil; plere, to fill.] An instrument ; tool; vessel. 

Im'pli-cate, v. a. [L. implieare, implicatum, to in- 
volve; in, in, and plicare, to fold; plica, a fold.] 
[pp. implicating, implicated.] To fold into ; to 
entangle : — to include with; to involve. 

im-pli-ca'tion, n. Act of implicating; involu- 
tion": — an inference tacitly implied. 

Xm'pli-ca-tive, a. Having implication. 

im'pli-ca-tive-ly, ad. By implication. 

J.m-plic'it, a. [L. implieare, implicitum (or impli- 
catum). — See Implicate.] Inferred; tacitly im- 
plied or comprised: — resting on the authority 
of others : — received or admitted witliout proof : 
— unquestioning; unreserved. 

Im-plic'it-ly;, ad- In an implicit manner. 

im-pli'ed-ly, ad. By implication. 

im-plore', v. a. [L. implorare, to beg; in, upon, 
and plorare, to wail.] [pp. imploring, implored.] 
To beg earnestly ; to beseech ; to supplicate ; to 
entreat; to crave. 

T.m-plor'er, n. One who implores. * 

Jm-plo'sion (jm-nlo'zhun), n. [On type of explo- 
sion.] A bursting inward. 

Jm-ply', v. a. [Fr. impliquer ; 0. Fr. emploier ; 
from L. implieare. — See Implicate.] [pp. im- 
plying, implied.] To involve by implication; 
to signify : — to include ; to comprise. 

Im-pol'i-cy, n. [L. inipoUtin, untidiness. — See 
Policy.] ' Want of policy ; bad policy. 

Im-po-Hte', a. [L. impolitic, unpolished. —Sec 
Polite.] Not polite: rude; uncivil. 

Sm-po-llte'ness, n. Want of politeness. 

Im-pol'i-tic, a. [In, not, and Politic] Not po- 
litic; imprudent; indiscreet; injudicious. 

im-pon-der-a-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being im- 
ponderable'; want of weight. 

Im-pon'der-a-ble, a. [In, not, and Ponderable.] 
That cannot be weighed ; not ponderable ; hav- 
ing no weight. 

Jm-port', v. a. [L. importare ; in, in, and portare, 
to bring.] [pp. importing, imported.] To bring 
from abroad :— to imply ; to infer ; to signify : — 
to concern. 

fm'port, n. Importance; moment: — meaning; 
tendency : — merchandise or any thing imported. 

T.m-port'a-ble, a. That may be imported. 

jm-por'tance, n. [Fr. importance. — See Import.] 
Consequence ; moment. 

Jm-por'tant, a. [Fr. important. — See Import.] 
Momentous; weighty; material; forcible. 

Im-por-ta'tion, n. The act of importing : — that 
which is imported. 

Jm-port'er, «. One who imports. [nate. 

jm-pb'rt'u-na-cy., n. Quality of being importu- 
jm-pbrt'u-nate (im-port'yu-nat), a. [Fr. impor- 
tun; L. imporlunus. — See Importune.] Incessant 
in solicitation; urgent; pertinacious. 
Jm-pbrt'u-nate-ly, ad. With importunity, 
jm-port'u-nate-ness, n. Importunity 
Im 



■por-tune*, 



imporlunus, troublesome, inconvenient, — origi- 
nally, unsuitable, hard of access; in, not, and 
fortus, a harbor, an approach ; portare, to carry.] 
pp. importuning, importuned.] To press or 
entreat incessantly ; to solicit earnestly ; to tease. 

Im-por-tu'ni-ty, n. [L. importunitas ; Fr. impor- 
tuni'te.] Act of importuning ; incessant solicita- 
tion ; urgency ; pertinacity. 

Im-pos/a-ble, a. That may be imposed. 

im-pose', e. a. [Fr. imposer ; in meaning it rep- 
resents L. imponere, to place upon, but histori- 
cally it comes from L. in, upon, at, and pausare, 
to halt, to pause (q. v.).] [pp. imposing, im- 
posed.] To enjoin as a duty ; to lay or put on, 
as a penalty, a burden, or a law. — (Printing.) To 
lay the pages on an imposing-stone and fit them 
into the chase. — To impose on or upon, to deceive ; 
to delude. 

im-pos'ing, p. a. Making a show ; impressive. — 
2, n. Act of one who imposes. — (Printing) Act 
of arranging the pages of a sheet so that they 
may follow one another regularly. 

T.m-pos'irig-stone, n. The table upon which pages 
are imposed and made into forms. 

lm-po-si"tion (hn-po-zish'un), n. [L. vnpositio ; 
imponere, imposUum, to place upon ; in, upon, 
and ponere, to place.] Act of laying on : — act of 
imposing on ; cheat ; imposture : — that which is 
imposed ; as, a penalty, a tax, £c. 

Im-pos-si-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of being im- 
possible ; that which cannot be. 

im-pos'si-ble, a. [L. impossibilis. — See Possible.] 
That cannot be ; not possible ; 
impracticable ; unachievable. 

Im'post, n. [Fr. impot. — See Im- 
position.] A rate or tax on arti- 
cles imported ; duty ; toll : — the 
junction of the arch with a 
column. 

T.m-p6st'hu-mate (jm-post'yu- 

mat), v. n. [See Imposthume.] 
[pp. imposthumating, imposthu- 
mated.] To form an abscess ; to mp 

gather; to collect pus; to imposthume. — 2, v. a. 
To afflict with an abscess or imposthume. 

Im-post-hu-ma'tion, n. Formation of an abscess. 

Im-post'hume (ini-pos'tiim or im-post'hum), n. 
[A corrupt form of Aposteme.] A collection of 
purulent matter in a cyst ; an abscess. — 2, r. n. 
[pp. imposthuming, imposthunied.] To breed 
an imposthume ; to suppurate. 

Im-pos'tor, n. [L.— See Imposition.] A false 
pretender ; one who assumes a name or charac- 
ter not his own. 

Im-post'ure (im-post'yur), n. [L. impostnra. — See 
Imposition.] Conduct of an impostor; decep- 
tion; fraud; imposition. 

Im'po-tence, \n. State of being impotent; im- 

£m'po-ten-cy., j becility ; weakness. 

1 m'po-tent, a. [L. impotens. — See Potent.] Weak; 
feeble; infirm; without the power of generation. 

Im'po-tent-ly, ad. Without power ; feebly. 

Im-pound', v. a. [In and Pound.] [pp. impound- 
ing, impounded.] To enclose as in a pound ; to 
confine. 

Jm-pov'er-ish, v. a. [L. impoverire; Sp. empo- 
brecer ;'L. pa-aperies, poverty. — See Pauper.] [pp. 
impoverishing, impoverished.] To make poor. 

Im-pov'er-ish-ment, n. Beduction to poverty. 

im-prac-ti-ca-bil'i-ty, ) n. Quality or condition 
Im-prac'ti'-ca-ble-ness, j of being impracticable ; 

impossibility : — stubbornness. 
Im-prac'ti-ca-ble, a. [In, not, and Practicable.] 
Not practicable ; impossible ; untractable ; un- 
manageable. 
Im'pre-cate, v. a. [L. imprecari, imprecatus ; in, 
upon, against, aud precari, to pray (q. v.).] [pp. 
imprecating, imprecated.] To invoke or call 
for evil : — to invoke a curse upon. 




im-pre-ca'tion, n. Invocation of evil ; a curse. 
[Fr. importuner, to beg ; L. | Im'pre-ca-to-ry, a. Containing imprecations. 



mien, sir; move, nor, son; bail, bur, rule, use.- 



■& 9. 5i k< soft; p, js, p, §, liard; s as z ; ? as gz ; tnis. 

26 



IMPKEGNABILITY 



302 



IMPUTKESCIBLE 



im-preg-na-bil'i-ty., re. Quality of being impreg- 
nable. 

Im-preg'na-ble, a. [Fr. imprenable; hi, not, and 
prendre, L prehendere, to take. Tbe English 
word has by an error taken tbe spelling of Fr. 
impregnable, capable of impregnation.] That 
cannot be taken. 

Im-preg'na-bly., ad. In an impregnable manner. 

Jm-pregr'nate, v. a. [L. imprsegnare, imprsegnutum. 
— See Pregnant.] [pp. impregnating, impreg- 
nated.] To make pregnant ; to make prolific : — 
to saturate ; to fill full. 

Im-preg'nate, a. Impregnated ; made prolific. 

Im-preg-na'tion, n. The act of impregnating. 

Im-pre-§a'ri-6, n. [It.] A stage-director : — spe- 
cifically, the conductor of an opera-troupe. 

Im-pre-script'i-ble, a. [Fr. — See Prescription.] 
Independent' of prescription; not to be alien- 
ated or lost. 

Jm-press', v. a. [L. impressare, frequentative of 
imprimere, impressum, to impress. — See Press.] 
[pp. impressing, impressed.] To stamp; to fix 
deep ; to enforce ; to imprint ; to inculcate : — to 
force into military or naval service. 

I m'press, n. A mark ; stamp ; figure ; device. 

Im-pres-si-bil'i-ty, n. The qualit}' of being im- 
pressible, [ceptible of impressions. 

Jm-pres'si-ble, a. That may be impressed; sus- 

Jm-pres'sion (im-presh'un), n. The act of im- 
pressing : — a mark made by pressure ; a stamp : 
—an indistinct idea or notion :— an image fixed 
in tbe mind: — operation: — influence; effect: — 
an edition of a book. [tive of impressions. 

Im-pres'sion-a-ble, a. Easily impressed; recep- 

jm-pres'sion-ist, n. An artist who reproduces 
effects of impressions, disregarding objective 



Im-pres'sive, a. Making impression; effective: 
forcible ; powerful ; pungent. 

Jm-pres'sive-ly, ad. In an impressive manner. 

Im-pres'sive-ness, n. Quality of being impressive. 

jm-press'ment, n. The act of impressing or 
forcing into service, as seamen or soldiers! 

im-pri-ma'tur, n. [L.] A license to print. 

Im-prI'mis, ad. [L.] In the first place. 

Jm-print', v. a. | Fr. imprinter, and empreindre, 
part, empreint; L. imprimere, to impress (q. v.).] 
[pp. imprinting, imprinted.] To print: — to im- 
press ; to impress deeply. 

f m'print, n. The designation of the place, date, 
printer's name, &c, affixed to a book. 

Jm-pris'on (im-priz'zn), v. a. [Fr. emprisonner. — 
See Prison.] [pp. imprisoning, imprisoned.] 
To put into prison ; to shut up ; to confine. 

Im-pris/on-ment, n. Confinement in prison. 

im-prob-a-bil'i-ty, n. Want of probability. 

im-prob'a-ble, a. [L. improbabilis. — See Proba- 
ble.] Not probable; unlikely. 

fm-prSb'a-bly, ad. Without probability. 

Im'pro-bate, v. a. [L. improbare, improbatnm, to 
disapprove.— See Approve.] [pp. improbating, 
improbated.] To disallow ; to disapprove. 

Im-pro-ba'tion, n. An act of disapproval ; disap- 
probation. 

3fm-prob'a-tive, a. Implying improbation ; tend- 
ing to improbate. 

Im-prob'i-ty, n. Want of honesty; dishonesty. 

im-promp'tu, n. [Fr. ; L. in promptu, in readi- 
ness. — See Prompt.] An extemporaneous com- 
position.— 2, ad. Without study. 

f m-prop'er, a. [Fr. impropre. — See Proper.] Not 
proper ;' unsuitable ; unfit. 

fm-prop'er-ly, ad. Not properly ; not fitly. 

im-pro-por'tion-ate, a. Not proportionate. 

im-pro'pri-ate, v. a. [L. in, to, and propriare, to 
make one's own ; proprius, own.] [pp. impro- 
priating, impropriated.] To convert to private 
or personal use :— to put into the hands of lay- 
men, as the possessions of the church. 

Jm-pro-pri-a'tion, n. The act of impropriating : 
— that which is impropriated. 



fm-pro-pri'e-ty, n. [Fr. impropricte ; L. impro- 
prietas.—See Propriety.] Want of propriety; 
unfitness : — an improper act; barbarism. 

Im-prov'a-ble, a. Capable of improvement. 

Im-prove', v. a. [By some referred to L. in, 
toward, and probns, good (the L. improbus means 
evil, wicked, in having the negative meaning) ; 
more probably from in, toward, and the root of 
Fr. preux, valiant ; Eng. proof; 0. Fr. prou, ad- 
vantage ; thought to be from L. prodesse, to be 
of profit.] [pp. improving, improved.] To make 
better ; to amend : — to augment ; to increase ; to 
heighten: — to make good use of; to employ ad- 
vantageously. — 2, v. n. To make improvement. 

Im-prove'ment, n. Act of improving; progress 
from good to better ; proficiency; melioration. 

Jm-prov'er, re. He who or that which improves. 

Im-prov'i-dence, n. Want of forethought. 

Im-prov'i-dent, a. [Li, not, and Provident.] 
Not provident ; thriftless. 

Im-prov'i-dent-ly, ad. Without forecast. 

Im-prov'ing, p. a. Making or becoming better. 

im-prov'i-sate, v. a. & v. n. [See Improvise.] 
[pp. improvisating, improvisated.] To compose 
and sing extemporaneously. 

Im-prov-i-sa/tion, n. The act or art of extempo- 
raneous composing and singing : — that which is 
improvised. [extemporaneously. 

im-pro-vis/a-tor, n. One who composes and sings 

Im-pro-visV (lin-pro-vez'), v. a. & v. n. [Fr. ini- 
proviser ; It. improvoisare; L. improvisus, unfore- 
seen ; in, not, pro, before, and videre, visum, to 
see.] [pp. improvising, improvised.] To com- 
pose without preparation :— to accomplish or do 
any thing extemporaneously. 

Im-prii'dence, n. Want of prudence; indiscre- 
tion ; cairelessness : — an indiscreet act. 

Im-pru'dent, «. [L. imprudeus. — See Prupent.] 
Not prudent ; wanting prudence ; indiscreet ; 
injudicious; careless; rash. 

Im-pru'dent-ly, ad. Without prudence. 

Im'pu-dence, re. Quality of being impudent; 
shamelessness ; insolence; audacity. 

Im'pu-dent, a. [L. impudens, impudentis; in, not, 
and pudens, modest ; pudere, to feel shame.] Bold 
and contemptuous ; shameless ; immodest; saucy ; 
insolent ; rude. 

Im'pu-dent-ly, ad. Insolently; saucily. 

im-pu-dic'i-ty., n. Immodesty. 

Jm-pugn' (im-pun'), v. a. [L. impugnare, to fight 
against; in, against, and pugnare, to fight.] [pp. 
impugning, impugned.] To attack; to oppose; 
to assault by argument ; to contradict. 

Im-pug'na-ble (im-pug'na-bl or im-pun'a-bl), a. 
That may be Impugned or assailed. 

Im-piign'er (im-piin'er), n. One who impugns. 

Im'pulse, n- [L. impvlsus. — See Impel.] Force 
communicated ; impulsion ; influence ; impres- 
sion : — sudden determination. 

Im-pul'sion, n. The act of impelling; impulse. 

im-pul'sive, a. Impelling; rash; unpremedi- 
tated : — governed by impulse. 

Jm-pul'sive-ly, ad. By or with impulse. 

im-pu'ni-ty, n. [Fr. impunite, L. impwnitas; impu- 
nis, unpunished. — See Punish.] Exemption from 
punishment or penalty : — freedom from injury. 

Im-piire', «. [L. impurus. — See Pure.] Not pure ; 
unholy ; foul ; lewd. 

Im-pure'ly, ad. With impurity. 

Im-pu'ri-ty, n. Want of purity; filthiness :— an 
adulteration : — a base admixture. 

|m-pu'ta-ble, a. That may be imputed; ascriba- 
ble; attributable. . 

fm-pu-ta'tion, re. The act of imputing :— censure. 

Im-pii'ta-tive, a. Imputed; derived from an im- 
putation. 

Jm-pute', v. a. [L. imputare ; in, upon, and putare, 
to reckon, to charge.] [pp. imputing, imputed.] 
To charge upon ; to attribute. 

Im-pu-tres'ci-ble, a. [In, not, and Putrescible.J 
Not liable to be corrupted. 



e, I, o, ii, y, long; a., e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, \}, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fS.ll ; heir, her; 



IN 



INCASE 



in, prep. [L., A.-S., Dut., Ger., Goth., & Irish 
in; Gr. ei>.] Noting presence in place, time, or 
state; within ; not without ; near; close. — 2, ad. 
Within some place; not out. — In, from the 
Latin, is much used as a prefix, commonly as a 
particle of negation, equivalent to un ; as, in- 
active. The Latin preposition in (meaning in, 
at, upon, into, &c.) is also much used as a prefix. 

In-a-bil'i-ty, n. [In, not, and Able.] Want of 
ability or power. 

I n-ac-ces-si-bil'i-ty, \ n. State of being inacces- 

i n-ac-ces'si-ble-ness, J sible. 

Xn-ac-ces'si-ble, a. [In, not, and Accessible.] 
Not to be approached ; not accessible. 

$n-ac-ces'si-bly, ad. So as not to be approached. 

in-ac'cu-ra-cy, n. Want of accuracy; an error. 

fn-ac'cu-rate,'a. [In, nut, and Accurate.] Not 
accurate ; incorrect. 

In-ac'cu-rate-ly, ad. Incorrectly. 

In-ac'tion, n. [In, not, and Action.] Want of 
action'; idleness. 

fn-ac'tive, a. Not active; indolent; sluggish. 

fn-ac'tjve-ly, ad. Without labor ; sluggishly. 

In-ac-tiv'i-ty, n. Want of activity ; idleness. 

In-ad'e-qua-oy, n. Insufficiency. 

Jn-ad'e-quate. a. [In, not, and Adequate.] Not 
adequate; defective; insufficient; incompetent; 
deficient. 

Xn-ad'e-quate-ly. ad. Not adequately. 

in-ad'e-quate-ness, n. Inadequacy. 

1 n-ad-mis-si-bll'i-ty, n. Want of admissibility. 

£n-ad-mis'si-ble,'«. " [In, not, and Admissible.] 
Not admissible ; unfit. 

Jn-ad-ver'tence, ) ». Carelessness; negligence; 

Xn-ad-ver'ten-cy, / inattention. 

In-ad-ver'tent. a. [In, not, and Advertent.] 
Negligent; careless. 

In-ad-ver'tent-ly. ad. Carelessly ; negligently. 

fn-al'ien-a-'ble tfn-al'yen-a-bl), a. [In, not, and 
Alienable. J Tliat cannot be alienated or trans- 
ferred to another. 

In-al'ien-a-ble-ness (in-. r tl'yen-a-bl-nes), n. The* 
state or quality of being inalienable. 

i n-al'ien-a-bly, ad. So as not to be alienated. 

In-al'ter-a-ble', a. [In, not, and Alterable.] 
Unalterable. 

T.n-am-o-ra'to, n. [It. innanwrato, a lover. — See 
Enamour.] A lover; one who is in love. 

in-ane', a. [L. man is, empty.] Empty; void. 

In-an'i-mate, a. [L. inanimates. — See Animate.] 
Void of life or animation ; lifeless; inert; dead: 
— unanimateil. 

fn-a-ni"tion (In-a-nish'un), v. [Fr.— See Inane.] 
Emptiness: — exhaustion from lack of food. 

Jn-an'i-ty, v. Emptiness; void space; vanity: — 
mental vanity; frivolity. 

In-ap-peas/a-ble, a. [In, not, and Appeasable.] 
Not to be appeased. 

In-ap'pe-tence, \ n. [Fr. inappetence.—See Appe- 

fn-ap'pe-ten-cy, J tence.] Want of appetence; 
want of appetite or desire. 

fn-ap-pli-ca-bil'i-ty, n. State of being inappli- 
cable ; unfitness for the purpose. 

fn-ap'pli-ca-ble, a. [In, not, and Applicable.] 
Not applicable ; unfit. 

In-ap-pli-ca'tion, n. Want of application. 

In-ap'po-slte, a. [In, not, and Apposite.] Not 
apposite ; unsuitable. 

In-ap-pre'ci-a-ble (in-ap-pr5'she-a-bl), a. [In, 
not, and Appreciable.] Too small to be appre- 
ciated or estimated. 

fn-ap-pre-hen'si-ble, o. Not apprehensible. 

In-ap-pre-hen'sive. a. [In, not, and Apprehen- 
sive.] Not apprehensive. 

fn-ap-pro'pri-ate, a. [In, not, and Appropriate.] 
Not appropriate; unfit. 

In-apt', a. [In, not, and Apt. — See Inept.] Not 
apt; inept; unfit; awkward. 

fn-ap'ti-tude, n. Want of aptitude : unfitness. 

Jn-apt'ly, ad. Awkwardly. [unfit for tillage. 

In-ar'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Arable.] Not arable ; 



in-arch'ing, n. [In and Arch.] The act of graft- 
ing by approach. 

In-ar-tic'ii-late, a. [In, not, and Articulate.] 
Not uttered' with articulation, as human speech ; 
not articulate. 

fn-ar-tic'u-late-ly, ad. Not articulately. 

In-ar-tic-u-la'tion, n. Want of articulation. 

in-ar-ti-fi"cial '(in-ar-te-flsh'al), a. [L. inartifi- 
cialis.'—In, not, and Artificial.] Not artifi- 
cial; natural; plain; artless. 

In-as-much', ad. Seeing; seeing that; since. 

In-atVten'tion, n. [In, not, aud Attention.] 
Want of attention ; neglect; heedlessness; care- 
lessness. 

In-at-ten'tive, a. Heedless ; unobservant. 

In-at-ten'tive-ly, ad. Without attention. 

in-au'di-ble, a. ' [In, not, and Audible.] That 
cannot be heard. 

In-au'di-bly, ad. So as not to be heard. 

In-au'gii-ral, «. Relating to inauguration. — 2, n. 
An inaugural address. [U. S.] 

Jn-au'gu»-rate, v. a. [L. inaugurate, mauguratum. 
— See Augur.] [pp. inaugurating, inaugurated.] 
To introduce into office with ceremonies ; to con- 
secrate. 

In-au-gii-ra'tion, n. Act of inaugurating; instal- 
lation ; investiture by solemn rites. 

in-au'gu-ra-to-ry, a. Inaugural. 

In-au-spi"cious (In-aw-spish'us), a. [In, not. and 
Auspicious.] Not auspicious ; unfortunate; un- 
favorable. 

In-au-spJ"cious-ly (ln-aw-spish'us-le), ad. In an 
inauspicious manner ; with ill omens. 

in-au-spi"cious-ness (In-aw-splsh'us-nes), n. 
The state or quality of being inauspicious. 

fn'born, a. [In and Born.] Innate: implanted 
by nature ; natural; inbred; inherent. 

In-'breathe', v. a. [pp. inbreathing, inbreathed.] 
To infuse by breathing. 

In'bred, a. [In and Bred.] Inborn; innate; in- 
herent. 

In'ca, a. [Peruvian.] The title of a king or prince 
of Peru before its conquest by the Spaniards. 

Jn-cal'cu-la-ble, o. [In, not, aud Calculable.] 
That cannot be calculated. 

fn-cal'cu-la-bly, ad. Beyond calculation. 



fn-can-des'cence, 



A white heat. 



in-can-des'cent, o. [L. incandescere, incandescenlis, 
to glow; in intensive, and candescere, to grow 
hot; candere, to glow. — Cf. candidus, white.] 
Glowing, or white with heat. 

I n-can-ta'tion, n. [L. meant din .- incantare, to 
enchant [q. v.).] A charm; enchantment; a 
magical spell. 

In-ca-pa-bll'i-ty, \n. Quality of being incapa- 

In-ca'pa-ble-ness, j He : incapacity. 

fn-ca'pa-ble. a. [In, not, and Capable.] Not ca- 
pable ;' unable ; unfit : — not qualified ; disquali- 
fied; incompetent. 

In-ca-pa'cious, a. Not capacious. 

In-ca-pac'i-tate, v. a. [pp. incapacitating, inca- 
pacitated.] To disable. 

In-ca-pac-i-ta'tion, n. Disqualificati n. 

In-ca-pac'i-ty, n. [Fr. incapacity. — See Capacity.] 
Want of "capacity ; inability ; incompetency. 

jn-car'cer-ate, v. a. [L. in, in, and carcerare, enr- 
cerabum, to imprison; career, a prison.] [pp. in- 
carcerating, incarcerated.] To imprison. 

In-car-cer-a'tion, n. Imprisonment. 

in-car'na-dine, or in-car'nar-dine. v. a. [Fr. in- 
carnadin, It. mcarnadino, carnation (o. r.).] [pp. 
incarnadining, incarnadined; incarnardining, 
incarnardined.] To stain or dye red. — 2, a. 
Flesh-colored. 

Jn-car'nate, a. Clothed or embodied in flesh. 

In-car-na'tion, n. [L. incarnatio ; incarnate, to 
clothe with flesh ; caro, carnis, flesh.] The act 
of assuming body or flesh ; the assumption of a 
human body. 

Jn-case', r. a. [See Case.] [pp. incasing, in- 
cased.] To cover; to enclose ; to enwrap. 



mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, c, £•, soft; p, ja, p, £, hard; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 



INCAUTIOUS 



304 



INCOMPATIBLE 



fn-cstu'tious (In-kaw'shus), a. [In, not, and Cau- 
tious.] Not cautious ; careless; unwary; heed- 
less ; improvident. 

In-c&u'tious-ly, ad. Unwarily; imprudently. 

In-ce-leb'r'i-ty, n. [In, not," and Celebrity.] 
Want of renown. 

Jn-cen'di-a-rism, n. The act of an incendiary ; 
the act or practice of maliciously setting build- 
ings or other property on fire. 

Jn-cen'di-a-ry, n. [L. incendium, a burning. — See 
Incense.] One who maliciously sets houses, 
other buildings, &c, on fire : — a fomenter of 
strife. — 2, a. Relating to the malicious burning 
of buildings : — inflammatory. 

In'cense, n. [L. incendere, to burn; incensum, 
burnt ; incense. — Cf. candere, to glow.] Perfume 
exhaled by burning gums or spices : — a mixture 
to be burned for its perfume. — 2, v. a. [pp. in- 
censing, incensed.] To perfume with incense. 

Jn-cense', v. a. [pp. incensing, incensed.] To 
enrage ; to provoke; to inflame. 

In-cen'tive, n. [L. incentivus ; from incinere, in- 
centum, to sound an instrument ; in, into, and 
canere, to sing.] An incitement; a motive; a 
stimulus. — 2, a. Inciting; encouraging. 

Jn-cep'tion, n. A beginning ; commencement. 

jn-cep'tive, a. [L. incipere, inceptum, to begin; 
in, upon, and capere, to seize.] Beginning ; 
noting beginning. 

in-cer'ti-tude, n. [In, not, and Certitude.] Un- 
certainty ; hesitation. 

In-ces'sant, a. [L. in, not, and cessans, cessantis, 
ceasing; cessare, to cease.] Unceasing; continual. 

fn-ces'sant-ly, ad. Without intermission. 

In'cest, n. [L. incestus, unchaste; in, not, and 
caslus, pure.] Carnal knowledge between per- 
sons related within degrees prohibited. 

Jn-cest'u-ous, a. Guilty of incest. 

Inch, n. [A.-S. ynce, L. uncia, an inch, an ounce 
(q. v.).] A measure; the twelfth part of a foot. 

Sn'pho-ate, a. [L. inchoare, inchoatum, or incohare, 
inco'ha'tum, to begin.] Recently begun ; entered 
upon : — incomplete ; unfinished. 

in'pho-ate-ly, ad. In an incipient degree. 

In-pho-a/tion, n. Inception ; beginning. 

jn-pho'a-tive [Ing'ko-a-tiv, St. Sm. B.], a. Incep- 
tive; expressing. a commencement. 

In'ci-dence, n. The direction with which one 
body strikes or falls upon another : — an accident. 

In'ci-dent, a. [L. incidere, incidentis, to fall upon ; 
in, upon, and cadere, to fall.] Casual ; fortui- 
tous ; occasional. —2, n. Something happening 
beside the main design ; casual event ; occurrence. 

In-ci-dent'al, a. Not intended; happening by 
chance; accidental; circumstantial ; casual. 

in-ci-dent'al-ly, ad. In an incidental manner. 

in-ci-dent'al§, n. pi. Casual expenses. 

Jn-cin'er-ate, v. a. [Late L. incinerare ; L. in, 
into, and cinis, cineris, ashes.] [pp. incinerating, 
incinerated.] To burn to ashes. 

In-cin-er-a'tion, n. The act of burning to ashes. 

in-cip'i'-ence, ' \n. A beginning; commence- 

jn-cip'i-en-cy, J ment; inception. 

jn-cip'i-ent, a. [L. incipere, incipientis, to begin ; 
in, and capere, to take.] Beginning; com- 
mencing. 

Jn-cise', v. a. [L. incidere, incisum; in, into, and 
csedere, to cut.] [pp. incising, incised.] To cut; 
to carve ; to engrave. 

Jn-ci"§ion (in-slzh'un), n. A cut; a gash. 

Jn-ci'sive, a. Having the quality of cutting: — 
acute'; keen; terse: — biting; sarcastic. 

Jn-ci'sor, n. [L. for "a cutter."'] A cutter; a 
fore-tooth that cuts and divides the food. 

In-ci'so-ry, a. Having the quality of cutting. 

in-ci'tant, n. That which incites ; a stimulant. 

in-ci-ta'tion, «. Incitement; impulse. 

Jn-cite', v. a. [L. incitare ; citare, to arouse. — See 
Cite.] [pp. inciting, incited.] To stir up; to 
animate; to urge on. 

Jn-cite'ment, n. A motive ; incentive. 



In-ci-vil'i-ty, n. [In, not, and Civility.] Want 
of courtesy or civility ; discourtesy; rudeness: — 
an uncivil act. 

In-clem'en-cy, n. Rigor; severity; roughness. 

in-clem'ent, a. [In, not, and Clement.] Severe ; 
rough; "stormy. 

In-clln'a-ble, a. Willing; somewhat disposed. 

In-cli-na'tion, n. State of being inclined; ten- 
dency to a point ; a leaning: — affection; regard; 
disposition of mind ; predilection : — the dip of 
the magnetic needle. 

In-cllne', v. n. [L. inclinare, to lean (q. v.).] [pp. 
inclining, inclined.] To lean ; to be disposed. — 
2, v. a. To turn toward; to bend. — 3, n. A 
regular descent or ascent. 

In-cllned' (in-kllnd'), p. a. Having a slope or an 
inclination. — Inclined plane, a plane forming an 
angle with the plane of the horizon less than a 
right angle. 

in-close', v. a. [pp. inclosing, inclosed.] To sur- 
round ; to shut in ; to enclose. See Enclose. 

In-clos/ure (in-klo'zhur), n. The act of inclosing ; 
state of being inclosed : — space inclosed : — a fence. 

Jn-clude', v. a. [L. includere, inclusum ; in, within, 
and claudere, to close (q. v.).] [pp. including, 
included.] To enclose ; to shut in ; to embrace ; 
to comprehend ; to comprise. 

In-clu'§ion (in-klu'zhuu), n. The act of including. 

in-clu'sive, a. Enclosing; comprehended. 

in-clu's|ve-ly., ad. So as to include. 

In-cog', a. & ad. [Abbreviated from incognito.] In 
a state of concealment ; unknown. 

In-cog'ni-to, ad. [It. ; L. incognilus, unknown. — 
See Cognition.] In a state of concealment. — 
2, a. Unknown ; concealed. — 3, n. A disguise ; a 
person disguised : — name assumed for a disguise. 

in-co-he'rence, )w. [See Coherent.] Want of 

In-co-he'ren-cx, J coherence ; incongruity. 

In-co-he'rent, a. Not coherent ; inconsequential ; 
inconsistent ; incongruous. 

In-co-he'rent-ly c-d. In an incoherent manner. 

fn-com-bus-ti-bil'i-tx, \ n. Quality of being in- 

In-com-bus'ti-ble-ness, J combustible. 

In-com-bus'ti-ble, a. [In, not, and Combustible.] 
That cannot be consumed by fire; not combustible. 

In'come (In'kum), n. [In and Come.] That gain 
which proceeds from labor, business, or prop- 
erty ; revenue ; profit ; produce. 

in'com-ing, n. Revenue ; income. — 2, a. Coming 
in or on ; ensuing ; accruing. 

In-com-mens-u-ra-bil'i-ty, u. The state of having 
nocommon measure. * 

In-com-mens'u-ra-ble, a. [L. incommensurabilis. 
— See Commensurate.] Having no common 
measure. 

In-com-mode', v. a. [L. incommodare ; incommo- 
dus, inconvenient. — See Commodious.] [pp. in- 
commoding, incommoded.] To be inconvenient 
to ; to trouble ; to molest ; to discommode. 

in-com-mo'di-ous, a. Inconvenient; trouble- 
some ; annoying ; vexatious ; giving trouble. 

in-com-mo'di-ous-ness, n. Inconvenience. 

in-com-mu-ni-ca-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being in- 
communicable ; incapability of being imparted. 

In-com-mu'ni-ca-ble, a. [In, not. and Communi- 
cable.] That cannot be communicated; not 
communicable. [parted. 

In-com-mu'ni-ca-bly, ad. So as uot to be im- 

In-com-mu'ni-ca-txve, a- Unsocial ; taciturn. 

In-c6m-mu-ta-bil'i-tx, n. Quality of not being 
exchangeable. [Not exchangeable. 

In-com-mu'ta-ble, a. [In, not, and Commutable.] 

in-com'pa-ra-ble, a. [Fr. incomparable. — See 
Comparable.] Not to be compared; excellent 
beyond comparison ; matchless. 

in-com'pa-ra-ble-ness, n. Great excellence. 

In-com'pa-ra-bly, ad. Beyond comparison. 

Jn-com-pat-i'-bil'i-tx, n. Inconsistency. 

In-com-pat'i-ble, a. [In, not, and Compatible.] 
Not compatible ; inconsistent with something else; 
incongruous. 



a, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Pare, far, fast, fail; heir, her; 



INCOMPATIBLY 



305 



INCREDULITY 



In-com-pat'i-bly, ad. Inconsistently. 

In-com'pe-te'nce, 1 n. Want of competence ; in- 

i n-com'pe-ten-cy, J sufficiency. 

In-com'pe-tent, a. [In, not, and Competent.] Not 
competent ; inadequate ; insufficient : — legally 
unable. [complete; defective. 

In-com-plete', a. [In, not, ami Complete.] Not 

in-com-plete'ness, n. Want of completeness. 

in-com-ple'tion, n. An unfinished state. 

In-com-pli'ance, n. Indisposition to comply; 
failure to comply. 

fn-com-pli'ant, a. [In, not, and Compliant.] 
Unyielding ; not disposed to comply. 

In-com-pre-hen-si-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of 
being incomprehensible ; inconceivableness. 

In-com-pre-hen'si-ble, a. [In, not, and Compre- 
hensible.] That cannot be comprehended ; in- 
conceivable. 

in-com-pre-hen'si-ble-ness, n. Inconceivable- 
ness; incomprehensibility. 

In-com-pre-hen'si-bly, ad. Inconceivably. 

In-com-pres-si-bil'i-ty, n. [See Compress.] Qual- 
ity of resisting compression. 

I n-com-pres'si-ble, a. Not to be compressed. 

In-com-put'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Computable.] 
Incapable of being computed. 

In-con-ceiv'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Conceivable.] 
Not to be conceived. [conceivable. 

In-con-ceiv'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being in- 

In-con-ceiv'a-bly, ad. Beyond conception. 

in-con-clu'sive, a. [In, not, and Conclusive.] 
Not conclusive ; insufficient. 

In-con-clu'sive-ly, ad. Not conclusively. 

In-con-clu'sive-ness, n. Quality of being incon- 
clusive ; want of decisiveness. 

lu-con-den'sa-ble, a. [In, not, and Condensa- 
ble.] Not condensable. 

In'con-dite, or Jn-con'dite, a. [L. inconditus, 
rude ; in, not, and condere, to put together, to 
finish; con, together, and dare, to give. J Irregu- 
lar ; rude ; unpolished ; crude. 

In-con'gru-ence, n. Incongruity. 

fn-con'gru-ent, a. Unsuitable ; incongruous. 

fn-con-gru'i-ty, n. Want of congruity ; unsuit- 
ableness; inconsistency: — that which is incon- 
gruous. 

In-con'gru-ous (In-kong'gru-us), a. [L. incon- 
gruus. — See Congruous.] Unsuitable; not fit- 
ting ; inconsistent ; improper. 

T.n-con'gru-ous-ness, n. Incongruity. [ity. 

tn-con'se-quence, n. Inconclusiveness; illogical- 

In-con'se-quent, a. [L. vfieon&equem. — See Conse- 
quent.] Not consequent; not following from 
the premises. 

in-con-se-quen'tial (-shal), a. Not important; of 
no consequence : — inconsequent. 

in-con-sid'er-a-ble, a. [In, not, and Considera- 
ble.] Not considerable ; unimportant; trifling. 

fn-con-sid'er-ate, a. [In, not, and Considerate.] 
Careless ; thoughtless ; heedless ; inattentive ; in- 
discreet; rash. 

In-con-sid'er-ate-ly, ad. Thoughtlessly. 

in-con-sid-er-a'tion, ». Want of thought. 

In-con-slst'ence, or in-con-sist'en-cy, n. Want 
of consistence; want of consistency; contrari- 
ety; incongruity; self-contradiction. 

Jn-con-sist'ent, a. [In, not, and Consistent.] 
Not consistent; incompatible; incongruous; self- 
contradictory. 

In-con-sist'ent-ly, ad. In an inconsistent man- 
ner ; absurdly ; incongruously. 

Xn-con-sol'a-ble, a. [L. inconsolabilis.—See Con- 
solable.J Not to be comforted. 

Xn-con-sol'a-bly, ad. Disconsolately. 

In-cpn-spier u-ous, a. [In, not, and Conspicuous.] 
Not conspicuous. 

Jn-con'stan-cy, n. Unsteadiness; mutability ; fic- 
kleness; instability. 

In-con'stant. a. [In, not, and Constant.] Not 
constant; fickle; mutable; not firm ; changeable. 

i n-con'stant-ly, ad. Unsteadily ; changeably. 



fn-con-tes'ta-ble, a. [In, not, and Contestable.] 
Not contestable ; not to be disputed ; indisputa- 
ble ; certain ; undeniable. 

In-con-'tes'ta-bly, ad. Indisputably. 

in-con' ti-nence, 1m. Want of continence or re- 

in-con'ti-nen-cy, J straint ; unchastity. 

in-con'ti-nent, «. [L. incontinent. — See Conti- 
nent.] Not continent; lewd; licentious; un- 
chaste. — 2, ad. Immediately. 

In-con' ti-nent-ly, ad. Licentiously ; lewdly :— 
immediately ; suddenly. 

In-con-tro-vert'i-ble, a. [In, not, and Contro- 
vertible.] Not controvertible; unquestion- 
able; indisputable. 

In-con-tro-vert'i-bly^ ad. Indisputably. 

in-con-ven'ience, or in-con-ve'ni-ence, n. Want 
of convenience ; unfitness; disadvantage; diffi- 
culty. — 2, v. a. [pp. inconveniencing, inconve- 
nienced.] To trouble ; to vex. 

In-con-ven'ient, or In-con-ve'ni-ent, a. [L. in- 
conveniem.—See Convenient.] 'Not convenient; 
incommodious ; unfit : — inexpedient. 

In-con-ven'ient-ly, ad. Incommodiously. 

In-con-vert-i'-bil'i-ty, )n. Incapacity for change 

In-con-ve'rt'i-ble-ness, ) or for interchange. 

In-con-vert'i-ble, a. [L. irtconvertibilis. — See Con- 
vert.] Incapable of change or of interchange. 

Jn-cbVpo-rate, v. a. [L. incorporare, incoipora- 
tum; corpus, corporis, a body 7] [pp. incorpo- 
rating, incorporated.] To form into a body or 
corporation; to establish with certain rights: — 
to unite ; to associate ; to embody : — to mingle 
into one mass. — 2, v. n. To blend. 

In-cbr'po-rate, a. Associated ; incorporated : — 
not corporate ; not corporated. 

jn-cbr-po-ra'tion, n. The act of incorporating : — 
formation of a body : — association. 

In-cbr'po-ra-tive, a. Tending to, or marked by, 
incorporation ; blending into one. 

In-cor-po're-al, a. [L. incorporeus. — See Corpo- 
real. J Not corporeal ; immaterial. 

In-cb'r-po-re'i-ty, b. Immateriality. 

In-cor-rect', a. [L. incorrectus. — See Correct.] 
Not correct ; inaccurate. 

In-cor-rect'ly, ad. Not correctly ; wrong. 

In-cor-rect'ness, n. Inaccuracy ; error. 

In-cor-ri-ii-bil'i-ty, \ n. The quality of being 

In-cor'rj-gi-ble-ness, j incorrigible. 

In-cor'ri-gi-ble, a. [L. incorrigibilis. — See COR- 
RECT.]' That cannot be corrected ; incapable of 
amendment; hopeless. 

In-cor'ri-gi-bly, ad. Beyond amendment. 

in-cor-rb'di-ble, «. [See Corrode.] Not liable to 
become corroded. 

In-cor-rfipt', a. [L. incorruptus. — See Corrupt.] 
Not corrupt ; uncorrupt. 

In-cor-rupt-i-bil'i-ty, \n. The quality of being 

In-cor-rupt' j-ble-ness, J incorruptible. 

in-cor-rupt'i-ble, a. [L. incorruptibUis. — See Cor- 
rupt.] Incapable of corruption ; inflexibly up- 
right, [corruptibility. 

In-cor-rup'tion, n. Incapacity of corruption ; in- 

In-cras'sate, v. a. & v. n. [L. incrassare, incras- 
siitmv. — See Crass.] [pp. incrassating, incras- 
sated.] To thicken. 

Jn-creas'a-ble. a. That may be increased. 

In-crease* (in-kres'), v. n. [L. increscere; in, to, 
in, and crescere, to grow.] [pp. increasing, in- 
creased.] To become greater in bulk or quan- 
tity ; to grow; to advance. — 2, v. a. To make 
more or greater. 

In' crease, or jn-crease', n. The act of growing 
more ; addition ; accession ; growth. 

In-creas'ing-ly, ad. More and more. 

in'cre-ate, a. [See Create.] Not created. 

In-cred-i-bil'i-ty, ) n. Quality of being incredi- 

In-cred'i-ble-ness. j ble. 

In-cred'i-ble, a. [L. incredibUis. — See Credible.] 
Surpassing belief. 

iH-cred'i-bly, ad. In an incred ; ble manner. 

In-cre-du'li-ty, n. Indisposition to believe. 



mien, sir ; mSve, nor, s8n ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5 9, c, g, soft; p, js, p, |, Imrd; § as z ; x as gz ; this, 
U 26* 



XNCEEDULOUS 



306 



INDESTEUCTIBLE 






In-cred'u-lous (in-kred'yu-liis), a. [L. wcredulus. 
—See Credulous.] Not credulous; sceptical. 

In'cre-mate, v. a. [L. in, intensive, and cremare, 
to burn.— See Cremate.] [pp. incremating, in- 
cremated.] To consume by burning, as a dead 
body; to cremate; to incinerate. 

Jn-cre-ma'tion, n. The act or process of incre- 
mating; the consuming of a dead body by fire. 

In'cre-ment, n. [L. incrementum. — See Increase.] 
Increase ; matter added. 

fn-crim'i-nate, v. a. [See Criminate.] [pp. in- 
criminating, incriminated.] To accuse. 

Jn-crust', v. a. [L. incrusture. — See Crust.] [pp. 
incrusting, incrusted.] To cover with a crust. 

in-crus-ta'tion, n. The act of incrusting; crust. 

in'cu-bate, v. n. [L. incubare, incubatum ; in, 
upon, and cubare, to lie down.] [pp. incubating, 
incubated.] To sit upon eggs ; to hatch. 

In-cu-ba'tion, n. The act of sitting upon eggs : — 
the period of development from the germ. 

fn'cu-ba-tor, n. A machine for hatching eggs. 

Sn'cu-bus, n. ; L. pi. in'cu-bi ; Eng. in'cu-bus-e§. 
[L. incubus, a nightmare : in, upon, and cubare, 
to lie down.] The nightmare. 

Jn-cul'cate, v. a. [L. inculcare, inculcatum; in, 
upon, and calcare, to tread; calx, the heel.] [pp. 
inculcating, inculcated.] To impress on the 
mind; to enforce; to implant; to infuse. 

In-cul-ca/tion, n. The act of inculcating. 

In-cul'pa-bfe, a. [L. incidpabilis. — See Culpable.] 
•Not culpable ; unblamable. 

Jn-nul'pate, v. a. [L. in, upon, and culpa, blame.] 
*([■#)$• inculpating, inculpated.] To censure. 

In-cul-pa'tion, n. Blame; imputation; censure. 

Jn-cul'pa-to'-ry, a. Imputing blame. 

In-cum'ben-cy, n. The holding of an office. 

jn-cum'bent, a. [L. incurnbentis, participle of in- 
cumbere, to lie upon. — Cf. incubare, to lie on ; 
cubare, to lie down.] Lying upon : — obligatory. 
— 2, n. One who possesses an office. 

In-cum'ber, v. a. [pp. incumbering, incumbered.] 
See Encumber. 

in-cum'brance, n. See Encumbrance. 

In-cu-nab'u-la, n. pi. [L. for "swathing-bands," 
"cradle," "birthplace," "infancy;" cunse, a 
cradle.] Books printed before 1-00 a.d. 

In-ciir', v. a. [L. incur r ere, to run into; in, into, 
and currere, to run.] [pp. incurring, incurred.] 
To become liable to ; to bring on. 

fn-cu-ra-bil'i-ty, \n. Impossibility of remedy 

f n-cu'ra-ble-ness, j or cure. 

In-eu'ra-ble, a. [L. wcurabilis. — See Cure.] That 
cannot be cured. — 2, n. An incurable patient. 

In-cu'ra-bly, ad. Without remedy. 

In-cu-ri-os'i-ty, n. [L. incuria and incuriosiias. — 
See Curiosity.] Want of curiosity. 

Xn-cu'ri-ous, a. [L. incuriosus. — See Curious.] 
Not curious ; inattentive. 

f n-cu'ri-otis-ly, ad. Without curiosity. 

Jn-ciir'sion (-shun), n. [L. incursio; in, into, 
upon, and currere, cursurn, to run.] A hostile 
entrance; an attack; an invasion; an inroad; 
ravage. 

In-clir'sive, a. Making incursion; aggressive. 

In-ciir'vate, a. [L. incurvare, incurvatum, to bend. 
— See Curve.] Bent inward ; incurved. 

In-cur-va'tion, n. [L. incurvatio. — See Curve.] 
The act of bending ; curvity. 

In-cuVvi-ty, n. A bending inward. 

jn-debt'ed (in-det'ed), p. a. [See Debt.] Being 
in debt. — Indebted to creditors ; obliged to friends. 

Jn-debt'ed-ness (in-det'ed-nes), n. State of being 
indebted ; debt. 

in-de'cen-cy, n. Want of decency; indecorum; 
immodesty; indelicacy; impurity. 

in-de'cent, a. [L. indecens.— See Decent.] Not 
decent; unbecoming; indelicate; immodest. 

Jn-de'cent-ly, ad. Without decency. 

fn-de-cl'pher-a-ble,a. [See Decipher.] That can- 
not be deciphered or interpreted. 

In-de-ci"§ion (in-de-sizh'un), n. [In, not, and 



Decision.] Want of decision ; inconclusiveness ; 
irresolution. 

In-de-ci'sive, a. Not decisive ; inconclusive. 

in-de-clin'a-ble, a. [L. indeclinubilis. — See De- 
clinable."] Not declinable. 

in-de-co'rous, or In-dec'o-rous, a. [L. indecorus 
or indecor. — See Decorum.] Not decorous ; iu- 
decent; unbecoming. 

In-de-co'rous-ly, or In-dec'o-rous-ly, ad. In an 
unbecoming manner; without decorum. 

In-de-co'rum, n. [See Decorum.] Indecency; 
indelicacy ; impropriety ; a breach of decorum. 

In-deed', ad. [In and* Deed.] In reality; in 
truth ; in verity. 

fn-de-fat'i-ga-ble, a. [L. indefatigabilis ; defatir 
gore, to tire out ; de, down, and fatigare, to fa- 
tigue (g. v.).] Untiring; not yielding' to fatigue. 

In-de-fat'i-ga-bly, ad. With untiring persever- 
ance. 

In-de-fea'§i-ble (In-de-fe'ze-bl), a. [In, not, and 
Defeasible.] Incapable of being defeated or 
made void. 

In-de-fec-ti-bil'i-ty, n. Exemption from decay. 

ln-de-fec'ti-ble,'a. ' [In, not, and Defect.] Not 
liable to decay. 

in-de-fen'si-ble, a. [In, not, and Defensible.] 
That cannot be defended or justified; censu- 
rable; faultv. 

in-de-fin'a-bie, a. [In, not, and Definable.] 
That cannot be defined. 

In-def i-nite, a. [L. indefinitus.—See Definite.] 
Having no limitation ; not definite ; not settled ; 
indeterminate; not precise. 

in-def i-nite-ly, ad. Without settled limit. 

In-defi-nite-ness, n. Quality of being indefinite. 

fn-de-his'cent, a. [In, not, and Dehiscent.] 
(Bot.) Not opening when ripe. 

In-del-i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being indelible. 

In-del'i-ble,'a. [L. indelebilis.—See Delete.] That 
cannot be blotted out, effaced, or annulled. 

I n-del'i-bly, ad. So as not to be effaced. 

In-deTj-ca-'cy, n. Want of delicacy ; indecency; 
indecorum ; grossness ; coarseness. 

in-del'i-cate, a. [In, not, and Delicate.] Want- 
ing delicacy ; coarse; indecent. 

In-del'i-cate-ly, ad. Indecently ; offensively. 

Jn-dem-ni-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of indemnifying : 
— that which indemnifies; reimbursement. 

Jn-dem'ni-fy, v. a. [L. indemnis, unharmed, and 
facere, to make; in, not, and damnum, loss.] 
'[pp. indemnifying, indemnified.] To exempt 
from loss :— to remunerate. 

|n-dem'ni-ty, n. [L. indemnitees; Fr. indemnite. — 
See Indemnify.] Exemption from loss or in- 
jury : — compensation for loss ; remuneration. 

In-dent', v. a. [Late L. indenture, to notch : L. 
dews, dentis, a tooth.] [pp. indenting, indented.] 
To notch : — to bind by contract. — 2, n. An in- 
cision ; indentation ; a notch. 

In-den-ta'tion, n. The act of indenting : — a notch. 

In-dlnt'ed, p. a. Cut with teeth like a saw : — 
having dents : — bound by indenture. 

In-dent' ure (in-dent'yur), n. [Late L. indentura, 
a notch, a notching ; deeds and legal instru- 
ments were made in duplicate with notched 
edges, which had to tally in order to prove their 
genuineness.] A covenant; a writing contain- 
ing a contract: — indentation. — 2, v. a. [pp. in- 
denturing, indentured.] To bind by indentures. 

Sn-de-pen'dence, n. State or quality of being in- 
dependent'; freedom; exemption from control. 

fn-de-pen'dent, a. [In, not, and Dependent.] 
Not dependent; free; self-reliant; bold. — 2, n. 
A Congregationalism 

in-de-pen'dent-ly, ad. Without dependence. 

In-de-scrib'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Desckibable.] 
That cannot be described. 

In-de-struc-ti-bll'i-ty, n. Quality of not being 
liable to destruction. 

In-de-struc'ti-ble, a. [In, not, and Destructi- 
ble.] That cannot be destroyed. 



a, e, l, o, u 



y, long ; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fSst, fill; heir, her; 



INDETEKaTINABLE 



307 



INDOCTRINATE 



in-de-ter'mi-na-ble, a. [In, not, and Determi- 
nable.] That cannot be determined or fixed. 

In-de-ter'mi-nate, «. [L. indeterminatus. — See 
Determine.] ' Not defined; uncertain. 

In-de-ter'mi-nate-ness, n. Indefiniteness. 

fn-de-ter-mi-na'tion, it. Want of determination. 

In-de-vo'tion, n. Want of devotion ; ii religion. 

Sn-de-vbut', a. Not devout; uudevout. 

In'dex, b. ; pi. In'dex-e§ or In'di-ces. [L. index, 
a pointer. — See Indicate.] A directing point or 
pointer; a hand that points to any thing :— an 
alphabetical table of contents to a book. — [Math.) 
The exponent of a power. — 2. v. a. [pp. index- 
ing, indexed.] To furnish with an index. 

fn-dex-ter'i-ty, n. [In, not, and Dexterity.] 
Want of dexterity; awkwardness. 

Ind'ian (ind'yan), a. [See Hindoo.] Relating to 
India or the Indians. — 2, n. A native of India : 
—an aboriginal inhabitant of America. 

fnd'ian-Ink' (Ind'yan-Ingk'), n. A kind of ink 
used for lines and shadows in drawing. 

Jn'dia-pa'per, n. A fine absorbent paper made 
in India and China. [paper. 

Sn'dia-proof, n. An engraving printed on India- 

fn'dia-riib'ber, n. Caoutchouc; gum-elastic. 

In'di-cate, v. a. [L. indicate, indicatum; in, to- 
ward, and dicare, to make known.] [pp. indi- 
cating, indicated.] To show; to point out. 

Xn-di-ca'tion, n. Mark: sign; symptom. 

Jn-dic'a-tive, o. [L. indieaticus.— See Indicate.] 
Showing; pointing out. — (Gram.) Noting the 
mood of a verb which affirms. 

Jn-dlc'a-tive-ly., ad. So as to show. 

in'di-ca-tor, n. He who or that which shows : — 
an instrument for determining the power ex- 
erted by a steam-engine. 

Jn-dict' (in-dlt'), v. a. [L. indictare, to accuse; 
frequentative of indicere, indicium, to publish, to 
announce; in, upon, and dicere, to say.] [pp. 
indicting, indicted.] To accuse or charge with 
a crime or misdemeanor; to impeach. 

Jn-dict'a-ble (jn-dit'a-bl), a. That is liable to be 
indicted : — that may bring on an indictment. 

Jn-dic'tion, n. [L. indictio. — See Indict.] A dec- 
laration.— (Citron.) A cycle of fifteen years. 

In-dict'ment (in-dlt'nient), «. (Law.) The act of 
indicting; a bill for a penal offence, presented to 
a court by a grand jury. 

Jn-dif'fer-ence, u. [L. indijferentia. — See Differ- 
ence.] ^tate or quality of being indifferent; 
neutrality ; insensibility ; apathy. 

Jn-dlf'fer-ent, a. [L. indijjt'erens.— See Different.] 
Neutral ;' unconcerned; inattentive; impartial: 
— passable; mediocre. [ably; passably. 

In-dif'fer-ent-ly. ad. With indifference; toler- 

in'di-i-e'nce, n. Want; penury; poverty. 

Jn-dig'e-nofis, o. [L. indigenus: L. in, 0. L. indu 
(cf. Gi". ei/, evSov), and root of gignere, to beget. 
— See Genus.] Native; not exotic or foreign. 

fn'di-gent. a. [L. indigere, to need; egere, to 
want.] Poor; needy; necessitous. 

in-di-£est'i-ble, a. Not digestible. 

In-di-fest'ion (in-de-jest'yun), n. [In, not, and 
Digestion.'] Want of digestion or digestive 
power; dyspepsia. 

Jn-dig'nant, a. [See Indignation.] Having in- 
dignation; affected by resentment; angry. 

In-dig'nant-ly, ad. With indignation. 

in-dig-na'tion, «. [L. indignaUo; indignari, indig- 
natus, to be displeased at, to consider unworthy ; 
indignus, unworthy: digitus, worthy.]' Anger 
mixed with disgust; the anger of a superior; 
j nst resentment; rage. 
Jn-dig'ni-ty, n. [L. indignitas, unworthiness, in- 
dignation (q. <;.).] Contemptuous injury ; insult. 
Jn'di-go, n. [Fr. indigo; Sp. indico, L. indicuut, 
Gr. ivSiKov, literally, Indian ; the name India 
(Per. Hind is from the river Indus ; Skr. sindku, 
a river.] A plant: — a pigment obtained from 
ti.e plant, us d in dyeing blue, 
in-di-rect', a. [Late L. indirectus— See Direct.] 



Not direct ; oblique ; circuitous ; not straight : 
— wrong ; improper. 

In-di-rec'tion, n. Oblique course or means. 

in-di-rect'lx, ad. Not directly :— not rightly. 

In-di-rect'ness, n. Obliquity; unfairness. 

In-dis-cern'j-ble (in-djz-zern'e-bl), a. [In, not, 
and Discernible.] ~Sot discernible ; uudiscern- 
ible ; not discoverable. 

In-dis-creet', a. [L. indiscretus, indiscriminate, — 
also, undiscerning. — See Discrekt.] Not dis- 
creet; wanting discretion ; injudicious. 

fn-dis'-creet'ly, ad. Without discretion. 

In-dis-cre"tion (in-dis-kresk'un), n. Want of 
discretion ; imprudence : — an indiscreet act. 

In-dis-crim'i-nate, a. [In, not, and Discrimi- 
nate.] Without discrimination; promiscuous; 
not making discrimination. 

In-dis-crim'i-n^te-lj;, ad. Without distinction. 

In-dis-crim-i-na'tion, n. Want of discrimination; 
indistinctness. 

In-dis-pen-sa-bll'i-tx, n. Absolute necessity. 

In-dis-pen'sa-ble, a. [In, not, and Dispensable.] 
That cannot be dispensed with ; necessary ; es- 
sential ; requisite. 

fn-dis-pen'sa-ble-ness, n. Necessity. 

In-dis-pen'sa-bly, ad. Necessarily. 

fn-dis-pose\ v. a. [Fr. mdispoaer, to make unwill- 
ing, to unfit, to make unwell. — See Disposr 
[pp. indisposing, indisposed.] To make unl 
to disincline. 

fn-dis-posed' (in-dis-pozd'), p. a. Not dispc 
disinclined :— disordered in health ; ill. 

ln-dis-po-§i"tion (in-dis-po-zish'un), n. SI 
disorder of health ; illness : — disinclination. 

In-dis'pu-ta-ble, a. [In, not, and Disputable.] 
That cannot be disputed; incontrovertible; in- 
contestable; indubitable ; clear; certain. 

in-dis'pii-ta-ble-ness, /*. Certainty. 

In-dis'pu-ta-bly., ad. Without controversy. 

In-dis-so-lu-bil'i-ty., »• Tue quality of being 
soluble ; stability. 

In-dis'so-lu-ble, a. [L. indissohtbUia.—See Dis- 
solve "and Soluble.] That cannot be dissolved 
or destroyed; firm; stable; binding. 

In-dis'so-lu-bly, ad. Stably ; permanently. 

In-dis-s51v'a-ble, a. Not to be dissolved. 

In-dis-tinct'", a. [L. hidistinctus. — See Distinct.] 
Not distinct; not plainly marked or represented ; 
obscure; confused. 

Jn-dis-tinc'tion, u. Confusion ; uncertainty. 

In-dis-tinct'ly;, ad. Confusedly; obscurely. 

in-dis-tinct'ness, n. Want of distinctness ; con- 
fusion ; uncertainty; obscurity. 

fn-dis-tln'guish-a-ble, a. Undistinguishable. 

Jn-dlte', v. a. [0. Fr. enditer, endicter. — See In- 
dict.] [pp. inditing, indited.] To compose; to 
write; to dictate. 

In-di-vid'6-al, a. [L. mdwiduus, undivided; in, 
not, and d'ividuus, divisible. — See Divide.] Re- 
lating to the person or thing: relating to one; 
particular; single. — 2, n. A single person. 

in-di-vid-u-al'i-ty., n. Quality of being individual ; 
distinct existence. — (Phren.) The faculty of ob- 
serving and individualizing objects. 

fn-di-vid'u-al-ize. v. a. [pp. individualizing, in- 
dividualized.] To distinguish : — to mark out as 
an individual. 

In-di-vld'u-al-ly. ad. Separately :— severally. 

fn-di-vis-i-bil'i-ty, \n. State or quality of being 

in-di-vis'i-ble-ness, J indivisible. 

In-di-vis'i-ble. a. [L. indivisibilis.—See Divisible.] 
That cannot be divided. 

In-di-vis'i-bly, ad. So as not to be divided. 

fn-doc-i-bil'i-'ty, n. Unteachableness. 

In-doc'ii-ble, a. ' [Se° Docible.] Unteachable. 

In-doc'ile, a. [L. indocilis.— See Docile.] Un- 
teachable ; untractable. 

in-do-cil'i-ty, n. Unteachableness; dulness. 

fn-doc'tri-nate, v. a. [L. in, into, within, and 
doctrina, doctrine (q. v.).] [pp. indoctrinating, 
indoctrinated.] To instruct in principles. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, c, £, soft; p, 0, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



INDOCTRINATION 



INEXECUTION 



In-doc-tri-na'tion, n. Instruction in principles. 

in'do-lence, n. [L. indolentia, ease, — literally, 
freedom from pain; in, not, and dolentla, pain; 
dolere, to grieve.] Quality of being indolent; 
laziness; idleness; slothfulness ; listlessness. 

In' do-lent, a. Careless ; lazy ; idle. — (Med.) In- 
dolent tumor, a tumor that has little or no pain. 

In'do-lent-ly, ad. Carelessly ; lazily. 

In-dom'i-ta-ble, a. [L. in, not, and domitare, freq. 
of domure, to tame. — Of. dontus, home.] Un- 
tamable ; invincible. 

In' -door (lu'dor), a. Being within doors. 

In-dbr'sa-ble, a. That may be indorsed. 

jn-dbrse', v. a. [See Endorse.] [pp. indorsing, 
indorsed.] To write upon, as a name on the 
back of a paper ; to assign ; to confirm : — to 
sanction : — written also endorse. 

In-dbr-see', n. One to whom a bill is indorsed. 

Jn-dorse'ment, n. See Endorsement. 

jn-dbrs'er, n. One who indorses. 

In-du'bi-ta-ble, a. [L. indubitabilis ; dubitabilis, 
doubtful." — See Doubt.] Undoubted ; unques- 
tionable ; that may not be doubted. 

In-du'bi-ta-bly, ad. Undoubtedly; certainly. 

Jn-duce', v. a. [L. inducere ; in, into, upon, and 
ducere, to lead.] [pip. inducing, induced.] To 
influence; to persuade; to incite; to instigate; 
to produce. 

^n-duce'ment, n. That which induces or per- 
suades ; incitement ; motive ; reason. 

Jn-du'ci-ble, a. That may be induced. 

Jn-duct', v. a. [L. inducere, inductum. — See In- 
duce.] To introduce; to bring in. 

In-due' tile, a. Not ductile ; intractable. 

In-duc-tll'i-ty, n. Quality of being inductile. 

|n-duc'tion, */. Entrance : — a mode of reasoning 
from particulars to generals : — inference. 

Jn-duc'tion-al, a. Implying induction. 

jn-duc'tive, a. Proceeding by induction. 

Jn-duc'tive-ly, ad. By induction. 

Jn-duc'tor, n. The person who inducts. 

Jn-due', V. a. [L. induere, to put on; believed to 
be distinct from Gr. ev&veiv, to put on.] [pp. 
induing, indued.] To supply with; to invest; 
[a form of Endue or Endow] to endow ; to endue. 

Jn-dulgV, v. a. [L. indidgere, to treat gently; 
probably related to dulcis, sweet.] [pp. in- 
dulging, indulged.] To humor; to gratify; to 
cherish. — 2, v. n. To give or take indulgence. 

Jn-dul' fence, n. [L. indtdgentia. — See Indulge.] 
The act of indulging; kindness; forbearance of 
restraint; tenderness; favor; gratification: — 
remission of temporal punishment for sin. 

Jn-dul'i-ent, a. Disposed to indulge ; compliant ; 
kind ; fond ; gentle ; mild ; favorable. 

In-dul'£-ent-ly, ad. Without severity. 

In'du-rate, v. n. [L. indurare, induratum • durus, 
hard.] [pp. indurating, indurated.] To grow 
hard. — 2, v. a. To make hard ; to harden. 

In'du-rate, a. Impeuitent; obdurate; hard. 

In-du-ra'tion, n. A hardening : — obduracy. 

Jn-dus'tri-al, a. Relating to industry ; performed 
by manual labor; laboring. 

Jn-dus'tri-al-ism, n. The industrial or manufac- 
turing spirit. 

Jn-dus'tri-ous, a. [L. industriosua.'] Practising 
industry; diligent; laborious; assiduous. 

In-dus'tri-ous-ly, ad. Laboriously; assiduously. 

In'dus-try, n. [L. industria.] Habitual employ- 
ment; diligence; Assiduity; occupation. 

In'dwell-ing, »■ The act of dwelling within. — 
2, a. Dwelling within ; internal. 

Jn-e'bri-ant, n. Any thing that intoxicates. — 
2, a. Tending to intoxicate. 

Jn-e'bri-ate, v. a. [L. inebriare, inebriatnm, to 
make' drunken ; ebrius, drunken.] [pp. inebri- 
ating, inebriated.] To intoxicate; to make 
drunk : — to disorder the senses. 

Jn-e'bri-ate, n. One intoxicated; a toper. 

Jn-e'bri-ate, \ a. Drunken; inebriated; intoxi- 

Jn-e'bri-ous, J cated ; often intoxicated. 



In-e-bri-a'tion, n. Drunkenness. 

In-e-bri'e-ty, n. Drunkenness; ebriety. 

in-ed'it-ed, a. [In, not, and Edited.] Not ed- 
ited ; not published. 

In-ef- fa-bil'i-ty, n. Unspeakableness. 

In-ef fa-ble, a. [L. ineffabilis, unutterable ; in, 
not, 'ex, out, and fari, fatum, to speak.] Un- 
speakable; unutterable. 

In-ef fa-bly, ad. In an ineffable manner. 

In-ef-face'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Effaceable.] 
That cannot be effaced. 

In-ef-fec'tive, a. [In, not, and Effective.] Pro- 
ducing no effect. 

In-ef-fect'u-al (in-ef-f ekt'yu-al), a. [In, not, and 
Effectual.'] Not effectual; inefficient; weak; 
vain; fruitless. 

In-ef-fect'u-al-ly, ad. Without effect. 

In-ef-fi-ca'cious (-ka'shus), a. [In, not, and Ef- 
ficacious.] Not efficacious ; unable to produce 
effects; weak. 

In-ef-fi-ca'cious-ness, n. Want of efficacy. 

In-ef fi-ca-cy.,'ii. [In, not, and Efficacy.] Want 
of efficacy or power; want of effect; weakness. 

In-ef-fi"cien-cy (in-ef-fish'en-se), n. Want of 
efficiency'; weakness. 

In-ef-fi"cient (In-ef-fish'ent), a. [In, not, and 
Efficient.] Not efficient. [tic ; unelastic. 

In-e-las'tic, a. [In, not, and Elastic] Not elas- 

In-el'e-gance, n. Want of elegance. 

In-el'e-gant, a. [L. inelegans.—See Elegant.] 
Not elegant ; not beautiful. 

In-el'e-gant-ly, ad. Not elegantly. 

In-el-i-gi-bil'i-ty, n. Condition or quality of 
being ineligible. 

In-el'i-£-i-ble, «• [I», not, and Eligible.] Inca- 
pable of being elected: — not desirable; not 
worthy to be chosen. 

In-ept', a. [L. ineptus ; in, not, and aptns, fit. — 
See Apt.] Not apt or fit; trifling; foolish. 

In-ep'ti-tude, In-ept'ness, n. Unfitness. 

In-e qua-ble, a. Not equable. 

In-e-qual'i-ty (In-e-kwol'e-te), n. [0. Fr. inequa- 
lite; Fr.' intgaliti. — See Equality.] Want of 
equality ; difference in quantity or quality : — 
unevenness : — an elevation or depression. 

In-eq'ui-ta-ble, a. [In, not, and Equitable.] 
Not equitable ; unjust. 

In-e-rad'i-ca-ble, a. [In, not, and Eradicable.] 
Incapable of being rooted out. 

In-er-ra-bil'i-ty., n. Exemption from error. 

In-er'ra-ble,' a. ' [L. inerrabilis.— See Err.] Ex- 
empt from error. 

In-e'rt', a. [L. iners, inertis; in, not, and ars, skill, 
art.] Inactive; sluggish; motionless. 

In-er'ti-a (in-ei'she-a), n. [L.— See Inert.] In- 
activity ; want of action : — a property of matter 
by which it remains at rest : — passiveness. 

In-er'tion, n. Want of activity ; inertness. 

In-ert'ly, ad. Inactively ; sluggishly. 

In-ert'ness, n. Want of motion or activity. 

In-er'u-dite, a. [In, not, and Erudite.] Un- 
learned. 

In-es'ti-ma-ble, a. [In, not, and Estimable.] 
That ' cannot be estimated ; above all price ; in- 
valuable. 

In-es'ti-ma-bly, ad. So as not to be estimated. 

In-ev-i-ta-bil'i"-ty, \n. State or quality of being 

in-ev'i-ta-ble-nes's. J inevitable. 

In-ev'i-ta-ble, a. [L. inevitabilis ; evitare, to shun; 
e, out, 'and vitare, to avoid.] That cannot be 
avoided or escaped : unavoidable ; certain. 

In-ev'i-ta-bly, ad. Without possibility of escape. 

In-ex-'act', a.' [In, not, and Exact.] Not exact; 
not precisely correct. [lately. 

In-ex-act'ly, ad. In an inexact manner ; inaccu- 

In-ex-cu'sa-ble, a. [In, not, and Excusable.] 
Not to be excused or palliated; admitting no 
excuse. 

In-ex-cu'sa-bly, ad. To a degree beyond excuse. 

In-ex-e-cu'tion', n. [See Execution.] Non-per- 
formance. 



i, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



INEXHAUSTIBLE 



309 



INFINITELY 



Xn-ex-haust'i-ble, a. [In, not, and Exhaustible,] 
That cannot be exhausted. [Want of being. 

In-ex-Ist'ence, n. [In, not, and Existence.] 

Xn-ex-Ist'ent, a. Not existing. [orable. 

Xn-gx-o-ra-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of being inex- 

Xn-ex'o-ra-ble, a. [L. inexoruhilis ; in, not, ex, 
out, and orare, to entreat.] That cannot be 
moved by entreaty ; implacable ; unrelenting. 

Xn-ex'o-ra-bly, ad. In an inexorable manner. 

In-ex-pe'di-ence, ) n. Want of fitness or expe- 

Xn-ex-pe'di-en-cy, / dience. 

Xn-ex-pe'di-ent, a. [In, not, and Expedient.] 
Not expedient; inconvenient; unfit; undesira- 
ble. [Not costly. 

Xn-ex-pen'sive, a. [In, not, and Expensive.] 

Xn-ex-pe'ri-ence, n. [In, not, and Experience.] 
Want of experience. 

Xn-ex-pe'ri-enced (In-eks-pe're-enst), a. Not ex- 
perienced; untried; unskilled. 

Xn-ex-pert', a. [In, not, and Expert.] Not ex- 
pert; unskilful; awkward. 

In-ex'pi-a-ble, a. [L. inexpiabilis. — See Expiable.] 
That cannot be expiated ; admitting no atone- 
ment ; irreconcilable. 

Xn-ex'pi-a-bly, ad. In an inexpiable manner. 

Xn-ex-pH-ca-bil'i-tx. ) ». The state of being in- 

Xn-ex'pli-ca-ble-'ness, J explicable. 

Xn-ex'pli-ca-ble, a. [L. inexplicabilis. — See Ex- 
plicable.*] Incapable of being explained; un- 
accountable ; strange. 

In-ex'pli-ca-bly, ad. So as not to be explained. 

Xn-ex-ptfc'it, a. [L. inexplicitus. — See Explicit.] 
Not explicit; not clear. 

In-ex-pres'si-ble, a. [In, not, and Expressible.] 
That cannot be expressed; unspeakable; unut- 
terable ; ineffable. 

In-ex-pres'si-bly, ad. Unutterably. 

Xn-ex-pres'sive, a. [In, not, and Expressive.] 
Not expressive; unexpressire. 

Xn-ex-pug'na-ble, a. [L. inexpugnabiUs. — See Ex- 
pugn.] Not to be taken by assault. 

In-ex-tinct\ a. [L. inextinctus. — See Extinct.]. 
Not extinct ; not quenched. 

Xn-ex-tin'guish-a-ble (In-eks-ting'gwish-a-bl), a. 
[See Extinguishable.] That cannot be extin- 
guished. 

Xn-ex'tri-ca-ble, a. [L. inextricabilis. — See Extri- 
cate.] 'Tliat cannot be disentangled, unravelled, 
or extricated. 

Xn-fal-li-bil'i-ty, ) n. Perfect exemption from 

In-fal'li-ble-ness, / liability to error. 

Xn-fal'li-ble. a. [See Fallible.] Incapable of 
error or failure. 

Xn-fal'li-bly, ad. Without failure : certainly. 

Xn'fa-mous, a. [L. infamis. — See Fame.] Noto- 
riously bad; shameless; of ill report; scanda- 
lous ; disgraceful ; opprobrious. 

In'fa-my, n. [L. infamia.— See Fame.] Public 
reproach or disgrace ; notoriety of bad charac- 
ter ; ignominy. 

Xn'fan-cy, n. [L. infantia. — See Infant.] The 
state of an infant; the first part of life; child- 
hood : — beginning. 
Xn'fant, n. [L. infant, speechless, — also, a babe ; 
in, not, and fart, pact, funs, to speak.] A babe; 
a young child. — (Law.) A person less than 
twenty-one years old.— 2, a. Pertaining to in- 
fancy ; young. [cess of the royal blood. 
Jn-fan'ta, n. [Sp.] (Spain and Portugal.) A prin- 
jn-fan'te, n. [Sp.] (Spain and Portugal.) A prince 

of the royal blood. 
Jn-fan'ti-cide, v. [L. mfantieida, a child-mur- 
derer; infanticidium, a child-murder; csedere, to 
kill, to cut.] The murder, or a murderer, of an 
infant. 
In' fan-tile, or In' fan-tile, a. [L. infantilis.] Per- 
taining to an infant ; childish ; infantine. 
Xn' fan-tine, or In' fan-tine, a. [Fr. enfantin.] 

Childish; young; tender; infantile. 
Xn'fan-try, n. [It. infanteria, — originally, a bind 
of infants; young "men attending on knights 



were at one time termed infants.] The foot-sol- 
diers of an army. 

Xn'fare, n. [In, and Fare, to go.] An entertain- 
ment given on newly entering a house, or by a 
bridegroom at his house on the reception of the 
bride. 

Jn-fat'u-ate (in-fat'yu-at), v. a. [L. infatuare, in- 
fatuatum; fatuus, a fool.] [pp. infatuating, in- 
fatuated.] To affect with folly; to deprive of 
understanding ; to befool ; to delude. 

In-fat'u-ate, a. Infatuated ; deluded. 

in-fat-u-a'tion, n. State of being deluded , folly. 

in-fea-si-bil'j-ty., I «• State of being infeasible; 

Xn-fea'si-ble-ness^ j impracticability. 

In-fea'si-ble (In-fe'ze-bl), a. [In, not, and Fea- 
sible.]' That cannot be accomplished; imprac- 
ticable. 

Jn-fect', v. a. [L. inficere, infection; in, into, and 
facere, to do, to effect.] [pp. infecting, iufected.] 
To taint ; to corrupt ; to pollute. 

In-fect'ed, p. a. Hurt by infection ; tainted. 

in-fec'tion, n. [See Infect.] The act of infecting; 
that which infects ; contagion; taint; poison. 

Jn-fec'tious, a. Communicable by air, breath, 
touch, or exhalation, as a disease ; contagious. 

In-fec'tious-ly, ad. By infection. 

jn-fec'tious-ness, n. The quality of l>eing infec- 
tious; infection. [fruitful; infertile. 

In-fec'und, a. [L. infecundus. — See Fecund.] Un- 

In-fe-cund'i-ty, n. Want of fecundity. 

Xn-fe-Kc'i-tous, a. [L. infelix.— See Felicitous.] 
Not happy; unfortunate. 

Xn-fe-lic'i-ty, n. Unhappiness ; misery. 

Jn-fiofF (in-fef), v. a. [pp. infeoffing, infeoffed.] 
See Enfeoff. 

Jn-fe'r', v. a. [L. inferre ; in, upon, and ferre, to 
bring.] [pp. inferring, inferred.] To deduce; 
to draw, as conclusions from premises ; to con- 
clude ; to imply. [See Inferrible. 

Jn-fer'a-ble, a. That may be inferred ; inferrible. 

In'fer-ence, n. A proposition or a conclusion 
drawn from premises; a truth drawn from an- 
other laid down as true ; deduction. 

In-fer-en'tial, a. Deduced by inference. 

Jn-fe'ri-or, a. [L. inferior, comparative of infer, 
or inferus, low.] Lower iu station or value. — 
2, n. One lower in rank, station, age, or merit. 

Jn-fe-ri-or'i-ty, n. A lower state or quality. 

Jn-fer'nal, «. [L. infemalis, or infernus; inform, 
low.] Relating to' hell or the lower regions; 
hellish; tartarean ; detestable; devilish. 

Jn-fer'ri-ble, a. That may be inferred ; deduci- 
ble : — written also inferable. 

In-fer'tile, a. [L. infertilis. — See Fertile.] Un- 
fruitful ; not productive. 

In-fer-til'i-ty, ». [L. infertilita*. — See Fertile.] 
Want of fertility; unfruitfulness : barrenness. 

Jn-fest', i: a. [L. infeslare, to attack; infestus, 
hostile : akin to Offend.] [pp. infesting, in- 
fested.] To harass : to disturb ; to plague. 

Xn-fes-ta'tion, n. [L. infestatio.] Molestation ; 
annoyance. 

Xn'f i-del, n. [L. infideUs, unfaithful.— See Fidel- 
ity.] ' A disbeliever of Christianity ; a deist ; an 
atheist; an unbeliever: — a misbeliever. — 2, a. 
Unbelieving; wanting belief. 

In-fi-deTi-ty, «• [L. infidel itas ; Fr. iufidOW'.] 
Tlie quality or state of being an infidel"; want 
of faith ; disbelief of Christianity ; atheism : — 
unfaithfulness : — treachery. 

Jn-f Il'ter, v. a. & v. n. [See Filter.] [pp. infil- 
tering, infiltered.] To filter in ; to infiltrate. 

Jn-fil'trate, v. n. & r. a. [See Filtrate.] [pv. 
infiltrating, infiltrated.] To enter a substance 
by penetrating the pores ; to infilter. 

Xn-fil-tra'tion, n. Entrance by the pores :— a sub- 
stance which has filled the pores. 

Xn'fi-nite, a. [L. infinitvs. — See Finite and Fin- 
ish.] Boundless; unlimited; immense. — 2, n. 
The infinite Being: God: — infinity. 

Xn'fi-nite-ly, ad. Without limits. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, Q, c, §, soft; p, fSr, p, £, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 



INFINITESIMAL 



310 



INGOT 



In-fin-i-tes'i-mal, a. [Fr. infinitesimal; It. infini- 
tes imule ; infinilesimo, an infiuitesimal ; from L. 
infinities, infinite; on type of decimal, from L. 
decent, ten.] Infinitely small or divided; less 
than any assignable quantity.— 2, n. {Math.) 
An infinitely small quantity. 

Jn-fin'i-tive, a. [L. infinititus.] Not limited. — 
(Gram.) The infinitive mood expresses the action 
of a verb, without limiting it to number or per- 

Jn-f m'i-tude, n. Infinity ; immensity. [son. 

Jn-f in'i-ty., a. [L. infinites.] The quality or state 
of being infinite ; immensity ; endless number. 

Jn-firm\ a. [L. infirmus. — See Firm.] Disabled 
of body; not firm; not sound; weak; irresolute. 

Jn-fi'rm'a-ry, n. [Late L. infirmaria.] A residence 
for the 'sick ; a hospital for the sick poor. 

Jn-firm'i-ty, n. [L. infirmitas.] State of being in- 
firm; debility; weakness: — failing: — disease. 

Jn-firm'ness, n. Weakness ; feebleness. 

jn-fix', v. a. [L. infigere, infixum. — See Fix.] [pp. 
infixing, infixed.] T6 drive in ; to set ; to fasten. 

Jn-flame', v. a. [L. inflammare; Fr. enflammer. — 
See Flame.] [pp. inflaming, inflamed.] To set 
on fire; to enkindle: — to provoke; to iiritate; 
to incense. — 2, v. n. To grow hot, angry, or 
painful. [on fire. 

?n-nam-ma-bil'i-ty, n. Susceptibility of being set 

jn-flam'ma-ble, a. That may be inflamed or set 
on fire ; i'gnitible ; combustible. 

in-flam-ma'tion, n. [L. inJlammatio.~\ State of 
being inflamed : — a swelling and redness, at- 
tended by heat. 

Jn-flam'ma-to-ry, a. Tending to inflame ; tend- 
ing to excite animosity or sedition. 

Jn-flate', v. a. [L. inflare, inflation; flare, to blow.] 
[pp. inflating, inflated.] To swell witli Avind ; 
to puff. [ulence ; distention. 

Jn-fla'tion, n. [L. inflatio.'] Act of inflating: flat- 

Jn-fla'tus, n. [L.] A breathing into ; inspiration. 

in-fleet/, v. a. [L. inflectere, inflexion; flectere, to 
bend.] [pp. inflecting, inflected.] To bend; to 
turn ; to vary : — to vary by terminations, as verbs. 

Jn-flec'tion, n. [L. inflexio.] The act of inflecting ; 
curvature ; a bending : — modulation of the voice. 
— (Gram.) The variation of nouns and verbs. 

in-flex-i-bil'i-ty, n. Unyielding stiffness ; perti- 
nacity'. 

In-flex'i-ble, a. [L. inflexihilis. — See Flexible.] 
That cannot be bent; stiff; immovable; firm; 
unyielding; obstinate. 

Xn-fleVi-bly, ad. With firmness; invariably. 

Jn-flict', v. a. [L. infligere, inflklum; fligere, to 
strike.] [pp. inflicting, inflicted.] To lay on ; 
to apply ; to impose. [flicted ; punishment. 

Jn-flic'tion, n. The act of inflicting; a tiling iu- 

In-flic'tive, a. Tending to inflict. 

In-flo-res'cence, n. [L. inflorescere, to bloom. — See 
Flourish.'] (Bot.) The collection of flowers on 
a plant ; act of flowering. 

In' flow, n. Influx ; that which flows in. 

in'flu-ence, n. [Late L. influentia; L. influere, to 
flow in ; fluere, to flow.] An impelling or direct- 
ing power; invisible power; a power known 
only by its effects: — credit; sway ; bias : — influx. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. influencing, influenced.] To act 
upon ; to bias ; to modify ; to prepossess ; to per- 
suade. 

In-flu-en'tial, a. Exerting great influence. 

In-flu-en'za, n. [It. for "influence" (q. v.).] An 
epidemic catarrh. 

fn' flux, n. [L. influxus, influxio ; fluere, fluxum, to 
flow.] The act* of flowing in ; infusion ; that 
which flows in ; an inward flow. 

Jn-fbrm', v. a. [L. informare; formare, to form 
(q. v.).] [pp. informing, informed.] To in- 
struct; to acquaint; to apprise ; to advise; to 
tell ; to teach : — to imbue ; to endow. — 2, v. n. 
To give intelligence. 

In-fdr'mal, a. [See Formal.] Not in the usual 
form ; irregular. 

In-for-mal'i-ty, n. Want of regular form. 



In-fdr'mal-ly, ad. Without regular form. 

in-form'ant, n. One who informs; an informer. 

In-for-ma'tion, n. [L. informutio. — See Inform.] 
Intelligence given ; instruction :— a charge or 
accusation exhibited. 

In-fdrm'er, n. One who informs : — an accuser. 

Jn-fract', v. a. [L. infringere, infraction; frungere, 
to break.] [pp. infracting, infracted.] To break; 
to violate. [ing ; violatiun. 

Jn-frac'tion, n. [L. infractio.] The act of break- 

In-fran'gi-ble, o. [Fr.] That may not be broken. 

In-fre'quence, "In. State of being infrequent; 

In-fre'quen-cy, j rareness ; rarity. 

In-fre'quent, a. [L. infrequens, infreqnentis. — See 
Frequent.] Not frequent ; uncommon. 

Jn-fringV (in-frinj'), v. a. [See Infract.] [pp. 
infringing, infringed.] To violate; to break. — 
2, v. n. To trespass ; to encroach. 

In-fringVment, n. A breach ; an encroachment. 

In-fu'ri-ate, «. [It. infuriare, infuriate-, to rage. 
— See Fury.] Enraged; raging; furious. 

Jn-fu'ri-ate, v. a. [pp. infuriating, infuriated.] 
To render furious. 

jtn-fu§e', v. a. [L. infundere, infusum ; in, in, 
upon, and fundere, to pour.] [pp. infusing, in- 
fused.] To pour in ; to instil ; to inspire : — to 
steep. v 

In-fu-si-bil'i-ty, n. State of being infusible. 

In-fu'§i-ble, a. [In, not, and Fusible.] That 
may be infused : — incapable of being melted ; not 
fusible. 

Jn-fu'§ion (in-fu'zhun), n. [L. infusio.] The act 
of infusing ; instillation : — suggestion : — a prep- 
aration made by infusing. • 

Jn-fu'sive, a. Having the power of infusion. 

In-fii-so'ri-a, n. pi. [Neo-Latin: so named be- 
cause they abound in infusions.] Microscopic 
animalcules found in water. 

In-fu-so'ri-al, ) a. Relating to or containing in- 

In-fu'so-ry, J fusoria : — obtained by infusion. 

in'gath'-er-ing, n. Act of gathering in ; harvest. 

?n-£"em'i-nate, v. a. [L. ingeniinare, ingeniinalum ; 
geminus, double.] [pp. ingeminating, ingemi- 
nated.] To double; to repeat. 

In-£em'i-nate, a. Redoubled ; ingeminated. 

In-£-em-i-na'tion, n. Repetition. 

In-£en'ious, vr In-ge'ni-ous, «. [L. ingenioms ; 
iugenium, natural bent, ability, wit. — See Ge- 
nius.] Possessed of or indicating ingenuity ; 
inventive; creative; skilful; clever; subtle. 

In-£en'ious-ly, ad. With ingenuity. 

in-gen'ious-ness, n. Ingenuity; subtlety. 

Ingenue (an-zha-nu), n. [Fr.— See Ingenuous.] 
(Stage.) The lady who acts the part of an artless 

In-£e-nu'i-ty, n. [L. ingenuitas. — See Ingenious.] 
Power of invention ; invention ; genius ; subtlety ; 
acuteness; ability. 

jn-£en'u-o-us (jn-jen'yu-us), a. [L. mgenuus, na- 
tive, natural.— See Genus.] Free from reserve 
or dissimulation; open; frank; fair; candid: — 
generous ; high-minded ; noble. 

Jn-£en'u-ous-ly, ad. Openly; candidly. 

J.n-gen'u-ous-ness, n. Frankness ; candor. 

In-gest\ v. a. [L. ingerere, ingestum ; gercre, to 
carry.] [pp. ingesting, ingested.] 'Jo throw 
into, as the stomach. 

In-£est'ion (in-jest'yun), n. The act of ingesting. 

in'gle, n. [Scot.; Celt, aingeal, fire. — Cf. L. ignir 
cidus, a spark ; L. ignis, Skr. agni, fire.] A fire- 
place ; a flame. 

In'gle^side, w. Fireside. 

In-glo'ri-ous, a. [L. inglorius. — See Glory.] Dis- 
honorable ; ignominious. 

in-glo'ri-ous-ly, ad. With ignominy. 

In'go-ing, a. Entering, as upon office or a lease. 
— 2, n. Place of entrance : — the act of entering ; 
the time of entrance. 

In'got, n. [A.-S. in, in, and geolan, to pour. — Cf. 
Ger. giessen, to pour; eingnss, a pouring in ; gvss, 
an ingot. — See Gush.] A bar or wedge of metal. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, l, o, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



INGRAFT 



311 



INKSTAXD 



Jn-graft', v. a. [In and Graft.] [pp. ingraft- 
ing, ingrafted.] To insert a scion of one tree 
into the stock of another ; to fix deep. 

Jn-grain',». a. [In, and Grain (g. v.), formerly a 
name for kermes (q. v.). — Cf. Late L. grana, 
kermes-ilye.] [pp. ingraining, ingrained.] To 
dye in the grain ; to engrain. 

in' grain, or In-grain', a. Dyed with grain :— 
dyed in the "grain or fibre before manufacture ; 
thoroughly dyed or impregnated. 

fn-grate', or In' grate, a. [L. ingratus, unthank- 
ful ; gralise, thanks.] Ungrateful. — 2, n. An 
ungrateful person. 

Jn-gra'ti-ate (in-gra/she-at), v. a. [L. in, in, and 
gratia, 'favor. — See Grace.] [pp. ingratiating, 
ingratiated.] To put in favor ; to recommend to 
kindness; to insinuate. 

In-grat'i-tude, n. [L. ingralitudo. — See Grati- 
tude.]' "Want of gratitude ; want of a due sense 
of favors; unthankfuluess. 

Jn-gre'di-ent [iu-gre'jent, S. W. ; in-gre'dyent, E. 
F. A'.], n. [L. ingrediens, pres. part, of ingredi, 
to enter in ; gradi, to go.] A component part of 
any compound ; an element. 

In'gress, n. [L. ingredi, ingressus, to walk in ; 
gradi, to go.] Entrance; power of entrance. 

?n-gres'sion (in-gresh'un), n. Entrance. 

In'gui-nal (ing'gwe-nal), a. [L. inguinalis ; in- 
guen, the groin.] Belonging to the groin. 

Jn-gulf , v. a. [See Gulf.] [pp. ingulfing, in- 
gulfed.] To swallow up in a gulf; to engulf. 

Jn-hab'it, v. a. [L. inkabitare, to dwell in. — See 
Habitable.] [pp. inhabiting, inhabited.] To 
dwell in ; to reside in. — 2, v. n. To dwell ; to live. 

Jn-hab'i-ta-ble, a. [See Inhabit.] That may be 
inhabited : — [L. inhabitabilis] that may not be in- 
habited ; not habitable. 

Jn-hab'it-ance, \n. Permanent or legal resi- 

jn-hab'it-an-cj:, J dence ; residence. 

Jn-hab'it-ant, n. One who inhabits. 

jn-hab-i-ta'tion, n. [L. inhabitatio.] The act of 
inhabiting ; abode. t 

Jn-hab'it-er, n. One who inhabits. 

In-ha-la'ti'on, n. [L. mhaiaius. — See Inhale.] 
The act of inhaling ; the act of drawing air, &c, 
into the lungs. 

Jn-hale', v. a. [L. inhalare ; halare, to breathe.] 
[pp. inhaling, inhaled.] To draw in with air; 

In-hal'ent, a. That inhales. [to inspire. 

jn-hal'er, n. One who inhales :— a machine for 
throwing steam or air i.ito the lungs. 

In-har-mon'ic, ) a. [In, not, and Harmonic] 

In-har-mon'i-cal, J Wanting harmony; discord- 
ant; inharmonious. 

fn-har-mo'ni-ous, «. [In, not, and Harmonious.] 
Not harmonious; wanting harmony ; unmusical; 
discordant. 

Jn-here', v. n. [L. inhserere, to stick fast in ; hserere, 
to stick fast.] [pp. inhering, inhered.] To ex- 
ist in something else. 

Jn-her'ence, \ n. Inseparable existence in some- 

jn-her'en-cy, J thing else ; inhesion. 

Jn-her'ent, «■ [See Inhere.] Existing inseparably 
in something else ; innate; inborn; inbred. 

In-her'ent-ly., ad. By inherence. 

jn-her'it, v. a. [L. in, and hereditare, to inherit; 
heres, heredis, an heir; inhereditare or inheridare, 
to appoint as heir.] [pp. inheriting, inherited.] 
To receive by inheritance; to succeed to; to 
possess; to enjoy. 

Jn-her'i-ta-ble, a. That may be inherited. 

jn-her'i-tance, n. Act of inheriting; that which 
is inherited; patrimony; hereditary possession. 

Jn-her'it-or, n. One who inherits; an heir. 

Jn-her'i-tress, \ n. [See Heir. Inheritrix is Neo- 

jn-her'i-trix, (Latin.] An heiress. 

jn-he'sion (in-he'zhuu), n. [L. inhsesio.—See In- 
here.] Inherence. 

Jn-hib'it, v. a. [L. inhibere, inhibitum, to check; 
in, and habere, to hold.] [pp. inhibiting, inhib- 
ited.] To hinder; to repress; to prohibit. 



fn-hi-bi"tion (lu-he-bish'un), n. Prohibition. 

in-hib'i-to-ry., a. Restraining; prohibitory. 

in-hos'pi-ta-ble, a. [L. iuhospittdis. — See Hospi- 
table.] Not hospitable ; not disposed to enter- 
tain strangers ; unkind. 

in-hos'pi-ta-bly., ad. In an inhospitable manner. 

in-hos-pi-tal'i-ty., »• [L. inhuspitalitas.j Want of 
hospitality. 

In-hu'man, a. [L. inhumanus. — See Humane.] 
Barbarous ; savage ; cruel. 

In-hu-man'i-ty., u. Cruelty ; barbarity. 

In-hii'man-iy, ad. Cruelly; barbarously. 

fn-hu-ma'tion, n. Act of burying ; sepulture. 

In-hume', v. a. [L. inJaanare; humus, the ground.] 
[pp. inhuming, inhumed.] To bury in the earth. 

In-im'i-cal, or in-i-mi'cal, a. [L. inimieus or 
inimicalis; in, not, and amicus, a friend.] Un- 
friendly; hostile; unkind; adverse; repugnant. 

in-im-i-ta-bil'i-ty., n. Incapacity to be imitated. 

In-im'i-ta-ble, a. [L. inimitubUis. — See Imitate.] 
Surpassing all imitation. 

In-nn'i-ta-bly, ad. In an inimitable manner. 

In-iq'ui-t'ous (in-ik'we-tus), a. Unjust; evil. 

jn-iq'ui-ty (in-Ik'we-te), n. [L. miquitas; in, not, 
and sequitas, justice; sequns, just.] Injustice; 
sin; an unjust or unrighteous act; wickedness. 

In-i"tial (jn-ish'al), a. [L. initiates; iuitiam or 
initus,' a beginning; in, upon, and ire, to go.] 
Beginning; incipient. — 2, n. The first letter of 
a word or name. 

Jn-i"ti-ate (in-ish'e-at), v. a. [L. mitiare, initia- 
tum; initium, a beginning.— See Initial.] [pp. 
initiating, initiated.] To enter ; to introduce : — 
to instruct in the rudiments.— 2, v. n. To begin. 

T.n-i"ti-ate (in-ish'e-at), «. Fresh; initiated. — 
2, n. One who is initiated, or lately initiated 

In-I-ti-a'tion (in-ish-e-a'shun), u. [L. initiatio.] 
Act of initiating; admission; entrance. 

In-i"ti-a-tive (in-ish'e-a-tiv), n. Bight or act of 
introducing a measure in legislation. — 2, a. In- 
troductory. 

T.n-i"ti-a-to-ry. (in-Tsh'e-a-to-re), «. Serving to 
initiate of iutroduce; introductory. 

In-ject', v. a. [L. injicere, injectum; jacere, to 
throw.] [pp. injecting, injected.] To throw in ; 
to dart in. 

In-jec'tion, n. Act of throwing in ; a clvster. 

In-ju-di^cial (in-ju-dish'al), a. Not judicial. 

in-ju-di"cious (in-ju-dish'usK. a. [See Judicious.] 
Not judicious; void of judgment ; unwise; in- 
discreet. 

in-j'u-di"cious-ly, (in-ju-dish'us-le), ad. In an in- 
judicious manner; not wisely. 

In-ju-di"cious-ness, n. Want of judgment. 

In-junc'tion, n. [L. injunctio. — See Enjoin.] A 
command; order; precept.— (La a:) An order 
issued by a court of equity to stay proceedings. 

In'jure (in'jur), c. a. [L. iryuriari; injuria, wrong; 
in, not, and jus, right. — See Just.] [pp. in- 
juring, injured.] To do wrong to; to damage; 
to harm ; to hurt ; to wrong. 

Jn-ju'ri-oiis, a. [L. injurius or injurionus.] Causing 
injury; mischievous; unjust; hurtful ; offensive. 

in-ju'ri-ous-ly, ad. "Wrongfully ; burtfully. 

in-ju'ri-ous-ness, n. Quality of being injurious. 

xn'ju-ry, «. [L. injuria. — Spe Injure.] Damage; 
hurt; harm: evil; injustice; detriment. 

In-jus'tice (ln-jus'tis), n. [L. injustitia.—See Jus- 
tice.] Iniquity; wrong. 

ink (ingk), n. [Fr. encre ; 0. Fr. enqne; L. en- 
caiistinn, It. inchiosfro, Gr. eyKavcrros, ink, — liter- 
ally, ''burnt in."— See Encaustic] A fluid for 
writing and printing. —2, r. a. [pp. inking, 
inked.] To black or daub with ink. 

Ink'horn, n. A portable case for the instruments 
of writing; a vessel for ink; an inkstand. 

Ink'i-ness, n. The quality of being inky. 

Ink'ling, n. [0. E. inkle, to hint, to murmur; 
0. Dan. ymle, to rumor, to whisper. — See Hint.] 
Hint; intimation; desire. 

Ink'stand. v. A vessel for holding ink. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, (?, 9, §, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; §asz; x as gz ; this. 



INKY 



312 



INSATIABLENESS 



Ink'y, a. Consisting of ink :— black as ink. 

|n-laid\ i. & p. from inlay. 

In'land, a. [In and Land.] Interior ; remote from 
the sea. — 2, n. Interior part of a country. — 
3, ad. Toward the interior of a country. 

Jn-lay' (jn-la/), v. a. [In and Lay.] [i. inlaid; 
pp. inlaying, inlaid.] To diversify ; to veneer. 

fn'lay, n. Matter inlaid or to be inlaid. 

Jn-lay'er, n. One who inlays. 

jn-lay'ing, n. The art of diversifying with va- 
rious materials or different sorts of wuod. 

In/let, n. [In and Let.] Passage; place of in- 
gress ; entrance : — a small bay, recess, or arm of 
the sea. [See Enlist. 

In-list', v. a. [pp. inlisting, inlisted.] To enlist. 

In'ly, a. [A.-S. inlic, iniice; in, and lie, like.] In- 

_ terior; internal; secret.— 2, ad. Internally. 

In'mate, n. [In and Mate.] One who dwells 
jointly with another ; a lodger; a boarder. 

in'most, a. Deepest within ; most interior. 

Inn, n. [A.-S. inn, an inn, — also, (ad.) within ; 
Icel. inui, an inn, — also, within.] A house of 
entertainment for travellers; a hotel ; a. tavern. 
— Inns of court, colleges of common law for stu- 
dents in England. — 2, v. n. [pp. inning, inned.] 
To take up a temporary lodging. — 3, v. a. To 
put under cover ; to lodge. 

fn-nate' [in'nat, F. St. Wb.], a. [L. innasci, iuna- 
tus, to be born in.— See Native.] Inborn; na- 
tive ; inherent. 

Jn-nate'ly, ad. By nature ; inherently. 

fn-nate'ness, n. Quality of being innate. 

In'ner, a. Interior; not outward; internal. 

In'ner-most, a. Inmost; deepest witliin. 

In-ner-va'tion, n. The act of innerving. — [Fr. — 
See Nervation.] {Med.) Nervous influence 
necessary to the maintenance of life and the 
functions of the organs. 

Jn-nerve', v. a. [See Nerve.] [pp. innerving, 
innerved.] To invigorate; to strengthen. 

Inn'hold-er, n. Keeper of an inn; an innkeeper. 

Inn'ing, n. The ingathering of corn or grain : — 
a turn at the bat. [turn at the bat. 

Inn'ings, n. pi. Lands recovered from tlie sea : — 

Inn'keep-er, n. One who keeps an inn. 

In'no-cence, \ n. [L. innoceutia.] Freedom from 

In'no-cen-cy, J guilt; purity ; harmlessness. 

In'no-cent, a. [L. innocens; in, not, and nocens, 
harmful; nocere, to hurt. — See JJoxious.] Free 
from guilt ; harmless : — imbecile — 2, n. One free 
from guilt : — an idiot ; a weak-minded person. 

In'no-cent-ly, ad. Without guilt. 

In-noc'u-ous, a. [L. innocuus. — See Noxious.] 
Not hurtful ; harmless. 

In-noc'u-ous-ly, ad. Harmlessly. 

fn-noc'u-ous-ness, n. Harmlessness. 

In-n5m'i-nate, a. [L. innominalus. — See Nomi- 
nate.]' Nameless : — noting the pelvic bones. 

fn'no-vate, v. a. [L. innovare, innovation; in, 
within, and novare, to renew.] [pp. innovating, 
innovated.] To introduce, as novelties. — 2, v. n. 
To introduce novelties. 

in-no-va'tion, n. [L. innovatio.] Introduction of 
novelty :— a novelty ; a change of custom. 

In'no-va-tor, n. An introducer of novelties. 

In-nox'ious (in-nok'shus), a. [L. innoxius. — See 
Noxious.] Harmless. 

In-nu-en'do, n. ; pi. fn-nu-en'does. [L. for "by 
an intimation ;" innuere, to intimate ; in, toward, 
and nvere, to nod.] An oblique hint; an indi- 
rect allusion ; an insinuation. [a!>le. 

In-nu-mer-a-bil'i-ty, n. State of being innumer- 

in-nfi'mer-a-ble, a. [L. innurnerabilis ; in, not, 
and numerabilis, that may be counted ; numerare, 
to number (q. »..)..] That cannot be numbered; 
countless; numberless. 

Sn-nu'mer-a-bly, ad. Without number. 

In-nu-tri"tion, n. Want of nutrition. 

In-nu-tri"tious, a. [In, not, and Nutritious.] 
Not nutritious. 

fn-ob-serv'ance, n. Want of observance. 



In-ob-serv'ant, a. [L. inobservam. — See Observe.] 
Not observant ; careless. 

In-oc'u-late (in-ok'ku-lat), v. n. [L. inoculare, 
inoculation, to engraft; ocukis, a bud, an eye 
(q. v.).] [pp. inoculating, inoculated.] To prop- 
agate by insertion : — to practise inoculation. — 
2, v. a. To bud; to insert: — to infect with a 
disease, as the smallpox, by inserting virus into 
the flesh :— to vaccinate. 

Jn-oc-ii-la'tion, n. The act of inoculating. 

in-6'dor-ous, a. [L. inodorus. — See Odor.] Want- 
ing scent or odor. 

In-of-fen'sive, a. [In, not, and Offensive.] Giv- 
ing no offence ; harmless. 

In-of-fen'sive-ly, ad. Without offence. 

In-of-fen'sive-ness, ». Harmlessness. 

ln-of-fi"cial (in-of-fish'al), a. Not official. 

In-of-fi"cious (in-of-fish'us), a. [L. inofficimus. 

—See Officious.] Not officious: — not attentive 
to duty : — unkind. 

in-op'er-a-tive, a. [In, not, and Operative.] Not 
operative ; inactive. 

In-op-por-tune', a. [Late L. inopportunns. — See 
Opportune.] Not opportune ; unseasonable; in- 
convenient; unfit; not timely. 

In-op-por-tune'ly, ad. Unseasonably. 

In-or'di-nate, a. [L. inordinatus, irregular. — See 
Ordinary, Order.] Irregular; disorderly; im- 
moderate; excessive. 

fn-br'di-nate-ly, ad. Immoderately. 

In-or'di-nate-ness, n. Irregularity ; excess. 

In-or-gan'ic, o. [in, not, and Organic] Not or- 
ganic ; destitute of organs ; uot produced by vital 
processes. 

Jn-cs'cu-late, v. n. [L. in, in, and osculari, oscu- 
latus, to kiss, to touch ; osculum, a little mouth, a 
kiss; dim. of os, the mouth.] [pp. inosculating, 
inosculated.] To unite by contact, as two ves- 
sels at their extremities. — 2, v. a. To cause to 
unite or grow together; to insert; to join in. 

In-os-cu-la'tion, n. Union bj' conjunction. 

in'quest, n. [L. inqumtus. — See Inquire.] A ju- 
dicial inquiry or examination ; search, as made 
by a coroner's jury : — a jury. 

In-qui'e-tude, it. [L. inquietude. — See Quiet.] 
Want'of quiet; disquietude. 

Jn-quire', v. n. [L. inquirere. — See Enquire.] [pp. 
inquiring, inquired.] To seek for information ; 
to ask questions ; to make search : — written in- 
differently inquire or enquire. — 2, v. a. To ask 
about ; to seek out. 

In-qulr'er, n. One who inquires ; enquirer. 

jn-qui'ry, n. Act of inquiring; search; interro- 
gation; query; enquiry ; research ; examination. 

In-qui-si"tion (In-kwe-zish'un), ». [L. inquisitio. 
— See Enquire.] Judicial inquiry; search: — 
an ecclesiastical court for punishing heretics. 

ln-qui-si"tion-al, «. Making inquiry. 

In-quis i-tive, a. Curious ; busy in search. 

in-quis/i-tive-ly, ad. In an inquisitive manner. 

in-quis'i-tive-ness, n. The quality or habit of 
being inquisitive ; curiosity. 

in-quis'i-tor, n. [L.] One who examines judi- 
cially :— an officer in the court of inquisition. 

In-quis-i-to'ri-al, a. Sharply and severely in- 
quisitive ; prying. 

fn'r5ad (in'rod), n. [In, and Old South Eng. road, 
a riding, a raid (q. v.).] Incursion; invasion. 

In-sa-lu'bri-ous, a. [L. insalubris. — See Salubri- 
ous.] Not salubrious; unhealthy; unhealthful. 

Jn-sa-lu'bri-ty, n. Unwholesomeness. 

In-sane', a. [L. insanus. — See Sane.] Mad; dis- 
tracted ; crazy ; lunatic. 

fn-sane'ly, ad. Without reason ; madly. 

in-san'i-ty, n. [L. insanitas. — See Sane.] Want 

of sound mind ; madness. 
In-sa'ti-a-ble (in-sa'she-a-bl), a. [L. ineaiiabilis. 
— See' Satiate.] Incapable of being satisfied; 
greedy beyond measui-e. 
In-sa'ti-a-ble-ness (ni-sa'she-a-bl-nes), n. Quality 
of being insatiable; greediness. 



a, e, I, o, ii, y, long; a, e, 1, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



INSATIABLY 



313 



INSPECTION 



in-sa/ti-a-bly, ad. In an insatiable manner. 

in-sa'ti-ate (in-sa'she-at), a. [L. insatiatus. — See 
Satiate.] Insatiable; greedy. 

in-sa'ti-ate-ly, ad. Greedily. 

In-sa-ti'e-ty, n. [L. imatietas. — See Satiety.] 
Insatiableness. 

Jn-scribe', v. a. [L. imcribere, inscriptum ; in, on, 
and scribere, to write.] [pp. inscribing, in- 
scribed.] To write on ; to mark witb writing : — 
to address. 

In-scrlp'tion, n. [L. inscriptio.] A title, name, 
character, or address, either written or engraved. 

in-scru-ta-bil'i-ty, "I n. State or quality of being 

in-scru'ta-ble-'ness, J inscrutable. 

In-scru'ta-ble, a. [L. inscrutabilis ; scrutari, to 
scrutinize (</. «.).] Unsearchable; hidden. 

fn-scru'ta-bly, ad. So as not to be traced out. 

In' sect, n. [L. insectum, an insect; insecure, in- 
sectum, to cut into ; secure, to cut. The Gr. evro- 
fj.oi>, an insect, also means, literally, cut into, 
referring to the divisions or segmentations of 
the body.] A small creeping or flying animal: 
— one of a numerous class of minute, inverte- 
brate, oviparous animals. 

in-sect'i-clde, n. [L. insectum, an insect, and 
csedere, to kill : on type of homicide.] A sub- 
stance which destroys insects. 

In-sec' tion, n. An incision; a cutting in. 

in-sec-tiv'o-ra, n. pi. [L. insectum, an insect, and 
vorare, to 'eat.] An order of insect-eating mam- 

i n-sec-tiv'o-roiis, a. Feeding on insects. [nials. 

in-se-cure', a. [Late L. insecurus. — See Secure.] 
Not secure ; not safe ; unsafe. 

in-se-cure'ly, ad. Without security. 

in-se-cu'ri-ty, n. [In, not, and Security.] Want 
of security or safety; danger; hazard; uncer- 
tainty ; exposure. 

in-sen'sate, a. [L. insensatus; sensatus, having 
sense (q. v.).] Stupid; foolish; insensible. 

In-sen-si-bil'i-ty, n. State of being insensible; 
want of sensibility ; torpor; indifference. 

in-sen'si-ble, a. [L. imensibilis. — See Sensible.} 
Not sensible ; not perceived by the senses ; im- 
perceptible : — void of sensibility or feeling ; un- 
feeling; torpid; stupid. 

in-sen'si-bly. ad. Imperceptibly : — torpidly. 

In-sen'tient (In-sen'shent), a. [In, not, and Sen- 
tient.] Not sentient. 

in-sep-a-ra-bil'i-ty, \n. Quality of being in- 

in-sep'a-ra-ble-ness, J separable. 

in-sep'a-ra-ble, «. [L. vngeparabilis. — See Separa- 
ble.] ' That cannot be separated. 

in-sep'a-ra-bly, ad. In an inseparable manner. 

Jn-sert', v. a. [L. inserere, insertuni, to introduce; 
in, into, and serere, to combine, to join.] [jjp. 
inserting, inserted.] To place or set in or among ; 
to infix ; to implant. 

in'sert, n. Something inserted. [serted. 

In-sert'ing, n. An ornamental material to be in- 

Jn-ser'tion, n. [L. insertio. — See INSEBT,] Act of 
inserting; thing inserted. 

in-ses-so'res, n- pi. [L. insessor, a percher ; in, 
upon, and sedere, to sit.] (Omith.) The perchers, 
a name applied to various orders of birds. 

Jn-ses-so'ri-al, a. Adapted to perching : — said of 
certain birds. [tion. 

In'set, n. [In and Set.] Something set in ; inser- 

in'side, n. [In and Side.] Interior part; part 
within. — 2, a. Being within ; interior. 

In-side', prep. In the interior of ; within. 

Jn-sid'i-oiis, a. [L. insidiosus; insidise, a plot, an 
ambush ; in, for, and sedere, to sit.] Lying in 
wait; ensnaring; sly; circumventive ; diligent 
to entrap ; treacherous ; captious, 

In-sid'i-ous-ly, ad. In an insidious manner. 

In-sid'i-ous-ness, w. State of being insidious. 

in' sight (in'sTt), n. [In and Stght.] Introspec- 
tion ; knowledge of interior parts ; penetration ; 
acuteness of observation. 

Jn-sig'ni-a (in-sig'ne-a), n. pi. [L. for "ensigns" 
(see Ensign) ; insignis, remarkable ; in, on, and 



signum, a sign.] Badges or distinguishing marks 
of office or honor. 

in-sigr-nif i-cance, \n. Want of significance or 

ln-sig--nif i-can-cy, j importance. 

in-sigr-nif i-cant, a. [In, not, and Significant.] 
Not significant ; unimportant ; immaterial ; tri- 
fling ; trivial ; mean. 

in-sig-nif i-cant-ly, ad. Without importance. 

in-sin-cere', a. [L. insincerue. — See Sincere.] 
Not sincere ; not hearty ; false. 

In-sin-cere'ly, ad. Without sincerity. 

in-sin-cer'i-ty, n. Want of sincerity. 

In-sin'u-ate, v. a. [L. in&inuare, insinuahim; in, 
into, and sinuare, to wind; sinus, a bend.] [pp. 
insinuating, insinuated.] To introduce, as by a 
spiral motion ; to infuse or introduce gently; to 
impart indirectly; to suggest; to hint. — 2, v. n. 
To creep or wind in. 

in-sln'u-at-ing-, p. a. Artfully and insensibly 
winning confidence : — artfully suggesting. 

jn-sin-ii-a'tion, n. [L. insinuaiio.] The act of 
insinuating"; a sly hint ; an artful suggestion. 

In-sin'u-a-tive, a. That insinuates. 

in-sin'u-a-tor, n. [L.] One who insinuates. 

in-sip'id, a. [L. insipidus; in, not, and sapidus, 
savory (q. v.).] Tasteless; vapid; flat; dull. 

in-si-pid'i-ty, \ n. Quality of being insipid; 

In-sip'id-ness, J want of taste or spirit. 

in-sip'id-ly, ad. Without taste or spirit. 

Jn-sist', v. n. [L. insistere ; in, upon, and sistere, 
to set; causal form from stare, to stand iq. r.).] 
[pp. insisting, insisted.] To persist in ; to urge. 

In-sist'ence, n. The act of dwelling or insisting 
on a matter as being of special importance ; per- 
sistence, [sistently urgent ; dwelling on. 

In-sist'ent, a. Standing or resting upon : — per- 

jn-sist'ent-ly, ad. In au insistent manner ; per- 
sistently; urgently. [or place. 

In si'tu. [L. — See Site.] In its natural position 

jn-snare'. v. a. [pp. insnaring, insnared.] To 
seduce bj' artifice : — written also ensnare. 

In-so-brl'e-ty, n. [In, not, and Sobriety.] Ebri- 
eiy; drunkenness. 

in' so-late, v. a. [L. insolare; in, in, and sol, solis, 
the sun.] [ pp. insolatiug, insolated.] To dry 
or expose in the sun. 

in-so-la'tion, n. [L. insolatio.] Exposure to the 
sun's rays : — a sunstroke. 

In'sole, n. The inner sole of a shoe. 

In'so-lence, n. Haughtiness or pride mixed with 
contempt; impudence; insult; gross disrespect. 

in'so-lent, a. [L. insolens, unusual, — hence, in- 
suiting, haughty; in, not, and solere, to be ac- 
customed.] Contemptuous of others; haughty; 
abusive; rude; saucy; impudent. 

in'so-lent-ly, ad. With insolence. [solidity. 

In-so-lid'i-ty, n. [In, not, and Solidity.] Want of 

In-sol-u-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being insoluble. 

in-sol'u-ble, a. [L. msolubilis. — See Soluble.] 
That cannot be dissolved or solved : — insolvable. 

in-sol'va-ble, a. That cannot be solved. 

in-s51'ven-cy, n. [In, not, and Solvency.] In- 
ability' to pay all debts : — the state of a person 
who is unable to pay his debts : — bankruptcy. 

in-sol'vent, «. [In, not, and Solvent.] Unable 
to pay'; bankrupt. 

in-s5m'ni-a, it. [L. ; in, not, and somnns, sleep.] 
Want of sleep ; wakefulness. 

in-so-much', couj. So that; to such a degree. 
Insouciance (ah-so-se-dns), n. [Ft. ; soucier, to 
care ; souci, care, solicitude (q. v.).) Careless- 
ness; heedlessness; indifference; apathy; neg- 
ligence; unconcern. 
In-span', v. a. & v. n. [Dut. inspannen. — Cf. In and 
Span.] [pp. inspanuing. inspanned.] To yoke, 
as a span of oxen to a wagon. 
In-spect', v. a. [L. inspectare, freq. of inspicere, 
inspection, to look into; specere, to look, to spy 
(q. v.).] [pp. inspecting, inspected.] To look 
into; to examine, 
in-spec'tion, n. [L. inspectio.] Close examination. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 




*5- <?« 5, £, soft; p, £, e, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 

27 



INSPECTOE 



314 



INSULT 



Jn-spect'or, n. [L.] A superintendent; an overseer. 

jn-spect'or-ship, or In-spect'or-ate, n. The office 
or jurisdiction of an inspector.' 

In-sphere', w. a. [In and Sphere.] [pp. inspher- 
ing, insphered.] To place in a sphere. 

In-spl'ra-ble, a. That may be inhaled. 

in-spi-ra'tion, n. [L. inspiratio. — See Inspire.] 
Act' of inspiring; a drawing in; state of being 
inspired : — infusion of supernatural ideas into 
the mind. — Plenary inspiration excludes all error. 

In'spi-ra-to-ry, or In-spl'ra-to-ry., a. Pertaining 
to inhalation. 

Jn-spire', v. n. [L. inspirare ; in, into, and spirare, 
to breathe.] [pp. inspiring, inspired.] To draw 
in the breath. — 2, v. a. To breathe into ; to in- 
fuse ; to animate : to enliven ; to infuse into the 
mind, as supernatural ideas. 

ln-spired',_p. a. Endued with inspiration. 

in-spir'ing, a. Animating; cheering. 

jn-spir'it, v. a. [In and Spirit.] [pp. inspiriting, 
inspirited.] To animate; to excite; to enliven. 

Jn-spis'sate, v. a. [L. inspissare,_ inspissatum, to 
thicken; spissus, thick.] [pp. inspissating, in- 
spissated.] To thicken; to make thick. 

In-spls'sate, a. Thick; dense; inspissated. 

Sn-spis-sa'tion, n. The act of making thick. 

in-sta-bil'i-ty, n. [L. instabilitas.—Sae Stability.] 
Want of stability ; changeableness ; fickleness. 

in-sta'ble, a. [L. instabilis.—See Unstable.] In- 
constant ; unstable ; mutable. 

Jn-stall', v- a. [Late L. instailare; stalhim, a stall 
(g.v.).] [pp. installing, installed.] To place or 
instate in office, &c. : — to institute an ordained 
minister over a parish : — to advance a part. 

In-stal-la'tion, w. The act of installing. 

In-stal'ment, n. Installation : — a part of a sum 
of money, or of a debt, paid at one time. 

in' stance, n. [L. instantki; in, at, upon, and stare, 
to stand (q. v.).] Importunity ; urgency ; solicita- 
tion : — example : — time ; occasion : — act. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. instancing, instanced.] To give or offer an 
example. — 3, v. a. To mention as an example. 

fn'stant, a. [L. instans, instantis.—See Instance.] 
Urgent ; immediate ; present ; quick. — 2, n. A 
moment : — the present month. 

In-stan-ta-ne'i-ty, n. Instantaneousness. 

In-stan-ta'ne-ous, a. [Sp. & It. instantaneo. — See 
Instant.] Done in au instant; speedy; instant; 
immediate. [moment; immediately. 

fn-stan-ta'ne-ous-ly, ad. In an instant; at the 

In-stan-ta'ne-ous-niss, ». Quality of being in- 
stantaneous: instantaneity. 

In-stan'ter, ad. [L.] {Law.) Instantly. 

in'stant-ly, ad. At the moment; immediately : — 
urgently'; assiduously. 

In-state', v. a. [In and State.] [pp. instating, 
instated.] To place in a certain rank or state. 

In-stau'rate, v. a. [L. instaurare, instauratinn, to 
repair : akin to Gr. o-ravpos, a stake, a fixture. 
— See Stand and Restore.] [pp. instaurating, 
instaurate'l.] To restore ; to repair. 

fn-stau-ra'tion, n. [L. iwtawatio.] A restoration. 

Jn-stead', ad.' [In and Stead.] In the place ; in 
the room. 

In' step, n. [Probably from in and stoop, to bend; 
formerly spelt uistup.] The upper part of the foot. 

In'sti-gate, v. a. [L. instigare, instigatnm, to goad 
on : root of Sting.— See Stigma.] [pp. insti- 
gating, instigated.] To urge, provoke, or incite 
to ill : — to stir up ; to encourage ; to impel. 

In-sti-ga'tion, n. [L. instiyatio.] An incitement 
or impulse. 

fn'sti-ga-tor, n. One who instigates. 

In-sth', v.'a. [L. instillare; stilla, a drop.— See 
Still.] [pp. instilling, instilled.] To infuse by 
drops, or slowly. 

In-stil-la'tion, n. The act of instilling. 

In-stil'ment, n. Instillation ; infusion. 

fn'stinct, ». [U instinctus, an impulse; instiuguere, 
instinetum, to goad on. — See Instigate.] A natu- 
ral aptitude or faculty, by which animals are 



directed to do whatever is necessary for their 
preservation; natural impulse independent of 
instruction. [stimulated. 

in-stinct' [in'stingkt, K. Sm. N.], a. Moved; 

In-stinc'tive, a. Prompted by instinct. 

In-stinc'tive-lx, ad. By force of instinct ; spon- 
taneously; by natural impulse. 

In'sti-tute, v. a. [L. instituere, institution, to es- 
tablish ; in, on, and statuere, to place ; status, 
place, state (q. v.).] [pp. instituting, instituted.] 
To fix; to establish; to found; to appoint; to 
enact :— to invest, as with office.— 2, n. An es- 
tablished law ; a precept ; principle :— a scientific 
body ; institution. 

In-sti-tu'tion, n. [L. institutio. — See Institute.] 
The act of instituting :— an establishment; a 
seminary: — an institute; a law :— education; 
instruction : — the act of investing a clergyman, 
clerk, &c, with office. 

In-sti-tu'tion-al, \ a. Elemental ; containing 

In-sti-tu'tion-a-ry, j principles. 

In-struct', v. a. [L. instruere, instructum ; in, in 
or to, and struere, to build. — See Structure.] 
[pp. instructing, instructed.] To teach ; to edu- 
cate ; to inform ; to give instructions to ; to 
direct authoritatively. 

In-struc'tion, n. [L. instructio.] The act of in- 
structing'; teaching; a precept : — direction. 

In-struc'tive, a. Conveying knowledge ; impart- 
ing instruction ; didactic. 

In-struc'tive-ly, ad. So as to convey instruction. 

in-struc'tive-ness, n. Power of instructing. 

in-struc'tor, n. [L.] One who instructs. 

Jn'stru-ment, n. [L. instrxmentum, an equipment; 
instruere, to build, to furnish, to prove.] That 
by means of which something is done; a tool; 
an implement; a musical contrivance: — an 
agent or subordinate actor : — a writing ; a writ- 
ten contract or deed. 

In-stru-men'tal, a. Serving as an instrument; 
conducive ; helpful : — not vocal. 

fn-stru-men-tal'i-ty, n. State or quality of being 
instrumental ; subordinate agency. 

in-stru-men'tal-ly, ad. By use of an instrument. 

in-stru-men-ta'tion, n. [It. instrumentazione.] 
(Mm.) The management of an instrumental 
musical performance; execution upon au in- 
strument :— music arranged for instruments. 

In-sub-jec'tion, n. [In, not, and Subjection.] 
The state of disobedience. 

In-sub-br'di-nate, a. [In, not, and Subordinate.] 
Mutinous'; not obedient. 

In-sub-or-di-na'tion, n. Disobedience to lawful 
authority : — mutinous spirit. 

In-suf'fer-a-ble, a. [In, not, and Sufferable.] 
That cannot be endured or borne ; intolerable. 

in-suf'fer-a-bly, ad. Beyond endurance. 

In-suf-f i"cien-cy. (In-suf-f ish'en-se), n. State of 
being insufficient; deficiency. 

In-suf-fi"cient (in-suf-fish'ent), a. [L. insnffi- 
ciens. — See Sufficient.] Not sufficient; inade- 
quate ; incapable ; deficient. [adequately. 

ln-suf-fi"cient-ly (in-suf-fish'ent-le), ad. In- 

In'su-lar, a. [L. insularis ; insula, au island: said 
to be for L. in, in, and solum, the sea. — Cf. Gr. 
craAo?, surge; but the syllable sul may repre- 
sent L. solum, soil (q. v.) or land.] Relating to 
an island; formed like an island; surrounded 
by water : — characteristic of an island ; narrow ; 
exclusive. [rowness of view. 

In-su-lar'i-tx, n. State of being an island : — nar- 

I n'su-late, v. a. [L. insulalus, made into an island. 
— See Insular.] [pp. insulating, insulated.] To 
make an island : — to place in a detached situa- 
tion ; to separate from contact or influence ; to 
detach from electric influence. 

In-su-la'tion, n. State of being insulated ; the act 
of detaching or insulating. 

In'su-lat-or, n. He who or that which insulates. 

in'sult, n.' The act of insulting; an act or speech 
of insolence; gross abuse; indignity. 



a, e, I, 5, ii, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



INSULT 



315 



INTEECEDE 



Jn-sult', v. a. [L. insultare, freq. of insilire, in- 
sultum, to leap upon; salire, to leap.] [pp. in- 
sulting, insulted.] To treat with gross abuse, 
insolence, or contempt; to affront. — 2, v. re. To 
behave with insolence. 
In-sult'ing, p. a. Bestowing insult; insolent. 
in-sult'ing-lx ad. In an insolent manner. 
Jn-su-per-a-bil'i-tx, n. Invincibility. 
In-su'per-a-ble, a. [L. insuperabilis ; in, not, and 
supera're, to surmount; super, above, over.] That 
cannot be overcome ; invincible; insurmountable. 
In-su'per-a-bljr, ad. Insurmountably. 
In-sup-port'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Supportable.] 
That cannot be supported or borne ; intolerable. 
In-sup-port'a-bly, ad. Beyond endurance. 
Jn-sur'a-ble'(jn-shur'a-bl), a. Capable of being 

insured; proper to be insured. 
Jn-sur'ance (in-shur'ans), n. Act of insuring; a 
sum or premium paid for insuring; security 
against loss; assurance. 
Jn-sure' (in-shur'), v. a. [In and Sure. — See As- 
sure.] [pp. insuring, insured] To secure against 
loss; to make secure : — written also ensure. 
Jn-sur'er (in-shur'er), ». One who insures, 
jn-siir'g-ent, re. [L. insurgere, insurgentis, to rise 
up; in, against, and surgere, to rise.— See Surge.] 
One who rises in open rebellion against the gov- 
ernment. — 2, a. Rising in rebellion ; rebellious. 
In-sur-mount'a-ble, a. [Fr. insurmontable. — See 

Surmount.] 'insuperable ; invincible. 
fn-sur-mount'a-bly, ad. Invincibly, 
in-sur-rec'tion, re. [L. insurrectio; insurgere, in- 
mrrectum, to rise up. — See Insurgent.] A sedi- 
tious rising up against civil government ; sedi- 
tion; rebellion. 
In-sur-rec'tion-al, \ a. Relating to insuri ec- 
In-sur-rec'tion-a-ry, J tion ; rebellious ; seditious, 
in-sur-rec'tion-ist, n. An insurgent. 
fn-sus-cep-ti-bil'i-ty., w. Incapability of being 
impressed. ' [Not susceptible, 

fn-sus-cep'ti-ble, a. [In, not, and Susceptible.] 
In-tact', a. [L. inlactus, untouched; in, not, anil 
tangere, factum, to touch. — See Tact.] Not 
touched ; untouched. 
Jn-tagl'io (in-tal'yo), n. [It, ; in, in, and tagliare, 
Fr. taiUer, to cut.— See Taiior, Tally.] A pre- 
cious stone having some figure engraved on it. 
fn-tan-t-i-bil'i-tx, \n. The state or quality of 
In-tan'f i-ble-ness, j being intangible. 
in-tan'|-i-ble, a. [In, not, and Tangible.] That 
cannot be touched :— not perceptible to the touch. 
fn'te-ger, n. [L. integer, untouched, entire; in, 
not, and tangere, tetigi, to touch.] A whole num- 
ber (not a fraction). 
In'te-gral, «. Whole ; complete ; not fractional. 
— Integral calculus, a branch of mathematics. — 
2, n. The whole made up of parts. 
fn'te-gral-ly, ad. Wholly ; completely. 
In'te-grant, o. Making part of a whole. 
In'te-grate, v. a. [L. integrare, integration, to make 
whole; integer (q. v.), whole.] [pp. integrating, 
integrated.] To renew; to make entire, 
f n-te-gra'tion, n. The act of making whole. 
Jn-teg'ri-ty, re. [L. integritas, wholeness, sound- 
ness.— See Integer.] Purity of mind ; rectitude ; 
honesty; uprightness : — unimpaired state. 
Jn-teg-'u-ment, n. [L. integurnentum ; in, on, and 
tegere, to cover.] Any thing that covers, as the 
skin of an animal ; a cover ; an envelope. 
In'tel-lect, re. [L. intellectus ; intelligere, intellectum, 
to discern ; inter, between, and legere, to choose.] 
The power of understanding or of forming ideas ; 
mind; understanding. 
fn-tel-lec'tion, re. Act of understanding. 
In-tel-lect'u-al (in-tel-lektfyu-al), a. Relating to 
the intellect or mind; existing in the mind; 
mental; ideal; endowed with intellect. 
In-tel-lect'u-al-ly, ad. By use of intellect. 
Jn-tel'li-i-ence, n. [L. intclligentia.—See Intel- 
lect.] Acquired knowledge ; information ; news ; 
tidings; advice; instruction; understanding. 



In-tel'li-fen-cer, n. A conveyer of intelligence. 

In-tel'li-gent, a. [L. intelligent, pres. part, of in- 
telligere, to discern. — See Intellect.] Well in- 
formed ; knowing ; instructed ; skilful. 

In-tel'li-gent-lx, ad. In an intelligent manner. 

in-tel-li-gi-bil'i-ty, l». The quality of being 

In-tel'li-|-i-ble-ness, J intelligible. 

jn-tel'li-li-ble, a. [L. inteUigibiUs.] That may 
be understood ; comprehensible ; clear. 

In-tel'li-g4-bly, ad. So as to be understood. 

in-tem'per-ance, n. [L. intemperantia, excess. — 
Sea Temperance.] Want of temperance ; exces- 
sive indulgence, as in drink; excess. 

I n-tem'per-ate, a. Immoderate in drink : — glut- 
tonous : — passionate : — excessive. 

In-tem'per-ate-ly, ad. Immoderately. 

In-tem'per-ate-ness, n. Want of temperance. 

In-tem'per-a-ture, re. Excess of some quality. 

In-tend , v. 'a. [Fr. entendre, to conceive ; L. in- 
tendere, to apply the mind ; in, toward, and len- 
dere, to stretch. — See Tenb.] [pp. intending, 
intended.] To mean; to design; to purpose: 
— to stretch out; to keep directed; to aim. 

In-tend'an-cy, n. The office of an intendant : — a 
province or geographical division. 

In-tend' ant, n. [Fr. — See Intend.] An officer 
who superintends : — a magistrate. 

In-tend'ed, n. One whom another expects to 
marry ; an affianced or betrothed lover. [Colloq.] 

In-tense', a. [L. intendere, intensum, to stretch; 
interims, strained. — See Tend.] Strained; in- 
tent; noting fixed attention ; vehement; ardent. 

In-tense'ljr, ad. In an intense manner. 

in-tense'ness, re. Vehemence ; intensity. 

in-ten'si-fy, v. a. [pp. intensifying, intensified.] 
To render more intense. 

In-ten'sion, re. [L. Udensio, a stretching. — See 
Intend.'] A straining or forcing : — comprehen- 
sion ; sum of attributes. 

in-ten'si-ty, n. Vehemence; ardor; severity; 
keenness : — effectiveness. 

In-ten'sive, a. Intent: — adding, or expressing, 
force or emphasis : — assiduous. 

Jn-ten'sive-ly., ad. In a manner to give force. 

Jn-tent', «. [Fr. entente, purpose, meaning. — See 
Intend.] Anxiously diligent; eager; earnest. 
— 2, n. A design; purpose; meaning. 

In-ten'tion. n. [L. intentio, a stretch, a design. — 
See Intend.] Design; purpose; end; aim. 

In-ten'tion-al, a. Designed; done by design. 

In-ten'tion-al-ly. ad. By design. 

In-tent'ly, ad. With close attention. 

jn-tent'ness, re. The state of being intent. 

In-ter', v. a. [Fr. enterrer ; L. in, in, and terra, the 
earth.] [pp. interring, interred.] To cover 
under ground ; to bury. 

In'ter. [L. inter, among; related to Eng. under. 
— Of. Skr. antar, within ; L. interns, inward.] A 
Latin preposition, signifying between, used as a 
prefix ; as, interchange, international. 

in'ter-act, n. [Inter and Act.] A short piece be- 
tween others. [reciprocal action. 

in-ter-ac'tion, re. [Inter and Action.] Mutual or 

in-ter'ca-lar, a. Inserted; intercalary. 

in-t'e'r'ca-la-ry [jn-ter'ka-la-re, S. P. J.a. E. Sm. R. 
Wb. ; 'in-'ter-kal'a-re, If. J. F. C], a. [L. inter- 
calaris, inlercalarius. — See Intercalate.] Inserted 
out of the common order to preserve the equa- 
tion of time ; as, the 29th of February, in a leap- 
year, is an intercalary day. 
in-ter'ca-late, v. a. [L. intercalare, intercalation ; 
inter, between, and calare, to proclaim. — See 
Calendar.] [pp. intercalating, intercalated.] 
To insert out of the common order, as an extraor- 
dinary day. 
in-ter-ca-la'tion, n. Insertion of odd days : — any 

thing placed between. 
In-ter-cede', v. re. [L. intercedere, intercession ; in- 
ter', between, and cedere, to go.] [pp. inter- 
ceding, interceded.] To pass between; to in- 
terpose ; to mediate ; to plead in favor of one. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, lise — g, <?, c, £, soft; p, £, p, g, hard; § as z ; $ as gz ; this. 



INTEKCEPT 



316 



I^TEKMEDDLE 



in-ter-cept', v. a. [L. intercipere, interceptum ; in- 
ter, between, and cupere, captum, to take.] \_pp. 
intercepting, intercepted.] To stop and seize 
on the way ; to stop ; to obstruct ; to cut off. 

in-ter-cep'tion, n. Stoppage; obstruction. 

fn-ter-ces'sion (ln-ter-sesh'un), n. [L. intercessio. 
— See Intercede.] The act of interceding ; me- 
diation ; interposition. 

In-ter-ces'sor, n. [L.] One who intercedes. 

In-ter-ces'so-ry, a. Containing intercession. 

In-ter-changV, v. a. [Inter and Change.] [pp. 
interchanging, interchanged.] To give and take 
mutually ; to reciprocate ; to succeed alternately. 

In'ter-chamfe, n. A mutual exchange. 

In-ter-changVa-ble, a. That may be inter- 
changed ; given and taken mutually. 

In-ter-changVa-ble-ness, n. The quality of being 
interchangeable. 

in-ter-changVa-bly, ad. By interchange. 

In-ter-cip'i-ent, a. [L. intercipientis, pres. part, 
of '' 'intercipere, to intercept (q. v.).] Obstructing; 
stopping. — 2, n. An intercepting power. 

In-ter-clude', v. a. [L. intercludere, interclusum ; 
inter, between, and chulere or claudere, to close 
(q. v.).] [pp. intercluding, intercluded.] To 
shut from ; to intercept. 

In-ter-clu'sion, n. [L. interclusio. — See Inter- 
clude.] Obstruction. 

in-ter-co-lo'ni-al, a. [Inter and Colonial.] Per- 
taining to more than one colony. 

in-ter-co-lum-ni-a'tion, n. [L. inter, between, 
and columna, a column.] (Arch.)' The space 
between two columns or pillars. 

In-ter-com-mu'ni-cate, v. n. [Inter and Commu- 
nicate'.] [^.'intercommunicating, intercom- 
municated.] To communicate reciprocally. 

In-ter-com-mun'ion, n. Mutual communion. 

In-ter-cos'tal, a. [L. inter, between, and costa, a 
rib".] Placed between the ribs. 

Xn'ter-course (in'ter-kors), n. [L. intercursus; in- 
ter'currere, to run between ; inter, between, and 
currere, to run.] Exchange of sentiment or opin- 
ion ; commerce ; reciprocal exchange : — commu- 
nication ; connection. 

In-ter-cur'rence, n. Intervention. 

in-ter-cur'rent, «• [L. intercurrent, running be- 
tween.— See Intercourse.] Intervening. 

In-ter-dict', v. a. [L. interdicere, inter dictum; inter, 
between, and dicere, to speak.] [pp. interdict- 
ing, interdicted.] To prohibit; to forbid; to 
hinder ; to prevent ; to exclude ; to debar. 

In'ter-dict, w. [L. interdictum. — See above.] A 
prohibition; interdiction: — a papal prohibition 
of the sacrament. 

in-ter-dic'tion, n. [L. intcrdictlo. — See Interdict.] 
The act of' interdicting ; prohibition ; a curse ; 
interdict. [prohibit. 

fn-ter-dic'to-ry, a. [L. interdictoriits/] Serving to 

In'ter-est, v. a. [L. interesse, to be of importance ; 
inter, between, and esse, to be. — See below.] [pp. 
interesting, interested.] To concern ; to affect; 
to excite ; to engage the feelings or attention of. 

in'ter-est, n. [L. interest, it is of importance.] 
Concern : — advantage ; benefit : — share ; part : 
— influence; excited feeling: — a premium paid 
for the use of money. 

f n'ter-est-ed, p. a. Having an interest or con- 
cern; not uninterested ; not disinterested. 

in'ter-est-ing, p. a. Exciting interest or atten- 
tion; affecting. 

In-ter-fere', v. n. [L. inter, between, and ferire, 
to 'strike; 0. Fr. entreferir.] [pp. interfering, 
interfered.] To intermeddle officiously; to in- 
terpose; to clash; to strike against. 

fn-ter-fer'ence, n. The act of interfering; an in- 
termeddling; interposition. 

In-ter-fuse', v. a. [L. mte.rfvm.dere, inter fusum ; in- 
ter, between, &ti<\ fundere, to pour.] [pp. inter- 
fusing, interfused'.] To pour into or among; to 
commingle : — to be commingled with or diffused 
through ; to permeate ; to pervade. 




Interlaced arches. 



In'ter-im, n. [L. for "in the mean time;" inter, 
between, and Old L. im, L. mm, accusative of 
is, he, it.] The mean time; intervening time. 

in-te'ri-or, a. [L., comparative of interns, inward ; 
intus, inter, within.] Internal; inner; not out- 
ward. — 2, n. That which is within; inside; inner 

In-te'ri-or-ly, ad. Inwardly ; internally. [part. 

in-ter-ja'cent, a. [L. interjacere, to lie between ; 
jacere, to lie. ] Lying between ; intervening. 

In-ter-ject', v. a. [L. interjacere, interjectum ; ja- 
cere, to throw, to cause to lie.] [pp. interjecting, 
interjected.] To put between ; to throw in. 

In-ter-jec'tion, n. [L. interjectio. — See Interject.] 
The act of throwing between. — (Gram.) A word 
expressing some emotion ; as, Oh! Alas! 

In-ter-jec'tion-al, a. Relating to interjections. 

In-ter-join', v. a. & v. n. [L. 
interjungere, to join (q. v.).~] 
[ pp. interjoining, inter- 
joined.] To join mutually or 
reciprocally ; to intermarry. . 

in-ter-lace', v. a. [Fr. entre- 
lac'er. — See Lace.] [pp. inter- 
lacing, interlaced.] To put 
one thing within another; to 
intermix; to intertwine. — 2, 
v. n. To intertwine. 

In-ter-lard', v. a. [Fr. entre- 
lar'der. — See Lard.] [pp. interlarding, inter- 
larded.] To mix fat with lean : — to interpose ; 
to insert between ; to diversify, 

in-ter-lay', v. a. [Inter and Lay.] [i. interlaid; 
pp'. interlaying, interlaid.] To lay between. 

In-ter-leave\ v. a. [Inter and Lkaf.] [pp. inter- 
leaving, interleaved.] To insert between leaves. 

In-ter-line', v. a. [Fr. interligner or entreliguer ; 
Late L. interlineare. — See Line.] [pp. inter- 
lining, interlined.] To write between lines. 

In-ter-lm'e-ar, \ a. [Late L. interlinearis. — See 

Jn-ter-lin'e-a-ry, J Line.] Written or inserted 
between lines. 

in-ter-lin-e-a'tion, n. The act of interlining : — 
matter written' between the lines. 

fn-ter-lin'ing, n. The act of writing between 
lines; interlineation; correction. 

in-ter-link', v. a. & v. n. [Inter and Link.] [pp. 
interlinking, interlinked.] To connect, by links. 

In-ter-lock', v. n. & v. a. [Inter and Lock.] [pp. in- 
terlocking, interlocked.] To communicate with, 
or flow into, each other; to lock mutually. 

In-ter-lo-cii'tion, n. [L. interlocutio ; loqui, locutus, 
to talk'.] A dialogue; a conference. — (Law.) An 
intermediate act or decree. 

In-ter-loc'u-tor [in-ter-lok'u-tur or in-ter-lo-kii'- 
tuf, W.], n. ' [L. inter, between, and locator, a 
talker.] One who speaks with or among others. 

fn-ter-loc'u-to-ry, a. Consisting of dialogue : — 
preparatory to a final decision. 

Jn-ter-lope', v. n. [Fr. interlope, an intruder; L. 
inter, and Dut: loopen, to run.— See Lope and 
Leap.] [pp. interloping, interloped.] To run. 
between parties ; to intermeddle; to intrude. 

In-ter-15p'er, n. An intruder. 

In'ter-lude", n. [L. interludere, to play between , 
hidere, to play.] A piece played at intervals of 
a drama, play, or entertainment ; a short dra- 
matic piece, generally with music; a farce. 

In-ter-lu'nar, \ a. [L. inter, between, and luna, 

in-ter-lu'na-ry, J the moon.] Belonging to the 
time when the moon, being in conjunction with 
the sun, is invisible. 

In-ter-mar'ria|e (-mar'rij), n. [Inter and Mar- 
riage; Fr. intermariage.] Reciprocal marriage 
between two families. 

in-ter-mar'ry, v. n. [Inter and Marry.] [pp. 
intermarrying, intermarried.] To marry recip- 
rocally. [Between the jaw-bones. 

fn-ter-max'il-la-ry, a. [Inter and Maxillary.] 

In-ter-med'dle, v. n. [Fr. eniremcler ; 0. Fr. enlre- 
me'sler, entremedler.—See Meddle.] [pp. inter- 
meddling, intermeddled.] To intrude. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, x, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



INTEKMEDDLEK 



317 



INTEEVAL 



In-ter-med'dler, n. One who intermeddles. 

In-ter-me'di-a-ry, n. [L. intermedins. — See Me- 
dium.] A' gb-between ; a mediator. — 2, a. In- 
termediate. 

in-ter-me'di-ate, a. [Fr. intermedial.] Lying be- 
tween two' extremes; intervening; interposed. 

f n-ter-me'di-ate, v. n. [Lite)- and Mediate.] [pp. 
intermediating, intermediated.] To interpose. 

fn-ter-me-di-a'tion, n. Interposition. 

T.n-ter'xnent, n. [Fr. interrement. — See Inter.] 
Act of interring ; burial. 

fn-ter'mi-na-ble, a. [L. interminabilis. — See Ter- 
minus.] Having no limits ; immense ; boundless; 
endless. 

Xn-ter'mi-nate, a. [L. interminatus. — See Termi- 
nate.] ' Unbounded; unlimited. 

In-ter-mm'gle, v. a. & v. n. [Inter and Mingle.] 
[pp. intermingling, intermingled.] To mingle. 

In-ter-mis'sion (in-ter-mish'un), n. [L. in/er- 
missio. — See Intermit.] A cessation for a time; 
pause; intervenient time; rest. 

in-ter-mit', v. a. Th. inter mitt ere, intermissum, to 
interrupt; inter, apart, and mittere, to send.] 
[pp. intermitting, intermitted.] To cause to 
cease for a time ; to suspend. — 2, v. n. To cease 
for a time. 

fn-ter-mit'tence, n. Intermission. 

In-ter-mlt'tent, a. [See Intermit.] Ceasing at 
intervals.— 2, n. An intermitting fever. 

In-ter-mit'ting--ljr, ad. At intervals. 

In-ter-mlx', v. a. & v. n. [L. intermiscere, inter- 
mirtum. — See Mix.] [pp. intermixing, inter- 
mixed.] To mingle ; to mix together. 

In-ter-mlxt'ure (-mikst'yur), u. [See Mixture.] 
Mixture. [Lying between walls. 

In-ter-mu'ral, a. [L. intermuralis; murus, a wall.] 

Jn-tern'. v. a. [Fr. interner, to confine, to intro- 
duce ; interne, L. interims or intents, inward ; inter, 
within.] [pp. interning, interned.] To confine 
for safe custody in the interior of a country, 

Jn-ter'nal, a. [L. interims. — See above.] Xut exter- 
nal ; within the body ; inward ; interior; spiritual, 

Jn-ter'nal-ly, ad. Inwardly; mentally. 

In-ter-na"tion-al (Tn-ter-nash'un-al), a. [Inter 
and National.] Relating to the'mutual inter- 
course between' nations. 

Jn-terne'. ». [Fr.] A house-surgeon in a hospital. 

In-ter-ne'eine, a. [L. intemecinus, murderous ; 
internecio, slaughter; inte>; throughout, and ue- 
care, to slay.] Mutually destructive ; deadly. 

Jn-tern'ment, n. [Fr. inter nement.~\ Confinement, 
as of refugees, in the interior of a country. 

Sn'ter-node, n. [L. internodium. — See >~ode.] The 
interval between two nodes. 

in-ter-nun'ci-6 (in-ter-ndn'she-o), n. [L. — See 
Nuncio.] A messenger between two parties : — 
an envoy of the pope. 

1 n-ter-o-ce-an'ic, a. [Fr. inter octanique. — See Oce- 
anic] Between oceans. 

fn-ter-pel', v. a. [L. interpellare, interpellation, to 
interrupt; inter, between, and pellere, to drive.] 
[pp. interpelling, interpelled.] To urge by way 
of intercession.— 2, v. n. To interfere by en- 
treaty, intercession, or question. 

fn-ter-pel'late, v. a. [See Interpel.] [pp. in- 
terpellating, interpellated.] To question for- 
mally or officially. 

In-ter-pel-la'tion, n. [L. interpellate.] A formal 
request or demand for explanation. 

In-ter-plan'et-a-ry, a. [Liter and Planetary.] 
Situated between planets. [tion ; interaction. 

In'ter-play, n. [Inter and Play.] Reciprocal ac- 

In-ter-plead', v. n. [Inter and Plead.] [pp. in- 
terpleading, interpleaded.] {Law.) To discuss a 
point preliminary or incidental. 

In-ter-plead'er, n. (Law.) One who interpleads : 
—the title of a bill in equity. 

Jn-ter'po-late, v. a. [L. interpolare, interpolatum, 
to patch up; infer, between, and pol 'ire, to polish 
(<]• "•)•] [pp- interpolating, interpolated.] To 
insert into another composition; to foist in. 



in-ter-po-la'tion, n. Act of interpolating; some- 
thing added or foisted in. 

In-ter'po-la-tor, n. One who intei-polates. 

Jn-ter-po'sal, n. Interposition. 

In-ter-pose', v. a. [Fr. interposer ; in meaning it 
represents L. interponere, interposition, to place 
between (see Pose); historically, it is from the 
root of Pause (q. v.).] [pp. interposing, inter- 
posed.] To place between ; to thrust in. — 2, v. n. 
To act in a friendly manner between two par- 
ties; to interfere ; to intervene; to intercede. 

In-ter^po-§i"tion (In-ter-po-zish'un), n. [L. in- 
terpositto ; inierponere, interposition, to place be- 
tween.] The act of interposing ; intervention. 

In-ter'pret, v. a. [L. interpretari, to expound; in- 
terpres, an interpreter, a factor.] [jjp. interpret- 
ing, interpreted.] To explain; to translate ; to 
decipher; to expound; to elucidate. 

in-ter-pre-ta'tion, a. Art, or act, of interpreting; 
exposition ; explanation ; exegesis. 

in-ter'pre-ta-tive, a. Explanatory. 

in-ter'pret-er, n. One who interprets. 

in-ter-reg'num, n. [L, inter, between, and regmim, 
a reign.] The time in which a throne is vacant, 
between the death of one sovereign and the ac- 
cession of another. 

In-ter'ro-gate, v. a. [L. interrogare, interrogation ; 
inter, throughout, and rogare, to ask.] [ pp. in- 
terrogating, interrogated.] To examine by ask- 
ing questions ; to inquire of; to question. — 2, v. n. 
To put questions. 

In-ter-ro-ga'tion, n. [L. interrogatio.] A ques- 
tion; an inquiry: — a point, thus [?], denoting 
a question. 

In-ter-rog'a-tive, a. [L. interrogativw.] Question- 
ing. — 2, n. A pronoun or word used in asking 
questions; as, who? what? — a question. 

fn-ter-rog'a-tive-lj:, ad. In form of a question. 

In-ter'ro-ga-tor, n. [L.l An asker of questions. 

in-ter-rog'a-to-rjj, n. [L. interrogator ins, ques- 
tioning.] ' A'question ; inquiry. — 2, a. Contain- 
ing a question. 

fn-ter-rupt', v. a. [L. intemonpere, interruption; 
inter, between, and rumpere. to break.] [pp. in- 
terrupting, interrupted.] To stop; to interfere 

^ with ; to hinder :— to divide ; to separate. 

In-ter-rup'tion, n. [L. mierrvptio.] The act of 
interrupting; that which interrupts; stop. 

In-ter-sect', v. a. [L. irUerseeare, mtersectwm ; se- 
cure, to cut.] [pp. intersecting, intersected.] 
To cut; to divide mutually. — 8, v, n. To meet 
and cross. 

In-ter-sec'tion, v. [L. inlersectio. — See Section.] 
The act of intersecting; a crossing; a point 
where lines cross. [vening space. 

In'ter-space, n. [Inter and Space.] An inter- 

In-ter-sperse', v. a. [L. interspergere, interspersnm ; 
spargere, sparmm, to scatter.] [pp. interspersing, 
interspersed.] To scatter among. 

fn-ter-spe'r'sion, n. The act of interspersing. 

In-ter-state', a. [Inter and State.] Between dif- 
ferent states. [the stars. 

in-ter-stel'lar, a. [Inter and Stellar.] Between 

in'ter-stice, or In-ter'stice, n. [L. interstitiina 
or mterstitio; inter, between, and sistere, station, 
to place.] A small space between things; a 
small intervening space. 

In-ter-sti"tial (in-ter-stish'al), a. Relating to, 
or containing, interstices. 

In-ter-text'iire (in-ter-tekst'yur), n. [Inter and 
Texture.] The act of intenveaving : — any 
thing interwoven. [tween the tropics. 

in-ter-trop'i-cal, a. [Inter and Tropical.] Be- 

In-ter-twine'. v. a. & v. n. [Inter and Twine.] 
[pp. intertwining, intertwined.] To twine mu- 
tually : — to interweave. 

In-ter-twist', v. a. & v. n. [Inter and Twist.] [pp. 
intertwisting, intertwisted.] To unite by twist- 
ing together. 

In'ter-val, n. [L. interrallum ; inter, between, and 
vailum, a wall, — properly, the space between the 



mien, sir; mSve, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 9, 5, £, soft; p, )&, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tfiis. 

27* 



INTERVENE 



318 



INTROSPECTION 



rampart and the tents.] Space between places; 
an interstice: — a vacuity: — a space of time; 
season ; remission : — low or alluvial land. 

In-ter-vene', v. n. [L. intervenire, to come be- 
tween; venire, to come.] [pp. intervening, in- 
tervened.] To come between persons or things ; 
to come between points of time. 

Xn-ter-ve'ni-ent, a. Passing between. 

fn-ter-ven'ing, p. a. Coming between. 

fn-ter-ven'tion, n. [L. iuterventio.—See Inter- 
vene.] Interposition ; mediation. 

In-ter-ver'te-bral, a. [Inter and Vertebral.] 
Between the vertebrae. 

in'ter-view (-vu), n. [Fr. s'entrevoir, to meet; L. 
inter, between, and videre, to see. — See View.] 
Mutual sight :— an appointed meeting or confer- 
ence ; a meeting. — 2, v. a. [pp. interviewing, 
interviewed.] To have an interview with : — to 
call upon a person and question him. 

In'ter-view-er (-vu-er), n. One who interviews 
another. 

in-ter-volve', v. a. [L. inter, between, and volvere, 
to roll.] [pp. intervolving, intervolved.] To 
involve together. 

In- ter- weave', v. a. [Inter and Weave.] [i. inter- 
wove or interweaved ; pp. interweaving, inter- 
woven or interweaved.] To weave together; to 
intermingle ; to intermix. 

In-tesHa-ble, a. [L. iidestabllis. — See Testament.] 
Disqualified to make a will. 

fn-tes'ta-cy, n. State of dying without a will. 

In-tes'tate, a. [L. udestatus; in, not, and te$ta7-i, 
testalus, to make a will.— See Testament.] Dying 
without having made a will ; wanting a will. — 
2, n. One dying without leaving a will. 

Jn-tes'ti-nal, a. Belonging to the intestines. 

jn-tes'tine, a. [L. iniestinus, inward ; intus, Gr. 
evros, within.] Internal ; inward ; domestic. 

Jn-tes'tine§, n. pi. The bowels; entrails. 

jn-thrail', v. a. [See Enthrall.] [pp. inthrall- 
ing, i bralled.] To enslave ; to shackle. 

Jn-thral'meh*' n. Servitude; slavery. 

In'ti-ma-cy, *• lose faOwJiarity or fellowship. 

in'ti-mate, a. [L. intm ' r"nwiJAtive of 

interns', interior. — Ci". . In- 

most; inward: — near; ol losely 

acquainted. — 2, n. . A familiar &• . < a confidant. 

In'ti-mate, v. a. [L. intimare, intimatum, to bring 
within, to announce.— See the adjective Inti- 
mate.] [pp. intimating, intimated.] To suggest 
obscurely ; to point out indirectly ; to hint. 

in'ti-mate-ly, ad. Closely; familiarly. 

In-ti-ma'tion, n. [L. intimatio.] Act of intimating ; 
insinuation; a hint; an obscure suggestion. 

Jn-tim'i-date, v. a. [Late L. intimidare, intiwi- 
datum; L. in intensive, and timidus, timid (q.v.)i] 
[pp. intimidating, intimidated.] To frighten. 

Jn-tim-i-da'tion, n. Act of intimidating. 

Sn'tS, prep. [In and To.] Noting entrance or 
penetration. 

In-tol'er-a-ble, a. [L. intolerabilis ; Fr. intolerable. 
— See' Tolerable.] That cannot be tolerated; 
insufferable; insupportable; unendurable. 

f n-tol'er-a-bly, ad. Not tolerably. 

In-tol'er-ance, n. [L. irdolerantia. — See Toler- 
ance.'] 'Want of tolerance, toleration, or en- 
durance ; want of forbearance. 

In-tol'er-ant, a. [L. intolerant; intolerOre, not to 
endure.— See Tolerate.] Not tolerant; not en- 
during. 

In-tol-er-a'tion, n. Want of toleration. 

Jn-tomV (in-torn'), v. a. [In and Tomb.] [pp. 
intombing, intombed.] To place in a tomb. 

In'to-nate, v. a. [Late L. intonare, intonatum. — 
See Intone.] [pp. intonating, intonated.] To 
sound ; to sing. 

In-tp-na'tion, n. Manner or act of sounding. 

Jn-tone', v. a. & v. n. [L. intonare, to thunder, — 
later, to chant; 0. L. tonus, thunder; L. tonm, 
Gr. tovos, a tone (q. v.).] [pp. intoning, intoned.] 
To chant ; to recite. 



Jn-tox'i-cant, n. Any thing that can intoxicate. 

jn-tox'i-cate^ v. a. [Late L. intoxicare, intoxicatum, 
to poison ; Fr. intoxiquer ; L. in, into, and toxicum, 
poison ; Gr. to^lkov , arrow-poison ; rojjov, a bow ; 
to£<x, arrows.] [pp. intoxicating, intoxicated.] 
To make drunk ; to inebriate. 

In-tox-i-ca'tion, n. Drunkenness ; ebriety. 

in'tra-. [L. intra, within, an adverb and preposi- 
tion from inlerus, inward. — See Interior.] A 
prefix denoting situation within or between ; 

^ it is seen in only a few English words. 

In-trac-ta-bil'i-ty, n. Ungovernableness. 

ln-trac'tg.-ble, a. [L. intractabilis.—See Tracta- 
ble.] Stubborn; unmanageable; unruly; per- 
verse ; obstinate ; refractory ; indocile. 

In-trac'ta-ble-ness, n. Perverseness. 

In-trac'ta-bly, ad. Unmanageably. 

In-tra-mu'ral, a. [L. intra, within, and murus, a 
wall.] Within the walls. 

In-tran'si-tive, a. [L. intransitivus. — See Transi- 
tive.] (Gram.) Expressing^ a meaning which 
does not pass over to an object ; neuter. 

In-tran'si-tive-ly, ad. Not transitively ; without 
an object following. 

In-trans-mis'si-ble, a. [See Transmissible.] Not 

^ transmissible. [transmutable. 

In-trans-mu'ta-ble, a. [See Transmutable.] Not 

In- trench', A. n. [In and Trench.] [^.intrench- 
ing, intrenched.] To encroach; to trench. — 
2, v. a. To furrow : — to fortify. 

In-trench'ment, n. A fortification with a trench ; 
a ditch or trench. 

In-trep'id, a. [L. intrepidus; in, not, and trepidus, 
alarmed. — See Trepidation.] Fearless ; daring ; 
brave. [Fearlessness; courage. 

In-tre-pid'i-ty, n. [Fr. intrepidite. — See Intrepid.] 

In-trep'id-ly, ad. Fearlessly ; daringly. 

In'tri-ca-cy, n. Complexity; complication. 

In'tri-cate, a. [L. intricare, intricalum, to perplex, 
to entangle; in, in, and tricss, wiles, plots, vexa- 
tions.] Perplexed; complicated. 

In'tri-cate-ly, ad. In an intricate manner. 

In-trig-ue' (in-treg'), n. A plot or secret contriv- 
ance to effect some object, applied to affairs of 
love or government; a stratagem; an amour. — 
2, v. n. [Fr. intriguer, to plot ; L. intricare, to 
perplex. — See Intricate and Trick.] [ pp. in- 
triguing, intrigued.] To form plots. 

in-trigu'er (in-treg'er), n. One who intrigues. 

in-trin'sic, \ a. [L. intrinsecus; intra, within, 

in-trin'si-cal, j and secus, according to, follow- 
ing : on type of extrinsic. L. secus is said to be 
related to sequi, to follow.] Not extrinsic ; in- 
herent; internal; natural; substantial; real; 
true; genuine; not merely apparent. 

In-trm'si-cal-ly, ad. Internally; really. 

in'tro-. [L. intro, inwardly; for intero, in the in- 
terior.] A Latin prefix, sparingly used in Eng- 
lish, and denoting motion toward the interior. 

In-tro-duce'. v. a. [L. introducere ; ducere, to lead.] 
[pp. introducing, introduced.] To bring, con- 
duct, or usher in ; to make known; to present; 
to produce : — to thrust in. 

In-tro-duc'er, n. One who introduces. 

In-tro-duc'tion, n. [L. introductio. — See Intro- 
duce.] Act of introducing; presentation : — the 
preliminary part of a book; an exordium. 

in-tro-duc'tive, a. Serving to introduce. 

In-tro-diic'to-ry, a. Serving t,o introduce. 

Jn-tr5'it [in-tro'it, Sm. CI. N. ; in-trbit', K. Wb. 
St.], n. [L. introitus, entrance; introire, to enter; 
intro, inward, and ire, to go.] A psalm sung 
while the priest enters within the altar rails. 

In-tro-nus'sion (In-tro-mTsh'un), n. [Fr. ; L. intro, 
inward, and mittere, missum, to send.] Act of 
intromiting; admission ; a sending in. 

In-tro-mit', v. a. [See Intromission.] [pp. intro- 
mitting, intromited.] To send in; to let in. — 
2, v. n. To intermeddle. 

In-trp-spec'tion, n. [Late L. introspeclio ; L. intrc 
spicere, introspectum., to look into ; intro, inward, 



I, 5, u, y, long ; a., e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



INTROSPECTIVE 



319 



INVIDIOUSLY 



and specere, to look.] A view of the inside : — the 
act or practice of examining the operations of 
one's own mind ; self-examination. 

fn-tro-spec'tive, a. Viewing inwardly. 

In-tro-ver'sion, n. The act of introverting. 

In-tro-vert', v. a. [L. introvertere, introversion ; 
intro, inward, and vertere, to turn.] [pp. intro- 
verting, introverted.] To turn inward. 

Jn-trude', o. n. [L. intrudere, intrusum ; in, into, 
and trudere, to thrust (g. v.).] [pp. intruding, 
intruded.] To come in or to enter without per- 
mission ; to encroach ; to interlope. — 2, v. a. To 
force in rudely ; to obtrude. 

Jn-trud'er, »■ One who intrudes ; an interloper. 

Jn-tru'sion (in-tru'zhun), n. [Late L. intrusio. — 
See Intrude.] Act of intruding-, an unwelcume 
entrance; obtrusion. 

In-tru'sive, a. Intruding; apt to intrude. 

jn-trust\ v. a. [In and Trust.] [pp. intrusting, 
intrusted.] To deliver in trust ; to entrust. 

fn-tu-i"tion (ln-tu-Ish'un), n. [L. intuei-i, intuitus, 
to look upon ; in, upon, and tv.eri, to look. J The 
act of the mind by which a truth is immediately 
perceived; intuitive perception: — knowledge 
gained independently of experience; immediate 
knowledge. 

In-tu-i"tion-al, a. Of or pertaining to intuition. 

Jn-tu'i-tive, a. [Fr. intuitif. — See Intuition.] 
Seen by the mind immediately: — perceiving at 
once, or directly. 

In-tu'i-tive-ly, ad. By intuition. 

In-tu-mesce' (iii-tu-mes'), v. n. [L. intumescere ; 
i,t intensive, and tumescere, inceptive of tumere, 
to swell.] [pp. intumescing, intume^ced.J To 
swell: to be tumid. 

In-tu-mes'cence. n. A swelling; a tumor. 

In-tus-sus-cep'tion, n. [L. inlus, Gr. cvtos, within, 
and susceptio, a reception; su&cipere, susceplum, to 
take up, to undertake; sub, under, and cupere, to 
take.] Reception of one part within another. 

jn-twine'. v. a. [In and Twine.] [pp. intwining, 
intwined.] To twist together ; to entwine. 

jn-twist', r. a, [In and Twist.] [pp. intwisting, 
intwisted.] To twist together; to intwiue. 

Jn-un'date, r. «. [L. immdare, inundalum, to flood; 
in, upon, and undare, to flow; undo, a wave.] 
[pp. inundating, inundated.] To overflow with 
water. [water. 

fn-un-da'fion, n. [L. inundatio.] An overflow of 

Jn-Gre' (in-yiir'), v. a. [In, and O. E. are, to work, 
to practise; 0. Fr. evre, or.re, Fr. ceuvre, L. opus, 
operis, work.] [pp. inuring, inured.] To habitu- 
ate; to accustom. — 2, v. n. {Laic.) To take effect. 

T.n-ure'ment, n. Practice; habit; use. 

Jn-iirn', v. a. [In, and Urn.] [pp. inurning, in- 
urned.] To entomh ; to bury. 

fn-u-til'i-ty, n. [L. inutiUtas. — See Utility.] 
Want of utility; uselessness; unprofitableness. 

Jn-vade', v. a. [L. invadere ; in, into, and vadere, 
to go.] [pp. invading, invaded.] To enter for a 
hostile purpose ; to attack ; to assail : to assault. 

Jn-vad'er, n. One who invades; assailant. 

In-vaT'id, «. [L. invalidus. — See Valid.] Not valid; 
of no legal force; weak; of no weight or cogency. 

In-va-lid' (In-va-led') [In'va-led or in'va-lid, H. ; 
in'va-lid, Wb.'; in'va-led," J. N. Skeat]', n. [Fr. 
invalide.—See above.] One who is weak or dis- 
abled by sickness ; a soldier disabled. — 2, a. Dis- 
abled ; infirm ; weak. 

In-vaT'i-date, o. «. [Fr. invalider. — See Invalid.] 
[]>p. invalidating, invalidated.] To make void; 
to weaken. 

In-val-i-da'tion, n. The act of weakening. 

In-va-lid'i-ty, n. Want of validity. 

In-vaTu-a-ble (in-val'yu-a-bl), a. [In, not, or in 
intensive, and Valuable.] That cannot be val- 
ued; inestimable; precious; above all price. 

fn-val'u-a-bly, ad. Inestimably. 

in-va'ri-a-ble, a. [I», not, and Variable.] Not 
variable ; immutable ; unchangeable ; unalter- 
able ; constant. 



fn-va'ri-a-ble-ness, n. Immutability. 

In-va'ri-a-bly, ad. Unchangeably ; constantly. 

In-va'§ion (in-va'zhun). n. [L. invnsio. — See In- 
vade.]' Act of invading; a hostile entrance; 
inroad; attack. 

In-va'sive, a. Making invasion ; aggressive. 

in-vec'tive, n. [L. invectivus, reproachful. — See 
Inveigh.] An abusive or angry speech ; a harsh 
censure; angry abuse; reproach; satire. — 2, a. 
Satirical ; abusive. 

In-veigh' (in-va'), v. n. [L. invehere, invectum, to 
attack; in, against, and vehere, to carry.] [pp. 
inveighing, inveighed.] To utter censui-e or re- 
proach ; to rail ; to declaim. 

In-vei'gle (in-ve'gl), v. a. [Probably for Fr. aveug- 
ler, to blind, to delude ; aveugle, blind ; Late L. 
aboculis, blind; ab, away from, and ocuius, an 
eye.] [pp. inveigling, inveigled.] To wheedle; 
to persuade to evil. 

T.n-vei'gle-ment, n. Seduction ; enticement. 

in-vei'gler (in-ve'gler), n. One who inveigles ; a 
seducer; a deceiver. 

Jn-vent', v. a. [L. invenire, invention, to come 
upon; in, upon, and venire, to come.] [pp. in- 
venting, invented.] To contrive ; to devise; to 
discover ; to forge ; to feign. 

in-vent'er, n. One who invents; a fonrer. 

in-ven'tion, m. [L.incentin.] Act of inventing; 
faculty or power of inventing: ingenuity :— a 
thing invented; a contrivance; forgery; fiction. 

In-ven'tive, a. Apt to invent : ingen ous. 

in-vent'or, ». [L.] One who invents : a contriver. 

in-ven-to'ri-al, a. Relating to an inventory. 

In-ven-to'ri-al-ly. ad. By an inventory. 

In'ven-to-ry, n. [Fr. inventaire, L. invent 
list, a list of things found.] A list of goods. 

In-ven'tress, n. A female who invents. 

in-ve-rac i-ty, n. [In, not, and Veracity.] Want 
of truthfulness. 

In-verse', a. [L. inversus. — See INVERT.] In- 
verted : — opposed to direct. 

in-verse'ly, ad. In an inverted oH«T. 

jn-ver'sion (in-ve'r'shi'n). «. ,. nversio. — See 
Invent"! j' . nverting; change of or- 

der, that the first becomes 

last, 

Tn-vert', (. ■• uivert&re, inrermm ; vertere, to 

turn.] [pp. invertinir, inverted.] To turn up- 
side down ; to place in a contrary order; to place 
the last first; to reverse; to o<> 

In-ver'te-brate, o. [In, not. and Vertebrate.] 
Not vertebrate ; having no spinal column. 

T.n-vest\ v. a. [L. inveMire, to clothe; in, ujion, 
and vestire, to clothe. — See Vest.] [pp. invest- 
ing, invested.] To dress; to clothe; to array; 
to endue: — to place, as money in some perma- 
nent form : — to besiege ; to enclose. 

Jn-ves'ti-gate, v. a. [L. invesligare, investigatum, 
to track out; in, upon, and vestigare, to trace; 
vestigium, a trace. — See Vestige'.] [pp. investi- 
gating, investigated.] To search out; to find 
out ; to trace up. 

fn-ves-ti-ga'tion, n. [L. investigate.] The act of 
investigating; a searching; examination. 

|n-ves'ti-ga-tor, n. [L.] One who investigates. 

Jn-ves'ti-ture, n. [Late L. investitura, invest- 
ment.] The act of giving possession. 

T.n-vest'ment. n. The act of investing; property 
invested: — dress; vesture; vestment :— that in 
which money is invested. 

jn-vet'er-a-cy, n. State or quality of being in- 
veterate ; long continuance of any thing bad, as 
a disease, &c. : — obstinacy of mind. 

T.n-vet'er-ate, a. [L. invelerare, moeteratum : in 
intensive, and veins, veteris, old.] Fixed or es- 
tablished by long continuance ; old ; long estab- 
lished. 

|n-vid'i-ous, a. [L. invidue, im-idiosus; invidia, 
envy (<;. ».).] Likely to promote envy or ill-will 
or to give offence : — envious; malignant. 

T.n-vid'i-ous-ly >( ad. In an invidious manner. 



mien, si'r ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, c, £-, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



INVIDIOUSNESS 



320 



IEONY 



In-vid'i-ous-ness, n. Quality of provoking envy. 

Jn-vig'o-rate, v. a. [In and Vigor.] [pp. in- 
vigorating, invigorated.] To strengthen; to 
animate. 

Jn-vig-o-ra'tion, n. The act of invigorating. 

In-vin-ci-bil'i-ty, ) n. Quality of being invin- 

in-vin'ci-ble-ness, j cible. 

in-vin'ci-ble, a. [L. invincibilis ; in, not, and otV 
cibilis, conquerable; viucere, to conquer.] That 
cannot be overcome ; insurmountable ; insuper- 
able ; unconquerable. 

in-vin'ci-bly, ad. Insuperably. 

In-vI-o-Ia-bil'i-ty, \ n. Quality of being invio- 

In-vi'o-la-ble-ness, j lable. 

In-vi'o-la-ble, a. [L. inviolabUis. — See Violate.] 
That may not be profaned or broken : — sacred. 

in-vi'o-la-bly, ad. Without breach or failure. 

in-vi'o-late, a. [L. inviolatus. — See Violate.] Un- 
hurt; linprofaned. 

fn-vis-i-bil'i-ty, n. State of being invisible. 

In-vis/j-ble, a. [L. invisibilis. — See Visible.] That 
cannot be seen ; not visible ; imperceptible by 
the sight; unseen. 

In-vis'i-bly, ad. In an invisible manner. 

in-vi-ta'tion, n. [L. invitatio.—See Invite.] The 
act of inviting; solicitation. 

Jn-vlte', v. a. [L. invitare, invitatum.~\ [pp. in- 
viting, invited.] To bid; to call; to allure. — 
2, v. n. To give an invitation; to ask. — 3, n. 
An invitation. [Cclloq.] 

In-vit'ing, p. a. Alluring; attractive. 

in-vlt'ing-ly, ad. So as to invite. 

fn-vo-ca'tion, n. [L. invocatio. — See Invoke.] 
The act of invoking; the act of calling upon in 
prayer; supplication. 

In'vbice, v. a. [Fr. envois, pi. of envoi, a sending, 
a consignment. — See Envoy.] [pp. invoicing, 
invoiced.] To insert in an account. — 2, n. A 
catalogue of a ship's freight : — a catalogue of 
goods, with their prices annexed : — a statement 
cf taxable property. 

Jn-voke', v. a. [L. invocare; in, toward, to, and 
vocare, to call.] [pp. invoking, invoked.] To 
call upon earnestly ; to implore ; to pray to ; to 
supplicate ; to beseech. 

In-vo-lu'crate, a. Having an involucre. 

fn'vo-lu-cre (-lu-ker), n. [L. iuvolucrum, an en- 
velope. — See Involve.] (Bot.) A collection of 
bracts placed in a whorl ; a whorl. 

In-vol'un-ta-ri-ly, ad. Not by choice or will. 

in-vol'un-ta-ry, a. [L. involiwtarius. — See Vol- 
untary.] ' Not voluntary ; unwilling. 

In'vo-lute, a. [L. involutvs. — See Involve.] Rolled 
inward. — 2, n. A certain mathematical curve. 

In-vo-lu'tion, n. [L. involutio. — See Involve.] 
The act of involving; complication. — (Math.) 
The raising of quantities from their roots to 
any powers assigned. 

Jn-volve', v. a. [L. involvere, involutum ; volvere, 
to roll.] [pp. involving, involved.] To in- 
wrap ; to comprise ; to entwist ; to take in ; to 
entangle. 

Jn-volve'ment, or T.n-volv'ed-ness, n. State of 
being involved. 

In-vul-ner-a-bil'i-ty, It?. The state of being 

Jn-vul'ner-a-ble-ness, j invulnerable. 

in-vul'ner-a-ble, a. [L. invidnerabilis. — See Vul- 
nerable.]' That cannot be wounded ; not vul- 
nerable; secure from injury. 

In' ward, a. [A.-S. inneweard, innanweard • inne 
or innan, within, and -weard, a suffix signifying 
toward.] Internal; interior; being within. 

in' ward, ) ad. Toward the inside or internal 

In'wardg, j parts ; within. 

In'ward-ly, ad. In the heart; internally. 

In'ward§, n. pi. The bowels; inner parts. 

Jn-w§ave', v. a. [In and Weave.] [i. inwove ; 
pp. inweaving, inwoven or inwove.] To weave 
together. 

Jn-wrap' (in-rap'), v. a. [In and Wrap.] [pp. 
inwrapping, inwrapped.] To infold ; to involve. 



|n-wreatfie' (in-reth'), v. a. [In and Wreathe.] 
[pp. inwreathing, inwreathed.] To wreathe 
round. 

In-wrought' (in-rawf), a. [In and Wrought.] 
Worked in ; figured. 

I'o-dlde, n. A compound of iodine and a metal. 

I'o-dine [I'o-din, St. H. N. I.], n. [Gr. U8r^, 
loeifojs, violet-like ; lov, a violet, and e!6o?, ap- 
pearance : its vapor is of a violet color.] A non- 
metallic, soft substance obtained from the ashes 
of sea-weeds, etc. 

I-od'o-f6rm, n. [An iodide of formyl, whence it is 
named.] A medicinal compound of iodine. 

I-o'ni-an, a. Relating to Ionia, or to a cluster of 
Greek islands. 

I-on'ic, a. Relating to Ionia or to the dialect of 
thelonians: — noting one of the five orders of 
architecture : — noting a foot of four syllables. 

I-o'ta, n. [Gr. — Cf. Heb. yod, a small ietter.] A 
Greek letter, i :— a tittle'; the least quantity. 

ip'e-cac, n. See Ipecacuanha. 

Ip-e-cac-i-an'ha (ip-e-kak-u-an'a.) [Ip-e-kak-u- 
a/na, W. ; Ip-e-kak-u-a'na, Ja.], n. [Native Bra- 
zilian i-pe-ca'a-guen, "smaller road-side sick- 
making plant."] A South-American plant or 
root of emetic virtues. 

I'ra-cund, a. [L. iracundus. — See Ire.] Irasci- 
ble : — angry ; passionate. 

I-ras-ci-bil'i-ty, n. Propensity to anger. 

I-ras'ci-ble, a. [L. irascibilis ; irasci, to become 
angry; ira, anger.] Prone to anger; irritable. 

I'rate, a. [L. irasci, iratus, to become angry. — See 
Ire.] Angry. [sionate hatred. 

Ire, n. [Fr. ire, L. ira, wrath.] Anger; rage; pas- 
Ire' ful, a. Angry; raging; furious. 

I-ren'ic, or i-ren'i-cal, a. [Gr. eipiivixo?, peace- 
ful ;' eiprjvr], peace.] Promoting peace ; intended 
to promote peace. 

ir-i-des'cence, n. [Fr. ; L. iris, iridis, a rainbow.] 
The color of the rainbow : — a display of colors. 

ir-i-des'cent (Ir-i-des'sent), a. [Fr.] Colored like 
the rainbow : — exhibiting a play of colors. 

I-rid'i-um, n. [From iris, the rainbow : solutions 
of some of its compounds are iridescent.] A very 
hard, heavy metal. 

I'ris, n. ; pi. l'ris-e§. [L. ; Gr. Ipi?.] The rain- 
bow : — the circle round the pupil 
of the eye : — the flower-de-luce : 
— a small planet. [its people. 

Ir'ish, a. Relating to Ireland or 

Ir'ish-moss, n. See Carragheen. 

I-ri'tis, n. [-itis as a suffix signi- 
fies inflammation.] Inflamma- 
tion of the iris. 

Irk (urk), v. a. [0. E. irlcen, to 
weary; Sw. yika, to press, to 
urge (q. v.).—Ci. Dan. vxrge, to 
pain ; Lith. wargas, need : prob- 
ably akin to Work.] [pp. irking, irked.] To 
weary. [Used impersonally.] 

Irk'some (urk'sum), a. [A.-S. weorcsum.] Weari- 
some; tedious." 

Irk'some-ly (urk'sum-le), ad. Wearisomely. 

Irk'some-ngss, n. Tedi'ousness. 

Ir'on (l'urn), n. [A.-S. iren, isen; Dut. ijzer ; Icel. 
jam; 0. Norse isarn; Dan. jern; 0. Ger. isern ; 
Ger. eisen ; Welsh haiarn; Irish iarann. — Cf. L. 
zes, seris, brass.] The most common and useful 
of the metals.— pi. Chains; manacles.— 2. a. 
Made of iron ; stern ; hard : — rude and miser- 
able ; as, the iron age. — 3, v. a. [pp. ironing, 
ironed.] To smooth with an iron: — to confine 
or shackle with irons. 

Ir'on-clad, n. A war-vessel having its sides 
plated with iron.— 2, a. Clad or cased with iron. 

I-ron'ic, \ a. [Gr. eiowviKo?.— See Irony.] Ex- 

I-ron'i-cal, J pressing one thing and meaning an- 
other ; containing irony. 

Ir'on-mon-ger (l'urn-mung-ger), n. A dealer in 
iron, or in hardware. 

I'ron-y. (i'run-e), n. [Gr. eipwveux; elptov, a dis- 




Ii is. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, y, y, obscure.— Fare, far, f&st, fail; heir, her; 



IREADIANCE 



321 



ISHMAELITE 



sembler, a talker ; elpeiv, to talk.] A mode of 
speech in which the meaning is contrary to the 
words ; a species of sarcasm or satire ; ridicule. 

Ir-ra'di-ance, ) n. An emission of rays of light; 

ir-ra'di-an-cy, J beams of light. 

jr-ra'di-ate, v. a. [L. irradiare, irracliatum; in, 
upon," and radiare, to make light; radius, a ray 
(q. v.).] [pp. irradiating, irradiated.] To adorn 
with light ; to brighten ; to illumine ; to illumi- 
nate. — 2, v. n. To shine ; to grow bright. 

Jr-ra'di-ate, a. Adorned with light. 

Jr-ra-di-a'tion, n. Illumination ; light. 

Ir-ra"tion-ai (Ir-rash'un-al), a. [L. irrationalis. — 
See Rational.] Not rational; contrary to rea- 
son ; absurd ; unreasonable ; unwise ; foolish. 

ir-ra-tion-al'i-ty. (lr-rash-un-al'e-te), a. State of 
being irrational ; want of reason. 

Ir-ra"tion-al-ly. (ir-rash'un-al-le), ad. Not ra- 
tionally ; absurdly; unreasonably. 

Jr-re-claim'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Reclaim able.] 
That cannot be reclaimed. 

fr-re-claim'a-bljc, ad. So as not to be reclaimed. 

fr-rec-on-cil'a-bie, a. [In, not, and Reconcila- 
ble.]' That' cannot be reconciled ; inconsistent ; 
incompatible. [ner. 

fr-rec-on-cil'a-blx, ad. In an irreconcilable man- 

fr-rec-on-cil-j-a'tion, n. [In, not, and Recon- 
ciliation.] ' Want of reconciliation. 

Ir-re-cov'er-a-ble (Ir-re-kuv'er-a-bl), a. [In, not, 
and Recoverable.] That cannot be recovered ; 
not recoverable. 

Ir-re-cov'er-a-blj;, ad. Beyond recovery. 

fr-re-deeni'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Redeemable.] 
Not to be redeemed. 

Jr-re-du'ci-ble, a. [Li, not, and Reducible.] 
That cannot be reduced. 

Ir-ref ra-ga-ble [ir-re-frag'a-bl, P. E. C. ; ir-ref- 
ra.-ga.-bl or ir-re-frag'a-bl. W.J, a. [L. irrefraga- 
bilis; in, not, and refragari, to withstand.]' Not 
to be confuted. 

Ir-rgf'ra-ga-blj;, ad. Above confutation. 

Ir-re-fut'a-ble, or fr-ref u-ta-ble, <(. [L. irre- 
ftUabiUs. — See Refutable.] That cannot be re- 
futed; unanswerable; indisputable. 

Ir-reg'u-lar, «. [Late L. irregularis. — See Regu- 
lar.] Not regular; immethodical ; abnormal; 
disorderly ; extravagant. 

Ir-reg-u-lar'i-ty. n. [In, not, and Regularity.] 
Want of regularity ; deviation from rule. 

Ir-reg'u-lar-lx, ad. Without rule or method. 

ir-rel'a-tive, «. [In, not, and Relative.] Not 
relative ; unconnected. 

Ir-rel'e-van-cy, n. Quality of being irrelevant. 

Ir-rel'e-vant, a. [In, not, and Relevant.] Not 
relevant; inapplicable. 

Ir-rel'e-vant-ly;, ad. In an irrelevant manner. 

Xr-re-lif'ion (ir-re-lid'jun), ». [L. irreligio.—See 
Religion.] Impiety. 

Ir-re-lig'ious (ir-re-lid'jus), o. [L. irreligiosus. — 
See Religion.] Not religious; impious; profane. 

ir-re-lig'ious-lj;, ad. Impiously. 

ir-re-me'di-a-ble, a. [L. irreniediabili*. — See Rem- 
edy.] That caunot be remedied or redressed; 
incurable. 

Ir-re-me'di-a-bljr, ad. Without remedy. 

Ir-re-mis'si-'ble, a. [L. irremissibiHs. — See Remit.] 
Not to be pardoned. 

Jr-re-m6v'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Removable.] 
Immovable ; not removable. 

Xr-rep'a-ra-ble, a. [L. irreparabilis. — See Repair.] 
That cannot be repaired. 

Ir-rep'a-ra-bly, ad. Without remedy. 

fr-rep-re-hen'si-ble, a. [L. irreprehensibilis. — See 
Reprehend.] Not reprehensible. 

Ir-rep-re-hen'si-blj:, ad. Without blame. 

Ir-re-press'i-ble, a. [In, not, and Repressible.] 
Not to be restrained. 

Jr-re-proach'a-ble, a. [Fr. irre'prochable.—See 
Reproach.] Not reproachable ; free from re- 
proach; blameless; pure; spotless. 

fr-re-proach'a-bljr, ad. Without reproach. 



Ir-re-pr6Va-ble, a. [In, not, and Reprovable.] 
Not to be blamed ; upright. 

Ir-re-sist'ance, n. [In, not, and Resistance.] 
Non-resistance. 

Ir-re-sJLst-i-bil'i-tX) n. Force above opposition. 

ir-re-§ist'i-ble.' a.' [In, not, and Resistible.] 
That cannot be resisted; superior to opposition. 

fr-re-sist'i-bly, ad. Above opposition. 

ir-res'o-lute, a. [In, not, and Resolute.] Not 
resolute ; not firm. 

Ir-res'o-lute-lx, ad. Without resolution. 

fr-res-9-lu'tion, n. Want of resolution. 

Ir-re-solv'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Resolvable.] 
Not to be' resolved. 

Ir-re-spec'tive, a. [In, not, and Respective.] Not 
respective ; regardless of circumstances. 

Ir-re-spec'tive-lx, ad. In an irrespective manner. 

fr-rls'pi-ralble, a. [In, not, and Respirable.] 
Not respirable. 

Jr-re-spon-si-bil'i-tjr, n. Want of responsibility. 

Ir-re-spon'si-ble, a. ' [In, not, and Responsible.] 
Not responsible. 

Ir-re-triev'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Retrievable.] 
Irrecoverable ; irreparable. 

Ir-re-triev'a-bly, ad. Irrecoverably. 

fr-rev'er-ence, n. Want of reverence or venera- 
tion ; ' disrespect. 

Ir-rev'er-ent, a. [L. irreverens, irreverentis. — See 
Revere.] Wanting in reverence. 

fr-rev'er-ent-lx, ad. Without reverence. 

Ir-re-vers'i-ble, a. [In, not, and Reversible.] 
Not to be' reversed. 

fr-re-vers'i-blv, ad. Without change. 

Ir-rev-o-ca-bil'i-ty, \n. State of being irrevo- 

f r-rev'o-ca-ble-ness, j cable. 

Ir-rev'o-ca-ble, a. [L. irrevocnbilis. — See Revoke.] 
That cannot be revoked, recalled, or reversed. 

Ir-rev'o-ca-bly., ad. Without recall. 

fr'ri-gate, v. a. [L. krigare, irrigahim; in, upon, 
and rigare, to flood. — See Rain.] [pp. irrigat- 
ing, irrigated.] To wet ; to moisten ; to water. 

fr-ri-ga'tion, n. [L. irrigatio.] The act of water- 
ing. [Watery; watered; dewy. 

Ir-rig'u-ofls, a. [L. irriguus: root of Irrigate.] 

ir-ri-ta-bil'i-ty., n. State of being irritable. 

fr'ri-ta-ble, a. [L. irritabdis.] Easily irritated. 

Ir'ri-tant, n. [L. irritant, irritating. — See Irri- 
tate.] That which causes irritation. — 2, a. 
Irritating. 

Ir'ri-tate, v. a. [L. irritare, irritation, to vex : ety- 
mology doubtful.] [pp. irritating, irritated.] 
. To excite anger in ; to exasperate ; to provoke ; 
to tease; to fret: — to excite to heat or redness 
by friction or by stimulant applications. 

Ir-ri-ta'tion, n. [L. irritatio.] The act of irri- 
tating; a provocation ; exasperation. 

Ir'ri-ta-tive, a. Tending to irritate ; irritating. 

Jr-rup'tion, n. [L. bruptio; in, upon, and ruptio, 
a bursting; irrumpere, to break in. — See Rup- 
ture.] A violent rushing in ; an entrance by 
force ; inroad ; invasion. 

Ir-rup'tive, «• Rushing in; breaking in. 

Is. (iz), v. n. [A.-S. is; L. est; Gr. ecrri'; Ger. ist; 
L. esse, Skr. as, to be.] The third person singu- 
lar of to be. 

I'sa-gon, n. [Gr. Zero?, equal, and yovia, angle.] 
A figure having equal angles. 

Is-phi-at'ic, a. [Gr. £o-x<-aSi/cos *, Wx^ov, the hip.] 
Pertaining to the hip. 

Is'phi-um, n. [L. ; Gr. io^'ov, the hip.] A part 
of the innominate bone. 

Is'phu-ry. (is'ku-re), n. [Gr. i<rxovpia; la^eiy, to 
check, and ovpov, urine.] A stoppage of urine. 

ish. [A.-S. -isc ; Ger. -isch ; Dan. -isk.] A termi- 
nation added to an adjective to express diminu- 
tion ; as, blue, bluish. It denotes also a partici- 
pation in the qualities of a substantive ; as, fool, 
foolish; and it is likewise used to form a gentile 
adjective ; as, Danish, Swedish. 

Ish'ma-el-Ite, n. A descendant of Ishmael : — 
henc'e,'one at war with society ; a social outcast. 



mien, sir; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c, £, soft; p, £, p, §, hard; s as z; $ as gz; tnis. 



ISINGLASS 



322 



JACK 



f'sin-glass (I'zing-glas), n. [Corrupted from Dut. 
tiuizeublas; Ger. hausenblase; hausen, a sturgeon, 
and blase, a bladder.] A substance prepared 
from the air-bladders of certain fishes :— mica. 

Is'lam, n. [Arab, for "submission to God."] Ma- 
hdmetanism. 

Isl'and (I'land), n. [A.-S. igland; ig, Icel. ey, 
Dan. if, an island, and land, land. — Cf. Dut. & 
Ger. eiland, Icel. eyland, an island. The s is in- 
serted from confusion with isle.] A tract of land 
entirely surrounded by water ; an isle. 

Isl'and-er (I'land-er), n. A dweller on an island. 

Isle (II), w. [6. Fr. isle, Fr. He, It. isola, L. insula, 
an island. — See Insulate.] A small island ; an 
island. 

isl'et (i'let), n. [Dim. of isle: 0. Fr. islette; Fr. 
ilot.] A little island. 

Ism, n. [From the Gr. terminations -icrfj.a, -107x6?, 
belonging mostly to verbal nouns.] A whim 
or crotchet ; a visionary belief (properly a suffix). 

I'so. [Gr. io-os, equal; Skr. vishu, equally.] A 
prefix in words of Greek origin, denoting equal- 
ity or similarity. 

I'so-bar, n. [Gr. tcro?, equal, and /3apos, weight.] 
Line of equal mean barometric pressure. 

1-so-ba.r'ic, a. Pertaining to an isobar. 

I-soph'ro'-nism, n. Equality of time.^ 

I-soph'ro-nous, 'a. [Gr. iaoxpovos ; tcros, equal, 
and xpovos, time.] Having, or performed in, the 
same length of time ; isochronal. 

fs/o-late [Iz'o-lat. W. J. F. Sm,. ; is'o-iat., e. H. 
Wb. ; I'so-lat, K. St.], v. a. [It. isolato, Fr. isole, 
insulated, detached. — See Isle and Insulate.] 
[pp. isolating, isolated.] To detach ; to separate. 

Is-o-la/tion, n. Detached state ; separation. 

I-so-mer'ic, a. [Gr. tcros, equal, and /uepos, a 
part.] identical in composition. 

I-som'e-rism, n. Identity in composition, with 
difference in properties. 

l'so-pod, n. [Gr. tcros, equal, and 7rovs, ^oSd?, a 
foot.] A crustacean with the legs 
alike. 

I-sos'ce-les, a. [Gr. lo-ocr/ceATj? 
i<70?, equal, and cn<eAos, a leg.J 
Applied to triangles which have 
two legs or sides equal. 

I'so-therm, n. [Gr. tcros, equal, and 
OepfjLY), heat. — See Thermal.] A 
line of identical mean tempera- 
ture. 

I-so-ther'mal, a. Having equal heat 

Is'ra-el-ite, n. One descended from Israel ; a Jew. 

Is'sA-a-ble (ish'shu-a-bl), a. That may be issued. 

Is'su-ance (ish'shu-a'ns), n. The act of issuing. 

Is'siie (ish'shu), n. [Fr. issu, fern., issue, de- 
scended, sprung, flowing ; issue, an issue : origi- 
nally, a participle of 0. Fr. issir, to go out; L. 
exire ; ex, out, and ire, to go.— See Exit.] The 
act of passing out ; exit ; egress : — event ; ter- 
mination ; conclusion : — a vent ; evacuation : — 
progeny ; offspring. — (Bled.) An artificial ulcer 
kept open.— 2, v. n. [pp. issuing, issued.] To 
come out ; to proceed. — 3, v. a. To send out ; to 
send forth. 

Is' sue-less (Ish'shu-les), a. Having no issue. 




Isopod. 



I s'sA-ing 1 (ish'shu-ing), n. Act of sending out. 

Isth'mi-an (1st'-), a. Pertaining to an isthmus. 

Isth'mus' (Ist'mus), n. ; pi. Isth'mus-es. [Gr. 
io-fyxos, a narrow passage. — Cf. 10/j.a, a step; 
tevcu, L. ire, to go.] A neck of land joining a 
peninsula to a continent, or two parts of a con- 
tinent or of an island together. 

It, pron. [A.-S., Icel., & 0. E. hit: closely related 
to Mm and his; L. id, that, it.] A pronoun of 
the neuter gender used for a thing. 

J-tal'ian (it-tal'yan), n. [L. Italia, Italy : said to 
be for "cattle-country." — Cf. Gr. iraAos, L. 
vitulus, a calf.] A native of Italy.— 2, a. Re- 
lating to Italy. 

J-tal'ian-ize (it-tal'yan-iz), v. a. & v. n. [pp. Ital- 
ianizing, Italianized.] To make, render, or 
speak Italian. 

J-tal'ic (it-tal'ik), a. Denoting a kind of sloping 
letter or type, first used in Italy. 

J-tal'i-cize, v. a. [pp. italicizing, italicized.] To 
represent in italic letters. 

J-tal'ics, n. pi. Italic or inclining letters. 

Itch, n. [Softened from A.-S. giccan ; 0. E. yiken, 
icchen, Dut. jeuhen, Ger. juclcen, to itch.] A cu- 
taneous disease : — a teasing desire. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
itching, itched.] To feel irritation in the skin. 

Itch'-mite, h. The acarid which causes the itch. 

I'tem, n. [L. item, also; ita, fthus. — Cf. Skr. 
iitham, ittha, iti, thus ; idam, this ; L. idem, the 
same ; id, that.] A new article ; a single entry ; 
a hint. — 2, v. a. [pp. iteming, itemed.] To make 
note of. — 3, ad. [L.] Also :— used when some- 
thing is added. 

I'tem-ize, v. a. [pp. itemizing, itemized.] To 
specify in detail. 

It'er-ate, v. a. [L. iterate, iteratum, to repeat; 
iterum, again : related to Item.] [pp. iterating, 
iterated.] To repeat; to do again. 

It-er-a'tion, n. [L. iteratio.] Repetition. 

It'er-a-tive, a. Repeating; redoubling. 

I-tin'er-a-cy, or I-tin'er-an-cx> n. Act or habit 
of travelling. 

I-tin'er-ant, a. [L. itinerans, ilineranlis, a travel- 
ler (a participle in form).] Travelling; wander- 
ing. — 2, n. One who travels about: — a travel- 
ling preacher. 

I-tin'er-a-rj;, n. A book of travels : — a guide- 
book.— 2, a. Relating to travel. 

I-tin'er-ate, v. n. [L. iter, itineris, a journey : 
kindred to ire, itum, to go.] [pp. itinerating, 
itinerated.] To travel; to journey. 

Its, pron. Possessive case from it. 

It-self ,pron. A neuter reciprocal pronoun. 

I'vo-ry, n. [0. Fr. ivurie; Fr. ivoire; Prov. evori; 
It. avorio ; L. eboreus, ebvrneus, of ivory ; ebur, 
eboris, ivory. — Cf. Copt, ebu, Skr. ibhas, an ele- 
phant (q. v.).] A hard white substance, being 
the tusk of the elephant, &c. — 2, a. Made of 
ivory. 

l'vo-ry-type, n. In photography, a photograph 
colored so as to imitate a miniature on ivory. 

i'vjr (I've), n. [A.-S. ifig, Ger. ephev, 0. Ger. ebah, 
ivy. — Cf. Ger. eppich, parsley, or ivy ; L. apium, 
Gr. amov, parsley.] A climbing plant. 

Iz'zard, n. Another name of the letter Z. 



J a consonant, has in English the same sound 
j as that of g soft in giant ; as, jet. 
Jab'ber, v. n. [Imitative : akin to Gab, Gabble. — 
Cf. Fr. jitper, to yelp; jappe, gabble.] [pp. jab- 
bering, jabbered.] To talk idly ; to chatter.— 
2, n. Idle talk ; prate ; chat. 
Jab'ber-er, n. One who jabbers. 
Jac' co-net, n. A light fabric; jaconet. 



Ja'cinth, n. .[A variant of Htacinth.] A pre- 
cious gem ; the hyacinth. 

Jack, n. [A nickname for John,— originally for 
Fr. Jacques, James.] An instrument to pull off 
boots :— an engine to turn a spit, &c. : — a young 
pike: — a flag: — a support: — a bowl; cup; 
pitcher : — the male of some animals :— the court- 
card otherwise called the knave. 



a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, \, 9, u, x» obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



JACKAL 



323 



JAUNT 



Jack'al [jak'al, S. J. E. F. Sm. H. St. I.; jak-al', 
W. P. Ju. |, n. [Ger. schakal, jackal; Per. shagal; 
Skr. crigala, howler.] A Mild species of dog. 

Jack' -a-lan' tern, n. Ignis fatuus. 

Jack'a-napes, n. A monkey; a coxcomb. 

Jack' ass, ». The male of the ass :— a fool. 

Jack'-b66ts, w. pi. Cavalry boots : — long boots. 

Jack'daw, n. A species of the crow ; a daw. 

Jack'et, n. [Fr.jaquette; 0. Fr. jacque ; It. giaco ; 
Sp. 'jaco ; Ger. jucke.] A short coat ; a close 
waistcoat. 

Jack' -knife (jak'nif ), n. A pocket clasp-knife. 

Jack' -plane, n. A fore-plane. 

Jack'-pud'ding, n. [Cf. Fr. Jean-potage; Ger. 
Hanswurd, jack-sausage, a buffoon. J A zany ; a 
merry-andrew. [weights. 

Jack' -screw (-skru), n. A screw for raising great 

Jack'-witfi-a-lan'tern, n. Ignis fatuus. 

Jac'o-bin, n. [Named from the Rue St. Jacques 
(L.' Jacobus, James), where there was a friary of 
Jacobins.] A gray or white friar: — a member 
of a French club or faction in the revolution of 
1789 : — a sort of pigeon. [lutionary. 

Jac-o-bin'ic, a. Relating to the Jacobins; revo- 

Jac'o-bin-ism, n. Principles of the Jacobins ; op- 
position to orderly government. 

Jac'o-bite, n. [L. Jacobus, James.] A partisan of 
James II. of England :— a monophysite. — 2, a. 
Of or relating to the principles of a Jacobite. 

Jac'o-bit-ism, n. Principles of the Jacobites. 

Jac'o-net, n. [Fr. jaconas.] A slight muslin. 

Jac-quard' (jak-kard'), a. [Named from the in- 
ventor.] Noting a loom for figured silks. 

Jac-ta'tion, n. [L. jactatio ; jactare, to throw, to 
'boast : frequentative of jacere, to throw.] The 
act of throwing. 

Jac-ti-ta/tion, n. [L. jactitare, to utter in public : 
frequentative of jactare, to boast. — See Jacta- 
tion.] A tossing : — vain boasting. — (Law.) A 
false pretension to marriage. 

Jac-u-la'tion, n. [L. juculatio.] The act of throw- 
ing weapons. i 

Jac'u-la-to-ry., a. [L. jaculatorius ; jaculari, to 
hurl ;' jaculnm, a javelin ; jacere, to throw.] 
Darting out : — ejaculatory. 

Jade, u. [Scot, yad, a jade; Icel. jalda, a mare; 
jailer, a gelding : root of Geld. J A worthless 
borse :— a woman, in contempt: — [Fr. jade ; It. 

- iada ; Sp. piedra de ijada ; iiada, or hijtda, a side; 
this stone was used as a charm against pain in 
the side. — Cf. L. ilia, the Hank. But its Indian 
name is said to be igida; Chinese, yu-che] a sili- 
ci"ii> mineral; nephrite. — 2, v. a. [/nj. jading, 
jaded.] To tire; to weary; to ride down. 

Jad'ish, a. Vicious ; bad ; unchaste. 

Jag, n. [Irish gag, a cleft; gag, to split. — But cf. 
Ger. zacke, a tooth.] A denticulation : — [Scot. 
jag, a wallet] a small load. 

Jag, or Jagg, v. a. [pp. jagging, jagged.] To 
cut into indentures. 

Jag'ied, o. Cut in notches; indented. 

Jag'fner-y, »/. [East-Indian : root of Sugar (q.v.).] 
Coarse sugar. 

Jag'gx, a. Uneven ; denticulated ; notched. 

Jag-u-ar', w. [Sp. ; 
Brazilian, jagoara; 
Guarani, jaqua- 
rete.] A ferocious 
feline animal; the 
American tiger, or 
American panther. 

Jah, and Jah'vah, n. 
Same as Jehovah. 

Jail, n. [Fr. geole ; 
0. Fr. gaiole ; Late L. gabiola ; cavea, a cage 
(q. r.).] A prison; a place of confinement: — 
written also gaol. 

Jail'-b'ird, n. One who has been in jail. 

Jail'er, n. A keeper of a jail ; gaoler. 

Jail'-fe-ver. «. A dangerous fever generated in 
prisons and other close places; typhus. 




Jaguar. 



Jal'ap [jol'up, & E.], n. [Named from Jalapa, in 
Mexico.] A medicinal purgative rout or drug. 

Jam, n. [0. E. cham, to champ, chew, or press.] 
A conserve : — a bed of stone : — a child's frock : 
— an accumulation of bodies crowded closely to- 
gether ; a block, as in a river. — 2, v. a. [pp. jam- 
ming, jammed.] To squeeze closely ; to press. 

Jamb (jam), n. [Fr. jambe, leg, ham, door-post. — 
See Gambrel, Ham.] A side-piece of a fireplace, 
door, window, or other opening in a building. 

Jane, n. [From Genoa, L. Janua; or from Jaen, 
in Spain.] A twilled cloth : — jeans : — a coin. 

Jan'gle, v. n. [0. Fr. jangler, to prattle; But. 
jaugelen, to beg, frequentative of Dut. & Low Ger. 
janken, to yelp. — Cf. L. gannire, to yelp, to prate : 
imitative. — See Jingle. J [pp. jangling, jangled.] 
To prate; to quarrel; to bicker. — 2, v. a. To make 
sound untunably. — 3, n. Discordant sound; 
prate; dispute : — a tinkling sound. 

Jan'gler, n. A wrangling, noisy fellow. 

Jan'is-sa-rx t n. Same as Janizary. 

Jan'i-tor, it. [L. ; from janua, a door.] A door- 
keeper ; a porter. 

Jan'i-za-rx, n. [Turk, yefti, new, and askari, 
Arab.' askar, a soldier.] A soldier of the Turkish 
foot-guards, abolished in 1S26. 

Jant, ». A ramble. See Jaunt. 

Jant'i-ness, n. Airiness; flutter; fickleness. 

Jant'y, a. Showy; airy; fluttering; finical. 

Jan'u-a-ry, n. \Jj. jvmuarms ; probably from the 
god Janus, whose name is of disputed origin.] 
The first month of the year. 

Ja-pan', a. [From the country so called.] Noting 
a kind of varnish, or of japanned work, like 
that of Japan. — 2, n. A varnish :— a work var- 
nished. — 3, v. a. [pp. japanning, japanned.] 
To varnish and embellish. 

Jap-an-e§y, a. Belonging to Japan. 

Ja-pan'ner, n. One who japans. 

Ja-pan'ning, n. The act or art of varnishing. 

Ja-pon'i-ca, n. The camellia. 

Jar, v. n. [Local Ger. garren, to creak, or rattle. 
— Cf. Sp. chiar, to chirrup; L. garrire, to prate. 
—See Jargon.] [pp. jarring, jarred.] To clash; 
to interfere; to quarrel. — 2, v. a. To make to 
jar; to shake; to agitate. — 3, n. A vibration; 
discord : — [Fr. Jarre ,• Sp. jarra : It. giarra, giarro ; 
Per. jarrah, jurrah] a deep vessel. 

Jar'gon, n. [Fr. jargon: It. gergo. — Cf. 0. E. 
c/«trA-, to creak.] Unintelligible talk ; gibberish. 
—2, r. n. [pp. jargoning, jargoned.] To talk 
jargon ; to make a confused, unintelligible noise. 

Jar-go-nelle', n. [Fr. ; from jargon, It. giargone, 
a yellow diamond, or zircon (q. v.). — Cf. Per. zar- 
gun, gold-colored; zar, gold.] A species of pear. 

Jar'gon-ing, n. A confused noise, as of many 
voices. 

Jarl (yarl), n. [See Earl.j An ancient Scandina- 
vian title of nobility next to that of king; an earl. 

Jar'rah, n. [Native name.] A West-Australian 
timber-tree. 

Jas'mine, or Jas'mine, n. [It. gesmino, gehomino; 
Sp.jazmm; Per. yasmin, yasamin.] A plant and 
its flower : — written also jessamine. 

Jas'per, w. [0. Fr. jaspre ; Fr.jaspe; h.Jaapis; 
Gr. lao-rns; Arab, yasb, yashb; Per. yashp ; Heb. 
yaslipheh. — Cf. Turk, yashm, jade.] A hard stone 
used in jewellery. 

Jaun'dice ( jau'djs), n. [Fr. jaunisse ; from jaune, 
yellow : L. galbns, yellow (q. v.).] (Med.) A dis- 
ease which proceeds from obstruction of the 
liver and gives the eyes and skin a yellow color. 

Jaun'diced ( jan'dist), a. Having the jaundice : 
— prejudiced : — envious. 

Jaunt (jant), v. n. [Cf. Scot, jaunder, to talk fool- 
ishly, to ramble in talk, to rove about ; jumph, 
to mock, to sneer at. — also, to trifle, to weary, 
to trudge; 0. Fr. jancer, to tease.] [pp. jaunt- 
ing, jaunted.] To ramble ; to wander about ; to 
bustle about.— 2, n. A ramble ; a walk :— [Fr. 
jante] a felly. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. — Q, &, c, £, soft; p, ja, p, jjj, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



JAUNTING-CAR 



324 



JLMCEACK 




Blue-jay. 
It is a variant of 



Jaunt'jng-car, n. An Irish passenger-wagon. 

Jaunt' y., a. [0. Fr. gent; Fr. gentil. — See Gen- 
teel.] Airy; gay and easy ; showy. 

Jav-a-nese', a. Relating to Java. 

Jave'lin (jav'lin), n. [Fr. javeline ; Sp. jabalina. 
— Cf. Gavel and Gaff. Of Celtic origin.] A 
spear or half-pike. 

Jaw, v. [From the root of Chew and Chaw.] 
The bone of the mouth in which the teeth are 
fixed; the mouth: — gross 
abuse; wrangling. [Low.] 
— 2, v. a. [pp. jawing, 
jawed.] To abuse.— 3, v. n. 
To scold. [Low.] 

Jay (ja), n. [Fr. geai; Sp. 
gayo : akin to Gay.] A bird 
having gaudy plumage. 

Jeal'ous (jel'us), a. [Fr. ja- 
lonx ; It. geloso ; Span, zeloso. 
Zealous (q. v.).] Suspicious in love ; suspiciously 
cautious; envious; emulous; zealous. 

Jeal'ous- ly (jel'us-le), ad. Suspiciously. 

Jeal'ous-y (jel'us-e), n. Quality of being jealous ; 
uneasiness from fear of a rival; suspicion in 
love; suspicion; envy; fear; concern. 

Jean(jan or jen), n., or Jeans (janz or jenz), n.pl. 
[See Jane.] A kind of cloth. 

Jeer, w. a. & v. n. [Dut. scheeren, to shear, — also, 
to gibe, to jeer.] [pp. jeering, jeered.] To treat 
with scoffs; to mock. — 2, n. A scoff; a taunt; a 
biting jest; a gibe. 

Jeer'ing-ly, ad. In a scoffing manner. 

Je-ho'vah, n. [Heb. yahveh: etymology doubt- 
"ful.] The Scripture name of God. 

Je-june', a. [L. jejunus, hungry, fasting, poor, 
'empty.] Wanting; empty; vacant; dry; bar- 
ren; bare; meagre. 

Je-june'ness, w. Dryness or meagreness of style. 

Je-ju'num, n. [L. for "empty:" when observed, 
*it is usually almost empty.] The second portion 
of the small intestine. 

Jel'lied (jel'lid), a. Glutinous ; viscous. 

Jel'ly, n. [Fr. gelee, frost, jelly ; geler, L. gelare, 
to congeal; L. gelu, frost.] A gelatinous sub- 
stance ; a kind of sweetmeat. 

Jel'ly-f ish, b. An acaleph ; a sea-nettle. 

Jen'net, n. A Spanish horse. See Genet. 

Jen'net-ing, n. [Fr. Jeanneton, Jenny (a girl's 
name) ; with reference to St. John's day, June 
24. The spelling Juneating is based on an error.] 
An apple ripening very early. 

Jen'ny, n. [Said by its inventor to be a pet name 
for gin, or engine.] A machine for spinning. 

Jeop'ard (jep'ard), v. a. [See Jeopardy.] [pp. 
jeoparding, jeoparded.] To hazard; to risk. 

Jeop'ard-ize, v. a. [pp. jeopardizing, jeopard- 
ized.] To put in danger or jeopardy ; to hazard ; 
to jeopard. 

Jeop'ard-y ( jep'ar-de), n. [0. Fr. jen parti ; Late L. 
jocu's partitas, — literally, a divided game, a game 
of doubtful issue.] Hazard ; danger. [mal. 

Jer'bo-a, n. [Arab, yarbu.] A leaping rodent mam- 

Jer-e-mi'ade, n. [From the Lamentations of Jere- 
miah.] A lamentation ; a tale of grief. 

Jer'fal-con ( jer'faw-kn), n. See Gyrfalcon. 

Jerk, v. a. [Also written yerh, and formerly jert: 
Icel. jarki, a kick : probably a form of Gird, to 
strike.] [pp. jerking, jerked.] To strike ; to 
twitch ; to throw : — to cut : — [Peruv. charqui, 
dried beef] to cut and dry beef. — 2, n. A twitch ; 
a lash : — a sudden spring; a throw. 

Jerked ( jerkt), p. a. Sliced and dried, as beef. 

Jer'kin, n. [Dut. jurb, a frock.] A jacket ; a short 
coat : — a male falcon, a kind of hawk. 

Jerk'y, a. Moving by jerks or starts; character- 
ized by jerks. 

Jer'sey, n. [Named from the island of Jersey.] 
Fine wool or yarn :— a close-fitting garment. 

Jess, n. [0. Fr. jecte (pi.), jesses, or a hawk's straps ; 
jecter, to cast; L. jactare, to throw.] A short 
strap of leather ; a ribbon. 



Jes'sa-mine, n. A flower. See Jasmine. 

Jest, v. n. [0. Fr. geste, a story, an exploit ; L. 
gesta, exploits; gerere, gestum, to do, — properly, 
to carry.] [pp. jesting, jested.] To divert; to 
make sport; to joke.— 2, n. Any thing ludi- 
crous ; a joke. 

Jest'er, n. One given to jesting :— a buffoon. 

Jest'ing, n. Utterance of jests; sport; juke. 

Jest' word (jest'wiird), «. A laughing-stock. 

Jes'u-it, n. [From Je.s!<s.] One of a religious and 
learned order of the Roman Catholic Church, 
founded in 1534, and called the Society of Jesus. 

Je§-u-it'ic, ) a. Belonging to a Jesuit : — crafty ; 

Jes-u-it'j-cal, J artful. 

Jes-u-it'i-cal-ly, ad. In a Jesuitical manner. 

Jes'u-it-ism, n. 'The principles of the Jesuits. 

Jes'ii-it's-bark, n. Peruvian bark ; cinchona. 

Jet, n. [Ger. gayat ; Fr. giak ; L. gagates; Gr. 
■ya-yaTTjs; from Gagas, a former town of Lycia, 
Asia Minor.] A fine black fossil :— [Fr. jet, a 
throw ; jeter, to throw; L. jactare, frequentative of 
jacere, to fling ; Gr. lameii/, to throw] a spout of 
water. — 2, v. a. [pp. jetting, jetted.] To emit in 
jets or as in jets.— 3, v. n. To shoot forward ; to 
project ; to jut. 

Jet' -black, a. As black as jet ; very black. 

Jet'sam, or Jet' son, n. [Law Fr. ; from Fr. jeter, 
to throw : on type of flotsam.] (Law.) The act 
of throwing goods overboard in a storm : — goods 
cast overboard which remain under water. 

Jet'ti-son. n. The same as Jetsam. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
jettisoning, jettisoned.] To throw overboard. 

Jet'ty, n. [Fr.jetee, a pier; properly a participle 
from jeter, to throw.] A mole projecting into 
the sea ; a pier. — 2, a. Made of jet ; black as jet. 

Jew (ju or ju), n. [Fr. Juif ; 0. Fr. Juev, Jueu ; 
L. Judseus, from Judaea, which took its name 
from the tribe of Judah, Heb. yehudah, illus- 
trious.] A Hebrew ; an Israelite. 

Jew'el (ju'el), n. [Ft. joyau ; 0. Fr. joiel, jouel, 
dini. from joi'e, pleasure, joy (q. v.); It. gioello, 
from gioja, joy, or jewel ; Sp. joyel or joya, a 
jewel.] A personal ornament ; a precious stone ; 
a gem : — any thing precious. — 2, v. a. [pp. jew- 
elling, jewelled.] To adorn with jewels. 

Jew'el-ler, n. [0. Fr.joyallier.] A dealer in jewels. 

Jew'el-ler-y, n. [0. Fr. joyaiderie.] Jewels col- 
lectively ; the wares of jewellers; jewelry. — 
Jewellery is the more regularly formed word, yet 
jewelry is perhaps the more common. 

Jew'el-ry, n. Jewels or the wares of jewellers. 

Jew'ess (ju'es), n. A Hebrew woman. 

Jew'ish ( ju'ish), o. Relating to the Jews. 

Jews'-harp ( juz'barp), n. A musical instrument. 

Jez'e-bel, n. [Heb. Isebel.] A rapacious, cruel, 
vile woman. 

Jib, n. [From Jibe.] The beam or arm of a 
crane : — the foremost sail of a ship. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. jibbing, jibbed.] To shift a boom-sail. 

Jib -b66m, n. A spar run out from the bowsprit 
on which the jib is set. 

Jibe, v. a. & v. n. [Dan. gibbe; Dut. gijpen.] [pp. 
jibing, jibed.] To shift, as a sail, from side to 
side of a vessel. 

Jiffy, «. [Cf. Fr. chiffe, a scrap, a trifle, a rag.] 
An instant; a moment. 

Jig, n. [Fr. gigue, Sp. giqa, a jig; It. giga, Ger. 
geige, a violin. — See Gig.] A light, careless dance 
or tune ; a song. — 2, v. n. [pp. jigging, jigged.] 
To dance carelessly ; to dance. — 3, v. a. To as- 
sort, as ore : — to cheat or trick. 

Jig'ger, n. A machine of various kinds : — a chigoe. 

Jig'-sSw, n. [Named from its dancing motion.] 
A saw for cutting out pieces of various shapes. 

Jill, n. A young woman. See Gill. 

Jilt, n. [For Jill, dim. Jillot, an 0. E. nickname 
for Juliana.] A woman who deceives her lover. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. jilting, jilted.] To trick or de- 
ceive in love. — 3, v. n. To play or act the jilt or 
coquette. 

Jim'crack, n. A toy. See Gimcrack. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, ii, y, slwrt; §,, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fist, fall; heir, her; 



JIMMY 



325 



JOUST 



Jim'my, »». [A cant name, like Betty, Billy, Jack.] 
A burglar's tool for forcing locks. 

Jim'son (jini'sn), n. [For Jamestown, Virginia, 
where it was first naturalized in America.] A 
coarse weed ; stramonium. 

Jin'gle (jing'gl), v. re. [Imitative.— See Chink, 
Jangle.] [pp. jingling, jingled.] To sound 
with a sharp rattle; to tinkle. — 2, v. a. To 
cause to give a sharp sound. — 3, re. A tinkling 
sound ; a tinkle. 

Jinn, n. The Arabic plural of Jinnek. 

Jin'nee, ) re. [Arab. ; said to be for L. genius, a 

Jin'ni, /spirit.] (Moham. Myth.) One of a race 
of genii, augels, or demons — made out of fire, and 
capable of assuming any form at will. 

Job. re. [Thought to be for gob (q. v.), a mouth- 
ful.] A piece of chance work ; piece of labor : 
— a piece of work undertaken for gain : — [a form 
of Jab, or Chop] a sudden stab. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
jobbing, jobbed.] To strike or stab with a sharp 
instrument : — to hire ; to let. — 3, v. n. To buy 
and sell as a broker : — to speculate in the public 
funds : — to work at jobs. 

Job'ber, re. One who jobs : — a middle-man. 

Job'ber-y, re. The practice of underhand or dis- 
honest jobbing. 

Job'bing, n. Act of performing jobs : — act of pur- 
chasing from importers and selling to retailers. 

Job-print'er, re. A printer of miscellaneous work. 

Jock'ey (j'ok'e), n. [For Jack.—Cf. Scot. Jock.] 
One'who rides, or oue who deals in, horses; a 
trickish fellow.— 2, v. a. [pp. jockeying, jock- 
eyed.] To cheat; to trick. 

Jo-cose', a. [L. jocosus; jocus, a joke (q. ».).] 
Merry ; waggish ; given to jest. 

Jo-cose'ly, ad. Waggishly ; in jest. 

Jo-cose'ness, ) re. Quality of beiug jocose; sport; 

Jo-cos'i-ty, j waggery. 

Joc'u-lar, a. [L. jocular is; joculus, dim. of jocus, 
a jest.'] Sportive; merry; jocose; waggish. 

Joc-u-lar'i-ty, re. Merriment; jocoseness. 

Joc'u-lar-iy, ad. In a jocular manner. • 

Joc'und, «. [L. jocundus, — more often jucundus ; 
jocus, a joke.] Merry; gay; airy; lively. 

Jo-cfin'di-ty. re. Gayety ; mirth. 

Jog, v. a. [Welsh gogi, to shake ; Irish gog, a 
nod ; 0. E. shog, to jog : remotely akin to Shak e.] 
[pp. jogging, jogged.] To push or shake gently ; 
to give notice by a sudden push.— 2, v. n. To 
move by jogs; to travel leisurely. — 3. n. A push ; 
a slight shake ; a hint : — a gentle trot, pace, or 
motion. 

Jog-'gde, v. a. [Frequentative of Jog.] [jip. jog- 
gling, joggled.] To disturb by pushing ; to push ; 
to shake ; to jostle ; to justle. — 2. v. re. To shake ; 
to totter; to jostle. — 3, n. A shake; a jostle; a 
push; a jog. 

John'ny-cake (jon'e-kak), n. [Said to be for 
journey-cake, or for jannock, a local form of ban- 
nock; most likely both johnny-cake and jannock 
are cant names from John.] A cake made of 
maize meal. 

Join, v. a. [Fr. joindre; L. jungere, junctum. — Cf. 
Gr. ^evyvvvai, to yoke (q. v.).] [pp. joining, 
joined.] To knit or unite together; to add to; 
to couple; to combine; to unite. — 2, v. n. To 
adhere ; to close ; to unite. 

Jbln'der, re. [Fr. joindre, to join.] A conjunc- 
tion :'— act of joining.— (Law.) The putting of 
two or more causes of action into the same 
declaration. 

Jbln'er, n. One who joins : — one who makes the 
wooden work for finishing houses. 

Jbin'er-y, n. Work of a joiner; wood-work. 

Joint, re. [Fr. ; from joindre (part, joint), to join 
(q. ».).] An articulation of limbs ; a juncture ; a 
junction ; a hinge :— the knot of a plant. — 2, a. 
Shared by two or more ; united. — 3, v. a. [pp. 
jointing, jointed.] To unite :— to divide at a joint. 

Jbint'ed, a. Having joints or commissures. 

JSint'er, n. A long plane, used by joiners. 



Jbint'ly, ad. Together ; not separately. 

Joint' ress, n. [For jointure-ess.] A woman who 
has a jointure. 

Joint' -stock, n. Stock held in company. 

Joint'-ten'an-cy, re. (Law.) A tenure by unity 
of title, a mode of jointly possessing lands or 
goods by two or more persons. 

Joint' -ten' ant, n. (Law.) One who holds an es- 
tate by joint-tenancy. 

Joint'ure (jolnt'yur), re. [Fr. jointure, a joining ; 
L.junctura, a joint. — See Join.] An estate set- 
tled on a wife, to be enjoyed after her husband's 
decease. — 2, v. a. [pp. jointuring, jointured.] 
To endow with a jointure. 

Joist, n. [Fr. git, 0. Fr. giste, a sleeper, a bed- 
piece; L. jacitum, part, from jacere, to lie.] A 
secondary beam of a floor. — 2, r. a. [pp. joist- 
ing, joisted.] To fit or lay with joists. 

Joke, n. [L. jocus.] A jest; something uot serious; 
sport. — 2, v. n. [pp. joking, joked.] To jest. — 
3, v. a. To cast jokes at. 

Jok'er, re. A jester ; a merry fellow. 

Jok'i'ng-ly. ad. In a jesting, merry way. 

Jole, re. The face or cheek ; the head ; jowl 

Joll, v. a. [0. E. joll,jo>d, the cheek, the head, 
the skull; Older E. chaul, chavel. the jaw ; A.-S. 
ceafl, the jaw.— Cf. Ger. kieferu, jaws.] [pp. joll- 
ing, jolled.] To beat the head against ; to" clash. 

Jol-li-fi-ca'tion, n. A scene of hilarity. 

JoTli-ness, \ n. State of being jolly; gayety; 

Jol'li-ty, /merriment; hilarity. 

Jol'ly, a. [Ft. joli, merry, pleasant, handsome, 
neat; Dut. joelen, to revel : probably from Yule 
(q. v.).] Gay; merry; airy; cheerful. 

Jorly-boat (jol'le-bot), n. [Dan. joUe, Sw. j»Ue, 
But.jol, a yawl (q. p.).] A ship"s small boat. 

Jolt, v. n. [Originally a participle, equivalent to 
jolled, beaten. — See Joll.] [pp. jolting, jolted.] 
To shake, as a carriage on an uneven road or on 
rough ground. — 2, v. a. To shake, as a carriage 
does. — 3, n. A shock : a shake ; violent agitation. 

JSn'quil, or Jon-quille' [jun-kwil'. II". P. F. ./«. ; 
jtin-kel', S. ; jon-keT, K. ; jung'kwjl. ,<,„.'. „. 
[Fr.jonquille,Sp.jvnqniUo, It. gwnchiglia, dimin- 
utive forms; Fr. jonc, Sp. ju'nco. It. gi\ 
juncus, a rush.] A species of daffodil. 

Jo'rum, re. [Probably a cant use of the Scripture 
name of Joram, a king of Israel.] A punch-bowl 
or its contents. 

Joss' -house, n. [Joss is a pidgeon-Fnglish name 
of God; Port. Bios, God.] A Chinese temple. 

Jos'tle (jos'sl), v. a. [A frequentative form of 
Joust, to tilt.] [pp. jostling, jostled.] To 
shake; to justle. 

Jot, re. [Gr. iuTa, Heb. yod, a very small letter. — 
See Iota ; Sp. & It. jota, a jot.] The least quan- 
tity : a tittle ; iota.— 2, v. a. [pp. jotting, jotted.] 
To set down ; to mark briefly. 

Joiir'nal. n. [Fr. journal, daily; jour, a day; L. 
dinrn'alis, daily, diurnal (q. ».).] An account of 
daily transactions; a diary; a paper published 
daily; a newspaper : — [with the idea of a jour- 
ney or of travelling] the bearing of a shaft :— a 
shaft. 

Joiir'nal-i§m, re. The management of newspapers ; 
the act of keeping a journal. 

Joiir'nal-ist, n. A newspaper writer. 

Joiir'nal-ize, v. a. [pp. journalizing, journalized.] 
To enter in a journal. 

Joiir'ney, n. : pi. Joiir'neys. [Fr. joumte, a day, 
a day's work, a day's travel ; Sp. Jornada, a clay's 
march, a journey; It. giornata, a day, a journey; 
L. dinrnus. daily. — See Diuknal.] Travel in- 
land ; a passage ; excursion. — 2, ?•. n. [pp. jour- 
neying, journeyed.] To travel; to pass from 
place to place; to ramble. [hired workman. 

Joiir'ney-man, n. [Fr. journce, a day's work.] A 

Joiir'ney-work (jur'ne-wurk), R . ' Work per- 
formed by a journeyman or for hire. 

Joust (just), n. [FT.jouler, 0. Fr.jouster, Late L. 
juxtare, to approach; L. juxta, near; jugis, con- 



mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 



-5. S. S. I", soft; 0, JS, p, |, hard; s as z ; ? as gz : 
28 



this. 



JOVE 



JUNK-BOTTLE 



ro-vi-al'i-tx, \n. State of being jovial; gayety; 
ro'vi-al-ness, J merriment ; hilarity. 



Glad; 



tinuous; root of Join.] A tournament; a mock 
fight; a just. — 2, v. n. [pp. jousting, jousted.] 
To run in the tilt; to tilt. 

Jove, n. [0. L. Jovis, Jupiter ; L. Jovis, of Jupi- 
ter : akin to Gr. Zevs, Jove ; L. dens, Skr. deva, 
a god; div, to shine.] Jupiter, an ancient heathen 
deity. 

Jo'vi-al, a. [L. jovialis, like the god Jupiter : in 
later times the planet Jupiter was believed to 
make those under its influence merry and joy- 
ous.] Expressive of hilarity ; gay ; airy ; merry ; 
cheerful ; convivial. 

Jo 

Jo 

Jo'vi-al-ly, ad. Merrily ; gayly 

J6'vi-an, a. Of or pertaining to Jove or to the 
planet Jupiter. 

Jowl (jol), n. [0. E. iol, chole, chavel, the jaw; 
A.-S. ceafl. — See Joll.] The cheek. See Jole. 

Joy, n- [Fr. joie, It. gioja, L. gaudium, joy ; gau- 
dere, to rejoice.] Gladness; gayety; mirth; ex- 
ultation. — 2, v. n. [pp. joying, joyed.] To re- 
joice ; to be glad ; to exult. 

Joy'ance, n. [0. Fr.] Festivity; joyousness. 

Joy'ful, a. Full of joy; glad; happy. 

JSy'ful-ly, ad. In a joyful manner. 

Joy'ful-ness, n. Gladness ; joy ; exultation. 

Joy'less, a. Void of joy ; giving no pleasure. 

Jby'less-ly, ad. Without joy or pleasure. 

Jby'less-ness, n. State of being joyless. 

Joy'ous. a. [Fr. joyeux; 0. Fr. joyous.} 
merry; gay; joyful. 

Jby'ous-ly, ad. With joy; with gladness. 

Jby'ous-ness, n. State of being joyous. 

Ju'bi-lant, a. [L. jubilare (part, jubilantis), to re- 
joice.'] Kejoicing; shouting for joy. 

Ju-bi-la'tion, w. [L. jubilatio ; jubilare, to rejoice. 
— Of. jub'iluni, a shepherd's song.] The act of 
declaring triumph :— exultation ; triumph. 

Ju'bi-lee, u. [L. jubilseus, Gr. twjSrjAatos, from 
He'b. yobel, a blast of a trumpet : it is questioned 
whether this word is connected with L. jubilare, 
to rejoice.] A sahbatical year among the Jews, 
being every fiftieth year :— a solemn season in 
the church of Rome, occurring at stated inter- 
vals :— a season of public festivity. 

Ju-ciin'di-ty, n. [L. jueunditas. — See Jocund.] 
Pleasantness. 

Ju-da'ic, a. [L. judaicus, from Judseus, a Jew 
\q. v.).] Kelating to the Jews; Judaical. 

Ju-da'i-cal, a. Jewish ; belonging to the Jews. 

Ju'da-isni, n. The religious belief of the Jews. 

Ju'da-ize, v. n. [pp. Judaizing, Judaized.] To 
conform to Judaism. 

Ju'da-Iz-er, v. One who conforms to Judaism. 

Jud§-e, v.' [Yr.juge; L. judex, judicis ; jus, law, 
and dicare, to show.] One who judges ; an of- 
ficer who presides in a court of judicature ; 
an arbiter. — 2, v. n. [Fr. juger ; L. judicare.] 
[pp. judging, judged.] To pass sentence; to 
decide.— 3, v. a. To pass sentence upon ; to de- 
termine finally ; to examine. 

Jud§-e'ship, n. 'Office or dignity of a judge. 

Judgement, n. [Fr. jvgement.— See Judge.] The 
act of judging; power of judging ; understand- 
ing; goodsense; discrimination; discernment: — 
decision ; criticism ; opinion : — punishment ; final 
doom : — sentence of a judge. 

Ju'di-ca-tive, a. [L. judicatives; judicarc, jndica- 
tum, to judge {q. v.).] Having power to judge. 

Ju'di-ca-to-ry, v. [L. judicatories. — See Judge.] 
A court of justice. — 2, a. Dispensing justice. 

Ju'di-ca-ture, n. [Fr.] Power of distributing jus- 
tice :— the jitrisdiction of a court. 

Ju-di"cial (ju-dlsb/a.1), a. [L. judicialis. — See 
'Judge.] Relating to public justice, or a court : 
— inflicted as a penalty. 

Ju-di"cial-ly. (ju-dish'al-le), ad. In a judicial 
manner; in the form of legal justice. 

Ju-di"ci-a-ry. (ju-dlsh'e-a-re), a. [L. judiciarius. 
" — See Judge.] Relating to courts of judicature ; 



passing judgment.— 2, n. The power which dis- 
penses justice ; judicature : — judges collectively. 

Ju-di"cious (ju-dish'us), a. [Fr. judicieux.] Di- 
rected by judgment; prudent; discreet; rational. 

Ju-di"cious-ly. (ju-dish'us-le), ad. Wisely. 

Ju-di"cious-ness, n. Prudence. 

Jug, n. [Once a nickname for Joan, and probably 
for Judith.— See Betty, Billy, Jack, &c] A 
vessel with a small mouth and a belly either 
gibbous or straight, for holding liquors :— [imi- 
tative] the nightingale's cry.— 2, v. n. [pp. jug- 
ging, jugged.] To emit a particular sound, as a 
bird. 

Jug'ger, n. A kind of falcon. 

Jug'gle (jug'gl), v. n. [Fr. jongler, It. giocolare • 
L. joculari, to jest.] [pp. juggling, juggled.] 
To practise jugglery.— 2, n. A trick of legerde- 
main ; a deceptive trick. 

Jug'gler, n. [Fr. jongleur, a juggler; 0. Fr. jo- 
gleor,'& wandering minstrel; It. giocolare, ~L.jocu- 
lator, a jester; jocus, joculus, a jest. — See Joke.] 
One who practises jugglery or sleight of hand. 

Jug'gler-y, n. The feats of a juggler. 

Jug'gling, n. Deception ; imposture. 

Ju'gu-iar, a. [L.jugidum, the throat, the collar- 
bone;' dim. of juguirn, a yoke (q. v.).] Belonging 
to the throat. 

Juice (jus), n. [Ft. jus, juice; L. jus, broth ; Skr. 
yusha, soup.] The sap of vegetables ; succulence : 
— the fluid in animals. 

Juice'less, a. Dry ; without moisture. 

Jui'ci-ness, m. State of being juicy. 

Jui'cy (ju'se), a. Abounding with juice ; moist. 

Ju'jube, n. [Fr. ; L. ziziphum; Gr. C,l$v$ov ; Pers. 
zizafun ; Arab, zizuf; Port, afofeifa ; Sp. azu- 
fdifa.] A shrub and its fruit : — a sweetmeat. 

Juke, v. n. & v. a. [Scot, jouk, a form of Duck 
(q. v.). — Cf. Ger. zucken, to duck the head.] To 
duck, or lower the head, as if to dodge a blow. 

Ju'lep, n. [Fr. julep; Sp. julepe; Port, julepo ; 
Pers. gulab, rose-water; gul, a rose, and ab, 
water.] A flavored drink ;' liquid medicine. 

Jul'ian (jul'yan or ju'le-an), a. Relating to Ju- 
lius Caesar :— denoting "the old account of the 
year, introduced at Rome by Julius Ca?sar. 

Ju-ly', n. [L. julius, named in honor of Julius 
Caesar.] The seventh month in the year. 

Jum'ble (jum'bl), v. a. [A frequentative of Jump.] 
[pp. jumbling, jumbled.] To mix confusedly. 
— 2, v. n. To be agitated together. — 3, n. A 
confused mass : — [Ttal. ciambella] a kind of cake. 

Jump, v. n. [Sw. gnppa, locally gumpa, to spring; 
Dan. gumpe, to jolt ; Old & Local Ger. gampen, 
gumpen, to jump.] [pp. jumping, jumped.] To 
leap; to skip; to bound.— 2, v. a. To hazard : 
— to leap over. — 3, n. A leap ; a skip ; a bound. 

Jump'er, n. One that jumps or leaps : — a drill : — 
a rude sleigh. 

Junc'tion, n. [L. jnnctio ; jungere, to join.] A 
union'; a joining; a coalition. 

Junct'ure ( j ungkt'yur), n. [L.junctura, a join- 
ing ; jungere, to join.] A joint ; an articulation ; 
union : — a critical point of time. 

June, n. [L. Junius: probably named in honor of 
one Junius, or of his family, in ancient Rome.] 
The sixth month of the year. 

Jun'gle (jung'gl), n. [Skr. jangala, dry, desert; 
Hind, jangal, a thicket.] A thicket of shrubs. 

Jun'gly, a. Relating to or full of jungle. 

Jun'ior' (jiin'yur), a. [L. for "younger;" com- 
parative of juven is, young; Skr. yuvan, young.] 
Younger : — later in office or rank. — 2, n. A per- 
son younger than another. 

Jun-ior'i-ty (jun-yor'e-te), n. State of being 
junior,' or younger than another. 

Ju'ni-per, n. [L. juniperus.] An evergreen shrub 
or tree which bears a berry. 

Junk, n. [Fr. jonc, h.juncus, a rush.] Pieces of 
old cable : — [Port. & Sp. jtnico ; Fr. jonque ; Ma- 
lay, ajong ; Chinese, chwan] a Chinese ship. 

Junk'-Dot-tle, n. A strong glass bottle. 



I, o, u, y, long ; 



e, i, o, 



a, e, i, 9, u, v., obscure. — rare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 



JUNKET 



327 



KEDGE 



Junk'et, n. [It. giuncata, Fr. jonchee, cream- 
cheese ; originally, cream-cheese served up on 
rushes ; It. giunco, Fr. jotic, L. juncus, a rush.] 
A sweetmeat: — a jolly entertainment; a jun- 
cate. — 2, v. n. [pp. junketing, junketed.] To 
feast secretly or merrily. — 3, v. a. To entertain 
jovially ; to feast. 

Jun'ta, or Jun'to, n. ; pi. Jun'tas, or Jun'tos. 
[Sp.j from junto, L. junctus, joine'd, united. — See 
Join.] A political faction; a cabal. 

Ju'pi-ter, n. [L. Juppiter ; Gr. Zevo-jraTJjp ; Skr. 
dyaus' pilar, father of light.] Jove, an ancient 
heathen deity : — one of the primary planets. 

Ju-ras'sic, a. [Named from the Jura Mountains.] 
(Geol.)' Noting the middle secondary age and its 
strata and fossils. 

Ju-rid'i-cal, a. [L. juridicus ; jus, juris, law, right, 
and dicere, to speak.] Relating to courts of jus- 

Ju-rid'i-cal-ly, ad. With legal authority, [tice. 

Ju-ris-con'sult, n. [L. juris considtus; jus, juris, 
law, and considtus, a lawyer, — properly, one con- 
sulted. — See Consult.] A counsellor at law. 

Ju-ris-dic'tion, n. [L. juridsictio ; jus, juris, law, 
and dictio, a proclaiming. — See Diction.] Legal 
authority ; the right or the extent of authority. 

Ju-ris-dic'tion-al, a. Relating to jurisdiction or 
legal authority. 

Ju-ris-pru'dence, n. [L. jurisprudent ; jus, juris, 
law, and pr'udentia, skill, prudence (q. v.).] The 
science of law. 

Ju-ris-prii'dent, \ a. Relating to jurispru- 

Ju-ris-pru-den'tial, J dence ; juristic. 

Ju'rist. n. One versed in the civil or Roman law; 
a civilian; a lawyer; a judge; a legal writer. 

Ju-ris'tic, a. Relating to jurisprudence. 

Ju'ror, n. [Fr. jureur, one who swears. — See Jury.] 
One who serves on a jury; a juryman. 

Ju'ry, n. [Obs. Fr. juree, juri (now jurij, from the 
English), from jurer, L. jurare, to swear. — Cf. 
Skr. yu, to bind: akin to Just.] A number of 
men selected and impanelled for the purpose of 
deciding some controversy, or trying some case 
in law. — A petit-jury consists of twelve men ; a 
grand-jury, of not less than twelve nor more than 
twenty-three. 

Jii'ry-box, n. An enclosure for a jury. 

Ju'ry-man, n. One impanelled on a jury. 

Ju'ry-m&st, n. [Said by some to be for injnry- 
mast : very doubtful.] A mast erected to supply 
the place of one lost. 

Just, a. [L. jmtus, just; from jus, juris, right, fit- 



ting. — Cf. Skr. yu, to join.] Conformed to the 
laws of God ; founded on justice ; upright ; right- 
eous; equitable; honest; fair; exact; proper; 
accurate ; true. — 2, ad. Exactly ; merely ; almost. 
— 3, n. [For Joust.] A mock fight on horseback 
between two persons with lances : — written also 
joust. — 4, v. n. [pp. justing, justed.] To en- 
gage in a mock fight ; to tilt. 

Jus' tice, n. [L. justitia, justice, — later, a court, a 
judge; Justus, just.] Equity; right; law: — a 
judge : — a peace officer ; as, a justice of the peace. 

Jus' tice -ship, n. The rank or office of a justice. , 

Jus-ti"ci-ar (jus-tish'e-ar), n. A judge; a justi- 
ciary. ' [trator of justice : — a high judge. 

Jus-ti"ci-a-ry (jus-tish'e-a-re), n. An adniinis- 

Jus'ti-fl-a-ble, a." That may be justified; right; 
defensible by law or reason. [justifiable. 

Jus'ti-fi-a-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being 

Jus'ti-f l-a-bly, ad. So as to be justified. 

Jus-ti-fi-ca'tion, n. [L. justificutio.] The act of 
justifying; state of being justified; a defence; 
vindication. — (Theol.) The act by which a per- 
son is accounted just or righteous in the sight 
of God. 

Jus-tif'i-ca-tive, a. Having power to justify. 

Jiis-tif i-ca-to-ry, «. Vindicatory. 

Jus'ti-fi-er, n. One who justifies. 

Jus'tj-fy, v. a. [Fr. justifier ; L.justificare; Justus, 
just, exact, and facere, to make.] [pp. justify- 
ing, justified.] To prove to be just ; to defend; 
to vindicate : — to free from sin ; to absolve : — to 
adjust, as the words, lines, spaces, &c, of a page. 

Jus'tle ( jua'sl), v. n. [See Jostle.] [pp. justlins, 
justled.] To encounter; to jostle. — 2, v. a. To 
push ; to jostle.— 3, n. A shock ; a slight en- 
counter. 

Just'ly, ad. Uprightly; honestly; properly. 

Just'ness, n. Justice : — accuracy. 

Jut, v. 'u. [A variant of Jet.] [ pp. jutting, jutted.] 
To push or shoot out ; to butt. 

Jute, ». [Bengalee, jut; Skr. jata, matted hair.] 
A kind of plant and its fibre. 

Ju-ve-nes'cence, ». [L.juvenescere, to grow young.] 
A growing young. 

Ju've-nile [ju've-nil, S. Ja. K. C. I. St.], a. [L. 
juvenilis, youthful ; juvenis, young. — See Junior.] 
Young; youthful. [fulness:— light manner. 

Ju-ve-nil'i-ty, »• State of being juvenile ; youth- 

Jux-ta-po-si"'tion (juks-ta-po-zisu'un), n. [L. 
juxta, near, and positio, position.] A placing or 
being placed near together. 



K. 



Ka letter borrowed from the Greek alphabet, 
j has, before all the vowels, one invariable 
sound, as in keen, kill. 

Ka-byle' (or ka-beT), n. [Native name.] One of 
a race of Berbers inhabiting North Africa. 

Kaffir, \ (kaffir or ka'fir), n. An Arabic term 

Kafir /signifying "infidel," applied by Moham- 
medans to all unbelievers:— a native of Caf- 
fraria in Africa or of Kafiristan in Asia. 

Kaim, or Kame, n. [Scot, for a " comb."] (Geol.) 
A low ridge. [salt of potash. 

Kain'it, n. [Ger. ; Gr. KaLvos, new.] A crude 

Kale, 'or Kail, n. [Gael. & Irish cal ; Manx kail. 
See Cole.] A kind of cabbage; colewort. 

Ka-lei'do-scoge (ka-li'do-skop), n. [Gr. *caAd?, 
beautiful, eiSos, appearance, and cncoweli', to 
see.] An optical instrument which exhibits a 
great variety of beautiful colors and symmetrical 
forms. 

Kal'en-dar, n. See Calendar. 

Ka'li, n. ' Sea-weed, — whence the word alkali. 

Ka'lif, m. See Caliph. 



Kal'mi-a, n. [From Peter Kalm, a botanist and 
traveller.] An evergreen shrub; a laurel. 

Kan-ga-r66' (kang-ga- 
ro'), n. [Native Aus- 
tralian name.] A mar- 
supial animal of Aus- 
tralia, having short 
fore-legs, and long 
hind-legs, on which it 
leaps. 

Ka'o-Hn, or Ka'o-Hne 
[k'a'o-lin, H.\ n. '[Chi- 
nese kau, high, and tin, 
ridge: a local name.] 
Porcelain or China 
clay. 

Ka'ty.-did, n. [From the call of the insect.] An 
insect ; a sort of grasshopper. 

Kau-ri (kbw're), n. [A native name.] A pine- 
tree of New Zealand, and its resin. 

Kedfe, v. a. [Local Sw. keka, to drag one's self, 
to tug : perhaps related to Catch.] [j>p. kedg- 




Kangaroo. 



mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, c, £-, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as z ; x«*gz; this. 



KEEL 



328 



KILDEEKIN 



ing, kedged.] To warp or more, as a ship.— 
2, n. (Nunt.) A small anchor, used in a river 
or harbor ; a kedger. 

Keel, n. [Dut. & Ger. kiel; Dan. kjol.—Cf. A.-S. 
ceol, 6r. yavAo?, a snip.] The largest and lowest 
timber in a ship :— a ship. — (Bot.) The two low- 
est petals in some flowers : — red chalk. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. keeling, keeled.]] To turn the keel ; to heel 
or turn ; to navigate. 

Keel'-boat, n. A low, flat-bottomed boat. 

Keel'er, n. [A.-S. celan, 0. E. keel, to cool.] A 
small, shallow tub. 

Keel'haul, v. a. [Dut. kielhaalen ; Keel and 
Haul.] [pp. keelhauling, keelhauled.] (Naut.) 
To punish by dragging the offender under the 
keel. 

Keel' son (or kel'sun), n. [Sw. kblsvin; Dan. kjbl- 
sviin; Ger. kielsc'hivein ; Norw. kjb'lsvill, keel-sill; 
the other names are probably corrupted from 
this.] A piece of timber in a ship over her keel. 

Keen, a. [A.-S. cene, Dut. koen, Ger. kilhn, bold ; 
Icel. keen, wise : cognate with Ken.] Sharp ; 
acute: — severe; piercing; eager. 

Keen'ly, ad. Sharply ; eagerly ; bitterly. 

Keen'ness, n. Sharpness ; eagerness. 

Keep, v. a. [A.-S. cepan, cypan, to keep, to store 
up, — originally, to sell, to traffic. — See Cheap.] 
[i. kept; pp. keeping, kept.] To retain; to pre- 
serve ; to protect ; to guard ; to detain or hold ; 
to restrain: — to observe. — 2, v. n. To remain; 
tn stay ; to last. — 3, n. The strongest part of a 
castle : — guard : — subsistence. 

Keep'er, n. One who keeps or holds; a defender. 

Keep'ing, n. Charge; custody; guard; support: 
— just proportion ; congruity : — management of 
light and shade in painting. 

Keep'sake, n. A gift to be kept for the sake of 
the giver; a souvenir. 

Keg-, n. [Scand. kagcji, kagge: related to Dan. 
kegle, Ger. kegel, a cone, a bobbin; Dut. keg, a 
wedge.] A small cask or barrel. 

Kelp, n. [Origin unknown.] Sea-weed : — alkaline 
ashes from burnt sea-weed. 

Kel'pie, \ n. [Scot. ; said to be akin to Calf.] A 

Kel'py, J supposed spirit of the waters, in the 

Kelt, n. A Celt. [form of a horse. 

Kel'ter, n. [Celt, cealtair, dress, cause, matter : 
thought to be for L. cultura, care, finish, cul- 
ture (q. v.).] Order; good condition ; kilter. 

Kelt'ic, n. & a. Same as Celtic. 

Ken, v. a. [Ger. & Dut. kennen, Icel. kenna, to 
know ; A.-S. cennan, to cause to know, to teach ; 
cunnan, to know. — See Can.] [pp. kenning, 
kenned.] To see at a distance : — to know. — 
2, v. n. To look round ; to direct the eye. — 3, n. 
View; sight; the reach of the sight : — a kennel. 

Ken'nel, n. [Fr. chew.il, a dog-house ; chien, Local 
Fr. ken, a dog ; L. canis.] A cot for dogs : — a 
pack of hounds or dogs: — hole of a fox, &c. : — 
[a variant of Canal] the watercourse of a street ; 
gutter. — 2, v. n. [pp. kennelling, kennelled.] 
To lie ; to dwell, as beasts. — 3, v. a. To keep in 
a kennel. [dred weight; a quintal. 

Ken' tie, n. [See Quintal and Cental.] A nun- 
Kent' ledg-e, n. [Cf. Cantle, and Sp. ccntil, a mass 
of stone.] Iron ballast for a ship. 

Kept, i. & p. from keep. 

Ke-ram'ic, a. Same as Ceramic. 

Kerb, n. ' See Curb. 

Ker'chief (ker'chif), n. [Fr. couvre-chef, head- 
gear (colloq.); couvre, cover, and chef, the head. 
— See Chief.] A head-dress of a woman ; a dress 
or loose cloth worn on the neck. 

Kerf, n. [See Carve; Dut. kerf, Ger. kerbe, a 
notch.] The cut or opening made by a saw. 

Ker'mes, n. sing. & pi. [Arab. — See Crimson.] A 
small insect found in the scarlet oak and used 
as a scarlet dje. 

Kern, n. [Irish ceatharnach, a soldier ; calh, battle, 
and fear, man.] An Irish foot-soldier : — [see 
Quern] a hand-mill. 




Ker'nel, n. [A.-S. cyrnel; Ger. kern; Dan. kleme: 
akin" to Corn.] An edible substance in the shell 
of a nut, or in a husk ; grain : — a nucleus. 

Ker'o-sene, n. [Gr. Kijpds, wax, with allusion to 
paraffin.] Oil prepared from petroleum. 

Ker'sey, n. [Said to be named from Kersey, in 
Suffolk, England.— Cf. Fr. carize, Dut. karsaai, 
kersey.] A kind of stuff or cloth. 

Ker'sey-mere, n. [Corrupted from Cashmere.] 
A twilled, woollen cloth :— called also cassimere. 

Kes'trel, n. [0. E. coistrel, a coward.] A kind of 
bastard hawk. 

Ketch, n. [It. caicco ; Fr. caiche, quaiche; Dut. kits: 
all probably, like Fr. caique, from Turk, qaiq, a 
boat.] (Naut.) A vessel with two masts. 

Ketch'iip, n. A sauce. See Catchup. 

Ke'tone, w. [From acetone, the most important 
member of the ketone series.] A compound of 
a hydrocarbon with carbonic acid. 

Ket'tle, n. [A.-S. cetel, cytel; Dut. kelel; Goth. 
katils; Ger. kessel; Kuss. kotel ; L. catillus, a 
bowl ; Gr. kotvAos. a cup.] A vessel in which 
liquor is boiled. 

Kef tie-drum, n. A kettle- 
shaped drum : — a fashionable 
afternoon tea. 

Key (ke), n. [A.-S. ceag ; 0. 
Fris. kai, kei.] An instrument 
to fasten and open a lock, &c. : 
— an instrument by which Kettle-drum. 
something is screwed or 
turned : — the fundamental note in music : — an 
index ; an explanation ; that which explains ; a 
guide : — [Sp. cayo, a shoal, a reef; L. cautes, a 
cliff] an islet : — [see Quay] a quay. — 2, v. a. [ pp. 
keying, keyed.] To fasten with a key or wedge. 

Key'a|-e (ke'aj), n. Money paid for wharfage. 

Key'-board, n. The range of keys in a piano or 
an organ. [ger-keys or stops. 

Key'-bu-gle, n. A bugle furnished with six fin- 
Keyed (ked), a. Furnished with keys. 

Key'-hole (ke'hol), n. A hole to put a key in. 

Key'-note, "I n. The fundamental note, or tonic, 

Key' -tone, J of a piece of music. 

Key'-stone, n. The middle stone of an arch. 

Khan (kan or kan), n. [Turk.] A prince ; a sov- 
ereign ; a high officer : — a sort of inn. 

Kh^n'ate, n. A province ruled by a khan. 

Khe-di've (ka-<h5' v a.)> or Khe-dive', n. [Arab. 
khidewi, Per. khadiw, a king.] The viceroy or 
ruler of Egypt. 

Kick, v. a. [Welsh cic, a foot ; cicio, to kick ; Gael. 
ceig, to kick.] [pp. kicking, kicked.] To strike 
with the foot. — 2, v. n. To thrust out the foot; 
to resist: — to recoil. — 3, n. A blow with the 
foot : — a recoil. 

Kick'er, n. One who kicks ; a wincing horse. 

Kick'shaw, n. [Fr. quelque-chose, something; L. 
qualis, of what kind, and caussa, cause, or thing.] 
A fantastic dish of cookery : — a trifle. 

Kid, n. [Dan. & Sw. kid; Ger. kitze.] The young 
of a goat : — a bundle : — a mess-kid. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. kidding, kidded.] To bring forth kids. 

Kid' ling, n. [Icel. kidlingr.] A young kid. 

Kid'nap, v. a. [Eng. slang kid, a child, and nab, 
to seize.] [pp. kidnapping, kidnapped.] To 
steal a human being. 

Kid'nap-per, n. One who kidnaps. 

Kid'ney (kid'ne), n. ; pi. Kid'neys. [0. E. quid, 
quith, Icel. kvidr, A.-S. cwid, the womb, the 
belly, and 0. E. neer, Icel. nyra, Dan. mjre, Dut. 
nier, Ger. mere, Gr. i/e^pd?, a kidney.] One of 
the two glands which separate the urine from 
the blood : — kind or sort; disposition ; humor. 

Kil'dee, or Kil'deer, n. [From the bird's note.] 
A kind of plover. 

Kil'der-kin, n. [0. Dut. kindekm,<— literally, a 
little child or boy; Dut. kirmetje ; kind, a child : 
so named colloquially from its relatively small 
size.] A liquid measure of eighteen gallons ; a 
small barrel. 



a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a., g, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, 



u, y, 



obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fS.ll ; heir, her j 



KILL 



329 



KLEPTOMANIAC 



Kill, v. a. [Icel. holla, to harm,— literally, to cut 
on the head ; kollr, Norw. koll, S\v. kidle, Irish 
coll, the head ; Dut. kollen, to knock down ; but 
possibly related to Quell.] [pp. killing, killed.] 
To deprive of lite; to destroy; to slay. — 2, u. A 
small river or narrow strait. 

Kill'dee, or Kill'deer, n. See Kildee. 

Kill'er, n. One who kills or deprives of life. 

Kill' in?, a. Charming; fascinating. [Colloq.] 

Kiln (kil), n. [L. culina, a kitchen, a drying- 
house; whence A.-S. eyln, Icel. kylna, Welsh 
cylin, ajl, a kiln. — See Culinary.] A stove or 
furnace for drying or burning ; a pile of brick 
for burning. [dried.] To dry in a kiln. 

Kiln'dry (kilMri), v. a. [pp. kilndrying, kiln- 

Ki'lo, n. A trade name for the kilogram. 

Kil'o-gram, n. [Fr. kilogramme; Gr. \ikt.ov, a 
thousand, and gramme.] A French weight of 
1000 grams, equal to 2.2046 pounds avoirdupois. 

Kil'o-li-tre (-le-tr), n. [Fr. ; Gr. x^<-ov, a thou- 
sand, and litre.] A French measure of 1000 
litres, equalling 264.17 gallons. 

Kil'o-me-trs (-me-tr), n. [Fr. kilometre; Gr. x^tov, 
a thousand, and metre.'] A French measure of 
1000 metres, or 3280.9167 feet. 

Kil'o-stere, n. [Fr. kilostere ; Gr. x^ l0V , a thou- 
sand, and slere.) A French measure of solidity, 
equal to 1000 steres, or 35336.636 cubic feet. 

Kilt, n. [Dan. kille, to truss up; Local S\v. kilta, 
to swathe ; Icel. kilting, a skirt. — Cf. Irish cealt, 
clothes, and L. celare, to hide.] A kind of short 
petticoat, especially that worn by the Scotch 
Highlanders; fillibeg. — 2, v. a. [pp. kilting, 
kilted.] To tuck up, as the skirts. 

Kil'ter, n. Condition ; order. See Kelter. 

Kin, n. [A.-S. cynn, Icel. hyn, Goth, hint, race, 
kindred: root of Genus.] A relation : — kin- 
dred ; relatives ; the same species : — a diminutive 
termination. — 2, a. Of the same nature ; kindred. 

Kind, a. [A.-S. cynde, natural, after its kind.] 
Benevolent; good; tender; beneficent; favorable; 
indulgent; mild.— 2, n. [A.-S. cynd, gecynd, na- 
ture : closely related to Kin.] Any thing of the 
same nature ; race ; generical class ; sort. 

Kin'der-gar-ten, n. [Ger. for "children's gar- 
den."] A place of training for young children, 
intermediate between nursery and school-room. 

Kin'dle, v. a. [Icel. kyndyll, a torch, a candle 
(q. r.); kynda, to inflame.] [pp. kindling, kin- 
dled.] To set on fire; to light; to inflame. — 
2, v. n. To catch fire ; to be inflamed. 

Kin'dler, n. One who or that which kindles. 

Kind'li-ness, n. Affection; good-will; favor. 

Kind'ly, a. Congenial; proper; mild; bland. — 
2, ad. Benevolently ; favorably ; fitly. 

Kind'ness, n. Quality of being kind; benevolence; 
good-will ; favor ; beneficence ; love. 

Kin'dred, n. ; pi. Kin'dred, or Kin'dreds. [From 
kin, as hatred from hate'; A.-S. -rseden, condition, 
law.] A person or persons of the same, descent ; 
relation by birth : — relatives ; connections ; kins- 
folk. — 2, a. Congenial ; related ; cognate. 

Kine, n. ; pi. of cow. [A.-S. cu, a cow ; k//, cows ; 
whence the O. E. double plural kyen, on" type of 
oxen.] Cows. 

Ki-ne-mat'ics, ». [Gr. icivieiv, to move ; Kivrjfxa, 
a movement : on type of mathematics.] Same as 
Kinetics. 

Ki-ne-sip'a-thy, w- [Gr. mveetv, to move ; *aVe<ris, 
movement : on type of homoeopathy.] The move- 
ment cure. 

Ki-net'ic, a. [Gr. kivwtiko';, moving; Kiveeiv, to 
move.] Moving or causing motion ; of or per- 
taining to kinetics. 

Ki-net'ics, n. The science of motion. 

King, n. [A.-S. eyning ; 0. Sax. tuning; Dan. 
konge; Ger. konig: from the root of Kin, A.-S. 
cyn, a race, a tribe : probably at first meaning 
a son of the tribe.] The ruler of a kingdom"; 
a monarch : a sovereign ; a chief ruler : — a piece 
or card representing a king in a game. 




King'bird, n. A small bird of great courage. 

King' -crab, n. A horse-shoe crab or 
sea-spider. [governing. 

King' craft, n. Craft of kings ; art of 

King'dom, n. [A.-S. cynedom; cyne, 

royal, and -dom (suffix), state or 

condition.] The dominion of a king : 

— reigu : — a class ; as, the vegetable 

kitiy<lon(. 

King'fish-er, n. A species of bird. 

King'ly. , a. ' Relating to a king ; royal. King-crab. 

King' -post, n. {Arch.) The middle post of a 
framed roof; crown-post. 

King's'-e'vil (kingz'e'vl), n. [It was long be- 
lieved to be curable by the touch of a king.] 
The scrofula. 

Kink, ». [Dut., Sw., & Norw. kink, a twist ; Norw. 
kika, kiuka, to twist; Icel. kemjr, a bend.] A 
twist; an entanglement. — 2, v. n. [pp. kink- 
ing, kinked.] To become entangled. 

Kink'x, a. Full of kinks; entangled. 

Ki'no, ». [Mandiugo, kuno.] An astringent vege- 
table extract. 

Kins/folk (kinz'fok), n. pi. Kindred; relations. 

Kin' ship, n. Relationship ; kindred. 



A man of the same 



ship, 

Kins/man, n. ; pi. Kins/men. 
race or family ; a relation. 

Kins/wom-an (-wum-an), n. A female relation. 

KJ-osk', n.' [Turk, 'kiosk, kushk, koshk ; Pers. 
knshk, a palace.] A Turkish pleasure-house. 

Kip'-leath-er, n. Leather made of kip-skin. 

Kip'per, a. [Dut. kipper, a spawner; Jcippen, to 
spawn, to hatch.] Lean and unfit fop use. — 
2, n. A salmon in the spawning state :— salmon 
split up, dried or smoked, salted, and spiced. 
— 3, v. a. [pp. kippering, kippered.] To split 
open, dry or smoke, salt, and spice : — said of 
fish. 

Kip' -skin, n. The skin of a heifer or steer not 
more than two years old; kip-leather. 

Kirk. n. [See Church.] A church ; th e church 
of Scotland. 

Kir' tie, n. [A.-S. cyrtel; Icel. kyrtill ; Dan. kior- 
tel : probably cognate with Skirt.] A gown ; a 
petticoat ; a cloak. 

Kir' tied (ker'tld), a. Wearing a kirtle. 

Kis'met, n. [Turk.] Fate; destiny. 

Kiss, v. a. [A.-S. coss, a kiss; cyssnn, to kiss; 
Dut. his, Dan. kys, Ger. kuss, a kiss ; kdssen, to 
kiss : said to be related to L. gustus, a taste.] 
[pp. kissing, kissed.] To salute by applying 
the lips; to caress; to touch gently. — 2, n. A 
salute given by the lips. 

Kit, n. [Abridged form of A.-S. cytere, a cithara 
{g. v.).] A small fiddle:— [Dut. hitte, a tub; kit, 
a can ; Norw. kitte, a corn-crib] a fish-tub ; a pail : 
— the tools of a shoemaker ; an outfit : — [see 
Kitten] a kitten. 

Kitch'en, n. [A.-S. cicen; Dan. kjoekken; L. co- 
quina, from coquere, to cook (q. v.).] A room 
where provisions are cooked. 

Kitch'en-gar'den, n. A vegetable-garden. 

Kitch'en-mid'den, n. [Kitchen and Mipden; 
Dan. kjoekken-moedding.] A heap of kitchen- 
waste ; a refuse-heap. 

Kite, n. [A.-S. cyta ; Welsh, cydytt.— The toy is 
named from the bird.] A bird of prey :— a paper 
toy raised into the air by the wind and held by 
a string. 

Kith, n. [A.-S. cyd, kindred, acquaintance ; cad, 
known; cnnnan, to know. — Cf. Uncouth.] Ac- 
quaintance. — Kith and kin, friends and relatives. 

Kit' ten (kit'tn), n. [Dim. of Cat; O. E. killing ; 
Norse, kjetling.] A young cat. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
kittening, kittened.] To bring- forth young cats. 

Kit'ti-wake, n. »A kind of sea-gull. 

Klep-to-ma'ni-a, n. [Gr. /cAeVrT)?, a thief, and 
fxavia, madness.] A real or supposed species of 
moral insanity, actuating its subjects to steal ; a 
morbid desire to steal. [mania. 

Klep-to-ma'ni-ac, n. One affected with klepto- 



mien, sir; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, lise. — <?, Q, c,g, soft, 

28* 



P, )S, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



KNACK 



330 



KOUMIS 



Knack (nak), n. [0. E. for "a snap,"— imitative; 
Gael, cnac, a crack ; Dut. Icnak, Dan. knage, to 
crack.] A toy : — trick; dexterity. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
knacking, knacked.] To make a sharp noise. 

Knack'er, n. [0. E. knacker, a saddler; Icel. 
hnakkr, a saddle.] A maker of small work : — a 
buyer of dead animals. 

Knag (nag), re. [Irish cnag, cnaig, a knob, a knot ; 
Sw. kuagg, a knot.] A knot in wood : — a peg. 

Knag'£y (nag'ge), a. Knotty :— rough. 

Knap (nap), n. [Ger. & Dut. knappen, to snap 
(g. v.)', Sw. knclpp, Dan. knep, a snap, a crack: 
imitative.] A knob ; a knoll : — a blow. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. knapping, knapped.] To bite :— to break 
short. — 3, v. n. To make a short, sharp noise; 
to knack ; to snap. 

Knap' sack (nap'sak), n. [Dut. knapzak; knap, 
eating, knappen, to crush, to snap, to eat, and 
zak, a sack (q. v.).] A soldier's bag. 

Knarl (narl), n. [See Gnarl.] A knot in wood. 

Knarled (narld or narl'ed), a. Knotty ; gnarled. 

Knave (nav), n. [A.-S. cnapa, cnafa, a boy; Dut. 
knaap, Ger. knube, a boy, a servant : probably 
from the root of Genus.] A dishonest or base 
man ; a rascal ; a scoundrel : — a jack of cards. 

Knav'er-y. (nav'er-e), n. The practice or conduct 
of a knave ; dishonesty ; villany. 

Knav'ish (nav'jsh), «. Dishonest; trickish. 

Knav'ish-ly (nav'jsh-le), ad. Dishonestly. 

Knav'isk-ness (nav'ish-nes), n. Knavery. 

Knead (ned), v. a. [A.-S. cnedan; Dut. kneden ; 
Ger. kneten; Russ. gnetate.] [pp. kneading, 
kneaded.] To work or press into a mass, as in 
making flour into dough. 

Knead'ing-trough (ned'ing-trof ), n. A trough in 
which the dough or paste of bread is worked. 

Knee (ne), re. [A.-S. cneo; Dut. & Ger. knie ; Dan. 
knee ; L. genu ; Gr. yovv ; Skr. janu.] The joint 
of the leg and thigh. 

Knee'-cap, n. The knee-pan ; patella. 

Knee' -deep, a. Rising, or sinking, to the knees. 

Kneel (nel), v. n. [A.-S. hnyluvg, a kneeling; 
Dan. knsele, to kneel : from Knee.] [i. knelt or 
kneeled ; pp. kneeling, knelt or kneeled.] To 
bend, or rest on, the knees. 

Knee'-pan (ne'-), n. A round bone on the knee. 

Knell (nel), n. [A--S. cnyl, Welsh cnill, cmd, a 
knell.— Cf. Dut. knal, Dan. knald, a loud report ; 
Dut. & Ger. knallen, to make a loud noise.] The 
sound of a funeral bell. — 2, v. n. [pp. knell- 
ing, knelled.] To sound as a bell ; to knoll. 

Knelt (nelt), i. & p. from kneel. 

Knew (nu), i. & p. from know. 

Knick'er-bock-er§ (nik'-), n. pi. [From Knicker- 
bocker, a Dutch family name, — also a cant name 
for an American of Dutch descent.] A kind of 
trousers or breeches wide at the thigh and end- 
ing immediately beneath the knee. 

Kmck'knack (nlk'nak), n. [A reduplication of 
knack, a toy.] A trifle or toy. 

Knife (nif ), n. ; pi. Knives, (nlvz). [A.-S. cnif; 
Dut. knijf; Dan. kniv; Local Ger. kneif; Fr. 
canif.] An instrument with a sharp edge for 
cutting. — 2, v. a, [pp. knifing, knifed.] To stab. 

Knight (nit), re. [A.-S. cniht, a boy, a servant; 
Dut. & Ger. knecht, a servant; Dan. knegt, a ser- 
vant; Sw. knekt, a soldier.] A military attend- 
ant ; a champion : — a man advanced to a certain 
rank, and having Sir prefixed to his name. — 
2, v. a. [pp. knighting, knighted.] To create 
one a knight. 

Knlght'age (nit'aj), n. The body of knights. 

Knight' -er' rant (nit'er'rant), n. ; pi. Knights'- 
er'rant. [See Errant.] A knight wandering 
in search of adventures, as in the times of chiv- 
alry. 

Knight' -er'rant-rjr (nit'-), re. The character, 
manners, or feats of a knight-errant. 

Knight'hood (nit'hud), n. [A.-S. cnildhad, boy- 
hood.] Dignity of a knight :— the order and 
fraternitv of knights. 



Knight'li-ness, n. Qualities of a knight. 

Knight'ly (nit'le), a. Pertaining to a knight; 
becoming to a knight; chivalrous. 

Knit (nit), v. a. [A.-S. cnyttan; Icel. knyta ; Dan. 
knytte: closely akin to Knot.] [i. knit or knit- 
ted; pp. knitting, knit or knitted.] To weave, 
or make, or unite by texture without a loom, or 
by the hand with needles :— to tie ; to unite. — 
2, v. re. To unite or become united. 

Knit'ter (nit^ter), n. One who knits. 

Knit' ting-nee' die (nit'ting-ne'dl), n. A wire 
which is used in knitting. 

Knive§ (nlvz), ». ; pi. of knife. 

Knob (nob), n. [A.-S. cnsep, a hill-top ; Dut. knop, 
knoop, a knob ; Ger. knopf, Irish cnap, a button : 
allied to Knock.] A protuberance ; a hill. 

Knobbed (nobd), a. Having protuberances. 

Knob'bi-ness (nob'be-nes), n. The state of being 
knobby. 

Knob'by. (nob'be), a. Full of knobs ; hard. 

Knock (nok), v. n. [A.-S. cnacian ; Celt, cnac, cnag, 
to crack, to snap, to strike : imitative.] [pp. 
knocking, knocked.] To clash; to beat,; to 
strike. — 2, v. a. To beat; to strike. — 3, n. A 
sudden stroke ; a blow. 

Knock'er (nok'er), n. One who knocks ; a striker : 
— a door-hammer. 

Knock'ing, n. A striking; a beating. 

Knock' -kneed (nok'ned), a. Having legs bent 
inward so that the knees knock in walking. 

Knoll (nol), v. a. [See Knell.] [pp. knolling, 
knolled.] To ring a funeral bell ; to toll. — 2, v. n. 
To sound as a bell. — 3, n. The tolling of a bell : 
—[A.-S. cnol; Dut. knol; Ger. knollen.— Cf. Celt. 
cnoc, a hillock.] A little round hill; a hillock. 

Knot (not), n. [A.-S. cnotta; Dut. knot; Ger. 
knoten; Dan. knude ; L. nodus (gnodus) : allied to 
Knit.] A part which is tied ; complication : — 
a knurl or a knar in wood : — a difficulty : — a 
confederacy : — a cluster. — (Xaut.) A division 
of the log-line; a mile. — 2, v. a. [jtjj. knotting, 
knotted.] To complicate; to tie. — 3, v. n. To 
form knots ; to knit knots. 

Knot' grass (not'gras), n, A knotty weed. 

Knot' ted (not'ted), a. Full of knots ; knotty. 

Knot'ti-ness (not'te-nes). re. Fulness of knots. 

Knot'ty. (not'te), a.' Full of knots; difficult. 

Knout (nbut), n. [Russ. knute; from the root of 
Knot.] A Russian instrument of punishment : 
— punishment by the knout. 

Know (no), v. a. [i. knew, pp. knowing, known.] 
[A.-S. cnaiuan; Icel. kna: allied to Russ. znate, 
L. noscere, novi, Gr. yiyvutaKeiv, Skr. jna, to 
know\] To have knowledge of; to perceive 
with certainty ; to recognize. — 2, v. n. To have 
certain perception. 

Know'a-ble, a. That may be known. 

Know'ing (no'ing), a. Skilful ; intelligent : — art- 
ful ; shrewd ; sharp. 

Know'ing-ly (nb'ing-le), ad. With knowledge. 

Knowl'edge'(nol'ej), re. [From know; the final 
syllable is of Norse origin, and is the same as 
-lock in wedlock.] The act of knowing; thing 
known ; certain perception; science; learning; 
skill ; information. 

Known (non), p. from know. 

Knuc'kle (nuk'kl), n. [Dut. & Dan. knokkel; Ger. 
knochel.] A joint of the finger.— 2, v. n. [pp. 
knuckling, knuckled.] To bend; to submit. 

Knur (niir), \ n. [See Gnarl.] A knot in wood 

Knurl (niirl), J or timber; knarl. 

Kniirl'ed, \a. Full of knots; knotty; gnarly; 

Kniirl'y., j gnarled. 

Kob'old, n. [Ger. — Cf. L. cobalm, Gr. /c6(3aAo?, a 
goblin (q. v.).] A goblin; a spirit of the mines. 

Ko'peck, n. [See Copeck.] A Russian copper coin. 

Ko'ran, n. [See Alcoran.] The Mohammedan 
bible. 

Kos/mos, re. [See Cosmos.] The universe as tha 
embodiment of order and beauty. 

Kou'mis, n. See Kumiss. 



y, long ; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



KKAAL 



331 



LACTTSTKINE 



Kra'al, or Kraal, n. [Said to be for Sp. corral, an 
enclosure; very doubtful.] A native village in 
South Africa, whether Kafir or Hottentot. 

Kri'o-sphinx, n. Same as Criosphinx. 

Kris', n. [Malay.] The twisted dagger of the 
Malays : — spelled also creese. 



Kry'o-llte, or Kry'o-Hth, n. See Cryolite. 

Ku'miss, n. [Russ. kumys'; a Mongolian or Tar- 
tar word.] A liquor made from mares' milk. 

Ky'a-nize, v. a. [From Ryan, the inventor.] [pp. 
kyanizing, kyanized.] To preserve timber from 
dry-rot by the use of corrosive sublimate. 



La liquid consonant, preserves always the same 
j sound in English ; as in like, fall. As a nu- 
meral it stands for fifty. 

La, n. [See Fa.] (Mus.) A note in music. 

La (law), interj. [A.-S. la.— See Lo.] See! look! 
behold ! 

Lab'a-rum, n. [L. ; Late Gr. kafiapov : probably 
allied to L. Inhere, to waver, to flag.] A stand- 
ard ; a banner. [strong smell. 

Lab'da-num. n. [See Ladanum.] A resin of a 

Lab-e-fae'tion, n. [L. labefactio ; labere, to totter, 
and facere, to make.] The act of weakening. 

La'bel, n. [0. Fr. label; Fr. lambel, lambeau: cog- 
nate with Eng. lap and lapel, and with Ger. 
lappen, a flap.] A name or title affixed to any 
thing; a slip of writing. — 2, v. a. [pp. label- 
ling, labelled.] To affix a label on ; to mark. 

La'bi-al, a. [Late L. labialis ; L. labium, a lip 
(q. *«.").] Uttered by or relating to the lips. — 
2, n. A letter pronounced by the lips. — The 
labials are b, p, v, f, m, and w. 

La'bi-ate, a. [Neo-Latin labiatus, lipped ; L. la- 
bium', a lip.] Formed like a lip. 

La'bi-o-den'tal, «. [Labial and Dental.] Artic- 
ulated by means of both the lips and the teeth. 

La'bor, n. [L. labor or lubos, toil ; luborare, to toil ; 
Obs. L. rabos : allied to Skr. labh, to get ; rabh, 
to seize; Gr. Aap.$dvfiiv, to take.] The exertion 
of muscular strength; pains; toil; work ; exer- 
cise :— childbirth.— 2, v. n. [pp. laboring, la- 
bored.] To exert the powers of body or mind ; 
to toil; to work :— to be in travail. — 3, v. a. To 
work at ; to beat ; to belabor. 

Lab'o-ra-to-ry, it. [Fr. laboratoire. — See Labor.] 
A place or room for experiments in chemistry, 
pharmacy, pyrotechny, &c. ; a workshop. 

La'bored, a. Showing sign.', of effort. 

La'bor-er, n. One who labors or does work. 

La-bo'ri-ous, a. [L. lubnriosns.] Diligent ; assid- 
uous ; tiresome ; requiring labor ; difficult. 

La-bo'ri-ous-ly, ad. In a laborious manner. 

La-bo'ri-ous-ness, n. Toilsomeness. 

La-bur'num, n. [L. ; perhaps for alburnum, 
whitish ; albus, white.] A flowering tree or shrub. 

LaVy-rmth, n- [Gr. AafivpivOos : akin to Aavpa., 
an alley.] A subterraneous cavern or place lull 
of windings; amaze; intricacy. 

Lab-y-rin' thine, a. Mazy ; intricate. 

Lac, n. [Per. lac, Skr. laksha, or 7-akta, lac ; from 
ranj, to dye.] A concrete, brittle substance; a 
resin and dvestuff produced on trees by myriads 
of little insects:— [Hind, lakh, Skr. Wcsha, a 
hundred thousand, — originally, as many as the 
insects in a lump of lac] 100,000 ; as, a lac, or 
lack, of rupees. 

Lace, n. [Fr. lacer, to bind ; lacet, lacs, 0. Fr. las, 
a tie ; L. laqueus, a snare : root of lacere, to al- 
lure.] An ornamental fabric of linen or cotton 
thread :— a string ; a cord :— a texture of thread 
with gold or silver; plaited cord. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
lacing, laced.] To bind, as with a cord ; to adorn. 

Lac'er-a-ble, a. That may be torn or rent. 

Lac'er-ate, v. a. [L. lacerare, laceratttnt, to tear; 
lacer, Gr. Aa/cepo?, torn ; Skr. vracch, to tear : 
akin to Rag.] [pp. lacerating, lacerated.] To 
tear off in small pieces ; to rend ; to mangle ; to 
torture. 



Lac-er-a'tion, n. [L. laceratio.] The act of tear- 
ing ; a breach. 

Lac'er-a-tive, a. Having power to tear. 

Lach'es', n. pi. [0. Fr. lachesse, remissness ; Fr. 
Idch'e, slack.— See Lax.] (Law.) Negligence. 

Lach'e-sis, n. [Gr. Adxecris, one of the Fates; 
\axelf, to assigu by lot.] A venomous West- 
Indian snake. 

Laph'ry-mal, a. Generating tears ; weeping. 

Laph'ry-ma-ry, a. Containing tears ; tearful. 

Laph-ry-ma'tion, n. The act of weeping. 

Laph'ry-ma-to-ry, n. [Late L. lacrimatorium.] A 
vessel' to preserve tears in, in honor of the dead : 
— a tear-bottle. 

Laph-ry-mose'. a. [L. lacrimosus ; lacrima (not 
lachry'ma), a tear; O. L. dakrima, Gr. Sdicpv, a 
tear (q. v.).] Shedding tears. 

Lac'ing, n. A binding; decoration : — a cord. 

Lack, i'. a. [Dut. lak, a blemish; Icel. UtJer, de- 
fective : probably akin to Leak.] [pp. lacking, 
lacked.] To want; to need; to be without. — 
2, v. n. To be in want ; to be wanting. — 3, i». 
Want ; need ; deficiency : — a lac. [rowful. 

Lack-a-dai'si-cal, a. Affectedly pensive or sor- 

Lack'a-dai-sy, «• [A humorous word, from Lack- 
adaJ-.] Sentimental; effeminate. 

Lack-a-day', inteij. [For alack the day!} Alas! 
alas the day ! 

Lack'er, n. One who lacks : — a varnish. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. lackering, lackered.] See Lacquer. 

Lack'ey (lak'e), n. [Fr. laquais; Ger. lackei; Sp. 
lacayo; O. Fr. alacay, a cross-bowman; thought 
to be for Arab, luka, lalca, servile.] A footman. 
— 2, i'. a. [pp. lackeying, lackeyed.] To attend 
as a footman. 

La-con'ic, \ a. [From Laconia, in Greece, whose 

La-con'i-cal, J people were noted for brevity and 
pith in speech.] Concise in style; short; brief; 
as, a laconic answer. 

La-con'i-cal-ly, ad. Briefly ; concisely. 

La-con'i-cism, ». Concise style ; laconism. 

Lac'o-nism, n. [Gr. AaKiov<.o>6s.] A concise 
style : — a pithy or brief phrase or saying. 

Lac'quer (lak'er), n. [Port, lucre, lac (q. ».).] A 
varnish, consisting chiefly of shell-lac dissolved 
in alcohol. — 2, v. a. [pp. lacquering, lacquered.] 
To varnish with lacquer. 

La-crosse', n. [Fr. la crosse, the cross.] A Cana- 
dian game at ball, played with a battledore. 

Lac'ta-ry, a. [L. lactarius ; lac, milk.] Milky; 
full'of "juice like milk. — 2, n. A dairy-house. 

Lac'tate, v. A salt of lactic acid and a base. 

Lac-ta'tion, n. The act or time of giving suck. 

Lac'te-al! «. Milky; conveying chyle. — 2, n. The 
vessel that conveys chyle. 

Lac-te-oiis, «• [L. lac-tens ; lac, lactis, milk. — Cf. 
Gr. yd\a, yaAa/c-ros, milk.] Milky ; lacteal. 

Lac-tes'cent. a. [L. lactescere, luctescentis, to be- 
come milky.] Producing milk or a white juice. 

Lac'tic, a. Applied to the acid of sour milk. 

Lac-tifer-ous, a. That conveys milk. 

Lac-tom'e-ter, ». See Galactometer. 

Lac'tose, n. ' Sugar of milk. 

La-cu'na, n. ; pi. La-cu'nae. [L. ; akin to lacus, a 
lake (q. ».).] A vacant space; an hiatus; a gap; 
a vacancy ; a defect. [a lake or lakes. 

La-cfis'trine, a. [L. lactis, a lake.] Belonging to 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use— p, Q, c, §, soft ; p, p, ft, g, hard ; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



LAD 



332 



LAND 



Lad, n. [Welsh llcavd, Irish lath, a youth ; Gael. 
laid ir, stout.] A boy ; a stripling; a youth. 

Lad'a-num, n. [L. ; Gr. Xr/Savov; kr)8ov, L. lada, 
Per. ladan, a gummy shrub.] The gum called 
labdanum. See Labdanum. 

Lad'der, n. [A.-S. hlseder ; Dut. ladder; Ger. leiter. 
— Cf! L. clathri, a grate ; Gr. K.\eZ0pov, a bar.] A 
frame with steps for climbing. 

Lade, v. a. [Dut. laden, Icel. hlada, Dan. lade, 
Russ. Made, a load (q. v.).] [i. laded; pp. lading, 
laden or laded.] To load ; to freight : — [A.-S. 
hladan; 0. E. lhaden: a special use of the fore- 
going ; from it comes Ladle] to dip out. 

La' den (la'dn), p. from lade and load. 

Lad'ing, n. Freight of a ship ; cargo; burden. 

La' die (la/dl), n. [See Lade.] A large spoon; a 
dipper with a handle : — the receptacle of a mill- 
wheel. — 2, v. a. [pp. ladling, ladled.] To dip out. 

La'dy, n. ; pi. La'die§. [A.-S. Meefdige; probably 
from hlaf, a loaf, and dsegee, a kntader.] A re- 
spectable or well-bred woman ; a title of respect ; 
a gentlewoman: — correlative of gentleman: — in 
England, correlative of lord. 

La' dy -bird, ) n. Names of red insects that feed 

La/dy-fly, J upon plant-lice. 

La'dy-day (la'de-dS), n. The 25th of March; the 
annunciation day of the Virgin Mary. 

La'dy-Kke, a. Becoming a lady; elegant. 

La'dy-ship, n. The title of a lady. 

La'dy'§-slip'per, n. A plant and its flower. 

Lag, a. [Welsh Hag, slack ; Irish lag, weak : akin 
to Lax and Languid and probably to Slack.— 
Cf. Gr. Arjyetv, to cease.] Coming behind ; slug- 
gish; tardy. — 2, n. The lowest class : — the fag- 
end. — 3, v. n. [pp. lagging, lagged.] To loiter; 
to stay behind ; to linger ; to move slowly. 

La'jjrer-beer, n. [Ger lager, storage, a storehouse. 
— See Lay.] A kind of light German beer. 

Lag'gard, a. [See Lag.] Backward; sluggish; 
slow". — 2, n. A lazy fellow. 

Lagging, n. [Dut. leggen, Ger. legen, to lay. — See 
Lay!] The covering of a steam boiler or cylinder. 

La-g66n\ n. [It. la gone, laguna, a pool; lago, a 
'lake; L. lacuna, a pool; lacus, a lake.] A large 
pond or lake ; a marsh. 

La'ic, \a. [L. laicus.— See Lay.] Belonging 

La'i-cal, J to the laity or people ; not clerical ; lay. 

Laid (lad), i. & p. from lay. 

Lain (Ian), p. from lie. 

Lair (lar), n. [A.-S. leger, a bed; Ger. lager, a 
couch : root of Lie.] The couch of a wild beast. 

Laird, n. The lord of a manor. [Scottish.] 

La'i-ty, n. The people, as distinct from the clergy 
of from any other profession. 

Lake, n. [A.-S. lac; L. lacus; Scot, loch (q. v.). — 
Cf. Gr. AaKKo?, a pit.] A large extent of inland 
water): — [a variant of Lac] a red color; a color 
made of cochineal or lac. 

La'ma, n. [Thibetan, bLama, spiritual lord.] The 
sovereign pontiff of the Tartars, and the head 
of religion in Thibet : — a Buddhistic priest. — 
(Zool.) A quadruped; llama. 

La'ma-ism, n. The northern form of Buddhism. 

Lam'a-ser-y, n. [From Lama, on type of monas- 
tery or caravansary ; Per. saray, an inn, a palace.] 
A Buddhist monastery. 

Lamb (lam), n. [A.-S., Icel., & Goth, lamb; Dut. 
& Dan. lam; Ger. & Sw. lamm.] The young of 
a sheep. — 2, v. n. [pp. lambing, lambed.] To 
bring forth lambs. 

Lam'bent, a. [L. lambere, lambentis, Gr. Xdmeiv, 
to lap (q. v.).) Playing about ; gliding lightly. 

Lamb'kin (lam'kin), n. [Dim. of Lamb ; Ger. 
I'dmmchen or lammerchen.] A little lamb. 

Lam'bre-quin (lam'ber-kin), n. [Fr., of Flemish 
origin'; a diminutive word allied to Ger. lappen, a 
patch. — Cf. Skr. lamb, to hang down.] The orna- 
mental covering for a helmet : — drapery pendent 
from above a window, from a shelf, or the like. 

Lame, a. [A.-S. lama; Dan., Dut., and Sw. lam; 
Ger. lahrn. — Cf. Buss, lomate, to break; Icel. 



Sadly; mournfully. 

[L. lamentatio.] An expres- 



lama, to bruise.] Crippled; disabled ; imperfect. 

— 2, v. a. [pp. laming, lamed.] To make lame. 
La-mel'la, n. ; pi. La-mel'lae. [L., a dim. of 

lamina (q. v.).] A thin plate ; a scale. 
Lam'el-lar, a. Composed of scales or flakes. 
Lam'el-l4te, ) a. Covered with films or plates ; 
Lam'el-lat-ed, j lamellar. 
La-mel'li-branph, a. Lamellibranchiate. 
La-mel-li-bran' phi-ate, a. [L. lamella, a layer, 

and Gr. ^pdyxt-a, giUs.] (Zool.) Having gills 

in symmetrical semicircular layers, like bivalve 

mollusks. The oyster and clam are examples. 
Lame'ly, ad. In a lame manner; imperfectly. 
Lame'ness, n. State of being lame ; weakness. 
La-ment', v. n. [L. lamenlum, a wail; lamentari, 

to wail.] [pp. lamenting, lamented.] To mourn ; 

to wail ; to grieve. — 2, v. a. To bewail ; to mourn ; 

to bemoan. — 3, n. Lamentation. 
Lam'ent-a-ble, a. [L. lamentabilis.] Mournful; 

grievous. 
Lam'ent-a-bly, ad. 
Lam-en-ta'tion, n. 

sion'of sorrow. 
La'mi-a, n. [L. ; Gr. kd/xia, a witch, — also, a 

shark' : root of Aaju/3aj/eiv, to seize.] A kind of 

demon among the ancients:— a hag ; a witch. 
Lam'i-na, n. ; pi. Lam'i-nae. [L.] A thin plate ; 

one' coat or layer laid over another. 
Lam'i-nar, \a. Plated ; consisting of plates or 
Lam'i-na-ry, J layers ; laminated. 
Lam'i-nat-ed, a. Consisting of plates ; plated. 
Lam-i-na'tion, n. Arrangement in layers: — a 

layer. 
Lam'mas, n. [A.-S. hlafmsesse, loaf-mass : loaves 

were 'once offered as first-fruits on this day.] 

The first day of August. 
Lam-mer-£el'er, n. [Ger. lammergeier ; lamm, a 

lamb, 'and ge'ier, a vulture.] A European vulture. 
Lamp, n. [L. lampas; Gr. Kaunas; Xdixweiv, to 

shine.] A vessel furnished with a wick and oil 

for giving light ; a light. 
Lam'pass, \ n. [Fr. lampas, formerly also empas; 
Lam'perg, J probably the same as Local Eng. 

ampe'r, anbury, a tumor.] A lump of flesh, or a 

swelling, in a horse's mouth. 
Lamp'-black, n. A fine soot used as a pigment. 
Lam'per-eel, n. The lamprey. 
Lam-poon', n. [0. Fr. lampon,— originally, a drink- 

'ing-song; Fr. lamper, to drink; L. lambere, to 

lick up. — See Lat.] A personal satire; abuse. — 

2. v. a. [pp. lampooning, lampooned.] To 
abuse with personal satire. 

Lam-poon'er, n. One who lampoons. 

Lam'prey ^lam'pre), n. [Fr. lamproie; It. lam- 
preda; L. lampetra; land>ere, to lick, and petra, 
a stone. It clings to rocks by suction.] A fish 
like the eel. 

La'nate, a. [L. lanatus, woolly ; lana, Gr. Aax^. 
Doric Gr. Aavos, wool.] Covered with wool or 
soft hair. 

Lance, n. [Fr. ; L. lancea; Gr. \6yxv-] A long 
spear; a weapon of war. — 2, v. a. [pp. lancing, 
lanced.] To pierce; to cut; to open with a 
lancet, as a surgeon :— to thi-ow. 

Lan'ce-o-late, a. [L. lanceolahts, spiked ; lanceola, 
a dim.' of lancea, a lance.] Shaped like a lance. 

Lan'cer, n. One who uses or carries a lance. 

Lan'cet, n. [Fr. lancette, dim. of lance, a lance 
(q. v.).~\ A small surgical instrument for letting 
blood : — a pointed window. [wood. 

Lance'-wood (-wtid), n. A tree and its elastic 

Lan'ci-nate, v. a. [L. lancinare, lancinalvm, to 
tear": akin to Lacerate.] [pp. lancinating, 
lancinated.] To tear ; to lacerate. 

Lan-ci-na'tion, n. A tearing ; laceration. 

Land/w. [A'.-S., Dut., Ger., Goth., & Scand.] A 
country ; a region ; a district : — soil ; ground : — 
earth, as distinguished from water or the sea: — 
real estate : — a nation. — 2, v. a. [pp. landing, 
landed.] To set on shore ; to disembark. — 

3, v. n. To come or go on shore. 



u, y, long; a, e, I, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



LANDAU 



333 



LAEIAT 



Lan-dau', or Lan'dau, n. [Fr. ; from Landau, in 
Germany.] A coach which opens and closes at 
the top. 

Lan-dau-let', n. A small landau. 

Land'ed, a. Consisting of, or having, land. 

Land' fall, n. A falling of land to any one by a 
death : — land first seen from the sea. 

Land'grave, n. [Ger. landgraf ; land, province, 
land, and graf, a count; Dut. landgraaf.] A 
German title of nobility. 

Land-gra'vi-ate, n. Estate of a landgrave. 

Land'gra-vine, n. [Ger. landgrafinn ; Dut. land- 
gravin.) The wife of a landgrave. 

Land'hold-er, n. One who holds lands. 

Land'ing, n. The act of going on shore : — a place 
to land at : — the floor at the head of stairs. 

Land'la-dy, n. A mistress of an inn; a hostess: 
— a woman who has tenants. 

Land'less, a. Destitute of land. 

Land'locked (land'lokt), a. Enclosed with land : — 
cut off from the sea. 

Land'lord, n. [Land and Lord.] One who owns 
and leases land : — the master of an inn ; a host. 

Land'liib-ber, n. A landsman, in contempt. 

Land'mark, n. A mark of boundaries. 

Land' scape, n. [Dut. landschap : the final syllable 
is the same in origin with that of friendship.] 
The scenery or prospect presented to the eye. 

Land' slide, \ n. A portion of a hill or mountain 

Land' slip, J that slides or slips down. 

Lands/man, n. One who lives or serves on land. 

Land'ward, ad. Toward the land. 

Landwehr (lant'var), n. [Ger. land, country, and 
wehr, defence.] The militia. 

Lane, n. [A.-S. lane, lone; Scot, loan; Fris. lana, 
lona' Dut. laan.] A narrow street ; an alley. 

Lan'grage, or Lan'grel, n. [Etymology doubt- 
ful.] A kind of chain-shot, formed of pieces of 
iron tied together. 

Lang-syne', ad. [Scot.] Long since ; long ago. 

Lan'guage (lang'gwaj), n. [Fr. Icmgage; It. Un- 
guaggio ; L. lingua, a tongue.] The expression of 
thought and feeling; human speech ; the speech 
of one nation ; tongue; dialect; idiom; style. 

Lan'guid (lang'gwid), a. [L. languidus. — See Lan- 
guish.] Faint; weak; feeble. 

Lan'guid-ly (lang'gwid-le), ad. Weakly. 

Lan'guid-ness, n. Weakness; feebleness. 

Lan'guish (lang'gwish), v. n. [Fr. languir, part. 
languissant; L. languescere, inceptive of languere, 
to be weak. — Cf. Gr. kiyyd^eiv, to slacken: 
akin to Lag and Lax.] [pp. languishing, lan- 
guished.] To grow feeble or languid; to pine 
away ; to decline. 

Lan'guish-ment, n. A state of pining. 

Lan'guor (lang'gwor), n. [L.— See Languish.] 
A languid state ; lassitude ; debility ; faintness. 

Lan'guor-ous (lang'gwor-us), a. Suggestive of 
languor; melancholy; tedious; languid. 

La-mf'er-ous, a. [L. lanifer ; lana, wool, and 
ferre, to bear.] Bearing wool ; woolly. 

La-nig'er-ous, a. [L. Imager; lana, wool, and 
'gerere,'to carry.] Bearing wool. 

Lank, a. [A.-S. hlanc. — Cf. Dut. slank, schlank, 
lank : perhaps related to Lax and Slack, but 
not to Long.] Loose; lax; not fat; slender; 
faint. 

Lank'ness, n. Want of plumpness. 

Lank'y, a. Lank ; thin and tall. 

Lan'ner, n. [Fr. lanier ; L. laniarius or lanius, a 
butcher; laniare, to rend.] A species of hawk. 

Lan'ner-et, n. A little hawk. 

Lan'sque-net (lan'ske-net), n. [Fr. ; Ger. lands- 
knecht; land, country, and knecht, a soldier.] A 
foot-soldier of former times : — a game at cards. 
Lan-ta'na, or Lan-ta'na, u. [An old name for the 

viburnum.] A plant and its flower. 
Lan'tern, n. [L. lanterna; Gr. kdp.irrr]p, a torch. 
See Lamp.] A transparent case for a candle or 
lamp : — a little turret on the top of a dome. 
Lan'thorn (lan'tern), n. Same as Lantern. 



La-nu'§i-nous, a. [L. lanuginosus; lanugo, lanu- 
'ginis, down ; lana, wool.] Downy ; covered with 
hair. 

Lan'yard, n. [Fr. laniere, a thong; perhaps from 
L. laniare, to tear, with the idea of a shred.] A 
small rope or piece of cord. 

Lap, n. [A.-S. Iseppa, Fris. lappa, Dan. lap, Sw. 
lapp, Ger. lappen, a patch : the idea is that of 
something which hangs, like an apron. — Cf. L. 
labi, to fall ; Skr. lamb, to hang.] That part of 
a person sitting which reaches from the waist 
to the knees ; a flap : — an overlapping. — 2, v. a. 
[A variant of Wrap (q. v.); 0. E. wlappen, wrap- 
pen, to wrap.] [pp. lapping, lapped.] To wrap 
round ; to involve ; to lay or extend over : — 
[A.-S. lapian, Icel. lepja, Dan. labe, L. lambere, 
Fr. taper, Gr. XdnreLv, to lick : akin to Lip] to 
lick up. — 3, v. n. To be spread or extend over 
any thing : — to lick up. 

Lap'dog, n. A little dog fondled by ladies. 

La-pel', n. [See Lap.] A lapping part of a coat. 

Lap'ful, n. As much as the lap can contain. 

Lap-i-da'ri-an, a. Inscribed on stone ; lapidary. 

Lap'i-da-ry, n. [L. lapidarius ; lapis, lapidis, a 
stone.— Cf. Gr. Aen-as, a rock ; Xeweiv, to scale.] 
One who cuts and polishes gems : — a dealer in 
gems. — 2, a. Monumental ; inscribed on stone. 

La-pid-i-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of forming stone. 

La-pid'i-fy, v. a.' & v. n. [p>p. lapidifying, lapid- 
ified.]' To turn into stone. 

Lap'i-dist, n- A dealer in stones or gems. 

La'pis laz'u-H, n. [Late L. — See Azure.] A fine 
blue stone. 

Lap'land-er, or Lapp, n. A native of Lapland. 

Lap'pish, a. Of or belonging to the Lapps. 

Lapse, n. [L. labi, lapsus, to fall ; lapsare, to slip.] 
Flow; fall; glide; a smooth course: — a little 
fault; petty error; mistake. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
lapsing, lapsed.] To glide ; to slip ; to fall from 
right. [void. 

Lapsed (lapst), p. a. Fallen : — inoperative ; made 

Lap' stone, n. A stone used by a cobbler or shoe- 
maker to hammer leather on. 

Lap' wing, n. [A.-S. hleapewince : roots of Leap 
and Wince ; referring to the tottering and vacil- 
lating flight of the male bird.] A noisy bird 
with long wings. 

Lar, n. ; pi. La're§. [L. ; of Etruscan origin.] A 
household god. 

Lar'board (lar'bord), v. [Origin doubtful; Fr. 
b'tbord; It. babordo ; Ger. backbord ; Sw. bagbord; 
Port, bombordo; Sp. babor. The English may be 
from Sp. lado, near, and borde, side. — See Star- 
board. J The left-hand side of a ship to a person 
on shipboard looking toward the head; port : — 
opposed to starboard. — 2, o. Left-hand ; port. 

Lar'ce-nous, a. Of or pertaining to, or character- 
ized by, larceny. 

Lar'ce-ny, n. [Fr. larcin; L. latrocinium,, theft; 
latro, a robber. J Theft ; petty theft ; robbery. 

Larch, n. [L. larix, laricis; Gr. Aapi^; Ger. lerche.] 
A large tree : — hackmatack ; tamarack. 

Lard, n. [L. lardum, laridum. — Cf. Gr. Aapti/o?, 
fat.] The fat of swine.— 2, v. a. [pp. larding, 
larded.] To stuff with bacon ; to grease. 

Lar-da'ceous (-shus), a. Like lard. 

Lard'er, n. A room where meat is kept : — stock 
of provisions. 

La're§, n. pi. [L.] See Lar. 

Lar£e, a. [L. largus ; Fr. large.] Great; bulky; 
wide ; liberal ; abundant ; ample ; spacious ; ex- 
tensive. 

Large' -heart-ed, a. Generous; magnanimous. 

Large'ly, ad. Widely ; amply ; liberally :— chiefly. 

Large'ness, n. Bigness ; greatness. 

Lar'£ess, n. [Fr. largesse; L. largitus, largiHo ; lar- 
giri, largitus, to bestow; largus, large, liberal.] 
A present ; a gift ; a bounty. 
Lari-'ish, a. Somewhat large. 
Lar i-at, n. [Sp. reata.] A noosed cord or rope 
used for catching wild horses ; a lasso. 



mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c, §, soft ; fS, p, p, g, hard; s as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 



LAKK 



334 



LAUGH 



Lark, n. [A.-S. lawerce ; Icel. Iseverki; Low Ger. 
lewerke ; Ger. lerche ; Dan. Iserlce ; Scot, laverock. 
The Icelandic has been doubtfully referred to 
lie, craft, and virke, worker ; the Anglo-Saxon, to 
Imio, guile, and werca, worker.] A small 6inging 
bird : — [A.-S. lac, Dan. leg, Icel. leikr, sport] a 
prank ; a frolic. 

Lark' spur, n. A plant and its flower. 

Lar'rup, t>. a. [Dut. larpen, to thrash.] [pp. lar- 
ruping, larruped.] To beat ; to thrash. [Low.] 

Lar'um, or La'rum, n. [See Alarm.] Sound of 
alarm; alarm ;' noise noting danger ; alarum. 

Lar'va, n. ; pi. Lar'vse. [L., a mask, a spectre.] 
An insect in its grub or caterpillar state : — an 
undeveloped animal. [veloped. 

Lar'val, a. Pertaining to a larva: — not fully de- 

La-ryn'fe-al, a. Relating to the larynx. 

Lar-yn-£i'tis, n. Inflammation of the larynx. 

La-ryn'go-scope (la-rlng'go-skop), n. [Gr. Adpvytj, 
larynx," and o-xoneli>, to see.] An optical in- 
strument consisting of two mirrors by which the 
throat and larynx may be brought into view. 

Lar-yn-gos'co-py, n. The art of using the laryn- 
goscope. 

Lar-yn-got'o-my, n. [Gr. Kapvyt-, larynx, and 
TojuTj, a cutting; re/jLveiv, to cut.] The act of 
cutting the larynx. 

Lar'ynx, or La'rynx, n. [Gr. \apvy!-.] The upper 
part of the trachea or windpipe. 

Las-car', or Las'car.w. [Per. & Hind. Ioshkar, an 
army; lashkari, a soldier.] A native seaman of 
India. 

Las-civ'i-ous, a. [L. lascivus, sportive, lewd; Skr. 
Zascwrct/play.] Lewd; lustful; wanton. 

Las-civ'i-ou's-ly, ad. Lewdly; wantonly. 

Las-civ'i-ous-ness, n. Wantonness. 

Lash, n, [but. lasch, a joining ; lusschen, to join ; 
Sw. & Dan. lask ; Ger. lasche, a joint or scurf, a 
flap.] The thong of a whip : — a stroke with a 
whip or thong: — a stroke of satire. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. lashing, lashed.] To strike; to scourge; 
to satirize : — to tie up strongly. — 3, v. n. To 
ply the whip ; to strike. 

Lass, n. [Probably from laddess, the feminine of 
lad.] A girl; a maid ; a young woman. 

Las'si-tude, n. [L. lassitudo; lassus, weary, weak: 
akin to Lax and Late.] Weariness; languor. 

Lass' lorn, a. Forsaken by a mistress. 

Las' so, n. ; pi. Las'sos. [Sp. lazo ; L. laqueus, & 
noose.] A rope or strap, used in South America 
and Mexico, for catching wild cattle. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. lassoing, lassoed.] To capture with a lasso. 

Last, a. [For latest.] Superl. of late. Latest; final; 
hindmost; lowest; meanest. See Late. — 2, ad. 
For the last time ; in conclusion ; lastly. — 3, v. n. 
[A.-S. Iseslan, to remain, to last, to fulfil, to ob- 
serve; from last, a track, — literally, to track.] 
[pp. lasting, lasted.] To endure ; to continue ; 
to remain.— 4, v. a. To form on or by a last. — 
5, n. [A.-S. last, a footprint; Iseste, a last; Dut. 
leest, Dan. Isest, Ger. leisten, a last.] A mould to 
form shoes on: — [A.-S. hlsest, a burden; Dut., 
Sw., Dan., & Ger. last: root of Lade] a load. 

Last'ing, n, A woollen stuff, usually black. — 
2, p. a. Enduring ; perpetual ; durable. 

Last'ing-ly, ad. Perpetually ; durably. 

Last'ly, ad. In the last place; finally. 

Latch, n. [A.-S. lasccan, to seize : possibly akin to 
Lace and L. laqueus, a noose.] A catch or fasten- 
ing for a door.— 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. latching, 
latched.] To catch ; to fasten. 

Latch'et, n. [Dim. of Latch or of Lace.] A sort 
shoe-buckle or fastening. 

Late, a. [A.-S. Iset, Dut. laat, slow ; Ger. lass, idle, 
weary.— Cf. L. lassus, weary.] [comp. later or 
latter; superl. latest or last.] Not early ; slow; 
tardy :— far in the day or night :— recent; as, a 

. late occurrence : — deceased. — 2, ad. Lately ; far 
in the day or night. 

La-teen' -sail, n. [Fr. Mine, Sp. latino, a Latin or 
Roman sail.] A sort of triangular sail. 



Late'ly, ad. Not long ago ; recently. 

La'ten-cy, n. State of being hidden. 

Late^ness, n. State of being late ; tardiness. 

La' tent, a. [L. latere, latentis ; Gr. \avQdveLv, to 
lie' hidden.] Hidden; secret; occult. 

La'ter, a. Subsequent ; more recent. 

Lat'er-al, a. [L. lateralis; latus, luteris, a side.] 
Of or belonging to the side. 

Lat'er-al-ly, ad. By the side ; sidewise. 

Lat'er-ite, n. [L. later, lateris, a brick.] A stone 
or clay that may be cut in the form of brick, and 
used for the same purpose. [sap of plants. 

La'tex (la'teks or la'teks), n. [L.J The milky 

Lath [lath, H. N. St, I.], n. ; pi. Laths. [Fr. latte; 
Fris. & Ger. latte; Dut. lat; A.-S. Uedu— Cf. 
Welsh Hath, a rod, 0. Ger, lade, a plank : possi- 
bly akin to Slit and Slat.] A thin, long piece 
of wood, used in plastering and tiling. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. lathing, lathed.] To fit up with laths. 

Lathe, n. [Icel. lod, pi. ladar. — Cf. Ger. lade, a 
chest.] The machine of a turner or potter. 

Lath'er, v. n. [A.-S. leador ; Icel. Wdra, to foam; 
leydra, to wash: akin to Lave.] [pp. lathering, 
lathered.] To form a foam. — 2, v. a. To cover 
with foam of soap. — 3, n. Foam made of soap 
and water, or of sweat. 

Lath'y, a. Thin or long like a lath. 

Lat-i-cifer-oiis, a. [L. latex, juice, and ferre, to 
carry.] ' Containing latex, or milky sap. 

Lat' in, a. [L. latinus, from Latium, the region 
near Rome.] Relating to the Latins ; Roman. — 
2, n. The Latin or Roman language. 

Lat'in-ism, n. An idiom of the Latin tongue. 

Lat'in-ist, n. One skilled in Latin. 

La-tm'i-ty, n. The style of the Latin language. 

Lat'in-ize,' v. n. [pj>. Latinizing, Latinized.] To 
use Latin words. — 2, v. a. To render into Latin. 

Lat'ish, a. Somewhat late. 

Lat'i-tude, v. [L. latitudo; latus, broad: said to 
be 'identical with stratus (stlatus), a participle from 
sternere, to stretch.] Breadth; width; extent; 
distance north or south from the equator. 

Lat-i-tu-di-na'ri-an, a. Not confined; free.— 
2, n. One who indulges in latitude of religious 
opinion, or who is not rigidly orthodox. 

Lat-i-tu-di-na'ri-an-ism, n. Laxity of religious 
opinion or practice. 

La'tri-a [la-trl'a, St. I. Sm.], n. [Gr. Xarpeia, ser- 
vice ; \6.Tpov, hire.] The highest kind of worship. 

Lat-rine', ) n. [Fr. latrines; L. latrina, for lava- 

Lat-rines', J trina; lavare, to wash.] A privy, es- 
pecially in a military camp or public place. 

Lat' ten, n. [Fr. lailon.— Cf. Sp. laton, Port, latao, 
brass; It. latta, tin.] A mixed metal; a kind 
of bronze ; an alloy : — metal in sheets. 

Lat'ter, a. [Aformof Later.— See Late.] Modern; 
recent ; last of two ; mentioned last of two : — 
opposed to former. 

Lat'ter-ly, ad. Of late ; recently. 

Lat'ti'ce (ifit/tis), n. [Fr. laltis ; latte, a lath (q.v.).] 
A reticulated window: — net-work of slats or 
rods ; lattice-work. — 2, v. a. [pp. latticing, lat- 
ticed.] To furnish with lattice. 

Laud, v. a. [L. laas, laudis, praise; laudare, to 
praise.] [pp. lauding, lauded.] To praise; to 
extol; to celebrate.— 2, n. Praise; honor paid. 

Laud'a-ble, a. [L. laudabilis.] Praiseworthy; 
commendable. 

Laud'a-bly, ad. In a laudable manner. 

Laud'a-num (law'da-num or lod'a-nu.™). n. [Cor- 
rupted from ladanum.] A preparation of opium, 
or a soporific tincture made from opium. 

Lau-da'tion, n. [L. laudutio.] Honor; commen- 
dation. ' [giving praise. 

Laud'a-to-ry, a. [L. laudatorius.] Containing or 

Laugh (laf),' v. n. [A.-S. hlehhan; Dut. lagchen ; 
Ger. lachen: imitative.] [pp. laughing, laughed.] 
To make that noise which sudden merriment 
excites ; to appear gay.— 2, v. a. To deride ; to 
ridicule.— 3, n. A convulsion caused by merri- 
ment; expression of merriment; laughter. 



a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a, g, I, o, G, y, short; a, §, i, 9, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



—=r~~--*r 



LAUGHABLE 



335 



LEAD 



Laugh'a-ble (laf'a-bl), a. That may excite laugh- 
ter; ludicrous; ridiculous; diverting; comical. 
Laugh'er (lafer), n. One who laughs. 
Laugh' i'ng-gas (lafing-), n. An anaesthetic gas ; 

nitrous oxide. 
Laugh'ing-stock (lafing-stok), n. An object of 

ridicule ; a butt of jests. 
Laugh' ter. (laf'ter), n. [A.-S. hleahtor ; Dan. lat- 
ter; Ger. ladder.] The act of laughing ; convul- 
sive merriment; titter; giggle. 
Launch (lanch) [lawnsh, St.], v. n. [Fr. lancer, to 
fling. — See Lance.] [pp. launching, launched.] 
To rove at large ; to dart. — 2, v. a. To move or 
slide into the water, as a ship ; to push to sea : — 
to dart. — 3, n. The act of launching :— a boat. 
Laun'der (lan'der), n. [See LaUxVdress.] A wash- 
erwoman or washerman. — 2, v. a. [pp. launder- 
ing, laundered.] To wash ; to wet. 
Laun'der-er (lan'der-er), n. One who launders. 
Laun'dress (lan'dres), n. [0. E. lavender; Fr. la- 
vandiere; L. lavandarla, things to be washed; 
lavare, kivandum, to wash. — See Lave.] A wash- 
erwoman, [a washing-room. 
Laun'dry. (lan'dre) [lawn'dre, St.], n. Washing; 
Lau're-ate, o. a. [L. laureatus, crowned with lau- 
el (q. v.).] [pp. laureatiug, laureated.] To 
crown with laurel. 
Lau're-ate, a. Invested with laurel. — 2, n. One 
decked or crowned with laurel ; a poet-laureate. 
Lau're-ate-ship, n. The office of laureate. 
Lau-re-a'tion, n. The act of conferring degrees. 
Lau'rel (lor'el or law'rel), n. [L. lavrea, laurus ; 

Fr. laurier.) An evergreen tree or shrub. 
Lau'relled (lor'reld), a. Crowned with laurel. 
Lau-ren'tian (-shan), «. [From the river St.. Law- 
rence.] Noting azoic rocks older than the Hu- 
ronian. 
Lau'res-tine, n. [L. laurus, and thins, each plant- 
names.] An evergreen shrub. 
La'va, or La'va, n. [It. lava, lava, — formerly, a 
flow, a gutter; L. lacare, to wash.] Matter dis- 
charged in a molten state by volcanoes. , 
La-va'tion, n. [L. lavatio.] The act, of washing. 
Lav'a-to-ry, n. [L. lavatorium; lavare, lavalunt, to 

wash.] A wash ; a bathing-place. 
Lave, v. n. [L. lavare, to wash; Gr. \oveiv.] [pp. 
laving, laved.] To wash one's self; to bathe. — 
2, v. a. To wash ; to bathe. 
Lave'ment, n. A bath : — a clyster. 
Lav'en-der, »'. [Fr. lavande; Late L. lavandula; 
L. lavare, to wash : it wrs once laid away with 
washed linen.] An aromatic plant. 
La'ver, n. [From Lave.] A washing-vessel : — 
[L.] an edible sea-weed. [skylark. 

Lav'er-ock, n. [Scot.— See Lark.] The lark ; the 
Lav'ish, a. [0. E. lave, to bale out, to pour. — 
Cf. 0. Fr. lavace, lavasse, a flood; Fr. lavage, 
wash, waste, loss ; L. lavare and luere, to wash.] 
Spending indiscreetly ; prodigal ; wasteful ; pro- 
fuse ; extravagant. — 2, v. a. [pip. lavishing, lav- 
ished.] To scatter profusely; to waste. 
Lav'ish-ly,, ad. Profusely; prodigally. 
Law, w. [A.-S. lagn; Icel. log; Sw. lag; Dan. 
lov ; L. lex, leg is ; Fr. hi: akin to Lay.] A rule 
of action ; an act or enactment of a legislative 
body ; jurisprudence : — the decalogue : — the rule 
or principle by which any thing is regulated; a 
decree, ediet, statute, or custom, publicly estab- 
lished. — Canon law, the law relating to ecclesias- 
tical affairs. — Civil law, municipal law, or the 
law of a state or country : — appropriately, the 
institutes of the Roman law.— Common law, un- 
written law, which receives its binding force 
from immemorial usage.— International law, the 
law of nations.— Moral laic, the law of the Ten 
Commandments. 
Law'ful, a. Agreeable to law ; legal ; right. 
Law'ful-ly, ad. Legally; according to law. 
Law'ful-ness, n. Legality. [lator. 

Law'-giv-er, n. One who makes laws; a legis- 
Law'less, a. Not restrained by law ; illegal. 




Lawn 



Law'less-ly, ad. Unlawfully. 

Law'less-ness, u. Disorder; disobedience. 

Law'-mak-er, n. One who makes laws. 

Lawn, n. [Fr. lande, a plain ; Welsh llaivnt, a 
lawn ; llan, an enclosure : — akin to Land.] An 
open space between woods; a plain: — [from 
Laon (pron. Ian), a town of Fiance] a sort of 
fine linen fabric. — 2, a. Made of lawn ; resem- 
bling lawn. 

Lawn'-mow-er, n. An in- 
strument for clipping grass. 

Lawn'-ten-nis, n. A modi- 
fication of' the game of 
tennis played out-doors in- 
stead of in a court. 

Lawn'j;, a. Having lawns ; 
resembling lawn. 

Law'suit, n. Legal process ; a litigation. 

Law'yer, n. [From law, as sawyer from saw.] One 
versed in law ; an attorney. 

Lax, a. [L. loams, loose ; laxare, to loosen : root 
of Lag.] Loose; vague; not exact; not strict. 
— 2, n. A looseness ; a diarrhoea. 

Lax-a'tion, n. [L. laxatio. — See Lax.] The act of 
loosening; looseness. 

Lax'a-tive, a. [L. laxativus. — See Lax.] Tending 
to relax; purgative.— 2, n. A medicine that re- 
laxes, [ing lax ; looseness. 

Lax'i-ty, n. [L. laxitas; Fr. laxUe.] State of be- 

Lax'ness, n. Laxity; looseness; slackness. 

Lay (fa), i. from lie.— 2, v. a. [A.-S. lecgan, from 
licgan, to lie (q. v.); Dut. leygeu ; Dan. Ixgqe ; 
Ger. legen.] [ i. laid ; pp. laying, laid.] To place ; 
to put :— to beat down :— to allay ; to calm :— to 
wager :— to produce, as eggs.— 3, 'v. n. To bring 
forth eggs.— 4, n. [Fr. lai ; Prov. lais: allied to 
Welsh llais, a voice; Irish hwi, Gael, laoidh, a 
hymn; Ger. lied, a song.] A song; poem: — a 
layer:— a wager.— 5, a. [L. laicus; Gr. Acuko?, 
belonging to the people ; Aao?, the people.] Re- 
lating to the laity ; not clerical. 

Lay'er, n. [A variant spelling of Lair.] One 
who lays: — a stratum: — a twig put under 
_ground for propagation. [artists. 

Lay'-fig'ure, n. An image used as a model by 

Lay'man, «._> One of the laity :— a lay-fimire. 

Lay'stall (la'stawl), n. [Gael. Uos-staU, & refuse- 
heap : referred to lies, a garden, and stall, to 
throw.] A heap of dung. 

La'zar, n. [From Lazarus, in the Gospel parable; 
Heb. Eleazar, he whom God helps.] One in- 
fected with a pestilential disease, or with filthy 
sores ; a leper. 

Laz-a-ret'to, n. [It. lazaretto. — See Lazar.] A 
Jazar-house; a pest-house ; a quarantine station. 

La'zi-ly, ad. Idly; sluggishly; heavily. 

La'zi-ness, n. Idleness; slothfulness. * 

La'zy, «. [Ger. liissig, from lass, slow, late (q. v.). 
— Cf. Fr. Idche, sluggish, remiss; It. Iosco, lazy: 
akin to Lax.] Disinclined to action or labor; 
jdle; sluggish; slothful; inactive; indolent 

Laz-za-ro'ni, n. pi. [It. lazaroni. — See Lazar.] 
Houseless or unsheltered besrgars, as in Naples. 
Lea (le), -n. [A.-S. leak, a field; Ger. loli, a mo- 
rass; Local Ger. loge, loo, a plain.] A plain; 
a meadow ; a pasture. 
Leach, v. a. [L. lix, ashes; A.-S. leak, Ger. Imge, 
lye (q. v.). — Cf. Lixiviate.] [pp. leaching, 
leached.] To pass water through ashes ; to per- 
colate :— written also leech and letch. — 2, n. A 
vessel or tub in which ashes are leached. 
Leach'y, a. Allowing water to percolate. 
Lead (led), v. a. [A.-S. Isedan, from lidan, to go; 
Sw. leda, from lido, to go; Dan. lede, from tide; 
Ger. leiten, to lead; 0. Ger. lidan, to go.] [». led; 
pp. leading, led.] To guide by the hand ; to con- 
duct; to induce: — to draw; to ent ce; to allure: 
—to pass.— 2, v. n. To go first anil show the 
way.— 3, n. [A.-S. lad, Sw. led, a way; Dan. 
led, a gate.] Guidance; direction; first place: 
— an opening : — a lode. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, Q, c, g, soft ; p, £, p, £, hard ; § o.s z ; ? as gz ; this. 



LEAD 



336 



LEDGE 



lead (led), n. [A.-S. lead; Dut. hod; Ger. lot, 
loth.] A heavy metal : — a plummet :— a small 
cylinder of graphite : — in printing, a thin plate 
of metal to separate lines. — 2, v. a. [pp. leading, 
leaded.] To fit with lead in any manner: — to 
separate lines, in printing, by spaces. 

Lead'ed (led'ed), p. a. In printing, having the 
lines separated by spaces :— fitted with lead. 

Lead'en (led'dn), a. Made of lead; heavy. 

Lead'er, n. One who leads; conductor; chief: — 
the ieading article in a newspaper. [ance. 

Lead'er-ship, n. The position of a leader ; guid- 

Lead'ing (led'ing), p. a. Principal ; chief. — 2, n. 
Guidance; conduct. 

Lead'ing-strmgs, n. pi. Strings by which chil- 
dren are guided and supported. 

Lead'-pen'cil, n. A pencil of graphite. 

Leaf (lef ). n. ; pi. Leaves. [A.-S. leaf; Dut. loof; 
Ger. laub ; Sw. lof. — Of. Russ. lepeste, Lith. lapas, 
a leaf ; Gr. Ae7ro?, a scale.] The green, deciduous 
part of trees and plants ; a petal :— any thing 
foliated : — part of a book, door, table, &c. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. leafing, leafed.] To bear leaves. 

Leafafe, n. Leaves collectively ; foliage. 

Leafed (left), a. Having leaves ; leaved. 

Leafless, a. Destitute or bare of leaves. 

Leaflet, n. Division of a leaf; a small leaf. 

Leaf y, a. Full of leaves ; having leaves. 

League (leg), n. [Fr. llgue; It. lega ; Sp. liga; 
L. ligare, to bind.] A treaty of alliance be- 
tween sovereigns or states ; an alliance ; a union : 
— [It. lega; Sp. legua; Fr. lieue,— formerly luie, 
legue ; L. leuca, leuga, a mile (of Celtic origin) ; 
Bret, leo, lev, len, a league ; Irish, leige : possibly 
akin to Cymric lech, a stone] a measure of three 
geographical miles. — The French league is about 
2.76 English miles. — 2, v. n. [pp. leaguing, 
leagued.] To unite ; to confederate. 

Lea'guer (le'gur), n. [Dut. leger, a camp. — See 
Lair.*] One united in a league : — a camp : — a 
siege. 

Leak (lek), n. [Icel. leki, a leak.] A hole which 
lets a fluid in or out. — 2, v. n. & v. a. [Icel. leka, 
to drip; Dan. Isekke; Dut. lekken; Ger. lecken. — 
Cf. A.-S. leccan, to moisten.] [pp. leaking, 
leaked.] To let a fluid in or out. 

Leak'a£-e, n. Allowance made for leaking; a 
leaking ; quantity lost by leaking. 

Leak's, a. Letting a fluid in or out. 

Leal, a. [Norm. Fr. leal, loyal {q. v.).] Loyal; 
true-hearted. 

Lean (len), v. n. [A.-S. hlsenan, hleonian, hlinian; 
Dut. lennen; Dan. Isene ; Ger. lehnen; It. lenare. 
— Cf. L, reclinare, to lean, and Gr. ic\iveiv, to 
cause to lean.] [i. leaned or leant; pp. leaning, 
leaned or leant.] To deviate from a perpendicu- 
lar line; to incline; to bend; to waver. — 2, a. 
[A.-S. hlsene; Low Ger. leen: related to the verb 
lean, but not to It. leno, weak, which is from L. 
lenis, mild.] Not fat ; wanting flesh ; thin ; bar- 
ren. — 3, n. The part of flesh distinct from fat. 

Lean'ly, ad. Meagrely ; without plumpness. 

Lean'ness, n. Want of flesh ; thinness. 

Leap [lep, W. P. J. E. F. Ja; lep, S.], v. n. [A.-S. 
hleapen ; Icel. hlaupa ; Ger. laufen, lief; Dut. 
loopen, Hep.] [pp. leaping, leapt or leaped.] To 
jump; to bound; to spring; to start. — 2, v. a. 
To pass over by jumping. — 3, n. [A.-S. hlyp.] 
A bound; a jump ; a sudden transition. 

Leaped (lept or lept), p. from leap. 

Leapt (lept or lept), p. See Leaped. 

Leap'-year, n. Every fourth year, which has 366 
days,— February having 29 :— bissextile. 

Learn (lern), v. a. [A.-S. leornian; Ger. lemen: 
akin to Ger. lehren, A.-S. Iseran, Dut. leeren, to 
teach.] [i. learned or learnt; pp. learning, 
learned or learnt.] To gain knowledge or skill 
in ; to copy ; to study : — to teach. — 2, v. n. To 
gain or acquire knowledge. 

Learn' ed (lern'ed; as a part., lernd), a. Having 
learning; erudite; literary; educated. 



Learn'ed-ly, ad. With knowledge. 

Learn' er (lern'er), n. One who learns. 

Learn' ing, n. Skill in science, languages, or lit- 
erature; literature; erudition. 

Leas'a-ble, a. Capable of being leased. 

Lease (h3s), n. [Fr. laisser, to leave ; Ital. lasciare, 
to quit; L. laxare, to slacken, to let go. — See 
Lax.] A contract for a temporary possession of 
houses or lands ; a tenure. — 2, v. a. [pp. leasing, 
leased.] To let by lease ; to let. 

Lease'hold (les'hold), n. A tenure held by lease. 
— 2, a. Held by lease. 

Leash, n. [Fr. laisse ; It. lascio. — See Lasso.] A 
leather thong ; a band wherewith to tie : — three 
things held together by a leash.— 2, v. a. [pp. 
leashing, leashed.] To bind ; to hold in a string. 

Leas'ing (lez'ing), n. [A.-S. leasing, Icel. lousing, 
falsehood; A.-S. leas, false, empty, loose (q. v.); 
Dut. loos, false; Goth, laus, empty.] Lying; 
slander; falsehood. 

Least (lest), a. [See Less.] Superl. of little. Small- 
est. — 2, ad. In the smallest or lowest degree. 

Least' wise, ad. At least; at all events. 

Leath'er (leth'er), n. [A.-S. leder ; Dan. Iseder; 
Dut. '& Ger. leder.] The hide or skin of an ani- 
mal tanned and prepared for use. — 2, a. Made 
of leather ; leathern. — 3, v. a. [pp. leathering, 
leathered.] To beat; to lash. 

Leatn'ern (letfi/ern), a. Made of leather. 

Leath'er-y, a. Resembling leather ; tough. 

Leave (lev), n. [A.-S. leaf, permission ; lyfan, to 
permit ; Icel. lyfi, leave, leyfa, to permit ; Ger. 
erkmben. — See Furlough.] Permission ; license : 
—farewell.— 2, v. a. [A.-S. tefan; Icel. leifa; 
Dan. levne, to leave ; A.-S. laf, a remnant ; Icel. 
leif, a patrimonj' , Goth, laiba, a remnant. The 
word is connected with Live, with the idea of 
tarrying, staying behind : probably not related to 
Gr. AeiVetv, to leave.] [i. left; pp. leaving, left.] 
To quit ; to forsake ; to desert ; to abandon ; to 
permit ; to refer ; to bequeath. — 3, v. n. To cease ; 
to desist: — to go away : — [see; Leaf] [pp. leav- 
ing, leaved] to put forth leaves. 

Leaved (levd), a. Having, or furnished with, 
leaves ; made with leaves or folds. 

Leav'en (lev'vn), n. [Fr. levain; L. levamentum 
or levamen, a mitigation, — literally, that which 
raises ; levare, to raise ; levis, light.] A ferment- 
ing mixture. — 2, v. a. [pp. leavening, leav- 
ened.] To ferment. 

Leaves (levz), n. ; pi. of leaf. 

Leav'ings, n. pi. Things that are left ; remains; 
remnants; relics; refuse. 

Lech'er, n. [Fr. Ucheur, a gormandizer, — also, a 
lick-spittle, a parasite; lecher, to lick (q. v.).] A 
lewd person ; a fornicator. — 2, v. n. [pp. lecher- 
ing, lechered.] To practise lewdness. 

Lech'er-ous, a. Libidinous ; lewd ; lustful. 

Lech'er-ous-ness, n. Lewdness. 

Lech'er-y.,' n. Lewdness ; lust. 

Lec'tern,'w. [Late L. lectrinum, lectrnm ; Gr. Ae'/c- 
rpov, a couch, a rest.] A desk in a church for 
holding the Bible ; a reading-desk. 

Lec'tion, n. [L. lectio, a reading; legere, tectum,, to 
read'.] A reading; a variety in copies. 

Lec'tion-a-ry, n. A service-book ; a course of les- 
sons'or lections. 

Lect'ure (lekt'yur), n. [Late L. ledum, L. lectus, 
a reading; legere, to read.] Act of reading; a 
discourse read or pronounced: — a reproof. — 

2, v. a. [pp. lecturing, lectured.] To read lect- 
ures to ; to instruct :— to reprove ; to censure. — 

3, v. n. To deliver lectures. 
Lect'ur-er, n. One who lectures. 
Lect'ure -ship, n. The office of a lecturer. 
Lec'turn, n. [See Lectern.] A reading-desk. 
Led, i. & p. from lead. 

Ledge, n. [Sw. lagg, Icel. logg, a rim ; Norse liggja, 
Dan. ligge, to He (q. v.).'] A row; a layer; a 
stratum ; a ridge ; a shelf :— a long ridge or 
stratum of rocks. 



a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fSst, fall; heir, her; 



LEDGER 



337 



LEMUR 




Ledf-'er, n. [0. Dut. legger, a lower millstone : 
— akin to Ledge ; literally, a lodger, that which 
lies still : a ledger is thus a book too largs to be 
portable.] A horizontal pole in scaffolding : — the 
chief book in merchants' accounts. 

Ledg'er-llne, n. [Fr. Uger, light, and Line.] 
{Mm.) A short line above or below the staff. 

Lee, n. [Icel. hie ; Ban. Ise ; Sw. la ; Dut. lij.—Cf. 
0. E. lew, 0. Sax. hleo, a shelter; Goth, hlija, a 
tent; Icel. hlyja, to shelter.] (Naut.) The side 
opposite to that from which the Mind blows : — 
a sheltered place. 

Leech, n. [A.-S. Isece, Icel. Isehnir, Dan. Isege, Sw. 
lakere, Celt, leigh, a physician; 
A.-S. lacnian, Icel. Isekna, Dan. 
Isege, to cure.] A small blood- 
sucker : — a physician : — a tub : — a 
leach : — [Sw. & Icel. lik, Dan. lig, 
a bolt-rope] the edge of a sail. 

Leech' craft, «. The art of healing. 

Leek, n. [A.-S. leac; Dut. look; 
Dan. log; Ger. lauch.] A biennial 
plant with a bulbous root. 

Leer, n. [A.-S. hleor, Icel. hbjr, the 

cheek.] An oblique view or sin- Leech. 

ister cast of the eye. — 2, v. n. [pp. 

leering, leered.] To look obliquely ; to look archly. 

Leer'ing, p. a. Smiling askance or sneering. 

Leer'ing-ly, ad. With a smile of contempt or of 
solicitation. 

Lees, n. pi. [Fr. lie; Late L. lia; It. letto : prob- 
ably from the root of Lie. — Cf. Celt, li, lees, leit, 
mud.] Dregs : sediment of liquor. 

Lee'-shore, n. The shore to the lee of a ship ; the 
shore on which the wind blows. 

Lee' ward (le'ward or lu'urd), a. [0. Dut. lywaard; 
Dut. tijwaarts.] Opposite the wind ; not wind- 
ward. — 2, ad. Toward the lee. — 3, n. The side 
not exposed to the wind ; lee. 

Lee'-way, n. The lateral movement or drift of a 
ship to the leeward of her course. 

Left, i. & p. from leave. — 2, a. [Fris. leeff,; O. 
Dut. luft, lucht.—Cf. L. Isevus, Gr. Adios, Rusa 
lievnii, left: possibly akin to A.-S. left <>r h/f/, 
weak, or to L. levis, light.] Not right; siiiis- 
trous ; weak. — 3, n. The side opposite the right. 

Left' -hand, n. The hand on the left side.— 2, a. 
On the left side ; left-handed. 

Left'-hand'ed, a. Using the left hand: — sinis- 
trous; awkward; not dexterous : — insincere. 

Leg, n. [Icel. le<jgr ; Dan. lieg ; Sw. lagg.] The 
limb which supports tha body : — the part of it 
between the knee and the foot. 

Leg'a-cy, n. [0. Fr. legal, Late L. legatum. a be- 
quest ; L. legare, legatum, to appoint.] A bequest ; 
a sum of money, or property, given by a will. 

Le'gal, a. [L. legalis; lex, legi.% a law.] Permitted 
or authorized by law; lawful; legitimate; ad- 
hering to law. 

Le'gal-ist, n. One who adheres to law. 

Le-gal'i-ty, ) n. [Fr. Ugalite.] Quality or state 

Le'gal-ness, J of being legal; lawfulness. 

Le'gal-Ize, v. a. [Fr. Ugaliser.] [pp. legalizing, 
legalized.] To make lawful. 

Le'gal-ly, ad. Lawfully ; according to law. 

Leg'ate [leg'at, IF. F. N. St. I. Ja. Sm.\ n. [L. 
legatus; legare, to send.] A deputy; an ambas- 
sador : — an ambassador from the pope. 

Leg-a-tee', n. One to whom a legacy is left. 

Leg'ate-ship, n. The office of a legate. 

Leg'a-tine, a. Belonging to a legate. 

Le-ga'tion, n. A deputation ; an embassy. 

Le-ga'to, a. [It. ; L. Ugare, to tie.] (Mus.) A 
term denoting the tying of one note to another. 

Leg-a-tbV [leg-a-tbV, S. W. Ja. Sm. ; le-ga'tor, P. 
AV], n. One who bequeaths legacies. 

Le'gend, or Leg' end, n. [Late L. legenda, a le- 
gend; L. legenda, things to be read; legere, to 
read, to collect. — Cf. Gr. Aeyeiv, to speak, to col- 
lect.] A chronicle or register of the lives of the 
saints : — a story ; a fable : — an inscription. 



Lef-'en-da-ry [15'jen-da-re, Ja. C], a. Relating 
to a legend: — fabulous; romantic. — 2, n. A 
book or a relater of legends. 

Leg'er (led'jer), n. [0. Dut. leggen, to lie (q. v.); 
equivalent to Lodge.] A resident : — a ledger. — It 
is used also as an adjective ; as, a leger, or resident, 
ambassador. See Ledger. 

Leg-er-de-main', n. [0. Fr. Uger de. main, light 
or quick of hand.] Sleight of hand ; a juggle. 

Leg'gin, or Leg'ging, n. [From Leg.] A cover- 
ing for the leg. 

LegSj-bil'i-ty, n. State of being legible. 

Leg-'i-ble, a. [L. legibilis; legere, to read.] Capable 
of being read; plain. 

Leg'i-bly, ad. In a legible manner. 

Le'gion (le'jun), n. [L. legio ; legere, to gather, 
to levy.] A body of Roman soldiers, about 30U0 
to 6000 : — a great number. 

Le'gion-a-ry (le'jun-a-re), a. Relating to a legion. 
— 2, n. One of a legion. 

Le£-'is-late, v. n. [L. lex, legis, a law, and ferre, 
latum, to bring, to carry.] [pp. legislating, 
legislated.] To make or enact laws. 

Leg-is-la'tion, n. [L. legidatio.] The act of 
making laws. 

Leg'is-la-tive, a. Relating to a legislature ; giving 
laws ; lawgiving. [laws. 

Leg'is-la-tor, n. A lawgiver; one who makes 

Le|-'js-lat-ure (led'jjs-lat-yur), ». [Fr. legislature.] 
The legislative body or bodies of a state or nation 
in which is vested the power of making laws. 

Le'gist, n. [Fr. ligiste; Late L. legiatu.] One 
skilled in law. 

Le-git'i-ma-cy, n. State of being legitimate ; 
lawfulness of birth ; state of being born in wed- 
lock : — lawfulness. 

Le-git'i-mate, a. [L. legitimns, lawful; lex, legis, 
law.]' Born in marriage ; lawful. 

Le-glt i-mate, v. a. [Late L. legitimare, legiti- 
matum, to render lawful.] [pp. legitimating, 
legitimated.] To make legitimate or lawful ; to 
establish the legitimacy of. 

Le-§it'i-mate-ly, ad. Lawfully. 

Le-g-it'i-m^te-ness, n. Lawfulness. 

Le-lit-i-ma'tion, n. The act of legitimating. 

Le-git' i-mist, n. A supporter of hereditary mon- 
archy. 

Le-£it'i-mlze, v. a. [pp. legitimizing, legiti- 
mized.] To render legitimate. 

Leg'ume (leg'yum), n. [Fr. legume, a kitchen- 
vegetable; L. legumen, pulse; legere, to gather.] 
A pod, as of the pea; pulse. 

Le-gu'mi-nous, a. Belonging to pulse or legumes. 

Lei'sure (le'zhur) [lezh'ur. Nares; le'zhur or 
lezh'ur, H.], n. [Fr. loisir, leisure; 0. Fr. 'leisir, 
permission,— originally, to i>erniit; L. licere.— 
See License.] Freedom from emplovment or 
business ; vacancy of mind :— opportunity ; spare 
time. — 2, a. Unemployed. 

Lei'§ure-ly (le'zhur-le), 'a. Xot hasty; deliberate. 
— 2, ad. Not hastily ; deliberately. 

Le'man, n. [0. E. lemman, leofmon; leof, beloved, 
and mann, person.] A mistress: — a lover (often 
in a bad sense). 

Lem'ma, n. ; pi. Lem'mas., or Lem'ma-ta. [L. ; 
Gr. \r)fiij.a, a thing assumed ; Aa^/3avetV, perf. 
elArj/a/aai, to take.] (Oeom.) A proposition pre- 
viously assumed as being demonstrated. 

Lem'ming, n. [Norw. le- 
mende, lemelde, lemming; 
Sw. lemel; Lapp, loumek.] 
A rodent quadruped. 

Lem'on, n. [Fr. & Sp. Union; 

It. Umone; Port, limao ; Tomm -~ ' 

Per. & Turk, limun ; Arab! hemming. 

laimun.—See Lime.] A tree and its acid fruit. 

Lem-on-ade', n. [Fr. limonade ; It. Umonata.] A 
beverage made of water, sugar, and lemon-juice. 

Le'mur, n. [L. for a "ghost," from the nocturnal 
habits of the animals.] A half-ape; an ape-like 
animal of many species. 




mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; hull, btir, rule, use.— £, 9, 5, g\ soft; p, ja, g, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
P w 29 



LEND 



338 



LEVIATHAN 




Lend, v. a. [A.-S. Isenan; Dut. leenen ; Icel. lana; 
Local Ger. lehnen: akin to Loan and Lien.] 
[i. lent; pp. lending, lent.] To afford, grant, or 
supply on condition of return or repayment; to 
furnish ; to bestow. 

Lend'er, n. One who lends auy thing. 

Le'ne [len, I.], n. [L. lewis, lene, gentle, soft.] An 
unaspirated consonant. — 2, a. Not aspirated. 

Length, n. [A.-S. lengd; Dut. lengte ; Dan. Istngde. 
— See Long.] Measure or extent of a thing 
from end to end ; the longest line of a body ; 
extension ; extent ; reach. — At length, at last. 

Length'en (leng'thn), v. a. [pp. lengthening, 
lengthened.] To extend in length. — 2, v. 71. To 
grow longer. 

Length'wl§e, ad. In direction of the length. 

Length'y, a. Long; not short; not brief; tire- 
somely long ; as, a lengthy discourse. 

Le'ni-en-cy, n. Mildness ; lenity ; clemency. 

Le'ni-ent, a. [L. lenlre, lenientis, to soften; lenis, 
soft.] Assuasive; softening; mild. — 2, n. An 
emollient ; a lenitive. 

Len'i-tive, a. Assuasive ; emollient. — 2, n. Any 
thing to ease pain ; a soothing application. 

Len'i-ty, »■ [L. lenitas ; lenis, gentle.] 
Mildness; tenderness; clemency. 

Len§, /*. ; pi. Lens/es. [L. for "a 
lentil-seed."] A piece of glass, or 
transparent substance, so formed 
as to change the direction of the 
rays of ligiit passing through it : — 
the crystalline humor of the eye. 

Lent, i. & p. from lend. — 2, n. [A.-S. 
lencten, Dut. lente, Ger. lenz, spring; 
perhaps from the root of Length. 
lengthening days.] The quadragesimal fast ; a 
fast of forty days, from Ash-Wednesday to Easter. 

Lent'en (len'tn), a. Relating to Lent : — meagre. 

Len-tic'u-lar, or Len'ti-fdrm, a. Lens-shaped. 

Len'til, n. [L. lens, lentis, a lentil-seed ; lenticula, 
a little lentil.] A sort of pulse or pea. 

L'envoy' (lan-vwa'), n. [Fr.— See Envoy.] The 
postscript of a book or a poem. 

Le'o, n. [L. — See Lion.] (Astron.) The Lion; a 
constellation ; the fifth sign of the zodiac. 

Le'o-nlne, «. [L. leoninus.] Like a lion. 

Leop'ard (lep'ard), n. [L. leopardns ; Gr. Aeo- 
7rap5os; Aeaji', a lion, and irdpSos, a pard.] A 
spotted beast of prey. 

Lep'er, n. [Fr. Upre, leprosy (q. v.).] One in- 
fected with leprosy. 

Lep'er-ous, a. Having leprosy; leprous. 

Lep-|-dop'te-ra, v. pi. [Gr. Ae7ri9, \eniSo<;, a scale, 
and nrepov, a wing.] An order of insects, in- 
cluding butterflies and moths. 

Lep'o-rlne (or -rin), a. [L. leporinus; lepus, lepo- 
ris,' the hare.] Belonging to a hare. 

Lep'ro-sy, n. [Fr. Upre ; L. lepra; Gr. \enpa ; AeVi? 
or A'en-os, a scale (see Leaf); Xewpos, scaly.] A 
loathsome cutaneous disease, characterized by 
whitish scales. [fected with leprosy. 

Lep'rous, a. [L. leprosus; Gr. AeVpo?, scaly.] In- 

Le'§ion (le'zhun), n. [L. Isesio ; Isedere, Isesum, to 
hurt.] Damage; injury; hurt :— a change pro- 
duced by disease or injury. 

Less. A privative termination ; as, lifetess. 

Less, a. [A.-S. Isessa; 0. Fris. lessa.] The com- 
parative of Utile .—smaller.— 2, ad. In a smaller 
or lower degree. 

Les-see', n. A person to whom a lease is given. 

Les'sen (les'sn), v. a. [pp. lessening, lessened.] To 
make less ; to diminish. — 2, v. n. To grow less. 

Less'er, a. Less; smaller; minor. — It is a cor- 
ruption of less, but is established by good use iu 
certain cases ; as, Lesser Asia. 

Les'son (les'sn), «. [L. lectio; Fr. leQon. — See Lec- 
tion.] A task or any thing to learn ; a piece to 
be read ; precept ; a lecture ; reproof. 

Les'sbr, or Les-sbY, n. [See Lease.] One who 
grants a lease. 

Lest, conj. That not ; for fear that. 



Let, v. a. [A.-S. Isetan ; Dut. laten ; Ger. lassen. — 
Cf. Lith. leidmi, to let.] [i. let; pp. letting, 
let^ To allow ; to suffer ; to permit ; to leave : 
—to lease ; to put out to hire. — 2, v. n. To be 
let; as, a house to let:— [A.-S. lettan; Dut. letten: 
closely akin to Late] to act as an obstruction ; 
to hinder.— 3, v. a. [i. letted ; pp. letting, letted.] 
To hinder ; to obstruct ; to oppose. — 4, n. A 
hinderance ; an obstacle. 

Let. A diminutive termination ; as in rivu/e<. 

Le'thal, a. [L. lethal is ; lelum, death.] Deadly; 
mortal; fatal. 

Le-thar'iic, \ a. Affected by lethargy ; drowsy ; 

Le-thar'ii-cal, J heavy ; dull. 

Leth/ar-fy., n. [Gr. \r)6apyia, drowsiness ; \y)Bap- 
70s,' forgetful: \-qQ-q, oblivion.] A morbid drow- 
siness ; sleepiness; torpor ; dulness ; insensibility. 

Le'the, n. [Gr. \r\Qr\ : root of \av6di>eiv, to lie 
hidden.] Oblivion ; a draught of oblivion. 

Le-the'an, a. Oblivious ; causing oblivion. 

Le-thif er-ous, a. [L. lethifer ; letwm, death, and 
ferre, to bring.] Deadly; bringing death. 

Let'ter, n. [Fr. lettre, L. litera, a letter ; linere, 
litum, to smear, to daub.] An alphabetic char- 
acter; a printing-type : — a written message; an 
epistle ; a note ; a billet. — Letter patent, an open 
letter, granting some privilege. — Dead letter, a 
writing without authority: — a letter left in 
the post-office and not called for. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
lettering, lettered.] To stamp or mark with 
letters. 

Let'tered (let'terd), a. Educated; learned. 

Let'ter-ing, n. The act of marking with letters : 
— the letters formed upon any thing. 

Let'ter-press, n. Letters and words printed : — 
print, as distinguished from engravings or illus- 

Let'ter§, n. pi. Learning; literature. [trations. 

Let'tuce (let'tis), n. [Fr. laitue; L. lactuca, from 
its milky juice; lac, lactis, milk.] A garden- 
plant for salad. 

Le-vant', w. [It. levante, east; L. levare, levaiitis, 
to raise; se levare, to rise; from the rising sun.] 
The East, particularly the eastern parts and 
coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
levanting, levanted.] To decamp surreptitiously ; 
to abscond dishonestly. [Slang.] 

Le'vant, or Le-vant', a. Eastern ; from the East. 

Le-vant' er, n. A strong easterly wind. 

Le-van'tine, or LeVan-tlne, a. Belonging to the 
Levant'.— 2, n. [Fr.] A kind of silk stuff. 

Lev'ee (lev'e), n. [Fr. lever, 0. Fr. levc ; from 
lever, to raise, to rise. — See Levy.] A morning 
call or assembly ; an assembly : — an evening 
party or assembly: — a concourse: — a bank of 
earth on the margin of a river. 

Lev'el, a. [0. Fr. livel (Fr. niveau); L. libella, a 
level; dim. of libra, a balance.] Even; flat; 
smooth; plain.— 2, v. a. [pp. levelling, lev- 
elled.] To make horizontal, level, or even ; to 
lay flat : — to aim ; to direct. — 3, v. n. To aim ; 
to direct the view. — 4, n. A plane or plain; a 
flat surface : — even state : — a standard ; an in- 
strument, [destroy social distinctions. 

Lev'el-ler, n. One who levels : — one who would 

Lev' el-ling, n. Act of finding a horizontal line. 
— 2", a. Aiming at the destruction of social dis- 
tinctions. 

Lev'el-ness, n. The state of being level. 

Lev'en (lev'vn), n. Ferment. See Leaven. 

Le'ver [leVer, Wb.], n. [Fr. leveur, a lifter; levier, 
a lever; L. levator; levare, levatum, to lift; levis, 
light.] The Be' .u mechanical power: — a bar 
used to elevate great weights : — a prize or pry. 

LeVer-age, n. i'lie advantage gained by using a 
lever : — the application of a lever. 

Lev'er-et, n. [Fr. lievre, a hare ; 0. Fr. levrault, 
It. ' lepretta, a young hare; L. lepus, leporis, a 
hare.] A hare in its first year. 

Lev'i-a-ble, a. Capable of being levied. 

Le-vi'a-than, n. [Heb.] A great water-animal, 
mentioned in Job, supposed to be the crocodile. 



e, 1, 6, u, y, long ; a, e, x, 0, u, y, chort; a, e, i, 0, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



LEVIGATE 



339 



LICK 



Lev'i-gate, v. a. [L. levigare, levigatum, to smooth ; 
levk, smooth.] [pp. levigating, levigated.] To 
polish ; to plane : — to reduce to powder; to pul- 
verize. 

Lev-i-ga'tion, n. [L. levigatio.] Act of levigating. 

Lev-i-ta'tion, n. [Late L. levitalio ; L. levare, to 
raise ; lech, light.] The act of rendering light : 
— the act of rising or being raised into the air. 

Le'vite, n. [L. Lecita; Gr. AeviVijs.J One of the 
tribe of Levi. 

Le-vit'i-cal, a. Kelating to the Levites. 

Le-vit'i-cus, n. [L. — See Levite : it contains the 
ceremonial law of the Levitical and priestly 
caste of the Hebrews.] The third book of Moses. 

Lev'i-ty, n. [L. levitas ; lewis, light (q. v.).] Quality 
of being light; lightness : — want of seriousness; 
frivolity ; inconstancy ; giddiness ; volatility ; 
fickleness ; vanity. 

Lev's, v. a. [Fr. lever, to raise ; levee, a levy ; L. 
levare, to raise ; levis, light.] [pp. levying, lev- 
ied.] To raise, as men for ah army or money 
as a tax ; to collect; to impose. — 2, n. The act of 
raising money or men: — the quantity, amount, 
or number raised. 

Lewd (lud), a. [A.-S. Isewede, lay, laic, the laity, 
— meaning the ignorant; from Ifeivan, to betray, 
to weaken.] Wanton; lustful; libidinous. 

Lewd'ly (lud'le), ad. Wantonly; lustfully. 

Lewd'ness, «. Dissoluteness; licentiousness. 

Lex-i-cog'ra-pher, a. A writer of dictionaries. 

Lex-i-co-graph'ic, 1 a. Relating to lexicog- 

Lex-i-co-graph'i-cal, J raphy. 

Lex-i-cog'ra-phy, u. [Gr. \e£iie6v, a dictionary, 
and vpadeu', to write.] The art or labor of 
making dictionaries; lexicology. 

Lex'i-con, n. [Gr., from Ae£i?, a saying or word; 
A.eyeii', to speak.] A dictionary; a word-book. 

Ley (le), n. A field. See Lee, Lye, and Lie. 

Ley'den-jar' (li'dn-), n. [First made at Leyden, 
Holland.] A jar to be charged with electricity. 

Leze'-maj es-ty, /*. [Fr. tise-majeste ; User, to in- 
jure (see Lesion), and majeste, a title of kings.], 
Treason; an offence against the sovereign. 

Ll-a-bil'i-ties, ". ]>l. Amount of obligations or 
indebtedness; debt. 

Li-a-bil'i-ty, I n. State of being liable; respon- 

Ll'a-ble-ness, / sibility ; exposedness. 

LI'a-ble, «. [Probably from Fr. Her, L. Ugare, to 
bind.] Not exempt from; exposed to ; answer- 
able; bound; obnoxious; subject. 

Liaison (L 'a-zoiig'!, n. [Fr. ; from tier, to bind.] 
A bond of union :— a love-intrigue ; amour. 

Li-a'na, u. [Sp. ; from liar, to tie ; L. Ugare, to 
bind'; Fr. liane.] A woody tropical vine. 

Li'ar. n. [A.-S. leogere.—See Lie.] One who tells 
lies or falsehoods. 

LI'as. »'. [Fr. lias; 0. Fr. Uais, a hard freestone. 
— Cf. Bret, liach, Welsh llech, Gael, leac, a stone.] 
(Geol.) A limestone and clay formation above 
the triassic and below the Jurassic strata, [lias. 

Li-as'sic, a. Pertaining to the formation called 

Li-ba'tion, >i. [L. libatio; Hbare, tibatum, Gr. \ei- 
/3eii>, to pour.] An offering made of wine. 

Li'bel, n. [L. Ubclluiii, a little book, a brief; dim. 
of liber, a book. — See Library.] A malicious 
publication designed to render a person odious; 
a lampoon; defamation: — a legal complaint. — 
2, r. a. [pp. libelling, libelled.] To defame 
maliciously ; to lampoon : — to bring a charge 
against : — to proceed against. 

Li'bel-lant, /*. One who flu,,,, or brings a charge 

in a chancery or admiralty case. 
Li'bel-ler, n. One who libels or. lefames. 
Li'bel-loQs, a. Partaking of the nature of libel ; 

defamatory ; abusive. 
Lib'er-al, a. [L. liberalis ; Uber, free.] Generous; 
beneficent: — free; candid; catholic: — free to ex- 
cess ; lax ; loose. — 2, n. A political reformer : — 
a liberalist. 
Lib'er-al-I§m, n. Liberal or lax principles. 
Lib'er-al-ist, it. An adherent to liberal opinions. 



Lib-er-al'i-ty, n. [Fr. liberalite ; L. liberalitas.] 
Quality of being liberal; bounty; generosity: — 
largeness of mind. [To make liberal. 

Lib'er-al-Ize, v. a. [pp. liberalizing, liberalized.] 

Lib'er-al-ly, ad. In a liberal manner. 

Lib'er-ate, v. a. [L. Uberare, tiberatum; liber, free.] 
[pp. liberating, liberated.] To free; to set free; 
to deliver. [deliverance. 

Lib-es-a'tion, n. Act of liberating or setting free ; 

Lib'er-a-tor, n. One who liberates ; deliverer. 

Lib'er-tine, n. [L. libertinus, a freedman, — also, 
belonging to a freedman ; libertus, a freedman ; 
liber, free.] One who lives dissolutely : — a Ro- 
man freedman. — 2, a. Licentious ; dissolute. 

LIb'er-tin-I§m. n. Licentiousness; debauchery. 

Lib'er-ty, n. [Fr. liberie; L. libertus; liber, free.] 
Power of acting without constraint ; freedom ; 
privilege; permission; leave.— pi. Precincts or 
outer districts of a city. 

Lj-bid'i-nous, a. [L. libidinosus ; libido, libidinis, 
lust ;' libet, it pleases. — Cf. liber, acting at pleas- 
ure. — See Love.] Lewd; lustful; licentious. 

Li-bid'i-nous-ly, ad. Lewdly; lustfully. 

Li'bra,'«. [L.]' A balance: — the Balance, the 
seventh sign in the zodiac. 

Li-bra'ri-an, a. One who has the care of a library. 

Li-bra'ri-an-ship, n. Office of a librarian. 

Li'bra-ry, n. [L. librarium, a bookcase; liber, a 
book or bark : the latter was an early writing 
material; Fr. librairie, a book-store.] A collec- 
tion of books : — a house or an apartment for 
books ; a book-room. 

LI'brate, v. a. & v. n. [L. VSorare, libratum, to poise; 
libra, Gr. At'rpa, a balance.] [pp. librating, 
librated.] To poise ; to balance. 

Li-bra'tion, n. [L. libratio.] Act of balancing; 
equipoise. 

Li-bret't5, n. [It., dim. of libra, a book.] A book 
containing the words of an opera. 

Lice, n. ; pi. of louse. 

Ll'cens-a-ble, «. That may be licensed. 

Li'cense, «. [L. ticentia, freedom; /«.,.=, to be al- 
lowable.] Authority or liberty given: permis- 
sion; leave: — abuse of liberty: excess. — 2. r. «. 
[pp. licensing, licensed.] To permit by a legal 
grant; to give permission ; to authorize. 

Li'cens-er, «. A granter of permission. 

Li-cen'ti'-ate (IT-sen'sbe-ati. ,/. [L. licentiare, li- 
cenliatum, to license; ticentia, license.] One who 
has a license to preach, or to practise any art 
or profession. 

Ll-cen'ti-ate (lT-sen'she-at), v. a. [pp. licenti- 
ating, licentiated.] To 1 

Li-cen'tious (li-sen'shiis), o. [L.licentiosus] ticen- 
tia, license.] Using license, in a bad sense ; dis- 
solute; unrestrained; lewd. 

Li-cen'tious-ly, ad. In a disorderly manner. 

Li-cen'tious-ngss (li-sen'shus-nesi, u. Quality of 
being licentious; lewdness. 

Li'phen, or Lich'en, n. [L. ; Gr. \slxv v '■ possibly 
allied to Aei'xei^, to lick (o. r.), fi'om its en- 
croachments.] (Bot.) An order of plants of very 
low r organization, which grow on the bark of 
trees, on rocks, and on the ground. — Clfp«/.j A 
cutaneous disease ; a tetter: a kind of rash. 

Liph-en-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. Aeixw, a lichen, and 
ypafyetv, to 'write.] A description of lichens. 

Lich'-gate, n. [0. E. lich, a 
corpse; Dut. lijk : Icel. & S\v. 
lik; Dan. lig ; Ger. leiche, lei<h- 
nam, a corpse; A.-S. lie, the 
body [see Like], and Gate.] 
A shed over a church-gate : — 
the side-gate of a church-yard. 

Lick, v. a. [A.-S. liccian; Dut. 
Ukhen; Ger.lecken; Fr. lecher; 
L. lingere, lictum ; Gr. Aet'^eiv; 




Lich-gate. 
Skr. lih.] [pp. licking, licked.] To pass over 



with the tongue ; to lap : — to beat ; to strike. 
[Colloq.] — 2, n. A wash ; what is smeared over : 
— a blow ; a stroke : — a salt spring. [U. S.] 



mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, §, 5, g\ soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 



LICKEKISH 



340 



LIKELINESS 



Lick'er-ish, a. [Cf. Lecherous.] Nice ; dainty : 
— eager; greedy. 

Lick' -spit- tie, n. A mean, servile flatterer. 

Lic'o-rice, n. [0. Fr. licorice; Fr. rtglisse; It. le- 
gorizia, regolizia ; L. liquiritia, glycyrrhiza ; Gr. 
y\vKvppi£a; yAv/ev?, sweet, and pi^a, root.] A 
sweet, medicinal root. [A Roman officer. 

Lic'tor, n. [L. ; probably allied to ligare, to bind.] 

Lid, n. [A.-S. & Icel. Mid; Dut. lid; A.-S. hlidan, 
to cover.] A cover for a pan, box, &c. 

Lie (11),. ». [A.-S. leogan ; Dut. liegen; Ger. lugen- 
Dan. lyre; Sw. Ijnga, to lie ; A.-S. lige, hjge, a lie.] 
A violation of truth ; a criminal falsehood ; un- 
truth : — a charge of falsehood :— lye. — 2, v. a. 
[i. lied; pp. lying, lied.] To utter a criminal 
falsehood; to violate truth. — 3, v. n. [A.-S. 
licgan; Dut. liggen; Dan. ligge; Ger. liegen. — Cf. 
L. leclus, a bed ;' Gr. aorist e'Ae£a, I lay.] [i. lay ; 
pp. lying, lain.] To rest horizontally; to rest; 
to remain. 

Lief (lef ), ad. [A.-S. leof, liof, Dut. lief, Sw. ljuf, 
Ger. Ueb, dear. — See Love.] "Willingly; gladly. 

Liefe (lej ), a. [Fr. lige; 0. Fr. liege; Late L. 
ligius. These words," probably connected with 
Ger. ledig, 0. Dut. leec, free, had at first only the 
meaning of free or sovereign ; but from a sup- 
posed connection with L. ligare, to bind, they 
later acquired the meaning of bound or loyal.] 
Bound by feudal tenure or connection ; subject. 
— It is joined indifferently to lord or subject; as, 
liege lord, or liegeman. — 2, n. A sovereign; a su- 
perior lord : — a vassal. 

Liege'man (lej'man), n. A subject; a vassal. 

Li'en, orLi'en, «." [Fr. lien, a tie, a bundle; L. 
li'gamen, band; ligare, to tie. — Cf. Ger. lien, a 
rope.] A legal claim to property by a creditor. 

Li-en-ter'ic, a. [Gr. AeievTepi/cos.] Pertaining to 
a lientery. 

Li'en-ter-y., :n. [Gr. Aeievrepia ; Aeio?, smooth, 
soft, and evrepov, an intestine.] A flux of the 
bowels; a kind of looseness, or diarrhoea, with 
the passage of undigested food. [as, in lieu of. 

Lieu (lu), n. [Fr. ; L. locus, a place.] Place ; room ; 

Lieu-ten' an-cy. (lev-ten'an-se or lii-ten'an-se), n. 
The office or province of a lieutenant. 

Lieu-ten'ant (lev-ten'ant or lii-ten'ant), n. [Fr. — 
See Lieu and Tenant; L. locum tenens.] An 
officer below a captain : — a deputy ; one second 
in rank; as, lieutenant-governor. 

Lieu-ten' ant-ship, n. Office of lieutenant. 

Lieve (lev), ad. Willingly; lief. See Lief. 

Life, n. ; pi. Lives. [A.-S. lif; Dan. liv.—Cf. Ger. 
leib, Dut. lijf the body.— See Live.] State of 
living; vitality; animation; existence; spirit; 
soul; vivacity : — conduct: — a history of a life; 
biography. 

Life'-blood (lifblud), w. The vital blood. 

Life' -boat, w. A boat to preserve life. 

Life'-es-tate', n. An estate held during life. 

Life'-fiv-ing, a. Imparting life ; invigorating. 

Life'guard (lif'gard), n. Guard of a king, &c. 

Life'-in-sur'ance, n. A contract to pay a certain 
sum on the death of a person on condition of re- 
ceiving a certain annual premium. 

Life'less, a. Destitute of life ; dead ; dull. 

Life'-Hke, a. Like a living person. 

Life'-long, a. Continuing through life. 

Life'-pre-serv'er, n. An apparatus made of In- 
dia-rubber cloth or other materials, for pre- 
serving the lives of persons at sea. 

Life'time, n. Continuance or time of life. 

Lift, v. a. [Icel. lupta; Dan. lofte; Sw. lyfta.—See 
Loft.] [pp. lifting, lifted.] To raise; to ele- 
vate ; to exalt :— [Goth. hlifan, L. clepere, Gr. 
>cAe7rTeiv, to steal ; Goth, hliftus, Gr. KkenT-qs, a 
thief] to steal. — 2, v. n. To strive to raise by 
strength.— 3, n. The act of lifting :— weight 
lifted: — an elevator. 

Lig'a-ment, n. [L. ligamentum, a band; ligare, to 
tie!] A cord ; a substance which joins bones 
together. 



Lig-a-men'tous, a. Relating to, or composed by, 
a ligament. ' 

Lig'an, n. [Law Fr. or Anglo-Fr. ; L. ligare, to 
tie!] Goods sunk at sea with a buoy attached. 

Li'gate, v. a. [L. ligare, ligation.] [pp. ligating, 
ligated.] To tie. 

Li-ga'tion, n. [L. ligatio.] The act of binding; 
confinement. 

Lig'a-ture, n. [L. ligatura; ligare, to bind.] A 
bandage ; a band ; a cord ; a tie. 

Light (lit), n. [A.-S. leoht; Dut. & Ger. Held; 
Goth, liuhath: akin to L. lux and lumen, light.] 
The ethereal medium of sight ; that by which 
we see ; the transparency of the air caused by 
the rays of the sun, &e. : — artificial illumination ; 
a taper : — a light-house : — situation or point of 
view :— day :— knowledge. — 2, a. [A.-S. leoht; 
Dut. ligt; Dan. let; Goth, leihts ; Ger. leicht.) 
Not heavy : — active : — slight ; trifling : — gay ; 
airy: — not dark; bright. — 3, ad. Lightly; 
cheaply. — 4. v. a. [i. lighted or lit ; pp. light- 
ing, lighted or lit.] To kindle :— to fill with 
light; to illuminate; to lighten. — 5, v. n. [See 
Alight : the meaning was at first to lighten the 
horse of his burden.] To fall on ; to dismount. 

Light' -armed (lit'armd), a. Not heavily armed. 

Light'en (li'tn), v. n. [A.-S. lyhtan, lihtan, leohtan. 
— See Light.] [pp. lightening, lightened.] To 
flash ; to shine. — 2, v. a. To illuminate; to en- 
lighten : — to make lighter ; to unload. 

Lignt'er (lit'er), n. [Dut. ligter.] One who lights : 
— a boat for freight. — 2, v. a. [pp. lightering, 
lightered.] To load or discharge by a lighter. 

Light' er-man, n. One who manages a lighter. 

Light' -fin-gered (llt'f ing-gerd), a. Thievish. 

Light' -head-ed (lit'-), a. Thoughtless; weak. 

Light' -heart-ed (lit'-), a. Gay ; merry. 

Light' -horse, n. Light-armed cavalry. 

Light'-hbilse (lit'hoCis), n. A tower or high 
building, at the top of which lights are hung to 
guide ships in the night. 

Light'ly. (lit'le), ad. In a light manner. 

Light'ness (lit'-), w. State of being light; bright- 
ness :— want of weight; inconstancy; levity. 

Light' ning (lit'-), ?i. [See Lighten.] The electric 
flash that attends thunder. [lightning. 

Light' ning-rod, n. A rod to protect a house from 

Lights (lite), n. pi. [So called from their light- 
ness.] The lungs of brute animals. 

Light'-ship, n. A ship serving as a light-house. 

Light' some (lit'sum), a. Luminous: — gay. 

Lign-al'oes (lin-al'oz or lig-nal'oz), n. [L. lignum 
aloes, wood of the aloe; Gr. ^vkakon ; £v\n, wood, 
and aAorj, the aloe.] Eagle-wood; aloes-wood. 

Lig'ne-ous, a. [L. ligneus, wooden ; lignum, wood.] 
Made of wood ; wooden. 

Lig'nine, n. A chemical principle of wood. 

Lig'nite, n. A kind of coal ; fossilized wood. 

Lig'num-vi'tae (lig'num-vi'te), «. [L. for "wood 
of life :" it has medicinal qualities.] Guaiacum, 
a very hard, heavy, tough wood. 

Lig'u-late, a. [L. ligula, a strap; for lingxda, dim. 
of lingua, a tongue.] (Bot.) Strap-shaped. 

Li'gure [lig'yur, I. St.], n. [L. ligurius; Gr. Aiyv- 
piov ; probably named from Liguria in Italy ; 
some called it Kvynovpiov ; \vy£, a lynx, and 
ovpov, urine: it was fabled to be formed from 
petrified urine of the lynx.] A precious stone. 

Like, a. [A.-S. lie, gelic ; Dut. gelijk; Ger. gleich: 
akin to A.-S. lie, Goth, leik, the body, the form, 
resemblance, shape, likeness.] Resembling; 
similar; alike; likely.— 2, n. A thing similar; 
near approach. — 3, ad. In the same manner; 
likely. — 4, v. a. [A.-S. lician, lican ; Dut. lijken; 
Goth, leikan : the original sense was to be like, 
or suited for.] [p>p. liking, liked.] To be pleased 
with ; to approve.— 5, v. n. To be pleased ; to 
choose ; to list. 

Like'U-hood (lik'le-hud), n. Appearance; show; 
resemblance; likeness; probability. 

Like'li-ness, n. Quality of being likely. 



a, e, i, o, u, y 



long; a., e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o,'u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fist, fall; heir, her; 



LIKELY 



341 



LINK 



LIke'ly, a. Probable; credible :— pleasing; hand- 
some'; thriftv : — respectable ; w'orthy of esteem ; 
sensible. [Colloq., U. S.]— 2, ad. Probably. 

Lik'en (li'kn), v. a. [Sw. likna; Dan. Ugue; A.-S. 
lician; Dut. lijken.—See Like.] [pp. likening, 
likened.] To make like ; to compare. 

Like'ness, n. Resemblance; similarity. 

Like' wise, ad. In like manner; also; too. 

Lik'ing, n. Inclination; desire; delight in. 

Li'la'c [Hl'lak, SL Kenrick], n. [Turk, leilaq ; Per. 
Ul'aj. — Cf.Skr. nil, blue; nilak, bluish; nili, Late 
~L.'nil, anil, indigo.— See Aniline.] A beautiful, 
sweet-flowering shrub.— 2, a. Of a pale-purple 
color. [a lily. 

Lil-i-a'ceous (lil-e-a'shus), a. [L. liliaceus.] Like 

Lil'ied (lil'id), a. ' Embellished with lilies. 

Lil-i-pu'tian (-shan), a. [From Liliput, a fictitious 
country of dwarfs, in " Gulliver's Travels."] 
Dwarfish; diminutive; pygmy-like. 

Lilt, n. [Cf. Ger. & 0. Dut. Mien, Dan. lulle, to 
hum, to lull ; Sw. Udla, to hum.— See Lull.] A 
song-tune; a cheerful tune; a lay; a song. — 
2, v. n. [pp. lilting, lilted.] To sing merrily. 

Lil'y. (Ill's), «•; P 1 - Lil'ies. [A.-S. lilie; L. lilium; 
Gr! Aet'piov.] A plant and its flower. 

Li'man, or Li-man', n. [Turk. & Russ. ; Gri 
Ai^v, a harbor.] An inlet or channel; a bay : 
— alluvial land. 

Li-ma'tion, ». [L. limatio; limare, to file; lima, 
'a file.] ' Act of filing or polishing. 

Li'ma-ture, n. [L. limaturu.] Particles rubbed 
off by a file. 

Limb (lim), n. [A.-S. Urn; Dan. Jem, lime.] A 
branch of a tree ; a bough : — a jointed part of 
an animal; a member: — [L. limbus, a border, an 
edging. — Cf. Skr. lambli, to hang] a border. 

Lim'bec, n. [See Alembic] A still ; an alembic. 

Lim'b§r, a. [A variant of Limp.] Flexible ; easily 
bent; pliant. — 2, n. [Old & Local E. limmer, 
limm, a shaft or thill ; from Limb, a branch, a 
shoot.] Part of a gun-carriage : — a thill or shaf^ 
of a wagon. — (Naid.) A hole cut in the floor for 
the passage of water. 

Lim'ber-ness, w. Flexibility; pliaucy. 

Limb'less, a. Wanting, or deprived of, limbs. 

Lim'bo, n. ; pi. Lim'bos. [L. in Umbo, in a limtws 
(q. v.).] A border : — a region bordering on hell : 
— a prison. 

Lim'bus, h. [L. for a "border;" later, limbus was 
a hypothetical place on the border of hell; a 
prison for departed spirits.] Same as Limbo. 

Lime, n. [A.-S. Urn, cement; Dut. lijm, Ger. leim, 
glue ; L. limns, mud. — Cf. L. Here, to plaster ; 
linere, to daub; limere and limare, to smooth.] 
Calcareous earth obtained from limestone, and 
used for mortar, &c. ; quick-lime : — a viscous sub- 
stance, bird-lime: — [written also line, linn, lind, 
and linden (q. v.)] a tree: the linden-tree :— [Fr. 
lime; Port. ffiSp. lima; Arab. Uimdi. — See Lemon] 
an acid fruit. — 2, v. a. [pp. liming, limed.] To 
insnare ; to cover with lime or with bird-lime. 

Lime'-kiln (llm'kil), n. A furnace for lime. 

Lime'stone, n. A calcareous stone ; carbonate of 
lime; stone of which lime is made. 

Lime'-wa-ter, n. A water containing lime. 

Lim'it, n. [Fr. limile; L. limes, liniitis.] That 
which terminates any thing; a check; a bound; 
a border ; utmost reach ; term. — 2, v. a. [L. 
limitare.] [pp. limiting, limited.] To set limits 
or bounds to; to confine; to restrain; to circum- 
scribe ; to bound; to restrict. 

Lim'it-a-ble, a. That may be limited. 

Lim-i-ta'tion, n. [L. limitatio.] A restriction; a 
confinement. 

Limn (Urn), v. a. [0. E. limnen : L. illuminare. — 
See Illuminate.] [pp. limning, limned.] To 
draw ; to paint. 

Lim'ner, n. A painter; a picture-maker. 

Lnn'ning, n. The art of painting in water-colors. 

Lim'on-ite, n. [Gr. Aet(u.o6v, a marsh.] A kind of 
iron ore found in lakes and bogs. 



Limp, v. n. [A.-S. lemp-lieall, lame; 0. Ger. liraphin, 
Low. Ger. lumpen, Local Dan. lumsa, to hobble.] 
[ pp. limping, limped.] To halt ; to walk lamely. 
— 2, n. A halt ; the act of limping. — 3, a. [Icel. 
liinpa, weakness ; Skr. lambh, to hang. — Cf. Lame. 
But it is possibly allied to Slim or Flimsy.] 
Pliant ; flaccid. * [A small shell-fish. 

Lim'pet, n. [L. lepas, lepadis, Gr. AeTras, a limpet.] 

Lim'pid, a. [L. Umpidus.—Cf. Gr. Aa/u/n-pos, bright; 
L. lymplta, water.] Clear; pure; transparent. 

Lim-pid'i-ty., «• State of being limpid. 

Lim'pid-ness, n. Limpidity; clearness. 

Li'my., a. Containing lime ; glutinous. 

Linch'pin, n. [Dut. luns ; Ger. liiuse ; Dan. lund- 
stikke.—Cf. A.-S. lynis, an axle; also Link.] The 
iron pin of an axle-tree. 

Linct'ire (lingkt'yur), n. [L. linctus ; lingere, to 
lick (q. v.).] Medicine licked up. 

Lin'den, n. [A.-S. & Dan. Had; Dut. & Ger. Unde, 
pi. linden.— Cf. L. lenlus, pliant.] A handsome 
tree ; basswood. 

Line, n. [L. liuea, A.-S. line, Fr. ligne, a cord ; L. 
lineus, flaxen.— See Linen. The Ger. lien, a 
rope, seems related to this word, though prob- 
ably shaped by Fr. lien, a band, a tie.— See 
Lien.] Longitudinal extension : — a string : — 
lineament; delineation; an extended mark : — a 
regular series : — a row : a rank ; a course :— a 
business :— as much as is written from one mar- 
gin to another; a verse; a short letter: — out- 
line :— limit :— the equator :— lineage ; progeny : 
— one-tenth of an inch :— any thing or a number 
of things extended.— 2, c. «. [From Linen.] 
[pp. lining, lined.] To guard within ; to cover; 
to double :— to place along the side of. 

Lin'e-ai-e, n. [Fr. lignage ; Ugue, a line (q. v.).] 
Family or race ascending or descending; race; 
progeny ; genealogy. 

Lin'e-al, «. [L. linealis ; Unea, a line (q. v.).] 
Descending in a line ; hereditary. 

Lin'e-al-ly, ad. In a direct line. 

Lin'e-a-ment, n. [L. Hneamentum, a feature, a 
drawing; Uueare, to trace; Unea, a line (g. v.).] 
A feature; a form; an outline. 

Lin'e-ar, a. [L. linearis: lima, a line (gr. «.).] 
Composed of lines ; having lines. 

Lin'en, n. [A.-S. lin, flax; linen, flaxen; L. linum. 
Gr." kivov, flax.] Cloth made of flax or hemp : — 
the under part of dress. — 2, a. Made of linen ; 
resembling linen. 

Lm'en-dra'per, n. One who deals in linen. 

Lin'er, n. Aship of the line: — a ship belonging 
to some line. 

Ling, n. [Icel. & Dan. hjng ; Sw. lino, ljung.] 
Heath: — [Dut. leng, from lang, long; Ger. Hinge 
or liingfisch, long-fish] a kind of sea-fish. 

Lin'ger (ling'ger), v. n. [A.-S. lengan, to put off, 
to prolong ; Ger. verldngern, to linger ; Dut. 
lengen, to lengthen. — See Long.] [pp. lingering, 
lingered.] To remain long ; to delay. 

Lin'go (ling'go), n. [L. lingua, tongue.] Lan- 
guage; talk. [Low.] 

Lin-gua-den'tal (ling-gwa-), a. [L. lingua, the 
tongue, and dentes, the teeth.] Uttered by the 
joint action of the tongue and the teeth. 

Lin'gual (ling'gwal), a. [Late L. liugualis ; lingua, 
a tongue; 0. L. dingna, A.-S. tunga, Ger. ziiuge. 
— See Tongue.] Pertaining to the tongue. 

Lin'guist (iing'gwist), n. [Fr. linguiste ; Ger. lin- 
guist ; L. lingua, a tongue.] One versed or skilled 
in languages. 

Lin-guis'tic, a. Relating to language. 

Lin-guis'tics, n.pl. The study of languages, their 
origin, descent, and relationship. 

Lin'i-ment, n. [L. linimentirm ; linere, to smear.] 
Ointment; balsam; ungnent. 

Lin'ing, n. The inner covering of any thing. 

Link, n. [A.-S. hlence, Sw. liink, Ger. gelenk, a 
link; Dan. Isenke, a chain: related to Ring, 
Rink.] A single ring of a chain :— [0. E. lint, 
lunt, a torch; Dut. lont, a gun-match; Dan. Unite, 



mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 



-g.9, c,§,soft; 

29* 



P» Pi P. £i hard; § as z; ? as gz ; tins. 



LINK-BOY 



342 



LITHOTOMY 




Linnet. 



Sw. lunta, a match. — See Linstock] a torch.- 
2, v. a. [pp. linking, linked.] To complicate 
to unite ; to join. — 3, v. n. To be connected. 

Link' -boy, n. A boy that carries a 
torch. 

Linn, n. [See Linden.] The linden- 
tree : — [A.-S. hlynna; Welsh llyn; 
Irish linn] a pool : — a waterfall. 

Lin' net, n. [Fr. linotte, from Un, 
flax"; A.-S. lein-Jinke (literally, 
flax-finch), linetej and linetwige: 
named from its fondness for flax- 
seed.] A small singing-bird. 

Lin'seed, n. [A.-S. Un, flax, and 
Seed.] The seed of flax ; flaxseed. 

Lin'sey-wool'sey (lin'se-wul'se), n. [From Linen 
and' Wool.] ' Stuff made of linen and wool 
mixed ; a light stuff. — 2, o. Made of linen and 
wool mixed : — vile ; mean. 

Lin' stock, n. [Dut. lont-stocJc ; Dan. lunte-stoJc ; 
Dut. lont, Dan. lunte, a match; Eng. hint, a 
match, a string for firing a cannon.] A staff 
with a match at the end, used by gunners in 
firing cannon. 

Lint, n. [L. Unteus, of linen (q. v.); linteum, a 
linen cloth.] Flax : — linen scraped into a soft 
substance for wounds. 

Lin'tel, n. [0. Fr. lintel; Fr. linteau; Late L. lin- 
tellus, for limitellus, dim. of limes, limitis, a thresh- 
old. — See Limit.] (Arch.) A horizontal piece of 
timber or stone over a door or window. 

Lint' white, n. .[A.-S. linetwige. — See Linnet.] 
The linnet. 

Li'on, n. [Fr. lion; L. leo ; Gr. Aeov; Ger. Ib'we; 
Buss, lev; Heb. labi.] A large and powerful 
carnivorous animal : — a person who, or a thing 
which, is an object of general interest or curiosity. 

Li'on-ess, n. [0. Fr. lionesse ; It. leonessa.~\ A 
female lion ; a she-lion. [a lion of. 

Li'on-ize, v. a. [pp. lionizing, lionized.] To make 

Lip", n. [A.-S. lippa; Dut. Up; Dan. lube; Sw. 
Idpp ; Ger. Uppe; L. labium, labrurn; Irish lab; 
Per. lab : perhaps akin to Lap in the sense of to 
lick.] The border of the mouth ; the edge. 

Liq'ua-ble (lik'wa-bl), a. [L. Uquabilis.] That 
may be melted. 

Li-qua'tion (H-kwa'shun), n. [L. liquatio ; liquare, 
to melt.] The act of 'melting :— a mode of puri- 
fying tin. 

Liq-ue-fac'tion (lik-we-fak'skun), n. [L. lique- 
factio ; lique'facere, liq'uef actum , to melt; liquere, 
to be liquid, and facer'e, to make.] The act of 
melting; state of being melted. 

Liq'ue-fi-a-ble (lik'we-fi-a-bl), a. Dissolvable. 

Liq'ue-fy (lik'we-f i), v. a. & v. n. [L. liguefio, 
passive of liquefacere, to melt.] [pp. liquefying, 
liquefied.] To melt; to dissolve. 

Li-ques'cen-cy, n. Aptness to melt. 

Li-ques'cent (li-kwes'sent), a. [L. liquescere, li- 
quescenti's, to melt; inceptive of liqui, to flow.] 
Melting; becoming liquid. 

Li-queur' (le-kfir'), n. [Fr.] A cordial drink. 

Liq uid (llk'wid), «. [L. liquidus, flowing ; liquere, 
to be fluid.]' Neither solid nor gaseous; fluid; 
flowing :— mellifluous.— 2, n. Liquid substance ; 
liquor : — a letter. — The four liquids are I, m, n, r. 

Liq'uid-am'bar, n. [Liquid and Amber.] The 
sweet-gum tree : — also, a balsamic resin ; sty rax. 

Liq'ui-date (lik'we-dat), v. a. [Late L. liquidare, 
liquidatum, to make clear; liquidus, flowing, 
clear.] [pp. liquidating, liquidated.] To clear ; 
to lessen : — to adjust and settle, as an account. 

Liq-ui-da'tion, n. The act of liquidating. 

Li-quid'i-ty," n. [L. liquiditas.] The state or qual- 
ity of being liquid. 

Liq'uor (lik'ur), n. [L. liquor, fluid, fluidity; 
liquere, to be liquid.] Any liquid; strong drink. 

Liq uor-ice, n. See Licorice. 

Li'ra, V. [It. ; from L. libra, a pound.] An Italian 
silver coin, worth 19 cents. 

Lisp, v. n. [Dut. lispen, Ger. lispeln, Dan. Isespe, to 



lisp. — Cf. A.-S. wlisp, lisping.] [pp. lisping, 
lisped.] To speak with a lisp, like a child. — 
2, v. a. To utter with a lisp. — 3, n. A defective 
speech or utterance. [pie ; nimble. 

Lis'som, or Lis'some, a. [See Lithesome.] Sup- 
List, n. [Fr. Uste, a list, a roll, a catalogue, a strip 
or selvage; A.-S. list, Dut. lijst, Dan. liste, Ger. 
leiste, a strip, border, selvage.] A roll; a cata- 
logue: — a bound; a limit: — desire; choice: — a 
strip of cloth ; a border.— (Naut.) Inclination 
to one side, as a ship. — 2, v. n. [A.-S. lystan, to 
desire. — See Lust.] [pp. listing, listed.] To 
choose ; to desire ; to wish : — to incline to one 
side : — [see Listen] to listen. — 3, v. a. To enlist : 
—to sew :— to listen to. 

Lis' ten (lis'sn), v. n. [A.-S. hlystan, hlosnian; Sw. 
lyssna; Icel. hlusta. — Cf. Icel. Must, Welsh dust, 
the ear; L. cluere, Gr. KAveiv, to hear.] [pp. 
listening, listened.] To hearken; to attend. 

Lis'ten-er (lis'sn-er), n. One who hearkens. 

List'less, a. [0. E. lustless, without pleasure or 
desife. — Cf. Lust, and List, to incline.] Indif- 
ferent ; careless ; heedless. 

List'less-ly., ad. Carelessly ; heedlessly. 

List'less-ness, n. Inattention. 

Lists, 'n. pi. [Fr. lice, Sp. liza, Port, liga, a tilt- 
yard; It. liccia, a barrier; L. licium, a girdle, a 
thread.] A place enclosed for combats, races, 
wrestlings, &c. 

Lit, i. & p. from light. Lighted. See Light. 

Lit'a-ny, n. [Late L. litania; Gr. Atresia ; Aitjj, 
a prayer; AiTaiveiv, to pray.] A form of suppli- 
catory prayer. 

Liter (le'ter) [li'ter, I. Wb.], n. See Litre. 

Lit'er-al, a. [L. literalis; litera, a letter (q. v.).] 
Consisting of letters; according to the letter; 
not ftgu rati ve ; verbal: — exact; actual; positive. 

Lit'er-al-i§m, n. Accordance with the letter. 

Lit'er-al-ist, n. One who adheres to the letter. 

Lit'er-al-ly, ad. In a literal manner; according 
to 'the letter. 

Lit'er-a-ry, a. Relating to letters or literature. 

Lit'er-ate, a. [L. literatus.] Learned; skilled in 
letter's. — 2, n. One who is educated but not 
graduated. [learning : — literary persons. 

Lit-er-a'ti, n. pi. [L.] The learned; men of 

Lit-er-a'tim, ad. [L.] Letter by letter. 

Lit'er-a-ture, n. [L. literatura; liter*., letters; Fr. 
litiercdure.] Literary productions ; letters. 

Lith'ar|-e, n. [Gr. kiOdpyvpos ; MOos, a stone, 
and'ao-yupos, silver.] Oxide of lead. 

Lithe, a. [A.-S. lide, linde, soft; lid, gentle.— Cf. 
L. lenis, lentus, soft.] Limber; flexible; soft; 
pliant.— 2, v. a. [pp. lithing, lithed.] To 
smooth ; to soften. 

Litiie'ness, n. Limberness ; flexibility. 

Litne'some (lith'sum), a. Pliant ; limber. 

Lith'i-a, n. An alkali ; lithium oxide. 

Lith'ic,' a. Eelating to the stone or calculus, 

Lith'i-um, n. [Gr. Atflos, a stone.] A rare metal. 

Lith'o-graph, n. [Gr. Aiflos, a stone, and ypd(j>eiv, 
to write.] A lithographic print. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
lithographing, lithographed.] To draw and etch 
on stone. [phy. 

Li-thog'ra-pher, n. One who practises lithogra- 

Litn-o-graph'i'c, a. Relating to lithography. 

Li-thog'ra-phy, n. Art of engraving upon stone 
'and taking prints ; petrography. 

Lith-o-lo£'i-cal, a. Eelating to lithology. 

Li-thol'o-fist,'tt. One versed in lithology. 

Li-thol'o-|y, n. [Gr. Ai'0o?, a stone, and Ao-yos, a 
'treatise. J " Natural history of stones. 

Lith-on-trip'tic, or Lith-o-trip'tic, n. [Fr. lilhon- 
tripiique or lithotriptique. — See Lithotrity.] A 
medicine proper to dissolve the stone in the kid- 
neys or bladder. — 2, a. Dissolving the stone. 

Lith-on-trip'tist, n. An operator for the stone. 

Li-thot'o-mist, n. One who performs lithotomy. 

Li-thot'o-my, n. [Gr. Ai'0o?, a stone, and ro/arj, a 
'cutting; refivetv, to cut.] The art of cutting 
for the stone. 



a, e, i, 5, ii, y, long ; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, jr., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, falll ; heir, her; 



LITHOTRIPSY 



343 



LOBBYIST 



Lith'o-trip-sy, re. Same as Lithotritt. 

Li-thot'ri-ty., or Lith'o-tri-ty, w. [Gr. Ai'0o?, a 
stone, and rpifieiv, to rub.] (Med.) The art or 
act of pulverizing the stone in the bladder. 

Lit'i-gant, re. [L. litigans.— Sec Litigate.] One 
engaged in a lawsuit. — 2, a. Engaged in a law- 
suit. 

Lit'i-gate, v. a. [L. litigare, litigatum ; lis, litis, a 
lawsuit, and agere, to conduct.] [pp. litigating, 
litigated.] To contest in law; to debate. — 
2, v. re. To contend in law. 

Lit-i-ga'tion, re. The act of litigating ; a judicial 
contest ; a suit at law ; a lawsuit. 

Li-tig'ious (le-tid'jus), a. [L. litigiosus ; litigium, 
'a lawsuit, strife. — See Litigate.] Inclined to 
litigation. 

Lit'mus, re. [Dut. laJcmoes; laic, lac, and moes, 
pulp, paste.] (Bot.) A lichen ; orchil : — a blue 
pigment obtained from orchil. — Litmus paper, 
paper tinged blue or red by litmus. 

Li'tre (le'tur), re. [Fr. ; Gr. AiVpa, a pound : said 
to be a Sicilian corruption of L. libra, a pound.] 
A measure of capacity equalling 1.0567 quarts 
wine measure ; a cubic decimetre. 

Lifter, n. [Fr. litiere, horse-bedding; literie, bed- 
ding ; Late L. lectaria, L. lectus, a bed ; Gr. Ae'/c- 
rpov, a bed. — See Lie.] A carriage with a bed 
in it; straw and chaff strewn for beds of horses, 
&c. : — scattered shreds or fragments : — a brood 
of young : — a birth of animals. — 2, v. a. [pp.- 
littering, littered.] To bring forth, as quadru- 
peds : — to scatter about : — to cover with straw. 

Litterateur (let-ta-ra-tiir), re. [Fr. ; L. liberator.] 
A literary man ; one who writes for the press. 

Lit' tie, a. [comp. less and lesser; superl. least.] 
[A.-S. It/tel, lyf; Dut. luttel; Icel. litill: Dan. 
liden, lille.] Small ; diminutive ; not p*eat : — 
mean ; stingy. — 2, re. A small space, time, part, 
or affair. — 3, ad. In a small degree ; not much. 

Lit'tle-ness, re. State of being little. 

Lit'to-ral, a. [L. Uttoralis ; litus, litoris,the shore,] 
Belonging to, or on, the shore. 

Li-tUr'&ic, \ a. Relating to a liturgy or formu- 

Li-tUr'|j-cal, J lary of prayer. 

Lit'ur-gy, re. [Gr. AeiTovpyia ; Aeiros, Acuto?, 
public (Aao?, the people : see Lay), and epyov, 
work.] A formulary of public devotion. 

Live (llv), v. n. [A.-S. lifian, libban; Dut. leven; 
Dan. leve; Ger. leben: akin to Leave: those 
who live are those who remain or are left. — See 
Life.] [pp. living, lived.] To be alive; to 
dwell ; to feed. 

Live, a. [0. E. on life, in life.— Same as Alive.] 
Not dead; active; having life; alive. 

Live'li-hood (llv'le-hurl), ». [0. E. lifelode, lif- 
lade; Life, and A.-S. lad, a leading, provision, 
living. — See Lead.] Support of life; means of 
living ; subsistence ; maintenance. 

Live'li-ness, n. State of being lively. 

Live'limg, a. Tedious ; long in passing. 

Live'ly, a.. [0. E. lifhj ; Life and Like.] Having 
life ; animated ; brisk ; vigorous ; sprightly ; gay ; 

Live-oak', re. An evergreen oak. [cheerful. 

Liv'er, re. [A.-S. lifer; Dut. & Dan. lever; Ger. 
leb'er. — Cf. Euss. livere, the pluck.] One who 
lives : — one of the viscera. 

Liv'er-wort (liv'er-wiirt), re. [Some of these 
plants are named from the liver-like shape of 
their lobes, others from their supposed medici- 
nal qualities.] A name of various plants of 
widely different qualities. 

Liv'er-y,, re. [Fr. livree, livery, — originally, some- 
thing given ; livrer, to give ; Late L. liberare, to 
give; L. liberare, to set free. — See Liberate.] 
Delivery : — a writ for possession : — a uniform or 
dress worn by servants : — the collective body of 
liverymen in London. — 2, v. a. [pp. liverying, 
liveried.] To clothe in a livery. 

Liv'er-y-man, re. One who wears a livery : — one 
of a class of freemen embracing the different 
trades in London. 



Liv'er-E-sta'ble, re. A stable where horses are 
kept and let. 

Lives (livz), re. ; pi. of life. 

Liv'id, a. [L. lividus ; livere, to look bluish.] 
Discolored; black and blue. 

Li-vid'i-ty, Ire. State of being livid; discolora- 

Liv'id-ness, J tion of the body. 

Liv'lng, re. Course of life : — sustenance ; support ; 
maintenance ; livelihood : — a benefice. 

Li'vre (li'vur or le'vur), w. [Fr. ; L. libra, a 
pound.] A French money of account, now dis- 
used, of a little less value than a franc. 

Lix-iv'i-ate, v. a. [L. lix, ashes; lixivium, lye.] 
[pp. lixiviating, lixiviated.] To impregnate 
with salts from wood ashes ; to form lye. 

Lix-iv'i-ate, \a. Containing or impregnated 

Lix-iv'i-at-ed, J with lixivium. 

Lix-iv'i-um. re. [L.] Lye made of ashes, water, 
'&c. ; an alkaline salt in solution. 

Liz'ard, re. [Fr. lezard; L. lacerta.] A reptile re- 
sembling a serpent. 

Llama (la'in^) [la'ma or lya'ma, H. I. ; la'ma, St. ; 
la'ma. or la'ma, TIT).], re. [Peruv. llama, glama.] 
A woolly beast of burden of Peru. 

Llano (lya'no), re. ; pi. Llanos. [Sp., fur L. planus, 
smooth. — See Plain.] In Spanish America, a 
flat, treeless plain or prairie. 

Lo, interj. [0. E. lo, low; probably a mere call, 
like halloo.] Look! see! behold! 

Loach, re. [Fr. loche; Sp. loja, locha; It. loccia. — 
Cf. Roach, and L. lucius, a pike.] The name of 
various fishes. 

Load (lod), re. [A.-S. lidan, to go; lad, a way; 
0. E. lode, a way. — See Lead. By confusion 
with Lade it acquired its present meaning.] A 
burden; a freight; pressure :— [see Lode] a 
metallic or mineral vein. — 2, v. a. [pp. load- 
ing, loaded or laden.] To burden; to freight; 
to encumber; to charge, as a gun. 

Load'ing, re. A burden ; a cargo ; a load. 

Load' star, re. [0. E. lode, a way, and Star ; Ger. 
leitstem, " leading-star ;" Icel. laidar-stj a ma.] The 
pole-star; the Cynosure. 

Load'st5ne, re. [Icel. leidersteinn, "leading-stone". — 
See Loadstar.] The magnet; an ore of iron. 

Loaf, re.; pi. Loaves. [A.-S. Kloaf; Ger. Mb; 
Icel. hleifr.—Cf. Lith. Mepas, Russ.' kMieb, bread.] 
A mass of bread, &c. — 2, v. a. [See Loafer.] 
[pp. loafing, loafed.] To waste in idleness. — 
3, v. re. To be idle. [Colloq. or slang.] 

Loafer, n. [Gypsy lovo, to steal ; Ger. landl'dufer, 
a vagabond.] An idler; a vagrant. 

Loam (15m), n. [A.-S. lam; Dut. leem; Ger. lehm: 
akin to Lime.] Rich earth or mould ; marl. — 
2, v. a. [pp. loaming, loamed.] To smear with 
loam or clay. 

L6am'y,_(lom'e), a. Containing loam ; marl v. 

Loan (Ion), re. [A.-S. Ian, Isen, Icel. Ian, Dut. & 
Dan. laan, a load.— Cf. Dut. leen, Ger. hhv, a 
fief: root of Lend.] Any thing lent; act of 
lending.— 2, v. a. [pp. loaning, loaned.] To 
deliver to another for temporary use ; to lend. 
[Modern, and chiefly American.] 

Loath (loth), a. [A.-S. lad, Sw. & Dan. led, hate- 
ful.] Unwilling; reluctant; averse. 

Loathe, v. a. TA.-S. ladian. — See Loath.] [pp. 
loathing, loathed.] To regard with nausea, dis- 
gust, or abhorrence; to nauseate; to abhor.— 
2, v. re. To feel abhorrence. 

Loath'ing, re. Disgust ; abhorrence. 

Loath' some (loth'sum), a. Disgusting. 

L5atn'some-ness, re. Quality of raising disgust. 

Loaves (lovz), re. ; pi. of loaf. [of a lobe. 

Lo'bate, a. [See Lobe.] (Bot.) Having the form 

Lob'bx, «• [Late L. laubia, labia, labium, a gal- 
lery ; Ger. laube, a bower; laub, a leaf (q. v.).] 
An opening before a room, or a passage to an 
apartment; a small apartment : — persons collec- 
tively who frequent the lobbies of a le-rislative 
assembly. [legislative body. 

Lob'bx-ist, re. One who frequents the lobby of a 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, <?, c, £, soft; p, ja, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



LOBE 



344 



LONESOMENESS 



Lobe, n. [Gr. A6|3os; Fr. lobe.] A division; a 
part of the lungs. 

Lo-be'li-a, n. [Named in honor of Mathias de 
VObel, 1*538-1616.] A medicinal plant. 

Lob'ster, n. [A.-S. loppestere, lopystre, lopust, — 
probably a corruption of L. locustu, a lobster, a 
locust (gr. v.).] A marine crustacean. 

Lob'u-late, a. Divided into lobules. 

Lob'ule (lob'yul), n. [Dim. of Lobe.] A little 
lobe ; a minor division in a lobe. 

Lo'cal, a. [L. local is ; locus, a place.] Relating 
or limited to a place. 

Lo-cal'i-ty, n. [L. localitas.] Existence in place ; 
position ; place : — position of a plant or mineral. 

Lo'cal-ize, v. a. [pp. localizing, localized.] To 
make local ; to assign or restrict to a place. 

Lo'cal-ly, ad. With respect to place. 

Lo'cate, v. a. [L. locare, location; locus, a place.] 
[pp. locating, located.] To place; to fix; to set 
off. {Locate, in the sense of to settle, to estab- 
lish one's self, has some warrant in English 
writers, but is considered an Americanism, and 
lacks authorization.) 

Lo-ca'tion, n. [L. locatio.] The act of placing; 
situation : — a place : — surveyed laud. 

Loc'a-tive, n. A word indicating the place. — 2, a. 
Indicative of place. 

Loph (loli), n. [Gael, loch; Welsh, llwcli; Anglo- 
Irish, lough. — See Lake.] A lake. [Scotland.] 

Lo'phi-al, a. [Gr. Aoxei'a, childbirth ; Aoxos, a 
bed.'] ' (Med.) Consequent on childbirth. 

Lock, n. [A.-S. loca, Icel. loka, a lock; Ger. loch, 
a dungeon.] An instrument to fasten doors, <fcc. : 
— part of a gun : — a grapple : — an enclosure in 
a canal to confine the water : — [A.-S. locc; Dut. 
& Dan. loJc ; Ger. locke. — Cf. Icel. lylcka, a loop] 
a tuft of hair. — 2, v. a. [pp. locking, locked.] 
To fasten with locks ; to close. — 3, v. n. To be- 
come fast by a lock ; to unite. 

Lock'age, n. The construction of locks : — materi- 
als for locks : — elevation and descent in a series 
of locks : — water to fill a lock :— toll. 

Locked' -j aw, )«• A spasmodic affection of the 

Lock'jaw, j jaw; trismus; tetanus. 

Lock'er, n. He who or that which locks :— any 
thing closed with a lock : — a drawer. 

Lock'et, n. A small lock ; a catch ; a trinket. 

Lock'-out, n. The closing of their works by em- 
ployers of labor. 

Lock'ram, n. [Fr. Locrcnan (now Locronan), a 
town in Brittany; Breton loc, a cell, and Eenan 
or Ronan, a saint's name. Many fabrics are 
named from places.] A sort of coarse cloth. 

Lock'smith, n. A man who makes locks. 

Lock'-up, n. An enclosure for confinement. 

Lo-co-mo'tion, n. [L. locus, a place, and motio, 
motion (q. v.).] The act or power of moving 
forward, or changing place ; locomotivity. 

Lo-co-mo'tive, n. A locomotive engine ; a car. — 
2, a. Changing place ; moving. 

Lo'cust, n. [L. locusta, a locust, — oftener, a lob- 
ster.] A devouring insect : — a kind of tree. 

Lode, n. [The same as Load, in its old sense of a 
way, a course.] A metallic or mineral vein. 

Lode'star, n. See Loadstar. 

Lode'stone, n. See Loadstone. 

Lodge, v. a. [Fr. loge ; It. loggia; Late L. lobia, 
laubia, a lobby (q. v.).] [ pp. lodging, lodged.] 
To afford a lodging; to place; to fix.— 2, v. n. 
To reside ; to keep residence. — 3, n. A small 
house ; a tenement : — a den : — a lair : — an apart- 
ment : — a society, as free-masons. 

Lodge'ment, n. Act of lodging ; collocation ; en- 
campment : — written also lodgment. 

Lodg'er, n. One who lodges. 

Lodging, n. Temporary abode ; rooms hired. 

Lo'ess, n. [Ger. loss.] (Geol.) A loamy deposit 
or formation. 

Loft, n. [Dan. & Sw. loft, a loft ; Icel. lopi, air, 
sky, a loft ; Ger. luft, the sky ; Dut. luchl, air.] 
A floor ; a story ; a high room. 




Ship's log. 



Lofti-ly, ad. On high ; proudly ; haughtily. 

Lofti-ness, n. State of being lofty; highuess; 
height ; elevation ; pride. 

Lofty., a. [See Loft.] Elevated in place ; high; 
tall: — sublime; haughty. 

Log, n. [Icel. lug ; Local Sw. laga : root of Lie.] 
A bulky piece of wood or 
timber : — a piece of wood 
which, with a line, serves to 
measure the course of a ship 
at sea. 

Log'a-rithm, n. [Gr. Ao-yos, a 
word, proportion, and apt&- 
fxog, a number.] The expo- 
nent of a power to which a 
fixed number, called the base, 
must be raised, to produce a certain other num- 
ber : — one of a series of numbers in arithmetical 
progression, corresponding to another series in 
geometrical progression. 

Log-a-rith'mic, \ a. Relating to, or consisting 

Log-a-rith'mj-cal, J of, logarithms. 

Log' -book (ldg'b'uk), n. Register of a ship's way. 

Log'jjjer-head, n. [Log and Head; but cf. Dut. 
log, "heavy ; Eng. logy, stupid.] A blockhead : 
— an iron used for heating tar or for warming 
liquids : — a sea-turtle. 

Loggia (lod'je-a), n. ; pi. Loggie (lod'je-al [It. 
— See Lodge.] An enclosed piazza or veranda. 

Log'ic, n. [Gr. Aoyi/crj (Te^fri) ; A.6yo?, speech ; Ae- 
■yetV, to tell, to gather, to choose. — Cf. L. legere, 
to select, to read.] The art of reasoning ; dia- 
lectics, [conformed to logic. 

Lo|'i-cal, a. Pertaining to, or skilled in, logic; 

Lof'i-cal-ly., ad. According to the laws of logic. 

Lsf ' lcli'f t SS ' I "" The quality of being lo S ical - 
Lo-gi"cian (lo-jish'an), n. One versed in logic. 
Log'o-gram, n. [Gr. Aoyo?, a word, and yptxix^a, 

a mark.] A symbol standing for a word. 
Log-o-graph'ic, a. Relating to logography. 
Lo-gog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. Aoyos, a word, and ypa- 

'4>et.v, to" write.] A mode of printing in which 

a type contains a whole word. 
Lo-gom'a-phy, n. [Gr. Aoyos, a word, and p-axy, 

"a fight.] Contention about words ; a war of words. 
Log'os, n. [Gr.— See Logic] A word ; reason : 

— hence, the Divine Word, or Christ. 
Log'o-type, n. [Gr. A6709, a word, and tv7tos, a 

type.] Two or more letters cast in one piece; 

as, /, ffl, se, o?, &c. 
Log'wood (log'wud), n. [It is imported in logs 

and blocks.] A wood used in dyeing. 
Lo'gy., a. [Dut. log, heavy.] Dull ; stupid ; slow. 

[Coiloq.] 
Loin, n. [L. lumbus ; Fr. longe; 0. Fr. logne ; 

A.-S. lendenu; Sw. land; Dan. lend. — Cf. Ger. 

lende, the haunch.] The back of an animal :— 

pi. The reins. 
LSi'ter, v. n. [Dut. leideren; Fris. loteren ; Icel. 

lotr'a : akin to Late.] [pp. loitering, loitered.] 

To linger ; to be dilatory ; to idle.— 2, v. a. To 

consume in trifles ; to waste. 
Lbi'ter-er, n. One who loiters; a lingerer. 
Loll, v. n. [0. Dut. lollem to doze; Icel. lolla, to 

loll : akin to Lull.] [pp. lolling, lolled.] To 

lean idly ; [imitative] to hang out the tongne. 
Lol'lard, n. [From Loll, to lounge about; influ- 
enced by Ger. Mien, L. laUcere, 0. Dut. hdlen, to 

sing, to stammer : -ard is a pejorative suffix.] A 

follower of Wickliffe. 
Lo'ment, n. [L. lomentum, a cosmetic paste of 

bean-meal ; in Neo-Latin, a kind of pod.] A kind 

of pod. 
Lone, a. [For alone.] Solitary; lonely; single. 
Lone'li-ness, "• State of being lonely. 
Lone'ly, a. Solitary ; being alone. 
Lone'ness, n. Solitude ; dislike of company. 
Lone' some, a. Solitary ; lonely ; dismal. 
Lone'some-ly, ad. In a solitary manner. 
Lone'some-ness, n. State of feeling lonesome. 



a, e, 1, 0, u, 



y, long; a, e, 1, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



LONG 



345 



LOTTEEY 



long 1 , o. [A.-S. lang, long; Dut., Dan., & Ger. 
latig ; L. longus.] Not short; having length; 
extended ; drawn out ; tedious ; dilatory. — 2, ad. 
To a great extent; not soon. — 3, v. n. [A.-S. 
langian, tongian, to make long, to stretch out.] 
[pp. longing, longed.] To wish or desire ear- 
nestly ; to yearn ; to crave. 

Long'-boat, n. The largest boat of a ship. 

L6n|e (lunj), n. [Fr.] See Lunge. 



Lon-£ev'i-ty, n 
sevus, age.] I 



L. longsevitas; longus, long 
Length of life ; long life. 



and 



Long'-head-ed, a. Far-seeing; sagacious. 

Long'ing, n.' Earnest desire; a hankering. — 
2, p'. a. Earnestly desiring ; craving. 

Long'ing-ly, ad. With incessant wishes. 

L5n-£i-ros tral, a. [L. longus, long, and rostrum, 
a beak.] Having a long bill or beak. 

Lon'fi-tude, n. [L. longltudo, length ; longus, 
long.] Length : — the distance of any part of the 
earth east or west from a meridian. 

Lon-£i-tu'di-nal, a. Relating to length or to lon- 
gitude ; measured by length. 

lon-i-i-tu'di-nal-ly, ad. In a longitudinal direc- 
tion ; lengthwise. 

long' -lived (long'llvd), a. Having long life. 

Long'-prim'er, n. A printing-type intermediate 
between small pica and bourgeois. 

Long'shore-man, n. [Along, Shore, and Man.] 
A laborer employed in discharging and loading 
ships, &c. 

Long'-stop, n. One of the fielders in cricket. 

Long'-suffer-ing, a. Bearing patiently. — 2, n. 
Patience; 'clemency; forbearance. 

Long'-wlnd-ed, a. Tedious : — protracted. 

L66, n. [Formerly lanterloo ; Fr. lanturlu, lanturelu, 
fudge, nonsense, — originally the meaningless re- 
frain of a song.] A game at cards. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
looing, looed.] To beat by winning every trick. 

Loof (luf or lof ), v. a. [See Luff.] [pp. looting, 
loofed.] To bring close to the wind, as the head 
of a ship; to luff. 

Look (luk), v. n. [A.-S. loclan; Local Ger. lugen. 
— Cf. Skr. lok, to see.] [pp. looking, looked.] 
To direct the eye; to see : — to expect: — to have 
some appearance; to appear. — 2, v. a. To influ- 
ence by looks. — 3, imterj. See! lo! behold! — 
4, n. Air of the face ; mien ; aspect ; a glance. 

Look'er (luk'er), n. One who looks. 

Look'ing-glass (luk'ing-glas), n. A glass which 
shows forms reflected; a mirror. 

Look'out (luk'out), n. A careful watch : — a place 
of observation : — one who looks out. 

L86m, w. [A.-S. geloma, and loma, an implement.] 
A weaver's machine : — a loon. — 2, v. n. [Icel. 
Ijoma, to gleam; tjomi, A.-S. leorua, a ray. — Cf. 
0. Fr. luiuer, to light; L. lumen, light.] [pp. 
looming, loomed.] To appear large. 

L86n, n. [Icel. lomr, Scot, loom, Dan. lorn, a loon 
(bird) : bird-names are often applied metaphor- 
ically to foolish or awkward persons. The word 
loom seems allied to Lame ; the bird walks with 
difficulty.— Cf. Dut. loen, lummel, Dan. lommel, 
Ger. liimmel, a lubber.] A scoundrel ; a dunce : 
— a water-fowl. 

L66p, n. [Celt. Inb, a bend, to bend.— See Lop.] 
A double, as in a string or rope.— 2, v. a. [pp. 
looping, looped.] To fasten in a loop. 

L86p'-hole, n. [Dut. luipen, to peep; Local Fr. 
loup, a roof-window.] An aperture : — an evasion. 

L86se, v. a. [See Loosen.] [pp. loosing, loosed.] 
To unbind ; to relax ; to untie ; to set at liberty ; 
to release ; to free.— 2, v. n. To set sail ; to leave 
a port,— 3, a. [A.-S. leas, false, loose; Icel. 
lauss, Sw. Ilk, Ger. los, loose ; laus, vain : akin 
to Lose.— Cf. Gr. \vetv, to loosen.] Unbound ; 
untied ; not fast ; not close ; slack : — lax in lan- 
guage ; vague ; not strict : — lax in body ; not 
costive : — dissolute ; immoral. 

LSSse'ly, ad. In a loose manner ; carelessly. 

L88s'en (lo'sn), ». n . [A.-S. losian ; Dut. lossen; 
Ger. Ibsen; Dan. lose; Goth, lausjan. — See Loose.] 



[pp. loosening, loosened.] To become loose ; to 
part. — 2, v. a. To relax ; to separate. 

L88se'ness, n. State of being loose; laxity; ir- 
regularity of conduct : — a flux. 

LSose'strife, w. [Apparently a translation of the 
Gr. Avcrt/xdxtov, a plant-name ; Aveiv, to loose, 
end, destroy, and p-a-xv, contention; but the 
plant is said to be named in Greek from Lysi- 
machus, a physician.] An herb of several species. 

L66t, n. [Hind, lut, Skr. lotra, loptra, lupta, booty : 
— akin to Rob.] Plunder acquired by thieving 
or sacking; plunder carried off by a victorious 
army. — 2, v. a. [pp. looting, looted.] To plun- 
der ; to sack : — to steal. 

Lop, v. a. [Dut. lubben, 0. Dut. luppen, to maim; 
in the sense of to bend, it is probably a variant 
of Loop.] [pp. lopping, lopped.] To cut ofl'; 
to bend; to let fall. — 2, v. n. To bend over. — 
3, n. That which is cut from trees : — a flea. 

Lope, n. [Ger. laufeu, Dut. loopen, to run : akin to 
Leap.] A kind of gallop.— 2, v. u. [pp. loping, 
loped.] To move in a lope. 

Lop'-sid-ed, a. Inclining to one side. 

Lo-qua'cious (lo-kwa'shus), a. [L. loquax, loqua- 
'cis, talkative ; loqui, to talk.] Talkative. 

Lo-qua'cious-ness, n. Loquacity. 

Lo-quac'i-ty. (lo-kwas'e-tf), n . [Fr. loquacile ; L. 
'loquacitas ;' loqui, to talk.] Quality of being lo- 
quacious ; garrulity; talkativeness. 

Lord, n. [A.-S. hlaford; probably for hlaf, loaf, 
and weard, warden, keeper.] A monarch ; a 
ruler; a master: — the Supreme Being: — a hus- 
band: — a nobleman; a peer; a baron : — a title 
of honor given to English peers, bishops, &c. — 
2, v. n. [pp. lording, lorded.] To domineer; to 
rule despotically. 

Lb'rd'li-ness, n. Dignity ; pride ; haughtiness. 

Lbrd'ling, n. A little or diminutive lord. 

Lb'rd'ljr, a. Like a lord ; haughty ; imperious. 

Lbrd's/-day, n. Sunday. 

.Lbrd'ship, n. State, quality, or dignity of a lord : 
— dominion : — a title given to lords. 

Lore, n. [A.-S. lar ; Dut. leer; Dan. Hire; Ger. 
lehre. — See Learn.] Learning; instruction. 

Lorgnette (lbr-nyef), n. [Fr., from lorgner, to 
quiz; Ger. lauern, to spy. — See Lower.] An 
opera-glass. 

Lor'i-cate, a. [L. loricare, loricatnm, to clothe in 
mail;' loriea, armor of leathern thongs, mail; 
hrum, a thong.] Covered with plates. 

Lor-i-ca'tion, n. A cover of scales or plates. 

Lor'i-keet, «• [From lory, as parraheet from par- 
rot'.] A kind of small parrot. 

Lo'ris, n. [Ceylonese name.] A kind of lemur. 

Lorn, p. a. [An old participle from lose.] For- 
saken; lost; forlorn. 

Lo'ry, n. [Malay luri or nuri.] A fine Asiatic par- 
rot': — the loris, a kind of lemur. 

L6§e (loz), v. a. [A.-S. losian, to loosen (q. v.); 
leosan, to lose ; Dut. liezen ; Ger. Keren ; Goth. 



— Cf. Gr. kveLv, L. luere, to set free.] [i. 
lost; pp. losing, lost.] To be deprived of; to 
suffer loss of; to forfeit; to miss : — to bewilder: 
— to waste. — 2, v. n. Not to Avin ; to tail. 

L6§'er (loz'er), n. One who loses or forfeits. 

Lossi n. [A.-S. los. — See Lose.] Damage ; waste ; 
forfeiture ; ruin. 

Lost, i. & p- from lose. 

Lot, n. [A.-S. Mitt, Hot; Dut. lot; Dan. lod; Sw. 
hit; It. lotto; Ger. loos.] That which comes to 
one as his portion ; fortune ; state assigned ; des- 
tiny: — chance; a die; a portion, a parcel: — a 
piece of laud. — 2, v. a. [pp. lotting, lotted.] To 
assign ; to set apart. 

Lo'tion (lo'shun), n. [L. lotio ; lavare, lotum, to 
wash.] A medicinal wash. 

Lo'tos, ». The lotus. 

Lo'tos-eat-er, \n. (dlyth.) One of a fabled race 

Lo'tus-eat-er, J who fed on the lotus: — one who 
gives himself up to indolence and enjoyment. 

Lot'ter-y, v.. [From lot, as brevery from brew ; It. 



mten, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c, £, soft; p, £, p, g, hard; s as z ; x as gz 



this. 



LOTUS 



346 



LUDICKOUS 



lotteria; Fr. loterie.] A hazard in which small 
sums are ventured for the chance of obtaining 
a greater value; a distribution of prizes and 
blanks by chance ; a sortilege. 

Lb'tus, n. [L. lotus; Gr. Auto?.] The name of 
various plants and trees. 

Loud, a. [A.-S. Mud; Dut. had; Ger. lauL— Cf. 
Gr. /cAvto?, renowned.] Noisy; high-sounding; 
clamorous. — 2, ad. So as to sound with force ; 
loudly ; aloud. 

Lbud'ly, ad. Noisily ; clamorously. 

Loud' -mouthed (-mouthd), o. Clamorous; noisy. 

Lbud'ness, «. Noise ; force of sound. 

Lough (10k), n. [See Loch.] A lake or inlet. 
[Ireland.] 

Louis d'or (16'e-dor'), n. [Fr. for " Louis of 
gold."] A former gold coin of France, valued at 
about four dollars. 

Lbumfe, v. n. [Fr. lougin or longis, a worthless, 
lazy fellow ; said to be from Longimis, the (tra- 
ditional) name of the soldier who pierced the 
Lord's side with his spear ; Gr. hoyxv, a lance ; 
with a punning reference to L. longus, long, 
whence the idea of slowness.] [pp. lounging, 
lounged.] To idle; to loll; to live lazily. — 2, u. 
A lazy stroll : — a kind of couch. 

Lbun^'er, n. One who lounges ; an idler. 

Louse, n. ; pi. Lice. [A.-S. & Sw. Ins ; Dan. luus ; 
Dut. luis ; Ger. laus.] A small parasitic insect. 

Lbu'si-ly, ad. In a paltry way ; scurvily. 

Lbu'si-ness, n. State of abounding with lice. 

Lbu'sy, a. Infested with lice : — mean ; vile. 

Lout, n. [0. E. lout, to bow; A.-S. lulan. Dan. 
hide, to stoop : akin to Little.] A mean fellow ; 
an awkward bumpkin. 

Lout'ish, a. Clownish; rude; clumsy. 

Lfiu'ver (lo'ver), n. [For Fr. Vouvert, the open 
(space). — See Overt.] An opening for smoke. 

Lov'a-ble, a. Worthy to be loved; amiable. 

LbVafe (luvlj), «. [Fr. Uveche, 0. Fr. luvesche, 
It. leristico, L. Ituisticum or lignsticum, lovage: 
named from Liguria, in Italy.] A plant resem- 
bling celery. 

Love (luv), ». a. [A.-S. lufa; Ger. Uebe ; Russ. 
Uobov. — Cf. Skr. lobha, co'vetousness ; L. lubido, 
libido, desire.] [pp. loving, loved.] To regard 
with affection. — 2, n. The passion between the 
sexes, between parents and children, or between 
friends : — the passion excited by beauty, excel- 
lence, or whatever is pleasing; affection; good 
will; fondness: — the object beloved; courtship. 

L6ve'-ap-ple, n. The tomato. 

Love'-bi'rd. n. A small kind of parrot. 

Love' -feast, n- A feast of charity: — agape. 

Love'-knot (luv'noti, ,i. A complicated knot. 

Love'li-ness, ». Quality of being lovely. 

Love'lock, n. A peculiar sort of curl. 

Love'lbrn, a. Forsaken of one's lover. 

Love'ly, a. Worthy of love ; very beautiful. 

Lov'er, n. One who is in love ; a friend. 

Love 7 sick, a. Disordered with love. 

Lov'ing, a. Kind; affectionate. 

Lov'ing-kind'ness, n. Tenderness; mercy. 

Lov'ing-ly, ad. In a loving manner. 

Low'(lo), a. [Icel. lagr ; Sw. lag; Dan. lav; Dut. 
laag : akin to Lie.] Not high ; humble ; dejected ; 
base. — 2, ad. Not aloft: — with a low voice. 

Low (lo) [lbu or lo, W. F. ; often pronounced 16], 
r. n. [A.-S. hloican ; Dut. loeijen ; 0. Ger. Megan: 
imitative.] [pp. lowing, lowed.] To bellow as 
a cow. — 2, n. The call or cry of a cow. 

Low'-chiirch, a. Evangelical :— opposed to high- 
church views. 

Low'er (lo'er), r. a. [See Low.] [pp. lowering, 
lowered.] To bring low ; to lessen. — 2, v. n. To 
grow less ; to sink. — 3, a. More low. 

Low'er (lbu'er), ?•. n. [Akin to Leer.— Cf. Ger. 
lauern, to lie in ambush, to spy; Fr. lorgner, to 
quiz, to ogle.] [pp. lowering, lowered.] To be 
clouded : — to frown. — 2, n. Cloudiness ; gloom- 
iness. 



Low'er-case, n. A printers case which holds the 
small letters. — 2, a. Noting small letters, as 
distinguished from capitals. 

Lbw'er-ing, a. Cloudy ; overcast ; gloomy. 

Low'er-most (lo'er-most), a. Lowest. 

Lbw'er-x, a. Cloudy; gloomy; lowering. 

Low'est, «. Most low; deepest: — cheapest. 

Low'ing (lo'ing), n. The cry of cattle. 

L5w'iand (lo'land), n. A country that is low. 

Low'land-er, «. An inhabitant of a low country : 
— an inhabitant of the lowlands of Scotland. 

Low'li-ness (lo'le-nes), n. State of being lowly ; 
humility : — abject state ; meanness. 

Low'ly (lo'le), o. Humble; meek; mild.— 2, ad. 
Not highly ; humbly. 

Low'ness (lo'nes), n. State or quality of being low. 

Lox-o-drom'ic, a. Relating to oblique sailing. 

Lox-o-drom'ics, n. pi. [Gr. Ao£6?, slanting, and 
SpafieLv (stem 6po/a-), to run.] The art of oblique 
sailing by the rhomb : — a table of rhombs, with 
the table of longitudes and latitudes. 

Lby'al, a. [Fr. loyal, faithful ; 0. Fr. loyal, legal ; 
Fr.' foi, law. — See Legal.] Faithful to a sover- 
eign, to a superior, or to duty ; obedient ; true ; 
devoted. 

Lby'al-ist, n. One who adheres to his sovereign. 

Lby'al-ly, ad. With fidelity or loyalty. 

Lby'al-ty, n. Fidelity to a supprior :— constancy. 

Loz'enge, n. [Fr. losange; Sp. lozavje : etymology 
doubtful.] A rhomb: — a form of medicine; a 
sort of cake : — an ornament. 

Lub'ber. n. [Local Sw. lubber, Dut. lobbes. Welsh 
Hob, a lubber.] A sturdy drone ; an idle clown. 

Lub'ber-ly, o. Clumsy : awkward : lazy and bulky. 

Lu'bri-cant, n. Any thing which lubricates. 

Lu'bri-cate, v. a. [L. lubricare, htbrioatum ; bibri- 
cus, ' slippery.] [pp. lubricating, lubricated.] 
To make smooth or slippery. 

Lu-bri-oa'tion, n. Act of lubricating. 

Lu'bri-ca-tor, n. One who lubricates. 

Lu-bric'i-ty, n. [L. lubricitas.] Slipperiness : — 
lewdness. [pike. 

Luce, n. [L. lucius, a fish ; perhaps the pike.] A 

Lu'cen-cy, n. The quality or state of being lu- 
cent; resplendency. 

Lu'cent, a. [L. lucere, lucentis, to shine ; lux, lucis, 
light.] Bright; shining. 

Lu'ce'rn, n. [Ger. lucerne: Fr. hizerne; etymology 
doubtful.] A plant cultivated for fodder. 

Lu'cid, a. [L. lucidtts; lucere, to shine.] Shining; 
bright; clear; distinct. 

Lu-cid'i-ty, n. Brightness; luciduess. 

Lu'cid-ness, n. Transparency; intelligibility. 

Lu'ci-fer, n. [L. lux, lueis, light, and ferre, to 
bring!] The devil : — the morning star. 

Lu'ci-fer-match, n. A match for procuring fire 
by friction, used for lighting lamps, &c. 

Luck, n. [Dut. lul; geluk ; Dan. h/U:e : Ger. gl'uci: 
root of locken, to entice.] That which happens 
by chance ; chance ; hap ; fortune, good or bad. 

Luck'i-ly., ad. In a lucky manner. 

Liick'i-ne'ss. n. Good fortune or chance. 

Luck'iess, a. Unfortunate ; unhappy. 

Luck'y', a. Fortunate ; happy by chance. 

Lu'cra-tive, «. [L- Iv.crativus.— See Lucre.] Gain- 
ful ;' profitable. 

Lu'cre (lu'ker), n. [Fr. ; L. lucrum, gain.] Base or 
unworthy gain ; money; pecuniary gain; profit. 

Lu'cu-brate, v. n. [L. luenbrare, lucubraium, to 
work by candle-light: lucnbrum, a taper; lu.r, 
lucis, a light.] [pp. lucubrating, lucubrated.] 
To study by night. 

Lu-cu-bra'tion, n. [L. lucubralio, night-work.] 
Nightly study or work; any thing composed by 
careful study. 

Lu'cu-bra-to-ry., a. Done by lamp-light. 

Lu'cu-lent. a. [L. lucideutus ; lux, light.] Clear; 
transparent ; evident. 

Lu'cli-crous. o. [L- ludicrus; ludere, to sport.] Ex- 
citing laughter ; laughable; ridiculous; comical; 
droll ; burlesque. 



y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, q, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fail; heir, her; 



■ „ ." -- 



LUDICROUSLY 



347 



LUST 



Lu'di-crous-ly, ad. In a ludicrous manner. 
Lu'dj-crous-ness, n. Burlesque; drollery. 
Luff,' v. a." [Dut. loeven; Dan. luve.] [pp. luffing, 
luffed.] To keep close to the wind. — 2, n. [Dut. 
loof; Dan. Inv ; Sw. to/.— Cf. 0. E. loaf, a steer- 
ing-oar ; Local Ger. laffen, an oar-blade ; Scot. 
loof, the hand or palm.] A sailing close to the 
wind ; a weather-gage : — part of a ship's bow. 
Lug, v. a. [A.-S. lyccan, to pull; Scot, rug, Sw. 
lugga, to pull by the hair ; lugg, a forelock : akin 
to Lock.] [pp. lugging, lugged.] To drag; to 
pull with effort or violence. — 2, v. n. To drag; 
to come heavily. — 3, n. A small fish :— a heavy 
load ; a strong pull : — an ear : — a handle. 
Lug'ga^e, n. Any thing cumbrous to be carried ; 

effects of a traveller ; baggage. 
Lug'ger, n. [Dut. logger ; Dan. lugger; from Eng. 
Lug-sail.] (Naut.) A small vessel carrying two 
or three masts with lug-sails. 
Lug'-sail, n. [A sail hoisted by a lug, or pull.] A 

square sail hoisted on a yard. 
Lu-gu'bri-ous, a. [L. lugtibris, mournful ; lugere, to 
mourn ; Gr. Av-ypos, sad.] Mournful ; sorrowful. 
Luke' warm, a. [Ger. lauwarm; 0. E. leuk, hike, 
or leu; A.-S. wlsec, tepid. — Cf. Icel. hlaha, a 
thaw ; A.-S. hleo, a sheltered place, a lee (q. v.). 
— Cf. also Local Ger. slugwarm, lukewarm : ap- 
parently akin to Slack or Slow.] Moderately 
warm; tepid: — cool; indifferent; not zealous. 
Luke'warm-ness, n. State of being lukewarm; 

moderate warmth ; indifference. 

Lull, r. a. [Dan. hille, to lull ; Sw. lulla, to hum ; 

Ger. lullen, to babble; Gr. \a\elv, to chatter, to 

speak; L. lullere, to sing lullaby: imitative.] 

[pp. lulling, lulled.] To compose to sleep; to 

put to rest. — 2, v. n. To become calm for a time ; 

to subside ; to abate. — 3, n. Quality of soothing : 

— an abatement; a comparative quiet after or 

during a storm. 

Lul'la-by, n. [See Lull.] A song to still babes. 

Lum-'ba'go, n. [L. ; lumbus, a loin.] (Med,) Pain 

or rheumatic affection about the loins. &c. 
Lum'bar, a. [L. lumbaris; lumbus, a loin (q. v.).] 

Relating to the loins. 
Lum'ber, n. [Usually referred to Lombard, a na- 
tive of Lombardy, — later, a pawnbroker; still 
later the name was transferred tu pawned goods, 
and hence to any trumpery. — Cf. Ger. lumpen, 
trumpery.] Any thing useless, cumbersome, or 
bulky. — [U. S.] Timber iu general. — 2, r. a. 
[pp. lumbering, lumbered.] To heap together 
irregularly. — 3, v. v. [Local Sw. lomra, to re- 
sound; Ijumm, a great noise: imitative.] To 
move heavily and slowly. 
Lum'ber-mg, n. The act or business of procuring 
lumber or timber.— 2, a. Moving heavily or 
clumsily. 
Lum'ber-r86m, n. A room for things out of use. 
Lum'ber-yard, n. Ground where timber is stored. 
Lum'bric, n. [L. lumbricus.] A worm. 
Lum'bri-cal, a. Pertaining to worms : — noting 

certain muscles in the fingers and toes. 
Lu'mi-na-ry, n. [L. lurninare; lumen, luminis, a 
light; lucere, to shine.] He who or that which 
diffuses light; a body which gives light; an 
illuminator. 
Lu-mi-nif er-ous, a. [L. lumen, light, and ferre, to 
bear.] Producing, emitting, or conveying light. 
Lu-mi-nos'i-ty, ». State of being luminous. 
Lu'mi-nous, a. [L. luminosits; lumen, luminis, 

light.] Shining; bright; lucid; clear. 
Lu'mi-nous-ly, ad. In a luminous manner. 
Lu'mi-nous-ness, n. Brightness ; clearness. 
Lump, n. [Norse, lump ; Dut. lomp, a rag, a lump; 
lamp, clumsy : probably related to Clump.] A 
small, shapeless mass : — the gross. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
lumping, lumped.] To unite or take in the gross. 
Lfimp'-f ish, n. A sort of thick fish. 
Lump'ish, «. Heavy ; gross ; dull ; inactive. 
Lump'ish-ness, n. Stupid heaviness. 
Lump'y, a. Full of lumps; full of masses. 



Lu'na-cy, n. [See Lunatic] A kind of madness, 
formerly supposed to depend on the moon; »m- 
sanity. 

Lu'nar, a. [Fr. lunaire; L. .lunaris; luna, the 
moon : akin to lucere, to shine.] Relating to the 
moon ; measured by the moon. — Lunar month, 
time 'from one new moon to another. — Lunar 
caustic, nitrate of silver. 

Lii'na-tic, n. [L. lunuticus, moon-struck, insane; 
luna, the moon.] A person affected with lunacy. — 

2, a. Affected with lunacy ; insane ; moon-struck. 
Lu-na'tion, w. [Fr. lunaison; L. lima, the moon.] 

A revolution of the moon. 

Lunch, n. [For lump, as hunch for hump.~\ A 
small meal between breakfast and dinner; 
luncheon. — 2, v. n. [pp. lunching, lunched.] 
To eat a luncheon. 

Lunch'eon (lunch'un), n. [Extended form of 
Lunch'.] Same as Lunch. 

Lune, n. [Fr. lune; L. luna, the moon.] Any 
thing in the shape of a half-moon. 

Lu-nette', n. [Fr., dim. of lune, a moon.] A semi- 
circular window : — pi. a sort of spectacles. — 
(Fori.) A small half-moon ; a work with two 
faces and two flanks. — (Arch.) An aperture for 
admitting light. 

Lung, n. ; pi. Lungs. [A.-S. & Dan. lunge; Icel. 
lunga; Ger. lunge, pi. ; Dut. long. — Cf. Gr. eAax 1 "?, 
Skr. laghu, light.— See Light.] The organ of 
respiration. 

Lunfe, n. [0. E. longe, for Fr. allonge, a length- 
ening, a thrust; ollonger, to lengthen, to lunge, 
to strike. — See Long.] A kind of thrust in fenc- 
ing; a push or pass. — 2, v. a. [pp. lunging, 
lunged.] To make a lunge. 

Lunt, n. [Dut. lonl, Dan. lunte, Sw. brut", a match. 
— See Linstock.] A match-cord with which 
guns are fired. 

Lu'pine, n. [L. lupimim <; from lupinus, wolfish, 
greedy ; lupus, a wolf. But cf. Pol. lupina, a pod ; 
lupic, to shell, to peel; Gr. kenis, a scale.] A 
plant ; a kind of pulse. — 2, «. Wolfish ; wolf-like. 

Lii'pu-line, n. [L. lupulus, dim. of lupus, a hop.] 
The fine, yellow powder of hops. [ease. 

Lu'pus, n. [L. for "a wolf."] A destructive dis- 

Liirch. n. [Fr. lourche, a kind of game, for Vourche ; 
0. Fr. ourche, a pool ; It. orchio, L. urceus, a jar.] 
A forlorn or deserted condition. — [0. E. lurch, to 
dodge, to play a trick, to steal : probably a form 
of Lurk.] (Naut.) A heavy roll of a ship at 
sea. — 2, v. u. [pp. lurching, lurched.] To shift ; 
to play tricks; to lurk: — to roll to one side. — 

3, v. a. To defeat (especially in cribbai;e); to 
disappoint : — formerly to devour : — to dodge : — 
to steal. [poacher. 

Lurch'er, n. [See Lurk.] A poacher's dog; a 

Lure, n. [Fr. leurre, a decoy, a lure; leurrer, to 
allure, to decoy ; Ger. luder, a bait : perhaps kin- 
dred to Lurk.] An enticement; allurement; 
bait. — 2, v. a. [pp. luring, lured.] To attract ; 
to entice; to allure. 

Lu'rid, a. [L. luridus, ghastly ; luror, yellowish- 
ness, wanness. — Cf. Gr. x Aw P°? 5 green, pale.] 
Gloomy ; dismal : — pale ; purplish. 

Lurk, v. n. [0. E. lorTcen, lurken, older lusJcen, Dan. 
luske, to sneak, to skulk : akin to Listen. — Cf. 
Dan. lure, to lurk ; Ger. lauern, Dut. loeren, to 
peer, to peep, to lurk.] [pp. lurking, lurked.] 
To lie in wait ; to lie hidden. 

Lus'cious (lush'us), «. [Possibly from Delicious ; 
but probably from L. luoaus, excess in eating and 
drinking, luxury (q. v.); Fr. luxeux, sumptuous.] 
Very sweet; delicious: — excessively sweet or 
rich : — cloying. 

Lus'cious-ly (lush'us-le), ad. Very sweetly. 

Lus'cious-ness (lush'us-nes), n. Sweetness. 

Lush, a. [Probably for luscious.] Juicy; succu- 
lent ; luxuriant. 

Lust, ». [A.-S., Dut., Ger., & Sw. lust, Dan. lyst, 
pleasure : akin to Loose, with the idea of free- 
dom.] Carnal desire; evil propensity. — 2, v. n. 



mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, $, 5, §, soft; p, j», p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



LUSTFUL 



348 



MACEKATE 



[pp. lusting, lusted.] To desire carnally or ve- 
hemently. 

Lust'ful, a. Libidinous; having lust; sensual. 

Lust'ful-ly, ad. In a lustful manner. 

Lust'ful-ness, n. Libidinousness ; lust. 

Lust'i-ly, ad. Stoutly ; with vigor. 

Lust'i-ness, n. Stoutness ; vigor of body. 

Lus'tral, a. [L. lustralis.—See Lustrum.] Used 
in purification. 

Lus'trate, v. a. [L. lustrare, lustratum, to purify. 
— See Lustrum.] [pp. lustrating, lustrated.] 
To purify ; to cleanse. [water. 

Lus-tra'tion, w. [L. lustratio.] Purification by 

Lus'tre (lus'ter), n. [Fr. ; Late L. lustrum, a win- 
dow ; L. lustrare, to make bright : probably akin 
to lux, light.] Brightness; splendor; glitter; 
gloss; brilliancy; radiance .-—splendor of birth or 
deeds ; renown :— a chandelier or sconce with 
lights : — a lustrum. 

Lus'trous, a. Bright ; shining ; glossy. 

Lus'trum, n. ; pi. Lus'tra. [L. lustrum, an ex- 
piation, a quinquennial religious purification ; 
hence, a period of five years.] A space of five 
years. 

Lust'y, «. [From Lust, in its old sense of vigor, 
activity.] Stout; vigorous; healthy; large. 

Lut'a-nist, n. One who plays upon the lute. 

Lu-ta'tion, n. The act of luting. 

Idte, n.' [Fr. luth; It. liuto ; Sp. laud; Dut. luit; 
Dan. lut; Ger. laut; Port, alaude ; Arab, al ud, 
the lute ; ud, wood.] A stringed instrument of 
music : — [L. lutum, mud ; luerc, lutum, to wash. — 
See Lave] a sort of paste or clay; a cement. — 
2, v. a. [pp. luting, luted.] To close or coat 
with lute. 

Lu'ther-an, n. A follower of Luther. — 2, a. Per- 
taining to Luther. 

Lu'ther-an-i§m. n. The doctrines of Luther. 

Lu'thern, n. [Fr. lucarne, a roof-window ; L. lu- 
cerna, a lamp ; lux, lucis, light.] A sort of window 
over a cornice or in a roof ; a dormer. 

Lut'ing, n. A clayey composition or coating. 

Lux' ate, v. a. [L. luxare, luxatum, to put out of 
joint; luxus, dislocated ; Gr. Ao£6?, awry.] [pp. 
luxating, luxated.] To put out of joint; to dis- 
locate. 

Lux-a'tion, n. [L. luxatio.] A disjointing; a thing 
disjointed. 

Lux-u'ri-ance, In. State of being luxuriant; 

Lux-u'ri-an-cy, j exuberance ; rank growth. 

Lux-u'ri-ant [iuk-sboo're-ant, H.], a. [L. luxuri- 
are, luxuriantis, to flourish.] Exuberant; very 
abundant; superabundant; of rank growth. 

Lux-5'ri-ant-ly, ad. Abundantly; profusely. 

Lux-u'ri-ate, v. n. [L. luxuriare, luxuriatum.] [pp. 
luxuriating, luxuriated.] To grow exuber- 
antly : — to live luxuriously. 



Lux-u'ri-ous [luk-sh6G're-us, H.], a. [L. luxuri- 
osus. — See Luxury.] Luxuriant: — delighting 
in luxury; voluptuous; given to pleasure. 

Lux-u'ri-ous-ly, ad. Deliciously ; voluptuously. 

Lux-u'ri-ous-ness, n. Luxury ; voluptuousness. 

Lux'u-ry (iuk'shu-re), n. [L. luxuria; luxus, ex- 
cess.] Delicious fare; a dainty: — voluptuous- 
ness; epicurism. 

Lyc'an-thrope, «. [Gr. Avkos, a wolf, and avOpu- 
7ros, a man.] One suffering from lycanthropy : 
— one supposed to be turned into a wolf; a were- 
wolf, [transformation into a wolf. 

Ly-can'thro-py, n. A kind of madness ; a fancied 

Ly-ce'um, 'n. ; L. pi. Ly-ce'a; Eng. Ly-ce'um§. 
[L. ; Gr. to Avkelov, the resort at Athens where 
Socrates and Aristotle taught : named from the 
Lycian Apollo, or from Apollo as the wolf- 
slayer ; Au/cos, a wolf.] The gymnasium at 
Athens where Aristotle taught his philosophy : 
— a literary seminary ; an academy ; a literary 
association. 

Ly'co-pod, ». A club-moss. 

Ly-co-po'di-um, n. [Gr. Av/cos, a wolf, and tto- 
Slo'v, dim', of novs, a foot.] A club-moss : — a fiue 
powder from club-mosses. 

Lye, n. [A.-S. lech; Dut. loog ; Ger. lauge : akin 
to Lave.] Water impregnated with alkaline salt. 

Ly'ing, p. a. Telling lies : — recumbent. — 2, n. 
The act of telling lies : — recumbence. 

Ly'ing-In, n. The act or state of childbirth. 

Lymph (limf), n. [L. tympha: perhaps akin to 
Limpid.] The liquor contained in the lym- 
phatics ; a pure, transparent fluid ; serum. 

Lym-phat'ic, n. [L. lymphaticus ; from lympiha, 
water. The meaning "insane" is very ancient. 
— Cf. Hydrophobia. The meaning "sluggish" 
is very modern, and comes from the idea that 
excess of lymph is inconsistent with activity of 
body.] An absorbent vessel which carries the 
lymph from all parts of the body. — 2, a. Per- 
taining to lymph: — enthusiastic; insane: — 
heavy ; sluggish. 

Lynch, v. a. [Probably from the name of some 
person.] [pp. lynching, lynched.] To punish 
without legal trial :— to hang by mob-law. 

Lynch' -law, n. The decree of a mob as a substi- 
tute for the common or civil law. 

Lynx, ii. [L. lynx; Gr. Auy£; Ger. luclis ; A.-S. 
lox ; from its bright eyes. — Cf. L. lux, light ; 
lucere, to shine.] A swift, sharp-sighted beast. 

Ly'rate, a. Lyre-shaped. 

Lyre, n. [Fr. ; L. lyra; Gr. Avpa.] A harp; a 
musical instrument. 

Lyr'ic, n. A lyric poem ; a short poem. 

Lyr'ic, 1 a. Pertaining to a harp, or to odes or 

Lyr'i-cal, J poetry intended to be sung. 

Ly'rist, w. One who plays on a lyre or harp. 



M. 



Ma labial consonant of the group called liquids, 
9 has, in English, one unvaried sound, formed 
by the compression of the lips ; as, mine, tame. — 
It is a numeral for 1000. [mother. 

Ma, n. A child's abbreviation for mamma or 

Ma'am, n. A colloquial contraction for madam. 

Mab, ii. The queen of the fairies : — a slattern. 

Mac. A prefix in Celtic names, denoting son. 

Mac-ad'am-ize, v. a. [From John Macadam, in- 
ventor" of the system.] [pp. macadamizing, 
macadamized.] To form with broken stone, as 
roads and streets. 

Mac-a-ro'ni (mak-a-ro'ne), n. [Fr. ; It. macche- 
roni; 0. It. maccare, to bruise, to knead: akin 
to Macerate and Mass.] A kind of edible 
paste ': — [cf. L. maccus, a fool] a coxcomb. 



Mac-a-ron'ic, a. Belating to macaroni :— noting 
a kind of burlesque verse : — vain. 

Mac-a-r86n\ n. [Fr. macaron. — See Macaroni.] 
A cake : — a coxcomb. 

Ma-caw', n. [Said to be a Brazilian name.] A 
large species of parrot : — a tree. 

Mac' co-boy, n. [Named from Maccouba in Marti- 
nique.] A species of snuff. 

Mace, ii. [Fr. masse.— Cf. Mass and L. mateola, a 
mallet.] An ensign of authority: — [It. mace; 
Fr. macis; L. maccis, maces, m.acer (all spice- 
names) ; Gr. p.&K.ep, mace] a spice. 

Mac'er-ate, v. a. [L. mucerare, maceratum, to 
soften; Gr. /uao-creiv, to knead.] [pp. macer- 
ating, macerated.] To make lean ; to mortify : 
— to steep almost to solution. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



MACERATION 



349 



MAGNIFICAT 



Mac-er-a'tion, n. [L. maceratio.] The act of 
making lean; mortification : — the act of steeping. 

Maeh-i-a-vel'ian (mak-e-a-veTyan), a. Relating 
to Machiavel ; crafty ; subtle. 

Ma-chic'o-lat-ed, a. Having machicolations. 

Mach-i-co-la'tion, n. [Fr. machicoulis: variously 
explained.] An opening for dropping missiles 
upon besiegers. 

Maph'i-nate, v. n. [L. machinari, machinatum. — 
See Machine.] [pp. machinating, machinated.] 
To plan ; to contrive. 

Maph-i-na'tion, n. [L. machinatio.] An artifice; 
contrivance'. [trives. 

Maph'i-na-tor, n. [L.] One who plots or con- 

Ma-chine' (ma-shen'), n. [L. machina, Fr. ma- 
chine, Gr. ix7)K.avr), a device.— See Make, and 
Mechanic] Any artificial complicated work 
which serves to apply or regulate moving power ; 
a piece of mechanism ; engine. 

Ma-chin' er-y, n. [Fr. machinerie.] Machines col- 
lectively ; works of a machine; enginery: — su- 
pernatural, or other, agency introduced into a 
poem. [of machines. 

Ma-chin'ist, n. [Fr. mackinisfe.] A constructor 

Mack'er-el,«. [Fr. maquereau, — originally, a spot: 
perhaps akin to L. macula, a spot; Sp. maca, It. 
macchia, a stain.] A small sea-fish : — a pander. 

Mack'in-tosh, ». [The inventor's name.] A water- 
proof garment. 

Ma'cle, n. [Fr. ; L. macula, a spot, a mesh.] A 
twin crystal : — a blotch on a gem. 

Ma'cro-cosm [mak'ro-kozm, St. Ja. C. Wb.], n. 
[Gr. )j.aK pos, long, great, and /cootao?, the world.] 
The great or whole world, in opposition to micro- 
cosm; the universe. 

Ma-crom'e-ter, n. [Gr. fxaxpo?, long, great, and 
jxerpov, a measure.] An instrument for meas- 
uring the distance of inaccessible objects. 

Ma/cron, n. [Gr. for "long."] A straight hori- 
zontal line to show that a vowel has a long sound. 

Mac-ro-scop'ic, "la. [Gr. naicpos, long, great, 

Mac-ro-scop'i-cal, J and o-kottqIv, to see.] Noting 
an object which, although comparatively mi- 
nute, is visible without the aid of the microscope. 

Mac'u-la, n. ; pi. Mac'u-lae. [L.— Cf. Skr. mola, 
dirt.] A spot upon the skin; a spot upon the 
sun, &c. 

Mac'u-late, V. a. [L. maculare, macnlatum, to 
stain: macula, a spot.] [pp. maculating, macu- 
lated.] To stain ; to spot. 

Mac-u-la'tion, n. [L. maculitio.] A spot ; a taint. 

Mad, a. [A.-S. gemsed, geiuaad, 0. Sax. gemed, 
foolish; 0. Ger. gbueit, vain.] Insane; distracted ; 
crazy : — raging with passion ; enraged ; furious. 

Mad' am, n. [Fr. madame ; ma, my, and dame, 
lady. — See Dame.] See Madame. 

Mad'ame, or Ma-dame', n. : pi. Mesdames (me- 
dam'). [Fr.] A term of address to a lady. 

Mad'cap, n. A wild, hot-brained person. 

Mad'den (mad'dn), v. n. & v. a. [pp. maddening, 
maddened.] To become or make mad. 

Mad'der, n. [A.-S. mseddere ; Icel. madra; Dut. 
meed'. — Cf. Skr. madhura, sweet (a plant-name).] 
A plant and root used for dyeing. 

Mad'ding, a. Raging ; tumultuous : — bewildering. 

Made, i. & p. from make. 

Ma-dei'ra [ma-da'ra, Wb.], v. [The island is 
named 'from Tort, madeira, timber. — See Mat- 
ter.] A wine made in the island of Madeira. 

Mad-em-oi-selle' (mad-em-wa-zel'), n. [Fr. ; ma, 
my,' and demoiselle, damsel (q. v.).] A young, 
unmarried lady ; a girl. 

Mad' -house, n. A house for the insane. 

Mad'ly, ad. With madness ; furiously. 

Mad'man, n. A man void of reason ; a maniac. 

Mad'ness, n. Violent insanity : — extreme folly : — 
fury; wildness ; rage. 

Ma-don'na, n. [It. ; ma, my, and donna, lady. — 
See Dame.] Madam : — the Yirgin Mary. 

Mad're-pore, n. [Fr. ; It. madrepora: origin 
doubtful.] A kind of coral. 



Mad'ri-gal, n. [It. madrigale, formerly mandri- 
gale,' a "shepherd's song ; niandra, a flock ; L. 
mandra, Gr. fxavSpa, Skr. mandura, a stable ; 
maud, to sleep.] A pastoral song and its music. 

Mael'strom, n. [Norse for "mill-stream."] A 
whirlpool on the coast of Norway. 

Ma-es'<tr5, n. [It.] A master ; a master of music. 

Mag-a-zine', n. [Sp. magacen, almagacen, a store- 
house; Arab, makhzan, pi. makhazin.] A store- 
house for munitions of war, &c. ; an arsenal or 
armory : — a periodical publication or pamphlet. 

Mag'da-len, n. [From Mary Magdalene.] A re- 
formed harlot. 

Ma-gen' ta, n. [Named in honor of the battle of 
Magenta in Italy.] A coloring matter of a red- 
dish purple hue from aniline; also, the color 
itself. 

Mag'got, n. [Welsh maceiad, a maggot; magiaid, 
grubs; magad, a brood; magv, to breed.] A 
small grub : — a whim. 

Mag'got-y, a. Full of maggots : — whimsical. 

Ma'£"i, n. pi. [L. ; Gr. fxayoi ; /mayo?, a Magian, 
a wizard : said to have been at first a tribal 
name.] Wise men of the East. 

Ma'gi-an, a. Denoting the Magi of the East. — 
2, n. ' One of the ancient Magi. 

Mag'ic, n. [Gr. fxayiKos ; /aayos, a wizard.] The 
art of putting in action the power of spirits or 
the occult powers of nature ; necromancy ; sor- 
cery ; enchantment. 

Mag'ic, la. Relating to or done by magic; 

Maf-'i-cal, J enchanted ; necromantic. 

Maf 'i-cal-ly, ad. According to magic. 

Ma-gi"cian (ma-jish'an), n. One who practises 
magic ; an enchanter. 

Mag-is-te'ri-al, a. [L. magisterius ; magister, a 
master.] 'Authoritative; arrogant; imperious; 
lofty ; haughty. 

Ma£-is-te'ri-al-ly., ad. Arrogantly ; proudly. 

Mag'is-tra-cy.', n. The office or dignity of a 
magistrate ; the body of magistrates. 

Mag'is-trate, n. [L. magistrains : magister, a mas- 
ter \q. v.).] A public civil officer; a president; 
a governor; a justice of the peace. 

Mag'na phar'ta (mag'na kar'ta). [L. for "great 
charter." — See Chart.] The great charter of 
English liberty. 

Mag-na-nim'i-ty, 11. [Fr. magnanimity ; L. mag- 
nanirniias. — See Magnanimous.] Quality of be- 
ing magnanimous; greatness of mind; gener- 
osity; nobility. 

Mag-nan'i-mous, a. [L. magnanimus ; magmts, 
great, and animus, mind.] Great of mind ; noble. 

Mag-nan'i-mous-ly, ad. With magnanimity. 

Mag'nate, 11. [L. magnas, magnatis; magnus, great. 
— Cf. Gr. peyas, Skr. mahant, malta, great.] A 
man of rank ; a grandee. 

Mag-ne'si-a (mag-ne'zhe-a), n. [Gr. fxayvrjo-ios, 
belonging' to Magnesia, in Thessaly.] (Chem.) 
A white earthy substance, gently purgative. 

Mag-ne'si-um (niag-ne'zhe-tim), n. The metal 
found in magnesia. 

Mag'net, n. [L. magnes, magnetis; Gr. fxayvrj 1 ;, or 
/aayvijTTjs (adjectives), from Magnesia, in Thes- 
saly.] An ore of iron, or a piece of iron or steel, 
which attracts iron ; loadstone. 

Mag-net'ic, ) a. Relating to the magnet, or to 

Mag-net'i-cal. J magnetism ; attractive. 

Mag'net-isni, n. The science which treats of the 
properties of the magnet: — magnetic attraction. 

Mag'net-ize, r. a. & v. n. [pp. magnetizing, 
magnetized.] To imbue with, or to receive, the 
properties of magnetism. 

Mag'net-o-e-lec-tric'i-tj:, n. Electricity pro- 
duced by magnetism". 

Mag'ni-f I-a-ble, a. That may be magnified. 

Mag-nif'ic,'(r. [L. magnificus. — See Magnificent.} 
Great; noble; magnificent; illustrious; grand. 

Mag-nifi-cat, n. [L. ; from its first words, in L. 
magnificat anima m.ea, my soul doth magnify.] 
(Eccl.) A hymn of praise. 



mien, sir; m8ve, nor, son; bull, biir, rule, use.— 5, Q, c, g, soft; p, 

30 



J3-, p, 5t h- a) 'd ; § a» z ; ? as gz ; tnis. 



MAGNIFICENCE 



850 



MALE- 



Mag-mf i-cence, «. Grandeur; splendor. 

Mag-nif i-cent, a. [L. maguificeus, maguificentis, 
— literally, doing great things; magnus, great, 
and facere, to do.] Grand ; splendid ; pompous. 

Mag-nlfi-cent-ly, ad. Splendidly. 

Mag'ni-fy, v. a. [Fr. magnifier; L. magnificare ; 
magnus, great, and facere, to make.] [pp. mag- 
nifying, magnified.] To make great ; to enlarge ; 
to make apparently large : — to exalt ; to extol ; 
to praise greatly. 

Mag-nil' o-quence, n. [L. magniloquentia ; magnus, 
great, and loqui, to speak.] Pompous language. 

Mag-ml'o-quent, a. Lofty in speech. 

Mag'ni-tude, n. [L. magnitude-; magnus, great. — 
See Magnate.] Greatness in size, dimension, or 
importance; extent; size. 

Mag-no'li-a, n. [Named in honor of Pierre Ma- 
guol, 1638-L715.] A genus of flowering trees. 

Mag'ple (mag'pi), n. [Mag, for Margaret, and 
Eug. pie; Fr. pie, Welsh pi, L. pica, a magpie. — 
Cf. L. picus, a woodpecker; Skr. pika, a cuckoo. 
— Compare Eng. Bobin and Jenny Wren.] A chat- 
tering bird. 

Ma-hog' a-ny, n. [A "West-Indian name.] A valu- 
able kind of wood, and the tree producing it. 

Ma-hom'e-tan, n. A disciple of Mahomet; a 
Mussulman; a Mohammedan. — 2, a. Relating 
to Mahomet. 

Ma-h5m'e-tan-i§m, n. The religion of Mahome- 
tans ; Mohammedanism; Islam. 

Maid, n. [A.-S. msegd, mseged, fern, of mseg, a son ; 
Ger. magd, a maid ; Goth, magus, a boy. — Cf. Celt. 
mac, a son : root of May, Might, and expressive 
of vigor.] A girl ; a virgin ; a female servant. 

Maid'en (ma'dn), n. [A.-S. msegden, mseden, maig- 
den; Ger. maldchen, magdeln: all diminutive 
forms.] An unmarried woman ; a girl ; a vir- 
gin. — 2, a. Fresh; unpolluted; first produced. 

Maid' en-hair (ma'dn-), n. A delicate fern. 

Maid'en-hood (nia/dn-hud), n. The state of a 
maid ; virginity. 

Maid'en-ly (ma/dn-le), a. Gentle; modest. 

Mail, n. [Fr. maille, mail, mesh, ring ; L. macula, 
a spot, a mesh, a net.] A coat of steel net-work 
for defence ; armor : — [Fr. malle, Celt, mala, 0. 
Ger. malhe, a bag] a bag ; a bag in which letters, 
newspaper, &c, are encTJeed : — a mail-coach. 
— 2, v. a. 'f pp. mailing, maile 1 '.] To arm defen- 
sively : — to enclose in a mail. ' 

Mail'a-ble, a. That may be carried by mail. 

Mail' -bag, n. A mail ; a bag for letters. 

Maim, v. a. [0. Fr. mehaigner, to wound ; It. ma- 
gagnare, to spoil ; 0. Fr. mehaing, a maiming. — 
Cf. Breton machaHa, to mutilate ; machaft, muti- 
lation : probably related to Mangle.] [pp. maim- 
ing, maimed.] To disable; to wound; to cripple. 
— 2, n. A crippling; lameness; injury. 

Main, a. [0. Fr. mains, magne, chief; L. magnus, 
great.] Principal; mighty; chief; forcible. — 
2, n. The gross; the bulk : — [A.-S. mssgen, Icel. 
megin, strength : akin to Might] force ; violence : 
— the ocean: — the continent, as distinguished 
from islands : — a large pipe for gas or water. 

Main'ly, ad. Chiefly"; principally ; greatly. 

Main' -mast, n. The chief or middle mast. 

Main'-sail, n. (Naut.) The principal sail. 

Main'-sheet, n. A sheet fastening the main-sail. 

Main'-spring, n. The principal spring; chief 
motive power; chief motive or cause. 

Main'-stay, n. A chief support ; a prop. 

Main- tain (man-tan' or man-tan'), v. a. [Fr. 
maintenir ; L. manu, by the hand, and tenere, to 
hold.] [pp. maintaining, maintained.] To pre- 
serve ; to keep ; to defend ; to support. 

Main-tain'a-ble, a. Defensible. 

Main-tain'er (man-tan'er), n. A supporter. 

Main'ten-ance [inan'ten-ans, P. J. E. F. Sm. E. ; 
men'ten-ans, S. W.], n. Act of maintaining; 
defence: — support; sustenance; living. 

Main'-top, n. The top of the main-mast. 

Main'-yard, n. The yard of the main-mast. 



Maize, n. [Sp. maiz; from the native Haytian 
name.] Indian corn, a plant and grain. 

Ma-jes'tic, a. Having majesty ; grand; imperial; 
elevated ; stately ; splendid ; august ; magnificent. 

Ma-jes'ti-cal-ly, ad. With majesty. 

Maj'es-ty, n. [Fr. majeste"; L. majestas, mqjexlatis, 
dignity; magnus, great; major, greater.] Dig- 
nity; grandeur; magnificence :— a title given to 
sovereigns. 

Ma-jol'i-ca, n. [Named from the island of Ma- 
jorca.] A variety of enamelled colored pottery. 

Ma'jor, a. [L. major, greater; magnus, great. — 
See Magnate.] Greater ; larger : — senior ; older. 
— 2, n. A senior :— a military officer next above 
a captain. — (Logic.) The first proposition of a 
syllogism. 

Ma'jor-do'mo, n. [Sp. mayor-domo ; It. major- 
domo ; L. major, greater, chief, and domus, a 
house.] A master of a house : — a steward. 

Ma'jor-gen'er-al, n. (Mil.) An officer of a rank 
next below that of lieutenant-general. 

Ma-jor'i-ty, n. The greater number; more than 
half : — the excess of the greater number : — the 
end of minority ; full age : — the office or rank of 
a major. 

Make, v. a. [A.-S. macian ; Ger. maclien : akin to 
May.] [i. made ; pp. making, made.] To cre- 
ate ; to form ; to frame ; to compose ; to produce : 
— to compel:— to reach; to gain. — 2, v. v. To 
tend; to operate; to appear; to act. — 3, n. 
Form; structure; texture; nature. 

Make'-be-lieve, n. A pretence. — 2, a. Unreal; 
professed ; fancied. 

Mak'er, n. One who makes : — the Creator. 

Make' shift, ». A temporary expedient. 

Make'-up, n. The general composition of any 
thing ; structure :— artificial preparation. 

Make' weight (mak'wat), n. Any thing which 
is added to make up weight. 

Mak'ing, n. Composition ; structure ; formatiou. 

Mai-.' [L. mains, evil ; male, ill ; Fr. mal, bad.— 
See Malice.] A prefix, denoting some evil, 
fault, or defect. 

Mal'a-chlte, n. [Gr. /u.aXax>7, a mallow (q. v.); 
from the color.] A carbonate of copper. 

Mal-a-col'o-gy, n. [Gr. /aaAa/cia, mollusks ; fia- 
Aa»cos, soft, and \6yos, discourse.] The science 
of mollusks ; conchology. 

Mal-ad-min-is-tra'tion, n. [Mal- and Adminis- 
tration.] Bad administration. 

Mal-a-drbit', a. [Fr. ; mal, ill, and adroit, adroit 
(q. v.).] Awkward; unhandy. 

Mal'a-dy, n. [Fr. maladie ; malade, sick; Prov. 
mataptes, malandes, ill ; L. male habitus, ill kept, 
out of condition ; male, ill, and habere, habilum, 
to keep, to have (q. v.).] A disease ; a distemper. 

Mal-aise', n. [Fr. ; mal, ill, and aise, ease.] An 
uneasy sensation. 

Mal'a-pert, a. [0. Fr. mal apert; mal, ill, and 
ape'rt, expert, ready, — also forward, pert (q. v.); 
originally, plain, clear; L. aperhis, open; ape- 
rire, to open.] Saucy; impudent; rude. 

Mal'ap-ro-pos' (mal'ap-pro-po'), ad. [Fr. — See 
Apropos.] Unsuitably; unseasonably. 

Ma'lar. o. [L. mala, the cheek.] Pertaining to 
the' cheek. 

Mal-a'ri-a. «• [!*•> f° r mala aria, bad air. — See 
Air.] A noxious vapor or exhalation. 

Mal-a'ri-al, ) a. Pertaining to, or affected with, 

Mal-a'ri-an, > malaria :— tending to paludal fever, 

Mal-a'ri-ous, ) or to some kindred disease. 

Ma-lay', n. A native of Malaya or Malacca. 

Mal'con-tent, n. & a. [Mal- and Content.] See 
Mal'econtent. 

Male, a. [Fr. male; 0. Fr. mascle ; L. masculus, 
dim. of mas, male: cognate with Man.] Of the 
sex that begets young; not female: — applied 
to a screw with spiral threads, which enter the 
grooves of the female screw. — 2, n. The he of 
any species. 

Male-. A prefix. See Mal-. 



a, e, I, 5, u, y, long ; a., e, I, o, fi, y, tbort; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



MALEADMINISTKATION 351 



MANATEE 



Male-ad-mln-is-tra'tion, n. Bad administration 
or management. 

Male'con-tent, re. One who is dissatisfied. — 2, a. 
Dissatisfied ; discontented. 

Mal-e-dic'tion, re. [L. maledictio ; male, ill, and 
dicere, dictum, to speak.] A curse ; an execration. 

Mal-e-fac'tor, n. [L. mule, ill, amiss, and facere, 
factum, to do.] An offender; a criminal. 

Male-fea'sance, n. [Fr. malfaisance ; faire, to do. 
— See Malefactor.] (Law.) An unj ust perform- 
ance ; an evil deed or act. 

Male-prac'tice, n. See Malpractice. 

Ma-lev'o-lence, n. Malignity; malice. 

Ma-lev'o-lent, a. [L. malevolens, malevolerdis ; 
mole, ill, and relic, volui, to wish.] Ill-disposed; 
malignant; malicious; virulent; hostile. 

Ma-lev' o-lent-ly, ad. Malignantly; maliciously. 

Mal-feVsance, n. See M ylefeasaxce. 

Mal-for-ma'tion, or Male-for-ma'tion, n. [Mal- 
and Formation.] An ill formation ; deformity. 

Mal'ice, n. [Fr. ; L. malitia, badness; mains, bad, 
foul : probably akin to Gr. /u.e'A.as, black, Skr. 
mala, foul, and to L. mollis, soft.] Hostile or bad 
feeling; ill-will; malevolence; malignity. 

Ma-K"cious (ma-llsh'us), a. [Fr. malicieux. — See 
Malice.] Full of malice; ill-disposed; malig- 
nant; malevolent; malign. 

Ma-li"cious-ly. ad. With malignity. 

Ma-li"cious-ness (ma-lish'us-nes), re. Malice. 

Ma-llgn' (ma-lin'), a. [Fr. malin, L. malignus, 
wicked ; mains, evil, and -genus, born.] Malicious ; 
malignant; pernicious; fatal; pestilential. — 2, 
v. a. [pp. maligning, maligned.] To hurt; to 
defame ; to slander. 

Ma-lig'nan-cy, re. Malevolence; malice. 

Ma-lTg-'nant, a. [L. malignare, malignanlis, to act 
with spite.] Partaking of malice and envy ; 
malicious; pernicious :— hostile to life; fatal. — 
2, re, A man of ill intention. 

Ma-llg-'nant-ly, ad. With ill intention. 

Ma-lign'er (ma-lin'er), n. One who maligns. 

Ma-Hg'ni-ty, n. [Fr. malignite ; L. malignitas. — 
See Malign.] Malice; maliciousness. 

Ma-llgn'ly, (ma-lln'le), ad. With ill-will. 

Ma-lin'ger, v. n. [Fr. malingre, sickly ; mal, badly, 
and 0. Fr. haingre, thin; L. ager, sick.] [pp. 
malingering, malingered.] To feign sickness, 
as a soldier. 

Mal'i-son (mal'e-zn), n. [0. Fr.— See Maledic- 
tion. — Of. Bknison.] A curse. 

Mall [m-il, ,S. W. F. 8m.], re. [Fr. mail; L. mal- 
leus. \ A wooden beetle or hammer ; a mallet; a 
maul. — 2, v. a. [pp. mailing, mailed.] To beat 
or strike with a mall. 

Mall [mel, W. E. Ja.], n. [From Pall-Mall (q. v.), 
a walk in London.] A public walk. 

Mal'lard, re. [Fr. rnalart: probably from male, 
male, with the termination -art (-ard), here in- 
tensive; -art often implies masculine qualities.] 
The drake of the wild duck. 

Mal-le-a-bil'i-ty, ) n. Quality of being malleable; 

Mal'le-a-ble-ness, J capability of being beaten out 
with a hammer. 

Mal'le-a-ble, a. [Fr. malleable; malic er, to ham- 
mer; L. maUeus, a hammer.] Capable of being 
spread out by being beaten with a hammer. 

Mal'let, n. [Fr. maillet, dim. of mail, 
a maul.— Cf. Russ. molot, a ham- 
mer.] A wooden hammer ; a mall. 
Mal'low, re. ; pi. Mal'lows. [A.-S. 
malice ; L. malva ; Gr. /u.aXa^ij ; fj.a- 
Aao-a-eiv, to soften ; /ixaAaKo?, soft.] 
A plant of demulcent qualities. 
Malm'sey (ma'm'ze), n. [From Mal- Mallet. 
vasia, a town of Greece.] A sort of grape, and a 
luscious wine, originally from Malvasia. 
Mal-o'dor-ous, a. [Mal- and Odorous.] Having 

a bad smell ; in bad odor or repute. 
Mal-prac'tice, ». [Mal- and Practice.] Danger- 
ous or unlawful practice. 
Malt, re. [A.-S. mcalt, malt, — literally, melted; 




Dan., Sw., & Icel. malt; Dut. moid; Ger. malz. 
—See Melt.] Grain, usually barley, steeped in 
water, fermented and dried. — 2, v. n. [pp. malt- 
ing, malted.] To make malt; to be made malt. 
Malt'ster, re. One who makes malt. 
Mal-treat' (mal-tref), v. a. [Fr. maltruiter — See 
Treat.] [pp. maltreating, maltreated.] To treat 
ill ; to abuse ; to injure. 
Mal-treat'ment, n. Ill usage ; abuse. 
Mal-ver-sa'tion, n. [Fr. malversation; maherser, 
to commit malversation ; L. male, ill, and versare, 
versalum, to turn, to conduct one's self; frequen- 
tative of vertere, to turn.] Mean artifices; mis- 
conduct. — (Laic.) Misbehavior in office. 
Mam'e-lpn, n. [Fr. for "a nipple ;" dim. of ma- 
melle; L. mantilla or mamma, Gr. ixdixtx-n, the 
breast. — See Mammal.] A small mound or hil- 
lock. 
Mam'e-luke, n. [Arab, mamlul; a slave, — literally, 
one owned.] One of a former military class in 
Egypt, who were imported as slaves. 

Mam-ma', re. [Gr. fxaix^rj, L. maun,, a. mother, — 
also the breast; Fr. maman, mother; Dut., Ger., 
& Sp. mama. An infantile word, found in 
much the same form in many languages in all 
parts of the world.] A familiar word for mother. 

Mam'mal, n. [L. mammalia, pertaining to the 
breast.' — See Mamma.] (Zool.) An animal that 
suckles its young; a mammifer. 

Mam-ma'li-a, re. pi. (Zool.) That class of animals 
which suckle their young; mammals. 

Mam-ma'li-an, a. Relating to mammalia. — 2, ». 
A mammal. 

Mam-mal'o-i-y, n. [Mammal, and Gr. A6709, a 
treatise.]' (Zool.) The natural history of mam- 
mals, or of animals that suckle their young. 

Mam'ma-rv, a. Relating to the breasr. 

Mam-mlf er-ous, a. [L. mamma, a breast, an 
udder, and/erre, to carry.] Having breasts. 

Mam'mil-la-ry, a. [L. mamUlaris.—See Mame- 
lon.] Like, or belonging to, the breast or teats. 

Mam'mon, n. [Syr. mamona, riches.] Riches; 

. wealth. [spirit of money-getting. 

Mam'mon-ism, n. Devotion to mammon; the 

Mam'moth, n. [Russ. mamant; Tartar, mammont 
or mammuth; mamma, the earth. The Siberians 
believe that the mammoth once '-'veil under 
ground; but B< *e say it is a vari it of Bkhe- 
MOTH.] A huge quadruped now extinct ; a fossil 
elephant. See Mastodon. — 2, a. Huge ; enormous. 

Man, re. ; pi. Men. [Dut, & Sw. man; A.-S. & Ger. 
ma, in ; Goth, manna; Skr. manu. — Cf. L. mat, a 
male : akin to Skr. maun, to think. — See Mind.] 
A human being: — mankind: — a male of the 
human race: — an adult male: — one of manly 
qualities: — a husband: — an individual: — a ser- 
vant : — a piece at chess, draughts, &c. :— a ship 
of war.— 2, v. a. [pp. manning, manned.] To 
furnish with men ; to fortify. 

Man'a-cle, 0. a. [Late L. marticula, dim. of L. 
maiiica, a sleeve, a handcuff: maims, the hand.] 
[ pp. manacling, manacled.] To chain the hands. 
— 2, re. A chain for the hands. 

Man'afe, v. a. [Fr. maneger, to control (chiefly 
used of horses) ; It. maueggiare, to control, to 
handle; L. manus, the hand.] [pp. manasina, 
managed.] To conduct ; to carry on ; to regulate ; 
to superintend; to direct. — 2, v. n. To superin- 
tend affairs. 

Man'afe-a-ble, «. Governable ; tractable. 

Man'age-a-ble-ness, ». Tractableness. 

Man'age-ment, n. The act of managing or con- 
ducting ; economy; direction; conduct: — artful 
practice : — administration. 

Man'a-frer, n. A conductor ; a director. 

Man-a-£-e'ri-al, a. Of or pertaining to a manager. 

Man'-at-arms. n. Formerly a mounted and armed 
follower of a knight. 

Man-a-tee', n. [Sp. manati; perhaps named from 
its hand-like flippers; Sp. mono, a hand; but 
manati is said to be its Carib name.] The sea- 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, $, s, g , soft; p, p, p, §, hard; s as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



MANCHINEEL 



352 



MANOMETER 



cow; one of a genus of herbivorous marine ani- 
mals (sirenians). 

Manch-j-neel', n. [Sp. manzanillo, dim. of man- 
zana, an apple.] A poisonous tree of the West 
Indies. 

Man'ci-ple, n. [0. Fr. mancipe, L. mancipium, a 
slave, property ; manus, the hand, manv, in hand, 
and capere, to take.] A purveyor ; a steward. 

Man-da'mus, n. [L. for "we charge;" mandare, 
to enjoin! — See Mandate.] (Laiv.) A writ from 
a superior court directed to an inferior court, or 
to some person, requiring some act to be done. 

Man-da-rin', n. [Skr. mantrin, Malay mantri, a 
counsellor ; Port, mandarim, a mandarin ; Skr. 
mantra, a holy text, advice ; manv, to think. — See 
Mind and Man.] A Chinese magistrate or pub- 
lic officer, civil or military : — a variety of orange. 

Man'date, n. [L. mandatum ; mandare, to charge ; 
in manum, into the hand, and dare, to give.] 
Command; precept; charge. 

Man'da-to-rx, a. Preceptive ; directory. 

Man'di-ble, n. [L. mandibula, a jaw; mandere, to 
chew.] The jaw ; the jaw of a bird. 

Man-dib'u-Iar, a. Belonging to the jaw. 

Man'do-lin, n. [Fr. mandoline, mandore ; It. man- 
dolino, mandola; names of various stringed in- 
struments. — See Bandore.] A kind of lute. 

Man'drake, n. [L. & Gr. mandragoras.] An her- 
baceous medicinal plant. 

Man'drel, n. [Fr. mandrin. — Cf. Gr. iidvopa, the 
bezel of a ring.] An instrument or revolving 
shank belonging to a lathe. 

Man'dril, n. [Said to be for man-ape. — Cf. Drill, an 
ape ; Fr. mandrill] (Zob'l.) A species of baboon. 

Man'dii-cate, v. a. [L. manducare, manducatum, 
to chew ; mandere, to chew.] [ pp. manducating, 
manducated.] To chew; to eat. 

Man-du-ca'tion, n. The act of chewing. 

Kane, n. [Sw. & Dan. man; Dut. maan; Ger. 
mahne. — Cf. Skr. manya, the nape ; Gr. fxdvos, 
juavfo?, a necklace.] The long hair on the neck 
of a horse or a lion. 

Manege (nxa-nazh'), n. [Fr.— See Manage.] A 
riding-school ; the art of horsemanship. 

Ma'nes, n. pi. [L. : akin to manus, good.] Souls 
of the dead ; ghosts ; shades ; remains of the dead. 

Man'ful, a. Bold; stout; valiant; manly. 

Man'ful-ly, ad. Boldly; stoutly; like a man. 

Man-ga-nise' (mang-ga-nes'), n. [Of doubtful 
origin ; by some referred to Gr. fxdyyavov, a 
charm, a drug ; L. mangonizere, to adorn : it was 
anciently much used to qualify the colors of 
glass.] (Mm.) A black mineral :— a metal of 
gray color, hard, brittle, and difficult of fusion. 

Mange, n. [Fr. mangeson; manger, to eat.] The 
itch or scab in cattle, dogs, &c. 

Man'gel-wur'zel (mang'gl-wur'zl), n. [Ger. man- 
gel, scarcity, and wurzel, a root.] A plant and 
root of the beet kind. 

Manner, n. [Fr. mangeoire ; manger, L. mandere 
and manducare, to eat.] A trough for animals to 
eat out of. 

Man'l'i-ness, n. Infection with the mange. 

Man'gle (mang'gl), v. a.. [A.-S. bemancian. — Cf. 
L. mancus, maimed ; 0. Fr. mehangler, for ma- 
haigner, to maim (q. v.).] [pp. mangling, man- 
gled] To lacerate ; to cut piecemeal : — to smooth ; 
to calender. — 2, n. [Dut. mangelen, to roll; It. 
mavgano, a press ; Gr. tx.dyya.pov, a machine. — 
See Mangonel.] A calender for smoothing linen. 

Man'go (mang'go), n. [Malay, mangga.] The tropi- 
cal fruit of the mango-tree : — a pickled melon. 

Man'go-bird, n. The Indian oriole. 

Man'gold-wiir'zel, n. See Mangel-wurzel. 

Man'go-nel, n. [Late L. manqonellus, dim. of man- 
gona, Gr. ftdyyavov, an engine.] A machine 
formerly used in war for throwing stones. 

Man'go-steen, n. [Malay.] A delicious Oriental 
fruit.' [tree or shrub. 

Man'grove, n. [Malay, manggi-manggu] A tropical 

Man'gy, «• Infected with the mange. 



Man'hood (mim'hud), n. The state or quality of 
being a man ; man's estate ; virility. 

Ma'ni-a, n. [L. ; Gr. juavia, frenzy : akin to fievog, 
mind ; ii.alvon.at, /xav^vai., to rage.] Violent in- 
sanity ; madness. 

Ma'ni-ac, n. A person infected with mania. 

Ma'ni-ac, ) a. [Gr. ju.avia/c6?.— See Mania.] In- 

Ma-ni'a-cal, j fected with mania ; insane ; raving. 

Man'i-cure, h. [L. manus, the hand, and cura, 
care.] A process for beautifying the hands. 

Man'i-fest, a. [L. manifestus, palpable; manus, 
the hand, and obs. fendere, to strike.] Obvious; 
not concealed ; plain; open; evident ; apparent;, 
visible ; clear. — 2, n. A writing : — an invoice or 
account of the cargo of a ship.— 3, v. a. [pp. 
manifesting, manifested.] To make appear; to 
show plainly ; to make public ; to evince. 

Man-i-fes-ta'tion, n. [L. manifestatio.] Act of 
manifesting; exhibition; discovery; publication. 

Man'i-fest-lx, ad. Clearly ; evidently. 

Man-i-fes'to, n. [It. — See Manifest.] A public 
declaration of a sovereign or a government, stat- 
ing reasons for some act, as the entering into war. 

Man'i-fold, a. [A.-S. manigfeald; Many and 
Fold.] Many in number; multiplied. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. manifolding, manifolded.] To produce nu- 
merous copies of, as of a document, by a ma- 
chine : — to fold into many thicknesses. 

Man'i-kin, n. [Dim. of Man ; 0. Dut. manneken.] 
A little man; a dwarf; an anatomical model of 
the human body. 

Ma'ni-oc, n. [Brazilian, mandioca.] Cassava, the 
plant from which tapioca is made. 

Man'i-ple, n. [L. manipvlns; manus, the hand, 
and root of Full.] A handful : — a small body 
or band, as of soldiers : — a sort of scarf. 

Ma-mp'u.-late, v. a. [L. manipulating, by troops 
or handfuls.] [pp. manipulating, manipulated.] 

• To operate or work with the hands ; to handle : 
— to handle in an artistic or skilful manner; to 
rearrange skilfully or for a purpose ; to tamper 
with. — 2, v. n. To use the hands in a skilful or 
artistic manner, as in the operations of chemis- 
try, mesmerism, and the like. 

Ma-nip-u-la'tion, n. A manual operation : — the 
act of manipulating; the act of handling or 
operating with, or as with, the hands; the act 
of tampering with. 

Ma-mp'ii-lat-or, n. One who manipulates; one 
who practises manipulation. 

Man-kind', n. [A.-S. mancynn ; Man and Kin.] 
The human race ; men colle tively. 

Man'li-ness, w. Dignity ; bravery ; stoutness. 

Man'ly, a. Becoming a man ; manful ; firm. — 
2, ad. With courage like a man. 

Man'na, n. [L. & Gr. ; thought to be from Heb. 
man, it is a gift.] A gum or honey-like juice. 

Man'ner, n. [Fr. maniere ; 0. Fr. manier, to man- 
age ; L. manus, the hand.] Peculiar way ; mode ; 
method; form; custom; habit; kind; aspect. 

Man'ner-i§m, n. A uniformity of manner : — the 
style' peculiar to an artist or a writer : — marked 
adherence to a peculiar stvle. 

Man'ner-li-ness, n. Civility ; complaisance. 

Man'ner-ly, a. Civil ; complaisant.— 2, ad. Civ- 
illy ; 'without rudeness. 

Man'nerg, n. pi. Morals; habits :— polite be- 
havior; civility; carriage. 

Man'ni-kin, n. A little man. See Manikin. 

Man'nish, «. Like a man ; bold; masculine. 

Ma-noeu'vre (ma-nu'ver), n. [Fr. ; Sp. maniobra; 
Late L. manuopera ; L. manu operari, to operate 
by hand.] A stratagem ; dexterous manage- 
ment; finesse; trick: — adroit management in 
naval or military affairs. — 2, v. v. & v. a. [pp. 
manoeuvring, manoeuvred.] To act or manage 
with address, art, or stratagem. 

Man'-of-war', n. A large ship of war. 

Ma-nom'e-ter, n. [Gr. /aavos, thin, and fxerpov, 
a measure'.] An instrument for measuring the 
density or tension of a gas or vapor. 



a, e, l, 5, u, y, long; a, e, l, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



MANOE 



353 



MAEIXE 



Man'or, n. [Fr. manoir ; 0. Fr. manoir, L. manere, 
to dwell, to remain (q. v.).] The jurisdiction or 
land of a lord or great personage; a landed estate. 
Man'or-hbuse, n. The house of a manor. 
Ma-no'ri-al, a. Belonging to a manor. 
Man'sard-r66f, n. [From the inventor, Mansard.'] 

A roof having two rates of pitch. 
Manse, n. [Late L. manga, a farm ; manere, mansum, 

to dwell.] A farm-house : — a parsonage-house. 
Man'sion (man'shun), n. [L. man ho ; manere, to 
dwell'; Gr. ixiveiv, to stay.] The house on a 
manor; a large house; a residence. 
Man'slaugh-ter (man'slaw-ter), n. {Law.) The 
unlawful killing of a human being, though 
■without malice or deliberate intention. 
Man'tel (man'tl), n. [A form of Mantle ; a small 
fireplace is also called a hood.] A beam or tim- 
ber before a chimney : — called also mantel-piece, 
and also written mantle. See Mantle. 
Man-til'la, n. [Sp. ; dim. of manto, a mantle {q. v.).] 
A light, loose garment thrown over a lady's dress. 
Man'tis, n. [Gr. p.dvri<;, a prophet.] A grotesque 

insect. 
Man-tis'sa, n. [L. & Tuscan mantisa, a make- 
weight.]' The decimal part of a logarithm. 
Man' tie, n. [Fr. manteau; 0. Fr. mantel; Sp. 
manto; Late L. mantum.] A kind of cloak or 
loose garment : — a shelf or beam on the jambs 
of a fireplace ; a mantel, mantel-piece, or man- 
tle-tree. — 2, v. a. [pp. mantling, mantled.] To 
cloak ; to cover ; to disguise. — 3, v. n. To spread ; 
to be suffused. 
Man'tu-a, or Man'tua [man'tii-a, J. F. Jn. X ; 
man'ta, S. E. ; man'chu-a, W. ; "man'tu, K. Sin. 
St.], n. [It. & Sp. manto; by confusion with the 
name of Mantua, in Italy.] A lady's gown or dress. 
Man'tu-a-ma'ker {or man'tu-ma/ker), n. One who 

makes gowns or dresses for women. 
Man'u-al, a. [Fr. manuel; L. manualis, from 
manus, the hand.] Performed by the hand. — 
2, n. A small book : — a service-book : — a key- 
board. 
Man-u-fac'to-rj;, n. A building or place where a 

manufacture is carried on ; a factory. 
Man-u-fact'ure (man-yu-fakt'yur), n. [Fr. ; L. 
manv, by hand, and factum, a making; fucere, 
to make.] The act of making any thing by art; 
any thing made by art. — 2, v. a. [pp. manu- 
facturing, manufactured.] To make by art ; to 
employ; to work up; to fabricate. 
Man-6-fact'u-rer, n. One who manufactures. 
Man-u-mis'sion (man-yu mish'un), n. [L. manu- 
mtesio. — See "Manumit."] The" act of manumit- 
ting; emancipation; liberation. 
Man-u-mit\ v. a. [L. manumi&tere ; manu, from 
the hand, and mittere, to send.] [pp. manumit- 
ting, manumitted.] To release from slavery; to 
emancipate; to liberate. 
Ma-nure', v. a. [A contracted form of Manoeuvre : 
the original meaning was to till.] [pp. ma- 
nuring, manured.] To fertilize by manure or 
compost; to dung; to enrich. — 2, n. Anything 
that fertilizes land. 
Man'tt-script, n. [L. mamiscripium ; manu, by 
hand, and scriptum, written. — See Script.] A 
book or paper written, not printed ; a writing. 
Manx, or Manks, n. The language of the Isle of 

Man.— 2, a. Relating to the Isle of Man. 
Man's (men'e), a. [A.-S. manig ; Dut. menig ; Ger. 
manch. — Cf. Celt, minic, frequent; Kuss. rnnogie, 
many ; Skr. mailJaihu, much ; L. magnus, great.] | 
[comp. more ; mperl. most.] Consisting of a great j 
number; numerous. — It is used distributive!}' 
before nouns of the singular number ; as, many 
a time.— 2, n. A great number:— the crowd ; the 
majority. 
Map, n. [L. mappa, a napkin, a painted cloth : 
said to be a Punic word.] A delineation of some 
portion of a sphere, or of the earth, on a plane ; 
a chart. — 2, v. a. [pp. mapping, mapped.] To 
delineate ; to set down. 



Ma'ple (ma'pl), n. [A.-S. mapul] A tree of many 
species. 

Mar, v. a. [A.-S. amerran, to waste ; gemearr, im- 
pediment; Icel. merja, to bruise; 0. Ger. murr- 
jnn, to vex, to hinder: akin to Mark.] [pp. 
marring, marred.] To injure ; to spoil ; to hurt ; 
tq damage ; to deface. 

Mar-a-bou', n. [It is regarded with veneration, 
like" the marabouts.] A kind of stork or adjutant ; 
a marabout : — a plume of marabou's feathers. 

Mar-a-bout' {or mar-a-boo'), n. [Arab. ; identical 
with the historic name Ahnoravide, and said to 
mean "bound" or "devoted;" by others, "a 
frontiersman." In either case the idea of limit is 
expressed.] A Moorish anchorite or saint, or a 
fanatical combatant against the Christians : — a 
Moorish saint's tomb : — a kind of stork. 

Ma-ras'mus, n. [Gr. ; a verbal nouu from y.apai- 
veiv, to waste.] {Med) A wasting consumption. 

Ma-raud', v. n. [Fr. marauder; maraud, a rascal; 
Sp. marrar, to deviate, — properly, to wander.] 
[pp. marauding, marauded.] To rove about for 
plunder. 

Ma-raud' er, n. A plunderer. 

Mar-a-ve'di, n. [Sp. ; from the Almorarides, an 
Arabian dynasty in Spain.] A small Spanish 
copper coin. 

Mar'ble, n. [Fr. marbre ; L. marmor ; Gr. /u.dp/txa- 
pos; p.app.aipetv, to sparkle.] A limestone of 
many varieties, having a granular and crystal- 
line texture, and susceptible of a high polish : 
— something made of marble: — a round stone 
to play with. — 2, a. Made of or like marble. — 
3, v. a. [pp. marbling, marbled.] To variegate 
like marble. 

Marc. h. [Fr. ; Ger. mark, pith, pulp.— Cf. Skr. 
marg, to press, to beat, to extract.] The refuse 
of grapes after wine-making. 

March, n. [L. Martins, pertaining to Mars, the 
god of war.] The third month of the year :— a 
military movement or journey ; a stately or reg- 
ulated step : — [see Mark] a frontier district. — 
2, v. n. [Fr. marcher: possibly related to L. 
marcus, a hammer.] [pp. marching, marched.] 
To move by steps, or in military form; to walk 
in a stately manner. — 3, v. a. To cause to move, 
as an army. 

March'es, n. pi. Frontiers of a country. 

Mar'chion-ess (mar'shun-es) [miir'shun-es, W. 
Sui. R. Wb. ; mar'chun-es, S. J. E. F. Ja.], n. 
[Late L. marchionksa, fern, of murchio, a mar- 
quess (7. ».)•] The wife of a marquis ; a lady of 
the rank of a marquis or marquess. 

Mare, ». [A.-S. mere; mearh, a horse; Icel. merr, 
from marr, ahorse; Dan. mar-. Ger. mahre. — Cf. 
Irish marc, a stallion. Eoot found apparently 
in Mongolian as well aa in Aryan languages.] 
The female of a horse. 

Marge, n. The margin. 

Mar'gin, n. [L. margo, marginu. — See Mark.] A 
border; a brink ; the verge : — the blank edge or 
border of a page. — {Stock Exchange.) A sum of 
money deposited by a speculator with his broker 
to secure the latter against loss on funds ad- 
vanced by him. — 2, v. a. [pp. margining, mar- 
gined.] To border with a margin. 

Mar'gin-al, a. "Written on the margin. 

Mar'grave, n. [Dut. markgraaf ; Ger. markgraf; 
mark, a march or border-land, and gmf, a count. 
— See Marquis.] A title of nobility in' Germany. 

Mar-gra'vi-ate, n. The territory, jurisdiction, or 

dignity of a margrave. 
Mar'gra-vine, n. [Dut. markgrarin ; Ger. mark- 

gr'dfin.] The wife of a margrave. 
Mar'i-gold [ma're-gold, S. K.], n. [St. Mary and 

gold.] A plant and its flower. 
Ma-rine' (ma-ren'), a. [L. marinvs; mare, the 
sea. — Cf. Kuss. more, Icel. marr, Welsh mor, the 
sea. — See Mere.] Belonging to the sea; mari- 
time. — 2, n. Sea-affairs : — the whole naval force ; 
a navy : — a sea-soldier. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, s8n ; bulL bur, rule, use. — 5. Q, 5, £, soft ; p, J3, p, g, hard ; § as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 
X 30* 



MARINES 



354 



MARTIN 



Mar'i-ner, n. One who gains his living at sea; a 
seamaii ; a sailor. 

Ma-ri-ol'a-try, n. [Gr. Mapi'a, Mary, and \arpela, 
worship'.] Worship of the Virgin Mary. 

Max-i-o-nette' (-net'), n. [Fr. Marionnette, dim. 
of Marion, itself a dim.' of Marie, Mary.] A little 
image in a puppet-show ; a puppet. 

Mar'ish, n. [Fr. marais ; Late L. mariscus ; It. 
marese. — See Marsh.] A marsh ; a wet place. 

Mar'i-tal [ma-ri'tal, Shi.], a. [L. maritalis ; muri- 
his,'& husband.— See Marry.] Pertaining to a 
husband. 

Mar'i-tlme [-tim, St. I.], a. [Fr. ; L. maritimus; 
mare, the sea.] Relating to the sea ; marine. 

Mar'jo-ram, >*. [Fr. marjolaine; It. rnajorana; 
Late L. majoraca; for L. amaracus ; Gr. ap-dpa- 
kos.] An aromatic plant. 

Mark, n. [A.-S. rnearc, bound, limit, mark; rnear- 
cian, to mark ; Dut. merk v ; Dan. mserke, a mark ; 
Ger. mark, Goth, raarka, a border-country : akin 
to L. margo, a margin ; Skr. marga, a trace.] A 
token by which any thing is known ; a stamp ; 
a print; an impression; a proof: — an object to 
shoot at: — [A.-S. marc; Ger. mark; Icel. mb'rk; 
Old Scot, merk: originally a mark, sign, or 
token ; then a fixed or marked weight or value] 
a silver coin : — a badge.— 2, v. a. [ jjp- marking, 
marked. 1 To impress with a token; to stamp; 
to branu -to observe; to note; to notice. — 
3, v. n. To note ; to take notice. 

Mark'ed-ly, ad. In a marked or notable manner ; 
so as to attract attention. 

Mark'er, n. One who, or that which, marks. 

Mar'ket, n. [L. mercatns, traffic, market; merx, 
mercis, merchandise ; mercari, to trade ; Ger. 
markl; Fr. marche : root of L. merere, to gain.] 
A place for buying ami selling, particularly pro- 
visions ; a place for anu time of sale ; a mart : — 
purchase and sale ; sale. — 2, r. n. [pp. market- 
ing, marketed.] To deal at a market ; to buy or 
sell. — 3, v. a.- To sell ; to dispose of. 

Mar'ket-a-ble, a. Fit for sale ; salable. 

Marks'man, n. A man skilful to hit a mark. 

Marks'man-ship, n. Skill in shooting. 

Marl, n. '[0. Fr. marie; Fr. marine ; Welsh, marl; 
Ger., Dan., & Dut. mergel; Late L. marga, mar- 
gila.) A kind of fertilizing earth.— 2, v. a. [pp. 
marling, marled.] To manure with marl. 

Mar'lin.., n. [Dut. marlijn; marren, to tie, and 
Zj/n, "aline.— See Moor.] (Naut.) A small, slightly- 
twisted line, used to wind round cables, &c. 

Mar'line-spike, n. An iron spike used by seamen. 

Marl'y, a. Abounding with or like marl. 

Mar' ma-lade, n. [Fr. marmelade; Port, marme- 
lada;'marmelo, a quince; L. melimelum, a honey- 
apple, a quince ; Gr. /u.eAi,u.7}Aov, a sweet apple ; 
/ne'Ai, honey, and p.r)\ov, an apple.] A confec- 
tion of quinces, &c, boiled with sugar. 

Mar-mo-§et\ n. [0. Fr. ; Fr. marmouset, dim. of 
marmot, a puppet, an ape; 0. Fr. merme, tiny, 
little : corrupted from L. minimus, very small.] 
A small monkey. 

Mar'mot, or Mar-mot' [mar-mot', S. W. ; mar'- 
mot, I. R. St. Ja. K. Wb. ; 
mar-mot', P. Sm.], n. [It. 
marmotfo ; Fr. marmotte ; 
Romansch, murmont; L. 
mus, muris, a mouse, and 
mons, montiz, a moun- 
tain.] A burrowing ani- 
mal classed with rodents. Marmot. 

Ma-r66n', n. [Fr. marron, It. marrone, a chestnut.] 
A brownish-crimson or claret color : — [Fr. mar- 
ron; Sp. cimarron, wild ; cima, a mountain-ridge] 
a free negro living in the mountains in the West 
Indies. — 2, a. Brownish-crimson ; of a claret 
color. — 3, v. a. [pp. marooning, marooned.] 
(Naut.) To leave on a desolate island, as sailors, 
for punishment. 

Mar'plot, n. One who defeats or mars a plot or 
design by officious interference. 




Marque (mark), n. [Fr. for "a mark," — formerly 
a march, or border-district : it probably acquired 
the sense of reprisal in connection with border 
forays.] (Law.) A license : — a reprisal. — Letter 
of marque and reprisal, a license to make reprisals 
on an enemy. 

Mar-quee' (mar-ke'), n. [Fr. marquise, a marchion- 
ess, — also a tent ; said to have been an army- 
tent to shelter ladies of rank ; but perhaps 
named from its elegance.] A field-tent. 

Mar'quess (mar'kwes), \ n. [Sp. marques; Fr. mar- 
Mar' quis (mar'kwis), } quis ; It. marchese ; Late 
L. marchensis or marchio ; marcha, a mark, or 
march, a border-district. — Cf. Margrave.] (Eng) 
One of he second order of nobility, next below 
a duke. — Till of late, marquis was the usual and 
almost the only form. 

Mar'quet-ry. (mar'ket-re), n. [Fr. marqueterie ; 
marqueter, to spot, to inlay; marque, a mark.] 
Inlaid work. 

Mar'quis-ate, n. The seigniory of a marquis. 

Marquise (mar-kez'), n. [Fr.] A marchioness. 

Ma.r'ria£e (mar'rij), n. [Fr. mariage ; Late L. 
maritagimn. — See Marry.] The act of uniting a 
man and woman for life ; wedlock ; matrimony. 

Mar'riafe-a-ble (mar'rij-a-bl), a. That may be 
married; fit for wedlock ; nubile. 

Mar' row (mar'ro), n. [A.-S. mearh ; Dut. merg ; 
Ger. mark; Dan. maro.~\ An oily substance in 
bones ; the pith : — essence or best part. 

Mar'row-fat, n. A large, rich pea. 

Mar'row-less, «. Void of marrow or pith. 

Mar'row-y, a. Pithy ; full of marrow. 

Mar'ry^ v. a. [Fr. marier ; L. m.aritare ; maritus, a 
husband ; mas, maris, a male.] [ pp. marrying, 
married.] To unite in marriage; to give in 
marriage ; to take in marriage. — 2, v. n. To 
enter into the conjugal state. — 3, interj. By 
Mary (an oath). 

Mar§, n. The Roman god of war : — a planet. 

Marsh, n. [A.-S. mersc, Low Ger. marsch, a marsh ; 
A.-S. merisc, marshy. — See Mere.] A watery 
tract of land ; a swamp. 

Mar'shal, n. [Fr. marechal; Ger. marscltall; 0. 
Ger. marah, a horse, a steed (see Mare), and 
8halk, A.-S. scealc, a servant. — Cf. Ger. & Dut. 
schalk, a knave.] A chief officer of arms or of an 
army ; a field-marshal : — a police-officer : — a 
master of ceremonies ; a herald. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
marshalling, marshalled.] To arrange; to rank 
in order. 

Mar'shal-ship, n. The office of a marshal. 

Marsh'-mal-low, n. An astringent salt-marsh 
plant : — a confection. 

Marsh'y, a. Boggy; wet; fenny; swampy. 

Mar-su'pi-al, n. [L. marsupium, a pouch ; Gr. 
jxapo-v nio'v, dim. of ixdp&vnos, a bag.] One of a 
class of quadrupeds the female of which carries 
her young in a pouch, as the kangaroo. — Used 
also as an adjective ; as, a marsupial animal. 

Mart, n. [For market.] A place of public traffic ; 
a market. 

Mar-tel'lo, a. [It. martello, a hammer : a bell in 
the tower was formerly struck with a hammer 
on the approach of an enemy.] Noting a circu- 
lar tower for defence. 

Mar'ten, n. [Fr. & 0. E. 
martre ; 0. E. also mar- 
tern; It. martosa; Ger. 
murder; A.-S. meard ; 
L. martes.] A large kind 
of weasel : — a martin. 

Mar'tial (mar'shal), a. 
[L. martialis, like Mars 

(gen. Marlis).] Warlike; given to war; suiting 
war; military; soldier-like. 

Mar'tial (mar'shal), \ a. Of or pertaining to the 

Mar'tian (mar'shan), J planet Mars. 

Mar' tin, a. [Fr. ;" properly, a personal name, like 
Robin, Jenny Wren, &c] A swallow ; a martlet : 
— a marten. 




a, e, I, o, ii, y, long ; a, e, I, o, fl, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, f&st, fall ; heir, her; 



MAKTIXET 



355 



MATE 



Mar-ti-net', n. [From a French tactician of that 
name in the seventeenth century.] A kind of 
swallow : — a precise or stz-ict military disciplina- 
rian.— (Xaut.) A small rope. 

Mar' tin-gal, ( n. [Fr. ; originally the name of 

Mar' tin-gale, J a kind of breeches; named from 
Martigu.es in Provence.] A strap made fast to a 
horse's girth. — (Xaut.) A spar. 

Mar' tin-mas. n. [St. Martin and Mass.] Feast of St. 
Martin, — Nov. 11. [of swallow; a martin. 

Mart'let, n. [Fr. martelet, a dim. of martin.] A kind 

MaVtyr, n. [L.; Gr. ixdprvp, fxdprvs, a witness.] 
One who is put to death fur the truth, or on ac- 
count of his belief.— 2, v. a. [pp. martyring, 
martyred.] To put to death as a martyr. 

Mar'tyr-dom, re. The death of a martyr. 

Mar-tyr-ol'o-gist, n. A writer of martyrology. 

Mar-tyr-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ixdprvp, a martyr, and 
Ao-yos, a discourse.] A register of martyrs. 

Mar'vel, n. [Fr. merveille, It. rnaraviglia, a mar- 
vel ; L. mirabUia, wonderful things; mirabilis, 
wonderful; mirari, to admire; minis, strange.] 
Any thing astonishing; a wonder; a prodigy; a 
miracle. See Miracle. — 2, v. n. [pp. marvel- 
ling, marvelled.] To wonder ; to be astonished. 

Mar'vel-lous, a. Wonderful; amazing; very 
strange ; astonishing; extraordinary. 

Mar'vel-loSs-ly, ad. Wonderfully. 

Mar'vel-lous-ness. n. Wonderfulness. 

Mas'cu-line, «• [L. masculinus, or masculus; mas, 
a male.] Male ; not feminine ; manly. — (Gram.) 
Considered of the male sex. 

Mas'cu-lme-ly, ad. In a masculine manner. 

Mas'cii-line-ness, re. Masculine quality. 

Mas-cu-lin'i-ty, ». Masculine quality. 

Mash, a. [I)an. mask; Ger.meisch: root of Mix.] 
A mixture; a mass: — a mesh. — 2, v. a. [Dan. 
mseske ; Ger. me'ischeu; Celt, masg : distinct from 
Fr. mdcher, to chew, to mash.] [pp. mashing, 
mashed.] To beat into a mass ; to mix : — to smash. 

Mask, n. [Fr. masque, a mask, a masker; Sp. 
mascara, a masker; Arab, maskharat, & buffoon.] 
A cover to disguise the face ; a blind ; a visor : — 
a revel.— 2, a, a. [pp. masking, masked.] To 
disguise as with a mask ; to cover. 

Mask'er, n. One who revels in a mask. 

Ma'son (ma'sn), tt. [Fr. maCon; Late L. macio ; 
Ger. steinmetz ; 0. Ger. mezzo; meissen, to hew.] 
A builder in stone or brick : — a free-mason. 

Ma-son'ic, a. Relating to masons, or to free- 
masons, [son : — free-masonry. 

Ma'son-ry. h. [Fr. mafohnerie.] Work of a ma- 
Masque (mask), )j. [Fr.] A mask : — a histrionic 
pageant. 

Mas-quer-ade' (tnas-ker-ad'), n. [Fr. mascarade; 
It. masi-herhta ; Sp. n/ascarada. — See Masque.] 
A diversion in which the company is masked; 
disguise. — 2, v. n. [pp. masquerading, masquer- 
aded.] To assemble in masks : — to go in disguise. 

Mas-quer-ad'er, n. A person in a mask. 

Mass, ))■ [Fr. masse; L. massa; Gr. ixdo-a-eiv, to 
knead.] A body; a lump; the bulk; the whole 
quantity : — a confused assemblage : — [A.-S. 
msesse, Ger. messe, Sw. messa, Fr. mease, Dut. 
mis, Late L. miasa, a mass; L. mittere, mission, 
to send away] the celebration of the Lord's sup- 
per in the Roman Catholic church :— music for 
the Eucharistic celebration. — 2, v. a. & r. n. [pp. 
massing, massed.] To assemble in a body. 
Mas'sa-cre (mas'a-ker), n. |Fr. ; probably related 
to Ger. metzgern, to slaughter: akin to Mason.] 
Indiscriminate destruction; carnage; butchery; 
murder.— 2, /•. a. [Fr. massaerer.] [pp. massa- 
cring, massacred.] To butcher; to slaughter. 
Massage uua-sazb'), ». [Fr. ; masser, to mass 
(q. v.) ; Gr. fidaveiv, to knead.] A method of 
treating certain ailments by pinching and knead- 
ing the body; shampooing. 
Mas'se-ter, n. (Anat.) [Gr. /uacrrjTTjp ; nao-dadai, 
to chew'.] A muscle of the lower jaw that assists 
in chewing;. 



Mas' si-cot, n. [Fr.] A yellowish oxide of lead. 

Mas'si-ness, \ n. State or quality of being mas- 

Mas'sive-ness, J sive; weight; bulk. [massy. 

Mas'sive, a. [Fr. massif.] Heavy ; weighty ; bulky; 

Mas'sy, «. Bulky ; heavy; massive. 

Mast [mast, I. St.; mast, H.], n. [A.-S. msest, a 
tree, a mast ; Dut., Sw., Dan., A: Ger. mast] The 
elevated beam or timber of a vessel : — [A.-S. 
msest; Ger. mast; mdsten, to fatten] the fruit of 
the oak, beech, &c. 

Mas'ter [mas'ter, I. St. ; mas'ter, H.], re. [Fr. 
maitre, 0. Fr. maistre, L. magister, a master; 
originally a comparative form from magnus, 
great.] One who has servants, persons, or things 
in subjection ; a director : — a teacher of a school : 
— an owner:— a ruler: — a title in universities; 
as, master of arts :— an official title in law ; as, 
master in chancery : — an appellation given to a 
boy in his minority ; as, Master Henry : — a term 
of respect, abbreviated to Mr. and in pronuncia- 
tion corrupted to mister. — 2, c. a. [pp. master- 
ing, mastered.] To rule; to govern: to guide. 

Mas'ter-ful, «. Masterly; having skill or ability: 
— imperious. 

Mas'ter-key, n. A key which opens many locks : 
— a clew out of many difficulties. [able. 

Mas'ter-ly, a. Having or showing skill ; skilful ; 

Mas'ter-piece, n. A capital perforn tnv'e. 

Mas'ter-ship, n. The position of aster : — mas- 
tery. 

Mas'ter-stroke, ». A clever achievement. 

Mas'ter-y, n. Dominion; rule; superiority. 

Mast' -head, n. (Xaut.) The head d*. mast. — 2,v.a. 
[pp. mast-heading, mast-headed.] To cause to 
remain at the mast-head as a punishment. 

Mas' tic. n. [Gr. ixaanxr). —literally, chewing- 
substance.— See MASr cate.] The lentisk, a tree 
and its resin. 

Mas'ti-cate, v. a. [L. maslicare, masticatum; Gr. 
ixaarrd^eiy, to chew. — Cf. L. mandere, to chew.] 
[pp. masticating, masticated.] To chew with 
the teeth. [chewing. 

Mas-ti-ca'tion, n. [L. mastieaiio.] The act of 

Mas'ti-ca-to-ry, re. Medicine or other substance 
to be chewed. 

Mas'tiff [mas'tif, St. J. ; mas'tif, H.], ». [Fr. 
matin, a mastiff, a fat man ; 6. Fr. mastin, It. 
mastino, a mastiff; Sp. mastin, a mastiff, a clumsy 
fellow. — Cf. Ger. mast, mastig, tat; masten, to 
fatten.] A large, fierce breed of dog. 

Mas'to-don, n. [Gr. /xao-ros, breast, nipple, and 
68ous, 656fTos, a tooth.] A huge quadruped 
allied to the elephant, now extinct. 

Mas' told, a. [Gr. /uao-ToeiS^s ; /uao-ro?, a nipple.] 
Shaped like the breast. 

Mas-tur-ba'tion, n. [L. masturbari, to defile one's 
self.] Self-pollution. 

Mat, n. [L. matla; Late L. natta ; A.-S. meatta ; 
Dut. mat ; Ger. matta ; Fr. natte : probably akin 
to L. mama, nappa, a napkin (</. ».).] A texture 
of sedge, flags, rushes, &c, used for wiping the 
feet and for other purposes. — 2, v. a. [pp. mat- 
ting, matted.] To cover with, mats; to twist. 

Match, n. [Fr. meclie. — Cf. L. mi/.ra, a wick, or a 
wick-tube; Gr. /u.u£a, a nostril, a nozzle.] Any 
thing that catches fire: — [A.-S. msecca, maca, 
0. E. make, a mate (q. v.), a companion ; Sw. 
make, a fellow ; Dan. wage, a companion, a 
match] a contest; a game': — one equal to an- 
other; an equal : — a union by marriage. — 2, r. a. 
[jip. matching, matched.] To be equal to; to 
suit ; to marry. — 3, v. v. To be married ; to suit ; 
to tally ; to resemble closely. 

Match'a-ble, a. Comparable ; fit to be compared. 

Match'less, a. Having no equal : unrivalled. 

Match'lock. n. A gun-luck holding a match; a 
gun fired by a lock holding a match. 

Mate, n. [Dut. maat ; 0. Sw. mat: root of A.-S. 
msecca, maca, a mate ; propei'ly gemaca, an equal, 
one of like make (7. v.).] A companion ; an as- 
sociate : — a second officer in a mercliant-vessel : 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c, g, soft; p, p, g, g, hard; § ;i» z . x as gz ; this. 



MATE 



356 



MAWKISH 



— checkmate. — 2, v. a. [pp. mating, mated.] 
To match ; to marry ; to equal :— [see Check- 
mate] to checkmate. 

Mate (ma'ta), n. [Guarani.] Paraguay tea. 

Ma-te'ri-al, a. [L. materialis. — See Matter.] 
Consisting of matter; corporeal; not spiritual; 
important; essential.— 2, n . The substance of 
which any thing is made ; matter. 

Ma-te'ri-al-ism, n. Doctrine of materialists. 

Ma-te'ri-al-ist, n. One who denies the existence 
of spiritual substances. 

Ma-te-ri-al'i-ty., n. Corporeity; material exist- 
ence: — importance; moment; -weight. 

Ma-te-ri-al-i-za/tion, n. The act of material- 
izing or of rendering or becoming material. 

Ma-te'ri-al-Ize, v. a. [pp. materializing, mate- 
rialized.'] To form into matter.— 2, v. n. To 
assume a material form. 

Ma-te'ri-al-ly, ad. In a material manner. 

Ma-te'ri-a med'i-ca. flu] Substances used in 
medicine : — the branch of medical science which 
treats of the knowledge of medicines. 

Ma-te'rj-el (-ta'-), n. [Fr.] The provisions, arms, 
equipage, &c, of an army or a navy. 

Ma-ter'nal, a. [L. m ate ni alts ; mater, a mother 
(q. v.).] Befitting a mother ; motherly. 

Ma-ter'ni-ty, ». [L. matemitas ; Fr. matemite. — 
See Mother.] State or relation of a mother. 

Math-e-mat'ic, \a. [Gr. ju.a07jju.aTi;c6s, belong- 

Math-e-mat'i-cal, J ing to knowledge ; ^dOn^a, 
learning, science ; fxavOdvetv, to learn. — Cf. Skr. 
man, to think.] Relating to mathematics ; con- 
formed or according to mathematics. [matics. 

Math-e-mat'i-cal-ly, ad. According to niathe- 

Math-e-ma-ti"cian (math-e-ma-tish'an), n. One 
who is versed in mathematics* 

Math-e-mat'ics, n. [See Mathematic] That sci- 
ence which treats of numbers and magnitude, 
or of whatever is capable of being numbered or 
measured. 

Ma-ti'co [mat'e-kd, St. N.], n. [Peruvian.] A 
medicinal shrub and its leaves. 

Mat'in, a. [See Matins.] Relating to or used in 
the" morning. 

Mat-i-nee (mat-e-na'), n. [Fr.] The forenoon : — 
an afternoon musical or dramatic entertainment. 

Mat'ins, n. pi. [Fr. matin, It. mattino, morning; 
L. matutinns, belonging to morning.] Morning 
worship or service. 

Mat'rass, n. [Sp. matraz; Fr. matras, a javelin or 
arrow, — also, a long, slender vessel ; L. materis, 
a Celtic javelin.] A chemical glass vessel. 

Ma'trice (ma'tris), n. [L. matrix : akin to mater, 
matris, mother.] The womb ; a matrix. 

Mat'rice (mat' ris), n. A matrix ; a mould for 
casting types, coins, <fcc. 

Mat'ri-clde, n. [L. matricida, a matricide (per- 
son) ; matrieidium, matricide (the crime); mater, 
a mother, and csedere, to slay.] The murder of 
a mother : — the murderer of a mother. 

Ma-tric'u-late, v. a. [Late L. matricidare, matricu- 
latum, to enroll; L. matricida, a list, dim. of 
mater, a mother, — later, a register.] [pp. ma- 
triculating, matriculated.] To admit to mem- 
bership. — 2, v. n. To be enrolled as a member. 

Ma-tric'u-late, n. One who is matriculated. 

Ma-tric-u-la'tion, n. The act of matriculating. 

Mat-ri-mo'ni-ai, a. Relating to marriage. 

Mat-ri-mo'ni-al-ly,, ad. Connubially. 

Mat'ri-mo-ny, «. [L. matrimonium, marriage, — 
properly, the condition or state of being a wife ; 
from mater, mother.] The state of those who are 
married ; the nuptial state ; wedlock ; marriage. 

Ma/trix, n. [L. — See Matrice.] The womb; a 
mould ; a matrice : — a gangue. 

Ma'tron, n. [Fr. matrone ; L. matrona, — extended 
form of mater, mother (q. v.).] An elderly lady : 
— a married woman. 

Mat'ron-al, or Ma'tron-al, a. [L. matronalis.] 
Relating or suitable to a' matron ; motherly. 

Ma'tron-ly, a. Motherly; matron-like. 



[Dan. matros, Dut. matroos, Ger. 
sailor.] An under-soldier in the 



Ma-tross', 
malrose, i 
artillery. 

Matte (mat), n. [Fr. matte, regulus, curds.— Cf. 
Sp. mate, rough.] Crude copper ; a mass of crude 
copper. 

Mat'ter, n. [Fr. matiere, L. matena, matter, stuff.] 
That which is visible or tangible; that which 
occupies space ; body ; substance extended, either 
solid, liquid, or aeriform :— pus :— subject ; affair ; 
business :— importance.— 2, v. n. [pp. mattering, 
mattered.] To be of importance ; to import. 

Mat' ting, n. Materials for mats: — mats; a cov- 
ering for floors. 

Mat' took, n. [A.-S. mattuc ; Welsh, matog ; Gael. 
madag ; Russ. motuika; Lith. muttikas.] A tool 
of husbandry ; a pickaxe. 

Mat' tress, n. [Fr. matelas; 0. Fr. materas ; It. 
materasso.—Cf. Sp. almadraque, a mattress ; from 
the Arabic] A bed stuffed with hair, wool, &c. 

Mat'u-rate (mat'yu-rat), v. a. & r. n. [L. maturare, 
maturation, to ripen ; maturus, ripe.] [ pp. matu- 
rating,^ maturated.] To ripen; to suppurate. 

Mat-u-ra'tion, n. [L. matiiratio.] The state of 
growing ripe :— suppuration. 

Ma-ture', a. [L. maturus, ripe.] Having maturity ; 
perfected by time ; perfect in growth, in condi- 
tion, or in years ; ripe ; complete ; well digested ; 
well considered. — 2, v. a. [pp. maturing, ma- 
tured.] To ripen; to make ripe. — 3, v. n. To 
become ripe or perfect. 

Ma-ture'ly, ad. Ripely ; completely ; early. 

Ma-tu'ri-ty, n. [Fr. matin- itc ; L. maturitas.] A 
mature state; ripeness.— {Law.) The time when 
a note is due. 

Mat'u-ti-nal [ma-tu'tj-nal, K. ; mat-yu-ti'nal or 
ma-tu'tj-nal, H. ; mat'yu-ti'ual, St. I. K.), a. 
[L. matutinalis.—See Matin.] "Relating to the 
morning. 

Maud'lin, a. [From Mary Magdalen, as the type 
of tearful repentance. The name Magdalen is 
from the town Magdala ; named from Heb. 
migdol, a tower.] Drunk; fuddled; stupid; 
gushing :— excessively sentimental. 

Mau'gre (maw'ger), prep. [0. Fr. ; Fr. malgrc, in 
spite of; L. malus, ill, and gratum, pleasing.] 
In spite of. 

Maul, n. [See Mall.] A heavy wooden hammer; 
a mall. — 2, v. a. [pp. mauling, mauled.] To 
beat harshly ; to mall. 

Maul'-stick, n. [Ger. malerstocJc ; maler, a painter, 
and stock, a stick.] A painter's stick on which 
he rests his hand while painting. 

Maund [inand, W. Ja. Sm. ; mawnd, St. I. P. E. J. 
K. C'.j, n. [Dut. & A.-S. mand, a basket.] A 
hand-basket; a hamper :— [Per., Hind., & Beng. 
man or mand] a weight in India. 

Maun'der [niawn'der, S. P. J. K. St. I.], v. n. [0. E. 
maunder, a beggar; from maund, a basket.] [pp. 
maundering, maundered.] To murmur; to beg. 

Maun'dy-Thiir§'dax, n. [L. mandatnm novum, a 
new commandment. — See John xiii. 34.] The 
Thursday preceding Good Friday and Easter. 

Mau-so-le'um, n. [L. ; Gr. fj.avo-<akelov ; from the 
splendid tomb of Mausolns, a satrap of Caria.] 
L. pi. Mau-so-le'a; Eng. Mau-so-le'ums. A 
magnificent tomb or monument. 

Mauve (or mov), n. [Fr. mauve, mauve, a mallow; 
L. malva, a mallow : referring to certain tints 
in the flowers of a mallow.] A rich violet color- 
ing matter obtained from aniline and yielding a 
variety of brilliant and permanent shades : — the 
color it produces. — 2, a. Of a rich violet color. 

Ma' vis, n. [Fr. manvis; Sp. malvis: probably a 
Celtic word.] A thrush, or a bird like a thrush. 

Maw, n. [A.-S. maga ; Dut. maag ; Dan. mave; 
Ger. magen.] The stomach of animals : — the craw. 

Mawk'ish, a. [0. E. mawkish, maggoty, loath- 
some ; madek, meade, Dan. maddik, Norse makk, 
Ger. made, a maggot.] Apt to give satiety or 
to cause loathing. 



e, l, o, u, y, 



a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y,, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



MAW-SEED 



357 



MEDDLESOME 



Maw'-seed, n. The seed of a species of poppy, 
used as food or medicine for birds. 

MaVw'-worm (-wiirm), ». A worm in the stomach ; 
hence, a parasite. 

Max-Il'la, n. ; pi. Max-Il'lae. [L. for *' a jaw- 
bone ;"'dim. of mala, the cheek.] A jaw ; a jaw- 
bone, [jaw-bone. 

Max'il-la-ry, a. [L. maxillaris.] Belonging to the 

Max'im.'re. '[L. maximus, greatest, superlative of 
magnus, great.] A generally received and ad- 
mitted truth or principle ; a leading truth in 
morals ; an aphorism ; a proverb. See Axiom. 

Max'i-mum, n. ; pi. Max'i-ma. [L.] The greatest 
quantity attainable in a' given case : — opposed to 
minimum.— 2, a. The greatest. 

May (ma), auxiliary verb. [A.-S. ic mseg, l>ut. ik 
■ mag, I may ; A.-S. mugan, Dut. mogen, Ger. 
mogen, to be able.] [t. might.] To be per- 
mitted ; to be allowed ; to be possible. — 5J, n. 
[L. mains; said to be in honor of the goddess 
Maia: akin to major, greater: it is the month 
of growth.] The fifth month of the year. — 
3, v. n. To gather flowers on May-day. [fruit. 

May'-ap-ple, n. The American mandrake and its 

May'-day (nia'da), n. The first day of May. 

May'-flbw-er, n. A flower that blossoms in May. 

May-hap', ad. Perhaps; it may be. 

Mayhem (ma/hem or mam), n. [See Maim.] 
(Law.) The act of maiming ; lameness; maim. 

May'ing, n. The gathering of flowers on May-day. 

May'or [mu'ur, \\~. J. F. Ja. Sm. Wb. ; mar, S. 
E.],'n. [Sp. mayor, L. major, greater.] The chief 
magistrate of a city. 

May'or-al-ty, re. The office of a mayor. 

May'or-ess, re. The wife of a mayor. 

May'-pole, n. A pole danced round in May. 

Maz'ard, n. [0. E. mazer, a bowl, — at first a 
maple bowl ; 0. Dut. maser, a knot. — Cf. Icel. 
mosurr, a maple; 0. Ger. masa, a spot, a dot.] 
A sort of cherry :— the head. 

Maze. n. [Norse masa, to chatter, to be occupied 
with troublesome work ; Local Sw. masa, to be 
lazy.] A state of perplexity ; a labyrinth ; con- 
fusion; uncertainty; perplexity. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
mazing, mazed.] To bewilder; to amaze. 

Ma-zur'ka, n. [From Mazovia, a former district 
in Poland, whose people were called Maeures. 
Mazurka is also the name of a town and river in 
Russia.] A Polish dance in % or % time; also, 
the music to which it is danced. 

Ma'zy, a. Full of windings. 

Me, pron. [A.-S. me; Dut. my; Ger. mich; L. me; 
Gr. /me, e/u.e; Skr. me.] The objective case of /. 

Mead. n. [A.-S. medu, Dut. mede, Ger. meth, Welsh 
me<bl, Gr. p.eOv, intoxicating drink. — Cf. Skr. 
mailltu. sweet ; Lith. middus, mead, medus, honey ] 
A drink made of water and honey; hydromel ; 
nietheglin : — [see Meadow] a meadow. 

Mead'ow (med'o), re. [A.-S. msedu; Ger. mahd, a 
mowing; Swiss matt, a meadow: root of Mow.] 
Land mown for hay : — low or marshy land. 

Mea'gre (me'ger), a. [Fr. maigre ; Ger. mager; 
Dan. magr; L. macer, thin.] Lean; thin; poor. 

Mea'gre-ly (me'ger-le), ad. Poorly; thinly. 

Mea'gre-ness (me'ger-nes), n. Leanness. 

Meal, n. [A.-S. mad, Dut. maal, a time, a meal; 
Ger. muhl, a meal ; mat, time.] A repast: — [A.-S. 
melu ; Dut. & Dan. meel ; Ger. mehl: root of 
Mill] corn or grain ground. 

Meal'i-ness, n. The quality of being mealy. 

Meal'y, a. Having or resembling meal. 

Meal'y-moutned (mele-mouthd), a. Bashful; 
using soft words ; suppressing the truth. 

Mean, a. [A.-S. mxne, wicked. — Cf. A.-S. gemsene, 
Dut. gemeen, common, bad; Icel. meinn, base: 
perhaps referable to the root of Diminish.] 
Wanting dignity ; of low rank; ordinary; com- 
mon; base; contemptible; low; vile; coarse: — 
[Fr. mogen ; 0. Fr. meien ; L. medianus, for me- 
dius, middle] middle: intermediate; moderate. — 
2, n. A middle state between two extremes ; 



a medium; a middle rate ; mediocrity : — means. 
— 3, v. n. [A.-S. msenan; Dut. meenen; Dan. 
mene; Ger. meinen : root of Mind.] [i. meant; 
pp. meaning, meant.] To have in mind ; to pur- 
pose. — 4, v. a. To purpose ; to intend ; to design. 

Me-an'der, n. [L. Mseander, Gr. MaiavSpos, a 
river celebrated for its windings.] A labyrinth ; 
a winding. — 2, v. n, [pp. meandering, mean- 
dered.] To run with a winding course. — 3, v. a. 
To turn round ; to wind about : — to follow out ; 
to track. 

Mean'ing, re. That which is meant ; design ; pur- 
pose'; intention; signification; sense. — 2, a. Sig- 
nificant; suggestive; full of meaning. 

Mean'ing-less, a. Without any meaning. 

Mean'ing-ly, ad. Significantly. 

Mean'iy, ad. In a mean manner; basely. 

Mean'ness, n. Want of dignity ; baseness. 

Means, n. sing. & pi. [See Mean.] An instru- 
ment ; method ; mode ; way. — pi. Income ; rev- 
enue ; resources. 

Meant (nient), i. & p. from mean. 

Mean'time, ad. In the intervening time. — 2, n. 
Intervening time. [Intervening time. 

Mean'while, ad. In the intervening time. — 2, ii. 

Mea'§le§ (nie'zlz), re. pi. [Dut. maselen : Ger. ma- 
sern; maser, O. Ger. masa, a spot.] A contagious, 
eruptive disease : — a disease in swine. 

Mea'sly (ine'zle), a. Infected with measles. 

Meas/u-ra-ble (mezh'u-ra-bl), a. That may be' 
measured : — moderate ; small. 

Meas'u-ra-bly (mezh'u-ra-ble), ad. Moderately. 

Meas'iire (mezh'ur), re. [Fr. mesure; L. mensvra: 
metiri, mensus, to measure.] That by which any 
thing is measured ; a standard : — proportion ; 
extent; degree ; quantity : — moderation; limit: 
— metre: — musical time. — ph Proceedings. — 
2, v. a. [pp. measuring, measured.] To compute 
by rule; to adjust; to proportion; to mark out. 

Meas/ure-less (niezh'ur-les), a. Immeasurable. 

Meas'ure-ment (mezh'ur-nient), n. Act of meas- 
uring; measure; mensuration. 

Meat, ». [A.-S. mete; Dan. mad; Goth, mats, 
food.] Flesh to be eaten; food. 

Me-a'tus, n. [L. ; meare, meatum, to pass, to go.]» 
A passage in the animal body. 

Meat'y, «. Having meat; fleshy. 

Me-ehan'ic, n. [Gr. /ar/xaiuKo? ; /unj^a»'>j, a ma- 
chine (<]. v.).] One employed in mechanical or 
manual labor; an artisan ; an artificer. 

Me-chan'ic, \a. Relating to mechanism or 

Me-chan'i-cal. (mechanics; employed in manual 
labor. — Mechanical powers, the lever, the wheel 
and axle, the pulley, the inclined plane, the 
wedge, and the screw. [by force of habit. 

Me-ehan'i-cal-ly, ad. By mechanical means : — 

Mgch-a-ni"cian (mek-a-nfeh'an), n. A maker of 
machines; a mechaTiical phUosopher. 

Me-chan'ics, n. The science of the laws of matter 
and motion ; the science which treats of forces 
and powers, and of their action on bodies, either 
directly or by the intervention of machinery. 

Mech'an-ism, »• Action according to the laws of 
mechanics: — the construction of a machine. 

Med'al, n. [Fr. mSdaille; It. medagUa; Late L. 
medaha, medalla ; from L. metallum, metal (q. v.).] 
An ancient coin :— a piece of metal stamped in 
honor of some person or event. 

Me-dal'lion (me-dal'yvini. n. [Fr. medaiQon, It. 
medaglione, augmentative forms. — See Medal.] 
A large medal : — a figured tablet. 

Med'al-Hst, ». A person skilled in medals : — one 
who gains a prize-medal. 

Med'dle (med'dl), v. n. [0. Fr. mesler, meller, — cor- 
rupted under the influence of L. medius or its 
derivatives to medler ; Fr. mcler, to mix, to min- 
gle; Late L. vasculare, L. miscere, to mix; mis- 
cellus, mixed.] [pp. meddling, meddled.] To 
have to do ; to interfere. 

Med'dler, re. One who meddles ; a busybody. 

Med'dle-some, a. Intermeddling; officious. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, Q, c, &. soft; p, p, g, g, hard; § asz; x as gz ; this. 



MEDDLING 



358 



MELLOW 



Med'dling, n. Officious interference. — 2, a. Offi- 
cious'; interfering in other people's business. 

Me'di-a, n. [L.J Plural of medium. 

Med-j-se'val [me-, H. St.}, a. [L. medius, middle, 
and sevam, an age.] Relating to the middle 
ages :— written also medieval, 

Me'dj-al, a. Middle; mesial :— -average. 

Me'di-an, a. Middle; mesial: — pertaining to 
Media or the Medes. 

Me-di-as-ti'num, n. [L.] The mesian partition 
of the chest. 

Me'di-ate, v. n. [L. mediate, mediation, to be in 
the midst; medius, middle (q.v.).] [pp. medi- 
ating, mediated.] To interpose as a friend be- 
tween two parties; to intercede; to interfere. — 
2, v. a. To effect by mediation. 

Me'di-ate, o. Intervening : — not direct. 

Me'di-ate-ly, ad. By a secondary cause. 

Me-di-a'tion, u. Act of mediating; intervention; 
interference ; interposition ; intercession. 

Me'di-a-tlze, v. a. [See Mediate.] [pp. media- 
tizing, mediatized.] To render subject, as a 
prince, without deprivation of rank and titles. 

Me'dj-a-tor, n. [L. ; from mediare, to mediate 
[g. i-.).] ' One who interposes between two par- 
ties : — the Redeemer. 

Me-di-^-to'rj-al, a. Relating to a mediator. 

Me-di-a' tor-ship, n. The office of a mediator. 

Me'dj-a-to-ry, a. Pertaining to a mediator or to 
mediation. 

Me'di-a-trix, n. [L.] A female mediator. 

Med'ic, n. [L. medico, ; for Gr. /u.ijSik:7j, Median 
grass.] A certain forage-plant. 

Med'i-cal, a. [Fr. medical; Late L. viedicalis; L. 
medicos, a physician; mederi, to cure.] Relating 
to medicine. 

Med'i-cal-ly, ad. Physically ; medicinally. 

Med'i-ea-ment [med'e-ka-ment or me-dik'a-ment, 
W. I. F.], n. [L. medicamentum,] Any thing 
used in healing. 

Med'i-cate, v. a. [L. medicare, medicatnm, to cure.] 
[pp. medicating, medicated.] To treat or tinct- 
ure with medicine. [medicine. 

Med-i-ca'tion, n. [L. medicalio.] Treatment with 

Me-dlc'i-nal [me-dis'e-nal or nied-e-si'nal, S. W. 
J. Jo.], a. [L. medicinalis; Fr. medicinal.] Be- 
longing to physic or medicine; healing; sana- 
tive ; medical ; physical. 

Me-dic'i-nal-ly, ad. In a medicinal manner. 

Med'i-cine [med'sin, S. I. K. ; med'e-sin, collo- 
quially med'sin, St. Sm.], n. [L.medicina; me- 
deri, to heal. — Cf. Zend madh, to treat with med- 
icine ; madha, medical knowledge.— Cf. Mathe- 
matics.] That branch of physic which relates 
to the healing of diseases : — a drug : — a potion : 
— physic : — a remedial agent; a remedy. 

Med'i-co-le'gal, a. Relating to law and medi- 
cine, or to medical jurisprudence. 

Med-i-e'val, a. Same as Medieval. 

Me'di-o-cre (me'de-o-kur), a. [Fr. mediocre; L. 
mediocris; medius, middling, middle.] Of mod- 
erate quality or degree ; of moderate ability. 

Me-di-oe'ri-ty, n. [Fr. mediocritS; L. mediocritas.] 
Moderate degree ; middle rate, state, or degree ; 
moderation. ' 

Med'i-tate, v. a. [L. meditari, medUatus, to pon- 
der.] [pp. meditating, meditated.] To plan; to 
think on. — 2, v. ». To dwell in thought on any 
thing ; to think ; to contemplate. 

Med-i-ta'tion, n. [L. meditatio.] Deep thought; 
contemplation. [tation. 

Med'i-ta-tive, a. [L. meditatimis.] Given to medi- 

Med-i-ter-ra'ne-an. a. [L. viediterraneus ; medius, 
middle, and terra-, land.] Encircled by land, as 
a sea ; lying between lands. 

Me'di-um, n. ; L. pi. Me'di-a, Eng. Me'di-ums. 
[L. medius, middle (q. v.).] A space or sub- 
stance passed through : — the mean or middle 
state or degree ; mean :— an instrument through 
which an agent acts or is acted upon. — 2, a. 
Middling; average; median: — intermediate. 



Med'lar, n. [Gr. p.eo-m.\ov ; L. mespilum ; 0. Fr. 
meslier, mesle : probably under the influence of 
mesler, medler, to meddle (</. v.), it was corrupted 
to its present English form.] A tree, and the 
fruit of the tree. 

Med/ley (med'le), v. [0. Fr. medlee, meslee, Fr. 
melte, a confused fight, — properly, a mixture. — 
See Meddle.] A mixture ; mingled mass. 

Me-dul'la, ». [L. — Cf. medius, middle.] Marrow ; 
pith. 

Med'ul-la-ry, or Me-dul'la-ry, a. [L. medullars ; 
medulla, marrow.] Relating to marrow or pith. 

Me-du'sa, n. [Gr. Me'Soucra., one of the Gorgons, 
a being who had the power of turning all who 
looked at her into stone. The name may be the 
feminine of p-eSuv, a ruler.] A sea-nettle, or 
jelly-fish. 

Meed, n. [A.-S. med, Ger. miethe, hire.— Cf. Gr. 
fj.ia66<;, pay.] A reward ; recompense. 

Meek, a. [Sw. mjuk, pliant; Dan. myg, Dut. muiJc, 
soft.] Mild; not proud; gentle; humble. 

Meek'ly, ad. Mildly ; gently ; humbly. 

Meek'ness, n. Gentleness ; humility. 

Meer'schaum (-shbuni), n. [Ger. ; meer, the sea, 
and schaum, foam.] A magnesian mineral : — a 
tobacco-pipe made of meerschaum. 

Meet, a, [A.-S. gemet, from metan, to measure. 
The idea at first was that of fitting tightly; 
hence A.-S. msete, scanty, small.] Fit; proper; 
qualified; suitable.— 2, v. a. [A.-S. metan; Icel. 
viseta; Dan. mode : from the root of Moot (a. v.), 
a meeting.] [i. met; pp. meeting, met.] To 
come together from opposite directions ; to come 
face to face; to join; to find. — 3, v. n. To en- 
counter; to assemble. — i, n. An assembly, or 
place of assembly. [interview. 

Meet'ing:, ». [A.-S. gemeting.] An assembly ; an 

Meet'jng-house, n. A house of public worship; 
a chapel. See Church. 

Meet'ly, ad. Fitly ; properly ; suitably. 

Meet'ness, n. Fitness ; propriety. 

Meg-a-iith'ic, a. [Gr. ju.e'ya?, great, and Ai'0o?, a 
stone.] Consisting of large stones. 

Meg'a-lo-saur, n. [Gr. pieyas, peydkog, great, 
and' o-aOpos, a lizard.] A large extinct species 

Me-gass', n. See Begasse. [of lizard. 

Meg-a-the'ri-iim, n. [Gr. /ueyas, great, and 0rj- 
piov, dim. of Gyp, a beast.] A gigantic extinct 
mammiferous quadruped, allied to the sloth. 

Me-gilp', v. [litymology unknown.] An oily 
varnish used in mixing colors. 

Me'grim, n. [Fr. migraine; Late L. hemigranea ; 
L. hemicranium ; Gr. 17/u.t-, half, and Kpaviov, the 
skull.] A disorder of the head ; vertigo. 

Mel'an-fhol-ic, a. Dejected; melancholy. 

Mel'an-chol-y, n. [Gr. /aeAayxoAia; /u.eAa.9, black, 
and x oA7 ?i bile : excess of bile was regarded as 
the cause of lowness of spirits.] Depression of 
spirits and apprehension of evil: gloom; sad- 
ness; dejection. See Insanity. — 2, a. Gloomy; 
dejected ; sad : — causing depression of spirits. 

Melange (me-l;inzh'), n. [Fr.] A mixture. 

Melee (ma-la'), n. [Fr.— See Medley.] A battle ; 
a conflict. 

Mel'i-lot, ». [Gr. /ueAiAoro? ; /oceAi, honey, and 
Aioi-og, lotus, or clover.] A species of trefoil. 

Mel'io-rate (mel'yo-rat) [meie-o-rat, W. P. J. 
Ja.], v. a. [L. meliorare, melioratum; melior, 
better.] [pp. meliorating, meliorated.] To 
make better: to improve: to ameliorate. 

Mel-io-ra'tion (mel-yo-ra'shun), n. [L. ruelioratio.] 
Improvement ; amelioration. 

Mel-Hf lu-ence, n. A flow of sweetness. 

Mel-L'f lu-ent, ) «. [L. mellifluens, mellijfum; mel, 

Mel-Hf'lu-ous, J honey, and 'fluere, follow.] Flow- 
ing as with honey ; sweetly flowing. 

Mel' low (mel'lo), a. [A.-S. rnearu, Dut. murw, 
mollig, soft. — Cf. L. mollis, Gr. fia\aKO?, soft.] 
Soft ;' fully ripe ; mature.— 2, v. a. [pp. mel- 
lowing, mellowed.] To ripen : — to soften. — 
3, v. 11. To grow mcture ; to ripen. 



a, e, i, 0, 5, y, long ; a., e, 1, 



y, short; a, e, 



u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 



MELLOWNESS 



359 



MEKCANTILE 



Mel'low-ness, n. Maturity; softness. 

Me-lo'de-on, n. [Gr. /xeAo?, a song, and (JSeiov, a 
kind o'f inusic-hall.— See Ode.] A kind of organ : 
— a music-hall. 

Me-lod'ic, «. Of or pertaining to, or consisting 
of. melody ; melodious. 

Me-16'di-ous, a. Having melody ; musical. 

Me-lo'di-ous-ness, ». Sweetness of sound. 

Mel'o-dize, v. a. [pp. melodizing, melodized.] 
To make melodious. 

Mel-o-dra'ma, «. [Gr. /ueAo?, a song, and Spa^ia, 
a drama (</. v.).] Melodrame : — a sensational, 
romantic play. 

Mel-o-dra-mat'ie, a. Eelating to a melodrama; 
sensational. " [melodramas. 

Mel-o-dram'a-tist, n. A writer, or a player^ of 

Mel'o-drame [mel'o-dram, Ja. C. ; me'lo-dram, 
Sid'.], n. [Fr.] A drama with songs or music; 
a sensational, i-omantic play. 

Mel'o-dy, n. [Gr. ixe\(i>8ia ; ju.e'Ao?, a song, and 
iuS-q, an ode (q. v.).] An agreeable succession of 
sounds of a single voice ; sweetness of sound ; 
air or tune: — harmony; accordance; music. 

Mel'on, n. [L. melo, melonis. — Cf. Gr. /xrjAoi', L. 
malum, an apple.] A creeping plant and its fruit. 

Melt, v. a. [A.-S. melton; probably related to 
Smelt.] [pp. melting, melted.] to make liq- 
uid :— to soften. — 2, v. n. To become liquid ; to 
be softened.— 3, n. An act of melting. 

Melt' nig, n. Act of softening; inteneration. — 
2, a. Tender; kindly :— affecting. 

Mem'ber, n. [Fr. membre; L. membrum. — Cf. Skr. 
marman, member, joint.] A part of any thing; 
a limb; a clause: — one of a society or commu- 
nity. 

Mem'bered (mem'berd), a. Having limbs. 

Mem'ber-ship, n. State of a member; union : — 
members collectively. 

Mem-bra-na'ceous (-shus), a. [E. membranaceus.] 
Consisting of membranes, membranous. 

Mem'brane, n. [L. menibrana: akin to Member.] 
A web of several sorts of fibres ; a thin, elastip, 
white skin, or film. 

Mem'bra-noiis, a. Consisting of, or constructed 
like, membranes ; membranaceous. 

Me-men'to, n. ; pi. Me-men'tos. [L. ; imperative 
from memini, I remember.] A memorial; a re- 
membrancer; a notice: a hint. 

Me-moir' (me-ruoir' or mem'war), n. [Fr. mimoire. 
— See Memory.] An account of transactions 
written as remembered : — a biographical notice: 
— a record. See History. 

Mem-o-ra-bll'i-a, n. pi [L.] Things worthy.of 
being recorded' or remembered. 

Mem'o-ra-ble, «. [L. memorabilis.] Worthy of 
remembrance; signal; illustrious; remarkable. 

Mem'o-ra-bly, ad. In a memorable manner. 

Mem-o-ran'dum, n. [B.] L. pi. Mem-o-ran'da ; 
Eng. Mem-o-ran'dums. A note to help the 
memory ; a notice ; a record. 

Me-mo'ri-al, a. [L. memorialis.] Preserving 
memory. — 2, n. Something to preserve the 
memory; a monument; record: — a written ad- 
dress, soliciting attention. 

Me-mo'ri-al-ist, n. One who signs a memorial. 

Me-mo'ri-al-Ize, v. a. [pp. memorializing, me- 
morialized.] To address by a memorial; to 
petition. 

Mem'o-rize. v. a. [pp. memorizing, memorized.] 
To record; to register : — to commit to memory; 
to learn by heart. 

Mem'o-ry^ n. [L. memoria; memor, mindful; 
mem'ini, I remember. — Cf. Skr. snai, to remem- 
ber.] The faculty of recollecting things past; 
recollection; reminiscence; remembrance. 

Men, n. ; pi. of man. 

Men'ace, n. [Fr. menace, L. minacia, a threat; 
minax, threatening ; minx, things overhanging, 
threats; minere, to jut out.] A threat; denun- 
ciation.— 2, v. a. [Fr. menncer.] [pp. menacing, 
menaced.] To threaten ; to threat. 



Men'a-cer, n. One who menaces or threatens." 

Menage \me-nazh'), «. [Fr.] A collection of ani- 
mals ; a menagerie : — the care of horses. 

Men-£g'e-rie (me-na'zhe-re), or Men-ag'e-ry, 
[men-azh-er-e', TV". Ja. ; me-na'zhe-re, P.' K. 
Sm.], n. [Fr. menagerie ; menage, a household. 
— See Menial.] A collection of auimals ; a place 
in which animals are kept for show. 

Mend, v. a. [For emend or amend.] [pp. mend- 
ing, mended.] To repair; to correct; to im- 
prove. — 2, v. n. To grow better; to improve. 

Mend'a-ble. a. Capable of being mended. 

Men-da'cious (rnen-da'shus), a. [L. mendax, men- 
ilacis, lying, false ; mentiri, to lie.] False: lying. 

Men-dac'i-tjf, n. [L. mendacitas.] A habit of 
lying; falsehood. 

Men'di-can-cy., n. Beggary; mendicity. 

Men'di-cant, n. [L. mendicare, mendicanUs, to 
beg;' mendicus, beggarly.] One who begs; a 
beggar: — a begging friar. — 2, a. Begging; poor. 

Men-dic/i-ty, n. [Fr. mendicUe; L, mendicitas.] 
The life or state of a beggar. 

Men-ha'den, n. [An American Indian name.] A 
fish much taken for its oil. 

Me'ni-al, a. [0. Fr. meignud ; 0. E. meinee, a 
household; 0. Fr. maisnee, weenie, a family; It. 
masnada, Fr. manage, a household ; L. mansto, 
manaumis, a dwelling. — See Mansion.] Belong- 
ing to servants ; low with respect to employment 
or office; servile. — 2. ». One who labors in some 
low employment ; a domestic servant. 

Me-nm'ges," »• pi [Gr. wviyg, pi. m^YV 6 ^ a 
membrane.] The membranes enveloping the 
brain and spinal cord. 

Men-in-gi'tis. ». [See MENINGES. The termina- 
tion' -£is implies inflammation.] {Med.) Inflam- 
mation of the membranes of the brain or spinal 
cord. 

Me-ms'cus. n. [Gr. p.-nvio-Ko<;, a crescent: dim. of 
jxrn>n, the moon.] A lens shaped like a crescent, 
or concave on one side and convex on the other. 

Men'i-ver, n. See Miniver. 

Men'se?. n. jd. [L. mensis, a month (q. r.).] 
Monthly discharges. 

Men'stru-al. a. Monthly; lasting a month. 

Men'stru-ate, v. n. [L. menstruare, menstruatumJ] 
[pp. menstruating, menstruated.] To discharge 
the menses. 

Men-stru-a'tion, n. Flow of the menses. 

Men'strii-ous,' a. [L. mendrtmu, monthly. — See 
Month'.] Having monthly discharges. 

Men'stru-um, n. ; pi. Men'stru-a. [L.] A dis- 
solving fluid ; a solvent. 

Mens-u-ra-bil'i-ty, n. State or quality of being 
mensurable ; mensurableness. 

Mens'u-ra-ble (mens'yu-ra-bl), a. That may he 
measured ; measurable. 

Mens-u-ra'tion, n. [L. menmratio ; meimira, a 
measure (g. «.).] The act or art of measuring. 
— {Geom.) The art of ascertaining the exten- 
sion, solidity, and capacity of bodies by meas- 
uring lines and angles. 

Men'tal, a. [Late L. mentaUs; mens, mentis, the 
mind (a. r.).J Relating to the mind ; intellectual. 

Men-tal'i-ty, »• Mental quality : intellect. 

Men'tal-ly:, ad. Intellectually ; in the mind. 

Men'ti'on, n. [L. mentio: akin to mens, mind 
(q. r.).] Act of mentioning; a notice; a recital, 
oral or written; a hint. — 2, v. a. [pp. mention- 
ing, mentioned.] To name ; to state : to express. 

Men'tion-a-ble, a. That may be mentioned. 

Men' tor, n. [L. ; Gr. fj-evrmp, a wise counsellor 
(doubtless[akin to Monitor [q. v.).] A wise coun- 
sellor. 

Me-nii' (or me-nu), n. [Fr.] A bill of fare. 

Me-phit'ic, 1<t. [B. mephiticus.] Offensive to 

Me-phit'i-cal. J the smeil; foul; noxious. 

Me-phi'tis. '».; pi. Me-phi'te§. [L.] A noxious 
exhalation ; mephiti'sm. 

Meph'i-tism, n. A noxious exhalation. 

Me'r'cain-tile [mer'kan-til, II". J. F. Ja. Wb. : 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.— -r;, Q, c, f, soft; p, ja, p, |, hard; § as z ; ? a« gz ; tnis. 



MEKCENARY 



360 



METABASIS 



S. E. E. Srn.], a. [Fr. mercan- 
Merchant.] Re- 



mer'kan-tll, I. 

til; Late L. mercantile. — See 

latin g to commerce; trading; commercial 

Mer'ce-na-ry, a. [L. merceuarius; merces, merce- 
dis, a reward.] Serving for pay; venal; hired. — 
2, n. One serving for pay ; a hireling : — a hire- 
ling soldier. 

Mer'cer, n. [Fr. mercier; Late L. mercerius, a mer- 
chant (q. v.).] A dealer in silks and woollens. 

Mer'cer-y, n. The trade, or wares, of mercers. 

Mer'chan-dl§e, n. [Fr. marchaudise ; marchand, a 
merchant (q. v.).] Objects of commerce; com- 
modities ; wares : — commerce. — 2, v. n. [pp. mer- 
chandising, merchandised.] To trade; to traffic. 

Mer' chant, n. [Fr. marchand; L. mercari, rner- 
cantis, to barter ; merx, mercis, goods ; merere, to 
gain; mercator, a merchant.] An importer or 
exporter of merchandise ; a wholesale trader : — 
a retail trader; a shopkeeper. 

Mer'chant-a-ble, a. Fit to be bought and sold. 

Mer' chant-man, n. A ship of trade. 

Her'ci-ful, a. Full of mercy ; compassionate ; 
tender ; kind ; gracious ; benignant. 

Mer'ci-ful-ly, ad. In a merciful manner. 

Mer'ci-less, a. Void of mercy; cruel. 

Mer'ci-less-ly, ad. In a merciless manner. 

Mer-cu'ri-al, a. Containing mercury : — spirited : 
—fickle ; ' flighty : — crafty : — mercantile. — 2, n. 
A preparation of mercury. 

Mer-cu'ri-al-Ize, v. a. [pp. mercurializing, mer- 
curialized.] To imbue with mercury. 

Mer'cu-ry, n. [L. Mercurius, the god of tiaders; 
merx, mercis, merchandise.] An ancient heathen 
deity : — a planet : — [the names of many of the 
ancient gods were given first to planets, and 
next to metals] quicksilver : — a messenger. 

Mer'cy, n. [Fr. merci, mercy, thanks, good-will, 
pleasure ; L. merces, mercedis, reward ; merere, 
to gain, to merit (q. v.).] Favor to one who 
deserves punishment; tenderness toward an 
offender; pity; grace; kindness: — clemency. 

Mer'cy-seat, n. The propitiatory of the Jews; 
the place of forgiveness; the throne of God. 

Mere, a. [L. me?tis, pure, unmixed.] This or 
that only; bare; sheer; pure. — 2, n. [A.-S. 
mere, a hike ; Dut. & Ger. meer, Fr. mer, Welsh & 
Slavic mor, L. mare, the sea.] A pool ; a lake : 
— a boundary. 

Mere'ly, ad. Simply; only; solely; barely. 

Mer-e-tri"cious (mer-e-trish'us), a. [L. meretri- 
cius; meretrix, meretricis, a courtesan; merere, to 
gain, to earn.] Alluring by false show; false: 
— lewd ; vile. 

Mer-gan'ser, n. [L. mergvs, a diver (see Merge), 
and anser, a goose.] A kind of wild goose. 

Mer£e, v. a. [L. mergere, to dip.] [pp. merging, 
merged.] To immerse ; to plunge ; to immerge. 
— 2, v. n. To be swallowed, lost, or sunk. 

Mer^'er, n. He who or that which merges : — con- 
solidation. 

Me-rid'i-an, n. [L. meridianus, belonging to noon ; 
meridies', noonday ; medius, middle, and dies, 
day.] Nood ; mid-day: — an imaginary great 
circle passing through the earth's axis and the 
zenith of the spectator, which the sun crosses at 
noon : — the highest point : — a great circle of the 
earth running north and south. — 2, a. Being at 
the point of noon ; relating to mid-day or the 
highest point. [southern ; southerly. 

Me-rid'i-o-nal, a. Relating to the meridian ; 

Me-ri'no, n. [Sp. merino, a sheep-inspector, a 
shepherd; Late L. majorimis, a major-domo 
(g. v.).] A variety of fine-woolled sheep :— a 
cloth made of fine wool. 

Mer'it, n. [L. meribum; merere, to deserve, to 
gain : akin to Gr. p-epos, a portion.] Excellence 
deserving rewaid; desert of good or evil; due 
reward; claim. — 2, v. a. [pp. meriting, mer- 
ited.] To deserve ; to have a right to. 

Mer-i-to'ri-ous, a. [L. meritorim.] Having merit; 
worthy; deserving. 



Mer-i-to'ri-ous-ly, ad. With desert or merit. 

Merk, n. [See Mark.] An old Scottish coin, worth 
about 25 cents. 

Merle (inert), n. [Fr. ; L. menda.] A blackbird. 

Mer'lin, n. [Fr. emerillon ; It. smerlo, a hawk; 
smeriglione, a merlin.] A kind of hawk. 

Mer'lon, n. [Fr.] Part of a parapet in a fortifica- 
tion'. 

Mer'maid, or Mer'maid-en, n. [Fr. mer, the sea, 
and Maid (q. v.).] A sea-woman : a fabled ani- 
mal, the fore part woman, the hind part fish. 

Mer' man, n. ; pi. Mer'men. The male of the mer- 

Mer'ri-ly, ad. Gayly ; cheerfully. [maid. 

Mer'ri-ment, n. Koisy sport; mirth; hilarity. 

Mer'ry, a. [A.-S. merg ; Celt, mear ; mire, play; 
mir, to play.] Gay; jovial; cheerful; laughing. 

Mer'ry.-an'drew, n. A buffoon ; a zany. 

Mer'ry-mak-ing, n. A jovial entertainment. 

Mer'ry-thought (mer're-thawt), n. The forked 
breast-bone of fowls : — the wish-bone. 

Mesalliance (ma-zal-le-ans), n. [Fr.] A de- 
grading marriage connection. 

Mesdames (ma-dam), n. Plural of madam e. 

Me-seems/, impersonal verb. It seems to me. 

M§§-en-ter'ic, a. Relating to the mesentery. 

Me§'en-ter-y, n. [Gr. ^eaevTepiov ; /ueo-os, middle, 
and kvTepov, an entrail.] A membrane which sus- 
pends the small intestine and keeps it in its place. 

Mesh, n. [A.-S. max, rnasc, a net ; msescre, a mesh ; 
Dut. maas, net, mesh; Dan. maake; Ger. masche; 
Welsh, masg.] Space between the threads of a 
net. — 2, v. a. [pp. meshing, meshed.] To catch 
in a net ; to insnare. 

Mes/i-al [me'si-al, St. N. ; me'zi-al, I. Th.], a. 
[Gr. juieo-0?, middle.] Middle; median. 

Me§' lin, n. [See Miscellany.] A mixture of dif- 
ferent kinds of grain : — a union of flocks. 

Mes-mer'ic, a. Relating to mesmerism. 

Mgs'mer-i§m, v. A peculiar kind of sleep : — 
called also animal magnetism and magnetic sleep. 

Mes/mer-Ize, v. a. [Named from Anthony 2Ies- 
nter.]' [pp. mesmerizing, mesmerized.] To put 
into a state of mesmeric sleep. 

Mesne (men), a. [Norman Fr. — See Median.] 
(Law.) Middle; intermediate. 

Me§-quite', 1 (mez-kef or mez-ke'ta), n. [Sp. mez- 

Mez-quite' J quita, a mosque, — i.e., mosque-wood.] 
A small, gnarled, leguminous Mexican tree. 

Mess, n. [Fr. mets; 0. Fr. mes; mettre, L. mittere, 
missum, to send, to place.] A dish ; a portion of 
food : — an ordinary :— a company at the same 
table; a crew :— disorder ; a mixture. — 2, v. u. 
[pp. messing, messed.] To eat ; to feed together. 

Mes'salfe, n. [Fr. message; Late L. missaticum ; 
L. mittere, missum, to send.] A notice or com- 
munication sent : an errand. — A communication 
from the President, or from a governor, on pub- 
lic affairs, to the legislature. 

Mes'sen-fer, n. [Fr. messager ; Old Anglo-Fr. 
mass'anger, massager.—See Message.] One who 
carries a message. 

Mes-sl'ah, n. [Heb.] The Anointed ; Christ. 

Mis-si-an'ic, a. Relating to the Messiah. 

Messieurs (mesh'iuz or mesh'yerz), n. [Fr. ; pi. 
of monsieur.] Sirs; gentlemen.— It is the plural 
of Mr. ; abbreviated to Messrs. 

Mess'mate, n. One -nho eats at the same table. 

Mes'suafe (mes'swaj), n. [Late L. messvagium, 
massagium, mansuagium ; masa, mansu, a house: 
akin to Manse, Mansion, and to L. nianere, 
mansum, to remain, to dwell.] (Lair.) A dwell- 
ing-house, adjoining land, offices, &c. 

Mes-ti'zo, )/. ; pi. Mes-ti'zc§. [Sp. ; mesclar, mes- 
iurar, to mix (q. ».").] The offspring of a Span- 
iard or Creole and an American Indian. 

Met, i. & p. from meet. 

Met' a-. [Gr. juera, beyond, across.— Cf. Ger. mit, 
with.] A prefix in certain words of Greek origin, 
signifying beyond, across, conversely, &c. 

Me-tab'*a-sis, n. [Gr. ; p-era, beyond, and /Sai'veiv, 
to go.]' (Rhet.) A transition. 



a, e, l, o, u. 



y, long ; a, e, I, 5, Q, y, short ; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her j 



METABOLIC 



361 



METTLESOME 



Met-a-bol'ic, a. [Gr. /aera/SoA??, change; fierd, 
about, and pdWeiv, to throw.] Of or pertaining 
to change or to metamorphosis. 

Met-a-car'pal, a. Relating to the metacarpus. 

Met-a-car'pus, n. [Gr. ixerd, bej'ond, and Kapnos, 
the' wrist. J' The -hand apart from the fingers. 

Me-taph'ro-nism, n. [Gr. /aera, beyond, after, 
and xpoi'o?, time.] A date too late in time. 

Met'al (met'tl or met'al), n. [L. metallum, Gr. 
fjieraWov, a mine, a mineral : probably related to 
(jLerakkdeiv, to search for.] A firm, heavy, and 
hard substance, shining, opaque, and fusible by 
heat : — broken glass : — broken stone : — iron rails. 

Me-tal'lic, a. Relating to, containing, resem- 
bling, or consisting of, metal. 

Met-al-lif er-ous, a. [L. metallum, a metal, and 
ferre, to bear.] Producing metals. 

Met'al-lbid, ». A non-metallic element. 

Met-al-lur'fic, a. Relating to metallurgy. 

Met'^l-liir-fist, n. A worker in metals. 

Met'al-lUr-gy, n. [Gr. ixeraWovpyelv, to work 
metals ; p.eraAAoi', a metal, and epyov, work.] 
The art of extracting metals from their ores : — 
the art of working in metals. 

Met-a-mbr'phic, a. Transformed ; transforming. 

Met-a-mor'phi5m, n. The process, or result, of 
metamorphosis. 

Met.-a-mbVphose, v. a. [pp. metamorphosing, 
metamorphosed.] To change the form of; to 
transform ; to transfigure. 

Met-a-mbr'pho-sis, n. ; pi. Met-a-mbr'pho-se?. 
[L. ; Gr. /uera/Aop^ojcrt? ; p.erd, across, and /u.op0»j, 
form.] Change of form ; transformation. 

Met'a-phor, u. [Gr. /aeTa^opa ; /aera, beyond, and 
<pep'eiv, to carry.] (Iihet.) A comparison or a 
simile comprised in a word ; a figure of speech 
by which a word is transferred from a subject 
to which it properly belongs, to another, in such 
a manner that a comparison is implied. 

Met-a-phor'ic, \a. Partaking of metaphor; 

Met-a-phor' j-cal, j figurative ; not literal. 

Met-a-phor'i-cal-ly, ad. Figuratively. 

Met-a-phys'ic, I a. Versed in or relating to 

Met-a-phys/i-cal, / metaphysics. [ner. 

Met-a-phys'i-cal-ly, ad. In a metaphysical man- 

Met-a-phy-si"cian (met-a-fe-zish'an), n. One 
versed in metaphysics. 

Met-a-phys' ics, n. [Gr. perd, beyond, and ^uo-t/ca, 
natural things, physics (</. v.).] The science 
which regards the ultimate grounds of being : — 
a science which inquires about objects other 
than physical or sensible : — the philosophy of 
mind as distinguished from that of matter; 
intellectual philosophy; psychology; ontology; 
pneumatology. 

Me-tas'ta-sis, »■ [Gr. ; /mei-a, over, and la-rdvai, 
to place.] {Med-) The transfer of the seat of a 
disease. [by, metastasis. 

Met-a-stat'ic, a. Relating to, or characterized 

Met-a-tar'sal, a. Belonging to the metatarsus. 

Met-a-tar'sus, n. [Gr. fxerd, beyond, and rapa-os, 
the' tarsus' (q. v.).J {Anat.) The middle of the 
foot. 

Me-tath'e-sis, n. [Gr. ; nerd, implying change, 
and 6ecr\s, a setting. — See Thesis.] A transposi- 
tion of letters. 

Me-ta'yer, n. [Fr. metayer; Late L. medietaritis, a 
middle-man.] One who works a farm on shares. 

Mete, v. a. [A.-S. metan; But. meten ; Ger. messen: 
akin to Gr. neTpov, a measure ; L. metiri, Skr. 
ma, to measure; L. modus, a measure.] [pp. 
meting, meted.] To measure ; to reduce to meas- 
ure. — 2, n. A measure; a limit; abound. 

Me-temp-sy-pho'sis, n. [Gr. ; nerd, implying 
change, £v, in, and *pv\ri, soul, — whence /aere/m- 
\jjvxdeiv, to transfer the soul.] The transmigra- 
tion of the soul from one body to another. 

Me'te-or, n. [Gr. fiereiopov, a meteor; p-erecopo?, 
soaring; /xerd, among, and ecjpa, aiupa, any 
thing suspended; deipetv, to lift.] Any natural 
phenomenon in the atmosphere : — a luminous, 



transient body in the atmosphere ; a fire-ball ; 
a meteoric stone ; an aerolite. 

Me-te-or'ic, a. Relating to meteors. 

Me'te-or-ite, n. A meteorolite ; an aerolite. 

Me-te-or'o-llte [me'te-o-ro-lit, K. Wb. Sm.lL n. 
[Gr. fi.er'eujpov, a meteor, and \L6os, a stone.] A 
meteoric stone. 

Me-te-or-o-log'ic, 1 a. Relating to the atmos- 

Me-te-or-o-16g i-cal, j phere or to meteors. 

Me-te-o-r51'c-£ist,')i. One versed in meteorology. 

Me-te-o-rol'o-£y, n. [Gr. ixerempov, a meteor, 
and" Aoyo?, a treatise.] The science of meteors ; 
the science of the atmosphere and its phe- 
nomena, the weather, &c. ; climatology. 

Me'ter, n. A measure. See Metre. 

Me-theg'lin, n. [Welsh, meddyglyn; medd, mead 
(q. v.), and Uyn, liquor.] Brink made of honey 
and water fermented ; mead ; hydromel. 

Me-thinks', v. impers. [A.-S. me thynced, from 
ihyncan, to seem : cognate with thencan. to think 
(q. v.).] I think ; it seems to me. 

Meth'od, n. [L. methodus ; Gr. fieOoSos; fxerd, 
after", and 666s, a way.] A regular order ; disposi- 
tion ; system; arrangement; manner; mode ; waif, 

Me-thod'ic, \a. Relating to method; exact; 

Me-thod'i-cal, /regular; orderly; formal. 

Me-thod'i-cal-ly, ad. According to method. 

MSth'od-isni, n.' The principles of Methodists. 

Meth'od-Ist, n. [Named, derisively at first, from 
their advocacy of method and system in the 
religious life.] One of a denomination of Chris- 
tians who date their rise from 17-i). 

Meth-od-ist'ic, ) a. Relating to Methodism or 

Meth-od-ist' j-cal, j to the Methodists. 

Meth'od-ize, v. a. [pp. methodizing, methodized.] 
To reduce to method ; to regulate ; to dispose in 
order. [thought ; it appeared to me. 

Me-thbught' (me-thawf), i. from methinks. I 

Meth'yl, n. [Gr. p-era, after, and vAij, wood ; 
or ix'eOv, an intoxicant, and vAt?, principle.] 
(Chem.) A hypothetical compound of carbon 
and hydrogen, forming the base of wood-spirit. 

Meth'y-lat-ed, «. Mixed with methylic alcohol. 

Meth'y'l-ene, n. A volatile and inflammable liquid 
distilled from wood. 

Me-thyl'ic, a. Pertaining to methyl. 

Me-ton'ic, a. Relating to Meton, an Athenian : 
—noting a cycle of PJ years, or G940 days. 

Met-o-nym'i-cal, «. Put for something else. 

Me-ton'y-my, or Met'o-nym-y, /(. [Gr. neruiw- 
p:ia ; fxerd, across, and bvoy.a, ouv^a, a name.] 
(Rhet.) A figure by which the effect is put for 
the cause, or the cause for the effect ; as, gray 
hairs for old age. 

Met'o-pe, n. [Gr. (xctotttj ; ju.€t<x, between, and 
birr], a hole.] A panel between triglyphs. 

Me'tre (me'ter), n. [Fr. metre; L. meirum, Gr. 
/xerpov, a rule, a measure. — See Mete.] The sub- 
division of averse; the measured arrangement 
of words in verse ; verse ; measure : — poetical 
arrangement of syllables; rhythm: — a measure 
equal to 39.37 inches. 

Met'ric, o. Of or pertaining to measurement. — 
Metric system, the system of weights and meas- 
ures in which the metre is the unit on which 
measures are based. 

Met'ri-cal, a. Relating to metre or to numbers. 

Met'ro-nome, n. [Gr. /uerpoi/, a measure, and vo/uos, 
distribution.] An instrument for beating time 
in music. 

Me-trop'o-lis. n. [Gr. ; /J-rfrnp, mother, and 7roAt?, 
a city.]' [Not used in the plural.] The chief 
city of a country. 

Met-ro-pol'i-tan [me-tro-pol'e-tan, S. P. K. 8m.], 
n. [L. m'etropolitanns.] A bishop who presides 
over other bishops of a province ; an archbishop. 
— 2, a. Belonging to a metropolis. 

Met'tle (met'tl), n. [A variant of Metal.] Sub- 
stance; metal: — temperament easily excited; 
spirit ; sprightliness ; courage. 

Met' tie-some (met'tl-sum), a. Lively ; brisk. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 9, 5, £, soft; p, ja, p, g, hard; § as z ; ? 

Q 31 



gz; this. 



MEW 



362 



MILEAGE 



Mew (mu), n. [L. mutare, to change (for movitare, 
frequentative of rnovere, to move) ; whence Fr. 
muer, to moult ; mue, a bird's cage, — properly, a 
moulting-place. In England mews were at first 
falcon-houses; in 1534 tlie royal falcon-houses 
were changed into horse-stables; whence the 
more recent meaning of the word.] An en- 
closure : — a stable for horses and carriages : — 
[A.-S. msew ; Dut. meeuw ; Dan. maage; Ger. 
mo we; Fr. mouee, miaulard: all from the bird's 
cry] a sea-fowl: — limitative. — Cf. Per. maw, 
Arab, mua, a mew ; Heraldic Eng. musion, a cat, 
a wild-cat ; Fr. miquler, to mew] the cry of a cat. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. mewing, mewed.] To shut up ; to 
confine : — to shed. — 3, v. n. To moult : — to cry 
as a cat. 

Mewl (miil), v. n. [Fr. miauler, to mew, to squall.] 
[pp. mewling, mewled.] To cry or squall. 

Me-ze're-on, n. [Neo-Latin, mezereon ; Fr. meze- 
reon; Per. mdzariyun.] {Bot.) A flowering shrub. 

Mez'zo-ri-lie'vo (med'zo-re-le'vo or -re-le-a'vo), 
n. [It.]' Middle relief, or d'emi-relief; half-relief. 

Mez'zo-tint (med'zo-tint), n. Same as Mezzotinto. 

Mez-zo-tin'to (med-zo-tiin'to), n. [It. ; mezzo (L. 
medius), half, and linto, tinted. — See Tint.] A 
kind of engraving on copper or steel. 

Ml'asm [mi'azm, S. W. K. Sm. Wb.; me'azm, 
Ja.j, n. Noxious exhalations or effluvia. 

Mi-as'ma, n. ; pi. Mi-as'ma-ta. [Gr. p-iao-p-a, 
pollution ; p-aiveiv, to stain.] A noxious parti- 
cle, substance, or exhalation ; miasm. 

Mi-as-mat'ic, a. Eelating to miasma ; noxious. 

Mi'ca, n. [L. mica, a crumb : not related, except 
in 'its present application, to L. micare, to glit- 
ter.] A transparent foliaceous mineral. 

Mi-ca'ceous (ml-ka/shus), a. Containing mica. 

Mice, n. The plural of mouse. 

Miph'ael-mas (mik'el-mas), n. [Michael and Mass.] 
The feast of the archangel Michael, 29th of Sep- 
tember. 

Mic'kle (mik'kl), a. [A.-S. mycel; Icel. mikill — 
Of. Much, also Gr. p.eyaAos, great : root found, 
apparently, in Dravidian as well as in Aryan 
tongues.] Much; great. 

Mi'cr5be [me-krob', Th.], n. [Gr. jut/epos, little, 
and /3tos, life.] A minute living organism; a 
germ : — a disease-germ. 

Mi'cro-cosm, u. [Gr. /u-ixpo?, little, and koct.uos, 
the world.] A little world :— man considered as 
an epitome of the macrocosm, or great world. 

Mi-cro-cos'mic, ) a. Eelating to a microcosm, 

Mi-cro-cos' mi-cal, j or to man. 

Ml-crog'ra-phy.,'H. [Gr. /ui/cpo?, little, and ypa- 
</>eiv, to write.] A description of very minute 
objects seen by a microscope. 

Mi-crom'e-ter, n. [Gr. /ai/cpo?, small, and fierpov, 
a measure."] An instrument contrived to meas- 
ure small spaces or distances. 

Mi-cro-met'ric, a. Relating to the micrometer. 

Mi'cro-phone, n. [Gr. p-i/cpos, small, and (Jhdvyi, a 
sound.] An apparatus by which sounds are 
magnified or intensified. 

Mi'cro-scope, n. [Gr. jou/cpo?, small, and aKo-n-eiv, 
to see.] An optical instrument for viewing the 
smallest objects. 

Mi-cro-scop'ic, \a. Eelating to a microscope ; 

Mi-cro-scop'i-cal, j very minute. 

Mi'cro-sco-pist, or Mi-cros'co-pist, n. One skilled 
with the microscope. 

Mi-cros'co-py, n. The use of the microscope. 

Mid, a. [A.-S. mid; Goth, midja; L. medius; Gr. 
/u.eo-05 ; Skr. madhya.] Middle ; equally between 
two extremes':— used in composition; as, mid- 
day.— 2, ad. & prep. Amid ; amidst. [place. 

Mid'-air, n. The middle of the air:— a high 

Mid' -day (mid'da), a. [Dut. m id-da g ; A.-S. mid- 
dseg; Ger. mit-tag.] Meridional; being at noon. 
— 2, n. Noon ; meridian. 

Mid' den (mid'dn), n. [A.-S. midding ; Dan. mod- 
ding; mb'g, muck (c/. v.), and dynge, a heap.] A 
dung-heap ; a heap of kitchen-waste. 



Mid' die (mid'dl), a. [A.-S. & Dut. middel; Ger. 
mittel. — See Mid,] Equally distant from the 
two extremes; intermediate; central. — Middle 
Ages, a period comprising about seven hundred 
or one thousand years, from the fifth or the 
eighth century to the fifteenth century of the 
Christian era. — 2, n. The part equidistant from 
two extremes ; the centre ; the midst. 

Mid' die-man, n. An agent between two par- 
ties, buyer and seller, or landlord and tenant. 

Mid'dling, a. Of middle rank ; moderate. 

Mid'dling§, n. A coarse kind of flour. 

Mid'dy, n. A popular contraction of midshipman. 

Midge (mij), n. [A.-S. micge, mycge; Dut. mug; 
Dan. myg ; Ger. muche. — Of. Skr. makshas, a fly.] 
An insect ; a gnat. 

Midf-'et (mij'et), n. A minute insect : — a dwarf. 

Mid'laind, a. Surrounded by land; interior. 

Mid'leg, n. The middle of the leg. 

Mid'night, n. [A.-S. mid-niht; Ger. mUternacJit.] 
Twelve o'clock at night. — 2, a. In the middle 
of the night. 

Mid'rib, n. The middle rib or vein of a leaf. 

Mid'riff, n. [A.-S. mid, middle, and lirif, the 
belly.] The diaphragm. 

Mid' ship-man, n. A kind of naval cadet, or in- 
ferior young officer, on board a ship of war. 

Mid'ships, ad. (Naitt.) In the middle of a ship. 

Midst, n. The middle.— 2, a. Middle.— 3, prep. 
Poetically used for amidst. 

Mid'-stream, n. The middle of the stream. 

Mid'sum-mer, n. The summer solstice, June 21. 

Mid'way, n.' The middle of the way. — 2, a. Be- 
ing in the middle. — 3, ad. In the middle. 

Mid'wife, n. [0. E. mid (Dut. mede, Ger. mit, 
Gr. v-era), with, and vtif, a woman.] A woman 
who practises obstetrics, or assists women in 
childbirth. 

Mid'wife-ry. [mid'if-re, W. P. ; mid'wif-er-e, N. ; 
mid'wif-re, K. H. St. Sm. ; mid'wif-re, Wb'.], n. 
The art or profession of assisting women in child- 
birth ; obstetrics. 

Mid'win-ter, n. The winter solstice, Dec. 21-23. 

Mien (men), n. [Fr. mine; Bret, min; Ger. miene.] 
Air; look; manner; aspect. 

Miff, n. [Local Ger. mtiffen, to sulk.] A slight 
resentment ; offence. — 2, v. a. [ pp. miffing, 
miffed.] To give a slight offence. 

Might (mit), i. from may. [A.-S. meahte, migte.] 
Could; had power. — 2, n. [A.-S. mild; Dut. & 
Dan. magt ; Ger. macht : root of May.] Power ; 
strength ; force. 

Mlght'i-ly. (mi'te-le), ad. Powerfully. 

Might'i-ness (ml'te-nes), n. Power ; might. 

Might'y (mi'te), a. Strong; powerful; great. 

Mign-o-nette' (min-yo-nef), n. [Fr. mignonnette, 
dim.' of mignon, a darling. — See Minion.] A 
plant and its fragrant flower. 

Mi' grant, a. Migratory ; roving. 

Mi'grate, v. n. [L. m&grare, migratum.'] [jtp. mi- 
grating, migrated.] To remove to another coun- 
try or place. 

Mi-gra'tion, n. Change of residence ; removal. 

MI'gra-to'-ry, a. Changing residence. 

Mi-ka'do, n. [Japanese.] The emperor of Japan. 

Milch, «. [A softened form of - Milk.] Giving 
milk ; as, a milch cow. 

Mild, a. [A.-S. milde; Dut., Dan., & Ger. mild.] 
Kind; tender; soft; gentle; placid. 

Mil'dew (inil'du), n. ' [A.-S. meledeaw ; 0. Ger. 
militow; Ger. niehlthau; — literally, meal-dew; 
Irish, milceog, — literally, honey-dew. — Cf. L. mel, 
honey.] A blight; a rust. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. 
mildewing, mildewed.] To taint or become 
tainted with mildew. 

Mild'ly, ad. In a mild manner; gently. 

Mild'ness, n. Gentleness ; clemency ; mercy. 

Mile, u'. [A.-S. mil; Ger. meile ; Dut. mijl; L. 
rnUte passuum, a thousand paces.] A measure of 
distance; 320 rods. [in miles. 

Mile'age, n. Fees for travel by the mile; length 



a, e, i, o, 5, y, long; a, e, i, o, fi, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall j heir, her; 



MILE-STONE 



363 



MINEVER 



Mlle'-stone, re. A stone to mark the miles. 

Mil' foil, m. [L. mttifolinm; mille, a thousand, and 
folium, a leaf.] A plant, the yarrow. 

Mil'ia-ry. (mil'ya-re), a. [L. miliarias; milium, a 
millet-seed. — See Millet.] Accompanied by a 
minute eruption. 

Mil'i-tant, a. [L. militans, militantis.—See Mili- 
tate.] Fighting; engaged in war. 

Mil'i-ta-ry, a. [L. militaris or militariiis; miles, 
mil itii, a soldier.] Eelating to an army, to arms, 
or to war; warlike; martial; soldierly. — 2, re. pi. 
The soldiery ; the army. 

Mil'i-tate, v. n. [L. militare, militatum, to fight. 
— See Military.] [pp. militating, militated.] 
To war ; to operate against. 

Mi-li"tia (me-llsh'ya.), re. [L. for "army," "war- 
fare ;" 'mile's, a soldier.] A body of citizens en- 
rolled for military exercise. 

Milk, n. [A.-S. meolc; Dut. & Dan. melk; Ger. 
milch. — Cf. Ger. melken, Gr. djueAyeiv, L. mulgere, 
to milk.] The liquor with which females feed 
their young from the breast : — juice of plants. — 
2, v. a. [pp. milking, milked.] To draw milk 
by the hand. 

Milk'er, n. One that milks or that gives milk. 

Milk'i-ness, re. Resemblance to milk. 

Milk'maid, re. A woman who milks. 

Milk'man, n. A man who sells milk. 

Milk'sop, re. [Milk and Sop.] Bread steeped in 
milk : — a soft, mild, simple, effeminate man. 

Milk'-tooth, re. One of the first set of teeth. 

Milk' -weed, n. A plant of several species. 

Milk'y, a. Made of or like milk; soft. 

Milk'y-way (milk'e-wa), re. The Galaxy. 

Mill, n. [Local Eng. miln, A.-S. myln, Icel. mylna, 
L. molina, a mill. — Cf. also mola, a mill ; molere, 
to grind : akin to Meal.] An entrine for grind- 
ing corn, &c. ; a building; manufactory: — one- 
tenth of a cent. — 2, v. a. [pp. milling, milled.] 
To grind; to stamp :— to beat. 

Mill'-dam, n. A dam to flow water for a mill. 

Mil-le-na'ri-an, re. A believer in the millennium ; 
a m'illenn'iaiist. — 2, a. Eelating to the millen- 
nium or to a thousand. 

Mil-len'ni-al, a. Pertaining to the millennium. 

Mil-len'ni-um, n. [L. ; mille, a thousand, and 
annus, a year.] A thousand years :— a thousand 
years of Christ's reign on earth. 

Mil'le-ped, n. [L. rnillipeda; mille, a thousand, 
and pes, pedis, a foot.] An animal of a thousand 
feet, or of many feet ; the wood-louse. 

Mill'er, n. One who attends a mill: — [from its 
mealy covering] a kind of moth with powdery 
wings. 

Mil-les'j-mal, a. [L. miUesimus.] Thousandth. 

Mil/let, re. [Fr. mil or millet; A.-S. mil; L. mi- 
lium : Gr. /LteAiVrj ; It. miglietto : probably a di- 
minutive of miglio, L. mille, a thousand, because 
it was thought to yield a thousandfold ; whether 
the Greek is from this root is doubtful.] A name 
of various grains and grasses. 

Mill'iard (nril'yard), n. [Fr.] A thousand millions. 

Mil'li-gram, re. [Fr. milligramme; L. mille, a 
thousand, and Gram (q. v.).] The one-thousandth 
of a gram, equal to .0154 grain. 

Mil'li-li-tre (-le-ter), n. [L. mille, and Fr. litre 
(g. ?;.).] A measure, the thousandth part of a 
litre, or .06103 of a cubic inch. 

Mil'li-me-tre (or -ma-ter), v. [L. mille, a thou- 
sand, and Fr. metre.] A French measure, the 
thousandth part of a metre, or .03037 of an inch. 

Mil'li-ner, n. [Named from Milan, in Italy, once 
a great market for small wares.] One who makes 
and sells head-dresses, caps, &c, for women. 

Mil'li-ner-y, n. The work of milliners. 

Mil-li-net', re. [Said to be for Milan net.] A sort 
of coarse, thin muslin. 

Mill'ion (mll'yun), n. [Fr. ; Late L. millio, an 
extended form of L. mille, a thousand.] Ten 
hundred thousand. 

Millionaire (mtl-yun-ar / ), re. [Fr. millionnaire.] 



A man possessed of property of the value of one 
or more millions ; a man of great wealth. 

Mil'lionth (mil'yunth), «. Ordinal of a million. 

Mill' -pond, re. A* pond dammed up for a mill. 

Mill'-race, n. A current of water to drive a mill- 
wheel ; a canal or channel for water. 

Mill'rea, or Mill'ree, re. [Port, mil reis, a thou- 
sand reals : reis is the plural of real.] A Portu- 
guese and Brazilian coin. 

Mill' stone, re. A stone for grinding corn. 

Mill' -wright (mil'rit), n. A builder of mills and 
mill-machinery. 

Milt, n. [A variant of Milk.— Cf. Ger. milch, Dan. 
melk, Sw. mjolke, all sometimes meaning milt as 
well as milk.] The sperm of the male fish: — 
[Dut. & Dan. milt; A.-S. milte ; Ger. milz: re- 
lated to Malt and Melt, from its supposed aid 
in digestion] the spleen. 

Mime, re. [L. mimus; Gr. /uuju.0?. — See Mimic] A 
mimic ; a buffoon : — a farce. [icry. 

Mi-me'sis, re. [Gr.] Imitation; simulation; mini- 

Mi-met'ic, or Mi-met'i-cal, a. [Gr. ju.t^TjTix6s.] 
Imitative. 

Mim'ic, v. a. [Gr. jui/xikos ; /xi^elaOaL, to imitate.] 
[i. mimicked; pp. mimicking, mimicked.] To 
imitate for sport ; to ape. — 2, n. A ludicrous 
imitator; a buffoon. — 3, a. Relating to mim- 
icry ; imitative ; acting the mimic. 

Mim'ic-ry, n. Burlesque or playful imitation : — 
resemblance of plants or animais to other objects. 

Mi-mo'sa, v. [Late L. ; L. mimus, an imitator: 
from its power of motion.] The sensitive plant. 

Min'a-ret, n. [Sp. minarete ; Arab, manaral or 
manor, a candlestick, a turret. — Of. Heb. mano- 
rah, a candlestick.] A spire in architecture. 

Min'a-tp-ry, a. [L. minatorvus; miaare, to threaten; 
minse, threats.] Threatening. 

Mince, v. a. [Fr. mincer, It. minuzzare, to chop 
small.— Cf. A.-S. minsjanjto grow small, to fail: 
akin to Minor.] [pp. mincing, minced.] To cut 
into small parts; to palliate : — to pronounce af- 
fectedly. — 2, r. a. To act, walk, or speak with 
affected delicacy or nicety. [meat. 

Mince'-pie (mins'pi), n. A pie made of minced 

Mins'ing-ly, ad. In small parts; affectedly. 

Mind,' n. [A.-S. gemynd, Dan. minde, memory; 
L. mens, mentis, mind; memini, to remember; 
Gr. jLtero?, Skr. manas, mind; man, to think.] 
The thinking faculty in man ; soul: understand- 
ing ; intellect : — choice : — opinion : — remem- 
brance. — 2, v. a. [pp. minding, minded.] To 
mark; to attend; to regard. — 3, v. n. To in- 
cline ; to be disposed. 

Mind'ed, a. Disposed; inclined; affected. 

Mind'ful, a. Attentive; heedful; observant. 

Mind'ful-ly, ad. Attentively : needfully. 

Mind'ful-ngss, n. Attention ; regard. 

Mine, pron. poss. from I. [A.-S. & Dan. min ; Ger. 
mein. — See Me.] Belonging to me. — 2, n. [Fr. 
miner, Sp. minor, It. minare, to mine; Late L. 
minare, to lead, to drive: root of L. mivari, to 
threaten.] A place in the earth containing min- 
erals or ores: — a cavern under a fortification. — 
3, v. «. [pp. mining, mined.] To dig mines or 
burrows.— 4, ». a. To sap ; to ruin by mines. 

Min'er, n. One who digs in mines. 

Min'er-al, n. [Fr. — See Mine.— Cf. Sp. minera, a 
mine.]' An inorganic substance found in the 
earth ; matter dug out of mines.— 2, a. Consist- 
ing of fossil bodies. 

Min'er-al-Ize, v. «• [pp. mineralizing, mineral- 
ized.] ' To change into a mineral ; to combine 
with a mineral. 

Min-er-a-loi-'i-cal, a. Relating to mineralogy. 

Min-er-al'o-|-ist,' n. One versed in mineralogy. 

Min-er-al'o-fy, n. [Mineral, and Gr. Aoyo?, a 
treatise.]' The science which teaches the prop- 
erties, composition, and relations of minerals 
or mineral substances. 

Min'e-ver, n. [0. Fr. menu voir ; Fr. menu, little, 
and voir, ermine's fur: menu is L. minutus, mi- 



mlen, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, 9, 5, £, soft; p, £, p, §, hard; § as z ; ?asgz; this. 



MINGLE 



364 



MISAPPROPRIATION 



nute, and vair is from L. varius, spotted.] The 
ermine and its fur : — squirrels' fur. 

Min'gle (ming'gi), v. a. [A.-S. mengan, Dut. men- 
gen, mengelen, to mix ; Ger. mengen. — Cf. Ger. 
rnenge, A.-S. mang, a crowd : akin to Many and 
Among.] [pp. mingling, mingled.] To mix; to 
compound. — 2, v. n. To be mixed. 

Mm'ia-ture, or Min'i-a-ture, n. [It. miniatura; 
miniare, to paint; L. minium (g. v.), red lead or 
cinnabar.] A portrait, picture, or representa- 
tion in a small compass, or less than the reality. 

Min'im, n. [L. minimus, smallest. — See Minor.] 
A dwarf : — a short note in music : — a short poem : 
— a small type ; minion : — a small liquid meas- 
ure : — a small fish : — one of an order of friars. 

Min'i-mize, v. a. [pip- minimizing, minimized.] 
To reduce to the lowest point : — to detract from. 

Min'i-mum, n. ; pi. Mm'i-ma. [L.] The small- 
est quantity : — opposed to maximum. 

Mln'ing, n. The act of working in mines. 

Mm'ion (min'yun), n. [Fr. mignon, a darling : 
root' of Ger. minne, love, remembrance.] A ser- 
vile favorite ; a low, mean dependant : — a small 
printing-type. 

Mm'is-ter, n. [L. minister, a servant, root of 
minor, 'less; correlative of magister, a master, 
root of magnus, great.] One who ministers or 
serves; a servant: — one who administers; an 
administrator ; a high officer of the state : — an 
ambassador ; a delegate ; an agent : — a clergyman ; 
a priest ; a pastor. — 2, v. a. [pp. ministering, 
ministered.] To give; to supply; to afford. — 
3, v. n. To attend ; to serve. 

Mm-is-te'ri-al, a. Relating to a minister or to 
ministry :— done under another. 

Min'is-trant, a. [L. ministrare, ministrantis, to 
serve.] Attendant; ministering, [vice; office. 

Min-is-tra'tion, n. [L. ministratio.] Agency ; ser- 

Min'is-try, n'. The office of a minister ; service ; 
agency :— the ecclesiastical function : — the body 
of ministers of a state. 

Min'i-um, or Min'ium, n. [L.] Red lead. 

Min'i-ver, n. See Minever. [for its fur. 

Mink, n. [See Minx.] A small animal, valued 

Min'ne-sing-er, n. [Ger. minne, love, and singer, 
a singer.] A lyric poet of mediaeval Germany. 

Min'now, n. [A.-S. myne: possibly related to Fr. 
menuise, small fishes, fry. — Cf. L. msena. Gr. 
fjiaivn, a kind of sea-fish; Skr. mina, Hind. 
mama, a fish ; Dravidian min, a fish ; min, to 
shine.] A small river-fish ; a minim. 

Mi'nor, a. [L. for "smaller." — Cf. Icel. minnr, 
Goth, minizza, less; A.-S. & Celt, min, small.] 
Inferior ; less ; smaller ; lower. — 2, n. One 
under age. — (Logic.) The second or particular 
proposition of a syllogism. 

Mi-nor'i-tx, n. State of being a minor : — the less 
number : — opposed to majority. 

Min'ster, n. [A.-S. mynster, L. monasterium, a 
monastery (q. ».).] A monastery : — a cathedral. 

Min'strel, n. [0. Fr. menestrel, menestral, a re- 
tainer,' a servant; Late L. ministerialis ; L. mi- 
nister, a servant.— See Minister.] A player upon 
instruments ; a musician ; a poet and singer ; a 
bard. [etry. 

Mm'strel-sy, n. Music :— -musicians :— ballad po- 

Mint, n. [A.-S. mynet, a coin; Ger. miinze, a 
mint; L. moneta, money, a mint. — See Money.] 
A place for coining money : — [A.-S. minte ; Ger. 
miinze; L, mentha; Gr. fiivOa] an aromatic plant, 
— 2, v. a. [pp. minting, minted.] To coin; to 
stamp : — to invent. 

Mint' age, n. Coinage : — duty paid for coining. 

Min'u-end, n. [L. minuendum, having to be di- 
minished; minuere, to diminish (q. v.).] (Arilh.) 
The number from which another number is to 
be subtracted. 

Min'u-et, n. [Fr. menuet, from menu, little, short. 
— See Minute.] A stately, regular dance. 

Mi'nus, a. [L., neuter form of minor, less.] Less : 
— noting subtraction. 



Mi-nute\ or Mi-nute', a. [L. minutm, small; a 
participle from minuere, to diminish; minor, less. 
— Cf. Gr. fj.Lvv6eiv, to make small.] Very small; 
slender; trifling: — particular; circumstantial. 

Min'ute (min'ut or min'it), n. The sixtieth part 
of an hour : — the sixtieth part of a degree : — a 
short note ; a memorandum : — the first draught 
of a writing. — 2, v. a. [pp. minuting, minuted.] 
To set down in short notes. 

Min'ute-book (-buk), n. A book of short hints or 
of memoranda or records. 

Min'ute-gun, u. A gun discharged every minute. 

Min'ute-ly., ad. Happening every minute. 

Mi-nute'ly, ad. To a small point; exactly. 

Min'ute-man, n. A man enlisted as a soldier 
and bound to march at a minute's notice. 

Mi-nute'ness, n. Extreme smallness. [records. 

Min'utes, n. pi. "Written or printed memoranda or 

Mi-nG'ti-ae (me-nu'she-e), n. pi. [L.] Minute 
divisions ; the smallest particulars. 

Minx, ». [0. E. minnikin, a darling, a pet; Dut. 
mmnekyn, a Cupid, a pet; Dut. & Ger. minne, 
love.] A pert girl : — a puppy : — a mink. 

Mi'o-cene, a. [Gr. fxedov, less, and /cat'vo?, recent.] 
{Geol.) Relating to the second division of the 
tertiary epoch. 

Mir'a-cle, n. [Fr. ; L. miracidum, a wonder; mi- 
rar'i, to wonder; minis, wonderful.] An event 
which cannot be explained by the laws of na- 
ture, or a deviation from the established laws of 
nature ; an effect above human power ; a prodigy ; 
a wonder: — a sort of theatrical representation. 

Mi-rac'u-lous, a. Supernatural ; wonderful. 

Mi-rac'u-lous-lx, ad. By miracle. 

Mirage' (me-razh'), n. [Fr. ; mire, a sight; mirer, 
to see; Late L. mirare, to behold; L. mirari, to 
wonder at.] An optical illusion presenting an 
image of water in sandy deserts, or apparently 
elevating objects into the air. 

Mire, n. [Icel. myri, a bog ; Dan. myr, Sw. myra, 
a marsh : akin to Moor.] Mud ; dirt at the 
bottom of water. — 2, v. a. [pp. miring, mired.] 
To whelm in the mud ; to soil. 

Mir'i-ness, w. Muddiness ; fulness of mire. 

Mir'ror, n. [Fr. miroir; mirer, to behold.— See 
Mirage.] A looking-glass ; a pattern. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. mirroring, mirrored.] To exhibit by use 
of a mirror : — to cast an image of. 

Mirth, k. [A.-S. myrth ; merg, merry (q. r.) ; Celt. 
■mireadl), play, mirth.] Merriment; hilarity. 

Mirth' ful, a. Merry; gay; joyful; cheerful. 

Mi'rth'ful-lj;, ad. In a merry manner. 

Mirth'ful-ngss, n. Merriment; mirth. 

Mir'y., a. Deep in mud ; muddy ; full of mire. 

Mis-.* An English prefix, of the same origin as the 
verb to miss, denoting error or mistake. In cer- 
tain words the prefix mis- stands for the French 
pejorative prefix me- or mes- (0. Fr. mes-), which 
represents the L. minus, less. 

Mis-ad-vent'ure (mls-ad-vent'yur), n. [Fr. mesa- 
venture.] A mischance ; misfortune ; bad fortune. 

Mis-al-li ance, n. [Fr. mesalliance. — See Alli- 
ance.] An improper association. 

Mis'an-thrope, n. [Gr. ixio-a.vdpo)iro<; ; fjno-f.lv, to 
hate, and avQpiairos, aman.] A hater of mankind. 

Mis-an-throp'ic, \«- Partaking of misan- 

Mis-an-throp'i-cal, / thropy. 

Mis-an'thro-pist, n. A hater of mankind. 

Mis-an'thro-px, n. [Gr. ^io-av6po>TTi.a..} Hatred 
of mankind :— opposed to philanthropy. 

Mis-ap-pli-ca'tion, n. A wrong application. 

Mis-ap-ply', r. a. [Mis- and Apply.] [pp. mis- 
applying, misapplied.] To apply incorrectly. 

Mis-ap-pre-hend', v. a. [Mis- and Apprehend.] 
[pp. misapprehending, misapprehended.] To 
misunderstand. 

Mis-ap-pre-hen'sion, n. A misconception. 

Mis-ap-pro'pri-ate, v. a. [Mis- and Appropriate.] 
[pp. misappropriating, misappropriated.] To 
appropriate to a wrong use. 

Mis-ap-pro-pri-a'tion, w. A wrong appropriation. 



a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y,, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 



MISBECOME 



365 



MISOGYNIST 



Mis-be-c6me' (mis-be-kuni'), v. a. [Mis- and Be- 
come.] [i. misbecame; j>p. misbecoming, mis- 
become.] Not to become ; to be unseemly to. 

Mis-be-have', v. n. [Mis- and Behave.] [pp. 
misbehaving, misbehaved.] To act ill or im- 
properly. — 2, v. a. To conduct improperly. 

Mis-be-hav'ior (mis-be-hav'yur), n. Ill conduct. 

MIs-be-lief , n. A wrong belief. 

Mis-be-lieve', v. n. [Mis- and Believe.] [pp. 
misbelieving, misbelieved.] To believe wrongly. 

Mis-cal'cu-late, v. a. [Mis- and Calculate.] 
[pp. miscalculating, miscalculated.] To reckon 
wrongly. 

Mis-cal-cu-la'tion, n. A wrong computation. 

Mis-call', v. a. [Mis- and Call.] [pp. miscalling, 
miscalled.] To name or call improperly. 

Mis-car' riage (mis-kar'rij), n. Act of miscarry- 
ing; failure; ill conduct : — abortion. 

Mis-car' ry, v. n. [Mis- and Carry.] [pp. miscarry- 
ing, miscarried.] To fail : — to have an abortion. 

Mis-cel-la'ne-a, n. pi. [L.] Miscellanies :— a mis- 
cellany. 

Mis-cel-la'ne-ous, a. [L. miscellaneus ; miscellus, 
mixed; miscere, to mix (q. v.).] Composed of 
various kinds ; diversified; various; mixed. 

Mis'cel-la-ny, n. A collection of various literary 
pieces or other matters ; medley. 

Mis-chance', n. [0. Fr. meschance, mischief; Fr. 
mediant, ill. — See Chance.] Misfortune ; mishap. 

Mis'chief (mis'chif), n. [0. Fr. mis-, ill, and 
chef, a head, result, issue. — Cf. Sp. menoscabo, 
loss. — See Chief.] Evil, intentional or unin- 
tentional; harm; hurt; injury; trouble. 

Mis'chiev-ous, a. Making mischief; harmful ; 
hurtful ; injurious. 

Mis'chiev-oiis-ly, ad. Hurtfully. 

Misch'n'a, or Mish'na, n. [Heb.] The text of the 
Jewish Talmud. 

Mis-choose', v. a. [Mis- and Choose.] [i. mis- 
chose ; pp. mischoosing, mischosen.] To choose 
erroneously. [Capable of being mixed. 

Mis'ci-ble, a. [Fr. ; L. miscere, to mix (q. v.).] 

Mis-con-ceit', n. Wrong conceit or opinion. 

Mis-con-ceive' (mis-kon-seV), v. a. & v. n. [Mis- 
and' Conceive.] [pp. misconceiving, miscon- 
ceived.] To conceive wrongly ; to misjudge ; to 
misunderstand. 

Mis-con-cep'tion, n. A wrong notion. 

Mis-con'duct. n. Bad conduct ; ill behavior. 

Mis-con-dfict', v. a. [Mis- and Conduct.] [pp. 
misconducting, misconducted.] To manage 



Mis-dS'ing, n. An offence ; misconduct. 

Mis-em-pl6y', v. a. [Mis- and Employ.] [pp. 
misemploying, misemployed.] To employ or 
use amiss. 

Mis-en' try, n. [Mis- and Entry.] A wrong entry. 

Mi'ser, n. [L. miser, wretched.] A wretch covet- 
ous" to excess ; a person excessively penurious. 

Mis'er-a-ble, a. [L. miserabilis ; miserari, to pity.] 
Unhappy; wretched. 

Mis'er-a-bly, ad. Unhappily ; wretchedly. 

Mis-e-re're, n. [L. for "have mercy;" miserari, 
to pity; 'miser, pitiable, wretched.] A cry for 
mercy ; a lament. 

Mi'§er-ly, a. Very avaricious ; niggardly. 

Mis'er-y, n. [L. miseria; miser, wretched.] State 
of 'being miserable; wretchedness; calamity; 
misfortune; woe. 

Mis-es'ti-mate, v. a. [Fr. mesestimer. — See Esti- 
mate.]' [pp. misestimating, misestimated.] To 
estimate wrongly. 

Mis-fea'sance, n. [Law Fr. ; 0. Fr. mefaire, mes- 
faire, to' do evil. — See Malfeasance.] A mis- 
deed ; malfeasance ; a wrong act ; a trespass. 

Mis-for-ma'tion, n. [Mis- and Formation.] An 
abnormal or irregular formation; malformation. 

Mis-fdrt'une (mis-f ort'yun) , n. [Mis- and For- 
tune.] Evil fortune; calamity; ill luck; mis- 
chance; evil. 

Mis-give', v. a. [Mis- and Give.] [('.misgave; 
pp. misgiving, misgiven.] To give wrongly : — 
to fail (used with the reciprocal pronoun). 

Mis-giv'ing, n. Doubt; distrust: — apprehension. 

Mis-gov'ern (-guv'ern), v. a. [Mis- and Govern.] 
[pp. misgoverning, misgoverned.] To govern 

Mis-g6v'em-ment, «. Bad government. [ill. 

Mis-fuld'ance (mis-gid'ans), n. False direction. 

Mis-fuide' (mis-gldO, v. a. [Mis- and Guide.] 
[pp. misguiding, misguided.] To guide amiss. 

Mis-hap', n. [Mis- and Hap.] Ill chance; ill 
luck; a calami///. 



Mis-con-struc'tion, n. A wrong construction. 

Mis-c5n'strue, v.' a. [Mis- and Construe.] [pp. 
misconstruing, misconstrued.] To interpret in- 
correctly. 

Mis-count', v. a. [Mis- and Count.] [pp. mis- 
counting, miscounted.] To count or reckon 
amiss. — 2, v. n. To reckon amiss. — 3, n. An 
erroneous reckoning. 

Mis'cre-ant, n. [Fr. mecreanf, 0. Fr. mescreant, 
unbelieving, infidel ; mes-, ill, and croire, L. 
credere, to believe. — Cf. It. miscredente, heathen : 
at first a miscreant was an unbeliever.] A villain. 

Mis-deal', n. [Mis- and Deal.] A wrong deal. 
— 2, v. a. & v. n. [i. misdealt; pp. misdealing, 
misdealt.] To deal amiss. 

Mis-deed', n. [A.-S. misdeed; Ger. missethat; Dut. 
misdaad.] An evil action ; fault ; offence. 

Mis-deem , v. a. [Icel. misdsema. — See Deem.] [ pp. 
misdeeming, misdeemed.] To judge wrongly ; 
to mistake. 

Mis-de-mean'or, n. [Mis- and Demeanor.] An 
offence less atrocious than a crime ; misconduct. 

Mis-di-rect', v. a. [Mis- and Direct.] [pp. mis- 
directing, misdirected.] To direct or guide amiss. 

Mis-di-rec'tion, n. A wrong direction or com- 
mand. 

Mis-d8', v. a. & v. n. [Dut. misdoen ; Ger. miis- 
thnn. — See Do.] [i. misdid; pp. misdoing, mis- 
done.] To do wrong. 



Mis-im-prove 



[Mis- and Improve.] [pp. 



pp. 



misimproving, misimproved.] To misuse; to 
abuse. 

MIs-in-fdrm', v. a. [Mis- and Inform.] [pp. 
misinforming, misinformed.] To inform wrongly. 

Mis-in-for-ma'tion, n. False intelligence. 

Mis-in-teVpret, v. a. [Fr. m6sinterpre~ter. — See 
Interpret.] [pp. misinterpreting, misinter- 
preted.] To interpret wrongly. 

Mis-in-ter-pre-ta'tion, n. A wrong interpreta- 
tion or explanation. 

Mis-jud§e\ v. a. [Fr. mejuger. — See Judge.] [pp. 
misjudging, misjudged'.] To judge incorrectly ; 
to mistake. — 2, v. n. To judge incorrectly. 

Mis-judgment, n. An incorrect judgment. 

Mis-lay', v. a. [Mis- and Lay.] [j. mislaid ; _ 
mislaying, mislaid.] To lay in a wrong place; 
to misplace. 

Mis-lead', v. a. [Mis- and Lead.] [i. misled; pp. 
misleading, misled.] To lead or guide wrong; 
to delude. 

Mis'le-toe (miz'zl-to), n. See Mistletoe. 

Mis-like', v. a. & v. v. [A.-S. mislican. — See Like.] 
[pp. misliking, misliked.] To disapprove; to 
dislike. — 2, n. Disapprobation ; dislike. 

Mis-man'afe, v. a. [Mis- and Manage.] [pp. 
mismanaging, mismanaged.] To manage ill. 

Mis-man' afe-ment. n. Ill management. 

Mis-mat' e'd, a. [Mis- and Mated.] Unsuitably 
mated. 

Mis-name', v. a. [Mis- and Name.] [pp. mis- 
naming, misnamed.] To call by the wrong name. 

Mis-no'mer, w. [Old Law Fr. mesnommer, to mis- 
name ; 6. Fr. mes- pejorative, and nommer, L. 
nominarc, to name (q. v.).] A wrong name : — a 
misnaming. 

Mi-s5g'a-mist, n. [Gr. fi.i<royap.oq ; /oiureiV, to 
hate, and va/mo?, marriage.] A hater of marriage. 

Mi-sog'a-my, n. Hatred of marriage. 

Mi-sog'y-nist, n. [Gr. ixicroyvvys ; puo-eiv, to hate, 
and ywr). woman.] A hater of women. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, 9, c, £, soft ; p, J3, c, g, hard; § asz; ?. as gz ; 

31* 



this. 



MISOGYNY 



MIX 



Mi-so£'y-ny, n. Hatred of women. 

Mis-pick'el [niis'pik-1, St. N. I.], n. [Ger.] {Min.) 
Arsenical pyrites. 

Mis-place', v. a. [Mis- and Place.] [pp. mis- 
placing, misplaced.] To put in a wrong place. 

Mis-print', v. a. [Mis- and Print.] [pp. mis- 
printing, misprinted.] To print incorrectly. — 
2, n. An error of the press. 

Mis-prise', v. a. [Fr. mevriser. — See Prize.] [pp. 
misprising, misprised.f To undervalue. 

Mis-pris/ion (rnis-prizh'un), n. [0. Fr. mesprison; 
Fr. mepriser, to overlook, to undervalue.] (Law.) 
Neglect ; negligence.— Misprision of treason is the 
concealment of known treason. 

Mis-pro-nbunce', v. a. & v. n. [Mis- and Pro- 
nounce.] [ pp. mispronouncing, mispronounced.] 
To pronounce incorrectly. 

Mis-pro-nun-ci-a'tion (-pro-nun-she-a/shun) [-se- 
a'shiin, Sm. H.], u. A wrong pronunciation. 

Mis-quo-ta'tion, w. A wrong quotation. 

Mis-quote' (mis-kwof), v. a. [Mis- and Quote.] 
[pp. misquoting, misquoted.] To quote falsely. 

Mis-rep-re-sent', v. a. [Mis- and Represent.] 
[pp. misrepresenting, misrepresented.] To rep- 
resent wrongly. 

Mis-rep-re-sen- ta'tion, n. A false representation ; 
a false account. 

Mis-rule', n. [Mis- and Rule.] Confusion; dis- 
order ; unjust government. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. 
misruling, misruled.] To govern badly. 

Miss, i>. [For mistress?] A young girl : — the title 
of an unmarried woman : — [L>ut. mis; 0. Ger. 
misse] loss ; want ; failure ; omission. — 2, v. a. 
[A.-S. missan; Ger. & Dut. missen: a common 
Teutonic word.] [pp. missing, missed.] Not to 
hit; to mistake; to omit. — 3, v. n. Not to suc- 
ceed ; to fail ; to mistake. [mass-book. 

Mis'sal, n. [Late L. missale.— See Mass.] A 

Mis/sel-thrush, n. [Ger. misteldrossel ; mistel, mis- 
tletoe, and drossel, thrush (q. v.).] A large Eu- 
ropean thrush. 

Mis-shape', v. i Qer. misschaffen ; 0. Dut. mis- 
schepen. — See S. e.3 '"■!"/. misshaped ; pp. mis- 
shaping, misshaped o "i p n.] To shape ill. 

Mis'sile, a. [L. missilis, be thrown or 

sent; mittere, mission, to j That may be 

thrown. — 2, n. A weapon thrown; a projectile. 

Mis'sion (mish'un), n. [L. missio ; mittere, missvm, 
to send.] The* act of seeding or being sent:— a 
delegation ; commission : — a body of persons sent 
to perform any service. 

Mis'sion-a-ry (mish'un-a-re). n. A person sent, 
especially one sent to propagate religion. — 2, a. 
Relating to missions. 

Mis'sive, a. [Fr. — See Missile.] Sent abroad : 
— sent; dispatched. — 2, n. A letter sent: — a 
messenger. 

Mis-spell', v. a. [Mi •.- and Spell.] [i. misspelt 
or misspelled; pp. misspelling, misspelt or mis- 
spelled.] To spell wrongly. 

Mis-spend', v. a. [Mis- and Spend.] [;'. mis- 
spent; pp. misspending, misspent.] To speud 
ill ; to waste. 

Mis-state', v. a. [Mis- and State.] [pp. mis- 
stating, misstated.] To state incorrectly. 

Mis-state'ment, n. Erroneous statement. 

Mis-step', «.' [Mis- and Step.] A false step. 

Mist, n. [A.-S., Dut., & Sw. ; from the base mig-, 
as blast from blow. — Cf. Lith. migla, Gr. o/ou'xAt;, 
mist: Skr. mih, to sprinkle.] A small, thin rain, 
not perceived in drops ; vapor; fog: — anything 
that dims. — 2, v. a. [iip. misting, misted.] To 
cloud ; to cover with a vapor. 

Mis-tak'a-ble, a. That may be mistaken. 

Mis-take', v. a. [Mis- and Take.] [i. mistook; 
pp. mistaking, mistaken.] To conceive wrongly ; 
to misunderstand; to misapprehend. — 2, v. n. 
To err ; to judge wrongly. — To be mistaken (mis- 
ta/kn), to err ; to misconceive : — to be misunder- 
stood. — 3, n. A misconception ; an error. 

Mis-ta'ken-ly, ad. Erroneously ; incorrectly. 



Mis-teach', v. a. [Mis- and Teach.] [i. mis- 
taught ; pp. misteaching, mistaught.J To teach 
wrongly. 

Mis'ter. The pronunciation of the title Mr., the 
abbreviation of master. See Master. 

Mist'i-ly, ad. With mist ; darkly ; obscurely. 

Mist'i-ness, n. The state of being misty. 

Mis/ tie-toe (miz'zl-to), n. [A.-S. misteltan or mis- 
tel; Icel. mistelteinn; Dan., Sw., & Ger. rnistel: 
probably akin to Ger. mist, dung ; the last sylla- 
ble is A.-S. tan, a twig. It was believed to be 
propagated through the dung of birds.] A para- 
sitical plant growing on trees. 

Mis-took' (rnls-tuk'), i. from mistake. 

Mis'tral, n. [Fr. for magistral, powerful.] A 
northwest wind (in the Western Mediterranean). 

Mis-trans-late', v. a. [Mis- and Translate.] [pp. 
mistranslating, mistranslated.] To translate in- 
correctly. 

Mis-trans-la'tion, n. An incorrect translation. 

Mis' tress, n. [Fr. mattresse; 0. Fr. maistresse. — 
See Master.] A woman who governs; an in- 
structress : — a woman beloved and courted : — a 
concubine : — a title of respect to a married 
woman : — in this last sense abbreviated to Mrs., 
and pronounced mis'sis or mls'sez. 

Mis-tri'al, w. [Mis- and Trial.] A defective trial. 

Mis-trust', n. [Mis- and Trust.] Suspicion; dis- 
trust. — 2, v. a. [pp. mistrusting, mistrusted.] 
To suspect ; to doubt ; to regard with suspicion 
or distrust ; to discredit. 

Mist'y, a. Filled with mist; like mist; obscure. 

Mis-un-der-stand'. v. a. [Mis- and Understand.] 
[i. misunderstood ; pp. misunderstanding, mis- 
understood.] To misconceive. 

Mis-un-der-stand'ing, n. Erroneous impression ; 
error :— disagreement ; dissension. 

Mis-us'a|-e, n. Abuse ; bad treatment. 

Mis-usV (mis-yiiz'), v. a. [Fr. misuser. — See Use.] 
[pp. misusing, misused.] To use improperly ; to 
abuse. [abuse. 

Mis-iise' (mis-yus'), n. Wrong or erroneous use ; 

Mite, n. [A.-S. & Low Ger. mite; 0. Ger. miza; 
Ger. miete: root of Goth, maitan, to cut or bite.] 
A small insect :— [0. Dut. mijt, a small coin] any 
thing small ; a coin of trifling value. 

Mith'ri-date, n. [Fr. ; L. mithradatium, an anti- 
dote ;' from Miihradates, king of Pontus, whose 
use of counterpoisons was proverbial.] An old 
medicine or antidote. 

Mit'i-ga-ble, a. [Late L. mitigabilis.] Capable of 
mitigation. 

Mit'i-gant, a. [L. mitigans.] Lenient; lenitive. 

Mit'i-gate, v. a. [L. mitigare, mitigation ; from 
mil is, mild, and agere, to make.] [pp. mitigating, 
mitigated.] To render mild or less severe; to 
temper ; to alleviate ; to assuage ; to appease. 

Mit-i-ga'tion, n. [L. mitigatio.\ Alleviation ; an 
assuaging. [leviate. 

Mit'i-ga-tive, a. [L. mitigativus.] Tending to al- 

Mitrailleur (me-tra-yur), \n. [Fr. ; mUraitte, 

Mitrailleuse (me-tra-yuz), j grape - shot, scrap- 
iron ; Late L. materialia, rubbish.— See Mate- 
rial.] A kind of fire-arm in which several bar- 
rels discharge a large number of shots in rapid 
succession ; a machine-gun. 

Mi'tral, a. Resembling or pertaining to a mitre. 

Mi'tre (mi'ter), n. [L. mitra ; Gr. n-irpa.] An or- 
nament for the head worn by the pope and car- 
dinals, also by archbishops, bishops, and certain 
abbots; an episcopal crown :— a diagonal joint. 

Mi'tred (mi'terd), a. Adorned with a mitre. 

Mit'ten, n. [Fr. mitaine, miton. — Cf. Irish mutan, 
a glove, a muff : origin doubtful.] A cover for 
the hand ; a glove. 

Mit'ti-mus, n. [L. for " we commit."] (Law.) A 
kind of writ: — a warrant for committing to 
prison. [gere. 

Mitts, n. pi. [See Mitten.] Gloves without fin - 

Mix, v. a. [A.-S. miscan; Ger. mischen ; Welsh, 
mysgu ; Gael, measg. — Cf. L. miscere, mixturn, Gr. 



a, e, i, 5, ii, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, f, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure— Fare, far, f£st, fall; heir, her; 



MIXEN 



367 



MOIST 



fjilayeiv and fxiyvvvai (fut. ju.t'£oju.ai), to mix.] 
[L mixed ; pp. mixing, mixed ; i. & p. sometimes 
mixt.] To unite to something else; to blend; 
to mingle. — 2, v. n. To be united into one mass. 

Mix'en (niik'sn), ». [A.-S. ; from mix, muck 
{(]. v.).] A compost-heap. 

Mlx'er, «. One who mixes : — a large bowl. 

Mixt'ure (nrikst'yur), n. [L. mLrtura or rnistura.] 
The act of mixing ; a mixed mass ; a compound. 

Mlz'zen (miz'zn), n. [It. mezzana, a mizzeD-sail ; 
Fr. misaitie, a foresail; L. medius, Late L. mediu- 
m's, middling, — probably referring to its relative 
size.] The hindmost sail of a ship. 

Miz'zen-mast, n. The mast at the stern of a ship. 

Miz'zle (miz'zl), v. a. [From Mist.] [pp. miz- 
zling, mizzled.] To drizzle. — 2, n. Small rain ; 
mist; misle. 

Mne-mon'ic (ne-mon'ik), \a. Assisting the 

Mne-mon'i-cal'(ne-mon'-), J memory. 

Mne-mon'ics (ue-mon'iks), n. pi. [Gr. p.vqpovi<6<;, 
pertaining to memory (q. v.) ; /u.j'ijju.cov, mindful, 
fx.vdofxai, I remember.] The art of improving 
and using the memory. 

Moan (mon), v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. msenan, to moan : 
imitative.] [pp. moaning, moaned.] To la- 
ment ; to grieve. — 2, n. Lamentation ; audible 
sorrow; a groan. 

Moat (mot), h. [0. Fr. mote, Sp. mola, It. motto, a 
mound or bank; Irish mota, a mound or moat. — 
Cf. Icel. modr, a snow-bank; Romausch muotta, 
a hill : akin to Mud.] A canal round a house 
or castle: — the place where, in Anglo-Saxon 
times, the people met for deliberative purposes; 
a mote or assembly. — 2, v. a. [pp. moating, 
moated.] To surround with canals. 

Mob, n. [Contraction for L. mobile vulgus, the 
fickle crowd. — See Mobile.] A tumultuous and 
disorderly assemblage; a crowd; a rabble; a 
rout:— a mob-cap. — 2, v. a. [pp. mobbing, 
mobbed.] To harass ; to overbear by tumult. 

Mob'-cap, v. [0. Dut. mop, a coif. — See Muffle.] 
A woman's cap or head-dress.- 

Mo-bile' (or mob'il) [mo-beT, W. P. Ja. K. ; mdb'- 
i'l, Sm.; mo'bil. /. St. H. S. Wb. K], ra. [L. 
mobUis l movabj< , tickle; mocere, motum, to move 
((j. c.).] The populace; a mob. — 2, a. Fickle; 
easily moved. 

Mob-i-li-za'tion, ». The act of fitting for service. 

Mob'i-lize, v. a. [Fr. mobiliser.] [pp. mobilizing, 
mobilized.] To fit for active service. 

Mo-boc'ra-cy., n. Government by the mob. 

Moc'ca-son (mok'ka-sn), /;. [Algonkin, makasin.] 
An Indian shoe or cover for the foot : — a venom- 
ous serpent : — written also moccasin. 

Mock, v. u. [Fr. moquer; Ger. mucken, Dut. moclc- 
eu, to mumble. — Cf. It. mocca, the mouth ; L. 
maccus, a buffoon ; Gr. /xwko?, mockery.] [pp. 
mucking, mocked.] To deride; to ridicule; to 
mimic. — 2, v. n. To make contemptuous sport. 
— 3, n. Ridicule; a sneer; mimicry. — 4, «. 
False; counterfeit; not real. 

Mock'er, n. One who mocks; a scoffer. 

Mock'er-y, h. [Fr. moguerie.] Scorn; derision. 

Mock'ing, h. Scorn; derision; an insult. 

MSck'ing-bi'rd, n. A species of thrush, a bird 
which imitates other birds. 

Mo'dal, a. [Fr.] Relating to the form or mode. 

Mo-dal'i-tj:, n. [Fr. modulilc.\ Difference in mode 
or form ; restriction in respect to mode. 

Mode, n. [Fr. ; L. modus, measure, kind, way : 
akin to Mete.] Method ; form ; fashion ; state : 
— a thin silk : — variation of a verb. See Mood. 

Mod'el, ». [Fr. modele, It. modello, L. modulus, a 
standard ; dim. of modus, a measure.] A repre- 
sentation ; a copy to be imitated; exawjde ; a 
pattern ; a standard. — 2, v. a. [pp. modelling, 
modelled.] To plan; to shape or form. 

Mod'el-ler, n. One who models; a planner. 

Mod'er-ate, a. Observing a due mean between 
extremes; middling; temperate; not excessive ; 
mild ; reasonable ; deliberate : — mediocre. 



Mod'er-ate, v. a. [L. moderari, moderatus, to con- 
trol'; modus, measure, moderation.] [pp. mod- 
erating, moderated.] To regulate ; to restrain ; 
to still ; to repress ; to quiet : — to preside over. — 
2, v. n. To become quiet or less violent : — to 
preside as moderator. 

Mod'er-ate-lx, ad. With moderation. 

M6d-er-a'tion, n. [L. moderatio.] State of being 
moderate ; forbearance ; calmness ; restraint. 

Mod'er-a-tor, n. [L.] One who moderates or pre- 
sides. 

Mod' er-a- tor-ship, n. Office of moderator. 

Mod'ern, a. [Fr. moderne, L. modernus, in the 
present mode; modus, a mode, a measure, a 
standard.] Late ; recent ; not ancient ; new. — 
2, n. A person of modem times. 

Mod'ern-ism, n. A modern practice or idiom. 

Mod-ern-i-za'tion, n. The act of modernizing. 

Mod'ern-ize, v. a. [Fr. nwdertjiser.] [pp. mod- 
ernizing, modernized.] To render modern. 

Mod'est, «. [Fr. modeste; L. modestus, modest, 
within the measure ; modus, measure.] Re- 
strained by a sense of propriety ; diffident : — 
meek ; humble .-—chaste ; decent. 

Mod'est-ly, ud. Not arrogantly ; chastely. 

Mod'es-ty, n. State of being modest; propriety; 
moderation; diffidence; chastity: decency. 

Mod'i-cum, n. [L. modicus, moderate ; modus, 
measure.] A small portion. 

Mod'i-f I-a-ble, a. That may be modified. 

Mod-i-fi-ca'tion, n. [L. modificutio.] The act of 
modifying; state of being modified ; variation. 

Mod'i-fi-er, n. He who or that which modifies. 

Mod'j-fy, v. a. [Fr. modifier; L. modificare; mo- 
dus', a measure, and facere, to make.]' [jjjp. mod- 
ifying, modified.] To qualify; to shape; to soften. 

Mo-dil'lion (mo-dil'yun), ». [Fr. modiUon; It. mo- 
diglione) L. modulus, a model (q. v.).] (Arch.) 
An ornament in columns; a console or bracket. 

Mo'dish, a. Conformed to the mode; stylish. 

Mo-diste, n. [Fr.] A millin ; a dress-maker. 

Mod'ii-late (mod'yu-lat), v. . . n. [L. modu- 
lari, modulatus, to veg.^at o control; modus, a 
measure, mod'- ' u [pp. modulating, modu- 
lated.] To r adapt, as the voice or 
sounds; to . sound to a certain key; to 
attune. 

Mod-u-la'tion, w. [L. modulatio.] The act of mod- 
ulating; inflection uf the voice: harmony. 

Mod'ule (mod'yul), n. [Fr. — See Model.] A rep- 
resentation ; a model. 

Mod'u-lus, n. [L. — See Model.] A constant factor 
in a variable function. 

Mo'dus, n. [L.— See Mode.] L. pi. Mo'di ; Eng. 
Mo'dus-es. Mode; manner. — (Law.) A com- 
pensation for tithes; a consideration. 

Mo-gul', n. [Per. Moghol, a Mongolian.] The 
title of former East-liid : m emperors. 

Mo'hair. w. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. mouaire; Arab, mulchay- 
yar, camlet, hair-cloth.] Goats' hair, or cloth 
made of it. 

Mo-ham'me-dan, n. A follower of Mohammed ; a 
Mahometan. [med ; Mahome tanism ; Islam. 

Mo-ham'me-dan-ism, n. The religion of Moham- 

Mbi'dore, »>.' [Port, moeda de ouro, money of gold.] 
A Portuguese coin, rated at about £1 is. sterling 
(about $6.53). 

Mbi'e-ty., n. [Fr. moitie; L. medietas, a middle 
course.] Half; one of two equal parts. 

Moil, t'. a. [Fr. mouiUer, 0. Fr. moiler, to drench, 
to soak ; L. mollis, soft.] [pp. moiling, moiled.] 
To daub with dirt; to defile.— 2, o. n. To labor; 
to toil ; to drudge. — % n. Defilement ; dirt ; stain ; 
drudgery. 

Moire (mwar), n. [Fr. ; probably from moilir, to 
moisten, to water.] A rich silken fabric. 

Moist, a. [Fr. moitir, to wet; moite (formerly 
moists), wet; 0. Fr. & 0. E. moiste, fresh, new: 
probably related to L. musleus, new, fresh, be- 
longing to new wine; mustus, new, fresh. — See 
Must, n.] Moderately wet; damp; juicy. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, 5, g, soft ; p, ja, p, g, hard ; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 






MOISTEN 



368 



MONOCOTYLEDON 



Mois'ten (miu'sn), v. a. [pp. moistening, mois- 
tened.] To make damp. 

Moist'ness, n. Dampness ; moisture. 

Mbist'ure (miiist'yur), «. [Fr. moiteur. — See 
Moist.] Humidity. 

M5'lar, a. [L. molaris, grinding; mola, a mill 
(q. ».).] Having power to grind ; grinding. — 
2, w. A double or molar tooth. 

Mo-las'ses, n. [Port, melapo ; Sp. melaza; It. me- 
ted; Fr. melusse. — Cf. L. mellaceus, honey-like; 
mel, honey.] A syrup which drains from sugar. 

Mold, n. A form ; a matrix. See Mould. 

Hole, n. [A.-S. mal, metal; Ger. maal; Goth. 
mail. — Cf. L. macula, a spot.] A soft excrescence 
of the skin ; a spot ; a mark : — [Fr. mole, L. moles, 
a heap] a ruouud : — a jetty: — [a short form of 
Mouldwarp] a small animal. 

Mo-lec'u-lar, a. Relating to molecules. 

Mol'e-cule, n. [Neo-Latin, molecula, dim. of L. 
moles, a heap.] A small mass ; a minute particle. 

Mole' -Mil, n. A hillock formed by moles. 

Mole' skin, n. A stout fustian cloth. 

Mo-lest', v. a. [Fr. molester, L. molestare, to an- 
noy ; moles, a heap, — also labor, annoyance.] 
[pp. molesting, molested.] To disturb; to 
trouble ; to vex. 

Mol-es-ta'tion, n. Disturbance ; vexation. 

Mol'li-f I-a-ble, a. That may be softened. 

Mol-l'i-f i-ca'tion, n. A softening. 

Mol'li-fy, v. a. [Fr. mollifier ; L. mollificare; mol- 
lis, soft, and facere, to make.] [pp. "mollifying, 
mollified.] To soften ; to assuage; to soothe. 

Mol-lus'ca, n. pi. [Neo-Liitin ; L. molluscus, a 
soft-shelled nut; mollis, soft, mollescere, to be- 
come soft.] (Zocil.) A division of animals hav- 
ing soft bodies and no internal skeleton, as shell- 
fish ; mollusks. 

Mol-lus'can, ) a. Eelating to the mollusca or 

Mol-lus'cous, j mollusks. 

Mol-lus'cbid, n. An animal resembling a mollusk. 

Mol'lusk, n. (Zool.) A shell-fish. See Mollusca. 

Molt'en (mol'tn), p. a. [See Melt.] Melted; made 
of cast metal. 

Mo-lyb'date, n. (Cliem.) A salt composed of mo- 
lybdic acid and a base. [num. 

Mol-yb-de'na, n. (Mm.) Sulphide of molybde- 

Mol-yb-de'num, n. [Gr. ju.oAv/3Scuya, a plummet, 
a bullet ; /u.'6Av)36os or /u6Ai/3o?, lead : akin to L. 
plumbum, lead.] A brittle metal. 

Mo-lyb'dic, a. Derived from molybdenum. 

Home, n. [Gr. ju.a>/u.o?, ridicule; Fr. mome, a brat, 
a buffoon; Sicilian Gr. /awp-ap, a fool. — Cf. 
Mimic and Mummery.] A buffoon ; a fool. 

Mo'ment, n. [L. momentum, movement, force, 
weight, an instant ; for movimentum, a movement 
(q. «.).] The most minute part of time; an in- 
stant : — importance ; weight :— momentum. 

Mo'men-ta-ri-ly, ad. Every moment. 

Mo'men-ta-ry, a. [L« momentarius.] Lasting for 
a moment. 

Mo'ment-ly, ad. For a moment : — in a moment: 
— from moment to moment. [weighty, 

Mo-men' tous, a. [L. moruentosus.] Important; 

Mo-men'tum, n. ; pi. Mo-men'ta. [L. — See Mo- 
ment.] Motion or force of a moving body ; im- 
petus. 

Mon-, \ [Gr. /u.6i/os, alone, single.] A Greek pre- 

Mon'o-.J fix implying unity or singleness. 

Mon'a-phism, n. [Gr. /u-o^axo?, solitary; /uoVo?, 
single.] Monkery; monastic life. 

Mon'ad [mon'ad or mo'nad, W.], n. .[Gr. /utova?, 
fi.ovdSo<:, a unit; txovos, single.] An indivisible 
particle ; an atom : — a minute animalcule. 

Mo-nad'ic, \a. [Gr. /uovaSiKo?.] Relating to, 

Mo-nad'i-cal, / or having the nature of, monads. 

Mo-nan'dry, w. [Gr. /u.6vo?, single, av-qp, avSpos, 
a man, a husband.] Marriage to one man only. 

Mon'arph, n. [Gr. /jLovapxo?, ruling alone ; /u.6- 
vos, single, and ap^eif, to rule ; Fr. monargue.] 
A sovereign ; an emperor ; a king. 

Mo-narch'al, a. Suiting to a monarch ; regal. 



Mo-n'argh'ic, \ a. [Gr. /aovapxtKo?.] Eelating 

Mo-narph'i-cal, j to a monarch or to monarchy. 

Mon'arph-ism, n. A preference for monarchy. 

Mon'arph-ist, n. An advocate for monarchy. 

Mon'arph-y, n. [Gr. ixovapxLa.~\ The government 
of a monarch or of a single person ; a kingdom. 

Mon-as-te'ri-al, a. Relating to a monastery. 

Mon'as-ter-x [mon'as-ter-e or mon'as-tre, W. F. 
St.], n. [L. nionccsterium; Gr. fjiOvaaTrjolov; /u.o- 
vao-T^?, a monk ; /u.ova£eiv, to be alone ; /novos, 
solitary.] A house appropriated to monks; a 
convent ; an abbey ; a priory ; a cloister. 

Mo-nas'tic, n. [Gr. /otovao-Tt/cos, dwelling in soli- 
tude.] A monk ; a recluse. — 2, a. Pertaining to 
monks or to nuns ; religiously recluse. 

Mo-nas'ti-cism, n. A monastic life. 

Mon'day, n. [A.-S. monan dseg, the moon's day.] 
The second day of the week. 

M6n'e-ta-ry [or mon'-), a. [L. monetarins ; moneta, 
money, a mint (</. v.).] Relating to money. 

M6n-e-ti-za'tion, n. The act or process of mone- 
tizing or converting into money. 

Mon'e-tize, v. a. [pp. monetizing, monetized.] 
To convert into money or into a legal tender. 

Mon'ey (mun'e), m. ; pi. Mon'eys. [Fr. monnaie ; 
L. moneta, money, or a mint (7. t-.).] Metal 
coined for traffic ; coin : — bank-notes exchange- 
able for coin. 

M6n'ey-chan£'er, n. A broker in money. 

Mon'eyed (mun^d), a. Rich in money. ' 

Mon'ey-less, a. Wanting money ; penniless. 

M6n'|er (mting'ger), n. [A.-S. mangere; Icel. man- 
gari; A.-S. mangian, to traffic; mengan, to mix; 
Icel. manga, to traffic; Dut. mangelen, to barter, 
— literally, to mingle (q. v.).] A dealer; a seller: 
— used in composition, as fish-monger. 

Mon'grel (mung'grel), a. '[0. E. mengrel; A.-S. 
mengan, to mix, to mingle (q. v.). The' termi- 
nation -rel is pejorative and diminutive.] Of a 
mixed breed. — 2, n. Any thing of a mixed breed. 

Mo-nil'i-fbrm, «. [L. monile, a necklace, and 
forma, a form.] Formed like a necklace. 

Mon'ism, n. [Gr. fxovos, single.] The doctrine 
of unity ; the reference of all existence and all 
phenomena to a single ultimate principle : — op- 
posed to dualism. 

Mon'ist, n. A defender of monism. 

Mo-ni"tion, n. [L. monitio ; monere, to warn.] A 
hint; an admonition. 

Mon'i-tive, a. Admonitory ; instructive. 

Mon'i-tor, n. [L.— See Monition.] One who ad- 
monishes or warns ; one who observes or inspects 
students in a school : — [it was believed to warn 
people of the approach of crocodiles] a lizard of 
various species. — (Nant.) A small fishing-vessel : 
— a low iron-clad war-vessel, intended mainly 
for harbor-defence. 

Mon-i-to'ri-al, a. Relating to a monitor. 

Mon'i-to-ry, a. Giving admonition ; admonitory. 

Monk (mungk), n. [A.-S. mnnec ; L. monachus; 
Gr. novaxos. — See Monachism.] One of a re- 
ligious community withdrawn from intercourse 
with the world and living in a monastery. 

M6nk'er-y, n. The life and state of monks. 

Mon'key (mung'ke), «. [0. It. monicchio, dim. of 
mona, an ape ; It. monna, Sp. mono, a monkey. 
The It. monna means strictly a lady, hence a 
dame, an old woman.] An ape ; a baboon. 

Mon'key-wrench (-rench), n. [Said to be named 
from its inventor.] An adjustable wrench. 

Monk'ish, a. Monastic; pertaining to monks. 

Monk's'-hood (-hud), n. A plant, the aconite. 

Mon'o-. A prefix. See Mon-. 

Mon'o-phbrd, n. [Gr. fiofo?, single, and x°P^V, a 
string.] A musical instrument with one string. 

Mon-o-phro-mat'ic, a. [Mono- and Chromatic] 
Having but one color. 

Mon'o-phrome, n. A painting in a single color. 

Mon-o-cot-y-le'don, n. [Mono- and Cotyledon.] 
(Bot.) A plant having only one seed-lobe in 
each seed. 



a, e, l, 0, u, y, long; a, e, 1, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare- far, fiat, fall; heir, her; 



MONOCOTYLEDONOUS 



369 



MOP 



Mon-o-cot-x-led'o-nous, a. Having one cotyledon 
in each seed. 

Mo-noc'u-lar, \a. [Gr. /U.0V09, single, and L. 

Mo-noc'u-lous, ) oculus, an eye.] Having only one 
eye ; one-eyed. 

Mon'o-dist, ». A writer of monodies. 

Mon'o-dy, n. [Gr. fxovwBCa; fxovo<;, single, and 
0*617, a song.] A poem sung by one person ; a 
poetical lament for one person. 

Mo-nog' a-mist, n. One who disallows second 
marriages : — one who has but one wife. 

Mo-nog'a-my, n. [Gr. ixofoya/xla; juovos, single, 
and ya/aos, marriage.] Marriage of one wife 
only : — rejection of a second marriage. 

Mon'o-gram, n. [Gr. /xovos, single, and ypa.fj.ixa, 
a letter or figure ; ypdfyeiv, to write.] One char- 
acter or cipher : — a character compounded of 
two or more letters. 

Mon'o-graph, n. [Gr. /xdvo?, single, and ypa<t>n, 
a writing.] An account of a single thing. 

Mon'o-lith, w. [Gr. n.6vo<;, single, and Ai'0o?, a 
stone.] A pillar formed of a single stone. 

Mon-o-lith'ic, a. Consisting of only one stone. 

Mon'o-logue (mon'o-log), n. [Fr. ; Gr. fxovos, 
aloiie, and Aoyo?, a discourse; Aeyeiv, to speak.] 
A soliloquy. 

Mon-o-ma'ni-a, n. [Gr. fj.6vos, single, and fxavca, 
madness.] ' insanity on one subject only. 

Mon-o-ma'ni-ac, n. One who is affected with 
monomania. 

Mon-o-met'al-lism, n. [Gr. fiovos, single, and 
fxeraWov, a metal (q. v.).] The employment of 
one metal only, as gold, as the monetary stand- 
ard : — contradistinguished from bimetallism. 

Mon-o-met'al-list, n. An advocate of monomet- 
allism. 

Mo-no'mi-al, n. [Gr. /novo;, single, and ovo/xa, 
a name.] A single algebraic term. 

Mon-o-pet'a-lous, a- [Gr. fxovos, single, and nira- 
\ov, a petal.] (Bot.) Having hut one petal or leaf. 

Mo-nop'o-list, n. One who monopolizes. 

Mo-nop'o-lize, v. a. [pp. monopolizing, monopo- 
lized.] ' To buy up so as to be the only purchaser 
and seller; to obtain the monopoly or the whole 
of; to engross. 

Mo-nop'o-liz-er, n. A monopolist. 

Mo-nop'o-ly, n. [L. monopolium ; Gr. /xovottooXiov, 
fj.ovon(ij\ia ; ixovos, only, and nuiKelf, to sell.] 
The exclusive possession of any thing ; the sole 
right of selling. 

Mon-o-sper'mous, a. [Gr. ixovos, single, and 
crirepfj.a, a seed.] Having only one seed. 

Mon-o-syl-lab'ic, a. Having only one syllable. 

Mon'o-syl-la-bie, n. [Gr. /uoVo?, single, and cruA- 
AajSrj, a syllable.] A word of only one syllable. 

M5n'o-the-i§m, n. [Gr. p.6vo<;, single, and 8e6s, 
a god.] A belief in only one God. 

Mon'o-the-ist, ». A believer in monotheism. 

Mon-o-the-ist'ic, a. Relating to monotheism. 

Mon'o-tone, «.' [See Monotony. J Uniformity of 
sound ; uniform sound. 

Mo-not'o-noiis, a. [Gr. /otovorovo?. — See Tone.] 
Having monotony ; wanting variety ; uniform in 
sound : — uniform in appearance. 

Mo-not'o-nous-ly, ad. With uniform tone. 

Mo-not'o-ny, u. [Gr. txovorovia. — See Tone.] Uni- 
formity of sound or tone; an irksome sameness 
in speaking ; sameness in appearance (as of a 
landscape). 

Mon-o-trem'a-toiis, a. [Gr. ixovos, single, and 
Tpfifxa, a hole.] Having but one vent for the 
excretions. 

Monsieur (mos-yuV or mon-ser'), n. ; pi. Mes- 
sieurs. [Fr. ; mon, my, and sieur, for seigneur, a 
lord, a master.] Sir; Mr.; the compella'tion of 
a French gentleman : — formerly th^ title of the 
French king's oldest brother. See Mkssieurs. 
Monsignore (mon-sen-yo'ra), n. ; pi Monsignori 
(mon-sen-yo're). [It. for "my lord;" Fr. mon- 
seigneur. — See Monstf.x-ii and SifiNiOR.] A title 
given to various ecclesiastics. 



Mon-sS6n', n. [It. monsone ; Sp. monzon; Port. 
monpao ; i'r. mousson ; Malaj' mttsim, a monsoon, 
a season ; Arab, mawsim, a season, a time ; wasm, 
a marking.] A periodical wind, being a modi- 
fication of the trade-winds. 

Mon'ster, n. [Fr. monstre; L. monstrum, an omen, 
a wonder, a portent : root of monere, to warn.] 
Something unnatural or horrible ; an unnatural 
production : — something very large. 

Mon'strance, n. [Late L. monstrantia; L. mon- 
strare, to show.] A transparent pyx in which 
the consecrated wafer is placed. 

Mon-stros'i-ty, n. State of being monstrous : — a 
monster :— a deformed production. 

Mon'strous, a. [L. tnonstruosus or moastrosus. — 
See Monster.] Unnatural; shocking; huge. 

Mon' strous-lx. ad. Shockingly; horribly. 

Month (munth), n. [0. E. moneth; A.-S. monad; 
mona, the moon ; Dut. maand, a month ; maan, 
the moon; Dan. moaned; Ger. monat; Goth. 
menoths; L. mensis. — See Moon.] One of the 
twelve divisions of the year : — four weeks. 

Month' ly, a. Happening every month. — 2, ad. 
Once in a month. 

Mon'u-ment, »• [U. momimentnm, a memorial ; 
monere, to remind.] Some structure erected as 
a memorial ; a memorial ; a tomb ; a pillar. 

Mon-u-ment'al, o. Memorial ; sepulchral. 

Mon-u-ment'al-ly, ad. By way of memorial. 

Mood, n. [A'.-S. mod, mind: Dut. moed, heart, 
spirit ; Icel. modr, wrath ; Ger. mutk, courage.] 
Temper or state of mind; disposition; form. — 
[See Mode.] (Gram.) The manner of conju- 
gating or inflecting a verb : — written also mode. 

M66d'i-ly, ad. Sadly; pensively; peevishly. 

Mood'i-ness, n. Peevishness; vexation. 

Mood'y, a. Out of humor; peevish; sad. 

Moon, n. [A.-S. mona; Dut. maan; Dan. maane ; 
Ger. mond; Gr. tx-qviq. — Cf. Skr. ma, to measure.] 
The luminary of the night ; a satellite : — a 
month. — 2, v. a. [pp. mooning, mooned.] To 
act as if moon-struck; to dream in an inane 
sentimental way ; to stare in a dreamy manner; 
to wander vacuously. 

Moon' -beam, n. A beam or ray of lunar light. 

Moon'less, a. Not enlightened by the moon. 

Moon'light (-lit), n. The light of the moon. — 

2, a. Illuminated by the moon. 
Moon'lit, o. Lighted by the moon. 

M66n' shine, n. The lustre or light of the moon : 
— empty show ; delusion ; a thing of no value. 

Moon' -stone, n. A kind of gem. 

Moon' -struck, a. Affected by the moon ; lunatic. 

Moor. n. [A.-S. mor ; Icel. mor, a moor, peat; 
Dan. mor ; Ger. moor.] A marsh ; a fen ; a bog : 
— [L. 3taurus. — Cf. Gr. /xavpos, dark] a native of 
Barbary in Africa; a blackamoor.— 2, v. a. [Dut. 
marren, to tie, to moor. — Cf. A.-S. merren, to 
hinder,— also, to mar (q. v.).] [pp. mooring, 
moored.] To fasten or confine by anchors. — 

3, v. n. To come to anchor. 

Moor'age, n. A place or station for mooring. 

Moor' -hen, n. A species of grouse. 

Moor'ings, n. pi Anchors, chains, &c, laid across 
a harbor or river, to confine a ship. 

Moor'ish, a. Marshy : — denoting Moors. 

Moor'iand, ». Watery ground ; wasteland. 

M66se,'w. [Algonkin.] The elk, a large animal 
of the deer kind. 

M35t, v. a. [A.-S. motian, to summon, to cite ; 
mot, gemot, a meeting.— See Meet.] [pp. moot- 
ing, mooted.] To discuss ; to debate : — to plead 
in a fictitious cause, or for exercise. — 2, r. n. To 
argue upon a supposed cause. — 3, a. Disputable ; 
unsettled. — 4, n. A moot-court; a dispute : — an 
assembly. 

M66t'a-ble, a. That may be mooted. 

Moot'-court, m. A court held for the purpose of 
arguing imaginary cases. 

Mop, n. [0. Fr. mappe, L. mappa, a napkin ; said 
to be a Punic word ; Welsh mop, Irish moipal, a 



mien, sir ; move, nor, sSn ; bflll, bur, rule, use. — 9, 0, 5, §, soft ; p, 0, e, £, hard; s as z ; ? as gz ; tfiis. 



y 



MOPE 



370 



MORTGAGE 



mop.] A utensil for cleaning floors : — a gri- 
mace. — 2, v. a. [pp. mopping, mopped.] To 
rub or clean with a mop. — '6, v. n. [See Mope.] 
To make grimaces. 

Mope, v. n. [Dut. moppen, Local Ger. muffen, to 
sulk. — See Mock.] [pp. moping, moped.] To 
be stupid or dull; to drowse. — 2, n. A drone; 
a stupid, spiritless person. 

Mbp'ish, a. Spiritless; inattentive; dejected. 

Moquette (mo-kef), a. [Fr. ; originally, an imita- 
tion, a mockery (q. v.).\ Noting a kind of carpet. 

Mo-raine', n. [Fr. ; origin disputed.] An accu- 
mulation of stones, gravel, and debris, by glaciers. 

Mor'al, a. [L. rnoralis ; mos, a custom; pi. mores, 
manners.] Relating to rational beings, and their 
duties to one another, as right or wrong : — re- 
lating to morality ; obligatory in its nature : — 
subject to a moral law; accountable: — volun- 
tary : — probable ; supported by the customary 
course of things ; as, moral evidence, moral cer- 
tainty : — good, as estimated by a standard of 
right and wrong; virtuous; just; honest. — 2, n. 
The instruction of a fable, &c. 

Mo-rale', n. [Fr.] The condition of troops re- 
specting courage or confidence. 

Mor'al-ist, n. One who teaches or practises mo- 
rality ; a moral philosopher. 

Mo-rai'i-ty, n. [Fr. moralite.] The doctrine of 
human duty ; ethics : — correct moral conduct : — 
a kind of allegorical play. [tion. 

Mor-al-i-za'tion, n. Moral reflection or explana- 

Mor'al-ize, v. a. [Fr. moraliser.] [pp. moralizing, 
moralized.] To apply or explain in a moral 
sense ; to make moral. — 2, v. n. To discourse on 
moral subjects ; to make moral reflections. 

Mor'al-ly, ad. In an ethical or moral manner : 
— practically ; virtually. 

Mor'al§, n. pi. The practice of the duties of life ; 
ethics; morality: — conduct; behavior. 

Mo-rass', n. [Dut. moeras. — Cf. 0. Dut. moerasch, 
moorish, muddy ; moer, mire.] A fen ; a bog; a 
moor ; a marsh. 

Mbr'bid, a. [L. morbidus; morbus, a disease.] Dis- 
eased ; sickly ; ill ; unsound. 

Mbr'bid-ness, n. The state of being morbid. 

Mor-blfic, a. [L. morbus, illness, and fueere, to 
make.] Causing diseases ; noxious. 

Morceau (mbr-so'), n. ; pi. Morceaux (mbr-soz'). 
[Fr. — See Morsei,.] A small piece ; a morsel. 

Mor-da'cious (mor-da/shus), a. [L. mordax ; mor- 
dere, to bite.] Biting ; acrid. 

Mor-dac'i-ty, n. [L. mordacitas; Fr. mordacite.] 
A biting quality. 

Mbr'dant, a. [L. mordere, mordanlis, to bite, to 
lay hold of.] Tending to fix; biting.— 2, n. A 
substance to fix colors in cloth. 

More, a. [A.-S. ma, 0. E. mo, Goth, mais, L. ma- 
gis, Ger. meh.r, more; also A.-S. mara, greater; 
the A.-S. ma is a comparative ; mara is a double 
comparative.] [Comparative of many, much, and 
some.] Greater in number or quantity; added. 
— 2, ad. To a greater degree; again. — 3, n. A 
greater quantity or degree. 

Mo-reen', n. [Cf. Fr. moraine, morine, waste wool, 
wool from dead sheep ; 0. E. mortlings : akin to 
Murrain.] A kind of worsted stuff. 

Mo-rel', n. [It. morello, blackish; moro, a negro. 
—See Moor.] A mushroom :— a morello cherry. 

Mo-rel'lo, n. An acid, juicy cherry. 

More-o'ver, ad. Besides ; further ; likewise. 

Mo-resque' (mo-resk'), n. [Fr. ; from More, a 
Moor (q. v.).] ' A specie* of ornamental painting, 
much used by the Moors, in which foliage, 
flowers, and fruits are combined. — 2, a. Done 
after the manner of the Moors. 

Mbr-ga-nat'ic, a. [Law L. matrimonium ad mor- 
gana'ticum contraction, a left-hand or restricted 
marriage. — Cf. Goth, maurgjan, to restrict; but 
the origin of the term is very doubtful.] Ap- 
plied to a marriage between a man of superior 
and a woman of inferior rank, also called a left- 



hand marriage -.—noting the wife by a left-hand 
marriage. 

Morgue (mbrg), n. [Fr. ; etymology disputed.] 
A place where dead bodies are exposed in order 
to be recognized. [Dying. 

Mbr'i-bund, a. [L. moribundus ; mori, to die.] 

Mb'ri-on, n. [Fr. morion ; It. morione ; Sp. morrion : 
origin disputed.— Cf. Sp. morra, the scalp or 
crown ; morro, any thing round ; moron, Basque 
rnurua, a hill.] A lielmet; armor for the head. 

Mbr'mon, n. [An invented word.] One of a re- 
ligious sect founded by Joseph Smith about 1830 : 
— a web-footed bird. 

Mbr'mon-i§m, n. The doctrines and principles 
of the Mormons. 

Morn, n. [A.-S., Dut., Dan., & Ger. morgen; 0. E. 
morwe, morwen.] The first part of the day; 
morning. 

Mbrn'ing, n. [0. E. m.orwening ; morwen, morn 
{q. v.).] The first part of the day. — 2, a. Being 
in the early part of the day. 

Mbrn'ing-star, n. The planet Venus. 

Mo-roc'co, n. [From the country of Morocco ; L. 
Mauretania; Maurus, a Moor (q. v.).] A fine 
leather of goat-skin. 

Mo-rose', a. [L. morosus, self-willed, captious; 
mos, moris, a habit : morose, in the obsolete sense 
of "slow," "dull," is the L. morosus, delaying; 
mora, a delay.] Sour of temper ; peevish ; sullen. 

Mo-rose'ly, ad. Sourly; peevishly; sullenly. 

Mo-rose'ness, n. Sourness; peevishness. 

MoYphew'(mbr'fu), n. [Fr. morphee, It. morfea, 
leprosy.] A scurf on the face. 

Mbr'phi-a, \ n. [Gr. Morpheus (Mop$ew?), the god 

Mbr'phine, J of sleep and of dreams ; /u.op</>rj, a 
shape', a form.] The narcotic principle of opium ; 
an alkaloid extracted from opium. 

Mbr-pho-lo|-'i-cal, «. Pertaining to morphology. 

Mor-phol'o-£y, n. [Gr. /aop^ 1 ?, form, and Abyo?, 
a treatise.] That department or division of 
science which treats of the organs or structure of 
plants or animals. 

Mor'rice, n. Same as Morris. 

Mor'ris, n. [For Moorish dance.] A kind of play ; 
morris-dance. [bells were fixed to the feet. 

Mor'ris-dance, n. A Moorish dance, in which 

Mor'row, n. [0. E. morwe, morwen. — See Morn.] 
The day after the present : — next day. 

Morse, n. [Buss, morzh; more, the sea.] A sea- 
horse or walrus. 

Mbr'sel, n. [0. Fr. morcel; Fr. morceau ; It. mor- 
sello ; L. mordere, morsum, to bite.] A mouthful ; 
a piece ; a bite. 

Mbrt, n. [Fr. mart, L. mors, mortis, death : affected 
in meaning by 0. E. mot, atrumpet-call ; Fr. mot, 
a word, a note. — See Motto.] A tune sounded 
at the death of game : — death, as of game. 

Mbr'tal, a. [L. mortalis; mors, mortis, death; 
mori, to die. ] Subject to death : — deadly ; destruc- 
tive; fatal -.—final ; extreme: — not venial : — hu- 
man. — 2, n. A man; a human being. 

Mpr-tal'i-ty, n. State of being mortal ; death ; 
frequency of deaths ; number of deaths in pro- 
portion to population :— human nature. 

Mbr'tal-ly, ad. Hopelessly; fatally. 

Mbr'tar, n. [L. mortarium, a mortar, or material 
prepared in a mortar: root of Eng. mar, to 
bruise.] A vessel in which substances are 
pounded: — a cannon for throwing bombs: — 
cement used in building with 
brick oi- stone. 

Mort'gai-e (mbr'gaj), n. [0. 
Fr. ; Fr. mort, dead, 
gage, a pledge : so called be- 
cause on breach of the con- 
ditions the mortgagee's in- 
terest dies.] A pledge; a 
grant of an estate in fee as Mortar, 

security for a debt.— 2, v. a. [pp. mortgaging, 
mortgaged.] To make over or pledge to a cred- 
itor as security for a debt. 




a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



MOETGAGEE 



371 



MOUNT 



agnn : 

3 



Mbrt-ga-£ee' (mor-ga-je'), n. A person to whom 
a mortgage is given. 

Mbrt-gage-br' (mbr-gaj-or'), n. (Law.) One who 
gives a mortgage : — correlative of mortgagee. : — 
written also mortgagor. [mortgage. 

Mbrt'ga-ger (mbr'ga-jer), n. One who gives a 

Mbr-ti-fi-ca'tion, n. [L. mortificatio.] Act of 
mortifying; chagrin; humiliation : — that which 
mortifies : — local death ; gangrene : — a gift for 
charitable uses. 

Mbr'ti-fy, v. a. [L. mortificare, to cause death; 
mors, mortis, death, and facere, to make.] [pp. 
mortifying, mortified.] To affect with gangrene : 
— to subdue ; to humble ; to depress ; to chagrin : 
— to dispose of for charitable 
purposes. — 2, v. n. To gan- 
grene ; to be subdued. 

Mbr'tise, n. [Fr. mortaise; Irish, 
mortis; Sp. mortaja. — Cf. Arab. 
murtazz, fixed, tenacious.] A Mortise and tenon, 
hole cut in wood for a tenon. — 
2, v. a. [pp. mortising, mortised.] To cut or 
make a mortise in. 

Mbrt'main, n. [Fr, mort, dead, and main, hand : 
lands in mortmain were inalienable, and the 
power to transfer was regarded as dead.] An 
alienation of lands and tenements : — an unalien- 
able estate. 

Mbrt'u-a-ry, n. [L. mortuarius, belonging to the 
dead ; 'mortuus, dead; mori, to die.] A burial- 
place: — a morgue: — a gift left at death to a 
church or a clergyman. — 2, a. Belonging to sep- 
ulture or death. 

Mo-§a'ic, n. [It. mosaico; Gr. ju.ovo-eios, belong- 
ing to the Muses, artistic ; /u.ov<ra, a muse (q. <•.).] 
An inlaid representation of objects by means of 
pieces of colored glass, or in pebbles, marbles, 
tiles, or shells. — 2, a. Relating to, or consisting 
of, inlaid work : — relating to Moses. 

Mos'lem [moz'lem, St I. Wb. N. Sm. Co. Cu.], n. 
[Arab, muslim, a righteous man, a man at peace : 
salamia, to be at rest, to have fulfilled one's duty.] 
A Mussulman ; a Mohammedan. , 

Mosque (mosk), n. [Fr. mosquee ; Sp. mezquila ; 
Arab, maxjid. — Cf. Arab, mjgadah, a carpet, a 
mosque ; sajada, to prostrate one's self, to adore.] 
A Mohammedan temple. 

Mos-qui'to (mos-ke'to), n. ; pi. Mos-qui'toes. [Sp., 
dim. of mosca, L. muaca, a flj\] A small trouble- 
some insect; a kind of gnat. 

Moss, ». [A.-S. meos; Dut. & Pan. mos; Ger. 
moos; L. muscm.] A snail flowerless plant of 
many species: — a swamp or bog. — 2, r. a. [pp. 
mossing, mossed.] To cover with moss. 

Moss'-ag'ate. n. An agate having a moss-like 
appearance within. 

Moss'-grown, «. Covered with moss. 

Moss'i-ness, it. State of being mossy. 

Moss'-rose, n. A rose with a mossy calyx. 

Moss'-tr66p-er, n. A bandit; a marauder. 

Moss'y, a. Overgrown or covered with moss. 

Most, a. [A.-S. iiui'st ; Goth, matefs; Ger. meirt. — 
See More.] [The superlative of many and much.] 
Greatest in number; greatest in quantity. — 
2, ad. In the greatest or highest degree. — 3, n. 
The greatest number, extent, or quantity. 

Most'ly, ad. For the greatest part; chiefly. 

Mote, ii. [A.-S. & But, mot, a speck; Sp. mota, a 
pa tide.— Cf. It. mota, dirt, mud (q. v.).] A 
small particle of matter; a spot.— 2, v. Might, 
must, or may. [Antiq.] 

Mo-tet', n. [Fr. motet, dim. of mot, a word, an ex- 
pression ; It. tnottetto, a jest, — formerly also a 
song, a ditty.] A kind of sacred air ; an anthem. 

Moth, ii. ; pi. Moths. [A.-S. modde, mohde : But. 
mot; Ger. molte.] An insect related to butter- 
flies : — a larva which eats cloth ; a consumer. 

M5t&'er(muth'er\ n. [A.-S. moder ; But. moeder ; 
D&n. moder ; Irish, mathair ; Ger. mutter; L. ma- 
ter; Gr. jui?Tr)p; Skr. mdta, main.] A female 
parent; that which has produced any thing; 



cause ; origin : — [0. But. modder, mire ; But. 
nicer, sediment; Ger. moder, mud, mould] a slimy 
substance in liquors. — 2, a. Native; natural; 
vernacular. [maternity. 

Moth'er-hood (muth'er-hud), n. State of a mother ; 

M6tfi'er-in-law, n. The mother of a husband or 
of a wife. 

Meth'er-less, a. Bestitute of a mother. 

M6th'er-ly, a. Like a mother; maternal. 

Motft'er-of-pearl', n. The internal layer of the 
pearl oyster ; nacre. 

Moth'er-wlt, n. Native wit; common sense. 

Moth'er-wort (-wiirtj, n. A strong-smelling herb. 

M6th'er-y, «. Full of mother; slimy. 

Moth'y, a. Full of moths. 

Mo'tile, a. Relating to motion ; having motility. 

Mo-til'i-ty, n. [Fr. motilite.] Capability of motion. 

Mo'tion (mo'slmn), n. [L. motio, motionis; mo- 
vere, motum, to move (q. v.).] The act of mov- 
ing; the act of changing place ; movement; gait; 
action: — a proposal made in a public assembly. 
— 2, v. n. [pp. motioning, motioned.] To make 
proposal ; to move : — to beckon. 

Mo'tion-less, a. Being without motion. 

Mb'tive, a. [Fr. motif; Late L. motivum, a mo- 
tive; L. motiviis, moving. — See Move.] Causing 
motion; moving. — 2, n. That which determines 
the choice; inducement; reason; cause; prin- 
eiple; design : — theme; prevailing idea. — 3, r. a. 
[pip. motiving, motived.] To act as a motive 
on :— to constitute the motive of ; to be the in- 
citing cause of. 

Mot'ley, «. [0. Fr. matteU, clotted, mottled; Fr. 
& Local Ger. matte, curd. — See Mottle. — Cf. Gr. 
fxarvr), L. mattea, a hash or stew.] Mingled of 
various colors. — 2, n, A parti-colored garb. 

Mb'tor, n. [L. tnotm; a mover. — See Move.] A 
moving force, machine or muscle. — 2, a. Per- 
taining to motion. 

Mo'to-ry, a. Giving motion ; moving. 

Mot'tle (mot'tl), r. a. [Akin to Motley.] [pp. 
mottling, mottled.] To mark with spots. 

Mot'to, n. ; pi. Mot toe§. [It. motto, Fr. mot, a 
word ; L. mntta,,,, a grunt, a muttered utterance.] 
A sentence prefixed to a word, book, or essay. 

Mould (mold), n. [A.-S. molde, soil; Icel. mold, 
Ban. muld, earth: akin to Mem,.] Concreted 
matter, as smut in corn: a spot: — the upper 
stratum of earth; earth: soil: — [Fr. motile, Sp. 
molde, L. modulus, a model] the matrix in which 
any thing is cast; a model; a cast; a form. — 
2, v. a. [pp. moulding, moulded.] To gather 
mould; to rot. — 3, v. a. To shape; to model. 

Mould'a-ble, «. That may be moulded. 

Mould'-board (mold'bord), n. The part of a 
plough which turns over the furrow. 

Mould'er (mold'er), ». One who moulds. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. mouldering, mouldered ] To be turned to 
dust. — 3, r. a. To turn to dust: to crumble. 

Mould' i-ness, n. The state of being mouldy. 

Mbuld'ing (mold'ing), ». An ornamental line in 
wood'; a cavity or projection ; an edging. 

Mould'warp, n. [0. E. molde, soil, mould (q. p.), 
and warpen, to cast. — See Warp.] A mole; a 
small animal. 

Mould'y, a. Covered with or having mould. 

Moult (molt), v. n. [0. E. mouten, Fr. timer, to 
moult; L. mutare, to change.] [pp. moulting, 
moulted.] To shed the feathers; to lose feathers; 
to shed hair; to mew. — 2, n. The act of shed- 
ding feathers; moulting. 

Moult'ing, ». A shedding of feathers. 

Mound, n. [A.-S. & 0. Fris. mund, a protection; 
confused with L. mons, montis, a mountain, a 
hill.] A rampart; a fence; a bank of earth. — 
2, r. a. [pp. mounding, mounded.] To fortify 
with a mound. 

Mount, n. [L. mons, montis ; Fr. mo»t.] A moun- 
tain: — an artificial hill: — ahorse for the sad- 
dle. — 2, v. it. [Fr. monter, to mount; L. mons, 
montis, a hill.] [pp. mounting, mounted.] To 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, <?, c, £, soft ; p, J3-, p, g, hard ; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 



MOUNTAIN 



372 



MULCT 



ascend ; to get on horseback. — 3, v. a. To raise | 
aloft; to ascend : — to furnish : — to embellish; to 
decorate : — to prepare for use. 

ffibun'tain (rubun'tm), n. [Fr. montagne, a moun- 
tain ; L. montanus, belonging to a mountain, 
hilly; mans, moutis, a mountain.] A vast protu- 
berance of the earth ; a very large hill ; mount. 
— 2, a. Relating to mountains. 

Mbun'tain-ash, n. The rowan-tree. 

Mbfin-tain-eer', n. [Fr. montaguard.] An inhab- 
itant of a mountain. 

Mbun'tain-ous (mbun'tjn-tis), a. [Fr. montagneux ; 
L. montanus, hilly.] Full of mountains; hilly: 
— large as mountains; huge. 

Mbun'te-bank, n. [It. rnontambanco ; montare, to 
mount, in, on, and banco, a bench (q. v.).] A 
quack; a charlatan. 

Mbunt'ed, p. a. Seated on horseback: — furnished 
with guns : — raised ; embellished. 

Mount' ing, n. An ascent : — embellishment. 

Mourn (.morn), v. n. [A.-S. murnan, meprnan; 
Icel. moma; Goth, maurnan. — Cf. Ger. murren, 
to murmur (q. v.).] [])])■ mourning, mourned.] 
To grieve ; to be sorrowful. — 2, v. a. To grieve 
for ; to lament. 

Mourn'er, n. One who mourns ; a lamenter. 

Mourn' ful, a. Causing sorrow ; sorrowful. 

Mourn' ful-ly, ad. Sorrowfully; sadly. 

Moum'ing, n. Sorrow; the dress of sorrow. — 
2, p. a. Indicating sorrow or grief. 

Mouse, n. ; pi. Mice. [A.-S., L., & Sw. mus; But. 
muis; Dan. rnuus; Ger. mans; 
Gr. javs; Per. mush; Skr. 
musha. — Cf. Skr. muslw, a thief ; 
mush, to steal.] A little ani- 
mal which infests houses and Mouse, 
granaries. 

Mouse (mbuz), v. n. [pp. mousing, moused.] To 
catch mice ; to be sly. 

Mouse' ear, n. A plant with a downy leaf. 

Mbu§'er, n. One that catches mice. 

M8us-tache' (mos-tash'), n. [Fr. ; It. mostaccio ; 
Gr. fj.vo-ra£, juacrra£, the upper lip: akin to 
Masticate.] The hair on the upper lip; mus- 
tache. See Mustache. 

Mouth, n.\ pi. Mouths- [A.-S. muth; Dut. mond ; 
Ger. & Dan. mimd.] The aperture in the head 
at which the food is received and the voice 
emitted : — the opening of a vessel ; entrance : — 
the instrument of speaking : — a voice. 

Mouth, v. n. [pp. mouthing, mouthed.] To 
speak loudly ; to vociferate ; to rant. — 2, v. a. 
To utter with an affected voice. 

Mbuth'ful, n. ; pi. Mbuth'fuls. As much as the 
mouth holds at once. 

Mbuth'-piece, n. Part of an instrument for the 
mouth : — one who speaks for others. 

Mov'a-ble, a. That may be moved ; not fixed. 



e !:"ii: 



Move, v. a. [L. movere ; Fr. monvoir. — Cf. Skr. 
miv, to push ; Gr. a/uei'/3ojuai, ap.evop.ai, to change 
place, to change.] [pp. moving, moved.] To 
put in motion ; to actuate : — to propose ; to in- 
cite ; to persuade.— 2, v. n. To change place ; to 
walk ; to stir. — 3, n. The act of moving ; move- 
ment. 

M6ve'ment, n. [Fr. mouvemenl.] A motion ; a 
march'; excitement; disturbance. 

Mov'er, n. The person or thing that moves. 

Mov'ing, p. a. Changing place; exciting; pa- 
thetic; touching; affecting. 

Mbw> [mo, I. N. St.], n. [A.-S. outgo.] A mass of 
hay or grain ; a hay-loft : — [Fr. moue : root of 
Mouth] a wry face*.— 2, v. a. [pp. mowing, 
mowed.] To stow away, as hay or straw. — 
3, v. n. To make wry faces. 

Mow, v. a. [A.-S. maivan; Dut. maaijen; Ger. 
m'dhen. — Cf. Gr. apdeiv, to reap.] [i. mowed; 
pp. mowing, mowed or mown.] To cut with a 
scythe or other implement. 

Mow'er (mo'er), n. One who cuts grass. 



Mbw'ing, n. The act of cutting with a scythe : — 

Mown, p. from mow. [a hay-field. 

Mox'a, n. [A Portuguese word, said to be from 
the Japanese.] A cottony substance used in 
cauterizing. 

Much, a. [A.-S. mycel; Icel. mjblc— See Mickle.] 
Large in quantity :— long in time.— 2, ad. In 
or to a great degree; by far; often.— 3, n. A 
great deal; abundance. 

Mu'ci-lafe, n. [L. mucilago, mucilaginis. — See 
Mucus.] A slimy or viscous mass. 

Mu-ci-la§'i-nous, a. Slimy; viscous; ropy. 

Mu-ci-lag'i-nous-ness, n. Sliminess. 

Muck, n. [Icel*. myH; Dan. mog. — Cf. L. mucus, 
slime ; mucedo, mould.] Dung for manure ; ma- 
nure ; filth :— peaty mud.— 2, v. a. [ pp. muck- 
ing, mucked.] To manure with muck.— 3, ad. 
Same as Amuck. 

Muck'i-ness, n. Nastiness ; filth. 

Muck'y, a. Consisting of muck ; filthy ; muggy. 

Mu'cous, a. [L. mucosus.] Relating to mucus; 
slimy. 

Mu'cro-nate, a. [L. mucronatus, pointed ; mucro, 
mucronis, a point.] Narrowed to a point. 

Mu'cus, n. [L. mucus; Gr. /uu£a, snivel, slime. — 
Cf. Gr. is.vK.7rip, the nose, and Drav. muJchu, the 
nose; mugar, to smell.] The fluid that flows 
from the nose : — any slimy liquor or moisture. 

Mud, n. [Local & 0. Ger. mudde, mud ; molt, peat ; 
Dut. modder, mud, lees, mother of Mine.] Dirt 
or soil mixed with water; mire.— 2, v. a. [pp. 
mudding, mudded.] To befoul with mud. 

Mud'di-ness, n. The state of being muddy. 

Mud' die, v. a. [Frequentative of to mud.] [pp. 
muddling, muddled.] To make turbid ; to foul : 
— to make partially drunk ; to stupefy. — 2, v. n. 
To be dirty or confused. — 3, n. A confused or 
turbid state. 

Mud'djr, a. Turbid; foul with mud; dull. — 
2, v. a. [pp. muddying, muddied.] To make 
muddy ; to cloud. 

Mud' -hen, n. A water-fowl of several kinds. 

Mu-ez'zin, n. [Arab, mueddin, muazzin; adan, or 
azav, the call to prayer ; uzv, the ear.] An officer 
or clerk, in Mohammedan countries, who calls 
the people to prayers. 

Muff, n. [Ger. mvff; Dan. mttffe ; Dut. mof.—Qi. 
Low Ger. mowe, a sleeve ; Fr. moufle, Sp. mufla, 
a thick glove.] A soft, warm cover for the 
hands :— [Ger. muff, a grumbler.— Cf. Dut. & 
Local Ger. mu t fen,\o be stupid or sulky : akin to 
Mope] a stupid, soft fellow; a mean-siiitited, 
truckling person : — a failure to catch a ball. 

Muffin, «• [From Muff, referring to its soft- 
ness'.] A kind of light, spongy cake. 

Muffle, v. a. [Fr. moufle, Sp. mvfla, a glove or 
mitten : akin to Muff.] [pp. muffling, muf- 
fled.] To conceal ; to wrap ; to cover. — 2, n. A 
vessel in which small objects are heated : — [Fr. 
mufle. — Cf. Ger. nntffel, an animal with large 
lips] the naked part of an animal's nose. 

Muffler, n. A cover for th« face. 

Mufti, n. [Arab.] A Mohammedan high-priest. 

Mug, it. [Irish, mugan, mucog ; Sw. mugg.] A cup 
to drink from : — {cf. Skr. mukha, the face ; Gr. 
fjLVKTrjp, the nose] the face [Low]. 

Mug'gy, or Mug'fish, a. [Icel. mugga, drizzling 
mist :' akin to Muck.] Moist; damp; close. 

Mu-lat'to, n. ; pi. Mu-lat'tbe§. [Sp. mulato, or 
muleto, a mule, a hybrid.] One born of parents 
of whom one is white and the other negro. 

Mul'ber-ry, n. [Ger. maulbeere; A.-S. mor, a mul- 
berry, and Berry; L. morus, Gr. p-wpov, a mul- 
berry.] A tree and its fruit. 

Mulch, n. [Cf. Ger. molsch, L. mollis, soft.] Straw, 
litter, &c, half rotten.— 2, v. a. [pp. mulching, 
mulched.] To cover with rotten straw. 

Mulct, n. [L. mulcfa, or multa, a fine ; multare, to 
fine.] A pecuniary penalty or fine. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. mulcting, mulcted.] To punish with fine 
or forfeiture. 



a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, §, i, o, u, x. obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; hSir, her; 



MULE 



373 



MUEK 



Mule, n. f A.-S. mul ; L. mulm.~] An animal gen- 
erated between a he-ass and a mare, or between 
a horse and a she-ass : — a hybrid : — a machine 
for spinning cotton. 

Mii-le-teer', u. [Fr. mulelier.] A mule-driver. 

Mu-li-eb'ri-ty, n. [L. muliebritas ; mulier, a 
woman ; ' muliebris, womanly.] "Womanhood ; 
feminity ; womanly quality. 

Mul'ish, «. Like a mule; obstinate; sullen. 

Mulli n. [Scot. & Dut. mul, dust.] A snuff-box : 
— [Hind, mal-mal] a species of muslin. — 2, v. a. 
[Cf. Fr. mouiller, to soften; L. mollis, soft.] [pp. 
mulling, mulled.] To soften and reduce the 
spirit of; to heat, sweeten, &c, as wine. ' 

Mul-la-ga-taw'ny, n. [Tamil milagn-tunni, pep- 
per-water.] A kind of soup. 

Mul'lein, n. [A.-S. moleyn; whence Fr. molene ; 
Goth! malo, a moth: it was regarded as good 
against moths.] A coarse, herbaceous plant. 

Mul'ler, n. One who mulls : — a stone or instru- 
ment for grinding powder or colors. 

Mul'let, n. [Fr. imdet, mulle ; L. muttus, also mugil.] 
A sea-fish, valued for food. 

Mul'lion (mul'yun), n. [0. E. munnion, Fr. moi- 
gnon, Sp. mufton, a stump.— Cf. L. mancus, 
maimed.] (Arch.) An upright post or bar in a 
window-frame. 

Mult-, ) Common prefixes in words of Latin ori- 

Mult'i-. J gin, from L. multus, many ; as, mwtongu- 
lar, Vnufttfarious. 

Mult-an'gu-lar, a. [L. multus, many, and angu- 
laris, angular (q. ».).] Having many angles. 

Mul-ti-fa'ri-ous, a. [L. muMfarius, various ; 
probably from multus, many, and fori, to speak.] 
Having pxeat multiplicity ; diversified ; numer- 
ous; manifold. 

Mul-ti-fa'ri-ous-ly, ad. With multiplicity. 

Mul-ti-fa'ri-ous-ness, n. Great diversity. 

Mul'ti-f id, a. [L. multifidus ; multus, many, and 
findere, fidi, to cleave.] Having many divisions. 

Mul-ti-loc'u-lar, a. [L. multus, many, and hcus, 
dim. loculus, a place.] Having many cells. 

Mul-tip'a-rous, «. [L. multus, many, and parere, 
to bear.] Bringing forth many at a birth : — 
having produced many offspring. 

Mul-tip'ar-tite, a. [L. multus, many, and partitus, 
divided. — See Part.] Divided into many parts. 

Mul'ti-ple, ». [L. multiplex, manifold: on type of 
triple. — See Multiply.] A number which ex- 
actly contains another number several times; 
as, 12 is a multiple of 3. — A common multiple, is a 
multiple of two or more numbers; 12 is a com- 
mon multiple of 2, 3, 4, and 6. 

Mul'ti-pli-a-ble, a. That may be multiplied. 

Mul-ti-pli-cand', n. [L. mulHplicandum — See Mul- 
tiply.] ' (Arith.) The number to be multiplied. 

Mul-ti-plj-ca'tion, n. [L. muttiplicatio.—See Mul- 
tiply.] The act of multiplying ; state of being 
multiplied.— -(ArUh.) The process of finding the 
amount of a given number, called the multipli- 
cand, when repeated a certain number of times, 
expressed by the multiplier. [being- many. 

Mul-ti-plic'i-ty, n. [L. multiplieitas.] State of. 

Miil'ti-pli-er, n. He who or that which multi- 
plies : — a number to multiply by. 

Mul'ti-ply, v. a. [L. multiplicare ; multiplex, mani- 
fold; multus, much, and pUcare, to fold.] [pp. 
multiplying, multiplied.] To increase in num- 
ber; to increase by generation; to increase by 
arithmetical multiplication. — 2, v. n. To grow 
in number; to increase. 

Mul-tip'o-tent, a. [L. multipotens; multus, much, 
anil potens, potent.] Having manifold power. 

Mul'ti-tude, n. [L. muUUudo ; multus, much, 
many.] A great number; a great many; a 
throug ; a crowd ; the populace ; the vulvar. 

Mul-ti-tu'di-nous, a. Numerous; manifold. 

Mul'ti-valve, a. [L. multus, many, and vaha, a 
valve (q. v.).] Having many valves. 

Mult'ure (mult'yur), n. [0. Fr. ; Fr. moulure ; 
Law L. molilura ; L. mollere, to grind: akin to 



Mill and Meal.] Act of grinding ; a grist: — 
a fee or toll for grinding. 

Mum, inter}. [Purely imitative.] Silence ; hush. — 
2, a. Silent ; not speaking. — 3, u. [Ger. Mumme, 
the inventor's name.] A strong German ale. 

Mum'ble, v. n. [Dut. mommelen; Ger. mummeln; 
Dan. mumle ; Sw. mumla: imitative.] [jjp- mum- 
bling, mumbled.] To speak inwardly ; to mutter. 
— 2, a. To utter imperfectly. 

Mumm, v. n. [Ger. mummen, Dut. mommen, to 
mask ; Ger. mumme, Dut. mom, a mask : per- 
haps akin to Mome.] [pp. mumming, mummed.] 
To mask ; to frolic in disguise. 

Mum'mer, n. A masker; a jester; a player. 

Mum'mer-y, n. [Fr. momerie. — See Mumm.] A 
masking ; farcical show ; frolic in masks : — folly ; 
foolery; buffoonery. 

Mum'nii-fy, v. a. & v. n. [Fr. momifier.] [pp. 
mummifying, mummified.] To make or become 
a mummy. 

Mum'my, n. [Fr. momie; Sp. momia; It. mummia ; 
Per. mumayin; Arab, rniuuia ; Arab. & Per. mum, 
wax ; Coptic mum, bitumen.] A dead body pre- 
served by embalming : — a sort of wax. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. mummying, mummied.] To embalm. 

Mump, v. n. [A form of Mum or Mumble : imi- 
tative.] [pp. mumping, mumped.] To nibble; 
to bite : — to mutter ; to sulk : — to beg. 

Mumps, k. pi- Sullenness :— [from the verb to 
mump] a disease in which the glands about the 
throat are swelled. 

Munch, v. a. & v. n. [Imitative. — Cf. Fr. m 
mandncare, to eat.] [pp. munching, munched.] 
To chew eagerly and greedily. 

Mun'dane, a. [L. mundanm; mundus, the world.) 
Belonging to this world ; earthly. 

Mun'g6ose, n. [East Indian.] An Asiatic animal 
that destroys serpents. 

Mu-nic'i-pal, a. [L. municipalis; municipium, a 
town with a local government; rmiraa, functions, 
and capere, to receive.] Belonging to a munici- 
pality, corporation, or city :— relating to a state, 
kingdom, or nation. 

Mu-nic-i-pal'i-ty, w. A town or city ; a district 
and its inhabitants; the government of a city. 

Mii-nif i-cence, n. [L. muiiijirrutin, bounty; nih- 
nificus, liberal; mttnus, a gift, and facere, to 
make.] The act of giving liberally ; liberality ; 
generosity; bounty. 

Mu-nif i-cent, a. [L. munificens. — See Munifi- 
cence.] Liberal; beneficent; bounteous. 

Mu-mf'i-cent-ly, ad. Liberally ; generously. 

Mu'ni-ment, b. [L. munimentum, a defence; mu- 
nire, to fortify ; moana, walls.] A fortification ; 
fortress; defence. — (Law.) A deed; a record; 
charter. 

Mu-ni"tion (mu-ntsh'un), n. [L. munitio, a block- 
ade, defence ; muuire, to fortify.] Fortification : 
— ammunition ; materials for war. 

Mun-jeet', n. [Hind, maujit.] Indian madder. 

Munt'jak, n. [A native name.] A small deer of 
Southeastern Asia. [ing to a wall. 

Mu'ral, a. [L. muralis; murus, a wall.] Peitain- 

Miir'der, «. [A.-S. mordor ; Goth, maurthr; Ger. 
mord. — Cf. L. mors, death.] The act of killing a 
human being unlawfully, and with malice pre- 
pense. — 2, v. a. [pp. murdering, murdered.] To 
MZaman unlawfully, and with malice prepense. 

Mur'der-er, n. One who is guilty of murder. 

Mur'der-ess, n. A woman guilty of murder. 

Mur'der-ous, a. Guilty of murder; bloody. 

Mur'der-ous-ly, ad. In a bloody manner. 

Mu'ri-ate, n. (Chem.) A chloride. 

Mu-ri-at'ic, a. [L. muriaticus, briny ; muria, brine.] 
Of the nature of brine. 

Mu'rine (mu'rin), n. [L. murinus, of mice; mux, 
muris, a mouse (q. v.).] A small quadruped; a 
mouse. — 2, a. Of or relating to mice. 

Murk, n. [See Marc] The husks of fruit:— 
[A.-S. mure, Dan. mark, dark] darkness. — 2, a. 
Murky; dark. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — £, $, 5, §, soft; J3, £, g, g\ hard; s as z ; x as gz ; this. 

32 



MUKKY 



374 



MUTINOUS 



Miir'ky, a. Dark ; cloudy : wanting light. 

MUr'mur, n. [L. murmur; Fr. murmure; Skr. 
marmara, a rushing sound ; L. murmurare, to 
murmur ; Gr. ^opixvptiv, to rush and roar. — Cf. 
Drav. murumuru, morumoru, to grumble : imita- 
tive.] A low, continued noise :— a complaint ; 
a grumble. — 2, v. n. [pp. murmuring, mur- 
mured.] To make a low, continued noise: — to 
grumble; to mutter; to complain. 

Miir'mur-ous, a. Exciting murmur: — murmuring. 

Mur'rain, n. [0. Fr. marine, Sp. inorrifla, mur- 
rain; It. moria, contagion. — Cf. Fr. moraine, 
wool of dead sheep ; L. mori, to die.] A plague 
among cattle. 

Miirre, n. [Local E. marrot. — Cf. Fr. marotou, a 
wild duck.] A sea-bird ; the razor-bill. 

Mus'ca-del, n. [It. moscadetta ; moscado, musk 
(q. v'.).] A kind of sweet grape : — a sweet wine: 
— a sweet pear. 

Mus'ca-dlne [mus'ka-din, Ja. Sm.], n. [0. It. 
moscadino. — See Muscadel.] A sweet grape ; a 
sweet wine ; muscadel. 

Mus'cat, \n. A sweet grape :— a sweet wine. 

Miis'ca-tel, j Same as Muscadel. 

Mus'cle (mus'sl), n. [L. musculus,— literally, a 
little mouse; mm, a mouse. — Cf. Ger. mans, a 
mouse, — also, a muscle; Gr. ju.0?, a mouse, a 
muscle.] The fleshy organ of motion in ani- 
mals : — a shell-fish ; a mussel. 

Mus-col'o-gy, n. [L. muscus, a moss, and Gr. 
A6705, a treatise.] The science of mosses. 

Mus-co-va'do, n. [Sp. mascabado ; mas, more, and 
acabado, completed, advanced.] A raw or unre- 
fined sugar. 

Mils' co-vlte, «• [From Moscow, a capital of Russia, 
whence Muscovy, an old name of the country.] 
Of or relating to Russia.— 2, n. A Russian. 

Mus'cu-lar, a. Relating to the muscles ; composed 
of muscles ; brawny ; strong. 

Mus-cu-lar'i-ty, n. State of being muscular. 

Mus'cu-loiis, a. [L. muscidosus.] Full of muscles; 
muscular. 

Muse, n. [L. musa ; Gr. juovo-a.] One of nine 
ancient sister goddesses, fabled to preside over 
the fine arts: — the power of poetry: — deep 
thought; abstraction. — 2, v. a. [Fr. muser; It. 
musare, to muse, to stare : akin to muso, the 
muzzle; it was at first applied to dogs in the 
chase.] [pp. musing, mused.] To think on; to 
meditate upon. — 3, v. n. To think; to ponder; 
to meditate. 

Mu-§e'um, n. [L. ; Gr. fiovaelov, a temple of the 
Muses.— See Muse.] L. pi. Mu-§e'a ; Eng. Mu- 
§e'um§. A collection or repository of curiosities. 

Mush, n. [Ger. mus, A.-S. mos, pap.— Cf. Fr. 
moussa, a kind of pap or starch ; mousse, froth, 
foam.] Food made of the flour of maize boiled 
in water; hasty pudding : — any thing soft. 

Mush' room, 11. [Fr. mousseron; from mousse, froth, 
moss (q. v.).] A spongy plant : — an upstart. 

Mu'§ic, n. [L. musica; Gr. ixovcriKiq; juouo-ikos, 
belonging to the Muses.— See Muse.] The art 
of combining sounds agreeable to the ear; the 
science of harmonical sounds; instrumental or 
vocal harmony ; melody. 

Mu'§i-cal, a. Harmonious ; melodious. — 2, n. A 
musical entertainment or party. 

Mu'§i-cal-ly, ad. In a musical manner. 

Mu-§i"cian (mu-zish'an), n. [Fr. musicien.] One 
skilled in music. 

Musk, n. [Fr. muse; L. muscus; Gr. /u.dcrxos; Per. 
musk; Arab, mesh, m.Ul:] A strong perfume: — 
an animal that produces musk ; musk-deer : — a 
musky flowei\ — 2, v. a. [pp. musking, musked.] 
To perfume with musk. 

Musk'-deer, n. A deer which produces musk. 

Mus'ket, n. [Fr. mousquet, a musket, — originally, 
a sparrow-hawk ; from mouche, a fly, — referring 
to his small size. Fire-arms and other military 
weapons were often fancifully named from birds 
■and animals.] A soldier's hand-gun. 




Mus-ket-eer', n. [Fr. mousquetaire.] A soldier 
who uses a musket. 

Mus-ket-66n', n. [Fr. mousqueton ; It. moschellone : 
augmentative forms.] A short musket or gun. 

Mus'ket- ry, n. [Fr. ruousqucterie ; It. moschetteria.] 
Muskets collectively. 

Mus'ki-ness, n. The state of being musky. 

Musk'mel-on, n. A melon of musky odor. 

Musk' -ox, n. A sheep-like 
ox of Canada. 

MQsk'-rat, n. The mus- 
quash : — the desman. 

Miisk'x, a. Having the 
perfume of musk. 

Mu§'lin, n. [Fr. mousse- 
line; It. mussolino : named 
from Mosul, in Asiatic Turkey.] A fine, thin 
stuff made of cotton. 

Mus/lin-de-laine', n. [Fr. mousselin de laine, mus- 
lin of wool.] A fabric of wool, or cotton and 
wool, of light texture. 

Mus'quash (ruus'kwosh), n. [Algonkin.] An 
American aquatic quadruped, valued for its fur. 

Mus-qui'to (mus-ke'to), n. See Mosquito. 

Muss, n. [Fr. mousser, to puff, to froth ; mousse, 
froth. — Cf. Fr. mouche, a fly,— also, a huff, a pet.] 
A scramble ; a confused contest. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
mussing, mussed.] To rumple ; to disarrange. 

Mus'sel, n. [L. musculus, a nmssel, — literally, a 
little mouse ; A.-S. muxle.— See Muscle.] A 
kind of mollusk. 

Mus'sul-man, n. ; pi. Mus'sul-man§. [Per. musid- 
man, Arab, muslim, a Moslem (q. v.).] A Mo- 
hammedan, or Mahometan. 

Must, v. auxiliary & defective. [A.-S. moste ; Dut. 
moest; Ger. muss. — See May.] To be obliged. — 
2, v. a. & v. n. [A form of Moist. — See Musty.] 
[pp. musting, musted.] To make or grow 
mouldy. — 3, n. [L. mustum,; A.-S. must; Ger. 
most; Fr. mout; L. mustus, fresh, new. — See 
Moist.] New wine not fermented ; mouldiness ; 
mouldy flavor or smell. 

Mus-tache', n. ; pi. Mus-ta'che§, or Mus-ta'ghe§, 
n. [See Moustache.] The hair on 'the upper 
lip : — written also moustache. 

Mus-ta'chio (mris-ta/sho), n. Mustache. 

Mus'tang, n. [Sp. mesteHo, belonging to tbe mesta, 
or body of graziers.] A Mild American horse. 

Miis'tard, n. [Fr. moutarde, It. mosturda, — prop- 
erly,' a condiment mixed with must, or new 
wine; It. mosto, must (q. v.).] A plant and its 
seed, used as a condiment. 

Mus'ter, v. a. [It. mostra, 0. Fr. mostre, monstre, 
a display; L. monstrare, to show.] [pp. muster- 
ing, mustered.] To bring together; to review. 
— 2, v. n. To assemble ; to meet together. — 3, n. 
A review or a register of forces. 

Mus'ter-roll, n. A register of forces. 

Mus'ti-ness, n. State of being musty; mould. 

MQs'ty, a. [Probably a form of Moist.] Mouldy ; 
spoiled with damp or age. 

Mu-ta-bil'i-ty., \ n. Changeableness; incon- 

Mu'ta-ble-ness, j stancy; instability. 

Mu'ta-ble, «. [L. midabiUs ; mutare, to change.] 
Subject to change ; changeable ; variable ; fickle ; 
unstable ; inconstant. 

Mu-ta'tion, n. [L. mulatto.] Change ; alteration. 

Mute, a. ' [L. mutus, dumb.] Silent ; speechless ; 
dumb; not vocal. — 2, n. One who is speechless : 
— a utensil to deaden sound : — a letter not vocal. 
— The mutes are b,p, q, <, d, k, and c and g hard. 

Mute'lx, ad. Silently ; not vocally. 

Mu'ti-late, v. a. [L. mutilare, mutilatum; mvtilus, 
maimed; Gr. /u-vtiAos, cut short.] [pp. muti- 
lating, mutilated.] To deprive of an essential 
part ; to cut off, as a limb ; to maim. 

Mu-ti-la'tion, n. The act of mutilating. 

Mu'ti-la-tor, n. One who mutilates. 

Mu-ti-neer', n. One guilty of mutiny. 

Mu'ti-nous, a. [Fr. mulin, mutinous, stubborn. — 
See Mutiny.] Guilty of, or disposed to, mutiny. 



a, e, 1, 0, u, y, 



; a, e, 1, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



MUTINOUSLY 



375 



NAILEE 



Mu'ti-noiis-ly, ad. Seditiously ; turbulently. 

Mu'ti-nous-ness, n. Seditiousness. 

Mu'ti-ny,' v. n. [Sp. motin, Port, motim, a mutiny, 
an uproar; Fr. se muttner, to mutiny; mutinerie, 
a mutiny : allied to Fr. meute, Late L. mota, a 
pack of bounds, and to L. morere, motnm, to 
move, to strive.] [pp. mutinying, mutinied.] 
To rise against authority, particularly naval 
or military authority. — 2, n. An insurrection 
against naval or military authority; sedition. 

Mfit'ter, v. n. [L. mutire; Ger. muttem: imita- 
tive.'] [pp. mattering, muttered.] To murmur; 
to grumble. — 2, v. a. To utter or speak indis- 
tinctly. — 3, n. A murmur; obscure utterance. 

Mut'ton (mut'tn), n. [Fr. mouton, Late L. multo, 
multonis, It. montone, a sheep; from L. tnuMlus, 
castrated.] The flesh of sheep when dressed for 
food : — a sheep. 

Mut'ii-al (mut'yu-al), a. [L. mutuus, reciprocal, 
borrowed; mutare, to change, to exchange.] 
Each acting in return to the other ; reciprocal; 
interchangeable. 

Mut-u-al'i-ty, n. Quality of being mutual. 

Mut'ii-al-iy, ad. Reciprocally; in return. 

Mut'ule, »." [L-. WMfetZtts.] {Arch.) A square block, 
or sort of modillion of the Doric order. 

Muz'zle, n. [Fr. museau, 0. Fr. musette, mosel, It. 
mnzn, the muzzle or snout; from L. morsus, a 
bite; mordcre, morsum, to bite.] The nose or 
mouth of an animal or of any thing : — a fasten- 
ing for the mouth. — 2, v. a. [pp. muzzling, 
muzzled.] To bind the mouth ; to prevent from 
biting or from speaking. 

My, or My. (un or me : — mi, when distinct), pron. 
poss. & a. [Ger. mein. — See Mine.] Belonging 
to me. 

My-col'o-§-y, n. [Gr. /U.VK779, a fungus, and Aoyo?, 
a treatise.] A treatise on the fungi. 

My-ol'o-£;y, n. [Gr. ^0?, juvos, a muscle, and 
Aoyo?', a treatise.] The doctrine of the muscles. 

My'ope, n. [Gr. ;u.voi//; p.veiv, to close, and il>i//, 
the eye.] A near-sighted person ; a myops. 

My-6'pi-a, n. [Gr. /LtvtoTri'a.j Short-sightedness. 

My-op'ic, a. Near-sighted. • 

Myr'i-ad, n. [Gr. p.vpid?, a myriad, ten thou- 
sand;' /uvpi'o?, countless.] Ten thousand:— a 
great number. 

Myr'i-a-gram, "I n. [Fr. myriagramme, ten thou- 

Myr'i-a-gramme, J sand grammes; Gr. juupid?, ten 
thousand, and Gramme.] A weight, equal to 22 
pounds, 1 ounce, 2 drachma avoirdupois. 

Myr-i-a-li'tre, n. [Fr. for "ten thousand litres;" 
Gr. juuptci?, ten thousand, and Litkk.J A meas- 
ure, equal to 2200 gallons, 7 pints, 13 fluid- 
ounces, 4 riuidrachms, 48 minims imperial. 



Myr-i-a-me'tre (-nia'tur or -me'tur), n. [Fr. myria- 
metre) Gr. /xvptds, ten thousand, and Me ike 
(q. ».).] A measure of length, equal to 10,001) 
metres, or 6 miles, 1 furlong, 15fi yards, 6 inches. 

Myr'i-a-pod, n. [Gr. /uvpids, ten thousand ; 7rovs 
(pi. woSeq), a foot.] An articulate auimal having 
many jointed feet. 

Myr'mi-don, n. [One of an ancient people of 
Thess'aly, fabled to have sprung from ants turned 
into men; Gr. txvpp.r)8u>v, an ants' nest; /avpjarj^, 
an ant.] A rough soldier; a ruffian. 

My-rob'a-lan, n. [Gr. /u.vpo/SdA.ai'o? ; fx.vpov, an 
ointment, and (SdAavos, a nut.] A dried fruit 
used in tanning. 

Myrrh (nur), n. [L. myrrha; Gr. ju.v'ppa; Arab. 
man; from its bitterness; mien; bitter.] A strong 
aromatic gum. 

Myr'tle (mir'tl), n. [L. myrtus; Gr. fxvpros; Per. 
murd.] A fragrant tree or shrub. 

My-selr (me-self or mi-self), pron. I or me, 
with emphasis; the reciprocal of I. 

Mys-te'ri-ous, a. Full of mystery ; unexplained; 
inexplicable; obscure; secret; hidden. 

Mys-te'ri-ous-ly, ad. Obscurely ; secretly. 

Mys'te-ry, n. [L. mysterium ; Gr. fj.vo-Trjptov ; fxver- 
ttj5, an initiate ; ^veiv, to close the eyes.] Some- 
thing secret, inexplicable, or above human in- 
telligence; a secret; obscurity: — a kind of an- 
cient drama:— [0. E. misters, It. mesliere, Fr. 
metier, a trade; L. ministerial), a service] a trade. 

Mys'tic, ». One of a class of Christians; one who 
professes direct communion with God ; one im- 
bued with mysticism. 

Mys'tic, \a. [Gr. (uvcttikos. — See Mystery.] 

Mys'ti-cal.j Partaking of mysticism or of mys- 
tery ; obscure ; secret ; dark : — emblematical. 

Mys'ti-cal-ly, ad. In a mystical manner. 

Mys'ti-cism, n. A belief in a direct intercourse 
between God and the human mind ; the doctrine 
of the Mystics; quietism; enthusiasm. 

Mys-ti-fi-ca'tion. n. [Fr.] Act of mystifying or 
rendering mysterious. 

Mys'ti-fy. v. a. [Fr. mystifier.] [pp. mystifying, 
mystified.] To involve in mystery : — to bewilder. 

Myth, n. [Gr. mv^os, a fable.] A fable; a tradi- 
tional narrative. 

Myth'ic. or Myth'i-cal, a. Fabulous. 

Myth-p-log'i-cai [mi-tho-ldd'je-kal, S. P. Ja. K.] t 
a. Relating to mythology ; fabulous. 

My-thol'o-i-ist, n. One versed in mythology. 

My-thol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ixvGoKoyia ; fxvOos, a myth, 
ami Aoyos, a telling; Aeyeif, to tell.] A system 
of fables ; the fabulous history of the gods of the 
heathens. — Classical mythology 'is that of Greece 
and Rome. 



N. 



Nis a liquid consonant or so-called semivowel, 
and a nasal letter. As an abbreviation it 
stands for north and number. 

Nab, v. a. [Sw. nappa, Dan. nappe, to catch.— Cf. 
Nip and Snap.] [pp. nabbing, nabbed.] To 
catch suddenly ; to seize. 

Na'bob, n. [Port, nabdbo; Arab, navnnab, a nabob, 
a deputy-governor,— properly the plural of naib, 
a lieutenant.] The title of an East-Indian 
prince :— a man of great wealth and luxury. 

Na'cre (na'kur), n. [Fr. nacre; Sp. nacar; Per. 
na&ar.J Mother-of-pearl : — a pearly gleam or 
lustre. " [cent. 

Na'cre-ous, a. Having a pearly lustre; irides- 

Na'dir. n. [Arab, nazir or nadir, opposite, corre- 
sponding to.] The point opposite to the zenith. 

Nae'vus, n. ; pi. Nae'vi. [L.] A mole on the skin ; 
a birth-mark. 



Nag, n. [Dut. negge; Scot, naig: by s^me de- 
rived from an had; which may have taken the 
form of a nag. — Cf. Ger. nickel, a nag.] A small 
horse; a horse.— 2, v. n. [Sw. nagga, to pick, to 
nibble; Dan. vage, to gnaw.] Top. nagging, 
nagged.] To scold in a petty, pertinacious way ; 
to tease. 

Na'iad (na'yad), n. [L. vaias ; Gr. vaids, vaidSos; 
vaetv, to flow.] L. pl.-Na'ia-des ; Eng. Na'iads. 
A water-nymph.— (Conch.) ' A fresh-water shell- 
fish. 

Nail (nal), n. [A.-S. ntegel ; Dut. & Ger. vagel ; 
Dan. nagle ; Skr. nakha : root of Gxaw. ] A horny 
substance on the human fingers and toes: — a 
claw ; a talon : — an iron spike : — a stud or boss : 
— 2}4 inches.— 2, r. a. [pp. nailing, nailed.] 
To fasten with nails. 

Nail'er, n. One who nails : — a nail -maker. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nb"r, s8n j bull, biir, rule, use.— g, Q, c, § , soft; p, js, p, g, hard; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 



NAINSOOK 



376 



NATURAL 



Nain'sook, n. [Fr. nansouk: probably an East- 
Indian place-name.] A kind of thick muslin. 

Na'ive (na'ev), a. [Fr. naif, naive; L. nativus, na- 
tive (q. v.).] Having native simplicity; ingenuous. 

Naivete (na'ev-ta/), n. [Fr. ] Native simplicity ; 
unconscious frankness ; ingenuousness. 

Na'ked, a. [A.-S. nacod; Put. naakt ; Ger. nackt; 
Skr! nugna; Irish, nochd.] Uncovered; un- 
clothed ; nude ; bare : — open ; defenceless : — 
plain : — mere. 

Na/ked-ly, ad. Without covering ; simply. 

Na/ked-ness, n. Nudity ; want of covering. 

Nam'a-ble, a. Capable of being named. 

Nam'by-pam'by, a. [Originally a nickname for 
Ambrose Philips, an English writer (died 1749).] 
Affected and finical. 

Name, n. [A.-S. noma; Dut. naam; Ger. name; 
L. nomen (gnomen); Gr. 6vop.a; Skr. naman (jna- 
man.~\ That by which a person or thing is 
called; appellative; title; an appellation : — per- 
son : — character : — reputation ; repute ; fame. — 
2, v. a. [pp. naming, named.] To give a name 
to ; to nominate. 

Name'less, a. Destitute of a name. [say. 

Name'ly, ad. By name ; particularly ; that is to 

Name'sake, n. [A person named for another's 
sake.] One who has the same name. 

Nan-keen', n. [From Nankin, in„China.] A kind 
of yellowish or buff-colored cotton cloth : — writ- 
ten also nankin. 

Nap, n. [A.-S. hnseppian, to sleep, to nod.— Cf. 
Local Ger. knappen, to nod.] A short sleep : — 
[A.-S. cnsep, a knob, a knot; Dut. nop; Dan. 
noppe; Low Ger. nobbe, a nap] the down on 
cloth : — the foam or cream on the surface of ale 
or beer. — 2, v. n. [pp. napping, napped.] To 
sleep; to be drowsy or secure. 

Nape, n. [A.-S. cnsep, a knob, ridge, or knot.] 
The joint of the neck behind. 

Na'per-y, n. [0. Fr. naperie, napperie; nappe, a 
tow'el ; Low L. nappa, a towel ; L. mappa. — See 
Map.] Articles of linen. 

Naph'tha (nap'tha), n. [Gr. vd4>0a, Arab, naft, 
nift, bitumen, naphtha.] A bituminous, volatile, 
and very inflammable fluid hydrocarbon, which 
exudes from the earth or rocks; mineral oil. 

Nap'kin, n. [Eng. dim. of Fr. nappe, a towel. — 
See Napery.] A cloth to wipe the hands, &c. 

Nap'less, or. Having no nap ; threadbare. 

Nappe (nap), n. [Fr. nappe, a towel, sheet, or 
surface.— See Napery.] (Math.) A surface; the 
surface of one of the branches of a conic section. 

Nap'pi-ness, n. The quality of being nappy. 

Nap'ping, p. a- Asleep ; not on one's guard. 

Nap'py, M# [Said to be named from its nap or 
foam.] Malt liquor; ale or beer :— [A -S. hnsep, 
nappe, a bowl or dish] a kind of earthen dish. — 
2, a. Frothy ; spumy : — full of down : — showing 
a nap. 

Nar-cis'sus, n. ; pi. Nar-cis'sus-es. [Gr. vap»acr- 
eros : probably from it's narcotic quality.] A genus 
of plants, including the daffodil and the jonquil. 

Nar-cot'ic, n. [Gr. vap/cumKOs ; vapicoeiv, to be- 
numb;" vapK-ri, stupor.] (Med.) A drug pro- 
ducing lethargy, stupor, drowsiness, or sleep. — 
2, a. Producing sleep or stupefaction ; soporific. 

Nar'co-tine, n. A narcotic principle of opium. 

Niir'co-tism, n. The effect of a narcotic ; narcosis. 

Nar'co-tize, v. a. [pp. narcotizing, narcotized.] 
To bring under the influence of a narcotic. — 
2, v. n. To exert a narcotic influence ; to deaden 
or dull sensibility; to lull. 

Nard, n. [L. nardus; Gr. vapSos; Heb. nerd; 
Arab, nardin; Per. nard; Skr. nalada; nal, to 
smell.] An aromatic plant; spikenard: — an 
ointment prepared from the plant. 

Nar'rate, or Nar-rate', v. a. [L. narrare, narra- 
twm, to make known, to tell; narus, gnarus, 
knowing. — See Know.] [pp. narrating, nar- 
rated.] To give an account of; to relate; to 
tell ; to recite. 



Nar-ra'tion, n. [L. narratio.] The relation of a 
series of events ; a narrative ; an account ; recital. 

Nar'ra-tive, a. [L. nurrativus; Fr. narralif.] Re- 
lating ; giving particulars. — 2, n. A relation ; 
an account ; a story. 

Nar-ra'tor, n. [L.] A teller ; a relater. 

Nar'row (nar'ro), a. [A.-S. nearu, nearo ; Old 
Saxon, nam; Fris. naar : apparently not related 
to Near.] Not wide; not broad;' contracted; 
straitened: — near: — covetous. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
narrowing, narrowed.] To contract ; to limit. 

Nar'row-ly, ad. Contractedly ; nearly. 

Nar'row-ness, m. Want of extent : — poverty. 

Nar'rows, n. A narrow passage between high 
lauds or islands. 

Nar'whal, n. [Sw. & Dan. narhval; Icel. nahvalr; 
Ger. nanval; Fr. nar- 
val : probably for Nose- 
Whale.— See Nose and- 
Whale.] The sea- 
unicorn; amonodon; a Narwhal, 
whale with a tusk or horn. 

Na'sal, a. [Late L. na&alis ; L. nasus, the nose 
(q. v.).] Belonging to the nose: — uttered or 
sounded through the nose. — 2, n. A medicine 
operating through the nose : — a letter or sound 
uttered as through the nose. — The nasals are m, 
n, ng. — The nasal sound in English is that of ng, 
as in ring. 

Nas'cent, a. [L. nasci, nascentis, to be born. — See 
Natal.] Beginning to grow; increasing. 

Nas'ti-ly, ad. Dirtily; filthily; nauseously. 

Nas'ti-ness, n. Dirt; filth; grossness. 

Nas-tiir'tion, n. [L. nasturtium, a cress ; nasus, the 
nose, and torquere, to twist : from its acrid smell.] 
A pungent or acrid plant. 

Nas'ty, a. [0. E. nasky, foul; Local Sw. naskiig, 
snaskig, pig-like, foul ; Low Ger. nask, nasty ; 
Lapp naske, dirty : probably related to Finnish 
naski, a pig.] Dirty; filthy; sordid; nauseous. 

Na'sute, a. [L. nasutus, keen, large-nosed ; nasus, 
a nose.] Keen of scent; quick of perception. 

Na'tal, a. [L. natalis; natus (gnatus), born; nasci, 
to be born : akin to Genus.] Relating to one's 
birth or nativity ; native. 

Na'tant, a. [L. natare, nataniis, frequentative of 
nai'e, natum, to swim.] Lying on the water; 
floating; swimming. 

Na-ta'tion, n. The act of swimming. ^ 

Na-ta-to'ri-al, a. Adapted to swimming. 

Nat-a-to'ri-um, n. [L., from natare, to swim; 
natator, a' swimmer. — See Natant.] A tank for 
swimming ; a swimming-school. 

Na'ta-to-ry, a. Natatorial ; swimming. 

Natch, or Natch'-firl, n. See Nautch, &c. 

Na/tion, n. [L. natio, a race ; natus, born.] A race 
of men ; a people distinct from others ; a people 
inhabiting the same country and born under the 
same government. 

Na"tion-al (nash'un-al), a. Relating to a nation ; 
public ; general ; not private. 

Na/'tion-al-ism, n. A national idiom or trait. 

Na/'tion-al-ist, n. One who supports national 
ideas. 

Na-tion-al'i-ty (nash-un-al'e-te), n. A nation or 
race' of people ; national character. 

Na/'tion-al-Ize, v. n. [pp. nationalizing, nation- 
alized.] ' To render national. 

Na'tive, a. [L. nativus, natural, native; nobis, 
born.] Produced by nature; natural; not arti- 
ficial ; natal ; born in ; born with ; not foreign ; 
indigenous ; original. — 2, n. One born in any 
place or country. 

Na-tiv'i-ty, «• [Fr. nativite ; L. nativitas.] Birth; 
time or place of birth :— ra horoscope : — Christ- 
mas; Advent. 

Na'tron, n. [Sp. & Fr. ; Arab, natrun.— See Nitre.] 
A native carbonate of soda. 

Nat'ty, a. [For neat (q. v.).] Spruce; tidy; trim. 

Nat'u-ral (nSt'yural), a. [L. naturalis. — See 
Nature.] Produced by nature; not acquired: 



a, e, l, o 



u, y, long ; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscr.re— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



NATURALISM 



377 



NECESSITOUS 



— tender : — not forced ; unaffected : — illegiti- 
mate : — opposed to violent; as, a natural death: 
— relating fei the productions or powers of nature 
and the properties of natural bodies : — discover- 
able by reason; not revealed.— 2, n. A fool. 

Nat'u-ral-ism, w. Mere state of nature :— the re- 
ligion 'of mere nature: — the doctrine of those 
who deny the supernatural : — the worship of the 
powers of nature: — close adherence to nature, 
in the fine arts, or in literature; realism. 

Nat'ii-ral-ist, n. One versed in natural history. 

Nat-u-ral-is'tic, a. Of or pertaining to, or char- 
acterized by ', naturalism : — closely representing 
or interpreting nature ; realistic. 

Nat-u-ral-i-za'tion, n. The act of naturalizing. 

Nat'u-ral-ize, v. a. [pp. naturalizing, natural- 
ized.] ' To invest with the privileges of a native 
citizen; to make natural; to accommodate; to 
adapt ; to acclimatize. 

Nat'u-ral-ly, ad. In a natural manner. 

Nat'ii-ral-ness, n. State of being natural. 

Nat'ure'(nat'yur) [na'chur, S. J.], n. [L. nature., 
nature, birth; uasci, na'tus, to be born. — See Na- 
tal.] The visible creation, with the laws by 
which it is governed ; the system of the world ; 
the universe : — the imaginary soul of the uni- 
verse : — native state : — natural affection ; nat- 
ural feeling; disposition; constitution; sort; 
birth : — adaptation to reality. 

Naught (nawt), a. [A.-S. naht, nawiht; na, no, 
and wild, whit (7. v.).] Bad ; corrupt ; worthless. 
— 2, n. Nothing. — It is often written nought to 
distinguish it from naught, bad. 

Naugh'ti-ly. (naw'te-le), ad. Perversely. 

Naugh'ti-ness (naw'te-nes), n. Misbehavior. 

Naugh'ty. (naw'te), «. [From Naught.] Bad; 
mischievous; perverse. 

Nau'se-a (naw'she-a), n. [L. ; Gr. vavaia, sea- 
sickness; vau?, a ship. — See Naval. ] Disposi- 
tion or tendency to vomit; sickness ; loathing. 

Nau'se-ate (naw'she-at), v. n. [L. nauseare, nau- 
seatum. — See Nausea.] [pp. nauseating, nau- 
seated.] To feel disgust. — 2, v. a. To loathe : — 
to cause to feel nausea ; to sicken. 

Nau'seous (naw'shus), a. [L. nauseosm.] Causing 
disgust ; disgusting ; loathsome ; disgustful ; dis- 
tasteful. 

Nau'seous-ly (naw'shus-le), ad. Loathsomely. 

Nau'seous-ness (naw'shus-nes), n. Disgust. 

Nautch, '«. [Hindu & Skr. nach, a dance.] An 
exhibition of dancing. 

Nautch' -girl, u. In India, a dancing-girl. 

Nau'ti-cal, a. [L. nauticus; Gr. kxutiko?; vavrns, 
a sailor; vavs, a ship.] Relating to ships or 
navigation; naval; maritime; marine. 

Nau'ti-lQs. n. ; L. pi. Nau'ti-li ; Eng. Nau'ti- 
lus-es. [L. ; Gr. vavriKos, a sailor, 
a nautilus. — See Nautical.] A 
genus of mollusks : — a popular name 
for various mollusks, one of which 
was once believed to sail on the sea ; 
the argonaut. 

Na'val, a. [L. navalis; navis, Gr. 

vavs, Skr. van, a ship. — Cf. L. nare, Nautilus, 
to swim; Gr. vdeiv, to flow.] Re- 
lating to ships or to a navy; nautical; marine; 
maritime. 

Nave. n. [A.-S. nafa; But. naaf; Dan. nay; Ger. 
nabe.—Cf. Skr. nubhi, a hub, a navel (</. v.).] The 
middle part of a wheel; a hub :— [L. mavis, Fr. 
nef, a ship, nave of a church.— See NavalJ the 
middle part or body of a church. 

Na'vel (na'vl), «. [A.-S. nafela; Dut. navel; Dan. 
navle; Ger. nabel ; Skr. nabhi: closely related to 
Nave (q. v.).] The middle point of the belly. 

Na-vic'u-lar, a. [Late L. natriculare, boat-shaped; 
naviada, a boat; dim. of navis, a ship.] Noting 
a bone of the foot: — noting a disease of a bone 
in the horse's foot. 

Nav'i-ga-ble, a. [L. navigabUis.] That may be 
navigated. 




Nav'i-gate, v. n. [L. navigare, navigatum; navis, 
a ship, and agere, to drive.] [pp. navigating, 
navigated.] To sail ; to pass by water. — 2, v. a. 
To pass by ships or boats. 

Nav-i-ga'tion, n. [L. navigatio.] The art of navi- 
gating ships ; naval science : — ships collectively. 

Nav'j-ga-tor, n. One who navigates : — a navvy. 

Nav'vy, n. [Said to be the colloquial Isle of Skye 
word for neighbor (q. v.) ; or a shortened form of 
-navigator.] A laborer on railways, &c. 

Na'vy, n. [0. Fr. navie. — Cf. L. navia, for navis, a 
ship.] An assemblage of ships ; a fleet. 

Na'vy.-yard, n. A yard in which the ships of a 
navy are built and repaired, and in which they 
lie. [Same as Nabob. 

Na-wab\ n. In India, a viceroy or governor. 

Nay (na), ad. [Dan. & Icel. nei ; Sw. nej.— See 
No.] No : — not only so, but more. — 2, n. A de- 
nial ; a refusal, [r.] 

Naz'a-rite, n. [Heb. nazar, to vow, to separate 
one's self.] A Jew separated to the Lord by a 
vow and devoted to religious duties. 

Neap (nep), a. [A.-S. nep for hmp, scanty; Dan. 
& Sw. Icnap : akin to Nip.] Low ; as, neap tide. — 
The neap tides are the lowest tides, and take place 
four or five days before new and full moons : — 
opposed to spring tides. — 2, n. [A form of Neb.] 
The tongue or pole of a cart. 

Ne-a-pol'i-tan, a. [Gr. Nea7roAi?, Naples: veos, 
new, and 7roAis, a city.] Relating to Naples. — 
2, n. A native of Naples. 

Near, a. [A.-S. near, comparative of neah, nigh 
{<]. v.) ; Icel. neer.] Not far distant in time, 
place, or degree ; nigh ; close : dear ; intimate. — 
2, prep. Close to; nigh; not far from. — 3, ad. 
Almost; not far off; within a little. — 4, r. a. 
[pp. nearing, neared.] To approach : to be near 
to. — 5, v. n. To draw near ; to approach. 

Near'ly, ad. At no gnat distance : — almost. 

Near'ness. n. State of being near: closeness. 

Near'-sight'ed (ner'sit'ed), a. Seeing but a short 
distance ; short-sighted. 

Neat, ». [A.-S. neat, Icel. nott^ 0. Ger. now, Scot. 
nowt, will, Gael, nitk, cattle; Sw. noU, an ox: 
root of A.-S. neotan; Ger. gemessen, to enjoy, to 
use.] A cow or ox: — cattle in general. — 2, a. 
[Fr. net, uetle, L. mtidus, neat, smooth ; nitere, to 
shine.] Very clean ; cleanly ; nice ; pure :— free 
from impure words : — .bar, after deductions: — 
in this last sense now written net. 

Neat'-cat-tle, ». <)x<*ti and cows. 

Neat'ly, «</. With neatness ; tidily. 

Neat'ness, n. Cleanliness: simple elegance. 

Neb, ».' [A.-S. nebb, the face; Dut. neb, meb, Dan. 
nseb, Sw. n&bb, a beak: Icel. nef, the nose; Ger. 
schnabel, a beak. — See Nibble.] 'The nose ; beak ; 
bill of a bird ; nib. 

Neb'u-la, )/.; pi. Neb'u-lae. [L. nebula, nubes, a 
cloud ;' Gr. re(/>os, ve^eky ; Ger. vebel, a mist. — 
Cf. Skr. nabhas, sky ; nabh, to burst.] A cloudy 
appearance ; a littie cloud : — a spot; a film. 

Neb'u-lar, a. Relating to nebula?. 

Neb'u-lize, v. a. [pp. nebulizing, nebulized.] To 
atomize or reduce to a fine spray, as a liquid. 

Neb-u-los'i-ty, n. [L. nebidositas.) State of being 
nebulous.' ' [cloudy. 

Neb'u-loiis, a. [L. nebtdosus.] Having nebula;; 

Ne5-es-sa'ri-an-I§m, n. (Met.) The doctrine of 
necessity, or that things flow in necessary se- 
quence from antecedents. 

Nec'es-sa-ri-ly, ad. Inevitably ; not freely. 

Nes'es-sa-ry, a. [L. necesse. necessarius. needful.] 
That niust be ; indispensable ; needful ; essen- 
tial; inevitable; requisite; unavoidable. — 2, n. 
Something that is indispensable or needed: — a 
privy; ajakes. 

Ne-ces-si-ta'ri-an, n. One who holds the doctrine 
of philosophical necessity. 

Ne-ces'si-tate. r. a. [pp. necessitating, necessi- 
tated.]' To make necessary. 

Ne-ces'si-tous, a. Being in want; needy. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 



-?, Q, 5, £, soft ; p, £, c, i, hard; s as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 

32* 



NECESSITOUSNESS 



378 



NEPHKITIC 



Ne-ces'si-tous-ness, n. Poverty; need. 

Ne-ces'si-ty, n. [L necessitas and necessitudo.} 
State of being necessary ; constraint : — that 
which must be : — want ; need ; povei-ty. 

Neck, w. [A.-S. hnecca ; Dut. nek; Dan. nakke ; 
Ger. nacken : akin to Nape.] The part between 
the head and the body. 

Neck'-cloth, n. A handkerchief for the neck. 

Neck'er-chlef, n. [Neck and Kerchief.] A 
neck-cloth. 

Neck'lace, n. [Neck and Lace.] A woman's 
neck-ornament. 

Neck'-tle, n. A cravat; a neck-cloth. 

Nec-ro-log'i-cal, a. Kelating to necrology. 

Ne-crol'o-l-ist,' n. A writer of necrology. 

Ne-crol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ve/cpo?, a corpse, and Ao-yos, 
a treatise.— Cf. L. necare, to kill.] A register or 
an account of persons deceased ; an obituary. 

Nec'ro-man-cer, n. A conjurer ; an enchanter. 

Nec'ro-man-cy, n. [Gr. ve/cpos, a corpse, and 
jj-avreia, divination ; /uavris, a soothsayer.] En- 
chantment; conjuration; divination by means 
of departed spirits. 

Nec'ro-man-tic, a. Relating to necromancy. 

Ne-crop'o-lis, n. [Gr. ve/cpos, a corpse, and ttoAis, 
a city.]' A city of the dead; a cemetei-y. 

Ne-cro'sis, n. [Gr. ve/cpa>cr<.s, death; ve«p6eiv, to 
kill; ve/cpos, dead.] Death of a bone. 

Nec'tar, n. [Gr. venrap.] The feigned drink of 
the gods : — any sweet drink ; honey. 

Nec-ta're-an, a. Resembling nectar ; delicious ; 
hectareoiis. [delicious. 

Nec-ta're-ous, a. [L. nectareus.] Like nectar; 

Nec'tar-ine, a. Sweet as nectar ; delicious. — 2, n. 
A fruit like the peach. 

Nee'tar-ous, a. Sweet as nectar; nectarine. 

Nec'ta-ry, n. [Neo-Latin nectarium. — See Nec- 
tar.'] The part of a flower that secretes honey. 

Nee (na), p. p. [Fr.] Born : — a term used to de- 
note the family name of a married woman. 

Need, n. [A.-S. nyd, nead; Dut. nood; Dan. nod; 
Ger. noth. — Cf. Russ. nyjda, need, compulsion.] 
Exigency : necessity : — want. — 2, r. a. [gp. need- 
ing, needed.] To want; to require; to lack. — 
3, v. n. To be in want; to be wanted. 

Need'ful, a. Necessary ; requisite ; wanted. 

Need'ful-ly, ad. Necessarily. 

Nee'dle, n. ' [A.-S. nsedl; Dut. naald ; Dan. naal ; 
Ger. nadel; Irish, snathad. — Cf. Ger. nahen, to 
sew; L. nere ; Gr. vieiv, to spin.] A small in- 
strument for sewing :— «a steel pointer in the 
mariner's compass :— any thing like a needle. 

Nee' dle-flll, n. ; pi. Nee'dle-fuls. What is put into 
a needle at once. 

Need'less, a. Unnecessary; not requisite. 

Need'less-ly, ad. Unnecessarily. 

Need'less-ness, n. Unnecessariness. 

Nee'dle-work (-wurk), n. The business of a 
seamstress ; work done with the needle. 

Needs, ad. Necessarily : indispensably. 

Need's, «• Poor; necessitous; indigent. 

Ne'er (nar) [n"ir, W. Ja. K. Sm. I. St. ; nar, P. H. 
Wb.; ner, &], ad. A contraction for never. 

Ne-fa'ri-ous, a. [L. nefarius, impious; nefas, 
wickedness; ve, not, and /as, right : root of fori, 
to speak.] Wicked; abominable; vile. 

Ne-fa/ri-ous-ly, ad. Abominably; wickedly. 

Ne-ga'tion, n. [L. negafio ; negare, to deny; nee, 
not, and aiere, to speak, to affirm.] The act of 
denying; a denial : — the contrary to affirmation. 

Neg'a-tive, a. [L. negotiants. — See Negation.] 
Implying negation ; opposed to positive and to 
affirmative; denying; implying denial. — 2, n. 
A proposition that denies ; a word or particle 
that denies; as, not. — ?>, v. a. [pp. negativing, 
negatived.] To dismiss by negation ; to decide 
against; to reject; to prove the contrary. 

Neg'a-tive-ly, ad. With or by denial. 

Neg-a-tiv'i-ty, n. Negation; negative quality. 

Neg-lect', v. a. [L. neglegere, neglecttim; nee, not, 
and legere, to gather.] [pp. neglecting, neg- 



lected.] To omit by carelessness or design ; not 
to notice or do; to slight. — 2, n. Inattention; 
slight. 

Neg-lect'ful, a. Heedless; careless. 

Neg-lect'ful-ly, ad. With inattention. 

Neg-li-gee' (neg-le-zha'), n. [Fr. neglige, neg- 
lected.] A sort of loose gown :— a necklace. 

Neg'li-i-ence, n. [L. neglegentia. — See Neglect.] 
Inattention ; carelessness. 

Neg'li-i-ent, a. [L. neglegens, neglegentis, part, 
from neglegere, to neglect (q. v.).] Careless ; 
heedless ; inattentive. 

Neg'li-fent-ly, ad. Carelessly; heedlessly. 

Ne-go-ti-a-bil'i-ty (ne-gd-she-a-bn'e-te), n. The 
quality of being negotiable. 

Ne-go'ti-a-ble (ne-go'she-a-bl), a. That may be 
negotiated, transferred, or exchanged. 

Ne-go'ti-ate (ne-go'she-at), v. n. [L. negoliari, 
negotiatus ; negotium, business; nee, not, and 
otium, leisure.] [pp. negotiating, negotiated.] 
To have intercourse of business ; to traffic ; to 
treat. — 2, v. a. To conclude by treaty or agree- 
ment ; to manage. 

Ne-go-ti-a'tion (ne-go-she-a'shun), n. [L. nego- 
tiation The act of negotiating; a matter nego- 
tiated ; a treaty. 

Ne-go'ti-a-tor, n. [L.] One who negotiates. 

Nl'gress, ». A female of the black race. 

Ne'gro, n. ; pi. Ne'groes. [Sp. negro; Fr. negre ; 
L. niger, black.] One of the black race of Africa. 

Ne'gus, n. [The inventor's name.] A mixture of 
wine, water, sugar, &c. : — [Abyssinian] the king 
of Abyssinia. 

Neigh (na), v. n. [A.-S. hnsegau; Dan. gnegge; 
Low Ger. nicken: imitative.] [pp. neighing, 
neighed.] To utter the voice of a hoise. — 2, n. 
The voice of a horse. 

Neigh'bor (na'bur), n. [A.-S. neahgebur, neahbuf ; 
neah, n'igh, and gebur, a husbandman (see Boor) ; 
Sw. nabo ; Ger. nachbar.] One who lives near. — 
2, a. Near to another. — 3, v. a. [pip. neigbbor- 
ing, neighbored.] To adjoin ; to border on. 

Neigh'bor-hood (naTrar-hiid). n. Adjoining dis- 
trict; place or people near; vicinity. 

Neigh'bor-ing (na'bur-ing), a. Being near. 

Neigh'bor-ly (na/bur-le), a. Becoming a neigh- 
bor; kind; civil; friendly. 

Nei'ther (ne'ther) [rie'ffrer, S. W. P. J. E. F. Ja. 
Sm. B. C ; ne'ther or ni'ther, K. St. H. X], 
conj. [A.-S. nawder; ««, no, and hn-peder, whith- 
er.] Nor : — a particle used in a negative sen- 
tence, and answered by nor. See Either. — 
2, proa. Not either; not one nor the other. 

Nem'e-sis, n. [Gr. ve/xctris; ve'/u.eiv, to distribute.] 
Betfibutive justice. 

Nen'u-phar, n. [Per. nvfar, nilnfar.] The white 
European water-lily. 

Ne-o-log'i-cal, a. Relating to neology. 

Ne-ol'o-i-ist, n. An advocate of neology ; an in- 
trodiicer of new terms or new d ctrines. 

Ne-ol-o-fis'tic, a. Relating to neology. 

Ne-ol'o-fy, n. [Gr. veos, new, and A670S, a dis- 
course.] A system of new words or new doc- 
trines :— rationalistic interpretation. 

Ne'o-phyte, n. [Gr. ve6<£>vros ; veos, new, and <pv- 
tov, a plant.] A new convert; a proselyte. 

Ne-o-ter'ic, \a. [Gr. vecorepiKos ; vec6repo?, 

Ne-o-ter'i-cal, j newer; ve'os, new.] Recent in 
origin ; modern ; novel; new; late. 

Ne-ot'er-ism, n. [Gr. vewrepto-p-os.] A recent 
word' or expression. 

Ne-pen'the, n. [Gr. vrrn-evfle? ; vn-, not, and 
nevOos, grief.] A drug that relieves pain : — a 
potion that causes complete forgetfulness. 

Neph'ew (nev'vu or neffu), n. [Fr. neveu; A.-S. 
nefa ; Ger. neffe ; L. nepos ; Skr. napat, a grand- 
son.] A son of a brother or sister. 

Neph'rite. n. [Gr. ve<£>pos, a kidney : it was used 
as a charm in kidney-troubles.] A handsome 
green stone ; jade. 

Ne-phrit'ic, n. A medicine for the stone. 



J, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 1, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



NEPHRITIC 



379 



NICOTINE 



Ne-phrit'ic, "1 a. [Gr. ve<£piTiKo? ; vefypos, a 

Ne-phrit'i-cal, /kidney.] Belonging to the kid- 
neys ; relating to the stone. 

Nep'o-tism [ne'po-tlzrn, S. P. K. J.], n. [L. nepos, 
nep'otis, a grandson, a nephew {q. v.).] Fondness 
for nephews: — aggrandizement of one's own 
family ; bestowal of offices on one's relatives : — 
favoritism shown to relations. 

Nep'o-tist, n. One who practises nepotism. 

Nep'tune, n. [L. Neptunus.] (Myth.) The god of 
the sea. — {Astron.) A planet discovered in 1846. 

Nep-tu'ni-an, a. Relating to Neptune or to the 
ocean :— formed by aqueous solution. 

Ne're-id, n. [Gr. vrjpei's, vqpei.&o'; ; Nrjpevs, a 
sea'-god. — Cf. V7)p6<;, wet.] A sea-nymph. 

Ner-va'tion, n. Arrangement of nerves. 

Nerve (ne'rv), n. [L. nervus, a nerve, a sinew ; Gr. 
veipov, a sinew.] An organ of sensation and mo- 
tion, which passes from the brain to all parts of 
the body ; a tendon :— strength ; force ; fox-tit ude ; 
determination. — 2, v. a. [pp. nerving, nerved.] 
To strengthen ; to invigorate. 

Nerve'less (nerv'les), a. Without strength. 

Ner'vine, n. [L. nervinus, pertaining to a nerve.] 
A medicine for nervous affections. 

Ner'vous, a. [L. nervosus; Fr. nerveux.] Relating 
to the' nerves ; strong ; vigorous : — having weak 
or diseased nerves. 

Ner'vous-ly, ad. With force : — with agitation. 

Ner'vous-nSss, n. Vigor ; strength : — irritability ; 
weakness of nerves. 

Nes'ci-ence (nesh'e-ens), n. [L. nescienlia; ne, not, 
and'sctVe, to know. — See Science.] Ignorance. 

Ness. An Anglo-Saxon termination, denoting 
state or quality ; as, goodness. 

Nest, n. [A.-S., Dut, & Ger. nest.— Cf. L. nidus, 
Skr. nida, a nest.] The bed of a bird, for laying 
her eggs : — abode : — a collection, as of boxes, — 
2, v. n. [pp. nesting, nested.] To build nests. 

Nest'-egg, v. An egg left in the nest. 

Nes'tle (nes'sl), v. n. [Frequentative from Nfst.] 
[pp. nestling, nestled.] To lie close; to move. — 

2, v. a. To house ; to cherish. , 
Nest'ling (nes'Iing), n. [Diminutive from Nest.] 

A young bird in the nest. — 2, a. Newly hatched. 
Nes-to'ri-an, n. A follower of Nestorius. 
Net, n. '[A.-S., Dut., & Dan. net; Ger. netz.] A 

texture woven with meshes. — 2, v. n. & v. a. 

[pp. netting, netted.] To knit a net; to knot. — 

3, v. a. [See Neat.] To bring as clear produce. 
— 4, a. Clear; clear of tare and tret; clear after 
all deductions ; as, net weight, net profits. 

Neth'er, a. [A.-S. neodera; uider, downward; 

nide, below; Icel. nedri, Ger. nieder, lower.] 

Lower; not upper: — infernal. 
Neth'er-mosfc, a. superl. [A.-S. nidemesta.] Lowest. 
Net'ting, n. A reticulated piece of work. 
Net' tie, n. [A.-S. netle, netele ; Dut. netel; Ger. 

nessel.] A well-known stinging plant. — 2, v. a. 

[|jp. nettling, nettled.] To sting; to irritate. 
Net'tle-rash, ». An eruptive diseas.e. 
Net' -work (net'wurk), n. Reticulated work. 
Neu-ral'£-i-a, n. [L. ; Gr. vevpov, a nerve, and 

aAyos, pain.] {Med.) An acute, painful affection 

of the nerves. 
Neu-ral'f ic, a. Relating to neuralgia. 
Neu-rol'o-gy, n. [Gr. veipov, a nerve, and Aoyo?, 

a treatise.] Description of the nerves. 
Neu-rop'te-ra, n. pi. [Gr. veipov, a nerve, and 

uTepov, a wing.] The nerve-winged insects. 
Neii-rop'ter-ous, «• Noting a nerve-winged insect. 
Neu-rot'ic, o. [Fr. neurotigue; Gr. veipov, a 

nerve.]" Relating to the nerves. 
Neu-rot o-mj, n. [Gr. veipov, a nerve, and Te/u.- 

veiv (root toju.-), to cut.] Anatomy of the nerves : 

— the cutting of a nerve. 
Neu'ter, a. [L, for "neither;" ne, not, and uter, 

either.] Of neither party ; neutral. — {Gram.) 

Not masculine or feminine, applied to nouns : — 

not active, applied to verbs. — 2, n. One indiffer- 
ent or neutral. 



Neu'tral, a. [L. neutralis. — See Neuter.] Indif- 
ferent; not on either side. — 2, n. One who is 
not on either side. 

Neu-tral'i-ty (nu-tral'e-te), n. [L. nmtralitm.] 
State of being neutral or neuter; indifference. 

Neu-tral-j-za'tion, n. The act of neutralizing. 

Neii'tral-ize, v. a. [Fr. neutralker.] [pp. neu- 
tralizing, neutralized.] To render neutral, in- 
ert, inactive, or indifferent. 

Nev'er, ad. [A.-S. nsefre; ne, not, and sefre, ever 
{q. v.).] Not ever; at no time. 

Nev-er-tne-less', ad. However; yet. 

New (nil), a. [A.-S. niice ; Dut. nieuw; Ger. neu ; 
L. novus ; Gr. ve'os; Skr. nava: akin to Now.] 
Not old ; fresh ; novel ; modern ; recent ; reno- 
vated. — It is used adverbially in composition for 
newly; as, new-born. 

New'el, n. [Fr. noyau, 0. Fr. miel, a kernel; Late 
L. nucale ; L. mu; nucis, a nut {q. v.).] {Arch.) 
The central column or upright post of a spiral 
or circular staircase. 

New-f an'gled (nu-fang'gld), a. [0. E. newfangel; 
A.-S. fangan, to seize.] Newly made; new-fash- 
ioned': — used in contempt. 

New'ish (nu'ish), a. Rather new. 

New'iy., ad. Freshly ; lately ; recently. 

New'ness, n. Freshness ; recentness. 

New? (nuz), n. sing. & pi. (commonly singular). 
[Fr. nouvelles; ncmvelle, new, novel {q. v.).] Fresh 
accounts; tidings; intelligence. 

New§'-mon-f er, n. One who deals in news. 

News' pa-per, n. A public periodical print or 
paper that conveys news; a gazette. 

New'§y,, a. Full of news; communicative; chat- 
ty. [Colloq.] 

Newt (nut), n. [For an ewt, a variant of an eft 
{q. v.); A.-S. efeta.] An eft; a salamauder. 

Next, '<• [A.-S. neahxt, nyhst, Highest. — See Nigh.] 
Nearest in place, time, or order. — 2, ad. At the 
time or turn nearest. [a pen ; neb. 

Nib, «. [A form of Neu.] Bill of a bird ; point of 

Nib'ble, v. a. [Low Ger. nibbeln, hmbbeln : frequen- 
tative of Nip.] [pp. nibbling, nibbled.] To eat 
Blowly; to bite. — 2, c. n. To bite at :— to find 
fault. — 3, n. The act of a fish trying the bait. 

Nice, a. [Fr. nuns, 0. Fr. rnce, Billy, simple; L. 
iiisrins, ignorant: the English word formerly 
meant foolish, then lazv, then fastidious. — Cf. 
Fr. niaiser, to trifle.] Exact; precise: — fine; 
delicious; pleasing; excellent: — neat ; delicate ; 
tender : — squeamish ; fastidious : — cautious : — 
particular. 

Nice'ly, ad. Exactly; precisely; delicately. 

Ni'cene [nl-sen', P. K. Sin.; ni'sen, Ja. C], a. 
Relating to Nice in Asia Minor, where the Ni- 
ceno creed was formed by a council, a.d. 325. 

Nice'ness, n. Minute exactness; delicacy. 

Ni'ce-ty, n. Minute accuracy; exactness; pre- 
cision": — fastidious delicacy : — a dainty. 

Niche, n. [Fr. ; It. nicchia. — Cf. nicchio, a shell, a 
nook : referred to L. mytUus, a mussel.] A hol- 
low to put a statue in ; a recess ; an alcove. 

Nick, n. [A variant of Nock or Notch.] Exact 
point of time :— -a notch ; a score. — [A.-S. nicor; 
Icel. nykr; Dan. niik ; Ger. ni.r.] {Northern Myth.) 
An evil spirit. — 2, v. a. [pp. nicking, nicked.] 
To hit ; to touch : — to cut in notches. 

Nick'el. w. [Sw. & Ger. : probably related to Nick, 
an evil spirit, as Cobalt is to Kobold.] A metal 
of a whitish color. 

Nick'nack, n. See Knickknack. 

Nick'name, n. [For an eke name ; eke, to lengthen, 
and Name ; Icel. auknafn ; Sw. oknamn ; Dan. 
ogenavn; Fr. nom de nique, — probably from the 
English.] A name given in derision or famil- 
iarity.— 2, v. a. [pp. nicknaming, nicknamed.] 
To call by a familiar or derisive name. 

Ni-co'tian (-shan), o. Relating to tobacco. 

Nic'o-tine, n. [Neo-Latin nicoUana, the tobacco- 
plant ; named from Nicdt, who sent the plant to 
France in 1560.] A poisonous principle in tobacco. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son j bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 9, 5, £, soft; p, ja, p, g, hard ; s as z ; x as gz ; this, 



NICTITATE 



380 



NOCTAMBULIST 



NTc'ti-tate, r. n. [L. nictare, nidation, to wink.] ] 
[pp. nictitating, nictitated.] To wink. 

Nic-ti-ta'tion, n. A winking; nictation. 

Nid'i-fi-cate, V. n. [L. nidificare, nidificaturn ; 
nidus,' a nest, and facere, to make.] [pp. nidifi- 
cating, nidificated.] To build nests, as birds. 

Nid-i-fi-ca'ticm, n. Act of building nests. 

Nid'u-lant, «• [L. niduluri, nidulantis, to build a 
nest ; nidulus, a dim. of nidus, a nest.] Nestling ; 
lying loose in pulp. 

If Id-u-la'tion, n. Time of remaining in the nest. 

Ni'dus, n. ' [L. — See Nest.] A nest; a lodge- 
ment ; a breeding-place. 

Niece, n. [Fr. niece; It. nezza, oftener nepote; 
Prov. nepta; L. neptis, a niece. — See Nephew.] 
A daughter of a brother or sister. 

Niello (ne-el'lo), n. [It. ; L. nigellus, dim. of niger, 
black.] Metal-work adorned with black lines. 

Nig'gard, n. [Icel. hnoggr, Sw. njugg, stingy; 
njugga, to hoard: -ard is pejorative.] A sordid 
fellow; a churl. — 2, a. Sordid; miserly; parsi- 
monious. 

Nig'gard-li-ness, n. Sordid parsimony. 

Nig'gard-ly, a. Parsimonious; avaricious. — 2, ad. 
Sparingly'; parsimoniously. 

Nig'gard-ness, n. Avarice; sordid parsimony. 

Nigh (ni), a. [A.-S. neah, nek; Dut. na; Ger. 
nahe, rtach.] Not distant; not remote; near. — 
2, prep. Not far from ; near. — 3, ad. Not far 
off; almost; near. 

Nigh'ness (M'nes), n. Nearness; proximity. 

Night (nit), n. ' [A.-S. niht, neaht ; Dut. & Ger. 
nacht; Dan. not; L. nox ; Gr. vu£; Russ. noche; 
Skr. naMa, nip.] The time from sunset to sun- 
rise ; time of darkness : — darkness. 

Night' cap (nit'kiip), n. A cap worn in bed. 

Night'-dress, n. The dress worn at night. 

Night' fall, n. The close of day ; evening. 

Night'-gbwn, n. A gown worn in bed. 

Night'hawk, n. A bird that flies by night. 

Night' in-gale (nit'-), n. [A.-S. nihtegale; Dut. 
tiachttgaal ; Dan. nattergal; Ger. nachtigatt; A.-S. 
nilit, night, and gale, a singer; galan, to sing. — 
See Yell.] A bird that sings at night. 

Night' -jar, b. [From its jarring sound, emitted 
at twilight.] A bird, the goat-sucker. 

Night'ly. (nit'le), a. Done by night; nocturnal. — 
2, lul. By night; every night. 

Night'mare (nit'mar), n. [A.-S. neaht, niht, night, 
and mara, an incubus; Icel. mora, Dan. mare, 
Pol. mara, nightmare : the last syllable is from 
the root of Mar, and signifies "crusher."] A 
morbid and oppressive sensation on the chest 
during sleep ; incubus. 

Night' shade, n. [A.-S. nihtscadu, night-shadow.] 
Darkness of the night : — a plant. 

Night' -soil, n. The contents of privies, removed 
by night, and used as manure. 

Night' -watch (nit'woch), n. A period of the 
night : — a guard or watch by night. 

Ni-gres'cent, a. [L. nigrescere, nigrescent is, to grow 
black ; n'igrere, to be black; niger, black.] Grow- 
ing black. 

Ni'hil, n. [L. nihil or minium ; ne, not, not even, 
and hilum, a particle, a dot, a trifle.] Nothing. 

Ni'hil-ism, u. Nothingness; nihility: — the prin- 
ciples or doctrine of the nihilists. 

Ni'hil-ist, n. One who denies that any thing can 
be known or shown to exist : — a member of a 
secret revolutionary party in Eussia, whose aim 
is said to be the overthrow of all authority. 

Ni-hil-is'tic, ) a. (Russian Politics.) Of or per- 

Ni'hil-ist, j taining to nihilism or nihilists. 

Nil, n. [L. — See Nihil.] Nothing. 

Nill, r. n. & v. a. [A.-S. nillan ; ne. not. and icillan, 
to will.] Not to will; to refuse; to reject. 

Nim'ble, a. [0. E. nimel; A.-S. numol, nurnul; 
Dan. nem, adroit; A.-S. niman, to 6eize; Ger. 
nehmen, Dan. nemme, Old & Local Eng. nim, to 
take.] Quick; active; ready; speedy. 

Nim'ble-ness, n. Quickness; activity. 



Nim'bly, ad. Quickly ; speedily ; actively. 

Nim'bus, n. [L.] A rain-cloud. — (Painting.) A 
circle of rays round tbe head of a saint, &c. 

Nih'com-poop, n. [Ludicrously formed from L. 
non compos, not having control.] A blockhead ; 
a fool. [Low.] 

Nine, a. [A.-S. nigon; Dut. negen; Ger. neun ; L. 
novem; Skr. navan.] One more than eight. 

Nine'fold, a. Repeated nine times. 

Nine'pence, n. ; pi. Nine'pen-ce§. A small silver 
coin; 'the sum of nine pennies. 

Nine'pins, n. A play with nine pieces of wood. 

Nine'teen. a. [A.-S. nigontyne; Ger. neunzehu] 
Nine and ten. 

Nineteenth, a. The ordinal of nineteen. 

Nine'ti-eth, a. Tbe ordinal of ninety. 

NIne'ty., «. [A.-S. nigontig; Ger. neunzig; L. nona- 
ginta.] Nine times ten. 

Nin'ny, n. [For nincompoop. — Cf. Gael, neoni, a 
fool.]' A fool ; a simpleton ; a dunce. 

Ninth, a. First after the eighth; ordinal of nine. 

Ninth'ly, ad. In the ninth place. 

Nip, v. a. [Dut. Icnipjen; Dan. knibe ; Cer. hieifen, 
Icneiven.] [pp. nipping, nipped.] To cut; lo 
pinch ; to bite : — to blast. — 2, n. A pinch j a 
small cut : — a blast : — a sip. 

Nip'pers (nip'perz), ». pi. Small pincers. 

Nip'ple, n. [A dim. of Neb or Nib.] A teat ; pap. 

Nir-va'na, x. [Skr. nir, out, and nana, blown.] 
In Buddhism, the extinction of individual exist- 
ence by annihilation: — cessation of the soul's 
separate existence by its absorption into Buddha. 

Nit, h. [A.-S. hnitu; Dut. neet ; Dan. gnid ; Russ. 
gnida; Ger. niss.] The egg of a small insect. 

Ni'trate, n. A chemical salt of nitric acid. 

Ni'tre (ni'ter), n. [Fr. nitre; L. nitrum; Gr. vi- 
rpov; Arab, natrun, nitrun; II <-b. nether. — See 
Natron.] Saltpetre; nitrate of potash. 

Ni'tric, a. Relating to, or containing, nitrogen. 

Ni'tro-f en, n. [Gr. virpov, nitre, and root of 
yiyi'eLv, to beget.] (Chem.) A gas which, to- 
gether with oxygen, forms atmospheric air: — 
called also azote. 

Ni-tro£'e-nous, a. Containing nitrogen. 

Ni'tro-giyf'e-rine, n. A powerful explosive 
compound prepared from glycerine by the action 
of nitric and sulphuric acids. 

Ni'trous, a. Partaking of nitre, or of nitrogen. 

Ni'try,' a. Nitrous ; relating to nitre. 

Niv'e-ous, a. [L. niveus; nir, nivis, Gr. vlfya, 
Welsh nyf, snow.] Snowy ; resembling snow. 

Ni-zam', n. [Hind. ; Arab, nazarna, to govern.] 
The ruler of Hyderabad in India. 

No, ad. [A.-S. na, no.—Cf. L. ne, not; Skr. na ; 
Goth. ni. The Anglo-Saxon is referred to ne, 
not, and a, ever.— See Aye.] The word of refusal 
or denial; nay: — not at all. — 2, a. N<>t any; 
none. — No one, not any one. [Slang.] 

Nob, n. [See Knob.] The head: — a nobleman. 

Nob'by, a. Smart; elegant; showy. 

No-bil'i-ty, »• L Fr - nobilitc; L. nobilitas.] State 
of being of noble rank ; dignity; nobleness; ex- 
cellence; rank : — people of rank. 

No'ble, a. [L. nobilis, for gnobilis, illustrious, well 
known; noscere (gnoscere), to know (q. v.).] Be- 
longing to the nobility ; high in rank : — grand ; 
worthy; elevated; liberal.— 2, n. One of high 
rank :— a gold coin. 

No'ble-man, a. One of the nobility; a noble. 

No'ble-ness, h. Greatness; worth; dignity. 

No-blesse', n. [Fr.] The nobility : noble birth. 

No'bly, ad. In a noble manner ; grandly. [son. 

No'bod-y, n. Not any one : — an insignificant per- 

No'cent, a. [L. nocere, to hurt.] Hurtful; mis- 
chievous; guilty. 

Nock, n. A nick on an arrow. See Notch. 

Noc-tam-bu-la'tion, n. [L. nox, noctis, night, 
and ambnlare, to walk.] The act of walking in 
sleep or in the night; somnambulism. 

Noc-tam'bu-lism, n. Somnambulism. 

Noc-tam'bu-list, n. One who walks in sleep. 



e, i, o, u, y, long; a., e, i, 6, u, y, short 



: a, e, i, 



o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 



NOCTITEN 



381 



NONSENSICAL 



Noe'tlirn, n. [L. nocturnus. — See Nocturnal.] De- 
votional service by night. 

Noc-tiir'nal, a. [L. nocturnalis or nocturnus ; nox, 
noctis, night (q. v.) ; Gr. wKrepivo?.] Relating 
to night; nightly: — active by night. — 2, n. An 
instrument formerly used for viewing the stars. 

Noc-tiirne' (nok-turn'), n. [Fr.] (Paint.) A rep- 
resentation of a night-scene. — (Poetry & Mus.) 
A piece for playing at night, as a serenade. 

Nod, v. n. [Local Ger. notleln, 0. Ger. knoton, to 
shake. — Cf. Gr. veveiv, L. nature, to nod; nutns, 
a nod.] [pp. nodding, nodded.] To bend the 
head; to be drowsy. — 2, r. a. To bend; to in- 
cline; to shake.— 3, n. A quick bend of the 
head ; a bow. 

No'dal, a. Pertaining to a node or nodes. 

Nod' die (nOd'dl), n. [A diminutive form : akin to 
Knot.] The head, — in contempt. 

Nod'dy, n. [Cf. Noddle, Noodle.] Simpleton; 
idiot : — a sea-fowl. 

Node, n. [L. nodus: cognate with Knot.] A knob; 
a swelling: — an oval figure. — (Astron.) The 
point where the orbit of a planet intersects the 
plane of the ecliptic. 

No-dose', a. Knotty; full of knots. 

Nod'u-lar, a. Formed into nodules. 

Nod'ule'(nod'yul), n. [L. nodulus, dim. of nodus, 
a node.] A small lump or knot. 

Nod'u-lose, a. Having small knots. 

Nog, n. [Root of Knag and Knock.] A little 
mug : — liquor; ale. — (Naut.) A treenail. — (Arch.) 
A wooden brick or pin. 

Nog'gin, n. [Irish, noigin; Gael, noigean.] A 
small mug or cup : — a gill cup. 

Noils, n. pi. [Origin unknown.] Refuse wool ; 
very inferior wool. 

Noise, n. [Fr. noise; Prov. noisa, nausa: origin 
doubtful.] Any sound; an outcry; clamor. — 
2, v. a. [pp. noising, noised.] To spread by 
rumor or report. 

Noise'less, a. Silent; without sound. 

Noisette (nwa-zef), n. [The name of a French 
gardener, 1772-1849.] A rose of a special group 
of varieties. 

Noi'si-ness, n. Loudness of sound ; clamor. 

Noi'some (nbl'sum), «. [Annoy, and the suffix 
-some, denoting tendency.] Noxious; offensive. 

Noi'some-ly. (noi'sum-le), ad. Offensively. 

Nbi'some-ness, n. Offensiveness ; noxiousness. 

Noi'sy, a. Making a noise; loud ; clamorous. 

Nonvad, or Nom'ade [nG'mad, K. P. Wb.], n. [Gr. 
vofxd^, vojuafio?, wandering, nomadic ; vop.6s, a 
pasture, an allotment; vep.eiv, to allot, to past- 
ure.] One who leads a wandering or pastoral 
life. — 2, a. Wandering; nomadic. 

No-mad'ic, a. Pastoral; rude; wandering. 

Nom'ad-ism, n. State of a nomad ; roving life. 

Nome, r». [Gr. voju.6?; ve>eij/, to allot.] A prov- 
ince.— (A Igebra.) A simple quantity affixed to 
some other quantity. 

No'men-cla-tor, n. [L.] One who names things. 

No'men-clat-ure (no'men-klat'yur), n. [L. nomen- 
clatnra; uornen, a name, and culare, to call.] The 
terms or words of a language, art, or science ; a 
system of terms ; terminology ; vocabulary. 

Nom'i-nal, a. [L. nominalis; nomen, nominin, a 
nanie (q. v.).] Only in name ; not real ; titular. 

Nom'i-nal-ism, n. Doctrine of the nominalists. 

Nom'i-nal-ist, n. One of a sect of mediaeval 
philosophers who maintained, in opposition to 
the realists, that the universals, or general terms, 
in logic were names only, and not realities. 

Nom'i-nal-ly, ad. By name ; only in name. 

Nom'i-nate, v. a. [L. nominare, nominatnm, to 
name.] [pp. nominating, nominated.] To pro- 
pose by name ; to appoint or designate by name ; 
to name. [of nominating. 

Nom-i-na'tion, n. [L. nnminatio.] Act, or power, 

Nom'i-na-tive, <r. [L. nominatimts.] (Gram.) That 
names : — applied to the first case of nouns. 

N5m'i-na-tor, n. One who nominates. 



Nom-i-nee', n. A person nominated. 

Non, ad. [L. non, not.] Not. — It is never used 
separately, but always as a prefix, giving a neg- 
ative sense to words ; as, rcou-residence. 

N5n'age, n. [Non, not, and Age.] Minority in 
age ; immaturity. 

Non-a-ge-na'ri-an, n. [L. nonagenarius ; nona- 
ginta, ninety (7. v.).] One ninety years old. 

N6n-a-ges'i-mal, a. [L. nonagesimus ; nonaginta, 
ninety (q. v.).'] The ninetieth. 

Non-at-tend'ance, n. Failure to attend. 

Nonce, n. [From 0. E. then ones (once) ; then is 
here the A.-S. dan, dam, dative of de, the.] The 
present purpose, exigency, or occasion ; design. 

Non'cha-lance' (non'sha-lans'), n. [Fr.] Indiffer- 
ence; 'coolness; carelessness. 

Non'cha-lant', a. [Fr. ; non, not, and chaloir, to 
matter; L. calere, to glow, to be warm.] Cool; 
unconcerned; careless. 

Non-com'ba-tant, n. A person associated with 
an army or a navy who is not required to fight : 
— one who will not fight ; a non-resistant. 

Non-com-mis' sioned (-mlsh'undj, a. Not having 
a commission. 

Non-com-mit'tal, a. [See Commit.] Careful not 
to commit or bind one's self. — 2, 1/. Absence of 
any pledge ; freedom from pledges. 

Non-com-plT'ance, n. A failure to comply, [cur. 

Non-con-cur' rence, n. Refusal or failure to con- 

Non-con-dflct'or, n. A substance that does not 
conduct or transmit electricity. 

Non-con-fdrm'ist, )/. One who does not conform 
to the established religion. 

Non-con-form'i-ty, b. [See Non and Conform- 
ity.]' Want of conformity. 

Non'de-script, a. [L. non descriptus, not described.] 
Not yet, or not easily, described. — 2, n. A thing 
not described. 

None, a. & pron. [A.-S. nan ; ne, not, and oh, one.] 
No one ; not any. 

Non-e-lect', n. One who is not elected. 

Non-en'ti-tx. >'• [See Entity.] Non-existence : — 
a person of no account; a nobody. [Colloq.] 

Nones, n. pi. [L. nonse; nonns, the ninth.] (Ro- 
man.) The fifth day of each month of the year, 
except March, May, July, and October, in which 
it was the seventh : so called as being the ninth 
inclusive before the ides :— religious service for 
the ninth hour. 

Non-es-sen'tial, n. A thing not necessary. 

NSne'such (nfin'such), n. A thing unequalled. 

Non-ex-ist'ence, n. State of not existing. 

Non-ex-ist'ent, a. Not existing. 

Non-ful-fil'ment, ». Failure to fulfil, 

No-nill'ipn, n. [L. nouns, ninth : on type of 
million.] [Eug.] A unit with 54 ciphers an- 
nexed. [Fr.] A unit with 3U ciphers annexed. 

Non-jur'ing, a. Not swearing allegiance. 

Non'ju-ror, or Non-ju'ror, n. [See Non and 
Juror.] One who refused to swear allegiance 
to the successors of James II. 

Non-ob-serv'ance, n. A failure to observe. 

Non-pa-reil' (non-pa-reF), n. [Fr. non, not, and 
pareU, equal ; L. par, Late L. paricuhte, equal. — 
See Par.] A printer's type smaller than minion. 
— 2, «. Unequalled. 

NSn'plus, n. [L. nonplus, not more.] A puzzle; 
a great difficulty. — 2, v. a. [pp. nonplussing, 
nonplussed.] To confound ; to puzzle. 

Non-res'i-dence, n. A failure of residence. 

Non-res'i-dent, n. [Non and Resident.] One 
who does not reside in the place of his official 
duty; an absentee. — 2, a. Not residing: absent. 

Non-re-sist'ance, n. Passive obedience. 

Non-re-sist/ant, a. [Non and Rksistant.] Not 
resisting. — 2, n. One who maintains non-resist- 
ant principles; one who holds that resistance 
by force is in no case lawful. 

Non'sense, n. [Non and Sense.] Unmeaning 
language; folly. 

Non-sen' si-cal, a. Unmeaning; foolish. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, £r, 5, g, soft ; p, p, p, g" , hard; § as z ; 5 as gz ; tnisi 



NONSENSICALLY 



382 



NOTORIOUSNESS 



Non-sen'si-cal-ly, ad. Foolishly. 

Non'suit (noh'sut), n. [Non and Suit,] (Law.) 
The renunciation of a suit by the plaintiff. — 
2, v. a. [pp. nonsuiting, nonsuited.] To stop 
in a legal process. 

Non-u'ser, n. (Law.) Neglect of use. 

Noo'dle (noo'dl), n. [Cf. Noddy.] A fool; a sim- 
pleton : — [Ger. nudel: root of Nut] a cake to put 
in soup. 

Nook (nok or nuk), n. [Scot, neuk, Celt, niuc, a 
corner.] A corner ; a narrow place. 

Noon, n. [L. nana, ninth (hour); A.-S. non; Dut. 
noen; Dan. none.] Mid-day; noonday; twelve 
o'clock. 

Noon'day, or Noon' tide, n. Mid-day ; time of noon. 

Noon'ing, n. Repose or a repast at noon. 

Noose, or N86se [noz, S. J. E. Ja. K. Sm. Wb. ; 
nos, N. W. F.], n. [Fr. noeud, 0. Fr. nou, L. 
nodus, a knot.] A running knot. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
noosing, noosed.] To tie in a noose ; to catch. 

Nor, conj. [For neither (q. v.); 0. E. nother.] A 
negative particle : — correlative to neither or not; 
as, neither this nor that. 

Nbr'land, n. [For north land. ] North country. — 
2, a'. Of or belonging to the north ; northern. 

Norm, n. [L. norma, a carpenter's rule. — Cf. Gr. 
yvcopt/ao?, well-known, familiar; yviofxov, an in- 
dex, a rule or square : root of Know.] A stand- 
ard ; a model ; a type. 

Nbr'mal, a. [L. normalis. — See Norm.] Perpen- 
dicular : — according to rule or principle ; regu- 
lar. — Normal school, a school for training school- 
teachers. 

Nor' man, a. [For north man.— See Norse.] Re- 
lating to Normandy or Normans. — 2, n. A na- 
tive of Normandy. 

Norn, n. [Scandinavian.] (Norse Myth.) One of 
the Fates or goddesses of destiny. 

Nor'rb'y, n. [North and Fr. roy, a king.] (Her.) 
The third of the English kings of arms, whose 
jurisdiction lies north of the Trent. 

Norse, n. [Scand. Norsk, Norwegian,— literally, 
northern.] The language of the Norwegians. 

NSrse'man, n. A Northman ; an ancient Scandi- 
navian. 

North, n. [A.-S., Dan., Sw., & Ger. nord; Dut. 
noord.] The point opposite the south. — 2, a. 
Northern ; being in the north. 

North-east', n. The point midway between the 
north and the east.— 2, a. North-eastern ; de- 
noting the north-east point. 

Nbrth-east'er-ly, a. North-east. 

North-east' em, a. Relating to the north-east. 

Nbrtft'er-ly,'a. & ad. Toward, or from, the north. 

North' era, a. Being in the north ; north.— 2, n. 
An inhabitant of the north. 

Nbrth'ern-er, n. One living in the north. 

Nbrtn'em-most, re. Most northern ; farthest north. 

Nbrtft'ing, n. Course or distance toward the 
north : — opposed to southing. 

Nbrth'man, u. A Scandinavian. 

North-star', n. The pole-star ; the lodestar. 

North/ward, a. Being toward the north. 

North'ward, \ ad Toward the north. 

North' wards, J 

Nbrth'ward-ly, a. & ad. Toward the north. 

Nbrth-wSst', n. The point between the north 
and the west.— 2, a. North-western. [west. 

North-west' er-ly, a. Toward, or from, the north- 

Nbrth-west'ern, a. Being in the north-west. 

Nbr-we'§-i-an, n. A native of Norway. — 2, o. 
Belonging to Norway. 

No6e, n. [A.-S. nosu; Dut. neus ; Dan. nsese; Ger. 
vase ; Russ. nos; Lith. nosis; L. nasus ; Skr. 
nasa.] The prominence on the face : — scent. — 
2, v. a. [pp. nosing, nosed.] To scent; to smell. 

Nose'bleed, n. Bleeding from the nose. 

Nose'gay, n. [Nose, and Old & Local E. gay, a 
gay object.] A bunch of flowers ; a bouquet. 

Nos-o-log'i-cal, a. Relating to nosology. 

No-sol'o-£ist, n. One versed in nosology. 



No-sol'o-£y, or No-sol' o-fy, n. [Gr. voaos, a 
disease, and Aoyo?, a treatise.] The doctrine or 
science of diseases. 

Nos-tal'£i-a, n. [Gr. voottos, homeward return, 
and a\yo<>, pain.] (Med.) Homesickness. 

Nos-tal'tjc, a. Relating to nostalgia ; homesick. 

Nos'tril, 11. [A.-S. nosdyrl; nosu, the nose, and 
dyrel, thyrel, a hole. — See Thrill and Drill.] 
The aperture of the nose. 

Nos'trum, n. [L. for "our own;" nos, we.] A 
quack medicine. [negation or refusal. 

Not, ad. [The same as Naught.] A particle of 

No-ta-bil'i-ty, n. A notable thing or person. 

Not'a-ble [not'a-bl, S. W. P. J. E. F. Ja. Sm.], a. 
[A special use of the word next below.] Indi:s- 
trious ; careful ; bustling. 

Not'a-ble (not'a-bl, W. P. J. F. Ja. Sm. ; n6t'a-bl, 
S. E.], a. [L. notabilis; notare, to mark ; no'ta, a 
mark. — See Note.] Remarkable; memorable. — 
2, n. A nobleman or person of distinction. 

Not'a-ble-ness, n. Carefulness ; industry. 

Not'a-ble-ness, n. Remarkableness. 

Not'a-bly, ad. Carefully ; with bustle. 

Not'a-bly, ad. Memorably ; remarkably. 

No-ta'ri-al, a. Relating to a notary. 

Nb'ta-ry, n. [Fr. notaire, L. notarius, a clerk, a 
writer' of notes.— See Note.] An officer who 
attests contracts. 

No'ta-ry-pfib'lic, n. A notary or officer who pub- 
licly attests writings or documents, so as to make 
them authentic in foreign countries. 

No-ta'tion, n. [L. notatio.] The act or manner 
6f noting or designating by marks; a marking. 

Notch, n. [Softened from 0. E. nock, a notch; 
Local Sw. nokke; 0. Dut. nock: probably related 
to Nick, possibly to Nook.] A nick ; a hollow 
cut in anything. —2, v. a. [pp. notching, 
notched.] To cut in small hollows. 

Note, n. [L. noia, a note : allied to notus, known. 
— See Know.] A mark; a notice; a remark: — 
reputation: — an account: — a tone; voice: — a 
written paper ; a billet : — a paper promising pay- 
ment. — 2, v. a. [pp. noting, noted.] To observe ; 
to remark ; to mark. 

Note'-book (-bfik), n. A book containing notes. 

Not'ed, p. a. Remarkable; eminent; famous. 

Nbte'less, a. Of no note or reputation; not fa- 
mous; undistinguished. 

Note'wor-thx (-wiir-the), a. Remarkable ; worthy 
of notice. 

Noth'ing [noth'ing, Wb.], n. [For wo thing.] Non- 
entity ; not any thing. 

Noth'ing-ness, n. Nihility; non-existence. 

Nf'tice, n. [Fr. notice; L. notitia, knowledge; 
novi, notum, to know (q. v.).] A remark; heed; 
information ; warning. — 2, v. a. [pp. noticing, 
noticed.] To note ; to heed ; to observe. 

N6'tice-a-ble, a. Worthy of notice. 

No-ti-fi-ca'tion, n. Act of notifying; notice. 

No'ti-fy, v. a. [Fr. notifier ; L. notificare, to make 
known ; notum, known, and facere, to make.] 
[pp. notifying, notified.] To declare ; to make 
known: — to inform; to give notice to. 

No'tion, n. [L. notio, knowledge, idea; novi, no- 
tum', to know (q. v.).] Mental apprehension ; 
conception; perception; thought; idea; opinion. 

No'tion-al, a. Imaginary ; ideal ; crotchety. 

No'tion-al-ly, ad. Jn idea ;. mentally. 

Nb'tions, , n. pi. Haberdashery; small wares. 

Nb'to-phbrd, n. [Gr. vooror, the back, and xop^b 
a cord (q. v.).] The spinal column of certain 
low types of vertebrates. 

Nb-to-ri'e-ty, n. [Fr. notorittt ; Late L. notorietas. 
— See Notorious.] Public knowledge; exposure 
to public knowledge (usually in an ill sense). 

No-to'ri-ous, a. [Fr. notoire ; L. notorium, an in- 
dictment, accusation ; nolor, a witness ; novi, no- 
tum, to know (q. v.).] Publicly known ; evident 
to the world : — commonly used in an ill sense. 

No-to'ri-ous-ly, ad. Publicly; evidently. 

No-to'ri-ous-ness, n. Public fame ; notoriety. 



a, e, I, o, 5, y, long ; a, e, i, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



NOTWITHSTANDING 



383 



NUNCUPATIVE 



Not-with-stand'ing, cow;. [Not and Withstand.] 
Although; nevertheless. — 2, prep. Without hin- 
derance from ; not preventing; in spite of. 

Nought (nawt), n. Nothing. See Naught. 

Nou'me-non, n. ; pi. Nou'me-na. [6r. for "thing 
perceived;" voelv, to perceive ; vows, the mind.] 
(Met.) An object as it is in itself. 

Noun, n. [Fr. nom ; 0. Fr. non, noun; L. nomen, 
name (a. v.).] {Gram.) The name of any thing. 



Nour'ish. (nur'ish), v. a. [Fr. nourrir (,oase nonr- 

r»S8-); L. nutnre, to suckle, to feed.] [pp. nour- 
ishing, nourished.] To support by food : to feed ; 

to maintain; to encourage; to train. 
Noiir'ish-er, n. One that nourishes. 
Nour'ish-inent (nur'ish-me'nt), u. Food; suste- 
nance; nutriment; nutrition; supply. 
Nov'el, a. [Fr. nouveau; 0. Fr. novel; L. novellus, 

dim. of norm, new.] Of recent origin or intro- 
duction; nciv ; not ancient ; unusual; strange. — 

2, n. A fictitious narrative. 
Nov-el-ette', n. [Fr.] A small novel. 
Nov'el-ist, n- A writer of novels. 
Nov'el-ty, b. [Fr. nouveaute; 0. Fr. noveliteit; L. 

nov'ellUas, newness. — See Novel.] A novel thing; 

newness. 
No-vem'ber, n. [L., from novem, nine : it was the 

ninth month with the llomans.] The eleventh 

month of the year. 
No-ven'ni-al, a. [L. iwvennis; novem, nine, and 

annus, a year. ) Done every ninth year. 
Nov'ice, n. [Fr. ; L. novieiua, new, a novice; 

novas, new.] One unskilled; a probationer: — a 

beginner. 
No-vi"ti-ate (no-vish'e-at), n. [Fr. novitiat ; Late 

L. novitiatus.] State of a novice; the time for 

learning the rudiments :— a novice. 
Noft (nbu), ad. [A.-S., Dut., Scand., Goth.. & Skr. 

nu; Ger. nun; Gr. vvv; L. nunc] At this time; 

at that time; very lately. — Now and then, at one 

time and another. — 2, n. The present time or 

moment. 
No<v'a-days, ad. In the present time or age. 
No'way, or No'ways, ad. Not in any manner. ' 
No' where (no'hwar), ad. [A.-S. mkwser; No and 

Where.] Not in any place. [or degree. 

No'wlse, ad. [For in no wise.] Not in any manner 
Nox'ious (nok'shys), a. [L.noxius; uoxa, harm; 

nocere, to injure; near, destruction.] Hurtful; 

pernicious. 
Nox'ious-ly (nok'shus-le), ad. Hurtfully. [ness. 
Nox'iou3-ness, n. Hurtfulness; unwholesome- 
Noz'zle (noz'zl), n. [A dim. of Nose.] The nose; 

the snout; the e;id, as of a bellows.' 
Niib' bin, n. [From colloquial )iub, a knob (7. ».).] 

A small, impei feet ear of maize. 
Nu'bile, a. [L. nubUis; nubere, to marry; mdtes, 

a cioud, a veil.— See Nuptial.] Marriageable; 

fit for marriage. 
Nu-clf'er-ous, a. [L. nux, nucis, a nut, and ferre, 

to hear.] Bearing nuts. 
Nu'cle-ate, or Nu'cle-at-ed, a. Having a nucleus. 
Nu'cle-us, n. [L. for "a kernel;" nux, meets, a 

nut.] L. pi. Nu'cle-i; Eng. Nu'cle-us-es, The 

kernel of a nut : — that about which matter is 

collected : — a central mass. 
Nude, K. [L. nudus. — See Naked.] Bare; naked: 

— not valid; void. 
Nudfe (nuj), v. a. [Dan. knuge, to press; Scot. 

gnidge, to squeeze': allied to Knock.] [pp. 

nudging, nudged.] To push or touch gently.— 

2, ». A gentle push. 
Nu'di-ty, n. [L. nudUas.] Nakedness. 
Nu'ga-to-ry, a. [L. nugatorius; nugator, a trifier; 

uixj iri, to trifle; migx, trifles.] Trifling; futile; 

ineffectual. 
Nug'get. n. [0. E. niggot; probably for bigot.] A 

lump ; a small mass. 
Niii'sance, n. [Fr. nuisance; nuire, nuisant, to 

hurt— See Noxious.] Something offensive:— 

something that annoys the public. 
Null, v. a. [L. nuUus, none; ne ullus, not any; nlhts 



stands for wmdus, a dim. of unus, one.] [pp. 
nulling, nulled.] To annul; to annihilate. — 
2, a. Void ; of no force ; ineffectual. 

Nul-li-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of rendering void; 
the state of being rendered void. [nullify. 

Nul'li-f I-er, n. One who nullifies or desires to 

Nul'li-fy, v. a. [L. nullificare, to make void; nul- 
lus, none, and/acere, to make.] [pp. nullifying, 
nullified.] To annul; to make void. 

Nul'li-ty, n. [Fr. nullite.] Want of force; nothing. 

Numb (num), a. [0. E. nome, benumbed, — prop- 
erly, seized; A.-S. nhnan, to seize.] Torpid; 
chilled; motionless.— 2, v. u. [pp. numbing, 
numbed.] To make numb or torpid. 

Num'ber, v. a. [Fr. nombre; L. Humerus; Gr. 
vefj-eiv, to distribute.] [pp. numbering, num- 
bered.] To count; to tell; to reckon.— 2. v. n. 
To amount to in number. — 3, n. Any aggregate 
of units : — a unit ; one : — more than one : many : 
—a figure.— jo?. Harmony; verses: poetry.— 
(Gram.) The consideration of an object as one 
or more. 

Num'ber-less, a. More than can be counted. 

Num'ber§, n. The fourth book in the Bihle. 

Numb'ness (num'uesj, n. Torpor; deadness. 

Nii'mer-al, a. [L. numercdis. — See Number.] Re- 
latin'g to number; consisting of number or num- 
bers; numerical. — The numeral letters are the 
seven Roman capitals I, V, N, L, (', D, 31 ; the 
numeral figures, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, 7, 8, 9, 0.— 2, ». A 
numeral character or letter. 

NG'mer-al-ly, ad. According to number. 

Nii'mer-ate, v. n. [L. nun atom, to 

num'her (q. v.).] [pp. numerating, numerated.] 
To reckon ; to enumerate. 

Nu-mer-a'tion, n. [L. numeratio; Fr. numera- 
tion.] The'art of numbering; the art of writing 
and reading numbers. 

Nu'mer-a-tqr, u. [L.] A numberer. — In vulgar 
fractions, the number placed above the line. 

Nu-mer'i-cal, a. [Fr. numSrigue.] In respect to 
number; expressed in numbers. 

Nu-mer'i-cal-ly, «</. With respect to number. 

Nu'mer-ous, a. [L. numerosus : numerus, a num- 
ber (q. r.).] Consisting of many : — many; not 
few :— consisting of poetic numbers. 

Nu'mer-ous-ly, ad. In great numbers. 

Nu-mis-mat'ic, ) a. [L. numisma, numismatis, 

Nu-mis-mat'i-cal, J current coin; Gr. vo/jnana; 
vofxos, usage, law; ve/xeiv, to allot. — Cf. L. nttnt- 
mus, money.] Relating to numismatics, or to 
coins and medals. [and medals. 

Nu-mis-mat'ics, n. The science, or study, of coins 

Nu-mi§-ma-tol'p-| , y, n. [Gr. i'6/u.icr/Lia, coin, and 
A6yo?, a'tieatise.j The history or science of 
coins ; numismatics. 

Num'ma-ry, \ a. [L. nmnmularius; nummidus, 

Num'mu-lar, j dim. of numtnus, a coin.] Relating 
to coin of money ; monetary ; resembling coin. 

Num'skull, n. [Numb and Skull.] A dunce; a 
dolt ; a blockhead. 

Nun, n. [Fr. uonue (colloq.); A.-S. nunna ; Late 
L. nenna; h.nonnus, a father; Gr. va.wy\, vewa., 
an aunt; vivvy\, It. nonna, grandmother; Skr. 
nana, mother.] A woman who lives in a nun- 
nery : — a kind of pigeon. [end. 

Nun' -buoy, n. A buoy which tapers toward each 

Nun'cheon (nun'chun), n. [0. E. none-schenche, 
noon-drink; A.-S. scencan, to pour out. — Cf. Ger. 
sehenken, to pour out, — later, to send out, to give : 
— related to Shank, in its old sense of a pipe. 
— See Shank. Its present form and meaning 
are from Luncheon.] A luncheon. 

Niin'ci-a-ture, n. [Fr. ; It. nunziatura.] The office 
of a nuncio. 

Nfln'ci-o (nun'she-o), n. [It.; L. nuntius, a mes- 
senger. — See Announce.] A papal envoy. 

Nun-cu'pa-tive [nQnTtu-pa-tiv, 8m.], a. [Late L. 
nunevpativtis, nominal; L. nuneupare, to call by 
name; nomen, name, and capere, to take.] Ver- 
bally pronounced ; not written. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, 5, c, £, soft; p, £}, », §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



NUNDINAL 



384 



OBEY 



Nun'di-nal, a. [L. nundinalis ; nnndinse, a market- 
day, ninth day ; novern, nine, and dies, day.] Re- 
lating to a fair or a market, or to the ninth day. 

Nun'ner-y, n. A convent for nuns. [lily. 

Nfi'phar, n. [See Nenuphar.] The yellow water- 

Nup'tial (ntip'shal), a. [L. nuptialis; nuptise, a 
wedding ; nubere, nuptum, to marry ; nubes, a 
veil, a cloud.] Relating to marriage. 

Nup'tials. (nup'shalz), n. pi. Marriage rites and 
festivities; wedding; marriage. 

Nurse, n. [Fr. nourrice; L. nutrix ; nutrire, to 
nourish (q. v.).] A woman who nurses or who 
has the care of an infant : — one who cares for 
the sick : — a kind of shark. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
nursing, nursed.] To hring up; to cherish :— to 
suckle. 

NUrs'er-y, n, A plantation of young trees: — a 
place where children are taken care of. 

NUrs'ling, n. One nursed up; a fondling. 

NUrt'ure (niirt'yur), n. [Fr. nourriture; L. nutri- 
tura. — See Nourish.] Food: — education; train- 
ing. — 2, v. a. [pp. nurturing, nurtured.] To 
educate ; to train. 

Nut, n. [A.-S. hnutu; L. mix, nucis ; Dut. noot; 
Ger. miss; Dan. nod.] A fruit of certain trees 
and shrubs : — a cylinder with teeth : — a block 
which is screwed upon the end of a bolt. — 
2, v. n. [pp. nutting, nutted.] To gather nuts. 

Nu-ta'tion, n. [L. nutatio ; nutare, frequentative 
of nuer'e, to nod (q. v.).] A kind of nodding; a 
vibratory movement. 

Nut' gall, n. A hard excrescence of an oak. 

Nut'-hatch, n. [Nut, and Hatch, to peck or hack 
(q. v.).] A bird of several species. 



Nut'meg, n. [Nut, and 0. Fr. muge, musk (q. v.).] 

A valuable species of spice. ' [the coypu. 

Nu'tri-|, n. [Sp. for " otter" (q. «.).] The fur of 
Nii'tri-ent, n. [L. nutpiem, nulrientis, nourishing. 

—See Nourish.] A substance that nourishes; a 

nutritive agent.— 2, o. Nourishing; nutritious. 
Nii'tri-ment, n. [L. nutrimentum. — See Nourish.] 

Nourishment; food; aliment. 
Nu-tri"tion (nu-trish'un), n. The process or act 

of nourishing : — food ; aliment. 
Nu-tri"tious (nu-trlsh'us), a. [L. nutricius; nw 

trix, a nurse (q. v.).] Affording nourishment'; 

nutritive ; nourishing. 
Nu'tri-tive, a. [Fr. nutritif. — See Nourish.] 

Nourishing; nutritious. 
Nut' shell, «. The hard shell of a nut: — some- 
thing of small compass or little value. 
Nut'-tree, n. A tree that bears nuts; a hazel. 
Niit'ty, a. Resembling the flavor of nuts. 
Nux-vom'i-ca, n. [L. mix, a nut, and vomica, 

noisome.] A poisonous nut. 
Nfiz'zle, v. a. [Low Ger. nusseln; Sw. nosa: root 

of Nose.] [pp. nuzzling, nuzzled.] To nurse; 

to nestle.— 2, v. n. To hold the head down :— to 

root like a swine. 
Nyl-ghstu', n. [Per. nilgaw ; nil, blue, and gaw, a 

cow (q. v.).] An East-Indian antelope. 
Nymph, n. [L. nympha; Gr. vv^r\, a bride, a 

nymph : akin to ve<|>09, a cloud. — Cf. L. mipta, a 

bride; nubere, to veil, to marry.] (Myth.) A 

spirit of the woods, meadows, trees, hills, or 

waters. 
Nym'pha, n. ; pi. Nym'phse. [L.] The pupa, 

aurelia, or chrysalis of an insect. 



o. 



Oan English vowel, has various sounds, as in 
j note, not*, nor, move, done. — 2, interj. Used in 

calling : — oh ! 
Oaf (of), «. [O. E. nit/, aulf, variants of Elf.] A 

changeling; a foolish child left by the fairies in- 
stead of one more bright ; a dolt. 
Oafish (ofish), a. Stupid; dull; doltish. 
Oak '(ok), n. [A.-S. ac; Dan. eeg ; Dut. eik ; Ger. 

eiche.] A forest tree and its wood. 
Oak'en (o'kn), a. Made of, or being from, oak. 
Oak'ling (ok'ling), n. A young oak. 
Oak'u'm, n. [A.-S. acumba; a, away, and cemban, 

to comb.] Loose hemp, obtained by untwisting 

old ropes, for stopping leaks. 
Oar (or), n. [A.-S. or; Dan. aare; Sw. ara.] A 

pole or instrument to row with. — 2, v. a. [pp. 

oaring, oared.] To impel by rowing. — 3, v. n. 

To row. 
Oars/man, n. One who manages oars. 
Oar'y, a. Having the form or use of oars. 
O'a-sis [o-a'sis, St. I. N.], n. ; pi. 5'a-ses. [L. ; Gr. 

oacrt? ; 'Coptic, onahe ; ouili, to dwell.] A fertile 

spot surrounded by an arid desert. 
Oat (ot), n. A grain. See Oats. 
Oat'en (o'tn), a. Made of oats; bearing oats. 
Oath (oth), n . ; pi. Oaths. [A.-S. ad; Dut. eed ; 

Dan. ed; Goth, aiths ; Old Irish, oeth.] A solemn 

declaration, with an appeal to God as a witness 
_ of its truth :— a profane use of a sacred name. 
Oat'meal, n. Flour made by grinding oats. 
Oats (ots), n. pi. [A.-S. ata: by some referred to 

the root of Eat.] A kind of grain, commonly 

used as food for horses. 
5b. [L. ob, against. — Cf. Gr. eni, upon ; Skr. api, 

moreover; Lith. ope, near.] A prefix from the 

Latin, meaning near, against, before, &c. 
5b-bli-ga'to, a. [It. for "bound" or "limited." — 

See Oblige.] (Mm.) Made for the instrument 

named ; closely connected. 



Ob-cbr'date, a. [L. ob, implying reversal, and 
Cordate.] Heart-shaped, with the apex down- 
ward. 

5b'du-ra-cy, or ob-du'ra-cy, »• State of being 
obdurate ; hardness of lieart. 

5b'du-rate, or Ob-du'rate, a. [L. dbdnrare, obdn- 
ratum,' to harden; ob, against, and durare, to 
harden ; durus, hard.] Hard of heart ; obstinate ; 
impenitent; stubborn'; harsh. 

5b'du-rate-ly, ««*. In an obdurate manner. 

O-be'di-'ence [o-be'de-ens, P. J. Ja. Sm. ; o-be'- 
dyen's, 8. E. F. K. ; o-be'je-ens, W.], n. [L. obe- 
die'ntia.—See Obey.] The act of obeying; sub- 
mission to authority. 

Q-be'di-ent, «• [D- obedire, obedientis, to obey 
(q. i'.).] Submissive to authority; compliant 
with command ; dutiful. 

Q-be'di-ent-ly, ad. With obedience. 

O-bei'sance (o-ba'sans or o-be'sans), n. [Fr. obeis- 
saHce,'obedience.]" A bow ; an act of reverence. 

5b'e-lisk, n. [Gr. 6/3eAiV/co9, dim. 
of 6|3eA6?, a spit.] A slender stone 
pyramid; a monolith : — the dag- 
ger, a mark for reference, thus 

5b'e-lus, n. ; pi. ob'e-li. [Gr. 6/3e- 

A05, a spit.] The dash (— or --=-) 

used in printing. 
O-bese', a. [L. obesus, lean, thin, 

— later, fat, gross*; ob, away from, ^ . 

toward, and edere, esnm, to eat, ""'" m ™ 

—literally, that which has eaten "oeiwu. 

something to itself.] Excessively fat or fleshy. 
O-bese'ness, \ n. Excessive corpulence; morbid 
9-bes'i-ty, /fatness. 
O-bey' (o-ba'), v. a. [Fr. obeir ; L. obedire; ob, 

toward", and audire, to listen, to hear.] [pp. 

obeying, obeyed.] To- yield obedience to; to 

submit to ; to comply with. 




a, e, I, 5, 5, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, ?, i, 9, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



OBFUSCATE 



385 



OBSEKVINGLY 



Qb-fus'cate, v. a. [L. obfuscare, obfuscatum ; ob, 
over, and fuscare, to darken; fuscus, dark.] [pp. 
obfuscating, obfuscated.] To darken ; to cloud : 
— to muddle with drink. 

5b-fus-ca'tion, n. [L. obfuscatio.] The act of 
darkening": — bewilderment. 

6'bit, or Sb'it, n. [L. obitus, departure, death; 
obire, to go to; ob, near, and ire, to go.] De- 
cease : — a funeral solemnity or service. — Post 
obit, after death. 

Q-bit'u-a-ry, a. [Fr. obituaire.] Relating to deaths 
or funerals. — 2, n. A register or list of the dead ; 
necrology : — a notice of one dead. 

Qb-ject', v. a. [L. objectare, to oppose; objicere, 
objectum, to throw against ; ob, toward, and 
jacere, to throw.] [pp. objecting, objected.] To 
oppose ; to urge against. 

Ob'ject, n. That about which one is employed; 
design ; end ; aim ; ultimate purpose. 

Sb'ject-glass, n. In an optical instrument, the 
lens nearest the object under observation. 

Qb-jec'tion, n. [L. objectio.] An adverse argument 
or reason; fault found; opposition; hesitation. 

Qb-jec'tion-a-ble, a. Liable to objection. 

9b-jec'tive, 'a. [Fr. objectif, objective.] Relating 
to the' object of tbought; opposed to subjective, 
which relates to the tbinker, or conscious svbject. 
— Objective certainty is when the proposition is 
true in itself; subjective, when we are certain of 
its truth ; or objective certainty is certainty in 
outward things, or physical certainty ; subjective 
certainty is certainty perceived by the mind, or 
metaphysical certainty. — (Gram.) Noting the 
case of a noun or pronoun which follows a tran- 
sitive verb or participle, or a preposition. 

Qb-jec'tive-ly, ad. In an objective manner. 

Ob-jec'tive-ness, n. State of being objective. 

8b-jec-tiv'i-ty, n. [Fr. objectivite.] State or qual- 
ity' of being objective. 

Qb-ject'or, n. [L.] One who offers objections. 

Qb-jiir'gate, v. a. [L. objurgare, objwgatum, to 
chide ; 06, against, and jurgare, to quarrel : /Vs, 
juris, law, and agere, to urge.] [p>p. objurgating, 
objurgated.] To chide; to reprove. 

5b-jur-ga'tion, n. [L. objurgatio.] A reproof; 
reprehension. [sive; chiding. 

Qb-jur'ga-to-ry, a. [L. objurgatorins.] Reprehen- 

9b-late', a. [L. oblatus; ob, toward, and latus, 
carried.] Flattened at the poles. 

Sb'late, n. [L.' offerre, oblatum, to offer (q. v.).] A 
devotee : — a priest of a mission. 

Qb-la'tion, n. [L. oblatio, an offering. — See Offer.] 
An offering ; a sacrifice. 

Sb'li-gate, V. a. [L. obligate, obligatum. — See 
Oblige.] [pp. obligating, obligated.] To bind 
by contract or duty ; to oblige. [A word much 
used, yet disputed.] 

Sb-li-ga'tion, n. [L. obligatio.] That which binds ; 
the binding power of an oath, vow, or duty ; duty. 

5b'li-ga-to-ry, a. [L. obligutorius.] Imposing an 
obligation ; binding. 

Q-blige' [o-blij' or o-blej', S. W. P. F.]> »■ «• [ Fr - 
obliger, L. obligare, to constrain ; ob, to, and Kgare, 
to bind.] [pp. obliging, obliged.] To impose 
obligation onj to bind; to compel; to gratify. 

Q-bliged' (o-blijd'), p. a. Bound in gratitude; 
compelled; forced; indebted. 

5b-li-gee', n. The person to whom another, called 
the obligor, is bound by a contract. 

9-bll£-'er, w. One who obliges. 

Q-bli£'ing, p. a. Civil; friendly; engaging. 

Q-blI|-'ing-ly, ad. In an obliging manner. 

O-bli^'ing-ness, n. Civility ; complaisance. 

Ob-li-gbr , n. {Law.) One who binds himself to 
another. See Obligee. 

Ob-lique', or ob-lique', a. [Fr. oblique; L. ob- 
lujuus; ob, toward, and liquis, slanting.] Not 
direct; not perpendicular; not parallel; indi- 
rect. — (Oram.) Applied to any case in nouns 
except the nominative.— 2, v. n. [pp. obliquing, 
obliqued.] To move obliquely ; to slant. 



Ob-lique'ly, or ob-llque'ly., ad. Not directly. 

Ob-lique'ness, or ob-Hque'ness, n. The quality 
of being oblique ;" obliquity." 

Qb-llq'ui-ty. (ob-lik'we-te), «. [Fr. obliquite ; L. 
obliquitus.] The quality of being oblique: — de- 
viation from rectitude or from directness. 

Ob-Ht'er-ate, v. a. [L. obliterare, obliteratum ; ob, 
over, 'and litera, a letter (q. v.); linere, Utum, to 
smear.] [pp. obliterating, obliterated.] To 
efface ; to rub out. [extinction. 

ob-Ht-er-a'tion, n. [L. obliteratio.] Efiacement; 

Qb-llv'i-on, n. [L. oblivio ; oblivisci, to forget.] 
Forgetfulness : — amnesty. 

Qb-liv'i-ous, a. [L. obliviosus.] Tending to for- 
get; forgetful. 

Ob'long, a. [L. oblongus; ob, over, and lo-ngas, 
long.] Longer than broad ; extended. — 2, n. A 
figure or object longer than it is broad. 

5b'lo-quy, n. [L. obloqnium; ob, against, and 
loqui, to speak.] Censorious speech ; blame ; 
slander; reproach; abuse; disgrace. 

Ob-nox'ious (ob-nok'shus), a. [L. obnoxius, liable, 
hurtful ;' ob, near, and noxa, injury. — See Nox- 
ious.] Liable to punishment; liable; subject: — 
unpopular; odious. 

Qb-nox'ious-ness (ob-nok'shus-nes), v. State of 
being obnoxious; liableness : — odiousness. 

o'bo-e, n. [It. — See Hautboy.] A musical instru- 
ment ; a hautboy. 

5b'o-lus, n. ; pi. ob'o-li. [L. ; Gr. 6^oAos.] A 
Greek coin equal to about two cents. 

5b-o'vate, a. [L. ob, against, — implying inver- 
sion,— and Ovate.] Inversely ovate ; ovate with 
the distal end wider than the other. 

Qb-scene' (ob-sen'), a. [L. obscenm, obscsenm, foul, 
lewd, ill-boding; obs for ob, about, anil cssnum, 
filth.] Offensive to chastity; indelicate; lewd; 
immodest; offensive; disgusting. 

Ob-scene'ly, ad. In an obscene manner. 

9b-scene'ness, or ob-scen'i-ty (ob-sen'j-te), n. 
Quality of being obscene ; impurity; lewdness. 

5b-scu-ra'tion, n. [L. obscuratio.] The act of 
darkening.' 

Qb-scure', a. [L. obscunts; ob, over, and the root 
sen-, Skr. slii, to cover.] Dark ; gloomy : — indis- 
tinct : — little known; unknown.— 2, v. a. [pp. 
obscuring, obscured.] To darken ; to make dark. 

ob-scure'ly., ad. In an obscure manner. 

Qb-scure'ness, ) n. State of being obscure; dark- 

Qb-scu'ri-ty, yness; privacy. 

Ob'se-quies. (ob'se-kwiz), n. pi. [L. obsequise; ob, 
near, and sequi, to follow.] Funeral rites. 

Ob-se'qui-ous, a. [L. obseqitios}'* ; obsequi, to com- 
ply; ob, near, and sequi, to follow.] Compliant 
to excess; not resisting; obedient; meanly com- 
plying; basely submissive ; servile; fawning. 

Ob-se'quj-ous-ly, ad. In an obsequious manner. 

Qb-se'qui-ous-nlss, n. Servile compliance, sub- 
mission, or obedience. 

Qb-§erv'a-ble, a. [L. observabilis.] That may be 
observed ; worthy of notice ; remarkable ; visible. 

Ob-§erv'a-bly, ad. In a manner worthy of note. 

Qb-§erv'ance, ». [L. observantia.] The act of ob- 
serving; respect; reverence: — a rite; ceremony: 
— respectful attention; observation. 

Ob-§erv'ant, a. [L. observans, obsei-vantis. — See 
Observe.] Adhering to in practice; mindful; 
attentive ; watchful ; respectful. 

5b-§er-va'tion. n. [L. observatio.] The act of ob- 
serving; notice: — note; remark: — observance. 

Qb-serv'a-to-ry, w. A place built for astronomi- 
cal or physical observations. 

Ob-serve', v. «• [Fr. observer; L. observare ; ob, 
near, and servare, to heed, to keep.— See Serve.] 
[pp. observing, observed.] To behold with at- 
tention ; to regard attentively ; to watch ; to see ; 
to note ; to attend to : — to obey : — to keep. — 2, v.n. 
To be attentive ; to remark. 

Qb-serv'er, n. One who observes ; a remarker. 

Ob-§erv'ing, p. a. Watchful ; attentive. 

Ob-serv'ing-ly, ad. Attentively ; carefully. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, itse.—g, Q, c, f, soft; p, 
R Z 33 



&t e, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 



OBSESSION 



OCHREOUS 



Ob-ses'sion (ob-sesh'un), n. [L. obsessio ; obsedere, 
to beset; ob, against, and sedere, sessum, to sit 
(q. v.).] Besetment; possession as by evil spirits. 

Ob-sid'i-an, n. [L. lapis obsidianus (better obsi- 
anus) ; named from one Obsius, its discoverer.] 
A volcanic substance or glass. 

Qb-sid'i-o-nal, a. [L. obsidionalis ; obsidium, a 
siege'; ob, against, and sedere, to sit down.] Be- 
longing to a siege. 

6b-so-les'cence, n. State of being obsolescent. 

Sb-so-les'cent, a. [L. obsolescere, obsolescent : 
considered an inceptive form of obsolete, to de- 
cay. — See Obsolete.] Growing out of use. 

5b'so-lete, a. [L. obsolere, obsoletum, or obsolescere, 
o 1 -.oletum, to grow old, to decay : probably con- 
ted with olescere, olere, to grow.] Gone out 
lse. 

?>'. o-lete-ness, n. State of being out of use. 

6b sta-cle, n. [Fr. ; L. obstaculwrn ; ob, against, 
and" store, to stand.] Something that hinders ; a 
hinderance ; an obstruction ; an impediment. 

Qb-stet'ric, a. [Fr. obstetrique; L. obstetricius ; 
obstetrix,, a midwife ; ob, near, and stare, to stand.] 
Relating to obstetrics. 

Ob-stet'ri-cal, a. Pertaining to obstetrics. 

8b-ste-tri"cian, n. An accoucheur; a midwife. 

Ob-stet'rics, n. pi. The art of midwifery. 

6b'sti-na-cy, n. Stubbornness; contumacy. 

6b'sti-nate, a. [L. obstinalus, resolute; obstinare, 
to persist gin ; ob, against, and the root sla, to 
stand (q. v.).] Stubborn; contumacious; per- 
verse; inflexible; pertinacious. 

5b'sti-nate-ly, ad. Stubbornly; inflexibly. 

Ob-strep'er-ovis, a. [L. obstreperus; ob, against, 
and stre'pere, to make a noise.] Loud ; clamor- 
ous ; noisy. 

Qb-strep'er-ous-ly, ad. Clamorously. 

Qb-strep'er-ous-ness, n. Clamor; noise. 

<jb-struct', v. a. [L. obstruere, obstructwm. ; ob, 
against, and struere, to build.] [pp. obstructing, 
obstructed.] To block up; to bar; to lander. 

Qb- struct' er, n. One who hinders. 

Ob-strfic'tion, n. [L. obstructio.] Any thing that 
obstructs or blocks up ; an obstacle ; an impedi- 
ment; ahindbrance; a barrier; a difficulty. 

Ob-struc'tion-ist, n. One who woiild obstruct 
progress. ' [who obstructs. 

Ob-struc'tive, a. Causing obstruction. — 2, n. One 

<5b'stru-ent, a. [See Obstruct.] Hindering; block- 
ing lip.'— 2, n. That which blocks up. 

Qb-tain', v. a. [Fr. obtcnir ; L. dbtinere, to hold or 
gain; ob, near, and tenere, to hold.] [pp. ob- 
taining, obtained.] To succeed in pursuit of; 
to get ; to gain ; to acquire ; to procure. — 2, v. n. 
To get into use ; to prevail. 

Ob-tain'a-ble, a. That may be obtained. 

Qb-trude', v. a. [L. obtrude.re, obtrusum ; ob, 
against, and trudere, to thrust.] [pp. obtruding, 
obtruded.] To thrust into ; to intrude. 

Ob-trud'er, n. One who obtrudes. 

Qb-tru'sion (ob-tru'zhun), n. [L. obtrusio. — See 
Obtrude.] Act of obtruding. 

Ob-tru'sive, a. Inclined to obtrude; intrusive. 

Qb-tru'sive-ly, «d« I n an obtrusive manner. 

Qb-tund\ v. a. [L. obtundere, obtusum, to dull ; ob, 
against, and tundere, to beat; Skr. fad. to strike.] 
[pp. obtunding, obtunded.] To blunt; to dull; 
to deaden. 

Qb-tuse', a. [See Obtund.] Not pointed; not 
acute : — dull ; stupid. — Obtuse angle, an angle 
containing more than ninety degrees. 

Qb-tuse'ly, ad. Without a point; stupidly. 

Qb-tuse'ness, n. _ Bluntness; dulness. 

9b-tu'sion (ob-tu'zhun), n. [L, obtusio. — See Ob- 
tund.]' The act of dulling :— dulness ; bluntness. 

Ob'verse, n. [L. obvertere, obversum, t<« turn to- 
ward; ob, against, and vertere, to turn.] The 
side of a coin or medal which has the face or 
hea,' : — opposed to reverse. 

Qb-ver e\ a. (Bot.) Having the narrower end 
turneu to the stock, as some leaves. 



Qb-ver'sion (-shun), n. [L. obversio.] The act of 
turning toward or downward. 

Qb-vert', v. a. [See Obverse.] [pp. obverting, 
obverted.] To turn toward. 

5b'vi-ate, v. a. [L. obviare, obviatum, to meet ; ob, 
against, and viare, to go; via, a way.] [pp. ob- 
viating, obviated.] To remove ; to prevent. 

5b'vi-ous, a. [L. obvius, meeting, evident. — See 
Obviate.] Plain; evident; manifest. 

Ob'vi-ous-ly, ad. Evidently ; plainly. 

5b'vi-ous-ness, n. State of being obvious. 

Qc-ca'sion (ok-ka'zhun), n. [L. occasio, oppor- 
tunity ; ob, against, and cadere, casvm, to fall.] 
An occurrence ; season ; opportunity : — neces- 
sity. — 2, v. a. [pp. occasioning, occasioned.] 
To cause incidentally; to bring about; to pro- 
duce ; to influence. 

Qc-ca'sion-al, a. Happening by accident; re- 
lating to the occasion ; produced by some occur- 
rence ; incidental ; casual ; accidental. 

Qc-ca'sion-al-ly, ad. Incidentally ; at times. 

5c'ci-dent, n. [L. occidere, accidentia, to set, to go 
down; ob, toward, and cadere, to fall.] The 
place of the sun's setting. 

5c-ci-dent'al, a. Western -.—opposed to Oriental. 

Oc-cip'i-tal, a. Relating to the occiput. 

6c'ci-put (ok'si-ptit), n. [L. occiput, occipitis ; ob, 
implying reversal, and caput, capitis, the head.] 
The hinder part of the head. 

Qc-clude\ v. a. [L. occludere, occlusum, to close 
up; ob, against, and claudere, to shut, to close 
(q. v.).] [pp. occluding, occluded.] To close 
completely. [ting up. 

Qc-clu'sion, n. [See Occlude.] The act of shut- 

Oc-cult , a. [L. occidere, occidtnm, to hide. — Cf. 
colere, milium, in its sense of to clothe, to cover.] 
Secret; hidden; unknown. — 2, v. a. [pp. oc- 
culting, occulted.] To hide or conceal by the 
intervention of another body ; to eclipse, as the 
moon does a star. 

Qc-cul-ta'tion, n. [L. occidtatio; occidtare, fre- 
quentative of occulere, to hide. — See Occult.] 
Act of hiding.— (Astron.) The obscuration of a 
star or a planet by the interposition of another 
body, as the moon. [scure phenomena. 

Oc-cult'ism, n. The study of mysterious or ob- 
oe' cu-pan-cy, n. Act of occupying. 

5c'cu-pant, h. [L. occupans, occupanlis, part, from 
occvpare, to occupy (q. v.).] One that has pos- 



8c-cu-pa'tion, n. [L. occupatio.] Act of occupy- 
ing ; possession : — employment ; calling ; busi- 
ness ; trade. 

5c'cu-pi-er, n. One who occupies. 

5c'cu-py, v. a. [Fr. occuper ; L. occupare ; ob, 
against, and capere, to seize, to hold.] [pp. occu- 
pying, occupied.] To possess ; to keep; to employ. 

Oc-ciir', v. n. [L. occurrere, to meet, to happen; 
ob, against, and currere, to run.] [pp. occurring, 
occurred.] To come to the mind : — to appear : — 
to happen ; to take place ; to befall. 

Qc-cur'rence, n. Any thing that occurs; an inci- 
dent ; an accidental event ; occasion. 

5'cean (o'shan), n. [L. oceanus; Gr. witeav6<;.] 
The vast bbdy of salt water on the globe ; the 
main ; the great sea. 

5-ce-a.n'ic (o-she-an'ik), a. Relating to the ocean. 

O-cel'lat-ed [o-sel'la-ted, S. W. P. Ja. Sm. ; o'sel- 
la-ted, K. Wb.], a. [L. ocellatus; ocellus, dim. 
of ocidus, an eye.] Resembling the eye. 

6'ce-lot, n. [Mexican, oceloll: root of oQa, to 
paint.] A wild-cat of tropical America. 

Oph-loc'ra-cy, M. [Gr. bx^oKparia; 6xA»?, the 
multitude, and Kparelv, to rule.] Government 
by the multitude ; mob rule ; government by a 
rabble. 

Oph-lo-crat'ic, a. Relating to an ochlocracy. 

6'phre (o'kef), it. [Fr. ocre; L. ochra; Gr. (oxP a l 
o>xpo?, pale yellow.] A mixture of silica and 
alumina colored by oxide of iron. 

6'phre-ous (o'kre-us), a. Consisting of ochre. 



i, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, l, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; h§ir, her; 



OCHREY 



387 



OFFSCOURING 



o'phrey (o'kre), a. Partaking of ochre. 

Sc'ta-gon, n. [Gr. 6kto6, burd, eight, and yaivla, 
an' angle.] A plane figure of eight sides and 
eight angles : — an octagonal space. [sides. 

pc-tag'o-nal, a. Having eight angles and eight 

§c-ta-hl'dral, a. Pertaining to an octahedron. 

5c-ta-he'dron, n. [Gr. 6kt<x, eight, and eSpa, a 
base.] A 'figure of eight equal sides. 

Qc-tan'gu-lar, a. [L. octangulus; octo, eight, and 
angidus, aii angle.] Having eight angles. 

Sc'tant, «. [L. octa-ns; octo, eight.] The eighth 
part of a circle : — the aspect of two planets when 
they are an eighth of a circle, or 45 degrees, 
distant from each other: — an instrument like a 
quadrant or a sextant. 

5c'tave, b. [L. octavus, eighth; octo, eight] The 
eighth day after a festival.— (Mus.) An interval 
of seven degrees. — 2, a. Denoting eight. 

Qc-ta'vo, n. ; pi. Qc-ta'vo§. [L. ; ablative of oc- 
tavus, eighth.] A book formed by folding the 
sheets into eight leaves each. — 2, a. Having 
eight leaves to a sheet. 

Qc-til'lion (ck-til'yun), n. [From L. octo, eight: 
on type of million.] A thousand septillions. 

Qc-to'ber, ». [L., from octo, eight : it was the 
eighth month with the Komans.] The tenth 
month of the year. 

5c-to-|-e-na'ri-an, n. [L. octogenarius ; octogeni, 
distributive form of octoginta, eighty.] A person 
eighty years old. [of eighty years. 

Oc-to£'e-na-ry, or Sc'to-fe-na-ry, a. Of the age 

Sc-to-hi'dron, n. Same as' Octahedron. 

Oc'to-pfis, ri. [Gr. oktuj, eight, and irovs, a foot.] 
The eight-armed cuttle-fish. 

5c-to-r66n', n. [Fr. octavon: on type of qnarteron, 
a quadroon; L. octo, eight.] The offspring of a 
quadroon and a white person. 

5c-to-sy.l-lab'ic, a. [Gr. 6/ctw, eight, and <tva- 
kafiri, a syllable.] Having eight syllables. 

5c-to-syfla-ble, n. A word of eight syllables. 

Octroi (ok-t'rwa/), n. [Fr. for " a grant," " a privi- 
lege," "a toll ;" octroyer, to grant; an older form 
of autoriser, to authorize (q. v.).] A duty levied 
on the entrance of goods into French towns. ' 

5c'tu-ple, a. \ L. octuplus ; Gr. 6/cTa7rAo0s ; 6ktu>, 
eight.— Cf. Double.} Eightfold. 

5e'u-lar, a. [L. ocularis; oculns, an eye.] Relating 
to, or known by, the eye. — 2, n. The eye-piece 
of a telescope or other optical instrument. 

Sc'u-llst, >i. [Fr. ocidiste ; L. oculus, the eye.] One 
skilled in diseases of the eyes. 

5d'a-lisk, n. [Fr. odalisgue, odalique ; Turk, oda- 
lii) ; oda. a chamber.] A Turkish female slave. 

6dd, a. [Icel. oddi, a point, a triangle, an odd 
number; Dan. od, odde, a point; Svv. udda, not 
even ; ndde, a point. — Cf. A.-S. ord, a point ; Ger. 
ort, a place.] Uneven ; not mated : — singular. 

5dd'i-ty, n. Singularity : — an odd person. 

5dd'iy, ad. In an odd manner; strangely. 

6dd§ (odz), n. sing. & pi. The excess of a thing; 
inequality: — debate; dispute. 

Ode, n. [L. odd, Gr. <JSw, for aoiSrj, a song; iei- 
Seiv, to sing.] A poem; a song; a lyric poem. 

6'dious (od'yus or o'de-us), a. [L. odiosus.— See 
Odium.] Hateful; detestable; abominable.— in- 
vidious ; offensive : — obnoxious. 

o'dious-ly, or 6'di-ous-ly, ad. Hatefully. 

o'dious-ness, or 6'di-ous-ness, n. State of being 
odious ; hatefulness. 

6'di-iim, or o'dium, n. [L. for "hatred;" odi, I 
hate.— Cf. Gr. udelv, to thrust, to push.] En- 
mity ; hatred. 

O-dom'e-ter, n. [See Hodometer.] An instrument 
attached to a carriage-wheel for measuring dis- 
tances, [and aAyos, pain.] The toothache. 

Sd-on-tal'S'i-a, n. [Gr. oSou?, oSovtos, a tooth, 

5d-on-tal'|ic, a. Relating to the toothache. 

Od-on-tol'o-£y., n. [Gr. 68ovs, b&6i>Tok, a tooth, 

_ and Adyos, a treatise.] Anatomy of the teeth. 

5'dor, n. [L. odor.— Cf. Gr. 6£eii>, to smell.] Scent; 
fragrance; perfume; smell. 



6-dor-ifer-ous, a. [L. odorifer ; odor, scent, and 

_ferre, to carry.] Giving scent; fragrant. 

5' dor-less, a. Destitute of odor. 

6'dor-oQs, a. [L. odorus. — See Odor.] Having 
odor; fragrant. [ecumenical. 

(Ec-u-men'i-cg.1, a. [See Ecumenical.] General ; 

(E-de'ma (e-de'ma), «. [Gr. olSrjfxa; olSelv, to 
swell.]' (Med.) Swelling; puffiness. 

O'er (or), ad. Contracted from over. 

(E-s5ph'a-gus (e-sof'a-gus), n. [See Esophagus.] 
The gullet. 

5f (6v), prep. [A.-S. of; Scand. & Goth. «/.— Cf. 
Ger. & L. ab, Gr. ano, Skr. apa, away.] Noting 
the cause, source, or origin ; proceeding from ; 
out of ; from. 

5ff (6T or auf ), ad. [A variant of Of.] Nuting 
separation or distance : — often opposed - 

2,interj. Expressing abhorrence ; away. - 
Not on; not far from; as, off the coasrV -*, ,(. 
Most distant ; distant from. 

Offal, «. [Off and Fall ; Dut. afcal, Dan. affald, 
Ger. abfall, refuse.] Waste meat; refuse. 

Of- fence , n. [Fr. offense; L. offensa. — See Of- 
fend.] Any thing that offends'; cause of anger : 
— crime: — injury : — displeasure. 

Of- fend', v. a. [Fr. offendre ; L. offendere, offensum; 
ob, against, and obs. fendere, to strike.] [pp. of- 
fending, offended.] To displease; to transgress; 
to vex. — 2, v. n. To be criminal; to err; to sin. 

Of-fend'er, n. A criminal ; a transgressor. 

Of-fen'si've, a. [Fr. offensif.—See Offend.] Dis- 
pleasing ; rude : — aggressive ; making invasion ; 
not defensive. 

pf-fen'sive-ly, ad. In an offensive manner. 

of-fen'sive-nlss, n. The quality of being offensive. 

Sffer, v. a. [L. offerre ; ob, near, and fare, to 
carry; A.-S. offrian ; Fr. offrir.] [pp. offering, 
offered.] To present in words; to present for 
acceptance; to propose: — to sacrifice. — 2, v. n. 
To be present ; to present itself. — 3, n. [Fr. offre.] 
A proposal ; a price bid ; proffer. 

5f'fer-er, n. One who offers or sacrifices. 

5f'fer-ing, n. [A.-S. offrung.—See Offer.] A sac- 
rifice ; a thing offered. 

5f fer-to-ry, n. [L. offertorium ; Fr. offertmre.~\ An 
anthem, the first part of the mass : — sentences 
read in church while alms are collected. 

Off-hand, a. Unpremeditated; sudden. — 2, ad. 
At the moment ; directly. 

Office, h. [Fr. office, L. officium, a service, for 
o)iinriton ; ope*, aid, and/acere, to do.] A public 
charge ; agency : — peculiar use : — business : — a 
place of business. 

6ffi-cer, n. [Fr. officier; Late L. officiarius. — See 
Office.] A man in office ; a commander. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. officering, officered.] To furnish with offi- 
cers. 

Qf-fi"cial (of-flsh'al), a. [L. offcialis.—See Of- 
fice.] Depending' on or derived from the proper 
office or authority ; authoritative .—done by vir- 
tue of office : — conducive. — 2, n. An ecclesias- 
tical judge ; a deputy : — any inferior officer. 

Qf-f i"cial-ly (of-f ish'al-le), ad. By authority. 

9f-fi"ci-ate'(of-fish'e-at), v. n. [Fr. officier; Late 
L. opi'ciare, otihiutiuu.—See Office.] [pp. offici- 
ating, officiated.] To discharge an office; to 
perform an office for another. 

5f-fi-cl'nal, or Qf-f 15'i-nal. a. [L. officina, or opi- 
Jiciua, an office (7. v.), a shop; opifex, a worker.] 
Used in, or relating to, shops. 

Qf-fi"cious (of-fish'us), a. [Fr. officieux; L. qffi- 
ciosus, obliging; officium, aid. — See Office.] 
Busy ; forward ; active ; meddling ; meddlesome ; 
obtrusive. 

Qf-f i"cious-ly (of-f ish'us-le), ad. In an officious 
manner"; busily. 

Qf-fi"cious-ness (of-fish'us-nes), n. Quality of 
being officious ; forwardness. 

?5ff in§r, n. [See Off.] A part of the sea at a dis- 
tance from the shore, where there is 'eep water. 

5ff scb'ur-ing, n. Rejected mattt *\*vse. 



mien, sir; m8ve, nor, s6"n; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, 5, g, soft; p, £, p, g\ hard; § as z ; ^ gz ; tSis. 



OFFSET 



388 



OMNIFARIOUS 



Offset, n. [Off and Set.] A sprout ; a shoot of 
a plant: — a sum set off against another; an 
equivalent; a set-off': — a perpendicular line let 
fall from a stationary line :— a staff or rod used 
in surveying. — 2, v. a. [i. offset; pp. offsetting, 
offset.] To cancel by an equivalent. 

6ff'sh66t, n. [Off and Shoot.] An offset ; a shoot ; 
a branch. 

Off-side, n. The right-hand side. 

Off' spring, n. [Off and Spring; A.-S. of spring.] 
Progeny ; a child ; children. 

5ft (oft or auft), ad. [A.-S. & Ger. oft; Dan. ofte; 
Goth, ufta : related to Over.] Often ; frequently. 

Often (of'fn or avv'fn), ad. [Lengthened form of 
Oft.] Oft ; frequently ; not seldom ; many times. 

6f ten-times (of'fn tlmz), ad. Often. 

5ft'time§, ad. Frequently ; often. 

Q-i-ee', n. [Cf. Sp. auge, highest point, apogee ; 
Arab, auj, vertex ; but probably a corruption of 
ogive.] A sort of moulding in architecture. 

Q-§ive', n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. augive, a pointed arch : 
origin disputed.] (Arch.) A pointed arch in 
masonry; a diagonal rib in a Gothic vault. 

5'gle (o'gl), v. a. [Low Ger. b'geln, Ger. iiugeln, 
Dut. oogen, Late L. oculare, to ogle ; Ger. auge, 
Dut. ooge, L. ocidus, an eye (q. v.).] [pp. ogling, 
ogled.] To view with side glances. — 2, n. A 
side glance ; a look of fondness. 

5'gre (o'gur), n. [Fr. ogre; Ger. ogre; It. orco, 
a demon : probably for L. Orcus, the god of hell. 
The old derivations from Ugrian, or Hungarian, 
and from the Norse sea-jbtun CEgir, are latterly 
regarded as untenable.] An imaginary monster 
of the East. 

5'gress, n. [Fr. ogresse.] A female ogre. — [Fr. 
ogoesse.] {Her.) A cannon-ball. 

6h (o), interj. Denoting sorrow or surprise. 

Old. [Gr. elSos, resemblance.] A suffix denoting 
resemblance to the object to the name of which 
it is subjoined. 

Oil, n. [A.-S. ele, Ger. oel, Fr. huile, 0. Fr. oile, L. 
oleum, Gr. eAcuov, oil. — See Olive.] An unctuous 
matter expressed or obtained either from ani- 
mal, mineral, or vegetable substances. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. oiling, oiled.] To smear or lubricate with 

Oil' -cake, n. The substance that remains after 
the oil has been expressed, as from flaxseed. 

Oil' -cloth, n. A cloth having a coat of oil-paint. 

Oil'er, n. One who oils :— an oilman. 

bil'i-ness, n. Unctuousness ; greasiness. 

Oil'inan, n. One who trades in oils. 

Oil'-stone, n. A kind of hone. 

Oil'y, a. Containing oil; greasy; oleaginous. 

Oint'ment, n. [L. unguentum; 0. Fr. oignement; 
L. ungere, Fr. oindre, Obs. E. oint, to anoint 
(g. v.).— Cf. Skr. ang, to smear.] An unctuous 
matter; unguent. 

6'kra, n. [Etymology doubtful.] A plant called 
gumbo, the mucilaginous pods of which are used 
in soup : — written also ocra and olro. 

Old, a. [A.-S. eald; Dut. oud; Ger. alt.— Cf. L. 
adultus, grown up ; altus, high : root of L. alere, 
to nourish.] [comp. older or elder; superl. old- 
est or eldest.] Not young; not new or fresh; 
ancient. — Of old, long ago; from ancient times. 

Old'en (old'n), a. [A form of Old; Icel. aldinn, 
old.] Old. 

Old-fash' ioned (-fash'und), a. Out of fashion. 

6-le-a.g'i-nous, a. [L. oleaginus; oleum, oil (q. v.).] 
Oily ; unctuous. 

6-le-a.n'der, n. [Fr. oUandre ; It. oleandro ; Port. 
loendro ; Late L. lorandrum: probably for lauro- 
dendron; L. Iannis, a laurel, and Gr. SevSpov, a 
tree.] An evergreen flowering shrub. 

O-le-as'ter, n. [L. for "wild olive;" pejorative 
form of olea, an olive-tree. — See Olive.] A tree 
like the olive. 

Q-lef i-ant, or o'le-f I-ant, a. [L. oleum, oil, and 
facere', to make.] ' Noting a gas, a variety of car- 
buretted hydrogen. 



o'le-ine, n. [Fr. oUine.— -See Oil.] The thin, 

oily principle of fats. 
O-le-o-mar'ga-rine, w. [Named from Oleine (q.v.), 
and margarine, a former name of the oily com- 
pound now called palrnitine (g. v.). Margarine is 
named from its pearly lustre ; L. margarita, Gr. 
fxapyapiTTqs, a pearl.] A substitute fur butter 

_ prepared from beef-tallow ; artificial butter. 
O-le-o-res'in, w. [L. oleum, oil, and Resin.] An 
oily and resinous substance. 

Ol-fac'to-ry, a. [L. olfuctorius; olf actor, one who 
smells; olfacere, to scent; olere, to smell, and 
facere, to make.] Having the sense of smell. 

Q-lib'a-num, n. [Late L. ; Heb. lebonah ; Arab. 
al-luban.] A gum-resin ; frankincense. 

51'i-ga.rph, n. [Gr. oAiyapx?)?.] A magistrate in 
an oligarchy. 

51-i-garch'al, \a. Relating to an oligarchy; 

51-i-garph'i-cal, / aristocratic. 

51'i-gar-chy, n. [Gr. bXiyapxia. ; oAryos, few, and 
apxeiv, to rule.] A government in the hands of 
a few persons ; aristocracy. 

5'li-o (o'le-o or ol'yo), n. [Sp. olla, L. alia, aula, a 
pot.] A mixture ; a medley. [or the olive-tree. 

51-i-va'ceous (ol-e-va'shus), «. Kelating to olives 

Ol'ive, n. [Fr. olive; L. oliva ; Gr. e\aia. — See 
Oil.] A tree producing oil : — the fruit of the 
tree : — the emblem of peace. — 2, a. Of the color 
of, or like, the olive. [eral. 

5l f i-vine, n. [Fr.] (3Iin.) An olive-colored miu- 

Ol'ia po-dri'da, n. [Sp. for "putrid pot."] A 
Spanish dish composed of various kinds of meats 
and vegetables boiled together : — an incongru- 
ous mixture. 

O-lym'pi-ad, w. [Gr. b\vfxTnd<;, 6AvjU7riaSos. — See 
Olympic!] The space of four years, reckoned 
from one celebration of the Olympic games to 
another. — From the celebration of these games 
the Greeks computed their time. 

Q-lym'pi-an, a. Relating to Olympia ; Olympic. 

Q-lym'pic,'a. [Gr. oAvjuttikos.] Relating to games 
in Greece, celebrated at Olympia. 

O-ma'sum, n. [L. for "tripe,'" a Celtic word.] 
The third stomach of ruminant animals. 

Om'hre (om'bur) [om'bur, S. ; am'bur, E. ; dm'bur, 
F. Wb.], n. [Fr. hombre, ombre; Sp. hombre, L. 
homo, a man ; probably as a game for men rather 
than women.] A game of cards played by three. 

O-me'ga [o-meg'a, Ja. Sm. ; o'me-ga, Ii. ; om'e-ga, 
C.\n. [Gr. for "great 0."] The last letter of 
the Greek alphabet, ft, w. — Alpha and Omega,, 
the first and the last. 

Sme'let (om'let) [om'e-let or omlet, Sm.], n. [Fr. 
omelette: it comes through such forms as aume- 
lette, alemette, alemelle, and lemelle, for L. lamella, 
for lamina, a thin plate.] A fritter or sort of 
pancake made of eggs. 

5'men, n. [L. ; 0. L. osmen, probably for ausmen, 
something heard; andire, auscnltare, to hear.] 
A sign, good or bad ; a prognostic. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
omening, omened.] To prognosticate ; to pre- 
sage : — to infer, as from omens; to foresee.— 
3, v. n. To presage, as an omen. 

6'mened (o'mend), a. Containing prognostics. 

O-men'tum, n. [L.] (Anat.) The caul. 

5m'i-nous, «. [L. ominoms. — See Omen.] Con- 
taining omens; portentous; inauspicious; fore- 
boding good or evil. 

5m'i-nous-ly, ad. With good or bad omens. 

dm'i-nous-ne'ss, n. State of being ominous. 

O-mis'si-ble, a. That may be omitted. 



Q-nus'sion (o-mish'un), v. [L. 



-See 
Omit.] ' The act of "omitting; "slight; neglect of 
duty ; a failure. 

O-mit', v. a. [L. omittere, omissum ; ob, and mil- 
tere, to send.] [pp. omitting, omitted.] To leave 
out ; to pass by ; to neglect. 

5m'ni-bus, n. [L. for "for all."] A large, cov- 
ered, four-wheeled vehicle for passengers. 

5m-ni-fa'ri-ous, a. [L. omnifarius; omnis, all: 
on type of multifarious.] Of all varieties or kinds. 



e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure.— Fire, l&r, fist, fall; heir, her; 



OMNIFIC 



OPHTHALMOSCOPE 



Qm-nif ic, a. [L. omnis, all, and facere, to do.] 
All-creating. 

Qm-mp'o-tence, \n. [L. omnipotentia. — See Om- 

Qm-nip'o-ten-cy, J nipotent.] Almighty power; 
infinite or unlimited power. 

Qm-nip'o-tent, a. [L. omnipotent, omnipoterUis; 
omnis, all, and potem, powerful. — See Potent.] 
Almighty ; all-powerful.— 2, n. The Almighty ; 
God. 

5m-ni-pres'ence, n. The quality of being present 
in every place; ubiquity. 

5m-ni-pre§'ent, a. [L. omnis, all, and prsesens-, 
present (q. "«.).] Present in every place. 

Om-ni"science (om-nish'ens or oru-nish'e-ens), 
n. Quality of knowing all things; boundless, 
universal, or infinite knowledge. 

Om-ni"scient, «. [L. omnis, all, and scire, to 
know.] All-knowing. 

Qm-niv'o-rous, a. [L. omnivorus; omnis, all, and 
vorare,'to devour.] Eating food of every kind. 

5n, prep. [A.-S. on; Dan. «fc Ger. an; Dut. aow: 
akin to Gr. ava., up.] Noting nearness of place 
or time; not off; near to; above; upon; at; 
near. — 2, ad. Forward; onward; in succession. 
— 3, interj. Expressing incitement ; proceed. 

Once (wuns), ad. [A.-S. ones, genitive of an, one 
(q. v.).] One time ; formerly; as soon as ; just; 
only ; if at any time. 

One (wun), a. & pron. [A.-S. an; Dut. & Dan. 
een; Gev.ein; L. nnus.] Denoting a single thing 
or unit; any; single; individual. — 2 r n. ; pi. 
Ones (wiinz). A single person or thing; a 
unit; concord. 

One'-eyed (vvunTd), a. Having only one eye. 

Q-nei-ro-crit'i-cal, a. [Gr. oyeipos, a dream, and 
KpiTt/cd?, discerning. — See Critic] Interpreta- 
tive of dreams. 

Q-nei'ro-man-cy, n. [Gr. oveipos, a dream, and 
IxauTe'lop, prophecy.] Divination by dreams. 

One'ness (wun'ues), n. Unity; singleness. 

5n'er-ous, a. [L. onerosus ; onus, a burden.] Bur- 
densome ; oppressive ; heavy. 

One-sid'ed (wun-sld'ed), a. Having only one' 
side; partial : — developed on one side. 

On'ion (iin'yun), n. [Fr. oignon; L. tinio ; unus, 
one: so called because it is single, and not mul- 
tiple like the garlic] A bulbous edible root. 

On'ly. (on'le), a. [A.-S. anlic; aw, one, and lie, like.] 
Single; one and no more. — 2, ad. Simply; sin- 
gly ; merely ; barely. — 3, conj. Excepting that ; 
but. 

5n-o-mas'ti-con f n. [Gr. ; bvo^a^eiv, to name ; 
bvoixa, a name.] A dictionary. 

Sn-o-mat-o-poe'ia (-pe'ya), n. [Gr. ; o^a, a 
name, and 7roieet^, to make.] (Bhet.) A figure 
by which the sound of the word corresponds to 
the thing signified : — the formation of words in 
imitation of the sounds of the objects meant to 
be suggested by the words. [pceia. 

Q-nom-a-to-po-e'sis, n. [Gr.] Same as 0NOMAT0- 

O-nom-a-to-po-et'ic, a. Imitative of a sound. 

5n'set, n. [On and Set.] An attack; an assault; 
a storm. 

Sn'slaught (on'slawt), a. [A.-S. an, on, and sleaht, 
a stroke.] An attack ; a storm. 

5n't3, prep. [On and To.] To and upon. (After 
verbs of motion ; hardly in good literary use.) 

5n-to-log'i-cal, a. Relating to ontology. 

Qn-tol'o-Hst, n. One versed in ontology. 

Qn-tol'o-gy, ». [Gr. u>v, bvros, being, and Adyos, 
a trea'tise ; elvai, to be.] The doctrine or science 

_ of abstract being or existence; metaphysics. 

6'nus, n. ; ph 5n'e-ra. [L.l A burden." 

Sn'ward, or On'wards, ad. [On and suffix -ward; 
on type of toward.] Forward; farther. 

Sn'ward, a. Advanced; forward; increased. 

6'nyx (o'niks), n.- [L. ; Gr. bw£, a finger-nail, 

_ an onyx ; from its color.] A precious stone. 

O'o-lite, m. [Gr. woe, an egg, and Atflos, a stone : 
its appearance is likened to that of fish-roe.] 
Roe-stone ; a kind of limestone. 



5-o-lit'ic, a. Relating to oolite. 

O-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. uov, an egg, and Adyos, a trea- 
tise.] The science of, or a treatise on, eggs. 

66ze, n. [A.-S. wase; 0. E. wose. — Of. A.-S. was, 
juice; Icel. vas, wetness.] Soft mud; mire; 
slime ; soft flow ; tan-vat liquor. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
oozing, oozed.] To flow by stealth ; to run gen- 
tly; to drip. 

68z'y. (oz'e), a. Miry; muddy; slimy. 

o-pac'i-ty, n. [L. opacitas. — See Opaque.] The 
quality of being opaque. 

O-pake', a. Dark ; opaque. See Opaque. 

6'pal, n. [Fr. opale, L. opahts, Gr. 07rdAAto?, an 
opal; Skr. upala, a stone.] (Mm.) A hard, 
brittle, and beautiful stone, of changeable colors. 

O-pal-es'cence, n. [Fr.] Shining lustre, as of opal. 

O-pal-es'cent, a. [Fr.J Resembling opal in lus- 
tre ; iridescent and milky. 

5'pal-ine, a. [Fr. opalin.] Relating to, or like, 
opal. 

O-paque' (o-pak'), a. [Fr. ; L. opacus.] Dark; 
not clear ; impervious to light ; not transparent. 

O-paque'ness (o-pak'nes), n. Opacity. 

Ope, v. a. '& v. n. [pp. oping, oped.] To open. 
[Used in poetry.] 

5'pen (o'pn), v. a. [A.-S. openian ; Dut. openen ; 
T)a.n. aabne ; Ger. b'ffinen.] [pp. opening, opened.] 
To unclose ; to expand : — to unlock : — to explain ; 
to disclose: — to begin. — 2, v. n. To unclose 
itself:— to begin. — 3, a. [A.-S. & Dut. open; 
Ger. offen; Dan. aaben: closely related to Up 
and Off.] Unclosed; not shut; expanded : — 
evident; plain; clear: — candid; /ran/;; ingenu- 
ous; artless :— exposed; not defended: — public: 
— liberal : — not determined. 

5'pen-eyed (o'pn-id), a. Vigilant ; watchful. 

5'pen-hand'ed (o'pn-), a. Munificent 

o'pen-heart'ed (o'pn-), a. Frank; candid. 

5'pen-ing, n. ' An aperture ; a breach : — an oppor- 
tunity : — a commencement. 

5'pen-ly. (o'pn-le), ad. In an open manner. 

o'pen-ness (Vpn-nes), n. Quality of being open. 

5p'e-ra, n. [It.; L. opera, service; opus, work.] 
A musical drama, consisting of airs, recitatives, 
choruses, &c. 

5p'e-ra-bouffe (-bfif), n. [Fr. op> : ra bouffe; bovffe, 
comic. — See Buffoon.] A comic opera. 

5p'e-ra-glass, n. A small telescope, usually 
double, used at theatres, «&c. 

Qp'er-ate, v. n. [L. operari, operatm; opus, operi% 
work.] [pp. operating, operated.] To act; to 
produce effects. — 2, <•. a. To put or keep in oper- 
ation : — to bring to pass. 

5p-e-rat'ic, a. Relating to an opera. 

Op-er-a'tion, n. [L. operatic] Agency; influ- 



ence ; action. 
5p'er-a-tive, a. 

efficacious. — 2, 

mill-hand. 
5p'er-a-tor, n. 
Op-e-ret'ta, n. 



[Late L. operativus.] Active ; 
. A mechanic; an artisan: — a 



L.] One who operates. 
It. ; dim. of opera.] A light and 
short musical drama. [labor. 

5p'e-rose, a. [L. o))erosus.] Laborious; full of 

Sph'i-cleide, n. [Fr. ophicleide; Gr. 6(/us, a ser- 
pent, and /cAet's, /cAeiSd?, a key.] A musical 
wind-instrument. 

Q-phid'i-an, «• [Gr. 0^15, a snake : this word is 
irregularly formed.] A serpent. — 2, a. Relating 
to, or resembling, serpents or snakes. 

5ph-i-ol'a-try, n. [Gr. 5(f>is, a snake, and Aarpet'a, 
worship'.] Serpent-worship. 

Sph-i-ol'o-i'y., »• [Gr. o$i?, a snake, and Adyo?, 
a treatise.] The science of serpents. 

Qph-thal'mi-a, or Oph'thal-my. n. [Gr. b(f>9a\- 
fj.ia; 6</>0aAni6s, the eye.]' A disease or inflam- 
mation of the eyes. 

Qph-thal'mic (op-thal'mik or of-thfil'mjk), a. [Gh 
6$0aA/u.i»c6s.] Relating to the eye. 

Qph-thal'mo-scope, «• [Gr. o(l>0aA/u.d?, the eye, 
and o-Koneiv, to see.] An instrument for exam- 
ining the interior of the eye. 



mien, sir . 



m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— C, G, c, £, soft; p, J5, a, f , hard; s as z ; x as gz ; this. 

33* 



OPIATE 



390 



OEBIT 



6'pi-^te, a. [See Opium.] Causing sleep; sopo- 
rific ; narcotic. — 2, w. A medicine prepared 
from, or containing, opium. 

Q-pine', v. n. [Fr. opiner ; L. opinari.] [pp. opin- 
ing, opined.] To think ; to suppose. 

Q-pin'i-a-tive (o-pin'ye-a-tiv), a. Stiff in opinion. 

O-pin'ion (o-pln'yun), n.' [L. opinio. — See Opine.] 
That which is thought; supposition; judgment; 
notion ; thought. 

Q-pin'ion-at-ed, \ a. Obstinate in opinion : — un- 

Q-pin'ion-a-tive, J duly stiff' in holding opinions. 

Q-pin'ion-ist, n. One fond of his own notions. 

6'pi-uni, n. [L. ; Turk, ufiun; Gr. ottlov, dim. 
of 07t6s, juice.] The inspissated or concrete juice 
from the capsule of the white poppy. 

8p-o-del'doc, n. [A coined name, probably at first 
given to some nostrum.] A plaster; a liniment. 

O-pop'a-nax, n. [Gr. 67769, juice, and naval-, a 
plant-name, equivalent to "all-heal." — See Pan- 
acea.] A strong-smelling gum-resin. 

9-pos'sum, n. [An American Indian word.] A 
marsupial quadruped. 

Op-po'nent, n. [L. opponere, opponentis; oppositum, 
to oppose (q. v.) ; ob, against, and ponere, to 
place.] An antagonist; an adversary : — correla- 
tive of defendant or respondent.— 2, a. Opposite ; 
opposing; adverse. 

5p'por-tune, a. [L. opportunus, seasonable; ob, 
near, and portus, a harbor.] Seasonable; conve- 
nient; fit. 

5p-por-tune'ly, ad. Seasonably; properly. 

<5p-por-tu'ni-tx, h. [L. opportunitas.] A fit time 
or occasion. [opposition. 

Qp-pos/a-ble, a. That may be opposed or put in 

Op-pose', v. a. [Fr. opposer ; historically it rep- 
resents L. ob, against, and pausare, to pause 
(q. v.); in meaning and form it completely 
represents L. opponere, to place against. — See 
Opponent.] [pp. opposing, opposed.] To act, 
speak, or strive against ; to hinder; to resist; to 
withstand :— to put in opposition. — 2, v. n. To 
act adversely ; to object. 

Op-posed' (op-pozd'), p. Resisted. — 2, p. a. Being 
against; opposite; antagonistic. 

5p-pos'er, n. One who opposes ; an opponent. 

5p'po-site, a. [L. opponere, oppositum, to oppose. 
— See Opponent.] Placed in front; facing each 
other ; opposing : — adverse ; contrary : — noting 
leaves, flowers, or branches growing in pairs on 
opposing sides of the stem. 

5p'po-site-ly, ad. In an opposite manner. 

5p-po-si"tion (op-po-zish'un), n. [L. oppositio. — 
See Opposite.] Hostile resistance ; contrariety; 
diversity.— {Politics.) A party that opposes the 
party in power. 

Op-press', v. a. [Fr. oppresser; L. opprimere, op- 

fressum; ob, against, and primere, to press (q. v.).] 
pp. oppressing, oppressed.] To crush by hard- 
ship or severity ; to bear down ; to subdue, 

Qp-pres'sion (op-presh'un), v. [L. oppressio.] The 
act of oppressing; hardship; cruelty; severity; 
tyranny. [some ; tyrannical. 

Qp-pres'sive, a. Cruel; unjustly severe ; burden- 

Qp-pres'sive-ly, ad. In a severe manner. 

OP-pres'sive-ngss, n. Quality of being oppressive. 

Qp-press'or, n. [L.] One who oppresses ; a tyrant. 

Qp-pro'bri-ous, o. [L. opiprobriosus.] Reproach- 
ful; scurrilous. 

Op-pro'bri-ous-ly, ad. Scurrilously. 

Qp-pro'bri-ous-ness, n. Scurrility; abuse. 

Op-pro'bri-iim, n. [L. ; ob, near, on, and pro- 
brium, disgrace.] Disgrace; infamy. 

Qp-pugn' (op-pun'), v. a. [Fr. oppugner ; L. op- 
pugnare, to fight; ob, against, and jmgnaire, to 
fight; pugnns, the fist.] [pp. oppugning, op- 
pugned.] To oppose ; to attack. 

Qp-pugn'er (op-pun'er), n. Assailer. 

5p'ta-tive, a. [L. optativus; optare, optatnm, to 
choose, to wish.] Expressive of desire. — (Greek 
d to a 



Gram.) Applie 
expresses desire. 



mood of the verb which 



5p'tic, 71. [Gr. otttiko?; bpdetv, ov//o/xat, to see.] 
An instrument or organ of sight. 

5p'tic, \a. Relating to vision or sight, or to 

5p'ti-cal, J the science of optics. 

9p-ti"c'ian (op-tlsh'an), n. One skilled in optics : 
— a maker of optical glasses and spectacles. 

Sp'tics, n. The science of light and vision. 

Op-ti-ma'tes, n. pi. [L. ; optimus, best : root of 
Optative.] The chief men in a state ; the no- 
bles ; the aristocracy. 

5p'ti-me, n. [L. ; optimus, best.] One who holds, 
next after the wranglers, the highest rank, as a 
scholar, in the university of Cambridge, England. 

5p'ti-mi§m, n. [L. optimus, best.] The doctrine 
that every thing in nature is ordered for the best. 

5p'ti-mist, n. One who believes in optimism. 

5p-ti-mis'tic, a. Of or relating to, partaking of 
the nature of, or characterized by, optimism. 

5p'tion, n. [L. optio; optare, to wish.] The power 
of choosing; choice. 

Op'tipn-al, a. Depending upon choice. 

5p'u-lence, n. [L. opulentia.] Great worldly pos- 
sessions; riches; wealth; affluence; fortune. 

5p'u-len-cy., n. Opulence. [wealthy ; affluent. 

5p'u-lent, a. [L. opidentus; opes, wealth.] Rich; 

Op'u-lent-ly., ad. Richly ; with splendor. 

Or, conj. [Short for other or either.] A disjunc- 
tive particle, marking distribution : — it corre- 
sponds to either. 

5r'a-cle, n. [L. oracidum; orare, to speak; os, 
oris, the mouth,] A response delivered by a 
heathen deity, or by supernatural wisdom : — the 
deity who gave the response : — a place where 
responses were given : — one famed for wisdom. 

Q-rac'u-lar, a. [L. oracidarius.] Uttering oracles ; 
resembling an oracle ; wise. 

Q-rac'u-lar-ly, ad. Sententiously ; authoritatively. 

6'ral, a. [L. os, oris, the mouth.] Delivered by 
mouth; spoken, not written; verbal; vocal. 

o'ral-ly, ad. By mouth ; without writing. 

Sr'ange, ». [Fr. ; 0. Fr. orenge; Sp. naranja; 
Port, laravja; Per. narang ; Skr. naranga. — Cf. 
Malayalim naran-gay, an orange ; referred to 
nar, to smell, and katj, fruit.] A kind of tree 
and its fruit : — a deep yellow color. — 2, a. Re- 
lating to an orange or its color. 

5r'amJ-e-man, n. A supporter of William, Prince 
of Orange (William III. of England) :— a mem- 
ber of an Irish Protestant secret society. 

5r'an-ger-y, n. A plantation of orange-trees. 

6-rang'-6u-tang\ or 6'rang-ou'tang, n. [Malay 
orang, a man, and ittan, a forest.] A large spe- 
cies of ape, much resembling the human species. 

Q-ra'tion, 11. [L. oratio ; orare, oraium, to speak 
or pray; os, oris, the mouth.] A public speech; 
a declamation. 

5r'a-tor, n. [L. orator, a speaker, a petitioner. — 
See Oration.] An eloquent speaker; a public 
speaker.— (Law.) A petitioner. 

5r-a-to'ri-an, n. A priest of the oratory. 

Or-a-tor'i-cal, a. Relating to oratory ; rhetorical. 

5r-a-tor'i-cal-lx, ad. Rhetorically. 

Or-a-to'ri-o, «. ; pi. Or-a-to'ri-os. [It.] (Mus.) 
A' sacred musical composition or d'ama, con- 
sisting of airs, recitatives, duets, and choruses. 

5r'a-to-ry., n. [L. oratorius, belonging to an ora- 
tor.]' The art of speaking well ; eloquence: — rhet- 
oric : — [L. oratorium] a place for prayer :— an 
order or congregation of priests; a house of 
oratorians or priests. 

<5rb, n. [Fr. orbe ; L. orbis, a circle.] A round 
body; sphere; globe; circle. — 2, v. n. [pp. orb- 
ing, orbed.] To change into an orb; to become 
round. 

Qr-bic'u-lar, a. [L. orbiadarvs ; orbis, a circle ; 
orbiadus', a little circle.] Spherical : — circular. 

Or-bic'u-lar-ly, ad. Spherically :— circularly. 

Or-bic'u-l4te, a. Circular; round. 

5r'bit, n. [L. orbita, a track : related to orbis, a 
circle.] (Astron.) The line which a heavenly 
bodv describes in its revolution ; a cavity. 



a, e, I, 0, u, y, long ; a, e, 1, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



ORBITAL 



391 



OEXAMEXT 



Or'bi-tal, a. Relating to an orbit. 

Or' chard, n. [A.-S. orceard, ortgeard, literally a 
wort-yard; Dan. urtgaard. — See Wort and 
Yard.] An enclosure for the cultivation of 
fruit-trees, as of apple-trees. 

Or'chard-ist, n. One who cultivates an orchard. 

Or'phes-tra, or or-ehes'tra, _n. [L. ; Gr. bpxno- 
rpa," a dancing-floor; bp\elo-9ai., to dance.] A 
place in a theatre for musicians ; a band of mu- 
sicians. 

Or-phes-tra'tion, n. (Mm.) Instrumentation. 

Or'ehid, n. [Badly formed from orchis.] A plant 
of a' natural order remarkable for its grotesquely 
shaped flowers. 

Or'chil, n. [From Oricellari, who introduced its 
use.'] A species of lichen used in dyeing. 

Or' phis, n. [L. ; Gr. opxis, a testicle.] A genus 
of plants ; an orchid. 

Or-dain', v. a. [L. ordinare; ordo, ordinis, order 
(q. v.).] [pp. ordaining, ordained.] To appoint; 
to decree ; to order ; to establish ; tc settle ; to 
prescribe : — to invest with the pastoral office ; to 

Or-dain'er, n. One who ordains. [institute. 

Or'de-al, n. [A.-S. ordal, ordel; Dut. oordeel ; 
Ger. urtheil, judgment; Mr- (A.-S. or-), out, and 
theil, a share, a deal (q. v.).] A form of trial by 
fire or water ; a severe trial. 

Or'der, n. [Fr. ordre; 0. Fr. ordene; L. ordo, or- 
dinis, arrangement.] A method; a rule; dis- 
position; arrangement; a. series: — a mandate ; 
direction ; precept : — a class ; degree ; rank : — a j 
subdivision of a class; a group : — a society. — pi. 
Admission to the priesthood; the ecclesiastical 
or priestly office. — (Arch.) There are five orders \ 
of columns, with their entablatures, — the Boric, 
Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, and Composite. — 
2, v. a. [pp. ordering, ordered.] To regulate ; 
to manage ; to direct : — to ordain. 

Or'der-less, a. Destitute of order; unruly. 

br'der-li-ness, n. Regularity; method. 

br'der-ly, a. Observing order; methodic d ; sys- 
tematic; well regulated; regular; quiet. — 2, n. 
A military attendant. 

Or'di-nal, a. [L. ordinalUs; ordo, ordinis, order 
(q. v.)'.] Noting order; as, second, third. — 2, it. 
A ritual : — a number noting order : as, tenth is 
the ordinal often. 

Or'di-nance, n. [Fr. ordonnance ; Late L. ordinan- 
tia, a command. — See Ordain.] A law; au es- 
tablished rule ; a decree ; an appointment ; a rite. 

Or'di-na-ri-ljr, ad- Commonly ; usually. 

br'di-na-rjr, a. [L. ordinarins, usual ; Fr. ordinaire ; 
L. ordo, custom, order (q. v.).] Usual; com- 
mon ; of middling quality : — mean ; ugly. — 2, n. 
An ecclesiastical judge ; a bishop. — (Naitt.) Thu 
establishment of shipping not in service :— a 
place for eating : — a regular meal, or price of it. 

Or'di-nate, a. Regular: methodical. — 2, n. A per- 
pendicular line drawn from a point in a curve ! 
to the abscissa. 

Or-di-na'tion, n. [L. ordinatio. — See Ordaix.] , 
Act of ordaining; act of investing a man with 
the pastoral office. 

Ord'nance, n. [Fr. ordonnance, arrangement, < 
equipments, — formerly also the size or calibre 
of a gun; later, the gun itself.] Cannon; heavy 
artillery. 

Ord'ure (ord'yur), n. [Fr. ordure, filth; ord. foul; j 
It. ordura, filth; ordo, foul; horrido, hideous. — 

_ See Horrid.] Dung; filth; excrement. 

Ore, n. [A.-S. or : akin to ar, brass. — Cf. Icel. eir, 
L. ses, eeris, bronze or ore.] Metal yet in its fos- 
sil state ; mineral. 

5're-ad, h. [Gr. bpetds, opeiaSo?; opos, a moun- 
tain.] A nymph of the mountains. 

Or'gan, n. [Fr. oraane ; L. organum ; Gr. bpyavov, j 
an implement ; epyov, a work.] An instrument : i 
— an essential part of an animal or a vegetable 
body : — a large musical wind-instrument. 

Qr-gan'ic, «• [L. organieus ; Gr. opyariKo?. — See i 
Organ.] Relating to or possessing organs ; re- 



lated to animal or vegetable organisms : — acting 
as an instrument. 

Or-gan'i-cal-lx, ad. By means of organs. 

Or'gan-ism, n. An organized structure. 

Or'gan-ist, n. One who plays on the organ. 

Or-gan-I'za-ble, a. That may be organized. 

Or-gan-i-za'tion, n. [Fr. organisation.] Act of 
organizing; formation; a due construction of 
parts. 

Or'gan-Ize, v. a. [Fr. organiser.] [pp. organiz- 
ing, organized.] To form organically or with 
organs ; to construct ; to form properly. 

br'gan-ized, p. a. Formed with organs. 

br'gan-loft, n. A loft where an organ stands. 

br-gan-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. bpyavov, an organ, 
and ypd^eiv, to write, to describe (g. v.).] A de- 
scription of the organs or structure of plants or 
animals. 

Or'gasm, n. [Gr. opyaeiv, to swell, to be eager; 
bpyr), impulse.] Immoderate excitement. 

Or'geat (br'zhat), r». [Fr. ; from orge, L. hnrdeum, 
barley.] A sweetened and flavored emulsion of 
almonds. 

Or fie, I n.; pi. br'fies_(bVjiz). [Fr. orgie, a revel; 

br'fy, J L. orgia, Gr. bpyia, bacchanal rites: ep- 
701*', a work, or opy^, impulse, rage.] A frantic 
revel ; the rites of Bacchus. 

6'ri-el, n. [0. Fr. oriol, a porch ; Late L. oriolmn, 
ah oriel ; L. aureolm, gilded ; aurum, gold.] A 
sort of recess : — a bay-window. 

5'ri-ent, a. [L. oriens, orientis, east, — literally, 
rising; oriri, to rise.] Risiug, as the sun: — 
eastern. — 2, n. The east; part where the sun 
rises. 

6-ri-ent'al, a. Eastern ; placed in the east. — 2, n. 
An inhabitant of the East. 

O-ri-ent'al-ist, n- An inhabitant of the E ist : — 
one versed in Oriental learning. 

O-ri-en-ta'tion, n. Disposal toward, or tnrniug 
to, the east or to any point : — eastward posture. 

5r'i-fice. n. [Fr. ; L. orincium, an opening; os, 
oris, a mouth, and facere, to make.] Any open- 
ing ; a perforation. 

br'i-flamme, or oYi-flamb (or'e-flam\ «. [Fr. ; 
Late L. aurijlamma; L. aureus, golden, and flam- 
ma, flame ; flamnuda, a little flame. — also a ban- 
ner.] A golden standard; the French royal 
standard. 

Q-rig'a-niim, »• [L. ; Gr. bpiyavov; opos, a moun- 
tain,' and yai'os, brightness, joy.] A fragrant 
mint-like plant. 

5r'i-fin, n. [L. origo, orijinis ; oriri. to arise.] A 
beginning; cause of existence ; rise; a fountain; 
a s.mrce ; original. 

O-rif'i-nal, n. Origin; source :— first copy; an 
archetype; model. — 2, a. Preceding all others; 
primary; pristine; primitive; first; native: — not 
copied ; having new ideas. 

O-rif-i-nal'i-ty, n. Quality of being original. 

<?-rif 'i-nal-iy, ad. Primarily ; from the begin- 
ning; at first ; as the first author. 

O-rif'i-nate, r. a. [pp. originating, originated.] 
To bring into existence.— 2, v. n. To begin or 
take existence. 

O-rif'i-na'tion, n. The act of originating. 

Q-rii'i-na-tor. n. One who originates. 

o'ri-ole, n. [L. aureolns, dim. of aureus, golden; 
a'urum, gold.] A bird of various species. 

5r'i-son (or'e-zun), >». [Fr. oraison, 0. Fr. orison, 
L. o'rath, a prayer. — See Oratiox.] A prayer; a 
supplication. 

br'lop, n. [Dut. overloop ; orer, over, and loopen, 
to "run, to leap (q. v.).] (Naut.) A temjiorary 
deck ; a platform. 

Or'mo-lu, n. [Fr. or moulu, milled gold ; or, gold, 
and" moudre, to grind.] A variety of brass or 
bronze, used for ornamental work. 

Or'na-ment, n. [Fr. ornement; L. ornamentnm ; or- 
nare,to adorn.] Embellishment; decoration. — 
2, a. a. [pp. ornamenting, ornamented.] To 
embellish ; to adorn. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — C, <?, c, f , soft; p, J5, it, f , hard; § as z ; jiwgz; this. 



ORNAMENTAL 



392 



OSTRICH 



opvi?, 6pvi0o?, 




Oruithorhynchus. 



Or-na-ment'al, a. Giving embellishment. 

5r-na-men-ta'tion, n. Embellishment. 

Or'nate, a. [L. ornare, ornatum, to adorn.] Be- 
decked ; decorated ; tine. 

Or'nate-ly, od. Finely ; with decoration. 

Or-ni-tho-log'i-cal, a. Relating to ornithology. 

6r-ni-thol'o-|"ist, re. One versed in ornithology. 

Or-ni-thol'o-gy, n. [Gr. opia?, opviflos, a bird, 
and Aoyo's, a treatise.] That part of zoology 
which treats of birds. 

Or-ni-tho-rhyn'phus. n. [Gr 
bird, aiid pv'-yx o? >' a snout.] 
A singular quadruped, 
having a mouth like that 
of a bird. 

6r-o-graph'ic, \ a. Re- 

5r-o-graph'i-cal, J lating to 
orography'; desci'iptive of 
mountains. 

Q-rog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. 6po?, 
a mountain, and ypa^eiv, to write.] The science 
of, or a treatise on, the geological structure of 
mountains. 

5r-o-lo£'i-cal, a. Relating to orology. 

O-rol'o-^ist, n. A describer of mountains. 

Q-rol'o-gy, re. [Gr. opo?, a mountain, and Aoyos, 
a treatise.] A treatise on mountains. 

6-ro-tund', a. [L. os, oris, the mouth, utterance, 
and rotundm, round.] Uttered with fulness, 
clearness, and strength. 

Or'phan, n. [Gr. 6p(/>6s, bp<bavo<;, destitute. — Cf. 
L. o'rbus, bereft; Fr. orphelin.} A child who has 
lost either father or mother, or both. — 2, a. Be- 
reft of parents. 

Or'phan-afe, re. [Fr. orphelinage.] The state of 
an orphan : — a house for orphans. 

Or'phaned (or'fand), a. Bereft of parents. 

Qr-phl'an, a. Relating to Orpheus; Orphic. 

Or'phic,' a. Relating to Orpheus ; mystic ; myste- 
rious. 

Or'pi-ment, n. [L. auripigmentum ; aurum, gold, 
and pigmentum, pigment (q. v.).] A mineral; 
yellow arsenic. 

5r're-ry, re. [Named in honor of Charles, second 
earl of Orrery, eighteenth century.] An instru- 
ment which represents the revolutions of the 
heavenly bodies. [root. 

Cr'ris, re. [It. irens ; L. iris; Gr. Tpi?.] A fragrant 

Or'tho-dox, «. [Gr. 6p#6So£o?; 6p06s, true, direct, 
and'S6£a, opinion ; Soicelv, to seem.] Conformed 
to the catholic or universal church; sound in 
doctrine. 

Or'tho-dox-y, re. Quality of being orthodox; 
soundness in doctrine ; sound doctrine. 

Or-tho-drom'ics, re. pi [Gr. 6p06?, straight, and 
Spo/jLos, a course; Spa/xelu, 6eSpop.a, to run.] 
The art of sailing on a right course, or in the 
arc of some great circle. 

6r-tho-ep'i-cal, a. Relating to orthoepy. 

Or'tho-e-pist, re. One who is versed in orthoerjy 
_ or correct pronunciation. 

Or'tho-e-py, re. [Gr. bpOoeneta; bpQos, true, cor- 
rect", and e7To?, a word.] The art of pronouncing 
words properly. 

Or-thog'ra-pher, re. One versed in orthography. 

Or-tho-graph'ic, a. Relating to orthography. 

6r-tho-graph'i-cal-ly, ad. According to rule. 

9r-thog'ra-phy, re. [Gr. bp0oypa<f)ia ; bpOos, cor- 
rect, and yp&4>eiv, to write.] The art or proper 
mode of spelling words: — the representation of 
a section of a building without perspective. 

6r-tho-paed'ie, or Or-tho-ped'ic, a. [See Or- 
thopedy.] Relating to the cure of deformities. 

Qr-thop'e-dy, n. [Gr. 6p06s, straight, and ?raU, 
n-aiSo?, a child.] The art of curing or remov- 
ing deformities in the human body or chiefly in 
children. 

6r-thop'te-ra, n. pi. [Gr. 6p0o?, straight, and 
irrepov, a wing.] An order of insects, includ- 
ing grasshoppers, &c. 

Or'to-lan, n. [Fr. ; It. ortolano, L. hortulanns, be- 



longing to a garden ; hortus, a garden.] A small 
bird used for food. 

Orts, re. pi. [0. Dut. oorete, food uneaten ; oor- 
(A.-S. or-, Ger. vr-), over, without, and eten, to 
eat; Local Ger. uriiss, refuse; Low Ger. orUtro, 
refuse straw.] Refuse of hay, &c. ; things left. 

5s'cil-late, v. re. [L. oscdlare, oscillativm, to swing; 
oscillum, a swiug : perhaps for obs, against, and 
obsolete cillere, to move.] [pp. oscillating, oscil- 
lated.] To move backward and forward, as a 
pendulum ; to vibrate. 

5s-cil-la'tion, re. [L. oscillalio.] The act of oscil- 
lating; the act of moving like a pendulum; 
vibration. [a pendulum. 

5s'cil-la-to-ry, or Qs-cll'la-to-ry, a. Moving like 

Os'ci-tate, v. n. [L. osci'tare, oscitatum ; os, the 
mouth, and ciere, to move.] [pp. oscitating, 
oscitated.] To yawn ; to gape. 

5s-ci-ta'tion, n. [L. oscitatio.] The act of }'awning. 

5s'cu-late, v. a. [L. oscuiari, osadatus, to kiss; os- 
mium, a little mouth, a kiss ; os, a mouth.] [ pp. 
osculating, osculated.] To kiss; to touch gently. 

5s-cu-la'tion, re. [L. osculatio.] The act of oscu- 
lating ; touch. 

5s'cu-la-to-ry, n. A tablet in churches which 
is kissed. — 2, a. Pertaining to oscnlation : — 
touching. 

6'§ier (6'zher), n. £Fr. ; Walloon, woisir; Local 
Fr. oisL — Cf. Gr. oicros, a willow.] A tree of the 
willow kind. 

5'§ier-y (o'zher-e), n. A place where osiers are 
grown. — 2, a. Abounding in osiers. 

Os'mi-um, n. [Gr. 607*17, a smell ; from the odor 
of some of its compounds.] A very hard, in- 
fusible metal. [bird of prey. 

Os'prey, ». [A variant of Ossifrage.] A large 

5s'se-ous (or osh'e-us), a. [L. osseus, bony ; os, a 
bone. — Cf. Gr. ocrreov, Skr. asthi, a bone.] Bony ; 
resembling bone. 

5s'si-cle (os'se-kl), n. [L. ossiculum, dim. of os, 
a bone.] A small bone. 

5s-si-fi-ca'tion, re. Change into bony substance. 

Os'si-fraf'e, n. [L. ossifragus ; os, ossis, a bone, 
and frangere, root frag-, to break.] A kind of 
eagle or osprey. 

5s'si-fy, v. a. [L. os, ossis, a bone, and fieri, to 
become.] [pp. ossifying, ossified.] To convert 
or change into bone. — 2, v. n. To become bone. 

5s'su-a-ry (osh'yu-a-re or 6s'su-a-re), n. [L. ossua- 
rinm'; ossa, bones.] A charnel-house : — a reposi- 
tory for the bones of the dead. 

Qs-ten'si-ble, a. [Fr. ; L. ostendere, ostensum, to 
Bhow;'o6.?, to, and tendere, to stretch.] Held 
forth to view ; apparent ; manifested ; plausible ; 
specious; colorable. 

Os-ten'si-bly, ad. In an ostensible manner. 

Os-ten-ta'tion, n. [L. osterdalio ; ostentare, osten- 
tat'um, to display, intensive of ostendere, to show. 
— See Ostensible.] Ambitious display ; parade; 
show; vainglory; boasting. 

5s-ten-ta'tious, a. Ambitious of, or making, dis- 
play ; fond of show; boastful; vain. 

5s-ten-ta'tious-ly, ad. Vainly; boastfully. 

Ss-te-o^'e-ny, re. [Gr. oo-reov, bone, and y£veo~i<;, 
formation.] Formation of bone, or of the bones. 

5s-te-ol'o-|-ist, n. One versed in osteology. 

5s-te-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. bareov, a bone, and Aoyos, 
a discourse.] A description of the bones. 

Ost'ler (Os'ler), n. [See Hostler.] A hostler. 

Os'tra-cism. n. A mode of banishment by writing 
the name of the accused person on shells : — ban- 
ishment ; public censure. 

5s'tra-cize, v. a. [Gr. bcrrpaKi^eiv ; barpaicov, a 
potsherd, a shell. — Cf. oarpeov, an oyster (q. v.). 
A potsherd was used as a voting tablet.] [pp. 
ostracizing, ostracized.] To banish ; to expel. 

5s'trich, n. [Fr. autrucJie; 0. Fr. ostruche ; Sp. 
dvestruz; L. avis struthio ; avis, a bird, and stmthio, 
an ostrich; Gr. o-rpov86<;, a sparrow, — also, an 
ostrich.] The largest known bird, noted for its 
beautiful feathers. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



OTALGIA 



393 



OUTWEAK 



0-tai'£-i-a, w. [Gr. o5s, ioto?, the ear, and aAyos, 
pain.] '(Med.) The earache. 

Stt'er (uth'er), pron. [A. -S. oder, other, second; 
Dut. & Ger. under, L. a?ter, Skr. anya, antara, 
other.] Not the same; not this. 

6tfi'er-wlse (uth'er-wlzj, ad. In a different man- 
ner ; in another way. — 2, conj. Else ; but for this. 

6-ti-6se' (o-she-os'), a. [L. otiosus; otium, ease.] 
Idle; unemployed. 

5-ti-os'i-ty. (o-she-os'i-te), n. [L. otiositas.] The 
state of being otiose ; idleness ; indolence. 

bt'ter, n. [A.-S. otor ; Dut. & Ger. otter; Dan. 
odder ; Sw. utter; Lith. udra ; Russ. vuidra : akin 
to Water. — Of. L. hUria, Fr. Zoi<«;-e, Sp. nutria, 
Port, lontra, an otter. The Latin group of names 
is connected with luere, to wash.] An aquatic 
animal, valued for its fur. 

5t't5, n. [See Attar,] An essential oil. 

bt'to-man, n.; pi. ot'to-mans. [Fr. ottomane, a 
sofa; ottoman, Turkish; from Othman, the 
founder of the Turkish dynasty.] A native of 
Turkey; a Turk: — a kind of sofa; a hassock or 
mat.— -J, a. Relating to the Turks. 

Ought (awt), n. [An old preterite from Owe.] 
Any thing. See Aught. — 2, verb defective (used 
in the present and imperfect tenses). To owe or 
be owed ; to be bound by duty, or to be obliged. 

Ounce, n. [L. undo, an ounce, an inch (q. v.) ; Fr. 
once. — Cf. Gr. 6y«os, mass, weight.] A small 
weight :— [Port, ouca; Sp. onza; It. lonza.—Cf. 
Per. yuz, a panther] an animal ; a pard. 

6uphe (of), m. [See Oaf.] A goblin ; an oaf. 

Our, pron. & a. [A.-S. itre, our, — properly, a geni- 
tive plural corresponding to us. — Cf. Goth, unsar; 
Ger. unser.) Belonging to us. 

burs, pron. poss. Belonging to us. 

bur-self, pron, recip. Us ; myself (in regal style). 

6ur-selves' (oiir-selvz'), pron. recip. The plural 
of myself ; we, not others : — us, not others. 

bflst, v. a. [0. Fr. oster, Fr. oter, to take out; 
probably from L. obstare, to oppose.] [pp. oust- 
ing, ousted.] To vacate ; to deprive ; to eject. 

bust'er, n. (Laic.) A dispossession ; ejection. , 

Out, ad. [A.-S. titan, lite, nt ; But. nit; Icel., Sw., 
& Goth, ut; Dan. ud; Ger. aw; Skr. ud.— Cf. L. 
ultra, beyond.] Nut within ; not in : — opposed to 
in ; abroad : — to the end : — loudly : — at a loss. — 
2, inierj. Expressing abhorrence; begone. 

but'-and-but', a. Thorough. — 2, ad. Completely; 
thoroughly. 

Out'break, n. A breaking out; an eruption. 

but'break-ing, n. An eruption ; an outbreak. — 
. 2, a. Violent: — conspicuously heinous. 

Oiit'-build-ing, n. An out-house. 

Out'biirst, n. An explosion ; an outbreak. 

but'cast, p. a. [Out and Cast.] Thrown away; 

^ cast out. — 2, h. An exile; one expelled. 

but'come, n. [Out and Come.] What is derived 

^ or results from any thing; net result; issue. 

Out'crop, n. [Out and Crop.] (Geol.) The ex- 
_ posure of strata at the surface of the earth. 

but' cry, n. [Out and Cry.] A cry of distress; 

^ clamor : — auction. 

but-do', v. a. [Out and Do.] [*'. outdid; pp. ont- 

^ doing, outdone.] To excel ; to surpass : to exceed. 

Out' -door (out'dor), a. Being out of the house. 

Out'er, a. Being without : — opposed to inner. 

Out'er-most, a. Remotest from the middle. 

but'f it. n. [Out and Fit.] The act or means of 

^ fitting out; allowance : — equipment. 

Out' flow, n. A discharge or efflux. 

Out-gen'er-al, v. a. \ pp. outgeneralling, outgen- 
_ eralled.'] To exceed in military skill. 

Out-go', i'. a. [Out and Go.] {i. outwent: pp. 
outgoing, outgone.] To surpass; to go beyond ; 

__ to leave behind :— to circumvent. 

Out-grow', v. a. [Out and Grow.] [t. outgrew ; pp. 
_ outgrowing, outgrown.] To surpass in growth. 

Out'growth, n. An offshoot : — a result. 

but' -house, n. A building connected with a 
house, as a barn, stable, coach-house, &c. 



but'ing, n. An excursion ; an airing. 

Out-land'ish, a. [A.-S. ntlendisc.—See Out and 
_ Land.] Not native; foreign; strange. 

Out'law, w. [A.-S. ntlaga, uttah; Icel. ntlagi : 
Out and Law.] One deprived of the benefit of 
law. — 2, v. a. [pp. outlawing, outlawed.] To 
deprive of the benefit and protection of the law. 

Out'law-rx, n. (Law.) An act by which a man 
is deprived of the protection of the law. 

but'lay, n. [Out and Lay.] A sum expended; 
expenditure. [an egress. 

Out'let, n. [Out and Let.] A passage outward; 

Out'li-er, n. [Out and Lie.] (Geol.) A portion 
of a stratum detached from the principal mass. 

Out'line, v. a. [pp. outlining, outlined.] To 
form a sketch or outline of.— 2, n. An exterior 
line ; a sketch. 

Out'look (out'luk), n. [Out and Look.] A vigi- 
lant watch : — a prospect; the probable future. 

biit'ly-ing, a. Lying on the outskirts. 

Out-num'ber, v. a. [Out and Number.] [pp. 
outnumbering, outnumbered.] To exceed in 
number. 

but' port, n. A port at a distance from a city. 

Out'post, n. A station without the limits of the 
camp, or at a distance from the army. 

Out-pour', v. a. [Out and Pouu.] [pp. outpour- 
ing, outpoured.] To effuse; to emit. 

but'put, n. The outcome of a mine or mill. 

Out' rage, n. [Fr. outrage; It. oltraggio; from L. 
ultra, beyond.] Open violence ; wanton abuse. — 
2, v. a. [pp. outraging, outraged.] To injure 
or abuse violently. 

Out-ra'geous (out-ra'jus), a. Violent; furious; 
exorbitant; enormous; excessive. 

but-ra'geous-ly, ad. Violently ; furiously. 

Outre (o-tra/), a. [Fr. ; outre, L. ultra, beyond.] 
Extravagant; out of the common limits; over- 
strained. 

Out-ride', v. a. [Out and Bins.] [i. outrode ; pp. 
outriding, outridden or outrid.J To pass by 
riding. — 2, v. n. To ride or travel about. 

but'rid-er, w. A servant or attendant on horse- 
back, accompanying a carriage. 

but'rig-ger, «. [Out and Ric] (NauL) A spar 
or piece of timber for extending ropes or sails : — 
a contrivance to prevent a boat from heeling 
over too far. 

but-right' (out-rlt'), ad. [Out and Eight.] Im- 
mediately ; at once. 

Oilt-run', r. a. [Out and Run.] [i outran; pp. 
outrunning, outrun.] To leave behind ; to exceed. 

Out-sail', r. a. [Out and Sail.] [pp. outsailing, 
outsailed.] To leave behind in sailing. 

but'set, n. An opening; a beginning. 

Out-shine', r. a. [Out and Shine.] [». outshone 
or outshined ; pp. outshining, outshone or out- 
shined.] To excel in lustre. 

but' side, n. [Out and Side.] Surface; external 
part. — 2, a. Being without ; exterior. 

Out'sid-er, n. One who is not in a society. 

but' skirt, n. [Out and Skirt.] A suburb; an 
outpost. 

but-spok'en (-spok'n), a. [Out and Spoken.] Apt 
to speak one's mind ; expressing all one's mind ; 
frank and candid. 

but-stand'ing, a. Existing abroad ; unpaid. 

Out-strip'. 'v. a. [Out and Strip.] [pp. outstrip- 
ping, outstripped.] To outgo ; to leave behind. 

but'-tiirn, ». Same as Output. 

Out-vie' (out-vl'j, v. a. [Out and Vie.] [pp. out- 
vying, outvied.] To exceed; to surpass. 

Out' ward. a. [A.-S. uteweard; Out, and the suffix 
-ward, implying direction.] External ; exterior; 
not inward : — from within. 

but' ward, \ad. To outward parts; to foreign 

but' wards, I parts : — toward the outside. 

Out'ward-ly, ad. Externally. 

Out-wear', v. a. [Out and Wear.] [L outwore ; 
pp. outwearing, outworn.] To surpass in dura- 
bilitv. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, G, 5, £, soft ; p, &, p, g, hard; § an z ; x as gz ; this. 



OUTWEIGH 



394 



OVEKPOISE 




A figure in the 



6ut-weigh' (out-wa/), v. a. [Out and Weigh.] 
[pp. outweighing, outweighed.] To exceed in 
weight ; to preponderate ; to excel in value. 

Out- wit', v. a. [Out and Wit.] [pp. outwitting, 
outwitted.] To overcome by stratagem. 

Out' work (-wiirk), n. [Out and Work.] A work 
raised on the outside of the ditch of a fortified 
place, or beyond the body of the place ; an exte- 
rior work. 

6u'zel (O'zl), n. [A.-S. 
osle; Ger. amsel.~\ A 
water-fowl : — a black- 
bird. 

5'va, n. [L.] The plural 
of" ovum. 

O'val, «. [Fr. oval; L. 
ovum, Gr. ww, an egg 
(q. v.) : akin to avis, a 
bird.] Shaped like an 
egg ; oblong ; ovate.- 
shape of an egg. 

Q-va'ri-an, a. Relating to an ovary. 

<j>-va'ri-um, n. ; pi. o-va'ri-a. [L.J Ovary. 

o'va-ry, n. The seat of eggs' or of impregnation : 
— a case enclosing ovules or future seeds. 

6'vate, a. Egg-shaped. 

Q-va'tion, n. [L. ovatio, — literally, a shouting; 
ovare,' ovatum, Gr. aueiv, to shout.] An inferior 
Roman triumph : — an extraordinary tribute of 
respect. 

6Ven (uv'vn), n. [A.-S. & Ger. of en; Dut. oven; 
Icel. own; Goth, auhns; Gr. inros.] An arched 
cavity to bake in. 

6'ver, prep. [A.-S. ofer; Dut. & Dan. over; Ger. 
uber; Gr. vnep, L. super, Skr. upari, above : re- 
lated to Upper.] Above ; across ; upon ; through- 
out. — 2, ad. Above the top ; more ; throughout. 
— 3, a. Being above or beyond ; tipper. 

5-ver-act', v. a. & v. n. [Over and Act.] [pp. 
overacting, overacted.] To act more than enough. 

o'ver-aMl§, n. pi. [Over and All.] Loose trousers. 

6-ver-arch', v. a. [Over and Arch.] [pp. over- 
arching, overarched.] To cover as with an arch. 

6-ver-S,we', v. a. [Over and Awe.] [pp. overaw- 
ing, overawed.] To keep in awe ; to terrify. 

6-ver-bal'ance, v. a. [Over and Balance.] [pp. 
overbalancing, overbalanced.] To throw the bal- 
ance on one side ; to outweigh ; to preponderate. 

6-ver-bear' (o-ver-bar'), v. a. [Over and Bear.] 
[i." overbore ; pp. overbeaiing, overborne.] To 
bear down ; to overpower; to overwhelm. 

O-ver-bear'ingr, p. a. Haughty ; domineering. 

o'ver-board", ad. [Over and Board.] Off or out 
of the ship. 

6-ver-biir'den (-biir'dn), v. a. [Over and Bur- 
den.] [pp. overburdening, overburdened.] To 
overload. 

6-ver-cast', v. a. [Over and Cast.] [i. overcast; 
pp. overcasting, overcast.] To cloud ; to darken : 
— to cast or rate too high : — to sew over. 

5-ver-char£e', v. a. [Over and Charge.] [pp. 
overcharging, overcharged.] To charge too 

6'ver-charge, n. Too high a charge. [high. 

6'ver-coat, n. An outside coat; a great-coat. 

6-ver-come' (o-ver-k um'), v. a. [A.-S. ofercuman. 
— See Over and" Come.] [i. overcame; pp. over- 
coming, overcome.] To conquer; to vanquish; 
to subdue ; to surmount. — 2, v. n. To gain the 
superiority. 

6-ver-do', v. a. & v. n. [Over and Do.] [i. over- 
did ; pp. overdoing, overdone.] To do more than 
enough. [dose. 

o'ver-dose, n. [Over and Dose.] An excessive 

6-ver-draw', v. a. [Over and Draw.] [i. over- 
drew; pp. overdrawing, overdrawn.] To draw 
too much. 

O-ver-drlve', v. a. [Over and Drive.] [i. over- 
drove; pp. overdriving, overdriven.] To drive 

_ too hard. 

O-ver-due', a. [Over and Due.] Past the time 
of" payment, or of arrival. 



5-ver-es'ti-m^te, n. An unduly large estimate. 

O-ver-es'ti-mate, v. a. [Over and Estimate.] 
[pp. overestimating, overestimated.] To esti- 
mate too highly. 

5'ver-fall, n. A cataract :— a shoal or bank. 

O-ver-feed', v. a. & v. n. [Over and Feed.] 
[i* overfed; pp. overfeeding, overfed.] To feed 
too much. 

O-ver-flow' (o-ver-flo'), v. n. [Over and Flow.] 
[pp. overflowing, overflowed.] To be more than 
full ; to spread ; to abound. — 2, v. a. To deluge ; 
to inundate. 

6'ver-flow, n. An inundation ; exuberance. 

6-ver-flow'ing,M. Exuberance; overflow. — 2, p. a. 
Inundating ; abundant. 

6-ver-grow', v. a. & v. n. [Over and Grow.] 
[i.' overgrew ; pp. overgrowing, overgrown.] To 
cover with growth : — to rise above : — to grow 
beyond ; to grow too rankly. 

5'ver-growth, n. Exuberant growth. 

6-ver-hang', v. a. & v. n. [Over and Hang.] 
[i.' overhung ; pp. overhanging, overhung.] To 
jut or impend over. [part. 

5'ver-hang-, n. An overhanging or projecting 

O-ver-haul', v. a. [Over and Haul.] [pp. over- 
hauling, overhauled.] To overtake ; to examine. 

O-ver-head' (o-ver-hed'), ad. [Over and Head.] 
Aloft; above. 

O-ver-hear' (o-ver-her'), v. a. [Over and Hear.] 
[u overheard ; pp. overhearing, overheard.] To 
hear privately or by chance. 

6-ver-is'sue (-ish'shu), n. [Over and Issue.] An 
ex'cessive issue. — 2, v. a. [pp. overissuing, over- 
issued.] To emit in excess. 

6-ver-jbyed', p. a. [Over and Joy.] Delighted. 

d'ver-king, n. [Over and King.] A monarch to 
whom another king owes fealty for his realm or 
part of it. 

5-ver-lade', v. a. [Over and Lade.] [pp. over- 
lading, overladen or overladed.] To overburden. 

5'ver-land, a. [Over and Land.] Carried on or 
performed by land. 

6-ver-lap', v. a. [Over and Lap.] [pp. overlap- 
ping, overlapped.] To lap over. — 2, n. The lap- 
ping over another ; an extension. 

6-ver-lay', v. a. [Over and Lay.] [i. overlaid; 
pp. overlaying, overlaid.] To cover. 

O-ver-leap', v. a. [Over and Leap.] [pp. over- 
leaping, overleaped or overleapt.] To pass by a 
jump. 

6-ver-He', v. a. [Over and Lie.] [i. overlay; pp. 
overlying, overlain.] To lie upon or over. 

O-ver-load', v. a. [Over and Load.] [i. over- 
loaded; pp. overloading, overloaded or over- 
laden.] To burden too much. 

O-ver-look' (o-ver-luk'), v. a. [Over and Look.] 
[pp. overlooking, overlooked.] To look over; 
to oversee ; to inspect : — to excuse ; to neglect. 

5'ver-lord, n. [Over and Lord.] A legal superior ; 
a chief lord. 

O-ver-mas'ter, v. a. [Over and Master.] [pp. 
overmastering, overmastered.] To subdue ; to 
govern. 

O-ver-match', v. a. [Over and Match.] [pp. 
overmatching, overmatched.] To be too power- 
ful for. 

5'ver-match, n. One of superior powers. 

5-ver-much', a. [Over and Much.] Too much. 
—2, ad. In too great a degree. 

O-ver-nlght' (o-ver-nif), ad. [Over and Night.] 
Through the night. 

O-ver-pass', v. a. [Over and Pass.] [pp. over- 
passing, overpassed or overpast.] To pass over; 
to cross : — to overlook ; to omit. 

O-ver-past', p. a. Gone; past. 

6-ver-pay', v. a. [Over and Pay.] [pp. overpay- 
ing, overpaid.] To pay too much. 

5'ver-plus, n. [Over and Plus.] What remains ; 
a surplus. 

O-ver-poise', v. a. [Over and Poise.] [pp. over- 
poising, overpoised.] To outweigh. 



a, e, x, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscuve. — Fare, far, fast, fall; hlir, her; 



GVEKPOISE 



395 



OXEYE 



5'ver-poise, n. A preponderant weight. 
6-ver-pow'er, v. a. [Over and Power.] [pp. 
overpowering, overpowered.] To subdue; to 
overcome. 

O-ver-pbw'er-ing, a. Irresistible. 

O-ver-rate'.y. a. [Over and Rate.] [pp. over- 
raiting, overrated.] To rate at too much; to 
estimate too highly. 

6-ver-reach', v. a. [Over and Beach.] [pp. over- 
reaching, overreached.] To deceive; to cheat. 
— 2, v. n. To strike the hind foot against the 
fore foot. 

6-ver-ride', v. a. [Over and Ride.] [i. overrode ; 
pp. overriding, overridden or overrode.] To ride 
over; to trample down. — (Law.) To supersede. 

6-ver-rule', v. a. [Over and Rule.] [pp. over- 
ruling, overruled.] To control; to supersede; 
to set aside : — to make void ; to annul ; to reject. 

6-ver-rul'ing, p. a. Governing with superior 
po'wer; controlling; directing. 

6-ver-rfln', v. a. [Over and Run.] [i. overran; 
pp. overrunning, overrun.] To outrun: — to 
ravage : — to overspread : — to alter the position of. 

O-yer-see', v. a. [Over and See.] [i. oversaw; 
pp. overseeing, overseen.] To superintend; to 
supervise. 

6-ver-se'er, n. One who oversees. 

6-ver-seV, v. a. [Over and Set.] [i. overset; pp. 
oversetting, overset.] To turn bottom upward; 
to overturn; to upset; to subvert. — 2, v. n. To 
fall down ; to turn over. 

5-ver-shad'ow (o-ver-shad'do), v. a. [Over and 
Shadow.] [pp. overshadowing, overshadowed.] 
To throw a shade over ; to shelter ; to protect. 

O'ver-shoe, n. [Over and Shoe.] A shoe worn 
over another. 

6-ver-shoot\ v. a. & v. n. [Over and Shoot.] 
[i.' overshot; pp. overshooting, overshot.] To 
shoot beyond. 

O'ver-shot-wheel', n. A wheel which is turned 
by water flowing over the top of it. 

5'ver-slght (o'ver-sit), n. [Over and Sight.] 
Superintendence: — a mistake; error; inatten- 
tion ; inadvertence. 

5'ver-slaugh (-slaw), n. An obstruction ; a hin- 
drance. 

6-ver-slaugh' (-slaw'), v. a. [Dut. overslaan, to 
skip over.] [pp. overslaughing, overslaughed.] 
To hinder; to obstruct: — to pass over in favor 
of some one else. 

O-ver-sle'ep', v. a. & v. n. [Over and Sleep.] 
[*'.' overslept ; pp. oversleeping, overslept.] To 
sleep too long. 

6-ver-spread', v. a. [Over and Spread.] [j. over- 
spread; pp. overspreading, overspread.] To 
cover over. 

6-ver-state', v. a. [Over and State.] [pp. over- 
stating, overstated.] To state too highly. 

O-ver-stock', v. a. [Over and Stock.] [pp. over- 
stocking, overstocked.] To fill too full; to 
crowd. 

O-ver-strain', v. a. [Over and Strain.] [pp. 
overstraining, overstrained.] To strain too far. 

6' vert, a. [Fr. otwert, 0. Fr. overt, participle of 
ouvrir, to open : in meaning it represents L. ape- 
rire, to open ; in form, L. operire, to cover.] 
Open; apparent; manifest. — Overt act. (Law.) 
An open act that is capable of being manifestly 
proved. 

6-ver-take', v. a. [Over and Take.] [i. over- 
took; pp. overtaking, overtaken.] To catch by 

_ pursuit ; to take by surprise. 

O-ver-tSsk', v. a. [Over and Task.] [pp. over- 

_ tasking, overtasked.] To task too much. 

6-ver-throw' (-thro'), v. a. [Over and Throw.] 
[i. overthrew; pp. overthrowing, overthrown.] 
To ruin ; to defeat ; to subvert ; to destroy ; to 

_ demolish ; to overturn ; to overset ; to upset. 

6'ver-throw, n. Ruin ; defeat. 

6'ver-time, b. [Over and Time.] Time beyond 
regular hours. 



o'vert-ly, ad. In an overt manner; openly. 

6'ver-t5ne, n. [Over and Tone.] Upper har- 
monic tone. 

O-ver-took' (o-ver-tuk'), i. from overtake. 

O-ver-top', v. a. [Over and Top.] [pp. over- 
_ topping, overtopped.] To rise above ; to surpass. 

6'ver-ture, n. [Fr. ouverture, an opening, a pro- 
posal.— See Overt.] A proposal: — a musical 
prelude. 

O-ver-tiirn', v. a. [Over and Turn.] [pp. over- 
_ turning, overturned.] To subvert ; to overthrow. 

o'ver-tiirn, n. A subversion ; an overthrow. 

O-ver-ween'ing, a. [A.-S. oferwenan, to presume. 

_ —See Ween. J Conceited ; arrogant. 

O-ver- whelm', v. a. [Over and Whelm.] [pp. 
overwhelming, overwhelmed.] To crush; to 
submerge. 

6-ver-whelm'ing, p. a. Overflowing; overpower- 
ing ; crushing ; subduing. 

O-ver-whelm'ing-ly., ad. So as to overwhelm. 

O-ver-work' (-wiirk'), v. a. [Over and Work.] 
[i. overworked or overwrought ; pp. overwork- 
ing, overworked or overwrought.] To work too 
much ; to tire or injure by labor. 

O-ver-wrought' (o-ver-rawt'), i. & p. from over- 
vwrk. Labored too much : — worked all over. 

o'vi-dflct, h. [L. ovum, an egg, and ductus, a duct 
(q. c.).] A duct to convey the ova. 

6'vi-form, a. [L. ovum, an egg, and forma, form.] 
Having the shape of an egg. [to sheep. 

6'vine, a. [L. ovinus; oris, a sheep.] Belonging 

9-vip'a-roQs, a. [L. oviparus; ovum, an egg, and 
parer'e, to produce.] Producing young by eggs. 

6-vi-pos'it, v. n. [L. ovum, an egg, and ponere, 
posilum, to place.] [pp. ovipositing, oviposited.] 
To deposit eggs. 

5-vi-po-si"tion, n. The act of laying eggs. 

6-vi-po? i-tor, n. An organ by means of which 
some insects deposit their eggs. 

6'vbid, a. [L. ovum, an egg, and Gr. eZSo?, form.] 
Formed like an egg ; egg-shaped. 

o'vo-15, n. [It.] (Arch.) A convex moulding. 

O-vu-la'tion, n. The formation of eggs or ova. 

5'vule, n. [Neo-Latin ovutum, dim. of L. ovum, 
an egg.] (Bot.) A rudimentary seed. 

5'vum, ii.\ pi. 6'va. [L.] An egg :— a body 
analogous to a true' egg. 

Owe (o), i\ «. [A.-S. agan, Goth, aigan, Icel. eigan, 
Gr. exeiv, to possess ; 0. E. owe, to own ; later 
it acquired the meaning of to possess another's 
property, to be in debt.] [pp. owing, owed.] To 
be bound to pay, or to pay to ; to be indebted to : 
— to have from. — 2, v. n. To be bound or obliged. 

Ow'ing, p. a. Due as a debt : — ascribable. 

Owlj n. [A.-S. ide; Dut. nil; Dan. ugle ; Ger. eule; 
L. uhda ; Skr. uhtka: all imitative of the bird's 
cry. — Cf. Howl.] A bird that flies by night. 

Oftl'et, n. A small owl ; an owl. 

6^1'isn, a. Resembling an owl. 

Own (on), a. [A.-S. agen, Icel. eigin, Dan. egen, 
one's own; Goth, aigin, property. — See Owe; 
from the root of Owe, in its old sense of to 
have.] Belonging to; as, my own. — 2, v. a. [A.-S. 
agnian; Icel. eigna, to claim. — See the adjective 
Own.] [pp. owning, owned.] To possess by 
right; [A.-S. imnan, Icel. unna, 0. Ger. gmnnan, 
Ger. gonnen, to grant] to acknowledge ; to confess. 

Own'er (on'er), n. The rightful proprietor. 

Own'er-ship, n. Bightful possession. 

5x, n. ; pi. Sx'en (ok'sn). [A.-S. oxa, pi. oxan ; 
Dan. oxe ; Ger. ochse, pi. oclisen; Goth, auhsa; 
Skr. vkshan, referred to the root of tiksh, to 
sprinkle; properly, in Sanskrit, a name of a 
storm : storms seem to have been likened to 
bulls.] A castrated bull. 

5x'a-late, n. A salt containing oxalic acid. 

Ox-al'ic, «• Noting a very poisonous acid from 
oxalis or sorrel. ' 

5x'a-lis, »». [L. ; Gr. 6£aAi's ; 6£u?, sharp, sour.] 
A plant, wood-sorrel. 

Qx'eye (oks'I), n. A kind of daisy. 



mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, Q, c, £, soft; p, J5, p, §, hard; § as z ; $ as gz ; this. 



OX-GALL 



396 



P^EAjST 



Cx'-gall, n. The bile of an ox. 

5x-i-da'tion, n. Act of oxidizing. 

Sx'ide, u. [From Oxygen.] A compound of oxy- 
gen with some other element. — Bust is an oxide 
of iron. 

5x-id-iz'a-ble, a. Capable of being oxidized. 

5x'id-Izei v. a. & v. n. [pp. oxidizing, oxidized.] 
To turn into an oxide. 

Cx'lip, n. [A.-S. oxanslyppe,— properly, oxen-dung. 
— Of. Cowslip.] A kind of primrose. 

Qx-o'ni-an, n. A member or graduate of the uni- 
versity' of Oxford. 

5x'y-£en, n. [Gr. 6|v's, sharp, acid, and root yev-, 
to'produce.] (Chem.) A gas which generates 
acids and oxides and forms the respirable or 
vital part of common air. 

Ox'y-fen-ate, \ v. a. [pp. oxygenating, oxygen- 

Ox'y.-ien-ize, J ated ; oxygenizing, oxygenized.] 
To impregnate with oxygen. 

Ox-y-£-en-a'tion, n. Act of oxygenating. 

Ox-y-hy'dro-i-en, a. Applied to a blowpipe which 
is used to'produce intense heat; also to a micro- 
scope which resembles a magic lantern. 



5x'y-mel, n. [Gr. b£vi*€\i; 6£us, acid, and p.e\i, 
honey.] A mixture of vinegar and honey. 

5x'y-tone, w. [Gr. 6£utoj/os ; 6£us, sharp, and ro- 
i/os, atone (g. v.).] A word with an acute sound. 

5'yer [o'yer, W. P. J. E. F. Ja. 8m. N. ; oy'er, S. 
Wb.], n. [Fr. ouir, 0. Fr. oyer, L. audi're, to 
hear.] A legal hearing.— A court of oyer and 
terminer is the highest criminal court. 

6-yes' [o-yes', S. 8m. R. ; o-yis', W. P. F. ; 6'ya, 
Ja.], n. [Fr. oyez, hear ye.— See Oyer.] (Laic.) 
Hear ye :— a term used by a sheriff or crier as 
an introduction to a proclamation. 

Oys'ter, m. [0. Fr. owtre; Fr. huftre; L. ostrea; 
Gr. ocrrpeov : probably related to bo-reov, bone.] 
A bivalve testaceous mollusk; a well-known 
edible shell-fish. 

Oys'ter-plant, n. An esculent vegetable ; salsify. 

6'zone, n. [Gr. o£u>i>, smelling; b^eiv, to smell. — 
See Odor.] A form of oxygen. 

O-zon-o-met'ric, a. Of or relating to ozonometry. 

6-zo-nom'e-try, n. [See Ozone and Metre.] The 
process 6f determining the amount of ozone 
present in the atmosphere. 



Pis a labial consonant and a mute, formed by a 
slight compression of the lips, as in pelt. 

Pab'u-lum, n. [L. ; root jxt-, seen in pascere, pari, 
to feed.] Food: aliment; support. 

Pa'ca, n. [South American.] A tropical American 
rodent animal. 

Pa-ca'tion, n. [L. pacatio ; pacare, to pacify ; pax, 
pacts, peace.] The act of appeasing ; pacification. 

Pace, n. [Fr. jms, L. passus, a step ; pandere, pas- 
sum, to stretch : akin to pater e, to be open.] A 
step: — gait; manner of walking: — a motion of 
a horse : — a measure of 2]A feet ; one-fifth of a 
rod, or three feet and three-tenths. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. pacing, paced.] To move on slowly ; to go ; 
to move with a particular gait, as a horse. — 
3, o. To measure by steps; to walk. 

Paced (past), a. Having a particular gait. 

Pa'cer, n. One wlio paces : — a horse that paces. 

Pa-yha', n. A Turkish governor ; a bashaw. See 
'Pasha. 

Pa-pha'lic, n. The jurisdiction of a pacha. 

Paph'y-d'e'rm, iu [Gr. naxvs, thick, and Sep^a, 
5ep/xaT05, skin.] A thick-skinned quadruped. 

Paph-y-der'ma-ta, n. pi. An old name for ani- 
mals' that have thick skins, as the elephant, 
horse, hog, &c. ; pachyderms. 

Paph-y-der'ma-tous, a. Thick-skinned. 

Pa-cif'ic, a. [L. pacificus ; Fr. pacifigue. — See 
Pacify.] Promoting peace ; peaceable ; mild ; 
gentle ; tranquil. 

Pac-i-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of pacifying. 

Pac-i-fi-ca'tor (or pa-sif'e-ka-tur), n. A peace- 
maker. 

Pa-cif i-ca-to-ry, a. Tending to make peace. 

Pac'i-f l-e'r, n. One who pacifies. 

Pac'i-fy, r. a. [Fr. pacifier; L. pacificare; pax, 
pacts, peace, and fucere, to make.] [pp. pacifying, 
pacified.] To appease ; to quiet; to compose. 

Pack, n. [Dan. pakke; Icel. pakM; Ger. pack; 
Dut. pak; Late L. paccus; Gael, pac: allied to 
L. pangere, pactum, Skr. paQ , to bind. ] A bundle ; 
a burden :— a number of cards :— a number of 
hounds : — a crew ; a gang. — 2, v. a. [pp. pack- 
ing, packed.] To bind up; to sort: — to send 
off :— to carry (Local, U. S.).— 3, v. n. To tie up 
goods : — to go off. [A b>ile ; goods packed. 

Pack'a^e, n. [Fr. paguage, a packing.— See Pack.] 

Pack'-cloth, n. A coarse baling material : — cloth 
in which goods are tied up. 

Pack'er, n. One who packs or binds. 



Pack'et, n. [Fr. paguet.'] A small pack ; a parcel : 
—a mail of letters: — [Fr. paguebot, from the 
Eng. packet-boat] a post-ship, or vessel which con- 
veys letters and passengers, as well as freight. — 
2, v. a. [pp. packeting, packeted.] To bind up 
or form in packets. 

Pack'-horse, n. A horse of burden. 

Pack'ing, n. Stuffing; material used in filling 
empty space. 

Pack' -sad-die, n. A saddle to carry burdens. 

Pack'thread, n. Twine for tying parcels. 

Pack'wax, n. [Ger. haarwachs: etymology not 
clear.] A ligament in the neck of animals. 

Pact, n. [L. pactum, an agreement ; pacisci, pac- 
tum, to agree. — Cf. paugere, pactum, to bind ; 
0. L. pacere, to agree. — See Peace.] A bargain ; 
a covenant. [a pact. 

Pac'tion, n. [L. pactio.] A bargain; a contract; 

Pad, n. [Cf. Dan. pude, a cushion ; Fin. padje, a 
pillow; Ger. patte, a flap: perhaps kindred to 
Bat, Batting.] A sort of cushion or saddle : — 
[cf. Dut. & Low Ger. pad, a path (g. v.); Fr. 
patte, a foot; L. pes, pedis, a foot; Skr. pata, a 
paw] an easy-paced horse : — a robber; a footpad : 
— a blotter. — 2, v. n. [jap. padding, padded.] To 
travel gently : — to rob on foot. — 3, v. a. To 
furnish with a pad; to stuff: — to impregnate 
with a mordant. 

Pad'ding, n. Stuffing : — impregnation of cloth 
with a mordant : — matter to fill up space. 

Pad'dle, v. n. [Frequentative of Pat.] [pp. pad- 
dling, paddled.] To row ; to play in the water. 
— 2, v. a. To feel ; to play with ; to row. — 3, n. 
[See the verb. — Cf. also Obs. Eng. spaddle, a 
spade (g. v.) ; Celt, spadal, a paddle.] An oar used 
by a single rower ; an oar-blade : — a stick with 
a wide, flat end : — a flipper or swimming-organ. 

Pad'dock, w. [Dim. of Scand. padda, padde, Dut. 
pad, padde, Ger. padde, a toad or frog.] A toad : 
— [a corrupt form of Park] a small enclosure. 

Pad'dy, n. [Malayalim padi, Canarese bhatta, rice ; 
Skr. bhakta, food, boiled rice.] Rice in the husk. 

Pad'lock, n. [Pad and Lock.] A pendent or 
hanging lock. 

Pad-ua-soy' (pad-u-soi'), n. [Padua, a town of 
Italy, and Fr. soie, silk.] A kind of silk. 

Pse'an, n. [L. •psean, Gr. 7raiav, a hymn,— properly, 
a title of Apollo. — Cf. Skr. pan, to praise.] A 
song of triumph or praise : — an ancient poetic 
foot of four syllables; pean. 



e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, 6, u, y, sliort- a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



PEDAGOGY 



397 



PALFKEY 




Psed'a-go-gy, n. See Pedagogy. 

Pae'o-ny, »• See Peony. 

Pa'gan.'n. [L. paganus, a villager, a rustic ; pagus, 
a district.] A worshipper of idols or false gods ; a 
heathen ; a gentile; an idolater. — 2, a. Heathen- 
ish ; gentile ; idolatrous. 

Fa'gan-ism, n. Religion of pagans; heathenism. 

Pa'gan-Ize, v. a. [pp, paganizing, paganized.] 
To render heathenish. 

Page, n. [Fr. page, L. pagina, a page, a slab; 
pangere, root pag-, to fasten.] One side of the 
leaf of a book ; contents of a page ; a writing : — 
[Fr. page; Sp. page; Port, pagem; It. paggio; 
probably from Late L. pagius, pagensis, a rustic, 
a serf] a boy ; a youth or servant attached to a 
high personage. — 2, v. a. [pp. P a S m ?> P a g e d.] 
To mark, as the pages of a book. 

Paf'eant, or Pa'geant [paj'ent, 8. W. J. F. K. 8m. 
C.;'pa'jeut, P. E. H. Wb.\ n. [0. E. pageant, 
pagiant, pagijn, a staging, a scaffold; Late L. 
pagina, a platform; L. pagina, a page (q. v.), a 
slab.] A pompous show; 'a spectacle; pomp. — 
2, a. Showy ; pompous. 

Pa.£'eant-ry, n. Ostentatious display ; show. 

Pa|-i-na'tion, n. Numbering of pages; paging. 

Paging, n. ' The marking of pages. 

Fa-g'o'da, n. [Port.; Per. bvt-kadah ; bnt, an idol, 
and Jca'dah, habitation.] An East-Indian temple 
containing an idol : — a Buddhist 
shrine: — an idol: — an Indian 
coin. [gust ; bah. 

Pah, inletj. An exclamation of dis- 

Paid, i.&pp. from pay. 

Pa.il (pal), n. [Irish padhdl, a pail ; 
Welsh padell, It. pattella, L. pa- 
tella, a pan ; patera, Gr. iraravr], a 
flat dish ; L. patere, to lie open, to 
spread.] A vessel for water, &c. 

Pail'ful, n. ; pi. Pail'ful§. As 

much as a pail will hold. Pagoda. 

Paillasse (pal-yas'), n. [Fr. ; paiUe, straw; It. 
pagliaccio, a paillasse; paglia, straw; L. palea, 
Skr. pidala, straw.] An' underbed ; a straw 
mattress. 

Pain, n. [Fr. peine, L. poena, Gr. ttocvt;, penalty 
(q. v.).] An uneasy sensation of body or mind; 
distress; suffering; agony; anguish: — penalty. 
— pi. The throes of childbirth : pangs. — •_', r. ,,. 
[pp. paining, pained.] To afflict with pain; to 
torment. 

Pain'ful, a. Full of pain ; afflictive; distressing. 

Pain'ful-ly, ad. In a painful manner ; grievously. 

Pain'ful-ness, n. Affliction ; sorrow ; grief. 

Pai'nim (pii'iiim), n. [0. Fr. paien, a pagan (q. v.) ; 
paienisme, paganism.] A pagan ; an infidel. 

Pain'less, a- Free from pain ; void of trouble. 

Pains, a. Labor; care; trouble. — Pains, though 
in the plural form, is, in these senses, commonly 
used as singular; as, much pains is taken. 

Pains'tak-ing, a. Laborious ; industrious ; care- 
ful. — 2, n. Great care or industry. 

Paint (pant), v. a. [Fr. peindre, part! peint ; L. 
pingere; Skr. pinj, to dye. — See Pigment.] [pp. 
painting, painted.] To lay color upon ; to color ; 
to depict; to represent; to describe. — 2, r. n. 
To lay colors on the face, &c. — 3, n. A coloring 
substance of pigment used by painters; color 
laid on the face. 

Paint'er, n. One who practises painting:— [Irish 
painteir, a snare; paint, a string; Fr. pantiere or 
nantine, a net, a thong; It. pantera, L. panther, 
Gr. navOripa, a hunting-net ; probably from ~av, 
all, every, and Oyp, beast] a rope to fasten a 
boat : — a panther. 

Paint'ing, n. The art or work of a painter; the 
art of representing objects by delineation and 
colors : — a, picture : — color laid on. 

Pair (par), n. [Fr. pair, equal, alike ; L. par, alike. 
— See Par.] Two things united by nature or 
suited to each other; two of a sort; a couple; 
a brace : — a husband aud wife. — 2, v. n. [pp- 



pairing, paired.] To be joined in pairs; to 
couple. — To pair off, to leave or separate in 
pairs. — 3, v. a. To join in couples ; to unite. 

Pa-jam'as, or Pal-jam'as, n. pi. [Hind.] A kind 
of drawers or trousers'. 

Pal, n. [Gypsy for "friend" or "brother."] An 
accomplice ; a partner in crime. 

Pal' ace, n. [Fr. palais, Ger. pfala, L. palatium, a 
palace, — originally, a public building on the 
Palatine hill at Rome; Pales, a goddess, pro- 
tectress of flocks. — Cf. Skr. pala, a guard; pa, 
to protect.] A royal or splendid house. 

Pal'a-din, n. [Ft. paladin, It. puladino, a knight. — 
See Palatine.] A champion : — a knight-errant. 

Pa'lae-o, ) [Gr. 7raAat6s, old.] An element in 

Pa'le-o', >some words of Greek origin, signifying 

Pa-lai'o. ) ancient. 

Fa-lse-o-zo'ic, ) a. [Gr. 7raA.aio5, old, and £<*>ov, 

Pa-le-o-zo'i'c, fan animal.] (Geol.) Aterm'ap- 
plied' to the stratified rocks comprised in the 
Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous systems : 
— written also palaiozoic. 

Pal-an-quin' (pal-an-ken'), n. [Fr. ; Port.' palan- 
guim; i'ali, palauln, pallangka; Siamese, balangho; 
Javanese, pulanki, palankan ; Hindi, paUei. — Cf. 
Per. & Hindu palimg, a bedstead ; Skr. paryanka, 
a bed ; pari, about, and anka, the flank.] A cov- 
ered carriage, for carrying persons, in the East. 

Pal'a-ta-ble, a. Pleasing to the taste. 

Pal'a-tal, n. A consonant pronounced chiefly by 
the palate. The palatals are d, g, j, k, I, n, and q. 
— 2, a. Relating to the palate. 

Pal'ate, n. [L. palatum.] Roof of the mouth; 
organ of taste. 

Pa-la' tial (pa-la'shal), a. Relating to a palace. 

Pa-lat'in-ate, n. A province under a palatine. 

Pal'a-tine, w. [Fr. palatin, L. palatinus, belonging 
to a palace [q. >■.).] One invested with regal 
lights:— an inhabitant of a palatiuate. — 2, a. 
Possessing royal privileges. 

Pa-la'ver, ». [Port, palavra, Sp. palabra, Prov. 
paraula, Fr. parole, a word ; Ht. parabola, a parable 
(q. v.), — later, a talk, a discourse.] Superfluous 
or idle talk: — a conference. — 2, v. n. & v. >>. 
[pp. palavering, palavered.] To flatter; to talk 
foolishly ; to confer. 

Pale, a. [Fr. pale; L. pallidus ; pallere, to be 
pale. — Cf. Skr. palita, gray.] Not ruddy ; wan ; 
whitish; pallid. — 2, n. [Fr. pal, pale, Ger. pfahl, 
L. palus, a stake.] A pointed stake or piece of 
wood : — a jurisdiction ; a district : — an enclosure. 
— 3, v. a. [pp. paling, paled.] To enclose or 
fence with pales. [Like chaff; chaffy. 

Pa-le-a'ceous (-shus), a. [L. palea, chaff, straw.] 

Pale'ness, n. State of being pale; wanness. 

Pa-le-og'ra-pher, n. One versed in paleography. 

Pa-le-o-graph'ic, o. Relating to paleography. 

Pa-le-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. 7raAatds, old, and ypa- 
4>eu; to write!] An ancient mode of writing; 
ancient writings collectively. 

Pa-le-onrtol'o-|-ist, n. One versed in paleontology. 

Pa-le-on-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. 7raAai, long since, d>v, 
bv-ioi, being, and kayos, a treatise.] The sci- 
ence that treats of fossil remains, animal and 
vegetable. 

Paletot (pal'e-to), w. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. palletoc ; 0. Dut. 
paltroc, pahlrock; Dut. palts, Ger. pfalz, a palace, 
and 0. Dut. roc, Ger. rock, a coat.] A long over- 
coat for women or men. 

Pal'ette (pal'et), n. [Fr. ; It. pala, dim. paletta, a 
spade ; L. pala, a shovel.] A 
painter's board or tablet; pallet. 

Pal'frey, or Pal'frey, n. [0. Fr. 
palefrei, Fr. palefroi, Late L. 
paravreelus, a post-horse ; Ger. 
pferd, Dut. paard, a horse. The 
Late L. is from Gr. 7rapa, beside 
(extra), and veredus, a post-horse, 
perhaps from L. vehere, to carry, 
or draw, and rheda, a carriage.] 
A saddle-horse for ladies' use. Palette. 




mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. — g. <?, 5, §, soft ; p, £, 9, §, hard ; ja*z; 5 as gz ; tnis. 

34 



PALI 



398 



PANDEAN 



Pa'li, n. [Probably meaning " the tradition," or 
"the series," with reference to the succession 
of teachers who preserved it.] The sacx-ed lan- 
guage of the Buddhists. 

Fal'imp-sest, n. [Gr. naki^no-Tov \ 7nxA.1v, again, 
and xj/aeiv, i/z^o-ros, to scrape.] Parchment from 
which one writing has been erased to make room 
for another. 

Pal'in-drome, n. [Gr. 7raAiVSpoju.o?, running back ; 
ira\iv, again, back, and Spap.elv, deSpofjia, to 
run.] A word, line, or sentence which is the 
same read backward or forward; as, madam, 
Hannah. 

Pal'ing, n. A fence made of pales : — a pale. 

Pal-in-£en'e-sis, \n. [Gr. iraktv, again, and 

Pal-in-|-en'e-sy, J -ye'vecri?, genesis (q. v.).] A 
new birth ;' a regeneration :— the destruction and 
reproduction of worlds and living beings : — the 
transition of an insect from one state to another, 
as from the larva to the chrysalis. 

Pal'in-ode, n. [Fr. palinodie; Gr. ira\iva>8La; 
Trd\iv, again, back, and <JSrj, an ode (q. v.)'] A 
song repeated ; a recantation. 

Pal-i-sade', «. [Fr. palissade ; palis, a paling. — 
See Pale.] A defence formed by pales or stakes 
driven into the ground. — 2, v. a. [pp. palisading, 
palisaded.] To enclose with palisades. 

Fal-i-sa'do, n. Palisade. See Palisade. 

Pal'ish, a. Somewhat pale. 

Pall, n. [A.-S. paell; L. palla, a mantle; pallium, 
a garment.] A cloak :— a covering for the dead. 
— 2, v. n. [Fr. palir, to grow pale (q. v.).] [pp. 
palling, palled.] To grow vapid ; to become in- 
sipid. — 3, v. a. To make insipid: — to impair : — 
to cover, as with a pall. 

Pal-la'di-um, n. L. pi. Pal-la'di-a; Eng. Pal- 
la' di-ums. [L. ; Gr. naXkdSLov, a statue of Pal- 
las; dim. of UaWds, IlaAAaSo?, Pallas-Athene.] 
A statue of Pallas : — a safeguard ; protection. — 
{Chem.) A whitish metal, hard, but ductile and 
malleable. [funeral. 

Pall'-bear-er. n. One who attends the coffin at a 

Pal'let, u. [Fr. paillet; paille, straw; L. palea, 
chaff, straw.] A small bed :— [see Palette] a 
painter's board or tablet ; palette : — a part of the 
escapement of a watch or a clock. 

Pal'li-ate, v. a. [L. pallium, a cloak ; palliatus, 
cloaked. — See Pall.] [pp. palliating, palliated.] 
To extenuate ; to soften. 

Pal-li-a'tion, n. An extenuation ; mitigation. 



Pal'li-a-tive, 



Tending to palliate; extenu- 



ating; mitigating; easing. — 2, n. That which 

palliates. [not bright. 

Pal'lid, «. [L. pallidus, pale (q. v.).] Pale; wan; 
Pal'lid-ness, n. Paleness ; pallor. 
Pal'li-um, n. [L.] An archbishop's mantle. 
Pall-mall' (pel-meT), n. [It. pallamaglio ; palla, 

a ball, and maglio, L. malleus, a hammer, a maul 

(q. v.).] A play with a ball and mallet. 
Pal'lor, n. [L. ; pallere, to be pale (q. v.).] Pale- 
ness; wan appearance. 
Palm (pam), w, [Fr. palme ; L. palma, 'the hand, 

a palm : because the leaves of some 

kinds spread out like the fingers of 

a hand.] A tree of many species : 

—victory ; triumph :— [Fr. paume ; 

It. palma; Gr. na\dfx.n ; A.-S. folm] 

the inner part of the hand : — 

hand-breadth ; a measure of three 

inches:— a sail-maker's thimble.— 

2, v. a. [pp. palming, palmed.] 

To conceal :— to impose. 
Pal-ma'ceous (-shus), a. (Bot.) Of 

or belonging to palm-trees. 
Pal'mar, a. Relating to the palm 

of the hand. 
Pal'ma-ry, a. [L. palmarius, belonging to palms ; 

palmarium, a masterpiece: palm crowns were 

rewards of excellence.] Preeminent; superior. 
Pal'mate, a. [L. pahnahis ; palmare, to mark with 

the palm (q. v.).] Shaped like a palm; palmated. 




Palm-tree. 



Pal'mat-ed, a. Having the feet webbed. 

Palm'er (pa'm'er), n. [Returned pilgrims once 
bore a palm-branch from the Holy Land.] A 
pilgrim ; a crusader. 

Palm'er- worm (pam'er-wurm), n. [i.e., traveller- 
worm.] A destructive caterpillar. [tree. 

Pal-met to, n. [Sp. palmito.] A species of palm- 

Pal'mi-ped, n. [L. palma, a palm, and pes, pedis, 
afoot.] A web-footed bird.— 2, a. Web-footed; 
fin-footed. [telling by the palm. 

Pal'mis-try, n. [L. palma, the palm.] Fortune- 

Pal'mit-ine, n. [Named from palm-oil.] A fatty 
principle from oils. 

Palm-oil', n. Oil from an African palm-tree. 

Palm'-Sun-day, n. Sunday next before Easter. 

Palm'y (pa'me), a. Bearing palms ; flourishing. 

Palp, n. [Neo-L. palpus, a feeler ; L. palpare, to 
feel.] The feeler of an insect ; antenna. 

Pal-pa-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being palpable. 

Pal'pa-ble, a. [L. palpabilis; palpare, to feel, — 
originally, to quiver.] That may be felt; plain. 

Pal'pa-bly, ad. Obviously; clearly. 

Pal-pa' tion, n. [L. palpatio.] The act of feeling; 
manipulation. [to the eyelids. 

Pal'pe-bral, a. [L. palpebra, an eyelid.] Relating 

Pal'pi-tate, v. a. [L. palpitare, palpitatum, to 
throb; frequentative of palpare, in the sense of 
to -quiver.] [pp. palpitating, palpitated.] To 
beat, as the heart ; to flutter. 

Pal-pi-ta'tion, n. The act of palpitating; a throb- 
bing, or quick beating, of the heart. 

Pals'grave, n. [Ger. pfalzgraf; pfalz, a palati- 
nate (q. v.), and graf, a count.] A count palatine. 

Pal'sy, w. [Fr. paralysie, paralysis (q. v.).] A pri- 
vation of motion ; a paralysis. — 2, v. a. [pp. pal- 
sying, palsied.] To strike with palsy; to para- 
lyze. 

Pal'ter, v. n. [Sw. paltor, Low Ger. palter, Scot. 
paltrie, rags, trash. — See Paltry.] [pp. palter- 
ing, paltered.] To shift ; to dodge ; to shuffle. 

Pal'tri-ness, n. The quality of being paltry. 

Pal' try, a. [Scot, paltrie, trash ; Sw. paltor, Dan. 
pialte'r, Low. Ger. palta, a rag; paltrig, ragged.] 
Sorry ; worthless ; despicable. 

Pa-lu'dal, a. [L. palus, paludis, a lake, a marsh.] 
Relating to marshes and fens. 

Pa.m'pa§, n. pi. [Spanish-American; Peruvian 
pamp'a, bamba, a plain.] Plains of the Argentine 
Republic. 

Pam'per, v. a. [Local Ger. pampen, pampeln, 
pamp'fen, to stuff; pampe, pap \q. v.).] [pp. pam- 
pering, pampered. J To glut ; to feed luxuriously. 

Pam'phlet, n. [Etymology doubtful.] A small 
stitched book. 

Pam-phlet-eer', n. A writer of pamphlets. 

Pan, n. [A.-S. panne, Sw. panna, Dan. pande, 
Dut. & Welsh pan, Ger. pfanne, L. patina, a 
basin.] A vessel broad and shallow ; a hollow : — 
hard earth lying under the loam or soil. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. panning, panned.] To become visible, as 
gold in a miner's pan : — to appear as a result ; 
to turn out; to develop: — with out. [Colloq.] 

Pan, Pant'o. [Gr. nds, nav, all.] Prefixes in 
words chiefly of Greek origin, signifying all or 
everything. 

Pan-a-ce'a, «. [L. ; Gr. navaKeia, all-healing; 
Tra?, ndv, all, and a«o?, a cure.] A medicine 
pretended to cure all diseases ; a catholicon :— a 
remedy for all ills. 

Pa-na'da, n. [Fr. panade; L. panis, bread.] 
Bread boiled in water. 

Pan'a-ry, a. [L. panis, bread.] Relating to bread. 
—2, n. ' A pantry. 

Pan'cake, n. A thin cake fried in a pan. 

Pan'cre-as, n. [L. ; Gr. ndyKpeas; ndv, all, and 
*cpe'a?j flesh.] The sweetbread. 

Pan-cre-at'ic, a. Relating to the pancreas. 

Pan-dse'an, a. Pertaining to Pan ; pandean. 

Pan'dar,'w. Same as Panpeb. 

Pan-dg'an, a. Relating to Pan.—" Pandean pipes," 
an instrument made of reeds tuned to each other. 



a, e, I, 6, ii, y, long; a, e, 1, o, u, y. 



a, e, \, 0, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



PAXDECT 



399 



PAPYKACEOUS 



Pan'dect, n. [Gr. nav8eKTr)<;, all-receiving; ndv, 
all, and Sexop-ai., I receive.] A treatise; a di- 
gest of law. 

Pan-de-mo'ni-um, «. [Gr. nav, all, and oaifxaiv, 
a demon.] " The great hall or council-chamber 
of the fallen angels or demons : — a noisy and dis- 
orderly assembly. 

Pan'der, ». [Gr. ITavSapo?, a personal name.] A 
pimp ; a procurer. — 2, v. n. [pp. pandering, 
pandered.] To be subservient to lust or passion. 

Pan-dore', ». [See Bandore.] A mvisical instru- 
ment of the lute kind. 

Pan-dour', or Pan'dour. n. [From Pcmdur, a 
Hungarian town.] A Hungarian foot-soldier. 

Pane, n. [Fr. pan, a patch, a panel ; L. pannus, a 
cloth, a piece.] A square or plate of glass. 

Pan-e-£-yr'ic, n. [Gr. navyyvpucos, solemn, fes- 
tive, panegyrical; 7ra?, ndv, all, and ayvpig, a 
variant of ayopd, an assembly.] A laudatory 
oration or speecli ; a eulogy ; an encomium. 

Pan-e-f yr'ic, 1 a. Containing praise ; eulo- 

Pa.n-e-i'yr'i-cal. J gistic ; encomiastic. 

Pa.n-e-|yr'ist, n. A eulogist ; an encomiast. 

Pan'e-f yr-ize, v. a. [pp. panegyrizing, panegyr- 
ized.] To commend highly. 

Pan'el, n. [Fr. panneau, 0. Fr. panel, a panel ; 
Late L. panettus, dim. of pannus, a cloth. — See 
Pane.] A square or piece inserted in a door or a 
wainscot :— a roll of the names of jurors. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. panelling, panelled.] To form into panels; 

Pan'el-ling. n. Panel-work. [to empanel. 

Pang, n. [Probably corrupted from 0. E. prange, 
a pang, a pain; a variant of Prokg.] Extreme 
pain; anguish; throe. 

Pan'ic, n. [Gr. naviKos, pertaining to the god 
Pan, who was supposed to cause sudden terrors.] 
A sudden fright : — [L. panicum ; probably from 
panis, bread] a kind of grass. — 2, a. Violent; 
sudden (applied to feart. 

Pan'i-cle, n. [L. pankula, a tuft; panic*, the 
thread on a bobbin.] (Bot.) A sort of inflores- 
cence, in which the flowers are scattered, as in 
oats and some grasses ; a compound raceme. . 

Pan'i-er, \ n. [See Pannier.] A hoop petticoat, 

Pan'ni-er, J or framework, worn by ladies. 

Pan'nel, n. A rustic saddle. See Panel. 

Pan'ni'er (pan'yer or pan'ne-er), n. [Fr. panier ; 
L. panarium, a bread-basket; panis, bread.] One 
of two baskets carried on a horse or ass. 

Pan'ni-kln, ». A little pan. 

Pan'o-ply, n. [Gr. navon\ia, full armor; nds, 
nav, all, and oTrAa, arms. — See Hoplite.] Com- 
plete armor for the body. 

Pan-o-ra'ma, n. [Gr. ttoli', all, and 6pa/xa, a view ; 
opaeiv, to see.] A large circular painting repre- 
senting objects which are seen from a single 
point : — a large spectacular painting. 

Pan-o-ram'ie, a. Relating to a panorama. 

Pan'sy, n. [Fr, pensee, a thought, also a violet ; 
penser, to think ; L. pensare, to ponder ; pemlere, 
to weigh.] A garden violet ; heart's-ease. 

Pant, v. >>. [Fr. pantekr, to gasp: pantois, breath- 
less. — Cf. L. pandere, to stretch, to open ; also 
Old and Local Eng. paid; to pant.] \jyp. pant- 
ing, panted.] To beat, as the heart :— to long :— 
to breathe hard. — 2, n. Palpitation ; a motion of 
the heart ; a quick breath. 

Pan'ta-graph, n. [Gr. n-a?, neuter pi. navrd, all, 
and ypd^etv, to write.] An instrument for copy- 
ing designs : — written also pantograph. 

Pan-ta-lets', n. pi. A woman's drawers. 

Pan-ta-166n', n. [Fr. pantalon, a clown, also an 
old nickname of a Venetian ; then (from the 
tight leggings of the clown, or of the Venetians), 
a pair of trousers : at first a personal name. The 
name Pantaleom was once very common in Ven- 
ice.] A clown ; a buffoon. 

Pan-ta-168ns/, n> pL Long, close trousers. 

Pan'the-i§m, it. [Gr. nav, all, and 0eo?, a god.] 
The doctrine which identifies the universe or 
nature with God. 



Pan'the-ist, n. A believer of pantheism. 
Pan-the-is'tjc, a. Relating to pantheism. 
Pan-the'on, n. [Gr. ndvOeiov; nag, nav, all, and 

9e6<;, a god.] A temple dedicated to all the gods. 

—Pan-the'on, as an English word ; as a classical 

one, Pan'the-on or Pan-the'on. 



[A.-S. pandher ; 
-Cf. Skr. 



L. panthera; Gr. 




Pan'ther, 
ndvdrjp. 

pundarika, a ti- 
ger.] A spotted 
wild feline beast; 
a pard : — a puma. 

Pan'tlle, n. [Pan 
and Tile. — But 
cf. Fr. panne, a 

tile.] A gutter- Panther, 

tile. 

Pan'to-graph, n. A pantagraph. 

Pan'to-mime, n. [Fr. pantomime ; L. pantomimes; 
Gr. jravTOjut/ao? ; ttcLs, navros, all, and fxlaos, an 
actor. — See Mimic] A representation in gesture 
and dumb show: — a mimic; a buffoon."— 2, «. 
Representing by gesture. 

Pan-to-mim'ic, \a. Representing by gesture 

Pan-to-mim'i-cal, j" or dumb show. 

Pan' try, b. [Fr. panetrie; Late L. panetaria, a 
bread-room; paneta, a baker; panis, bread.] An 
apartment for provisions. 

Pants.H.p?. Pantaloons; trousers. [Colloq.] 

Pap, n. [Fris. pap, pape ; 0. Sw. papp ; Lith. 
papas; L. papilla.] A nipple: — [Dut. & Dan. 
pap ; Ger. pappe ; Sp. papa ; It. pappa ; L. papa, 
pappa] food for infants ; pulp. 

Pa-pa', n. [Fr. papa; Gr. ndnna<; ; L. papa: 
found in many other languages.] A child's 
name for father. [popedom; papal authority. 

Pa'pa-cy, n. [Late L. papatia ; Fr. papavte.] The 

Pa'pal, «. [Late L. papalis; papa, a pop- 
Belonging to or proceeding from the pope. 

Pa-pav-e-ra'ceous (-shus), a. [L. papaver, the 
poppy.] Relating to the poppy. 

Pa-paw', n. [Said to be from a Malabar name.] 
A shrub or tree and its fruit. 

Pa'per, n. [Fr. papier; Ger. papier; L. papyrus 
(q. v.).] A substance to write on, &c.; a Dews- 
paper; an essay. — 2, a. Made of paper; slight 
or thin. — 3, o. a. [pp. papering, papered.] To 
cover with paper. 

Pa'per-hang'ing§, n. pi. Colored paper, for dra- 
pery, to cover the walls of rooms. 

Pa'per-mill, n. A mill for making paper. 

Pa'per-nau'ti-lus. ». The argonaut. 

Papeterie (pap-e-tre), • [Fr.] A box or case for 
stationery. 

Papier-mache (pap'ya-ma'sha), n. [Fr. papier- 
mache, — literally, chewed paper : m&cher, to mas- 
ticate (g. r.).] A substance made of paper re- 
duced to pulp. 

Pa-pil-io-na'ceous (pa-pil-yo-na'shus), a. [L. 
P'tpilio, papUionis, a butterfly.— See Pavilion.] 
Relating to the butterfly : — resembling the but- 
terfly. 

Pa-pil'la, «.; pi. Pa-pil'lae. [L.] (Anat.) A 
nipple : — the termination of a nerve. 

Pap'il-la-ry [pa-pi l'la-re, 8. P. E. K.]. a. [L. 
papilla, a nipple, a pimple ; papula, a pustule. — 
See Pap.] Having papilla? ; covered with papillae. 

Pa-pil'lous, or Pap'il-lous, a. Papillary. 

Pa'pist, it. [Late L. papa, a pope.] A Roman 
Catholic. 

Pa-pis'tic, or Pa-pis'ti-cal, a. Popish. 

Pa'pis-try, *• Popery; Romish doctrine. 

Pap-p66se\ n. [Algonkin.] An Indian child. 

Pap'pous, a. Relating to pappus; downy. 

Pap'pus, n. [L.] (Bot.) A downy substance. 

Pap'py, a. Soft; succulent; easily divided. 

Pap'ule, n. [L. papula, a pustule. — See Pap.] A 
pimple. 

Pap-u-lose', ) a. Covered with pimples or pus- 

Pap'u-lous, j rules. 

Pap-y-ra'ceous (-shus), a. Papery; like paper. 



mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, 5, £, soft; f}, £, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tfiis. 



PAPYRUS 



400 



PAPvASITE 




Pa-py'rus, n. ; pi. Pa-py'rl. [L. ; Gr. ndnvpos ; 
'Old Egyptian, p-apu.] A plant or bulrush, for- 
merly used for paper; paper made of the bul- 
rush ; a manuscript written on bulrush-paper. 

Par, n. [L. par, equal. — See Pair.] The state of 
equality; equal value; full, normal, or nominal 
value. 

Para-. [Gr. napd. — Cf. Skr. para, away, from.] 
A prefix, originally a Greek preposition, signi- 
fying beside, from, with, near, beyond, through, or 
contrary. 

Par'a-ble, n. [Gr. napafioX-q, a comparison ; napd, 
beside, and /3dAAeiv, to throw.] (Ehet.) A short 
tale or fable designed to illustrate and enforce 
moral or religious truth ; a similitude. 

Pa-rab'o-la, n. [Gr. napafioXri ; napd, beside, and 
"/SdAAeiV, to throw ; because it is made by a plane 
parallel to the surface of a cone.] One of the 
conic sections, formed by the intersection of the 
cone by a plane parallel to one of its sides. 

Par-a-bol'ic, \ a. Relating to a parable : — re- 

Par-a-bol'i-cal, j lating to a parabola. 

Pa-rab'o-loid, n. A curve resembling a parabola. 

Par-a-chute\ n. [Fr. ; parer, to guard, to parry 
(q. v.), a, against, and chute, a 
fall.] An instrument to pre- 
vent the too rapid descent from 
a balloon. 

Par'a-clete, n. [Gr. napdicXr)- 
tos", a helper, — literally, one 
called upon (for aid) ; irapd, 
beside, and KaAeiv, to call.] 
The Holy Spirit; the Com- Parachute# 
forter. 

Pa-rade', n. [Fr. ; parer, to adorn ; se parer, to 
'show one's self; L. parare, to prepare (q. v.).] 
Shoio ; ostentation: — military order: — a place 
where troops assemble. — 2, v. n. [pp. parading, 
paraded.] To assemble, as troops. — 3, v. a. To 
assemble ; to exhibit. 

Par'a-digm (-dim), n. [L. paradigma, Gr. napd- 
Seiy/xa, a model; napd, beside, and Seiicvvu.i, I 
point out.] An example; a model. 

Par-a-di-sa'ic, \ game as p AHADISIACAL . 

Par-a-di-sa l-cal, J 

Par'a-dise, n. [L. paradisus, Gr. 7rapd8eio-o?, a 
park ; Heb. pardes, a garden ; Arab. & Per. fir- 
daus, pi. farudis, Zend pairidaeza, an enclosure; 
pairi, around, and diz, to form.] A place of 
bliss; heaven. 

Par-a-di-si'a-cal, a. Suiting or like paradise. 

Par'a-dox, n. [Fr. paradoxe ; h.paradoxum; Gr. 
na'pdliogos, strange; napd, beside, against, and 
Sot-a, belief; Soxeiv, to seem.] An opinion or 
assertion apparently false or absurd, but nc ' 
really so ; an invention which accomplishes what 
seems impossible. 

Par-a-dox'i-cal, a. Partaking of paradox. 

Par-a-dox'i-cal-ly, ad. By way of paradox. 

Par'af-f in, «. [L. parnm, little, and affinis, akin; 
from its slight chemical affinities.] A waxy 
hydrocarbon. 

Par-a-go'£e, n. [Gr. for "a drawing out ;" napd, 
beside, and dyecv, to lead.] (lihet.) A figure 
whereby a letter or syllable is added at the e id 
of a word. 

Par-a-g5£-'ic, "I a. Relating to, or added by, a 

Par-a-go^'i-cal, j paragoge. 

Par'a-gon, n. [Fr. & Sp. ; Sp. para con, in com- 
parison with ; para (L. pro ad), toward, and con 
(L. cum), with.] A perfect model ; a pattern. 

Par'a-graph, n. [Gr. napdypafyos ; napd, beside, 
and ypd<j)et.v, to write.] A distinct part or subdi- 
vision of a discourse ; a brief written or printed 
passage : — the mark thus [f ]. 

Par-a-graph'ic, ) a. Relating to, or contain- 

Par-a-graph'i-cal, ) ing, paragraphs. 

Par-a-graph'i-cal-ly, ad. By paragraphs. 

Par'a-graph-ist, n. A writer of paragraphs. 

Pa-ra-guay'-tea (pa-ra-gwl'-te'), n. The leaves 
of a South-American tree, used like tea; mate. 



Par-al-lac'tic, a. Pertaining to a parallax. 

Par'al-lax, n. [Gr. napaXXai-ts, alternation ; na- 
paAAdcro-eii/, to interchange; napd, beside, and 
dAAdo-o-eiv, to change.] (Astron.) Change of 
place or of aspect :— the distance between the 
true and the apparent place of the sun, or of 
a star. 

Par'al-lel, a. [Gr. napdXXnXos ; napd, beside, and 
aXXr/Xuv, of each other; dAAo?, other.] Extended 
in the same direction and preserving always the 
same distance ; having the same direction ; 
equal ; like. — 2, n. A line equidistant through- 
out from another line; a parallel line :— a line 
marking the latitude :— that which is parallel ; 
resemblance ; likeness.— pi. The mark thus [||], 
referring to a note.— 3, v. a. [pp. paralleling, 
paralleled.] To make parallel ; to compare. 

Par'al-lel-ism, n. The state of being parallel : — 
correspondence ; resemblance. 

Par-al-lel'o-gram, n. [Gr. napak\r)\6ypai*nov ; 
n-apdAATjA'os, parallel, and ypdfxfj.a, a drawing; 
ypd^etv, to write.] (Geom.) A quadrilateral fig- 
ure whose opposite sides are parallel and equal. 

Par-al-lel-o-pi'ped, \ n. [Gr. 7rapdAAr)Aos, par- 

Par-al-lel-o-pip'e-don, J allel, and enineSov, a 
plane; eni, upon, and neSov, the ground.] 
(Geom.) A solid having six quadrilateral faces, 
of which the opposite ones are parallel and 
equal. 

Pa-ral'o-f-ism [Gr. 7ra.paAoyio-p.ds], or Pa-ral'o- 
f-y, n. [Gr. napaXoyla ; napd, beside, and Xeyeiv, 
to speak.] A false argument. 

Pa-ral'y-sis,*w. [L. ; Gr. 7rapdAvo-is ; 7rapd. beside, 
and Xvetv, to loose, to relax.] Loss of motion 
and feeling in the body or in a part of it ; a palsy. 

Par-a-lyt'ic, n. One struck by paralysis. 

Par-a-lyt'ic, a. [Gr. 7rapaAim/cos.] Affected with 
paralysis; palsied. 

Par'a-lyze, v. a. [Fr. paralyser. — See Paralysis.] 
[pp. paralyzing, paralyzed.] To affect as with 
paralysis. 

Par'a-mbunt, a. [Anglo-Fr. paramont, 0. Fr. par 
amont, at the top; par, by, and amont, upward. 
— See Amount.] Above all others; superior. — 
2, n. One highest in rank. 

Par'a-mour (par'a-mor), n. [Fr. par amour, by 
lov'e. — See Amotjf.] A lover or wooer, in a bad 
sense : — a mistress. 

Par'a-nymph, n. [Gr. 7rapdvvp.(|>os ; napd, beside, 
and vvn4>r], a bride.] A brideman ; a supporter. 

Par'a-pet, n. [Fr. ; It. parapelto ; parare, to de- 
fend, to parry (q. v.), and petto, L. pectus, the 
breast.] (Fort.) A breastwork or wall. 

Par'aph, n. [Fr. parafe ; a shortened form of 
paragraphe, a paragraph.] A figure formed by 
the flourish of the pen at the end of a signature. 

Par-a-pher-na'li-a, «• pi. [Gr. napdtyepva, a 
bride's property apart from her dowry; 7rapd, 
besides, and 4>epvrj, a dowry ; </>epeiv, to bring.] 
The apparel and ornaments of a wife : — equipage. 

Par'a-phrase, n. [Gr. napd<j>pao-L<; ; napd, beside, 
and (£>pd£eiv, to speak. — See Phrase.] A free or 
amplified translation ; an explanation in many 
words. — 2, v. a. [pp. paraphrasing, paraphrased.] 
To translate or interpret loosely; to explain in 
many words. [paraphrases. 

Par'a-phrast, n. [Gr. napa<f>pdo-rr)<;.] One who 

Par-a-phras'tic, 1 a. Relating to paraphrase; 

Par-a-phras'ti-cal, j diffuse ; free. 

Par-a-phras'ti-cal-ly, ad. By paraphrase. 

Par-a-ple'i'i-a, \ «. [Gr. napanXeyia ; napd, be- 

Par'a-plef-y,' | side, and nXyyrj, a stroke. J (Med.) 
Paralysis of the lower half of the body. 

Par'a-sang, n. [Gr. napao-dyyr\%; Per. farsanq.] 
A Persian measure of length. 

Par-a-se-le'ne, n. [Gr. 7rapd, beside, and aeXiqvr), 
the moon.]' (Astron.) A meteor in a watery 
cloud; a mock moon. 

Par'a-site, n. [Gr. 77-apdo-iTos ; napd, beside, and 
o-itos, grain, food.] One who flatters the rich ; 
a servile flatterer ; a sycophant : — an animal or 



a, e, 1, o, u, y, long; a, e, 1, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fire, far, fast, fall; heir, her j 



PARASITIC 



401 



PARQUETRY 



plant that grows on, or lives upon, another ani- 
mal or plant. 

Par-a-sit'ic, \ a. Flattering :— growing on an- 

Par-a-sit'j-cal, J other tree, as plants. 

Par-a-sit'i-cal-lx, ad. As a parasite. 

Par'a-sit-ism, ». The behavior of a parasite. 

Par'a-sol, or Par'a-sol [par'a-sol, W. Ja. 0. ; par'- 
a-sol, S. J. E. F.'; par-a-sol', Sm.], n. [Fr., Sp., 
& Port. ; Port. & Sp. parar, to stop, to parry 
(<7- v.), and sol, the sun.] A small umbrella to 
shelter from the sun. 

Par'boll, v. a. [0. Fr. parbouUlir, L. perbullire, to 
boil thoroughly; per, intensive, and hidlire, to 
boil (7. ».).] [pp. parboiling, parboiled.] To 
half boil; to boil in part. 

Par'cel, m. [Fr. parcelle ; Port, parcela ; Late L. 
& It. particella ; L. particula, dim. of pars, partis, 
a part (q. v.).] A small bundle or quantity. — 
2, v. a. [pp. parcelling, parcelled.] To divide 
into portions. 

Par'ce-na-ry, v. Joint inheritance. 

Par'ce-ner, n. [See Partner.] A joint owner. 

Parch, v. a. [0. E. perchen, Local Fr. percher, to 
pierce (g. v.): once used of the sun and wind.] 
[pp. parching, parched.] To burn slightly ; to 
scorch ; to dry up ; to roast in ashes, as corn. 

Parch'ment, n. [Fr. parchemin; L. pergamena; 
Gr. nepyafxrivri : named from the city of Perga- 
mum, in Mysia,] Skins dressed for writing 011. 

Pard, n. [L.pardus; Gr. ndpSos ; Per. pars, parsh ; 
Skr. pridaku, a leopard.] The leopard or panther. 

Par'don (par'dn), v. a. [Fr. pardon (n.), pardonner 
(v.); Late L. perdonare; per, completely, and 
donare, to give; donum, a gift.] [pp. pardoning, 
pardoned.] To forgive ; to remit. — 2, u. F01-- 
giveness; remission. 

Par'don-a-ble (par'du-a-bl), a. That may be par- 
doned ; 'venial ; excusable. 

Par'don-a-ble-ness, n. Venialness. 

Par'don-a-bly (par'dn-a-ble), ad. Venially. 

Par'don-er (par'dn-er)j n. One who pardons :— 
one who sells indulgences. 

Pare, v. a. [Fr. purer, to trim ; L. parare, to pre-' 
pare (q. i\).j [pp. paring, pared.] To cut off 
the surface ; to peel. 

Par-e-gor'ic, n. [Gr. napr)yopiit6<;, encouraging, 
soothing; napd, beside, and dyopeveiv, to speak 
(in public) ; dyopd, an assembly.] (Med.) An as- 
suaging medicinal preparation; anodyne. — 2, «. 
Mollifying ; assuaging. 

Pa-ren'chy.-ma, n. [Gr. napeyvvfia ; napd, beside, 
and x«if, or'xev'eii/, to pour.] Cellular tissue of 
a plant : — the soft substance of a viscus. 

Par-en-phym'a-tous, «. Pithy; spongy; porous: 
— relating to parenchyma. 

Pa-ren'e-sis, n. [Gr. napaiv eo-i? ; napd, beside,' 
and a'weeiv, to tell, to recommend.] Exhorta- 
tion ; persuasion. 

Par-e-net'ic, a. [Gr. napaiveriKo-;.] Hortatory. 

Par'ent, n. [Fr. parent, a relative; h. parens, pa- 
rentis, a parent; purere, to produce.] A father 
or mother. 

Par'ent-age, or Par'ent-a£e, n. Extraction ; 
birth; descent. 

Pa-rent' al, <*. Eelating to parents; tender. 

Pa-ren'the-sis, n. ; pi. Pa-ren'the-se§. [Gr. wa' a 
pev9eai(;, an insertion, a putting in beside ; napd, 
beside, ev, in, and ^eo-cs, a placing. — See THESIS.] 
A clause included in a sentence : — the mark, 
thus ( ), including the words inserted. 

Par-en- thet'ic, 1 a. Pertaining to or using pa- 

Par-en-thet'i-cal, j renthesis. 

Par-en-thet'i-cal-ly, ad. By parenthesis. 

Par'er, n. A tool to cut the surface. 

Par'e-sis, n. [Gr. for '* a relaxation;" napd, 
apart, away, and ievai, to let go.] A kind of 
paralysis. 

Par'|-et, n. [Late L. spargitare, L. spargere, to 
sprinkle, to dash.] Plaster; gypsum :— paint. — j 
2, v. a. [pp. pargeting, pargeted.] To plaster, 
as a flue. 



Par-he'li-on, or Par-hel'ion, n. ; pi. Par-he'li-a. 
[L. ; Gr. napr\ki.ov ; napd, beside, and rjAios, the 
sun.] A mock sun ; a meteor. 

Pa'ri-ah, n. [Tamil, from pareiar, a drum : pa- 
riahs are of the drummer caste.] One ot the 
wretched class of very low caste people in the 
south of India : — an outcast. 

Pa'ri-an, a. Relating to the isle of Paros. 

Pa-ri'e-tal, a. [L. parietalis; paries, parietis, a 
wall.' — Cf. Gr. wept, around, and el/xi, L. ire, to 
go.] Constituting the sides or wall : — resident 
within the walls. 

Par'ing, n. That which is pared off; the rind. 

Par'ish, n. [Fr. paroisse ; L. parcecia; Gr. na- 
pot/a'a; ndpoiKos, neighboring; napd, near, and 
oIaco?, a house.] An ecclesiastical district. — 2, a. 
Belonging to a parish ; parochial. 

Pa-risb/ion-er, n. One belonging to a parish. 

Par'i-tor, «. ' [For apparitor (</. 0.).] A headle; a 
summoner. 

Par'i-ty, n. [Fr. parite ; L. paritas. — See Par.] 
Equality; likeness; equivalence. 

Park, n. [A.-S. pearroc; Celt, pairc, park; Dut. 
perk; Sw. & Dan. park; Ger. pfereh; Fr. pare; 
Sp.parque; It. parco.] An enclosure for beasts 
of chase.— 2, v. a. [pp. parking, parked.] To 
enclose as in a park. 

Park'er, n. A keeper of a park. 

Par'la'nce, n. [0. Fr. ; fromparler, to talk.] Con- 
versation ; discourse. 

Par'ley, v. 11. [Fr. purler, to talk; Late L. para- 
bohi, a parable (</. v.), — later, a talk.] [pp. par- 
leying, parleyed.] To treat verbally ; to talk. — 
2, )(. Oral treaty; talk; conference. 

Par'lia-ment (par'le-nient), n. [Fr. parlement, a 
court, a parliament, — properly, a speaking. — 
See Parley.] The British legislative assembly 
of lords and commons. 

Par-lia-men-ta'ri-an, n. One who sided with the 
Parliament against Charles I.: — one skilled in 
parliamentary affairs. 

Par-lia-men'ta-ry., a. Relating to Parliament : — 
according to the rules of public assemblies. 

Par'lor, n. [Fr. parioir, properly, a conversation- 
room ; parler, to talk.] A furnished room ; a 
sitting-room. 

Par-me-san', o. Relating to Parma : — applied par- 
ticularly to cheese made at Parma. 

Pa-ro'phi-al, a. [Late L. parochialis ; paa-ochia or 
parcecia, a parish (</. v.).] Belonging to a parish. 

Par'o-dy, n. [Gr. napioSia; napd, beside, and 
<J6t7, an ode (q. v.).) A caricature of another's 
words or performance ; a travesty. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
parodying, parodied.] To copy by way of parody. 

Par'o-ket, n. Same as Paroqi f.t. 

Par'ol, a. Oral; by word of mouth. 

Pa-role', n. [Fr. parole, a word ; Sp. palabra, Late 
L. parabola, a talk, a parable (q. v.).] Word of 
honor :— a watchword. 

Par-o-no-ma'si-a (par-o-no-ma'zhe-a), n. [Gr. 
napovop.ao-La ; napd, beside, and bvop.a, a name.] 
(Iihet.) A play upon words; a pun. 

Pa-ron'y-mous, a. [Gr. napwwp.o<; ; napd, beside, 
and bvoixa, a name.] Alike in sound but differ- 
ent in meaning : — of the same origin ; conjugate. 

Par'o-quet (par'o-ket), n. [Sp. perichito, dim. of 
pei-'ieo, a parrot' (q. v.).] A small parrot. 

Pa-rot'id, a. Relating to the parotis.— 2, n. The 
parotis. 

Pa-ro'tis, n. [Gr. Trapcortg, napioriSos ; napd, near, 
and ovs, wtos, the ear.] The salivary gland 
under the ear. 

Par'ox-ysm, n. [Gr. napo£vo-p.6$ ; napd, beside, 
and bf-vvetv, to sharpen; c^us, sharp.] An ex- 
acerbation of a disease; a fit. 
Par-ox-ys/mal, a. Of or pertaining to a paroxysm ; 

convulsive. 

Par-quet' (par-ka'), n. [Fr. parquet, an enclosed 

place, an inlaid floor; dim. of pare, an enclosure.] 

Part of a theatre. [Inlaid wood-work. 

Par'quet-rx, n. [Fr. parqueterie. — See Parquet.] 



miei 



sir; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, 5, £, soft; p, p, c, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
aa 34* 



PAKE 



402 



PASHA 




Parr, n. [Said to be of Celtic origin.] A young 
salmon. 

Par-ri-ci'dal, a. Relating to parricide. 

Par'ri-clde, n. [L. parricida (person), parricidium 
(the crime) ; pater, a father, and csedere, to slay.] 
The murder or the murderer of a parent. 

Par' rot, n. [Fr. perroquet; Sp. perichito, a dim. 
of perico, a parrot,— properly, a 
dim. of Pedro, Peter. — Cf. It. par- 
rocchetto ; Port, periquito.] A well- 
known party-colored bird. 

Par'ry, v. a. [Fr. purer, to adorn, 
to prepare (q. v.), — also, to guard 
against, to ward off'; 0. Fr. pare, 
Fr. parade, It. parata, a parry ; L. 
parare, to prepare, to deck.] [pp. 
parrying, parried.] To turn aside ; 
to ward oft'. — 2, v. n. To ward off 
thrusts ; to fence. — 3, n. A move- 
ment by which a cut, thrust, or Parrot. 
lunge is warded off. 

Parse, v. a. [L. pars, a part (of speech).] [pp. 
parsing, parsed.] To resolve by the rules of 
grammar, or to explain the grammatical forms 
and relations of words. 

Par'see, n. [Per. parsi, a Persian; Pars, Fars, 
Persia.] A fire-worshipper. 

Par-si-mo'ni-ous, a. Very sparing in expendi- 
ture; covetous; penurious; avaricious. 

Par-si-mo'ni-ous-ly, ad. With parsimony. 

Par-si-mo'ni-ous-ness, n. Parsimony. 

Par'si-mo-ny, n. [L. parcimonia ; parcere, to spare ; 
parous, "sparing. — See Spare.] Covetousness ; 
penuriousness. 

Pars'ley (pars'le), n. [Fr. persil ; Ger. pelersilie ; 
Sp.perejil; L. petraselinurn, later petrosillum ; Gr. 
nerpoo-e\t.i>ov ; 7reVpos, a rock, and o-e\ivov, pars- 
ley.— See Celery.] A garden plant or herb. 

Pars'nep, n. Same as Paksnip. 

Pars'nip, n. [L. pastinaca ; Fr. panais; 0. Fr. 
paste nade, pastenaque, pastenaille. — Cf. L. pasti- 
nare, to dig; pastinum, a dibble, or fork.] A 
garden vegetable or root. 

Par'son (par'sn)j n. [L. persona, a mask, a per- 
son, — later, a man, a priest, a dignity. — See 
Person.] A priest; a, clergyman. 

Par'son-a|e, n. A parson's" house, &c. 

Part, n. ' [L. pars, partis; Fr. part.] Something 
less than the whole; a portion; a division; 
share ; piece : — a member : — concern : — side.— pi. 
Faculties : — regions. — 2, v. a. [L. part ire, parti- 
tuni.] [pp. parting, parted.] To divide; to 
share ; to separate. — 3, v. n. To be separated ; 
to quit each other. 

Par-take', v. n. & v. a. [Part and Take.] [i. par- 
took ; pp. partaking, partaken.] To take part 
of; to participate. 

Par-tak'en (par-ta/kn), p. from partake. 

Par-tak'er, j*. One who partakes; a sharer. 

Par- terre' (par-tar'), n. [Fr. ; from par terre, L. 
per terram, along the ground.] A system of beds 
for flowers. 

Par'tial (par'shal), a. [Fr. partial; Late L. par- 
tialis; L. pars, partis, a part.] Inclined or biassed 
to one party ; not impartial : — not total. 

Par-ti-al'i-ty (pa'r-she-al'e-te), n. State or quality 
of being partial; an undue bias. 

Par'tial-ly, ad. With partiality :— in part. 

Part'i-'ble, 'a. That may be parted ; divisible. 

Par-tic'i-pant, a. Sharing ; having a share. — 
2, n. A partaker ; a sharer. 

Par-tic'i-pate, v. n. & v. a. [L. participare, par- 
iieipatum; particeps, sharing in; para, a part, 
and capere, to take.] [pp. participating, par- 
ticipated.] To have a share in common with 
others ; to partake. 

Par-tic-i-pa'tion, n. The act of sharing ; division. 

Par-tic'i-pa-tor, n. One who participates. 

Par-ti-cip'i-al, a. [Fr. ; L. parlicipialis.] Of the 
nature of a participle. 

Par-ti-cip'i-al-ly, ad. In manner of a participle. 




Par'ti-cip-le (-sip-pi), n. [Fr. participe, L. parti- 
cipium, a sharing, a participle. — See Partici- 
pate.] One of the parts of speech. 

Par'ti-cle, n. [Fr. particule ; L. purticnla, dim. of 
pars, a part (q. v.).] A minute part; an atom; a 
mote; a jot: — an indeclinable word. 

Par'ti-col'ored (-kul'urd), a. Of various hues; 
variegated. 

Par-tic'u-lar, a. [L. particidaris ; Fr. particulier. — 
See Particle.] Not belonging to the whole, but 
to one person ; not general : — nice ; exact ; mi- 
nute : — peculiar : — singular ; odd. — 2, n. A sin- 
gle instance or point. 

Par-tic-u-lar'i-ty, n. [Fr. particularite.] Quality 
of being particular; exactness; something par- 
ticular. 

Par-tic'u-lar-ize, v. a. [Fr. partimlariser.] [pp. 
particularizing, particularized.] To mention 
distinctly. — 2, v. n. To give minute details. 

Par-tic'u-lar-ly, ad. In a particular manner. 

Part' nig, n. A division ; separation. 

Par'ti-§an, n. [Fr. partisan; It. parligiano ; par- 
teggiare, to share ; L. partire, par- 
titas, to part (17. v.).] An adherent 
to a party ; a party-man : — the 
commander of a force which car- 
ries on desultory warfare : — [Fr. 
pertnisane; It. partegiana; S\v. 
bardisan : probably allied with Old 
Ger. barle, a battle-axe, and modi- 
fied by Late L. partisare, to divide] 
a kind of battle-axe. 

Par-ti"tion (par-tish'un), n. [L. 

partitio, division ; partire, partituni, Partisan. 
to part ((/. «.).] The act of divid- 
ing; separation; a division; a part. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. partitioning, partitioned.] To divide into 
parts. [ — 2, n. A distributive word. 

Par'ti-tive, a. Expressing division or separation. 

Part'ly, ad. In some measure ; in part. 

Part'ner, n. [0. Fr. parsonnier ; Law Eng. par- 
cener) Late L. partitionarius. — See Partition.] 
An associate in business ; a partaker ; a sharer ; 
a colleague.— (Naut.) A piece of plank nailed 
round the scuttle. 

Part'ner-ship, n. A joint interest :— a union of 
two or more in business : — association. 

Par-took' (par-tuk'), i. from partake. 

Par'trid£e, n. [Fr. perdrix ; L. perdue; Gr. nipSi^ : 
from' its note.] A well-known bird of game. 

Par-tii'ri-ent, a. [L. parlurire, partvrieidis, to be 
about to bring forth ; parere, parturus, to pro- 
duce.] Bringing forth. 

Par-tu-ri"tion (par-tu-rish'un), n. [L. parturitio. 
— See Parturient.] The act of bringing forth 
young or offspring; childbirth. 

PaVty, n. [Fr. parti, a party, a part, a match, a 
side; Sp. partkla, a party; L. partire, partilum, 
to part (q. v.).] A number of persons united 
under some leader or leaders in politics, religion, 
or other matter of interest, in support of their 
opinions; a faction; cause; side: — a select as- 
sembly :— a detachment :— one of two litigants. 

Par'ty-col'ored, a. Having different colors. 

Par'ty-wali, n. A wall separating two houses. 

Par've-nu', n. [Fr. ; literally, one arrived*.] One 
who'has recently come into notice; an upstart. 

Par'vis, «• [Fr. parvis; Late L. varadisus, or para- 
visus, paradise, — also, a church porch, an altar. 
— Cf. Local It. paraviso, for paradiso, paradise 
(q. v.).] A church porch. 

Pas(pa), H. [Fr.— See Pace.] A step :— precedence. 

Pas'phal (pas'kal), a. [L. pascha, Gr. Trdax a > 
Heb. ' pemkh, passover, Easter.] Eelating to 
Easter or to the passover. 

Pash, v. a. & v. n. [Imitative, like Plash.— Cf. 
Norse baska, Dan. baske. to dash, to strike.] 
[pp. pashing, pashed.] To dash ; to splash. 

Pa-sha', n. [Per. basha, badishah; pad, protecting, 
and ahali, king or ruler.] A Turkish governor : 
— an Oriental prince or lord. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 1, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fist, fall; heir, her; 



PASQUIL 



403 



PATER-NOSTER 



Pas'quil, n. [Fr. pasquille ; It. pasquillo.] A pas- 
quinade. 

Pas'quin, n. & v. Pasquinade (q. v.). 

Pas-quin-ade', n. [Fr. ; It. pasquinata ; from one 
Pasquino, a cobbler at Rome, sixteenth century, 
noted for his sarcasms.] A lampoon ; personal 
satire. — 2, v. a. [pp- pasquinading, pasquin- 
aded.] To lampoon ; to vilify ; to satirize. 

Pass, v. n. [Fr. passer, Late L. passare, to pass: 
pussus, a pace (q. ».)•] [pp- passing, passed.] To 
go ; to proceed : — to vanish : — to occur : — to be 
current :— to be enacted. — 2, v. a. To go beyond ; 
to surpass : — to spend ; to transfer : — to omit : — to 
enact : — to utter ; to deliver : — to palm off : — to 
thrust. — 3, n. A narrow entrance or passage : — 
license to go; a permit : — push : — state. 

Pass'a-ble, a. That may be passed; tolerable. 

Pass'a-bly, ad. Tolerably ; moderately. 

Pas' safe, n. [Fr. passage; Late L. passaticum, 
the right of passing.] the act of passing ; jour- 
ney : — roadway : — occurrence : — part of a book : 
— transit. [debts, &c. 

Pass'-book (-buk), n. A book for entering credits, 

Passe (pas-sa), fern. Passee (pas-sa'), a. [Fr.] 
Failed ; out of use. 

Passed (past), i. & p. from pass. 

Pas'sen-ger, n. [Fr. passager : the n is excres- 
cent.] A traveller; a wayfarer. 

Passe-partout (pas-par-tO'), n. [Fr. ; literally, 
pass everywhere.] A master-key: — a card- 
board frame. 

Pass'er-by, n. One who is passing by. 

Pas'se-rlne, a. [L. passerinus ; passer, a sparrow.] 
Pertaining to or resembling sparrows. 

Pas-si-bil'f-ty. n. [L. passibilitas.] Quality of 
being passible. 

Pas'si-ble, a. [L. passibilis; pati, passus, to suffer.] 
That may feel or suffer. 

Pas'sim, ad. [L.] Every where ; here and there. 

Pass'ing, -p. a. Surpassing. — 2, ad. Very. 

Pass'ing-bell. n. The death-bell for a person. 

Pas'sion (pash'un), n. [L. passio, suffering, feel- 
ing; pati, passus, to suffer. — Cf. Gr. naOelv, to 
suffer.] Anger: — zeal; ardor; emotion: — love: 
— the last suffering of Christ. 

Pas'sion-al (pash'un-al), a. Addressed to, or ex- 
citing or ministering to, the passions. 

Pas'sion-ate (pash'un-at), a. Moved by passion; 
irascible; hasty; choleric; angry. 

Pas'sion-ate-ly, ad. With passion. 

Pas'sion-ate-ness, n. Vehemence of mind. 

Pas'sion-flbw-er. n. [The various parts of this 
flower are fancied to resemble the instruments 
of Christ's passion.] A plant and flower of vari- 
ous kinds. 

Pas'sion-less, a. Cool; calm: — painless. 

Pas'sion-play, n. A dramatic representation of 
Christ's passion. 

Pas'sion-week (pish'un-wek), n. The week im- 
mediately preceding Easter. 

Pas'sive, a. [L. passivus ; Yr.passif; It. pati, pas- 
sus, to suffer.] Not active; unresisting; suffer- 
ing. — A passive verb expresses a passion, or the 
receiving of an action; as, to be fed. 

Pas'sive-ly, ad. In a passive manner. 

Pas'sive-ness, n. State of being passive. 

Pass'o-ver, n. [Pass and Over.] A festival of 
the Jews, in commemoration of the time when 
God smote the first-born of the Egyptians, but 
passed over the Hebrews. 

Pass'port, n. [Fr. passe-port; passer, to pass, and 
parte, a gate.] A warrant of protection to a trav- 
eller; permission of passage. 

Pass'word, ». [Pass and Word.] A watchword. 

Past, a. from pass. Not present; gone by. — 2, n. 
The time gone by; past time. — % prep. After; 
beyond :— by. — 4, ad. By. 

Paste, n. [Fr. pate, It. & Late L. pasta, paste ; 
Gr. iraa-rri, a mess, — literally, bestrewn or salted ; 
ndo-a-eiv, to strew, to salt.] A tenacious mix- 
ture ; cement: — a material of which spurious 



gems are made.— 2, v. a. [pp. pasting, pasted.] 
To fasten with paste. 

Paste'board, n. A thick, stiff paper. 

Pas'tel, n. [Fr. pastel, a crayon; It. pastello ; L. 
pastillus, a little roll ; pastas, food, pasture (q. v.); 
pascere, pastum, to feed.] A plant ; woad : — a 
colored crayon. 

Pas' tern, n. [0. Fr. pasturon ; Fr. pdturon; 0. Fr. 
pasture, a pasturing-rope, a tether : horses were 
tethered by a rope attached to the pastern. — See 
Pasture.] The lowest part of a horse's leg. 

Pas'til, n. [L. pastillus, a little roll. — See Pastel.] 
A roll of paste for crayons, or for fumigation : — 
a lozenge. [ment; diversion. 

Pas' time, n. [Pass and Time.] Sport; amuse- 

Pas'tor, n. [L. for "a shepherd," — literally, a 
feeder; pascere, pastum, to feed.] A shepherd: 
— a clergyman. 

Pas'to-ral, a. [L. pastoralis.] Kelating to a pas- 
tor 'or 'to a shepherd : — rural. — 2, ». A rural 
poem ; a bucolic. 

Pas' tor-ate, n. The office of a pastor. 

Pas' tor-ship, n. The office or rank of a pastor. 

Pas'trx, n. [See Paste.] Food made with paste ; 
pies, &c. 

Pas'try-cook (pas'tre-kuk), n. One who makes 
and sells pastry, or things baked in paste. 

Past'ur-a-ble, a. Fit for pasture. 

Past'ur-age, n. [Fr. pdturage ; 0. Fr. pasturage.] 
Feed for cattle ; pasture. 

Past' lire (past'yur), n. [0. Fr. pasture; Fr. pas- 
ture; L. pastura ; pascere, pastum, to feed ; pastus, 
feed.] Land, or grass, on which cattle feed. — 
2, v. a. & *;. h. [pp. pasturing, pastured.] To 
feed on grass. 

Pas' ty. or Pas'ty, n. [0. Fr. paste"; Fr. pdtc.^- 
See Patty and Paste.] Venison, &c, in pulp, 
enclosed in paste, and baked without a dish. 

Pas'ty, a. Resembling paste ; doughy. 

Pat, "• [Ger. pass, Hut. pas, fit: Ger. passen, to 
fit.] Fit; convenient. — 2, ad. Fitly; exactly. 
— 3, v. a. [Local Ger. patr.cn; Ger. paischen; 
Local Sw. pjiitta: imitative.— Cf. Fr. patte, Sp. 
puta, a paw.] [pp. patting, patted.] To strike 
lightly. — 4, n. A light blow : — [Irish padt, a 
lump; paileog, a lump of butter] a little lump, 
as of butter. 

Patch, n. [Port, pednco, Sp. pedazo, a piece; L. 
pittacium, a patch; Gr. nirrdKiov, a plaster, dim. 
of TrcTTa, pitch.] A piece; a small spot; a par- 
cel. — 2, v. a. [pp. patching, patched.] To put 
patches on ; to mend. 

Patch-ou'li, n. [Ea*t Indian.] A plant of India 
and its strong perfume. 

Patch' work (-wiirlO, n. Work composed of pieces; 
something formed of different parts. 

Pate, n. [Origin obscure ; perhaps related to paten 
in the sense of & pan.] The head : — now used in 
ridicule. 

Pa-tel'la, n. [L. ; a dim. of patcna, a pan (q. v.).] 
L. pi. Pa-tel'lse; Eng. Pa-tel'las. (Anat.) The 
knee-pan. — (Conch.) A univalve shell-fish. 

Pat'en, n. [L. patina, patena, Gr. naroivq, a flat 
dish. — Cf. L. patere, to spread, to be open.] See 
Patin and Patten. 

Pat'ent, or Pa'tent, a. [L. patere, patentis, to 
lie' open.] Apparent; spreading; manifest: — 
open to the perusal of all : — protected by letters- 
patent. — 2, n. A writ or privilege, granted by 
public authority, conveying an exclusive right 
to use or dispose of some new invention ; letters- 
patent. — 3, v. a. [pp. patenting, patented.] To 
secure by letters-patent. 

Pat'ent-a-ble, a. Capable of being patented. 

Pat-en-tle', n. One who has a patent. 

Pa-ter'nal, a. [L. palernus; Late L. paternalis ; 
L. pater, a father (q. v.).] Fatherly; kind: — 
hereditary. 

Pa-ter'ni-ty, n. [Fr. patertiite ; L. pafemilas.] 
the relation of a father. [Lord's prayer. 

Pa'ter-nos'ter, n. [L. for "our Father."] The 



mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, 9, c, g, soft; f}, 0, p, g, 



§ as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



PATH 



404 



PAXWAX 



Path, n. ; pi. Paths. [A.-S. pad, psed ; Dut. pad; 
Ger. pfud; Gr. irdrog; Skr. patha.— Cf. Gr. 7ra- 
Teiv, to tread.] A way ; a road ; a track ; any 
passage ; a narrow way. 

Pa-thet'ic, ) a. [L. putheticus; Gr. Tra.Br)TiK.6<;. 

Pa-thet'i-cal, J — See Pathos.] Relating to pa- 
thos ; affecting the feelings ; moving. 

Pa-thet'i-cal-ly, ad. In a pathetic manner. 

Path'less, a. Having no path ; untrodden. 

Pa-thog--no-mon'ic, a. [Gr. tto.6o<;. disease, and 
yi.yvio<TKeiv, to know (q. v.). — See Gnomon.] In- 
dicating disease. 

Path-o-16§'i-cal, a. Relating to pathology. 

Pa-thol'o-£-ist, n. One who treats of pathology. 

Pa-thol'o-gv, n. [Gr. ttolQos, suffering, and Aoyos, 
a treatise.] That part of medicine which relates 
to diseases, their causes, &c. 

Pa'thos, n. [Gr. naBo?, suffering; nadelv, to suf- 
fer.] Passion; tenderness of feeling. 

Path' way, n. A road ; a narrow foot-way. 

Pa'tience (pa'shens), n. [L. patientia.] The act 
or power of suffering without complaint; calm 
endurance ; resignation ; perseverance. 

Pa'tient (pa/shent), a. [L. patiens, patientis, pres. 
part, of pati, to suffer. — See Passion.] Possessed 
of patience ; suffering quietly ; calm under pain. 
— 2, n. He who or that vvhich receives impres- 
sions : — one under the care of a physician ; a 
sick person. 

Pa'tient-ly (pa'shent-le), ad. With patience. 

Pat' in, n. [L. patina; Gr. naTavq. — See Pan.] A 
cover for a chalice : — a stand or saucer ; a plate. 

Patois (pat-wa/), n. [Ft.; Prov. pati, a country; 
L. patria, one's country. — Cf. Sp. patue, patois. — 
See Patriot.] A dialect of the peasantry ; a 
rustic or provincial dialect. 

Pa'tri-arph, n. [L. patriarcha; Gr. naTpidpxr} 1 ; ; 
ircLTpid, a lineage, a race, and dpxeiv, to rule, or 
apxv, a beginning.] The father or head of a 
family : — the ecclesiastical head or chief of an 
Oriental church, superior to an archbishop. 

Pa-tri-ar'phal, a. Belonging to patriarchs ; hav- 
ing the character of a patriarch. 

Pa-tri-ar'phate, \ n. The office or jurisdiction of 

Pa'tri'-ar-phy, J a patriarch. 

Pa-tri"cian (pa-trish'an), n. [L. palricius ; palres, 
senators', fathers; pater, father (ql v.).] One of 
the nobility in ancient Rome; a nobleman. — 

2, a. Noble; not plebeian. 
Pat-ri-mo'ni-al, a. Relating to patrimony. 
Pat'ri-mo-ny, n. [L. patrimonium ; pater, patris, a 

father \g. "«.).] An estate or right inherited 
from one's ancestor; a patrimonial estate. 
Pa'tri-ot [pafre-ot, Wb.], n. [Fr. patriote, a pa- 
triot ; Gr. 7raTp"(.aJTi7?, a fellow-countryman ; L. 
patria, Gr. irdrpa, or 7raTpi's, fatherland ; L. pater, 
Gr. irarrip, a father (q. v.).] A lover of his coun- 
try, [of patriotism. 
Pa-tri-ot'ic, or Pat-ri-ot'ic, a. Relating to or full 
Pa'tri-ot-ism, n. Love of one's country. 
Pa-tris'tic, \ a. [Fr. patrhtiqne.~] Relating to the 
Pa-tris'ti-cal, j fathers of the Christian church. 
Pa-trol', n. ' [Fr. patrouille; Sp. patrulla. — Cf. Fr. 
patroniller, to paddle, to splash ; patouiller, to 
fumble : akin to Paddle.] The act of going the 
rounds in a camp or the streets; a guard; a 
night-watch ; a round. — 2, v. a. [pp. patrolling, 
patrolled.] To pass through; to go round. — 

3, v. n. To go the rounds in a camp. 
Pa'tron, n. [Fr. & Sp. patron, L. patronus, a pro- 
tector ; pater, a father.] One who patronizes or 
protects; correlative of client: — a supporter; a 
guardian ; a protector; an advocate. 

Pat'ron-a|-e, w. [Fr. — See Patron.] The act of 
patronizing : support ; protection ; guardianship. 

Pat'ron-al, a. Protecting; supporting; guarding, 

Pa'tron-ess, n. A female patron. 

Pat'ron-Ize, v. a. [See Patron.] [pp. patronizing, 
patronized.] To protect ; to support ; to defend ; 
to countenance ; to promote. 

Pat'ron-Iz-er, n. One who patronizes. 



Pat-ro-nym'ic, n. [Gr. naTpoiPVfj.i.K6^ ; irarrip, a 
father, and ovvfxa, a name.] A name formed 
from the name of a father or ancestor. 

Pat-ro-nym'ic, ) a. Derived from an ancestor, 

Pat-ro-nym'i-cal, j as a name. 

Pat' ten, n. [Fr. patin; It. pattino ; Fr. patte, a 
paw or foot.] The foot or base, as of a pillar :— 
an undershoe of wood with an iron ring. 

Pat'ter, v. n. [Local Sw. patra: frequentative of 
Pat.] [pp. pattering, pattered.] To make a 
noise like hail, &c— 2, n. A clattering noise :— 
[perhaps for patois] thieves' slang. 

Pat' tern, n. [A variant of Patron ; Fr. patron, a 
patron,— also a pattern.] A model for imitation ; 
a specimen: — example; sample. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
patterning, patterned.] To imitate ; to copy. 

Pat'ty, n. [Fr. pate, 0. Fr. paste, a pasty (q. v.).] 
A little pie ; as, a veal patty. 

Pat' ty -pan, n. A pan to bake a little pie in. 

Pat'u-lous, a. [L. patuhis ; patere, to lie open.] 
Expanded ; wide open. 

PSu ci-ty, n. [Fr. paucilc ; L. paucUas ; paucus, 
few (q. v.). — Cf. Pauper.] Smalluess of number 
or quantity. 

Paul'ine, a. Pertaining to St. Paul. 

Paunch, or P&unch, n. [0. Fr. panche; L. pantex] 
Abdomen ; stomach. 

Pau'per, n. [L. pauper, poor: related to pauciis, 
few (q. v.).~\ A poor person,— distinctively, one 
supported by alms or by public provision. ' 

Pau'per-ism, n. The state of being a pauper. 

Pau'per-ize, v. a. [pp. pauperizing, pauperized.] 
To reduce to pauperism. 

Pause, n. [Late L. pausa; Gr. navo-is; naveiv, to 
cause to cease.] A stop ; suspense ; doubt ; break. 
— 2, v. n. [L. pausare, to halt.] [pp. pausing, 
paused.] To wait; to stop; to deliberate. 

Pave, v. n. [Fr. paver; L. pavire, to ram down; 
Gr. iraieiv, to strike.] [pp. paving, paved.] To 
lay with stone, brick, &c. 

Pave'ment, n. [Fr. ; L. pavimentum.J A floor of 
stone, brick, &c. 

Pav'er, n. One who paves ; pavier. 

Pav'id, a. [L. pavidus ; pavere, to quake with 
fear.] Timid. 

Pav'ier, or Pav'ior (pav'yer), n. [Fr. paveur.] 
One who paves. 

Pa-vil'ion (pa-vil'yun), n. [Fr. pavilion ; Sp. pa- 
bellon; L. papilio, a butterfly, a tent; akin to 
palpitare, to flutter.] A building with a dome : 
— a summer-house ; a tent. 

Paw, n. , r Ger. pfote, Dut. pool, Catalan pota, 
Prov. pauta, 0. Fr. pote, poe, Welsh paiven, Bret. 
pao, a paw.] The foot of a beast of prey : — the 
hand. — 2, v. n. [pp. pawing, pawed.] To draw 
the foot along the ground.— 3, v. a. To handle 
or strike as with paws. 

Pawk'y, a. [A.-S. psecan, to deceive.] Arch; 
cunning; artful. 

Pawl, n. [L. palus, a pale, a stake.] A piece of 
iron used to keep a ratchet or capstan from re- 
coiling; a detent. 

Pawn, n. [Fr. pan, a pane, a piece, a cloth, — for- 
merly also a pledge ; Ger. pfand, Dut. 
pand, a pledge ; L. pannns, a cloth ; 
Sp. paflos, clothes.] Something given 
as security for the payment of money 
or the fulfilment of an engagement ; 
a pledge :— [Fr. pion; Sp. peon, a foot- 
soldier; Port, piao, a pawn, a com- 
mon person ; ~Fr.pi.eton, a foot-soldier ; 
root of pied, L. pes, pedis, a foot] a 
man at chess. — 2, v. a. [pp. pawn- ^ awn > 
ing, pawned.] To pledge; to give in pledge. 
Pawn'bro-ker, n. One who lends money on 

pledges or pawns. 
Paw-paw', n. [A variant of Papaw.] A beauti- 
ful American shrub. 
Pax, n. [L. for "peace."] A little image of 

Christ. 
Pax'wax, n. See Packwax. 




a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



PAT 



405 



PEDATE 



Pay (pa), v. a. [Fr. payer ; L. pacare, to appease, 
to satisfy ; pax, pads, peace.] [ i. paid ; pp. pay- 
ing, paid.] To discharge, as a debt; to give an 
equivalent for; to reward: — [Sp. pegar, to ce- 
ment; pega, pitch; L. picare, to pitch (gr. v.).] 
[pp. paying, payed] to smear, as with pitch. — 
2, v. n. To be remunerative. — 3, n. Wages; 
hire ; money for service. 

Pay'a-ble, a. That may be, or is to be, paid. 

Pay' -day (pa'da), n. The day for payment. 

Pay-ee', n. One to whom money is to be paid. 

Pay'er, or Pay-br', n. One who pays. 

Pay'mas-ter, n. One who makes payment. 

Pay 'ment, "«. Act of paying ; money paid. 

Pay'nim, «. [See Painim.] Pagan ; infidel. 

Pea (pe), n. ; pi. Peas, or Pease. [A.-S. pisa; L. 
pvmm ; Gr. 7rtcro?.] A plant and its fruit. — The 
plural peas is used when number is denoted, and 
pease, or peas, for quantity. 

Peace (pes), u. [L. pax, pacts; Fr. pair.] A res- 
pite or freedom from war ; a state of tranquil- 
lity; calm; quiet; rest. — 2,mterj. Commanding 
silence. [quiet; mild; gentle; serene. 

Peace'a-ble, a. Free from war ; peaceful; pacific; 

Peace'a-ble-ness, n. Quietness. 

Peace'a-bly, ad. In a peaceable manner. 

Peace'ful, a. Quiet; pacific; peaceable. 

Peace'ful-ly, ad. Peaceably; quietly. 

Peace'ful-ness, n. Freedom from disturbance. 

Peace'-mak-er, n. A promoter of peace. 

Peace' -of- fer-ing, n. An atoning sacrifice, or of- 
fering to procure peace. 

Peach (pech), n. [Fr. peche ; It. pesca, persica ; L. 
persicum, — literally, Persian fruit.] A tree and 
its fruit. — 2, v. n. [See Impeach.] [pp. peach- 
ing, peached.] To inform against; to divulge; 
to betray one's accomplice. 

Pea' chick, n. The chick of a peacock. 

Pea'cock, n. [A.-S. pence, a peafowl, and Eng. 
Cock; L. pavo, paconis; Fr. paon; Ger. pfau; 
Gr. Tads, or tcuos, Arab. & Per. towns, Heb. 
tuhi, 0. Tamil toJcei, the "tail-bird."] A large, 
beautiful fowl. 

Pea' fowl, n. Peacock or peahen. 

Pea'hen, n. The female of the peacock. 

Pea'-jack-et, n. [Dut. pij, coarse cloth ; Low 
Ger. pije, a jacket.] A jiicket of rough cloth. 

Peak (p6k), n. [Irish, peac; Fr. pic; Sp & Port. 
pico ; It. picco: akin to Pick and Beak.] The 
top of a hill or mountain : — a point : — the fore- 
part of a head-dress : — the upper corner of an 
extended sail. 

Peak'ed, a. Having a peak ; picked. 

Peal, ii. [Fr. appel, a call, an appeal (q. v.) : by 
popular error it took the form of a peal7\ A loud 
sound, as of bells or thunder: — a chime of bells. 
— 2, v. n. [pp. pealing, pealed.] To sound 
loud. — 3, v. a. To assail. 

Pe'an, n. A song. See P.ean. 

Pea' -nut, n. A plant and its pod and edible seed. 

Pear (par), n. [A.-S. pera ; L. pirum; Fr. poire: 
apparently of Celtic origin.] A tree and its fruit. 

Pearl (perl), n. [A.-S. pssrl; Fr. perle ; Ger. perh; 
Late L. penda ; probably from pirubi, a little 
pear (q. ?.'.).] A precious substancce, whitish, 
hard, and smooth, found especially in the pearl- 
oyster; a jewel : — a film or speck on the eye. 

Pearl' ash, n. Purified potash. [for pearls. 

Pearl' -div-er, or Pearl'-f ish-er, n. One who dives 

Pearl' -by s-ter, n. A marine' bivalve that pro- 
duces the most precious pearls. 

Pearl'y, a. Abounding with, or like, pearls. 

Pear'main (par'man), n. [Fr. parmain, probably 
from the town of Parmain ; some have derived it 
from L. per, very, and amcenus, pleasant.] A 
kind of apple. 

Pear'-tree, n. A tree that bears pears. 

Peas/ant (pez'ant), w. [Fr. paysan; 0. Fr.jpaisowrf; 
Fr, pays, the country ; It. paisano, Sp. paesano, a 
fellow-countryman : root of L. pagvs, a village.] 
One of the lower class of people, as distinguished 



from the nobility; a plebeian; a rural laborer; 
a rustic. 

Peas/ant-ry, w. A body of peasants. 

Peas/cod^ or Peas'cod, n. A pea-shell. 

Pea§e (pez), n. pi. Peas collectively br in quantity, 
used for food. See Pea. 

Peat (pet), n. [Probably related to Ger. pfiitze, a 
bog; L. puieus, a pit (q. v.).] A species of turf 
used for fuel. 

Peat'y, a. Like, or abounding in, peat. 

Peb'ble, \n. [A.-S. papol; 0. E. pibbil— 

Peb'ble-stone, J Cf. L. papilla, a nipple.] A small, 
roundish stone : — a species of quartz. 

Peb'bly, a. Full of pebbles; stony. 

Pe-can' (or pe-kawn'), n. [Fr. pacane; Sp. pa- 
cana: of North American origin.] An American 
tree and its nut. 

Pec-ca-bil'i-ty, n. State of being peccable. 

Pec'ca-ble, a. That may sin ; liable to sin. 

Pec-ca-dil'16, n. ; pi. Pec-ca-dil'16e§. [Sp. peca- 
dillo, dim. of pecado, L. peccatum, a sin ; peecare, 
peccatum, to sin.] A petty fault ; offence. 

Pec'cant, a. [L. peecare, peccantis, to sin.] Guilty ; 
criminal; corrupt; morbid. 

Pec'ca-ry, n. [Fr. ptcari ; South American, pa- 
chira.] A pig-like mammal of America. 

Peck, n. [Fr. picotin ; Gael, pevc; Irish, peac: 
perhaps related to Pack.] The fourth part of a 
bushel. — 2, v. a. [A form of Pick.] [pp. peck- 
ing, pecked.] To strike with the beak, as a bird. 

Pec'ti-nate, ) a. [L. pectinatus, comb-shaped; 

Pec'ti-na-ted, J pectinare, to comb; pecten, a comb; 
pectere, Gr. irinfiv, neicTelv, to comb, to dress.] 
Formed like the teeth of a comb. 

Pec'to-ral, a. [L. pectoralis; pectus, pectoris, the 
breast.] Belonging to the breast.— 2, n. A med- 
icine for the breast. 

Pec'u-late, v. n. [L. pecidari, peculatua, to appro- 
priate to one's self; pecuUum, property. — !?ee 
Peculiar.] [pp. peculating, peculated.] To 
embezzle, as public money by an officer; to de- 
fraud the public. 

Pec-u-la'tion, ». The act of peculating; the em- 
bezzlement of public money by an officer. 

Pec'ii-la-tor, n. One who peculates. 

Pe-cul'iar'(pe-kfiryar or pe-ku'ln-ru-i, a. [L. pecu- 
liaris, one's own; pecidiiaii, property. — Cf. pecus, 
pecudis, a beast, a sheep; pans, peeoris, a herd, a 
flock; pecuma, money, property: 8kr. pacu, cat- 
tle.] Belonging to only one ; not common to 
many; particular; singular: appropriate; single. 
— 2, n. One's exclusive property. 

Pe-cul-i-ar'i-ty (pe-kul-ye-ar'e-te), n. Something 
found in only one; particularity. 

Pe-ciil'iar-ly, or?. Particularly; singularly. 

Pe-cun'i'a-ry (pe-kun'ya-re or pe-ku'ne-a-rg), a. 
\h. peewniarius; pecuma, property, money. — See 
Peculiar.] Relating to, or consisting of, money. 

Ped-a-goi-'ic, \n. The art or science of peda- 

Ped-a-gol'ics, J gogy or tf>aching. 

Ped-a-go|-'ic, \a. Suited or belonging to a 

Ped-a-go| r i-cal, j school-master. 

Ped'a-gogue (ped'a-gog), n. [Fr. pedagogue; L. 
peedagoqus ; Gr. n at.8 a-y ioy 6s, a tutor, a teacher, — 
properly, a servant who led boys to school ; Trait, 
7rcu66?, a boy, and aywyd?, leading; ayeiv, to 
lead.] A school-master. 

Ped'a-goi'-y, n. The art of teaching. 

Pe'dal, or P'ed'al, a. Belonging to a foot, 

Ped'al, n. [L. pedalis, belonging to the foot ; pes, 
pedis, a foot.] A lever acted upon by the feet. 

Ped'ant, n. [Fr. pedant; It. pedanle; probably 
Late L. psedare, for Gr. n-aiSeveii', to instruct; 
7rat9, a boy.] A person full of pedantry. 

Pe-dan'tic, \ a. Full of pedantry ; ostentatious 

Pe-dan'ti-cal, J of learning. 

Pe-dan'ti-cal-ly. ad. In a pedantic manner. 

Ped'an-try, n. Vain ostentation of learning. 

Ped'ate, a. [L. pedare, pedatum, to furnish with 
feet; pes, pedis, a foot.] (Bot.) Divided at tho 
end; palmate. 



mten, sir ; move, nor, sSn ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, 9, c, £, soft ; &,&, p, £, hard ; s as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 



PEDDLE 



406 



PENCHANT 




Ped'dle, v. n. & v. a. [From Pedler.] [pp. ped- 
dling, peddled.] To carry about and sell by re- 
tail ; to sell as a pedler. 

Ped'dler, n. One who peddles :— commonly writ- 
ten p'edltr. See Pedler. 

Ped'es-tal, n. [Sp. pedestal; It. piedestcdlo, a 
threshold; piede, a base or foot, 
and stallo, a stall. — Cf. Ger. fussge- 
stell, a pedestal.] The basis of a 
pillar or a statue. 

Pe-des'tri-an, a. [L. pedester, pedes- 
tris, one who walks ; pes, pedis, a 
foot. — Cf. pedes, peditis, a walker.] 
Going on foot. — 2, n. One who 
journeys on foot. Pedestal. 

Pe-des'tri-an-ism, n. The practice of walking on 
foot. 

Pe-des'tri-an-ize, v. n. [pp. pedestrianizing, pe- 
destrianized.] To travel on foot. 

Ped-i-at'rics, n. [Gr. ircus, 7raiSd?, a boy, a child, 
and ia.TpLK.rj (rexvr)), surgery; iarpos, a physi- 
cian ; iaofiaL, I heal.] The medical or hygienic 
treatment of children. 

Ped'i-cle, n. [L. pediculus, a dim. of pes, pedis, a 
foot; Fr. pedkelle, pedicule.] (Bot.) The foot- 
stalk of a flower. 

Ped'i-gree, v. [0. E. pedegreiv. — Cf. Fr. faire le 
pied de grue, to "make a crane's foot," — i.e., to 
stand on one leg, to be in doubt; pied-de-grue is 
also a name of various plants. It was probably 
applied to a pedigree from the lines of a chart 
of family descent diverging like the toes of a 
crane's foot.] An account of a line of ancestors ; 
ancestry; genealogy; lineage; descent. 

Ped'i-ment, n. [L. pedamentum, a prop ; pes, pe- 
dis, & foot; pedare, to prop.] (Arch.) The tri- 
angular part over the entablature at the end of 
a building, or over windows, doors, gates, &c. 

Ped'ler, n. [0. E. peddar, pedlar, a hawker; from 
pad or ped and its diminutive peddle, a pannier, 
a basket : probably identical with pad, a cushion, 
or with pod.] One who peddles; a travelling 
trader : — written also peddler and pedlar. 

Pe-do-bap'tism, n. [Gr. 7rai?, 7raiS6s, a boy, a 
chiid, and f5anTiap.6s, baptism.] The baptism 
of infants. [infant baptism. 

Pe-do-bap'tist, n. One who holds to or practises 

Pe-dom'e-ter, n. [L. pes, pedis, a foot, and Gr. 
/oteVpov,' a measure.] An instrument for measur- 
ing the distance passed, in travelling. 

Pe-dun'ele, n. [Fr. pedoncule: a diminutive form, 
from L. pes, pedis, a foot.] (Bot.) A flower-stalk. 

Pe-dun'cu-lar, a. Relating to a peduncle. 

P§ek, n. [A form of Peep.] A peep.— 2, v. n. 
[pp. peeking, peeked.] To peep. [Colloq.] 

Peel, v. a. [Fr. peler ; Sp. pelar ; It. pelare; L. 
pellis, a skin.] [pp. peeling, peeled.] To strip 
off; to flay : — [Fr. piller, to pillage (q. v.)] to 
plunder. — 2, v. n. To be separated ; to come off. 
— 3, n. A rind or skin: — [Fr. pelle, L. pala, a 
spade] a baker's shovel. 

Peep, v. v. [0. Fr. piper, to peer; 0. E. peelc, to 
peep; peep of day, dawn; said to be connected 
with the piping of matins at daybreak.] [pp. 
peeping, peeped.] To appear; to look slyly : — 
[imitative; Fr. pepier, piper; Sp. pipiar ; Ger. 
piepen ; L. pipire, pipare ; Gr. 7ri77i£eiv, to peep] 
to chirrup ; to cry as young birds ; to pip. — 2, n. 
The first appearance : — a sly look. 

Peep' -hole, n. A hole to peep through. 

Peer, n. [Fr. pair; Sp. par; It. pari; L. par, 
equal.] An equal ; an associate : — a nobleman ; 
a member of the British House of Lords. — 2, v. n. 
[Low Ger. piren, pliren; apparently influenced 
by Appear.] [pp. peering, peered.] To come 
just in sight ; to peep. 

Peer' age, w. The state, dignity, or rank of a peer : 
— the body of peers. 

Peer'ess, n. The lady of a peer. 

Peer'less, a. Having no peer ; unequalled. 

Peer'less-ness, n. Universal superiority. 



Pee'vish, a. [Local Dan. piseve, to whimper; 
Gael, piob, to pipe (q. v.), to whine.] Petulant; 
fretful ; querulous. 

Pee'vish-ly, ad. In a peevish manner. 

Pee'vish-ness, n. Fretfulness; petulance. 

Peg, n. [Akin to Pick. — Cf. Dan. gig, a spike; 
Welsh pig, a pike. — See Peak.] A small wooden 
pin for fastening. — 2, v. a. [pp. pegging, 
pegged.] To fasten with a peg. 

Pe-j5'ra-tive, o. [L. pejorare, pejoratum, to make 
worse'; pejor, worse.] Expressive of contempt ; 
implying inferiority. 

Pel' age, n. [Fr. ; peler, to peel (q. v.).] The fur 
of an animal. 

Pe-la'gi-an, n. A follower of Pelagius. 

Pe-la'|i-an-ism, n. The doctrine of Pelagius. 

Pe-lag'ic, a. [L. pelagicus ; Gr. ne\ay lko<; ; L. pe- 
lagus,Gr. nekayos, the sea.] Belonging to the 
sea; oceanic. 

Pelf, n. [0. Fr. pelfre, booty. — See Pilfer.] 
Money ; riches (in a bad sense). 

Pel'i-can, n. [L. pelecanus ; Gr. ire\eK.dv ; neke/cd- 
eiv, to cut, to pick. — Cf. irekeicvs, a hatchet; 
Skr. parafu, an axe.] A large swimming bird. 
— (Chem.) A blind alembic, or glass vessel. 

Pe-lisse' (pe-les'), n. [Fr. ; L. pelliceus, made of 
skins ; pellis, a skin.] A silk robe. 

Pel'let, u. [Fr. pelote, Sp. pelota, It. pillotta, a 
little ball ; L. pila, a ball.] A little ball : — a 
minute pill : — an ornament. 

Pel'li-cle, n. [L. pellicula, diminutive of pellis, a 
skin.] A thin skin : — a saline crust. 

Pel'li-to-ry, «. [0. Fr. paritoire; L. parietaria ; 
paries', parietis, a wall. — Cf. Wall-flower. It 
also represents Sp. pelitre ; 0. Fr. pirette ; L. pyr- 
ethrum; Gr. nvptOpov; from nvp, fire, referring 
to its acridity.] A pungent medicinal plant of 
two principal kinds. 

Pell-mell', ad. [Fr. pele-mtle; said to represent 
Fr. pelle, a shovel, and meler, to mix (q. v.) ; but 
cf. Pall-mall.] Confusedly ; tumultuously. 

Pel-lu'cid, a. [L. pellucidus ; per, through, and 
lucidus, shining. — See Lucid.] Clear; trans- 
parent ; translucent. 

Pel-lu-cld'i-ty, \n. State of being pellucid; 

Pel-lu'cid-nes's, J transparency. 

Pelt, v. a. [Probably from the noun Pelt ; or 
from L. pnltare, iterative for pellere, to drive.] 
[pp. pelting, pelted.] To strike with something; 
to beat. — 2, n. [Ger. pelz, Dut. pels, 0. Fr. pelice, 
a skin ; L. pelliceus, an adjective from pAlis, a 
skin.] A skin ; a raw hide :— a blow. [shaped. 

Pel'tate, a. [L. pelta, Gr. tteAttj, a shield.] Shield- 

Pel'try., n. [Fr. peilelerie.—See Pelt.] Furs or 
skins collectively. 

Pel' vie, a. Belonging to the pelvis. 

Pel' vis, n. [L. for a "basin ;" Gr. nekis, a bowl.] 
The lower part of the abdomen. 

Pem'mi-can, n. [Algonkin.] Meat or food cooked 
and prepared for use in long journeys or voyages. 

Pen, n. [L. penna, a feather, a wing, a pen.] An 
instrument for writing :— a small enclosure ; . a 
coop, as for sheep, pigs, &c. — 2, v. a. [A.-S. & Low 
Ger. pennon, to fasten : related to Pin.] [;'. pent 
or penned ; pp. penning, pent or penned.] To 
coop ; to incage. — 'S, v. a. [pp. penning, penned.] 
To form with a pen ; to write. 

Pe'nal, a. [L. pcenalis; poena, Gr. ttoivij, a pen- 
alty.] That punishes; relating to punishment; 
inflicting punishment; punitive. 

Pen'al-ty, n. [Fr. penalitt.] A judicial infliction 
or punishment ; censure ; forfeiture ; fine. 

Pen'ance, n. [0. Fr. peneance, penance; L. poeni- 
tent'ia.—See Penitence.] An infliction suffered 
for sin : — repentance. 

Pe-na'tes, n. pi. [L. ; root of penus, within.] 
Household gods. 

Pence, n. The plural of penny. 

Penchant (piin-shang'), n. [Fr. ; pencher, to bend 
down; Late L. pendicare, L. p> e "dere, to hang.] 
Inclination; propensity; bent; bias. 



a, e, i, o, ii, y, long ; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obsaire. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



PENCIL 



407 



PEPPEKCOKN 



Pen'cil, n. [L. penecillas, a brush; penicuhis, di- 
minutive of penis, a tail.] An instrument for 
writing or marking; a small brush used by 
painters : — a collection of rays of light converg- 
ing to a point. — 2, v. a. [pp. pencilling, pen- 
cilled.] To paint; to draw; to write. 

Pen'dant, w. [Fr. ; a participle from pendre, to 
hang. — See Pendent.] An ear-ring; a jewel; 
an architectural ornament : — a streamer or flag. 

Pen'den-cy, n. Suspense; delay of decision. 

Pen'dent, a. [It. pendere, pendentis, to hang. — Cf. 
pend'ere, to weigh.] Hanging : — projecting. 

Pend'ing, a. Dependi ng ; yet undecided. — 2, prep. 
For the time of; during. 

Pen'du-lous, a. [L. pendidus; pendere, to hang.] 
Hanging; suspended. 

Pen'du-lum, n. [L., neuter of pendidus, hanging, 
pendent.] A suspended, vibrating body, as the 
pendulum of a clock. 

Pen-e-tra-bil'i-ty, n. State of being penetrable. 

Pen'e-tra-ble," a. [L. penetrabilis. — See Pene- 
trate.] That may be penetrated. 

Pen-e-tra/li-a, n. pi. [L. ; root of penes, within.] 
The interior or sacred parts of an ancient temple. 

Pen'e-trate, v. a. [L. peuelrare, penetration ; penes, 
, with ; penitus, within.] [pp. penetrating, pene- 
trated.] To enter beyond the surface; to pierce ; 
to enter: — to affect : — to reach the meaning of; 
to understand; to discern. — 2, v. n. To make 
way ; to pass. 

Pen'e-trat-ing, p. a. Piercing ; discerning. 

Pen-e-tra'tion, n. [L. penetratio.] The act of 
penetrating; sagacity; discernment ; acuteness. 

Pen'e-tra-tive, a. Piercing; acute; sagacious. 

Pen'guin, n. [Fr. pingouin, an auk; variously 
derived from L. pingvis, fat, from 
Welsh pen gwyn, white head, or from 
Eng. pin wing.] A large antarctic 
sea-bird : — a fruit. 

Pen'-hold-er, w. A stem to which a 
pen is attached. 

Pen-in' su-la [pen-in'shu-la, S. W. J. 
F. ; pen-ih'su-la, P. Ja. K. Sm.], n. 
[L. ; pene, almost, and insula, an 
island.] A piece of land almost sur- 
rounded by water. 

Pen-in'su-lar, a. Relating to a pen- Pen e u,n - 
insula. [peninsular. 

Pen-in' su-lat-ed, a. Almost surrounded by water ; 

Pen'i-tence, \ n. [L. pcenitentia.] State or qual- 

Pen'i-ten-cy, J ity of bei 
contrition, 

Pen'j-tent, a. [L. poenitens, poenitentis, repenting; 
pcenilere, to repent; poenire or pnnire, to punish 
(q. v.) ; poena, pain, punishment.] Repentant; 
contrite. — 2, n. One who is contrite for sin. 

Pen-i-ten'tial (-sha.1), a. Expressing penitence. 
— 2, n. A book directing penance. 

Pen-i-ten'tia-ry (-sba-re), n. [Fr. penitencier.] A 
confessor :— one who does penance: — [Fr. peni- 
tencerie] a prison in which criminals are subjected 
to discipline. — 2, a. Relating to penance. 

Pen'i-tent-ly., ad. With repentance. 

Pen'knife (-nif), n. A knife for making pens. 

Pen'man, n. One who writes; a ivriter. 

Pen'man-ship, n. The act or art of writing. 

Pen'nant, n. [A variant of Pknnon.] A small flag ; 
a pendant.— (Naut.) A tackle for hoisting things. 

Pen'nate, a. [L. pevnatus, winged, feathered; 
penn'a, a wing.] Like a wing; winged : — having 
leaves or leaflets. 

Pen'ni-less, a. Moneyless; poor; destitute. 

Pen'non, n. [Fr. pennon, It. pcnnone, a streamer, 
a great plume; augmentative forms from L. 
peima, a feather.] A small flag or color ; a banner. 

Pen'ny, n. ; pi. Pence, or Pen'nies. [A.-S. penig, 
peniug, pending ; Dut. & Dan. penning ; Ger. pfen- 
nig: root of Dut. pand, Ger. pfand, a pledge, a 
token.] A copper coin ; one-twe'lfth of a shilling. 

Pen-ny.-roy'al, n. [0. E. pnliall royal; 0. Fr. 
puliol real: corrupted from L. puleium regium,, 




being penitent; repentance; 



(q. v.).] A well- 
A weight con- 



royal fleabane; pulex, 
known aromatic herb. 

Pen'ny-weight (pen'ne-wat), n. 
taining twenty-four grains troy. 

Pen'ny.-wise, a. Saving small sums ; niggardly. 

Pen'ny.-worth [pen'ne-wiirth or pen'nurth, W. J. 
jF.], n. As much as is bought for a penny : — a 
bargain. 

Pen'sile, a. [L. pensilis ; pendere, to hang.] Hang- 
ing; suspeuded; pendulous. 

Pen'sion (pen'shun), n. [Fr. ; L. pensio, a pay- 
ment; pendere, pensum, to weigh, to pay.] A 
payment of money :— a rent: — an annuaf allow- 
ance paid by the government for past services : 
— a boarding-school. — 2, v. a. [pp. pensioning, 
pensioned.] To support by an allowance. 

Pen'sion-a-ry, a. Maintained by a pension. — 2, n. 
A pensioner. 

Pen'sion-er, n. One who receives a pension : — a 
student 'who pays for his commons out of his 
own income. [Eng.] 

Pen'sive, a. [Fr. pensif, pensive; L. pensare, to 
ponder, to weigh ; intensive of pendere, to 
weigh.] Sorrowfully thoughtful ; serious. 

Pen'sive-ness, n. Melancholy; sorrowfulness. 

Pen'stock, n. [Pen, an enclosure, and Stock..] 
A sort of 6luice ; a spout for water. 

Pent, i. & p. from pen. Shut up. 

Pen'ta-gon, n. [Gr. nevTayuivov ; rrevre, five, and 
yoivla, an angle.] A figure with five angles. 

Pen-tag'o-nal, a. Pentangular. 

Pen'-tail, n. An animal of Borneo, with a tail 
shaped like a quill pen. 

Pen-tam'e-ter, n. [Gr. nevre, 
five, and /uerpov, a measure.] 
A verse of five feet. — 2, u. 
Having five metrical feet. 

Pen'ta-style, n. [Gr. nevre, five, 
and ffTiiAos, a pillar.] {Arch.) A 
building or portico with five 
rows of columns in front. 

Pen'ta-teuph (-tuk),^ n. [Gr. 
7reVTe, five, and rev^o?, a tool, a book.] The 
five books of Moses. 

Pen'te-cost [pen'te-kost, g. W. J. F. C], n. [Gr. 
nevrnKOo-Tv, fiftieth (day) ; TrevreKovra, fifty ; 
Trevre, five, and Si/covTa, tenth; Sexa, ten.] A 
feast among the Jews : — Whit-Sunday ; Whit- 
suntide. 

Pen'te-cos-tal, a. Belonging to Pentecost. 

Pent'house, n. [0. E. pentis, Fr. appentis, an out- 
house; L. tn,pcndi.r, dim. appendicium, an annex. 
— See Appendix.] A sloping shed or roof. 

Pe'nult, or Pe-niilt', n. Penultima; penultimate. 

Pe-nul'ti-ma, \n. [L. ; psene, almost, and rd- 

Pe-nul'ti-mate. J lima, the last.] The last sylla- 
ble but one of a woi'd ; penult. 

Pe-nul'ti-mate, «. Last but one. 

Pe-num'bra, n. [L. p;rnc, almost, and tnvbra. a 
shadow.] 'An imperfect, partial, or faint shadow 
in an eclipse. 

Pe-nu'ri-ous, a. Excessively saving; niggardly; 
'parsimonious ; miserly ; avaricious. 

Pe-nu'ri-ous-ly, ad. Parsimoniously. 

Pe-nii'ri-ous-ness, n. Niggardliness. [cligence. 

Pen'u-ry, n. [L. penvria.] Extreme poverty ; in- 

Pe'on. «.' [Sp.— See Pawn.] A bondman ; a serf 
for debt. 

Pe'on-a§e, n. Servitude for debt. 

Pe'o-ny, ». [L. pseonia, medicinal ; Gr. naiciv, the 
god of healing.] A flower: — written also piony. 

Peo'ple (pe'pl), n. [Fr. peuple ; L. populus.] The 
body of persons in a community; population; 
nation. — 2, v. a. [pp. peopling, peopled.] To 
stock with inhabitants. 

Pep'per, n. [A.-S. pipor ; L. piper; Gr. irinepi ; 
Skr. ' piippala ; Per. pidpul.] An aromatic, pun- 
gent spice. — 2, v. a. [pp. peppering, peppered.] 
To sprinkle with pepper. 

Pep' per-cbrn. n. The berry or seed of the pepper 
plant : — any thing of little value. 




Pen-tail. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, Q, 9, £, soft; p, )3, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



PEPPEKIDGE 



408 



PEEICAPvDIUM 



Pep'per-id§-e, n. [A corruption of Barberry.] 
The black gum-tree : — the barberry -bush. 

Pepper-mint, n. [Pepper and Mint.] An aro- 
matic plant. 

Pep'per-x, a. Like pepper; fiery; irritable. 

Pep'sln, n. [Fr. pepsine; Gr. Tre-rrTetv, fut. irixj/u), 
to digest.] A substance in gastric juice. 

Pep'tic, a. [Gr. 7ren-riAc6? ; ireiTTeiv, to digest, to 
cook.] Promoting digestion ; dietetic. 

Per, prep. [L. ; Gr. napa, beside ; Skr. para, from 
(q. v.).] By ; through ; for ; as, a loaf per man ; 
i.e., a loaf for each man. — Also used as a prefix 
to amplify the meaning ; as, peroxide. 

Per-ad- vent' lire (per-ad-venfyur), ad. [Per and 
Adventure ; Fr. par aventure.] Perhaps ; maybe ; 
by chance. 

Per-am'bu-late, r. a. [L. perambulare, perambu- 
latum, to walk through ; per, through, and ambu- 
lare, to walk.] [pp. perambulating, perambu- 
lated.] To walk through. 

Per-ain-bu-la'tion. it. A travelling survey. 

Per-am'bu-la-tor, it. due who perambulates or 
walks about:' — a machine lor measuring dis- 
tances : — a baby's cuach. [cotton. 

Per-cale', n. [Fr. ; Per. parkala.] A fine fabric of 

Per-ceive', v. a. [0. Fr. percever ; L. pereipere, 
perception ; per, through, completely, and eupere, 
to take, to receive.] [pp. perceiving, perceived.] 
To discover by the senses ; to see ; to discern ; to 
distinguish. 

Per-cent'age, n. [Fr. ; L. per centum, by the hun- 
dred ] A rate by the hundred. 

Per-cep-ti-bil'i-ty, n. State or quality of being 
perceptible. [perceived. 

Per-cep'ti-ble, a. [L. perceptibilis.} That may be 

Per-cep'ti-bly., ad. In a perceptible manner. 

Per-cep'tion. n. [L. perceptio. — See Perceive.] 
The act "of perceiving; power of perceiving; 
conception; idea; notion. 

Per-cgp'tive. a. Relating to perception. 

Perch, n. [Fr. percJte, a rod ; L. pertica, a pole : 
the idea of a roosting-pole for birds is an exten- 
sion of this word.] A measure of 5% yards or 
1Q]/, feet ; a pole ; a rod : — a square rod : — a pole 
or stick on which birds roost; a roost:— [Fr. 
perche ; L. perca ; Gr. iripK-q, from nepicos, spotted, 
blackish] a small fish of various species. — 2, r. «. 
& v. n. [pp. perching, perched.] To roost or 
place on a perch. [by chance. 

Per-chance', ad. [Per and Chance.] Perhaps ; 

Per-cip'i-ence, n. The act of perceiving. 

Per-cip'i-en-cy, n. Percipience ; perception. 

Per-cip'j-ent, n. [L. percipient, perceiving.— See 
Perceive.] One who is able to perceive. 

Per'co-late, '•• a. [L. percolare, percolation ; per, 
through, and colare, to filter: colvm, a filter.] 
[.pp. percolating, percolated.] To strain through ; 
to filter. — 2, v. n. To pass by filtration. 

Per-co-la'tion, n. [L. percolatio.] The act of 
percolating. 

Per'co-la-tor, n. A filtering machine. 

Per-cus'sion (per-kush'un), n. [L. percussio; per- 
cutere, percussum, to strike violently : per, thor- 
oughly, and quatere, to shake.] The act of 
striking; stroke; the effect of sound in the ear. 
— Percussion-cap, a small detonating copper cap 
used with a percussion lock. — Percussion lock, a 
lock for fire-arms in which fulminating powder 
is used for exploding. 

Per-di"tion (per-dish'iin'), n. [L. perditio ; perdere, 
perdttns,' to lose, to destroy ; per, thoroughly, and 
dare, dedi, to give.] State of being utterly lost ; 
destruction :— eternal death. 

Per-e-gri-na'tion, n. [L. peregrinaiio ; peregrinari, 
peregrination, to wander; peregrinus, abroad. — 
See Peregrine.] Travel ; foreign abode. 

Per'e-grine, a. [L. peregrines, foreign, abroad; 
pereger, a traveller; per, through, and ager, a 
country.] Foreign ; not native. [of falcon. 

Per'e-grine-fal'con (-faw'kn), n. A large species 

Per'emp-tp-ri-ly, ad. Absolutely ; positively. 



Per'emp-to-ry, o. [L. peremptorius, destructive, 
decisive; perempAor, a destroyer; pertmere, per- 
emption, to destroy; per, throughout, and emere, 
to take, to buy.] Dogmatical ; absolute; decisive ; 
positive. 

Fer-en'ni-al, «. [L. perennis, enduring; per, 
through, "and annus, a year.] Lasting through 
the year: — perpetual: — living more than two 
years. — 2, n. A plant that lives more than two 
years : — opposed to annual and biennial. 

Per' feet, a. Possessing perfection ; having no de- 
fect ; faultless; complete; entire; consummate; 
finished. — Perfect number, a number equal to the 
sum of all its divisors.— (Gram.) Perfect tense, 
that form of the English verb denoted by the 
auxiliary have ; as, I have done. 

Per'fect, v. a. [L. perficere, perfection, to finish ; 
per, through, and faeere, to make.] [pp. per- 
fecting, perfected.]* To make perfect; to finish; 
to complete ; to consummate. 

Per'fect-er, n. One who makes perfect. 

Per-fec-ti-hil'i-ty, n. The capacity ;pf being 
"made perfect"; state of perfection. 

Per-fec'ti-ble, a. That may be perfected. 

Per-fec'tion, n. [L. perfectio.] State of being per- 
fect; supreme excellence: — an attribute of God. 

Fer-fec'tive, «. Conducing to perfection. 

Per'fect-iy, ad. In a perfect manner. 

Per'fect-nlss, n. Completeness; perfection. 

Per-f id'i-ous, or Per-f id'ious, a. [L. perfidiosvs ; 
"Fr. perfide.— See Perfidy.]' Treacherous ; false 
to trust ; faithless. 

Per-f id'i-ous-ly, ad. By breach of faith. 

Per-f id'i-ous-ness, ». Perfidy. 

Per'fi-dy, n. [L. perfidia; per, away, and fides, 
faith.] Treachery; breach of faith. 

Per-fo'li-ate, a. [L. per, through, and folium, a 
leaf.] (Bot.) Noting a leaf which surrounds its 
stem. 

Per'fo-rate, v. a. [L. perforare, perforatum; per, 
through, andforare, to bore.] [pp. perforating, 
perforated.] To pierce through ; to bore. 

Per-fo-ra'tion, n. The act of piercing; a hole. 

Per'fo-ra-tor, it. An instrument for boring. 

Per-force', ad. [L. per, through, and Force.] By 
force ; by compulsion. 

Per-fbrm', v. a. [0. Fr. parfournir; par, through- 
out, and fournir, to furnish (q. v.).] [pp. per- 
forming, performed.] To execute ; to do ; to 
transact ; to effect ; to accomplish ; to discharge. 
— 2. v. n. To act a part ; to succeed. 

Per-fbrm'a-ble, «. That may be performed. 

Per-fbrm'ance, v. The act of performing ; an 
act; a deed; execution; & work ; an action. 

Per-form'er, n. One who performs. 

Per' fume, 'o?- Per-fume' [per'fum, S. W. J. F. Ja. 
B. C. ; per-fuin', E. K. Sm.], u. [Fr. parfum.] 
Sweet odor; sweet smell ; fragrance : — a fragrant 
substance. — 2, v. a. [Fr. parfvmer ; L. per, 
through, and fumare, to fume; fionus, smoke, 
fume (q. ».).] [pp. perfuming, perfumed.] T« 
fill with sweet scent. 

Per-fum'er, n. One who makes or sells perfumery. 

Per-fum'er-y., n. [Fr. parfumerie.] Perfumes in 
general.' 

Per-func'to-ry, or Per'func-to-ry, a. [L. perfvne- 
torius ; perfungi, perfunctus, to accomplish; per, 
through, and fungi, to perform.] Slight ; care- 
less ; indifferent. [be ; possibly. 

Per-haps', ad. [Per and Hap, chance.] It may 

Pl'ri, n. ; pi. Pe'ri§. [Per. pari: par, a wing.] 
(Per. Myth.) An 'imaginary being, similar to 
el ves or fairies. [around; Skr. pari, about. 

Pe'ri-. A prefix, from the Greek preposition 7rept, 

Per'i-anth, n. [Gr. nepi, around, and avOog, a 
flower.] (Bot.) The calyx and corolla of a 
flower taken together; the floral envelopes. 

Per-i-car'di-al, a. Relating to the pericaidium. 

Per-i-car'di-um, n. [L. ; Gr. jrept, around, and 
Ka'pSia, the heart.] (Anat.) A membrane en- 
closing the heart. 



a, e, i, 5, 5, y, long; a, e, i, 5, ii, y, short; a, e, j, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



PEKICAEP 



409 



PEKPLEX 



Per'i-carp, n. [Gr. -nepiKapiriov ; nepl, around, 
anil /capTTos, fruit.] (Bob.) The shell or cover 
of a fruit. 
Per-i-cra'ni-um, n. [L. ; Gr. trepiK.p6.viov ; 7repi, 
around, and Kpavlov, the skull.] (Anat.) A 
membrane covering the skull. 
Per'i-gee, n. [Gr. irepi, about, and yy\, the earth.] 
(Astron.) That point in the moon's orbit which 
is nearest to the earth : — opposed to apogee. 
Per-i-he'li-on, n. ; pi. Per-i-he'li-a. [Gr. irepi, 
about, and rjAto?, the sun.] (Astron.) That part 
of a planet's orbit which is nearest to the sun. 
Per'il, v. a. [Fr. peril; L. periculnm, danger.] 
[pp. perilling, perilled.] To expose to danger; 
to eudanger. — 2, n. Exposure to loss, injury, or 
destruction; danger; jeopardy; hazaid; risk. 
Per'il-ous, a. [Fr. ptrilleux ; L. periculosus.] Full 

of peril ; dangerous. 
Per'il-ous-lx, ad. With peril ; dangerously. 
Pe-rim'e-ter, n. [Gr. nepl, around, and ixerpov, 
a measure.] The circumference, or the length 
of the bounding line, of a plane figure. 
Pe'ri-od, n. [L. periodus ; Gr. •n-epiofios; irepi, 
around, and 666s, a way.] An interval of time, 
at the end of which the same phenomena again 
take place ; a circuit ; an epoch ; a series of 
years; a certain time: — the end or conclusion; 
a full stop : — a complete sentence : — a point or 
dot, thus, [.]. 
Pe-ri-5d'ic, ] a. [Gr. nepioSiKos.] Happening at 
Pe-ri-od'i-cal, J stated times; relating to periods. 
Pe-ri-od'i-cal, n. A periodical publication. 
Pe-ri-od'i-cal-ly, ad. At stated periods. 
Pe-ri-o-dic'i-ty, n. State of being periodical. 
Per-i-os'te-um, n. [Gr. -repi, around, and bo-Teov, 
bone.] (Anat.) A fibrous membrane which 
covers the boues. 
Per-i-pa-tet'ic, n. [Gr. 7repi7raT7jT<.K6? ; irepi, 
about, irarelv, to walk; Aristotle gave instruc- 
tion while walking.] A follower of Aristotle. 
Per-i-pa-tet'ic, ) a. Belonging to the Peiipa- 
Per-i-pa-tet'i-cal, J tetics : — walking about. 
Pe-riph'e-ral, a. .Relating to the periphery. 
Pe-riph'e-ry, n. [Gr. n-epttpepeia; irepi, around, 
and <f>epeiv, to carry.] Circumference of a circle, 
ellipse, parabola, or other curvilinear figure. 
Pe-riph'ra-sis, n.; pi. Pe-riph'ra-se§. [Gr. ; nepi, 
around, and </>pacri?, 'speech.' — See Phrase.] 
(Rhet.) The use of several words to express the 
sense of one; a circumlocution. 
Per-i-phras'tic, )«. Using periphrasis, or 
Per-i-phras'ti-cal, J many words. 
Per'i-scope, n. [Gr. irepi, around, and aicoireiv, 

to see.] A view all round. 
Fer-i-scop'ic, a. Viewing on all sides. 
Per'ish, v. n. [L. perire; per intensive, and ire, 
to go ; Fr. perir (stem in part, periss-).] [pp. 
perishing, perished.] To be destroyed ; to decay ; 
to die ; to come to naught. 
Per'ish-a-ble, o. Liable to perish or decay. 
Per-i-stal'tic, a. [Gr. irepi, around, and o-reWeiv, 

to send.] (Med.) Worm-like ; spiral. 
Per'i-style, n. [Gr. irepi, around, and cttvAo?, a 

pillar.] An enclosing range of pillars. 

Per-i-to-ne'um, ». [Gr. rrepirovaiov ; irepi, around, 

and Teivetv, to stretch.] (Anat.) A membrane 

that envelops the abdominal viscera. 

Per-i-to-ni'tis, ». [The termination -ids implies 

inflammation.] Inflammation of the peritoneum. 

Per'i-wig, n. [Dut. peruyh, a peruke (q. v.).]_ A 

covering for the head; a wig. — 2, v. a. [PP- 

periwigging, periwigged.] To dress in false hair. 

PeVi-wm-kle, n. [A.-S. pinemncla.— Cf. L. pina, 

a mussel, and Winkle 

A shell-fish :— [L. vinca, 

pervinca, or vincapervinca ; 

vincire, to bind] a plant. 

Per'jure. v. a. [I 'r. perju- 



rer ; Li. perjnrave; per 
(used like for- in for- 
swear), and jurare, to* swear 




Periwinkle. 
-See Jury.] [pp. 



perjuring, perjured.] To taint with perjury by 
wilfully making a false oath ; to forswear. 

Per'jured (per'jurd), «. Guilty of perjury. 

Per'jur-er, n. One who swears falsely. 

Per'ju-rj;, »• [L. perjurium.] The crime of swear- 
ing falsely. 

Perk, v. n. & v. a. [Welsh perc, percus, smart; 
percu, to trim. — See Pert.] [pp. perkiug, 
perked.] To hold up the head ; to dress.— 2, a. 
Pert ; brisk ; airy ; proud. 

Per'ma-nence, \n. Quality of being permanent ; 

Per'ma-nen-cx, J duration ; continuance. 

Per'ma-nent, a. [L. permanere, penuanentis, to 
endure ; per, through, and manere, to remain.] 
Durable; not decaying; lasting. 

Per'ma-nent-lx, ad. Durably ; lastingly. 

Per-man'gan-ate, n. A salt of permanganic acid. 

Per-man-gan'ic, «. [L. per, implying a high de- 
gree, and Manganese.] Noting an acid of man- 
ganese. 

Per-me-a-bil'i-tjr, «• State of being permeable. 

Per'me-a-ble, a. That may be passed through. 

Per'me-ate, v. a. [L. permeate, pemteatum; per, 
through, and meare, to go.] [pp. permeating, 
permeated.] To pass through ; to pervade. 

Per-me-a'tion, n. The act of passing through : — 
state'of being pervaded. 

Perm'i-an, a. Belonging to Perm, in Bussia : — 
applied to certain geological strata above the 
carboniferous. 

Per-nns'si-ble, a. That may be permitted. 

Per-nus'sion (per-mish'uu), a. [L. permissio. — 
See Permit.] The act of permitting; license; 
allowance ; leave ; a permit. 

Per-mis'sive, o. Granting liberty; allowing. 

Per-mit', v. a. [L. permittere, permissum ; per, 
through, and mittere, to send.] [pp. permitting, 
permitted.] To give leave ; to consent ; to allow ; ' 
to suffer. [an order; license. 

Per'mit, or Per-mit\ n. A written permission ; 

Per-mu-ta'tion, n. [L. permutare, to exchange; 
per, throughout, and miitare, to change; permu- 
tatio, an exchange.] Exchange; change. 

Pern, //. [Xeo-Latin, pernis.] A species of kite. 

Per-ni"cious (per-nlsh'us). a. [L. perniciosus; 
permcies, destruction ; per, through, and nes, 
necis, violent death.] Very mischievous; hurt- 
ful; ruinous; destructive; noxious. 

Per-ni"cious-lx, ad. Buinously. 

Per-ni"cious-ness, n. Destructiveness. 

Per-o-ra'tion, )/. [L. peroratio; per, through, and 
onire, to speak.] The conclusion of an oration. 

Per-ox'ide. v. [Per intensive, and Oxide.] An 
oxide which contains the largest possible quan- 
tity of oxygen. 

Per-pen-dic'u-lar, a. [L. perpendiadnris ; perpen- 
df uiuui, a plummet; per, through, and pendere, 
to hang.] Crossing another line at right angles; 
cutting the plane of the horizon at right angles ; 
upright. — 2, n. A line falling on the plane of 
the horizon at right angles. [pendicular. 

Per-pen-dic-u-lar'i-ty, n. The state of being per- 

Per-pen-dic'u-lar-iy. ad. At right angles. 

Per'pe-trate, v. a. [L. perpetrare, perpebratum ; 
per, through, and patrare, to accomplish.] [pp. 
perpetrating, perpetrated.] To commit. 

Per-pe-tra'tion, ». Commission, as of a crime. 

Per'pe-tra-tor, n. [L.] One who perpetrates. 

Per-peYu-al (per-pet'yu-al), a. [L. perpetualis or 
perpetuus : perpes, perpelis, lasting.] Never ceas- 
ing ; continual ; uninterrupted ; Listing. 

Per-pet'u-al-ly, ad. Constantly ; continually. 

Per-pet'u-ate (per-pet'yu-at), v. a. [pp. perpet- 
uating, perpetuated.] To make perpetual ; to 
preserve from extinction. 

Per-pet-u-a'tion, n. Act of perpetuating. 

Per-pe-tu'i-tj:, 11. [L. perpetuitas ; Fr. perpetuite.] 
Duration to all futurity :— durability. 

Per-plex', v. a. [L. perplexus, tangled; per, 
through, and plectere, to weave, to braid.] [pp. 
perplexing, perplexed.] To make anxious; to 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, 9, 5, g, soft; p, &, p, §, hard; § 1 

s 35 



? as gz ; this. 



PEKPLEXLNG 



410 



PERVEESION 



embarrass; to bewilder; to entangle ; to puzzle; 
to disturb; to distract; to vex ; to distress. 

Per-plex'ing, p. a. Embarrassing; difficult. 

Per-plex'i-ty, n. Anxiety; embarrassment. 

Per'qui-site, n. [L. perquisition, any thing gained; 
perquirere, to seek for ; per, through, and quse- 
rere, to seek.] A fee, or somettiing in addition 
to or instead of regular wages or a salary. 

Per'ry, n. [Fr. poire; poire, a pear {q. v.).] A 
fermented drink made of pears. 

Per'se-cute, v. a. [L. persequi, persecutus; per, 
throughout, and sequi, to follow.] [pp. perse- 
cuting, persecuted.] To harass with penalties, 
as for opinions ; to pursue with malice. 

Per-se-cu'tion, n. The act of persecuting. 

Per'se-cut-or, n. One who persecutes. 

Per-se-ver'ance, n. [L. perseverantia.] The act of 
persevering ; steadiness ; persistence ; constancy. 

Per-se-vere', v. n. [L. perseverare, to persist in; 
perseverus, very strict; per, very, and severus, 
strict.] [pp. persevering, persevered.] To per- 

• sist ; to go on. 

Per-se-ver'ing, p. a. Persisting; resolute. 

Per-se-ver'ing-ly, ad. With perseverance. 

Persiflage (pai-se-flazh'), n. [Fr.] Idle talk; 
mockery; jeer; banter. 

Per-sim'mon, n. [Algonkin.] A tree and its fruit. 

Per-sist', v. n. [L. persistere; per, through, and 
sistere, to set, — causal of stare, to stand (q. v.).] 
[pp. persisting, persisted.] To continue obsti- 
nate or resolute; to be or continue firm; to 
persevere. 

Per-sist'ence, \n. State of persisting; constancy ; 

Per-sist'en-cy, J perseverance. 

Per-sist'ent, a. [L. persistens. — See Persist.] Not 
falling off; remaining. 

Per-sist'ent-ly, ad. In a persistent manner. 

Per'son (per'sn), n. [Fr. personne, a person; L. 
persona, a person, — properly, a mask; hence, a 
character in a drama ; masks were worn by an- 
cient actors so shaped as to strengthen the voice ; 
per, through, and sonare, to sound (q. v.).] An 
individual; a human being; one:— shape; ex- 
terior appearance; body. — (Gram.) The char- 
acter which a noun or pronoun bears, as de- 
noting the speaker, the person spoken to, or the 
person or thing spoken of. 

Per'son-a-ble, a. Handsome; graceful. 

Per'son-ai'e, n. [Fr. personnage.] A person of 
distinction. 

Pe'r'son-al, a. [L. personalis.'] Relating to a per- 
son ; relating to human beings, not to things : — 
appendant to a person ; not real, as property : — 
peculiar. [viduality : — reflection on a person. 

Per-son-al'i-ty, n. St^te of being a person ; indi- 

Per'son-al-ly, ad. In person ; in presence. 

Per'son-al-ty, n. Personal property. 

Per'son-ate, t'. a. [L. personare, personatum."] [pp. 
personating, personated.] To represent ; to feign. 

Per-son-a'tion, n. [L. personatio.] The act of 
personating. 

Per'son-a-tor, n. One who personates. 

Per-son-i-fi-ca'tion, n. [Fr. person nification.] The 
act of personifying; prosopopoeia; the represen- 
tation of inanimate objects as endued with life. 

Per-son'i-fy, v. a. [Fr. personnifier.] [pp. per- 
sonifying, personified.] To represent with the 
actions or attributes of a person ; to change from 
a thing to a person. 

Personnel (par'so-nel'), n. [Fr.] The persons 
belonging to the army or navy. 

Per-spec'tive, n. [L. perspectiva, the art of inspec- 
tion ; perspicere, perspectum, to see clearly ; per, 
through, and specere, to see.] A spying-glass : — 
vista; view: — the science by which things are 
properly ranged in picture ; representation. — 
2, a. Relating to vision ; optical. 

Per-spi-ca'eious (per-spe-ka'shus), a. [L. perspi- 
cax; perspicere, to see through.] Sharp of sight; 
quick-sighted; discerning; acute. 

Per-spi-ca'cious-ness, n. Perspicacity. 



Per-spi-cac'i-ty, n. [L. perspieacitas.] Quickness 
of sight ; acuteness of sight or discernment. 

Per-spi-cu'i-ty, n. [L. perspicuitas.] Quality of 
being perspicuous; freedom from obscurity; 
clearness. 

Per-spic'u-ous, a. [L. perspicuus, clear; per, 
through, and specere, to see.] Easily under- 
stood; clear. 

Per-spic'u-ous-ly., ad. Clearly ; plainly. 

Per-spic'u-ous-ness, n. Perspicuity. 

Per-spi-ra'tion, n. The act of perspiring ; excre- 
tion by the pores of the skin sweat. 

Per-spir'a-to-ry, a. Emitting sweat. 

Per-spire', v. n. & v. a. [L. perspirare, perspiratum, 
to breathe all over; per, throughout, and spirare, 
to breathe.] [pp. perspiring, perspired.] To 
excrete or emit by the pores of the skin ; to 
sweat :— to exude. 
| Per-suad'a-ble (per-swad'a-bl), a. Persuasible. 

Per-suade ? (per-swad'), v. a. [L. persuadere, per- 
suasum; per, thoroughly, and suadere, to advise.] 
[pp. persuading, persuaded.] To advise with 
eflect ; to prevail upon ; to influence. 

Per-sua-si-bil'i-ty, n. State of being persuasible. 

Per-sua'si-ble, a. [L. persuasibilis.] That may be 
persuaded. 

Per-sua'sion (per-swa'zhun), n. [L. persuasio.] 
The act or art of persuading : — opinion; creed. 

Per-sua'sive, a. [Fr. persuasif.] Having power 
to persuade. 

Per-sua'sive-ly, ad. In a persuasive manner. 

Per-sua'sive-ness, n. Quality of being persuasive. 

Pert, a. [Welsh pert, smart. In its bad sense it 
seems to stand for Malapebt.] Smart : saucy ; 
forward ; flippant. 

Per- tain', v. n. [L. pertinere, to belong per, 
"through, and tenere, to hold.] [pp. pertaining, 
pertained.] To belong ; to relate. 

Per-tj-na'cious (per-te-na'shus), a. [L. pertinax ; 
per, very, and tenax, tenacious (q. v.).] Perversely 
resolute; stubborn; obstinate; inflexible. 
| Pe'r-ti-na'cious-ly, ad. Obstinately. 
j Per-ti-nac'i-ty, w. [Fr. pertinucite.] Obstinacy; 
persistency. 

Per'ti-nence, )«. State of being pertinent ; ap- 

Per'ti-nen-cy, j positeness ; propriety. 

Per'ti-nent, fl. [L. pertinere, pertinentis, to pertain 
(q. i-.).] Related to the matter in hand; appro- 
priate ; fit ; proper ; apposite. 

Per'ti-nent-ly, ad. To the purpose. 

Pert'iy, ad. In a pert manner ; saucily. 

Pert'ness, n. Sauciness ; smartness. 

Per-turb', v. a. [L. pertnrbare; per, greatly, and 
turbare, to disturb ; turba, a throng.] [ pp. per- 
turbing, perturbed.] To disquiet ; to disturb. 

Per-tiirb'ance, n. Disquiet; perturbation. 

Per-tur-ba'tion, n. [L. perturbatio.] Disquiet; 
disorder. 

Per-tu'§ion (per-tii'zhun), n. [L. pertundere, per- 
tnsum, to bore ; per, through, and tundere, to 
beat.] Perforation. 

Per'uke, n. [Fr. perruque, It. parrvcca, Sp. peluca, 
Sardinian pilucca, Dut. peruyh, a periwig (q. v.) ; 
0. It. pellucare, to pluck; *L. pilus, hair. — Cf. 
Plush.] A cap of false hair; a periwig. 

Pe-ru'sal, n. The act of perusing; examination. 

Pe-rusV, v. a. [Probably from L. per, through, 
and Eng. Use.] [pp. perusing, perused.] To 
read ; to examine. 

Per-vade', v. a. [L. pervadere, pervasum; per, 
through, and vadere, to go.] [pp. pervading, 
pervaded.] To p;iss through; to permeate. 

Per-va'sion (per-va'zhun), n. [L. pervasio. — See 
Pervade.] A passing through. 

Per-va'sive, a. Having power to pervade. 

Per-verse', a. [Fr. pervers ; L. perversus. — See 
Pervert.] Obstinate; stubborn; wayward. 

Per-verse'ly, ad. Stubbornly ; vexatiously. 

Per-verse'ness, n. Obstinacy ; petulance. 

Per-ver'sion, n. [L. perversio.] The act of per- 
verting ; wrong use. 



a, e, I, 6, S, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; ^, e, i, o, \}, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



PERYEESITY 



411 



PHALLUS 



Per-ver'si-ty, n. [Fr. perversite ; L. perversitas.] 
Pervei seness ; petulance. 

Per-ver'sive, a. Tending to pervert. 

Per-vert', v. a. [L. pervertere, perversion; per, 
"thoroughly, and vertere, to turn.] [pp. per- 
verting, perverted.] To turn from the right. 

Per'vert, n. One who is perverted. 

Per-vert'er, n. One who perverts. 

Per-vert'i-ble, a. That may be perverted. 

Per'vi-ous, a. [L. pervius; per, through, ^and 
via, a way.] Admitting passage ; permeable". 

Pes'sa-ry, n. [L. pessarium or pesswm, ; Gr. irea- 
<rovl] An instrument to support the womb. 

Pes'si-mism, n. The most unfavorable view of 
things : — the doctrine that this is the worst pos- 
sible world : — opposed to optimism. 

Pes'si-mist, n. [L. pessimus, worst; pejor, worse.] 
A universal complainer. 

Pes-si-mls'tie, a. Kelating to, or characterized 
by, pessimism. 

Pest, w. [L. pestis, a plague.] A plague; pesti- 
lence : — a person or thing mischievous or de- 
structive ; a scourge. 

Pes'ter, v. a. [Fr. empetrer, 0. Fr. empestrer, to 
embarrass; L. in, on, and Late L. pastorium, a 
clog, a fetter; L. pascere, pastum, to feed.] [pp. 
pestering, pestered.] To disturb ; to perplex ; to 
harass. 

Pes-tif'er-ous, a. [L. pestiferus ; pestis, a pest, 
and ferre, to bring.] Destructive; pestilential. 

Pes'ti-lence, n. [L. pestilentia.] A contagious or 
infectious disease ; the plague ; a pest. 

Pes'ti-lent, a. [L. pestilens or pestileutus ; alsojjes- 
tilis ; pestis, a plague.] Producing plagues ; ma- 
lignant. 

Pes-ti-len'tial (-shal), a. Partaking of the nature 
of pestilence ; pestilent; destructive. 

Pes' tie (pes'sl or pes'tl), n. [0. Fr. pestel; L. 
pistillum; piusere, pistum, to pound.] A tool to 
beat substances with in a mortar :— a staff. 

Pet, n. [Irish peat, Gael, peata, a tame animal: 
the idea of peevishness comes from that of a ca- 
pricious and spoiled fondling.] Slight and ca r 
piicious anger; a fit of peevishness : — any thing 
fondled; a tame lamb ; a fondling. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
petting, petted.] To treat as a pet; to fondle. 

Pet'al, or Pe'tal, u. [Gr. nera\ov, a leaf; neTav- 
vvjj.L, I spread. — See Patulous.] A flower-leaf. 

Pet-a-llf er-oiis, «. (Bot.) Bearing petals. 

Pe-tard', n. [Fr.] A piece of ordnance. 

Pe-te'phi-al, a. [Late L. petechia, It. petecchia, L. 
petigo, a spot, an eruption.] {Med.) Spotted. 

Pe'ter-pence, n. Money paid to the pope. 

Pet'i-o-lar, \u. (Bot.) Kelating to, or growing 

Pet'i-o-late, j out of, petioles. 

Pet'i-ole, ». [L. petiolus. — Cf. pes, pedis, a foot.] 
(Bot.) The stalk of a leaf. 

Petit (pet'e or per/it) [pe-tef or pet'e, Sm. ; pet'it or 
pe-tet', Ja. ; pet'e, R. Wb. St.], a. [Fr.— See 
Petty.] Small; little; petty.— This word, in the 
sense of petty, as opposed to important, grand, or 
high, is generally pronounced petty (even with 
the spelling petit) ; as, petit or petty larceny, petit 
or petti/ jury, petit or petty treason. [dainty. 

Petite (pe-tet'), a., fem. [Fr.] Small; delicate; 

Pe-ti"tion (pe-tlsh'un), n. [L. petitio ; petere, pe- 
tititm, to seek.] A request; entreaty; supplica- 
tion; prayer. — 2, v. a. [pp. petitioning, peti- 
tioned.] To solicit; to supplicate. — 3, v. n. To 
express one's desire in a petition. 

Pe-ti"tion-a-ry, )a. [L. petitorius.] (Law.) Peti- 

Pet'i-to-ry, J tioning ; supplicatory. 

Pe-ti"tion-er, n. One who offers a petition. 

Pet'rel, or Pe'trel, n. [Fr. petrel, from St. Peter's 
attempt to walk on the waves : the petrel is said 
to walk on the sea.] A kind of sea-bird. 

Pe-tres'cent, a. [L. petra, Gr. TreTpos, a stone. 
The suffix -esceut implies beginning or becom- 
ing.] Turning to stone; petrifying. 

Pet-ri-fac'tion, n. [See Petrification.] Act of 
turning to stone : — a petrified substance. 



Pet-ri-fac'tive, a. Having power to petrify. - 

Pe-trif ic, a. Having power to petrify. 

Pet-ri-fi-ca'tion, n. [Fr. petrification.] Petrifac- 
tion. 

Pet'ri-fy, v. a. [Fr. petrifier ; L. petra, a stone', 
and fucere, to make ; fieri, to become.] [pp. pet- 
rifying, petrified.] 'To change to stone; to 
harden. — 2, v. n. To become stone. 

Pe-tro'le-um, n. [L. petra, a rock, and olemn, oil.] 
Mineral oil ; rock oil. 

Pet-ro-lo£-'ic, ) a. Of or relating to petrology 

Pet-ro-loi'i-cal, J or the investigation of rocks. 

Pe-trol'o-i'y, u. [Gr. 7re'Tpo?, a rock, and Ao-yo?, a 
treatise.] That department of geological and 
mineralogical science which treats of rocks. 

Pet'ro-nel, n. [Fr. petrinul; Sp. petrina, Late L. 
peclorina, a belt ; L. pectus, pectoris, the breast.] 
An old form of horse-pistol. 

Pe'trous, a. [L. petrosus ; petra, a stone.] Resem- 
bling stone: stony. [lower vestment. 

Pet'ti-coat, n. [Petty and Coat.] A woman's 

Pet'ti-fog, v. v. [See Pettifogger.] [pp. petti- 
fogging, pettifogged.] To play the pettifogger. 

Pet'ti-fog-ger, n. [Petty, and 0. E. fogger, a ser- 
vile flatterer; 0. Dut. focker, a monopolist.] A 
petty lawyer. 

Pet'ti-ness* n. Smallness: littleness. 

Pet'tish, a. Fretful; peevish; petulant. 

Pet'tjsh-ly, ad. In a pettish manner. 

Pet'tish-ness, n. Fretfuluess ; peevishness. 

Pet' to, n. [It. ; L. pectus.] The breast :—figura- 
tively, privacy; as, in petto, in privacy. 

Pet'ty, a. [Fr. petit, small.— Cf. Roumanian pUi, 
It. pitetto, little ; etymology doubtful.] Small ; 
little; trifling; trivial. 

Pet'u-lance, \n. [L. petulantia.] Peevishness; 

Pet'u-lan-cy, J fretfulness; ill temper; pertness. 

Pet'u-lant, a. [L. pelulaw, pert, i)eevish, freak- 
ish ; akin to peteie, to seek.] Fretful ; saucy ; 
peevish ; pert. 

Pe-tu'ni-a, n. [V,v;\7.\\\&xi petun, tobacco.] A beau- 
tiful flowering plant. 

Pew (pu), n. [0. Fr. pui, puye, a gallery ; Sp. 
poyo, a bench ; L. podium, a balcony, a pinnacle; 
Gr. tto&lov, a little foot; ttou?, a foot. — Cf. Fr. 
pny, a mountain-peak.] A seat enclosed in a 
church. 

Pe'wet, ) [pe'wit, & W. Ja. Sm. C. ; piVit, P. K. 

Pe'wit, j Wb.]) n. [From its note; Dut. pienoit, 
MewU; Ger. kibitz; Fr. pivite.] A water-fowl; 
lapwing. 

Pew'ter, ». [It. peVro; Sp. peltre ; 0. Fr. peutre: 
these are all from the English, which is cor- 
rupted from Spelter.] An alloy of tin, lead, &c. 

Pew'ter-er, n. One who works in pewter. 

Pha'e-toii, n. [Gr. <I>ae'0u>, the charioteer of the 
sun'; fyaiOoiv, shining; fyatnv, to shine.] (Myth.) 
The son of Phoebus, a 
fabled driver of the char- 
iot of the sun : — an open 
four-wheeled carriage : — 
a tropical sea-bird. 

Pha-lan'£er, >'• [Named 
because the phalanges of 
the second and third toes 
of the hind feet are en- ^uaeion. 

closed in one skin.] An Australasian animal of 
several species. 

Phal'an-ster-y, «. [Fr. phalanstere ; from Pha- 
lanx, on type of monastery, or Gr. </>aA<ry£, a 
phalanx, and o-repeos, solid.] A social com- 
munity, joint-stock company, or establishment 
formed on the principles of Fourier. 

Pha'lanx, or Phal'anx, n. ; L. pi. Pha-lan'§-es ; 
Eng. Pha'lanx-es, or Phal'anx-es. [L. ; Gr. 
<j>dAay£; etymology unknown.] A close, com- 
pact body of men or soldiers. — pi. The small 
bones *>f the fingers and toes. 

Phal'lic, a. Emblematic of reproduction. 

Phal'lus, n. [Gr. 4>aAA6<r.— Cf. Ger. pfahl; Eng. 
Pole".] An emblem of the generative' power. 



^^^^ 




mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; biUl, bur, rule, use,— p, 9, 9, £, soft; p, 0, p, g" , hard; 3 as z ; ? as gz j this. 



PHANEROGAMOUS 



412 



PHONETICS 



Phan-e-rog'a-moiis, a. [Gr. fyavepos, evident, 
and yap-tlv, to marry.] Having flowers or blos- 
soms. 

Phan'tasm, n. [Gr. <j>dvraap.a; <j>avT<i£eiv, to 
show ; <f>aiveiv, to briug to light.] A spectre ; a 
vision ; a phantom. 

Phan-tas-ma-go'ri-a, n. [Gr. <f>dvTacrp.a, an ap- 
pearance, and ayopd, an assembly.] An optical 
illusion :— an instrument by which phantoms are 
represented ; a magic lantern. [goria. 

Phan-tas-ma-gor'ic, a. Eelating to phantasma- 

Phan'ta-sy, 'n. See Fantasy. 

Phan'tom, ». [0. Fr. phantosme. — See Phantasm.] 
A spectre ; an apparition ; a vision. 

Phar-i-sa'ic, "I «. Eelating to the Pharisees; 

Phar-i-sa'i-cal, j externally religious. 

Phar-i-sa'i-cal-ness. ». Pharisaical show. 

Phar'i-sa-ism, n. The conduct of a Pharisee. 

Phar'i-see, n. [Gr. </>ap(.<xaio?; Aramaic perishin, 
separate. — Cf. Arab, farizi, sectaries.] One of a 
Jewish sect : — a self-righteous person. 

Phar-ma-ceu'tic, a. [Gr. <papp.aicevTiK.6<; ; <f>app.a- 
nevs, a druggist.] Eelating to pharmacy. 

Phar-ma-ceu'tics, n. pi. The art of preparing 
medicines ; pharmacy. 

Phar-ma-ceu'tist, ) n. One versed in pharmacy ; 

Phar-ma-col'o-'£ist, J an apothecary. 

Phar'ma-cist,' n. A druggist. 

Phar-ma-col'o-fy, n. [Gr. (fnxpfLaKov, a drug, and 
A6yo?,'a treatise.] Pharmacy. 

Phar-ma-co-pos'ia (far-ma-ko-pe'a). n. [Gr. <f>dp- 
fxaKov, a drug, and Troieiv, to make.] A dispen- 
satory ; a directory for medicines. 

Phar'ma-cy, n. [Gr. <papp.a.K<iia ; 4>dpp.a.Kov, a 
drug.] The art of preparing medicines; the 
trade of an apothecary : — a drug-store. 

Pha'ros, n. [Gr. ; properly, the name of an island 
near Alexandria. ] A light-house ; a watch- 
tower. 

Pha-ryn'£e-al, a. Belonging to the pharynx. 

Phar-yn-got'o-my, ». [Gr. <pdpvy£, and Tip.veiv, 
root Top.-, to cut.] The operation of making an 
incision into the pharynx. 

Phar'ynx, n. [Gr.] (Anat.) A part of the gullet. 

Phase, n. [Gr. </)do-i?, appearance; root $a-, to 
shine; L. phasis.] Appearance; one of a series 
of changes : — an aspect. 

Pha'sis, n. ; pi. Fha'ses. [L.] An appearance 
of a'body at any time ; phase. 

Pheas'ant (fez'ant), n. [Gr. <f>ao-iavo<; ; named 
from the river Phmis, near the Caucasus.] A gal- 
linaceous bird. 

Phe'nic, a. Xoting an acid allied to phenol. 

Phe'nix, n. A bird. See Phcbnix. 

Phe'nol, n. [From Camphene and L. oleum, oil.] 
The compound known as carbolic acid. The 
name is extended to other analogous compounds. 

Phe-nSm'e-nal, a. Of or relating to phenomena 
or phenomenalism: — opposed to noumenal: — 
quite extraordinary and exceptional; so rare as 
to excite wonder. 

Phe-nom'e-non, n. ; pi. Phe-nom'e-na. [Gr. <pai- 
v'6p.evov,' a passive participle from ' cpaLveLv, to 
show.] Appearance ; any thing presented to the 
eye or the senses : — any thing remarkable. 

Phl'al. n. [L. phiala; Gr. 4>idAij.] A small bottle ; 
a vial. 

Phi-lan'der, v. n. [The name of a sentimentally 
virtuous' youth in the " Orlando Furioso" of 
Ariosto ; the Greek name QiXavSpos is from <£><.- 
\elv, to love, or <piAos, friendly, and dvyp, aeSpos, 
a man.] [pp. philandering, philandered.] To 
make love ; to flirt. 

Phil-an-throp'ic, \o. Possessed of philan- 

Phil-an-throp'i-cal, J thropy ; benevolent. 

Phi-lan'thro-pist, n. A lover of mankind. 

Phi-Ian' thro-py, n. [Gr. (f>t.\av0 putrid. ; (/uAeii>, to 
love, and dv9p<x>— 09, a man.] Love of mankind 
generally; general benevolence ; humanity. 

Phi-lat'e-list, n. A collector of postage-stamps. 

Phi-lat'e-ly, n. [Gr. 0iAo?, a friend, and dreAeia, 



exemption from payment : a stamp exempts 
from the direct payment of money.] A name 
given to the mania for collecting and arranging 
postage-stamps. 

Phil-har-mon'ic, a. [Gr. <f>iAei«>, to love, and 
dpp.ovia, harmony (q. v.).] Loving harmony. 

Phil'i-beg, ». A kilt. See Fillibeg. 

Phi-tfp'pic, n. [Properly, one of the orations of 
Demosthenes against Philip of Macedon. The 
name Philip properly means a lover of horses ; 
<£'Ao?, fond of, and £7771-05, a horse.] A discourse 
full of invective. 

Phi-lis'tine, u. [Originally one of an ancient race 
hostile to the Israelites: their name seems to 
mean "wanderers" or "aliens."] A person 
whose ideas are limited to the details of every- 
day life ; one deficient in taste or sentiment. 

Phi-Hs' tin-ism, n. The character of a Philistine ; 
inaccessibility to ideas: dull, prosaic mediocrity. 

Phil-c-lo£'ic, \a. Eelating to philology; 

Phil-o-lof 'i-cal, J critical. 

Phi-lol'o-fist, n. One versed in philology. 

Phi-lol'o-fy, n. [Gr. 0t'Ao?, fond of, and Adyo?, 
discourse, speech.] The knowledge of languages, 
and the branches of learning connected with 
languages, comprising etymology, grammar, 
rhetoric, poetry, and criticism : — belles-lettres. 

Phil'o-math, ,n. [Gr. <£iAop.a0ijs ; $t'Ao?, fond of, 
and p-dQri, learning.] A lover of learning. 

Phil'o-mel, n. [Gr. 4>i\op.rj\a ; perhaps for <£i'Ao?, 
fond of, and p.eAos, a song.] The nightingale. 

Phil-o-me'la, n. The same as Philomel. 

Phil-o-pe'na, ». [Ger. vielliebchen, — literally, much 
loved.] A' forfeit to be paid by the loser in a 
play or sport with double kernels of almonds. 

Phi-los'o-pher, n. [Gr. <£iA6o-o<£os. — See Philoso- 
phy.] ' One' versed in philosophy. 

PMl-o-soph'ic {or fil-o-sofik), \ a. Eelating to 

Phil-o-soph'i-cal, J philosophy ; ra- 

tional ; wise. 

Phil-o-soph'i-cal-ly, ad. Rationally. 

Phi-los'o-phism, n. False philosophy. 

Phi-los'o-phist, n. A pretender to philosophy. 

Phi-los'o-phize, v. v. [pp. philosophizing, phi- 
losophized.] To act or to reason like a philoso- 
pher ; to moralize. 

Phi-los'o-phy, «. [Gr. (pt\oo-o<j>ia, love of wisdom; 
(/u'Aos, 'fond' of, and cr.o(£<.'a, wisdom, knowledge, 
skill.] Literallj-, the love of wisdom: — knowl- 
edge, natural or moral, comprising three general 
divisions: natural philosophy, or physics : intellec- 
tual or mental philosophy, or metaphysics; and 
moral philosophy, or ethics :— an explanation of 
the reason of things. 

Phil'ter, «. [Ft. philtre, L. philtrum, Gr. ^t'Arpov, 
a love-potion; <pikelv, to love; -Tpov denotes au 
agent.] A love-charm ; a charm. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
philtering, philtered.] To charm to love. 

Phiz, n. [For physiognomy.] The face ; the visage. 

Phle-bot'o-mist, n. One who lets blood. 

Phle-bot'p-my, n. [Gr. </>Ae/3orop.i'a ; <£Ae>//, tp\e- 
jSos, a vein; ^Ac'eiv, to flow; and rop.6<;, a cut- 
ting; Tenxveiv, to cut.] The act of blood-letting. 

Phlegm (flem), n. [Gr. (p\eyp.a, inflammation, 
phlegm, — properly, a burning; <p\eyeiv, to burn. 
— Cf. L. flamma, a flame.] A watery humor: — 
viscid matter from the throat : — coolness. 

Phleg-mat'ic, or Phleg'ma-tic, a. [Gr. </>Aey- 
p-artKos.] ' Abounding in 'phlegm .-—unfeeling; 
dull; cold; frigid. 

Phleg-mat'i-cal-ly, ad. In a phlegmatic manner. 

PhleVmon,'»i. ' [L.*; Gr. 4>\eyp.ovri, heat, a tumor. 
— See Phlegm.] An inflamed tumor. 

Phleg'mo-nous, a. Inflammatory ; burning. 

Phleme, n. An instrument. See Fleam. 

Phlox, n. [Gr. <£A6£, a flame; <p\4yeiv, to burn.] 
A genus of flowering plants. [bird. 

Phoe'nix (fe'niks), n. [L. ; Gr. tpo'ivi^.] A fabled 

Pho-neVic, a. [Gr. (fxuvijTiKos ; </>wvrj, a sound.] 
Eelating to phonetics or to 60und. 

Pho-net'ics, n. pi. The doctrine of sounds. 



a, e, 1, 0, u, y, long; a, e, 1, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



MONETIZE 



413 



PIANO 



Phon'e-tlze, v. a. [pp. phonetizing, phonetized.] 
To represent phonetically. 

Phon'ics, h. [Gr. </>u>i>vj, a sound.] The doctrine 
of sounds ; acoustics. 

Pho'no-graph, re. [Gr. <£wvtj, a sound, and ypa- 
<f>etv', to write.] A phonographic type : — an in- 
strument by which articulate speech may be 
recorded and reproduced at any future time. 

Pho-no-graph'ic, \a. Eelating to phonogra- 

Pho-no-graph'i-cal, Jphy :— of or pertaining to 
the phonograph. 

Pho-nog'ra-phy, «. The art of expressing sounds 
by characters or symbols. 

Ph5-no-log'i-cal, a. Relating to phonology. 

Pho-nol'o-gy, v. [Gr. $<ov7j, sound, and Aoyo?, a 
discourse.]" The science of sounds ; phonics. 

Phos'phate, n. (Ghem.) A salt formed of phos- 
phoric acid and a base. 

Phos'phide, n. The same as Phosphuret. 

Phos'phite, n. A salt of phosphorous acid. 

Phos'phor-bronze (or -bronz), «. A valuable 
alloy of bronze and phosphorus. 

Phos-pho-resce' (fos-fo-res'), v. n. [From Phos- 
phorus; the teimination in -esce (L. -sc-, Gr. 
-<tk-) is inceptive, and o:ten denotes feebleness 
or faintness in some quality.] [pp. phosphores- 
cing, phosphoresced.] To emit phosphoric light; 
to shine without heat. 

Phos-pho-res'eence, n. [Fr.] An emission of 
phosphoric light ; a faint light without heat. 

Phos-pho-res'cent, a. [Fr.] Shining; luminous. 

Phos-phor'ic, ' la. Relating to, or containing, 

Phos-phor' i-cal, J phosphorus. 

Phos'pho-rous, «. Pertaining to phosphorus : — 
noting'compounds of phosphorus containing less 
oxygen than phosphoric compounds have. 

Phos'pho-rus, n. [L. ; Gr. <£u)o-</>6po?, light-bring- 
ing; t/)to5, light, and $epeiv, to bring.] The 
morning star: — a very combustible elementary 
substance. 

Phos'phu-ret, re. (Ghem.) A compound of phos- 
phorus and some other substance; a phosphide. 

Phos'phu-ret- ted, a. Containing phosphorus. 

Pho-to-gen'ic, a [Gr. </>J>s, <£ojt6?, light, and 
stem yew-, to produce.] Produced by light. 

Pho'to-graph, re. A fac-simile or picture produced 
by photography. — 2, v. a. [pp. photographing, 
photographed.] To take a photographic like- 
ness of. [pictures. 

Pho-tog'ra-pher, n. One who takes photographic 

Ph6-to-graph'ic, «. Eelating to photography. 

Pho-tog'ra-phy, «• [Gr. 90)9, c^iotos, light, and 
ypd<pet.v, to write, to trace.] The art or process 
of taking photographs. 

Pho-to-grav'ure, n. [Fr.— See Photograph and 
Engrave; Fr. gravure, an engraving.] A vari- 
ety of engraving produced by a photographic 
process. 

Pho-to-lith'o-graph, n. [Gr. </>u>?, $ujt6?, light, 
and Lithograph.] A kind of lithographic pic- 
ture taken by a phototypic process. 

Pho-tom'e-ter, n. [Gr. <£u>?, <|>u)tc?, light, and 
nirpov, a measure.] An instrument tu measure 
the intensity of light. 

Pho-tom'e-try, re. The art of measuring light. 

Pho'to-sphere, n. [Gr. <£d)?, <£o>t6s, light, and 
<r<fraipa, a sphere (q. v.).] The glowing luminous 
envelope of the sun, which radiates heat and 
light. [sisting of, the photosphere. 

Pho-to-spher'ic, a. Of or pertaining to, or con- 

Pho'to-type, ><. [Gr. $u>s, 4>o)t6<;, light, and tutto?, 
a stamp, a type (q. v.).] A type or plate pro- 
duced by phototypy : — a picture printed from 
such a plate. 

Pho-to-typ'ic, a. Of or pertaining to the art or 
process of 'phototypy. 

Pho-tot'y-py, re. The art of producing a metal 
type or plate resembling an engraved plate fiom 
a photographic picture, and printing from it. 

Phrase, n. [Gr. fypdais, a phrase, a speaking; 
4>pd£eLv, to speak.] An expression; a mode of 



speech : — a musical expression. — 2, v. a. [pp. 

phrasing, phrased.] To style ; to call ; to term. 
Phra-se-o-log'ic, ) a. Eelating to phraseology 
Phra-§e-o-log'i-cal, j" or language. 
Phra-se-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. <f>pdaLs, a phrase, and 

Aoyos, a speaking; \eyeiv, to speak.] Manner 

of expression ; style ; diction : — a phrase-book. 
Phras/ing, n. Melodic form in music. 

StSII-cal, } «• Eelatin = t0 P^—logy. 

Phre-nol'o-i'ist, re. One versed in phrenology. 

Phre-nol'o-gy, re. [Gr. 4>p-qv, the mind, and 
A0709, a treatise.] The science which professes 
to determine the qualities of the mind by the 
form of the brain or of the skull ; craniology. 

Phren'sy, n. Madness ; frenzy. See Frenzy. 

PhtMs/ic (tiz'ik), re. Phthisis : — asthma. 

Phthis'i-cal (tiz'e-ka.1), a. [Gr. <|>0icrt/c6s.] Con- 
sumptive :— asthmatic. 

Phthi'sis (thi'sis or ti'sis), re. [Gr. <f>0t'eiv, to de- 
cay.] ' [Med.) A consumption. 

Phy-col'o-gy, re. [Gr. 4>vkos, sea-weed, and Aoyo?, 
a treatise.]' The science of sea-weeds. 

Phy-lac'ter-y, re. [Gr. <$>v\o.K-ripLov, a charm; 
<f)v\aKTv'p, for <t>v\ai;, a guard.] A slip or band- 
age on which was inserted some passage of 
Scripture. 

Phyl-lox-e'ra, s. [Gr. $u'AAo»> (L. folium), a leal, 
and i-ypos, dry.] (Ent.) A genus of destructive 
plant-lice, mostly American. 

Phys'ic, re. [Gr. <£v<tik:6s, natural ; Averts, nature ; 
(/>veiv, to grow, to produce.] The science of 
medicine ; the art of healing : — a cathartic. — 
2, v. a. [pp. physicking, physicked.] To treat 
with physic: — to purge. 

Phys'i-cal, «• [See Physic] Eelating to physics, 
to nature, or to natural philosophy ; natural, 
not moral. 

Phys'i-cal-ly, ad. In a physical manner. 

Phy-si"cian (fe-zish'an), re. [Fr. phyncien, a 
physicist.] One who professes or practises 
physic, or the art of healing. 

Phys/i-cist, n. One versed in physics. 

Phys/ics, n. Natural philosophy. ' 

Phy§-i-og-nom'ic, ) a. Eelating to physiog- 

Phy§-i-og'-nom'i-cal, J nomy. [nomy. 

Phy§-i-og'no-mist.' n. One versed in physiog- 

Phys-i-og'no-my. [fiz-e-6n'o-me, N. Skeat; fiz-e- 
og'no-me or f Iz-e-on'o-nie, Ja. St.], v. [Gr. 
4>v<rioyvofJiia or (f>v<rt.oyv<op.ovia ; (J)vcrc?, ^ucreio?, 
nature, and yvwfxoiv, an interpreter.] The art 
of discovering the temper and character of the 
mind by the face : — the face ; the countenance. 

Phy§-i-o-log'ic, \a. Eelating to physiology; 

Phy§-i-o-log'i-cal, J physical. 

Phy§-i-ol'o-gist, n. One versed in physiology. 

Phy§-i-ol'o-gy. n. [Gr. ^ucri?, nature, and Aoyo?, 

. a treatise.] The doctrine of vital phenomena; 
the science which treats of the properties of 
organized bodies, both animal and vegetable ; 
physics. 

Phy-§ique' (fe-zeV), n. [Fr.] Structure of the 
body ; constitution. 

Phy-tog'ra-phy, ». [Gr. 4>vt6v, a plant, and ypa- 
0eii/, to write.] A description of plants. 

Phy-tol'o-gy, »• [Gr. <}>vt6v, a plant, and Ao-yos, 
a treatise.] Doctrine of plants ; botany. 

Phy-toph'a-gous, a. [Gr. <pvr6v, a plant, and 
<f)dyeiv, to eat.] Feeding on plants. 

Phy-tot'o-my, n. [Gr. 4>vt6v, a plant, and rep.- 
vetv, root rop.-, to cut.] Vegetable anatomy. 

Pi-ac'u-lar, a. [L. piaculxiris ; piaadnm, an expi- 
ation ; piare, to expiate ; pius, holy.] Expiatory ; 
criminal. 

Pi'a ma'ter, re. [L. for "tender mother."] (Avat.) 
A membrane covering the brain and spinal 
marrow. 

Pi-a-nis' si-mo, ad. [It.] (Mus.) Very softly. 

Pi-a'mst, «. A performer on the piano-forte. 

Piano (pe-a'no or pe-an'o), a. [It.] (Jl/us.) Smooth; 
soft.— 2, h. A piano-forte. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 



_ 5- <?. 5, g, soft; p, J5, jj, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; 

35* 



this. 



PIANO-FOETE 



414 



PILE 



Pi-a'no-for'te, or Pi-an'6-fdr'te, n. [It. piano, 
smooth ; L. planus, even, plane (q. v.), and It. 
forte, Jj.fortis, strong, loud.] A musical stringed 
instrument played by keys. 

Fi-as'ter, n. [Fr. ; It. piastra, a dollar, metal 
plate \q. v.). — See Plaster.] A.silver coin of dif- 
ferent values in different countries : — the Italian 
and Spanish piasters are Italian and Spanish 
dollars. 

Pi-az'za [pe-at'za, Skeat], n. [It.— See Place.] A 
square open space ; a portico or covered walk 
supported by pillars. 

Pi'broph, n. [Gael. ; piob, a pipe.] A kind of air 
or music among the Scotch Highlanders, played 
on the bagpipe. 

Pi'ca, n. [L. pica, a magpie ; picus, a woodpecker; 
Skr. pika, a cuckoo, — all imitative of birds' notes ; 
as applied to type, it is Late L. pica, a service- 
book, — said to be named from L. pica, a mag- 
pie, from the variegated appearance of its pages.] 
A sort of printing-type : — a bird, the magpie. 

Pic-a-r66n', n. [Sp. picaron, a rogue; picaro, ras- 
cally : root of Pick.] A robber; a cheat; a thief. 

Pic-a-yiine', n. [Fr. picaillon, a mite, money 
(slang), — properly a Savoyard word ; It. piccio- 
lino, a farthing.] A Spanish half real, of the 
value of one-sixteenth of a dollar, or 6 l 4 cents. 

Pic'co-lo, n. [It. for "small."] A small shrill 
flute : — a small upright piano-forte. 

Pick, v. a. [A.-S. pycan; Icel. pikka ; Dut. pikken ; 
Ger. picken; It. piccare; Fr. piquer ; Irish, pio- 
caim; Gael, pioc; Welsh, pigo : akin to Pike, 
Peg, Beak, Peak.] [pp. picking, picked.] To 
cull; to choose; to select; to take up: — to clean: 
— to strike ; to peck : — to open. — 2, v. n. To eat 
slowly and by morsels ; to nibble : — to steal in 
small quantities. — 3, n. [Fr. pic; Bret, pik.] A 
sharp-pointed iron tool : — selection. 

Pick'a-nin-ny, n. [Sp. pequefio nifto, little child; 
It. pivinino, very little.] A negro baby or child. 

Pick'a-pack, ad. [reduplicated form of Pack.] 
In the manner of a pack. 

Pick'axe, n. An axe with a sharp point. 

Pick'er, n. One who picks :— a machine that picks. 

Pick'er-el, «. [Dim. of Pike.] A kind of fish ; a 
small pike 



Pick'et, n. [Fr. piquet, a stake or peg.] A sharp 

the picketing of horses on outpost 

duty] a guard.— 2, v. a. [pp. picketing, pick- 



stake : — [from the pick 



eted.] To fasten to or enclose with pickets. 

Pick'ing, n. Act of culling; a gleaning. 

Pic'kie (pik'kl), n. [Dut. pekel; Ger. pokel] A 
salt liquor : — a vegetable or any thing pickled ; 
state ; condition. — 2, v. a. [pp. pickling, pickled.] 
To preserve in pickle ; to season. 

Pick'-pock-et, \a. A thief who steals from the 

Pick'piirse, J pocket or purse. 

Pic'nic, n. [Fr. pique-niqne; Sw. picknick; Ger. 
pickenick, — all from the English : origin un- 
known.] An om-door rural pleasure party. — 
2, v. n. [pp. picnicking, picnicked.] To take 
part in a pleasure excursion. 

Pic-to'ri-al, a. [L. pictorius ; pictor, a painter.] 
Relating to a painter or to painting; having 
pictures ; illustrated. 

Pic-to'ri-al-ly, ad. By the use of pictures. 

Pict'ure (pikt'yur), n. [L. pictura, painting, a 
painting; pingere, pictum, to paint.] A repre- 
sentation or iikeness in colors ; a painting ; a 
likeness. — 2, v. a. [pp. picturing, pictured.] To 
represent ; to paint. 

Pict-u-resque' (pikt-yu-resk'), a. [It. pittoresco ; 
Fr. pittoresque.] Like a picture; graphic; wild 
and beautiful. [pounds. 

Pic'ul, n. [Malay.] A Chinese weight of 133^ 

Pid'dle, v. n. [Cf. Norw. pilla, Local Sw. pittla, 
frequentative of peta, to pick.] [pp. piddling, 
piddled.] To trifle; to feed squeamishly. 

Pie (pi), n. [Celt, pighe.] An article of food; 
pastry : — [Fr. pie ; L. pica. — Cf. L. picus, a wood- 
pecker; Skr. pika, a cuckoo: all probably from 



the birds' notes] a magpie :— printers' type con- 
fusedly mixed. 

Pie' bald, a. [Pie, a magpie, and 0. E. bald, 
streaked : referring to the magpie's varied col- 
ors.] Of various colors; pied. 

Piece (pes), n. [Fr. piece; Sp. pieza; It. pezza; 
Late L. petium.] A patch ; a fragment; Apart: 
— a picture : — a composition : — a gun : — a coin. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. piecing, pieced.] To patch ; to 
join ; to splice.— 3, v. n. To join ; to coalesce. 

Piece'meal, ad. [Piece and A.-S. msel, a share.] 
In pieces ; in fragments. — 2, a. Single ; sepa : 
rate; divided. 

Pied (pld), a. [From the pie, or magpie, which 
has a mixed coloration.] Variegated ; party- 
colored; mixed. 

Pier (per), n. [Fr. pierre, L. petra, a stone; Gr. 
werpa, a rock.] A column to support the arch 
of a bridge : — a mole projecting into water. 

Pierce, or Pierce, v. a.. [Fr. percer ; 0. Fr. per- 
tuisier ; L. pertundere, pertusum, to perforate ; per, 
through, and tundere, to beat.] [pp. piercing, 
pierced.] To penetrate; to enter :— to affect.— 
2, v. n. To make way by force ; to enter. 

Pierc'ing, a. Penetrating ; keen ; affecting. 

Pier'-'glass, n. A large looking-glass placed be- 
tween windows. 

Pier'-ta-ble, n. A table between windows. 

Pi'e-tism, n. Strict devotion or piety: — obtrusive 
or sentimental piety ; an affectation of piety. 

Pi'e-tist, n. [Ger.] One who professes great piety. 

Pi-e-tis'tic, a. Affectedly, sentimentally, or hyp- 
ocritically pious. 

Pi'e-ty, n. [Fr. piete ; Jj.pietas.— See Pious.] Duty 
or devotion to God :— duty or devotion to parents. 

Pig, n. [A.-S. pecg ; Dut. & Low Ger. bigge.] The 
young of swine : — [a large ingot is in like man- 
ner sometimes called a sow] a mass of unforged 
metal, as of lead or iron. — 2, v. n. [pp. pigging, 
pigged.] To farrow; to bring forth pigs. 

Fig'eon (pid'jun), n. [Fr. pigeon, Sp. pichon, It. 
piccione, pippione, a pigeon ; L. pipio, pipionis, a 
young bird; pipire, to peep (q. v.).] A well- 
known bird. 

Fig'eon-hole (pid'jun-hpl), n. A cavity or com- 
partment for pigeons: — a compartment for pa- 
pers. — 2, v. a. [pp. pigeon-holing, pigeon-holed.] 
To put into a pigeon-hole :— to dispose of by 
neglect. 

Pig'eon-ry (pid'jun-re), n. A cage for pigeons. 

Fig'gin, n. [Irish, pigin; Welsh, picyn.] A small 
wooden vessel. 

Pig'-Ir'on (-i'urn), n. Iron in large lumps. 

Pig'ment, n. [L. pigmentum; pingere, to paint 
{q. v.).] Paint; colors for painting. 

Pig' my, n. A dwarf. See Pygmy. 

Pig'nut, n. An earth-nut or ground-nut. 

Pig' pen, or Pig' sty, n. [See Sty. J A pen for pigs. 

Pig' tail, n. A queue ; a tie of hair : — twisted to- 
bacco : — a species of baboon. 

Pike, n. [Irish, pice ; Gael, pic ; Bret, pik ; Welsh, 
pig; It. picca; Fr. pic: 
possibly allied to L. spica, 
a spike (q. v.)] a foot- 
soldier's lance : — some- 
thing pointed ; a point ; a 
fork : — a fish of prey. 

PIke'man, n. A soldier 
armed with a pike. 

Pike 'staff, n. The pole of a pike ; a staff with a 
spike in the end. 

Pi-las' ter, n. [Fr. pilastre ; It. pilastro ; from L. 
'pila, a 'pillar :"the termination -aster is a mark of 
inferiority.] (Arch.) A small square pillar or 
column projecting from a wall. 

Pilch'ard, «. [Irish, pilseir.—Gf. Welsh pile, whisk- 
ing about.] A kind of herring. 

Pile. n. [L. pilum; A.-S. pil] A piece of wood 
driven into the ground: — [L. pila, a pillar; Fr. 
pile] a heap; an accumulation: — a building; a 
mass of buildings : — a kind of puncheon : — [L. 




e, i, o, u, y, long ; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, x» obscure- — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



PILES 



415 



PIONEEE 



j3j7i(s, a hair] hairy surface; a nap. — Galvanic 
pile, a galvanic battery. — 2, v. a. [pp. piling, 
piled.] To heap; to amass; to lay upon. 

Piles, >i- pL [l>. pila, a ball.] {Med.) A disease; 
hemorrhoids. 

Pil'fer, r. a. [0. Fr. pelfrer; pelfre, pelf (q. v.).] 
[pp. pilfering, pilfered.] To steal by petty 
theft; to filch. — 2, v. u. To practise petty theft. 

Pll'fer-er, n. One who steals petty things. 

Pil'grim, n. [Fr. pelerin, Prov. pellegrins, It. pel- 
legrino, peregrino, L. peregrinus, a stranger. — See 
Peregrine. | One who travels on a religious ac- 
count or to hallowed places : — a traveller. 

PiTgrim-age, u. A journey for religious purposes 
to a place esteemed holy : — travel. [of piles. 

Pll'ing, n. (Engineering?) A system or collection 

Palli n. [Fr. pihde; L. pUula, dim. of pila, a ball.] 
A small ball or mass of medicine. — 2, v. a. [L. 
pilare; Fr. piOer.] [pp. pilling, pilled.] To 
strip; to plunder; to pillage. 

PiTlaJ-e, n. [Fr. ; piller, L. pilare, to ravage.] 
Plunder; spoil; rapine. — 2, v. a. [pp. pillaging, 
pillaged.] To plunder; to ravage. 

Pil'lar, n. [Sp. pilar; Late L. pilare; L. pila, a 
pier.] A long body that helps to sustain a super- 
structure ; a column; a support. 

Pil'lared (pil'lard), a. Supported by columns. 

Pil-lau', n. [Turk.; probably from Per. pvlad, 
rice.] A Turkish dish, made of boiled rice and 
mutton fat or juice. 

Pll'lion (pil'yim), n. [Irish, pillium, pillin ; Welsh, 
pilyn; Irish peall, a cushion, a skin. — Cf. L. pel- 
lis, a skin.] A woman's saddle. 

Pil'lo-ry., n. [Fr. pillori; Port, pelourinho ; Prov. 
espitlori; probably for a Late L. speculorium, a 
gazing-place.— See Spectacle.] An instrument 
of punishment. — 2, v. a. [pp. pillorying, pillo- 
ried.] To punish with the pillory. 

PiTlow (pll'lo), «. [A.-S. pyle; 0.*E. pilwc ; Put. 
peuluw; Ger. pfihhl; L. pvlvinus.] That which 
supports the head in sleeping, as a cushion of 
feathers or hair.— 2, ». «. [pp. pillowing, pil- 
lowed.] To place on a pillow. 

Pil'low-beer, ». A pillow-case: — written also 
pillow-bear and pillow-bier. 

Pil'low-case, n. A case or cover of a pillow. 

Pi-lose', a. [L. pilotus; pilus, hair.] Hairy: full 

Pi-los'i-ty, ». Hairiness. [of hairs. 

Pi'lot, )/. [Fr. pilule, Dut. pUoot, a pilot; peil-lood, 
0. Dut. peU-hot, a sounding-lead: pe&en, to 
sound, to measure, and lood, lead; pegel, a 
gauge.] One who steers a ship; a guide. — 
2, v. a. [pp. piloting, piloted.] To direct in a 
course; to steer. 

Pi'lot-age, n. The office or pay of a pilot. 

PiTulei n. [Fr. ; L. ptiula.] A small pill. 

Pi-men'ta, ]_ u. [Port, pimenta; Sp. pimienta, pi- 

Pi-men'to, j miento; Fr. piment, — all properly 
names of capsicum (red pepper); from L. pig- 
mentum, paint (q. v.), coloring.] Jamaica pep- 
per; allspice. 

Pimp, n. [0. Fr. pimper, to spruce up, to trick 
out, — formerly, to ensnare, to cheat; Fr. pirn- 
pant, spruce, finely dressed,— overdressing being 
often associated with low character.] A pro- 
curer; a pander. —2, v. n. [j>p. pimping, 
pimped.] Topauder; to procure. 

Pim'per-nel, n. [Fr. pimprenelle ; It. pimpinella; 
Sp. pimpinela : variously traced to L. bipinella, 
from bipennis, two-winged, to L. pampinm, a 
tendril, and to Celt, pumpedula, five-leafed.] A 
plant of several kinds. 

Pim'ple, n. [A.-S. pipel, L. papula, a pimple ; Skr. 
piplu, a mole.] A small, red pustule; a blotch. 

Pin, n. [Irish, pinne, pion ; Sw. pinne ; Welsh & 
Dut. pin ; from L. pinna, for penna, a feather, a 
pen, — later, a probe, an arrow, a point.] A 
6hort, pointed wire with a head, used for fasten- 
ing clothes: — a peg; a bolt: — humor. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. pinning, pinned.] To make fast; to join; 
to fasten. 



Pin' a- fore, n. [Pin and Afore.] A child's apron ; 
an apron. 

Pin'cers, n. pi. [Fr. pince, pincette. — See Pinch.] 
An instrument for griping, drawing nails, &c. 

Pinch, v. a. [Fr. pincer, locally pinchier ; Dut. pin- 
sen, pitsen; It. pizzicare. — Cf. Pick.] [pp. pinch- 
ing, pinched.] To squeeze ; to gripe ; to straiten. 
— 2, v. n. To bear hard ; to gripe ; to be frugal. 
— 3, n. A gripe ; difficulty ; "distress. 

Pmch'beck, n. [The inventor's name : originally 
an English place-name; pink, penlc, a minnow, 
and beck, a brook.] An alloy of copper, and zinc. 

Pinch'ers, n. pi. A griping instrument : — more 
commonly written pincers. 

Pin'dar, ». [Benguela name mpindiJ] The ground- 
nut or pea-nut. [manner of Pindar. 

Pin-dar'ic, n. An irregular ode. — 2, a. After the 

Pine, n. "[A.-S. pn<; L. pinus. — Cf. pix, picis, pitch; 
Gr. irirv;, a pine ; irirra, -rriaaa, pitch (q. v.).] 
An evergreen tree : — a pineapple.— 2, v. n. [A.-S. 
pine; Dut. piju; Ger. pein, pain (qr. v.); A.-S. 
pman, to pain.] [pp. pining, pined.] To lan- 
guish; to wear away: — to waste with longing; 
to languish with desire. 

Pin'e-al, a. [L. pinea, a pine-cone; from its 
shape.] Applied to a gland in the brain. 

Plne'ap-ple, u. [Named from the cone-shaped 
fruit.] The ananas, a tropical fruit. 

Pin'e-ry, n. A place for raising pineapples : — a 
pine forest. [not fully grown. 

Pin'feath-er, n. A feather beginning to shoot, or 

Fin'fold, n. [0. E. pwd-foU; A.-S. pyndan, to 
empound, and Fold, an enclosure.] A place for 
confining beasts. 

Pin'ion (pin'yun), n. [Sp. pifion, a wing, a cog; 
Fr. pignon, a gable-end, a cog-wheel ; L. penna, 
a wing, the float of a wheel.' 
The joint of the wing remotest 
from the body; a wing: — a 
fetter or bond: — tooth of a 
wheel; a small toothed wheel 
which acta on a larger one. — 
2, v. a. [pp. pinioning, pin- 
ioned.] To bind; to shackle. 

Pink (pingk), n. [Perhaps from 

the pinked or cut appearance of its petals in some 
species.] A plant and its flower:— any thing 
supremely excellent : — [named from the flower] 
a color of reddish hue : — an eye: — a little fish, the 
minnow: — [from Pinch, alluding to its shape; 
but cf. Sw. esjiimj. a long boat ; said to be derived 
from the root of Aspkn (q. v.)] a vessel with a 
narrow stern.— 2, v. a. [A.-S. pyngan, to pierce; 
L. pungere, to prick. — Cf. Sp. pinchar, to prick; 
It. pinzo, a sting.] [jpp. pinking, pinked.] To 
pierce or cut: to work in eyelet-holes. 

Pin'-mon-ey, ». A wife's pocket-money. 

Pin'nace. u. [Fr. pinasse ; It. pinassa; from pino, 
a pine-tree. — Cf. It. pino, a ship.] A small light 
vessel :— a boat belonging to a ship of war. 

Pin'na-cle, n. [Fr. pinocle; L. pinnaculum, dim. 
of pinna, a wing, a point.— See Pin.] A turret : 
— the highest point. 

Pin'nate, ) a. [L. pinnatus; pinna, a feather, a 

Pin'nat-ed, J fin.] Formed like a wing or a 
feather'; having leaflets. 

Pin-nat'i-fid, a. [L. pinnatus, pinnate, and fin- 
dere, fidi, to cleave.] Divided like a feather. 

Pin-nat'i-ped, a. [L. pinnatus; piunate, finned, 
and pes, pedis, afoot.] Fin-footed. 

Pint. «• [Fr. pinte, Ger. pinte, a pint ; Sp. pinta, a 
mark, a spot; from the line which marks off 
the pint inside a larger vessel ; pintar, to paint 
(q. v.).] Half a quart.— (Med.) Twelve ounces. 

Pin'tle, n. [Dim. of Pin.] A little pin: — a long 
iron bolt. 

Pi'nx, a. Abounding with, or resembling, pines. 

Pi-o-neer', n. [Fr. pionnier ; Sp. peon, a foot-sol- 
dier, a laborer, a pawn (q. ».).] A soldier who 
clears roads, <&c. ; a settler in a frontier country. 
— 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. pioneering, pioneered.] 




mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 9, gr, 5, g, soft; $3, ja, p, §, hard ; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 



PIOUS 



416 



PLACAKD 



To prepare, or act as a pioneer ; to remove ob- 
structions, [ligious. 

Pi'ous, a. [L. jjims.] Dutiful to God ; devout; re- 

Pi'otis-ly, ad. In a pious manner; religiously. 

Pip, n. [Fr. pepie ; Sp. pepita; L. pituita, phlegm.] 
A disease of fowls : — [0. E. pick. — Of. Fr. pique, 
a spade at cards] a spot on playing-cards : — [Fr. 
pepin; Sp. pepita] an apple-seed. — 2, v. n. [Cf. 
Peep.] [pp. pipping, pipped.] To chirp as a 
bird ; to peep. 

Pipe, n. [A.-S. pipe; Celt, piob, pib; Fr. pipe; 
Dut. pijp: imitative, and akin to Peep.] An in- 
strument of music : — a long hollow body ; a tube ; 
a tube for smoking : — the key of the voice : — a 
cask for liquids, varying, in different countries, 
from 68 to 156 gallons. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. 
piping, piped.] To play on the pipe ; to whistle. 

Pipe'-clay, n. Plastic clay used lor pipes. 

Pip'er, n. One who plays on the pipes. 

Piping, a. That pipes : — feeble :— boiling.— 2, n. 
A system of pipes. 

Pip'kin, u. [Dim. of Pipe.] A small earthen boiler. 

Pip'pin, n. [From Pip, a seed, — properly, a seed- 
ling'.] A variety of apple. 

Piq'uan-cy (pik'an-se), n. Sharpness; tartness. 

Piq'uant (pik'ant), a. [Fr. ; present participle of 
piqu'er, to pierce, to pick (q. v.).] Sharp ; pun- 
gent; smart. 

Pique (pek), n. [Fr. pique, a pike (q. v.), a quar- 
rel, a grudge.] Ill-will ; slight anger ; grudge : — 
the elevated part or peak of a saddle in front of 
the rider. — 2, v. a. [pp. piquing, piqued.] To 
kindle to emulation; to offend; to irritate : — to 
value ; to pride. 

Pi-quet' (pe-kef), »i. [Fr.] A game at cards. 

Pi'ra-cy, n. [Fr. piraterie.] The crime of rob- 
bery on the sea; robbery : — literary theft. 

Pi-ra'gua, n. [Sp.] A rude canoe ; a pirogue. 

Pi'rate, w. [Fr. ; L. pirata; Gr.7re1pa.T779; 7reipa- 
eiv, to attempt.] One who practises piracy: — 
a sea-robber : — a robber; a literary robber. — 
2,v.a. [pp. pirating, pirated.] To rob; to take 
by robbery : — to reprint unfairly. — 3, v. n. To 
practise piracy or robbery. 

Pi-rat'i-cal, a. [L. piraticus; Gr. 7reipa.Tu<6?.] 
Predatory ; robbing. 

Pi-rat'i-cal-ly, ad. In a piratical manner. 

Pi-rogue' (pe-rog'), n. [Fr. ; Sp. piragua ; of West 
Indian origin.] A canoe formed out of a tree. 

Pir-8u-ette', n. [Fr., diminutive of Norman pi- 
roue, a little wheel; Walloon berweter, to whirl.] 
A twirl, as in dancing. — 2, v. n. [pp. pirouet- 
ting, pirouetted.] To turn upon the toes, as in 
dancing. 

Pis-ca-to'ri-al, a. Eelating to fishes or to fishing. 

Pis'ca-to-ry, a. [L. piscatorius ; pixels, a fish 
(q. v.).] Eelating to fishes or to fishing. 

Pis'ces, n. pi. [L.] Fishes.— (Astron.) The Fishes, 
the twelfth sign in the zodiac. 

Pis'ci-cul-ture, n. [L. jiiscis, a fish, and cultnra. 
care, breeding, culture (q. v.).] The artificial 
raising of fish. 

Pis-civ'o-rous, a. [L. piscis, a fish, and vorare, to 
devour.] Feeding on fishes. 

Pish, inteij. A contemptuous exclamation. 

Pis/ mire, or Pis'mire, n. [0. Dut. pisimere ; 
Dut. mier, Dan. mjjre, an ant : named from the 
irritant fluid discharged by ants when disturbed.] 
An ant ; an emmet. 

Pis-ta'chio, n. [Sp. pistacho ; It. pistacchio ; L. 
pittaccium; Gr. 7n.crTaKi.0v (the nut), tri.a-ra.iiy] 
(the tree) ; Per. pista.] A pleasant edible nut. 

Pis-ta-reen', n. [Fr. pisterine, from the English; 
Sp. pieza, a piece of money, a coin, and tarin, a 
real.] A former Spanish silver coin, valued at 
about 17 cents. 

Pis'til, n. [L. pisiillum, a pestle (q. v.).] (Bot.) 
The pointal or female organ of a flower, which 
receives the pollen. 

Pis'tol, n. [Fr. pistolet,— formerly pistole; It. pis- 
tola; named from Pistoia (L. Pistoria), a city of 



Italy.] A small hand-gun.— 2, v. a. [pp. pis- 
tolling, pistolled.] To shoot with a pistol. 

Pis-tole'.w. [Fr. ; probably akin to Pistol.] A 
gold coin of Spain, &c. 

Pis' ton, ii. [Fr. piston; It. pislone. — Cf. It. pestone, 
a pestle, and L. pinsere, pistam, to pound.] A 
solid disk moving in a hollow cylinder. 

Pit, n. [A.-S. pyt; L. puteus.] A deep hole : — an 
abyss: — the grave: — a hollow part: — the low 
part of a theatre : — a pock-mark : — [Dut. pit, a 
kernel, pith (q. v.)] a fruit-stone. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
pitting, pitted.] To indent ; to press into hol- 
lows.— 3, v. n. To be formed or marked with 
pits. [a flutter. 

Pit'a-pat, n. [Imitative.] A flutter.— 2, ad. In 

Pitch, w. [A.-S. pic; L. pix, picis ; Gr. i7tacra; Lith. 
pikkis. — Cf. Pine.] A resin from the pine ; bitu- 
men : — [0. E. picche, to dart, to throw : akin to 
Pike and Pick, and in some of its senses to Peg] 
size ; degree ; rate ; height : — inclination. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. pitching, pitched.] To fix; to plant; to 
cast: — to smear.— 3, v. n. To light; to fall 
headlong. 

Pitch' er, n. [Fr.pichet; Sp. pichel ; It. pecchero. — 
See Beaker.] An earthen vessel ; a water-pot. 

Pitch' fork, n. A fork for pitching hay, &c. 

Pitch'-pipe, n. An instrument to give the key. 

Pit'e-oiis, o. [0. Fr. pitem ; Fr. pitenx ; Late L. 
pietosus, merciful. — See Pity.] Sorrowful; piti- 
able ; doleful : — compassionate ; tender. 

Pit'e-ous-ly., ad. In a piteous manner. 

Pit' fall, n. A pit dug and covered over. 

Pith, n. [A.-S. pida; Dut. pit; Low Ger. peddik.] 
A soft substance in plants : — marrow in animal 
bodies: — strength: — force; importance; mo- 
ment : — quintessence ; chief part. 

Pith'i-ly, ad. With strength ; with force. 

Pith'y, a. Abounding with substance; forcible. 

Pit'i-a-ble, a. That may be pitied. 

Pit'i-ful, a. Tender ; compassionate :— pitiable : 
— base ; mean ; paltry. 

Pit'i-ful-ly., ad. With pity :— contemptibly. 

Pit'i-ful-ness, n. Despicableness. 

Pit'i-less, a. Wanting pity; merciless. 

Pit'i-less-ly, ad. Without pity or mercy. 

Pit'man, w. One who works in a pit : — a connect- 
ing rod. [A kind of long canoe. 

Pit'pan, n. [Central American or West Indian.] 

Pit' saw, n. A large saw used by two men. 

Pit'tance, n. [Fr. pitance, Sp. pitanza, pitancia, It. 
pietaiiza, a dole ; either from the root of Piety 
or from Late L. pietantia, an allowance ; picta, a 
small coin of Poitou (L. Pictavium) ; 0. Fr. pite, a 
mite. Cf. Sp. pitar, to dole out, to pay off.] A 
small allowance ; a trifle. 

Pi-tu'i-tous, a. [L. pituita, phlegm.— Cf. Gr. tttv- 
eiv, to spit.] Containing, or resembling, mucus. 

Pit'y, n. [0. Fr. pite; Fr. pitie ; L. pietas, kind- 
ness, piety (q. v.).] The feeling excited by the 
distress of another; compassion; commiseration. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. pitying, pitied.] To compassion- 
ate ; to sympathize with. — 3, v. n. To be com- 
passionate. 

Piv'ot, n. [Fr. pivot. — Cf. It. piulo, a peg : origin 
doubtful.] A pin on which any thing turns. — 
(3Iil.) The officer or soldier upon whom the 
wheelings, in evolutions, are made. 

Piv'ot-al, a. Of or pertaining to a pivot; acting 
as a pivot : — hence, constituting the essential 
point on which any thing turns or hinges. 

Pix'y, or Pix'ie, n. [Perhaps akin to Sw. pigg, 
quick.] A kind of fairy. 

Pla-ca-bil'i-ty, n. [L. placabilitas.] Quality of 
being placable. 

Pla'ca-ble, a. [L. placabilis.— See Placate.] That 
may be appeased. 

Pla-card' (or plak'ard), n. [Fr. ; plaquer, to setup; 
Dut. plakken, to paste. — See Plaque.] A written 
paper or notification posted up; an edict; adver- 
tisement. — 2, v. a. [pp. placarding, placarded.] 
To notify publicly ; to post. 



a, e, i, o, 5, y, long; a, e, i, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fist, fall; heir, her; 



PLACATE 



417 



PLASTEK 



Pla'cate, v. a. [L. placare, placatum, to appease. 
—See Please.] [pp. placating, placated.] To 
pacify ; to appease. 

Place, n. [Fr. ; L. platea, Sp. plaza. It. piazza, a 
space, a court-yard ; Gr. 7rAaTeia, a wide street ; 
jrAai-iJs, wide, flat ; 7rAaf, a flat surface.] Space ; 
locality ; a seat ; situation ; station ; site : — a room : 
— way : — mansion : — being : — rank ; priority : — 
office. — 2, v. a. [pp- placing, placed.] To put 
in place ; to arrange ; to dispose ; to fix ; to settle. 

Pla-ce'bo, n. [L. for "I will please."] A medi- 
cine given to please the recipient. 

Place'man, n. One who fills a public station. 

Pla-cen'ta, n. [L. for "a cake;" Gr. ttKolkovs, 
TtkaicovvTos, a cake. — See Plate.] The organ 
through which the foetus is nourished. 

Pla-cen'tal, a. Having a placenta; relating to 
the placenta. 

Placer (pla-ther' or pla'ser), n. [Sp. placer or pla- 
cet, a sand-bank.] A place where gold-dust is 
found in the earth. 

Plac'id, a. [L. placidus, calm; placere, to soothe, 
to please (q. v.).] Gentle; quiet; soft; kind; 
mild. [tranquillity ; serenity. 

Pla-cid'i-tx, n. [L. placiditas.] Mildness ; quiet; 

Plac'id-iy., ad. Mildly ; with quietness. 

Pla'gi-a-rism, n. The act of purloining the 
writings or published works of another. 

Pla'f-i-a-rlst, n. A thief in literature ; plagiary. 

Pla'fi-a-rize, v. a. & v. n. [pp. plagiarizing, pla- 
giarized.] To act the plagiary. 

Pla'£i-a-ry, or Pla'^ia-ry,, n. [Fr. plagiaire : L. 
plag'iarius, a kidnapper; plagium, the act of kid- 
napping ; plagiare, to kidnap ; plaga, a net ; pli- 
care, to weave.] One guilty of plagiarism : — 
literary theft. — 2, a. Practising literary theft. 

Plague (plag), n. [L. plaga, a stroke; Gr. 77Ar;yrj, 
a blow, a plague. — Of. L. planqere, to strike.] A 
very malignant disease ; pestilence ; pest : — 
trouble ; pain. — 2, v. a. [pp. plaguing, plagued.] 
To infest ; to tease ; to vex. 

Plaice (plas), n. [L. platessa: akin to Flat, and 
to Gr. 7rAa.Tv?, broad.] A species of flat fish 



Plaid (plad or plad), 



[Gael. & Irish plaide, a 



blanket; pe<dl, L. peUis, a skin.] A variegated 
Scotch cloth. — 2, a. Composed of plaid ; check- 
ered after the manner of plaids. 

Plain, n. [Fr. plain, L. planus, for placnus, smooth. 
— See Plaque.] Level ground; an open or Hat 
expanse. — In science, the word is generally writ- 
ten plane; but for a level, open field or expanse, 
plain. — 2, a. Smooth; flat; level; plane: — open; 
frank ; candid : — clear ; apparent ; evident : — 
simple; artless: — homely. — Main chart, a chart 
on which the degrees of latitude and longitude 
are made of equal length. — Plain or plane sail- 
ing, the method of sailing by a plain ehirt. See 
Plane. — 3, ad. Not obscurely ; distinctly; sim- 
ply. [Management void of art. 

Plain'-deal-ing, a. Honest ; open ; frank. — 2, n. 

Plain'lj. ad. In a plain manner ; clearly. 

Plain'ness, n. Quality of being plain. 

Plain' -spok-en (-spo-kn), «. Speaking frankly. 

Plaint, n. [Fr. plainte ; L. jj^hc^hs, a lament ; 
plangere, plandum, to bewail, — properly, to strike 
(the breast). 1 Complaint. — (Law.) Accusation. 

Plain'tiff, n. [Fr. plaintif, complaining.] One who 
commences a lawsuit. [menting ; querulous. 

Plain'tive, a. [Fr. plaintif. — See Plaint.] La- 

Plain'tive-ly, ad. In a plaintive manner. 

Pliiin'tive-ness, n. State of being plaintive. 

Plait, n. [0. Fr. plait, Fr. pli, a fold ; L. plicare, 
plicatitm, to fold ; plectcre, Gr. TrKeiceiv, to braid, 
to twist.] A flat gather or fold; a double; a 
tress.— 2, v. a. [pp. plaiting, plaited.] To fold; 
to double ; to braid. 

Plan, n. [Fr. plan, flat, — also a plan, a plane 
(q. v.).] A draft or sketch of something to be 
done; a scheme; a model; plot; system. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. planning, planned.] To scheme ; to form 
in design; to devise; to contrive; to arrange. 




Plano-coucuve. 



Plane, a. [Fr. plan, L. planus, smooth. — See 
Plain.] (Geom.) Level; even; flat; plain. — 
2, n. A level surface :— [Fr. plane ; L. plana] a 
joiner's instrument: — [Fr. plene. — See Platane] 
the sycamore-tree. See Plain. — 3, v. a. [\>'r~. 
planer; Ger. planiren.] [pp. planing, planed.] 
To level ; to smooth with a plane. 

Plan'er, n. One who smooths with a plane : — 
[from Planer, a German botanist] a tree much 
like the elm. 

Plan'et, n. [Fr. planete ; li.planeta; Gr. 7rAav^nj?, 
a wanderer; irAav6.opLai, I wander.] A celestial 
body that revolves about another and larger 
body. — A primary planet is one which revolves 
round the sun. — A secondary planet, is one which 
revolves round a primary planet. 

Flan-et-a'ri-um, v. [Neo-Latin.] A machine 
which exhibits the motions of the planets. 

Plan'et-a-ry, a. Pertaining to the planets. 

Plan'et-oid,'». An asteroid. 

Plane'-tree, n. [See Plataxe.] A large tree, the 
sycamore or buttonwood. 

Plan-i-met'ri-cal, a. Relating to planimetry. 

Pla-nim'e-try, n. [L. planum, a plane surface, 
and Gr. fj-erpov, a measure.] The measuring of 
plane surfaces. 

Plan'ish, v. a. [Fr.jdaner; Ger. planiren.] [pp. 
planishing, planished.] To polish ; to smooth. 

Plan'i-sphere, n. [L. planum, a plane, and Gr. 
o-(f>aZpa, a sphere.] A sphere, or the circles of a 
sphere, projected on a plane. 

Plank, n. [L. planca, Fr. planche, a board.— Cf. 
Gr. 7rAo|, a flat surface.] Sawed timber thicker 
than a board. — 2, r. a. [pp. planking, planked.] 
To cover or lay with planks. 

Plan'ner, it. One who forms 
any plan. 

Pla'no-con'cave, a. Flat on 
one 'side and concave on the 
other. 

Pla'no- con'vex, a. Flat on one side ant 
on the other. 

Plant, n. [L. planta, a plant, 
—also the sole of the foot; Plano . conve x. 
plangere, planctum, to set, to 
strike.] A vegetable; any vegetable production : 
— fixtures and machinery for any business. — 
2, v. a. [L. plantare, to set out, to plant.] [pp. 
planting, planted.] To set; to cultivate; to set- 
tle. — 3, i: n. To perform the act of planting. 

Plan'tain, n. [Fr. plantain ; L. plantago, planla- 
ginis.]' An herb of several species: — [Fr. j>Ja»- 
rrnwr, Sp. platano, a platane (g. v.) or plantain] 
a large tropical plant and its fruit. 

Plan-ta'tion, n. [L. pbaUatio.] Act of planting : 
—a place planted ; a cultivated estate ; a large 
farm : — a settlement ; a colony. 

Plant'er. n. One who plants; a cultivator; the 
owner of a plantation. 

Plan'ti-grade, n. [L. planta, the sole of the foot, 
and gradi, to go.] (Zool.) An animal that walks 
on the whole foot, as the bear.— 2, a. 'Walking 
on the whole foot. 

Plant'let, n. A little plant. 

Plaque '(plak), n. [Fr. ; Dut. plal; a slice.— Cf. 
Ger. blech, a plate (q. v.) ; Gr. -\d£, TrAawo?, a 
flat surface.] A flat piece of metal covered with 
enamel painting : — a plate of china or wood on 
which a picture is painted. 

Plash, n. [0. Dut. plaseh. — Cf. Ger. platschen, to 
splash (g. v.) : imitative.] A pond or puddle : — 
a branch.— 2, v. a. [pp. plashing, plashed.] To 
dash with water: — [0. Fr. plesser, plessier; L. 
plexere, plerum, to weave] to bend. 

Plash'y, a. Watery ; filled with puddles. 

Plasm, w. [Gr. n-Aao-jna. — See Plastic] A mould ; 
a matrice ; a matrix. 

Plas'ter, n. [Fr ; pldtre ; 0. Fr. piastre; L. em- 
plasti-um; Gr. e/airAao-rpov, for ejxirAacrTOv: ev, 
in, and jrAao-o-eie, to mould. — See Plastic] A 
composition of lime, sand, <tc, for covering 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, $, c, g, soft; jD, p, p, §, hard; s as z ; 5 as gz ; tnis. 
bb 



PLASTEKEE 



418 



PLENTEOUS 




from 



walls ; a substance of gypsum, &c, for casts : — a 
6alve or application for a wound. — Plaster of 
Paris, gypsum. — 2, v. a. [pp. plastering, plas- 
tered.] To overlay, as with plaster. 

Plas'ter-er, n. One who plasters. 

Plas'ter-ing, n. Work done in plaster. 

Plas'tic, a. [Gr. 7rAao-Ti>c6s ; irAdcrcreiv or ttXolt- 
reiv,' to mould. — Cf. 7rAaTus, broad.] Giving 
form : — capable of being moulded. 

Plas-tic'i-ty, n. Quality of being plastic. 

Plas'tron, n. [Fr. plastron, a breastplate : akin to 
Plaster.] A piece of leather 
stuffed: — the lower shell of 
a turtle. 

Plat, v. a. [See Plait.] [pp. 
platting, platted.] To weave ; 
to make by texture. — 2, n. 
Work done by platting : — 
[see Plot] a small piece of 
ground; a plain. 

Plat'ane, n. [L. platanus; Gr. 
irAaVv's, broad.] The plane-tree. 

Plate, n. [Fr. plate; Dut. & Dan. plat; Ger. platt ; 
Late L. plata, a thin piece of metal ; whence Sp. 
plita, silver, by limitation : — closely related to 
Fr. plat, fiat; Gr. 7tAo.tvs, broad.] A fiat, ex- 
tended piece of metal : — a platen : — a vessel, 
nearly flat, from which provisions are eaten : — 
silver and gold wrought into articles of house- 
hold furniture. — 2, v. a. [pp. plating, plated.] 
To cover with plate or silver. 

Plateau (pla-to'), n. [Fr. plateau, a table, a tray, 
a terrace ; 0. Fr. platel, a little plate (17. v.).) 
Fr. pi. Plateaux ; Eng. Plateaus (pla-toz'). A 
table ; an elevated plain ; a table-land : — a large 
tray or elevated dish . 

Plate' ful, n. As much as a plate holds. 

Plate'-glass, n. A fine kind of glass, cast in 
plates, used for looking-glasses, &c. 

Plat'en, n. [Fr. platine, dim. of plate, a plate 
(q. v.).] The flat plate of a printing-press. 

Plat' form, n. [Sp. plataforma; Fr. plate-forme; 
plat, flat, and/o-/-me, a form (q. v.).] A horizon- 
tal plane ; a foundation : — a scheme : — a system 
of doctrines. [platinum. 

Plat'i-na, n. [Sp. ; from plata, silver.] A metal ; 

Plat'i-num, n. [See Platina.] The heaviest of 
metals. 

Plat'i-tude, n. [Fr. ; plat, flat] Insipidity; 
coarseness; a stupid, trite, or dull remark or 
expression. 

Pla-ton'ic, a. Eelating to Plato, or to the philos- 
ophy of Plato : — pure ; not carnal. 

Pla/to-nism, n. The philosophy of Plato. 

Pla'to-nist, n. A follower of Plato. 

Pla-t66n', n. [Fr. peloton, a cluster, dim. of pe- 
lote, a knob, a pellet (q. v.).] A square body of 
musketeers. 

Plat'ter, n. [Ger. platte, a plate; Fr. plateau, a 
tray." — See Plate.] One who plats : — a large 
table-dish for holding provisions. 

Plau'dit, n. [L. plaudere, to applaud; plaudite, ap- 
plaud ye (imperative).] Applause; acclamation. 

Plau-si-bil'i-ty. n. State of being plausible. 

Plau'si-ble. a. [L. plausibilis, praiseworthy; plau- 
dere,plaumm, to applaud.] Having the appear- 
ance of truth; apparently right; colorable; 
specious : — fair-spoken. 

Plau'si-ble-ness, n. Plausibility. 

Plau'si-bly, ad. In a plausible manner. 

Play (pla),'y. n. [A.-S. plega, a play,— frequently 
a fight; plegian, to strike. — Cf. L. plaga, Gr. 
n-ATjyrj, a blow ; nkrirreLv, to strike.] [pp. play- 
ing, played.] To sport; to game; to act.— 2, v. a. 
To use; to perform; to exhibit; to act. — 3, n. 
Amusement ; game : — a drama. 

Play' -day, ». A day for recreation. 

Play'er, u. One who plays; an actor. 

Play'fel-low, n. A companion in play. 

Play'ffil, a. Sportive ; full of play or levity. 

Play'f&l-ness, n. Sportiveness ; levity. 



Play'house, n. A theatre. 

Play'mate, n. A companion in amusement. 

Play'thing, n. A thing to play with ; a toy. 

Play'wright (pla'nt), n. A maker of plays. 

Plea, n. [O. Fr. pie, plai, plait, plaid, a plea; 
plaider, to plead ; L. placiium, a judgment, plea, 
decision ; placere, to please, — also, to decide, to 
order.] A form of pleading ; that which is al- 
leged in support of a cause ; defence ; excuse. 

Plead (pled), v. a. [Fr. plaider, to plead ; plaid, a 
plea (q. v.).] [pp. pleading, pleaded.] To dis- 
cuss; to allege in pleading. — 2, v. n. To make 
pleas ; to argue ; to supplicate earnestly. — It is 
a regular verb ; yet plead or pled is often incor- 
rectly used, instead of pleaded, for the imperfect 
tense and the past participle. [argues. 

Plead'er, n. [Fr. plaideur.) One who pleads or 

Plead'mg, n. The act or form of pleading.— pi. 
(Laiv.) The allegations of litigants. 

Pleas/ant (plez'ant), a. [Fr. plaisant — See Please.] 
Delightful ; grateful ; agreeable : — cheerful ; gay. 

Pleas/ ant- ly, ad. In a pleasant manner. 

Pleas'ant-nSss, n. Delightfulness ; gayety. 

Pleas/ant-ry, n. [Fr. plaminterie.] Gayety; mer- 
riment; lively talk; a sprightly saying; light 
humor ; sport ; sportive disposition. 

Plea§e, v. a. [Fr. plaire, 0. Fr. plaisir, L. placere, 

flacitum, to please. — Cf. placare, to appease.] 
pp. pleasing, pleased.] To delight; to gratify; 
to humor. — 2, v. n. To choose ; to like ; to com- 

Pleas'ing, a. Giving pleasure ; agreeable. [ply. 

Pleas/ur-a-ble (plezh'ur-a-bl), a. Delightful. 

Pleas/ ur-a-bly, ad. With delight. 

Pleas'ure (plezh'ur), n. [Fr. plaisir, pleasure; 
0. Fr. plaisir, to please (q. v.).] Delight: enjoy- 
ment ; comfort : — sensual gratification :— choice ; 
will. — 2, v. a. [pp. pleasuring, pleasured.] To 
please ; to gratify. [Plait. 

Pleat, v. a. & v. n. [pp. pleating, pleated.J See 

Ple-be'ian (ple-be'yan), n. [Fr. plibtien ; L. ple- 
beius; plebs, plebis, the common people.] One 
of the common or lower people ; not a patrician ; 
a rustic. — 2, a. Vulgar; common. 

Plebiscite (pla-be-set), n. [Fr.— See Plebisci- 
tum.] The vote of a whole people. 

Pleb-is-cI'tGm, n. [L. for plebis scitum, a decree 
of the people; sciscere, scitum, to inquire, to or- 
dain.] (Bom. Ant.) A decree or law passed by 
the whole people under the presidency of one of 
their tribunes. 

Pledge, n. [Fr. pleige, security, bail ; plevir, pleu- 
vir, to warrant; probably from L. prscbitio, a pro- 
vision; prsebere, to furnish; prse, before, and 
habere, to have.] Something given as security ; 
a deposit; a pawn ; a gage ; a surety ; a bail. — 
2, v. a. [pp. pledging, pledged.] To put in 
pawn ; to give as security or warrant; to secure : 
— to drink the health of. 

Pledf-ee', n. One to whom a pledge is made. 

Pledl'er, n. One who offers a pledge. 

Pledg'et, n. A small mass of lint. 

Ple'ia-de§ (ple'ya-dez), n. pi. [Gr. n\r)id8es ; 7rAe- 
eiv,' to sail : their rising marked the season of 
safe sailing.] The Seven Stars. Same as Pleiads. 

Ple'iad§, n. pi. The Seven Stars. 

Plei'p-cene, n. & a. See Pliocene. 

Pleis'to-cene, a. [Gr. irAetcrro?, most, and Kaivog, 
recent.] Later than the pliocene. 

Plen'a-ry, or Ple'na-ry, a. [Lafe L. plenarius, L. 
plen'ns, full. — Cf. Gr. irkemv, more; 7rAea>?, full.] 
Full; complete; entire. 

Ple-nlp'o-tence, n. Fulness of power. 

Ple-nip'o-t§nt, «. [L. plenus, full, and potens, 
powerful.] Invested with full power. 

Plen-i-po-ten'ti-a-ry (-she-a-re), n. [Fr. plenipo- 
tentiaire; L. plenus, full, and potentia, power.] 
An ambassador, or a minister, invested with full 
power. [ness ; abundance. 

Plen'i-tude, n. [L. plenitudo; plenus, full.] Ful- 

Plen'te-ous, a. [See Plenty.] Copious ; abun- 
dant'; plentiful: — productive; fruitful. 



a, e, i, 6, ii, y, long; a, e, 1, 0, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



PLENTEOUSLY 



419 



PLUNGE 



Plen'te-ous-Iy, ad. Copiously ; abundantly. 

Plen'te-ous-ness, n. Abundance; plenty. 

Plen'ti-ful, a. Copious ; abundant. 

Plen'ti-ful-lx, ad. Copiously ; abundantly. 

Plen'ti-ful-ness, n. Abundance ; fertility. 

Plen'tj, tt. [0. Fr. plente ; L. plenitas; plenus, 
full.] Abundance; exuberance. — 2, a. Abun- 
dant; plentiful. 

Ple'o-nasm, n. [Gr. n\eovao-p.6<; ; ir\eovd£eLV, to 
abound; 7rAeW, more.] A redundancy of words. 

Ple-o-nas'tic, \ a. Kelating to pleonasm ; re- 

Ple-o-nas'tj-cal, J dundant. 

Pleth'o-ra, ) ». [L. pleiho'ra, Gr. n^Qupr), ful- 

Pleth'o-ry. j ness; 7rArj0o?, a throng; TrKrjpr)<;, 
full.] {Med.) A redundant fulness of the blood- 
vessels ; repletion. 

Ple-thor'ic, or Pleth'o-rTc, a. [Fr. pltthorique.] 
Affected by plethora." 

PleG'ra, n. [Gr. Tr\evpi, a rib, a side.] A mem- 
brane within the thorax. 

Pleu'ral, a. Relating to the pleura. 

Pleii'ri-sy., n. [L. pleurisis ; Gr. 7rAevpiTi; ; tr\evpd, 
the 'side, and the termination -iris, implying 
disease.] An inflammation of the pleura. 

PleG-rit'ic, a. [Gr. nAevpiriKos.] Relating to, or 
diseased with, the pleurisy. 

Pleii-ro-pneu-mo'ni-a (-nu-mo'ne-a), ». [See 
Pleurisy and Pneumonia.] Inflammation of 
the pleura and of the lung at the same time. 

Plex-im'e-ter, n. [Gr. n-A^is, a stroke, and fie- 
Tpov, a' measure.] (Med.) An instrument for 
use in percussion. [net-work. 

Plex'us, n. [L. ; plectere, plexum, to braid.] A 

Pli-a-bil'i-ty, n. Flexibility ; pliableness. 

Pli'a-ble.'a. ' [Fr. pliuble ; L. plicabiU><.—See Ply.] 
Easily bent ; flexible ; pliant. 

Pli'a-ble-ness, ». Quality of being pliable. 

Pli'an-cy, n. Flexibility ; pliability. 

Pli'ant, a. [Fr. ; a participle from plier, to bend. 
—See Ply.] Easily bent ; flexible; pliuble. 

Pli'cate, or Pli'cat-ed, a. [L. plicare, plication, to 
fold'.— See Ply.] Platted ; folded. 

Pli'ers, n. pi. [See Ply.] A kind of small pincers. 

Plight (plit), n. [A.-S. pliht, Fris. plicht, danger; 
Ger. pflicht, Dut. & Dan. pligt, duty, obligation ; 
Fr. pli, fold,— also, a difficulty: all probably 
from L. plicare, plication or plicUum, to fold.] 
Condition ; state :— pledge. — 2, v. a. [pp. plight- 
ing, plighted.] To pledge; to give as surety. 

Plinth, n. [Gr. ir\lvQo<;, a brick, a cube : cognate 
with Flint.] The lowermost part of a pillar. 

Pli'o-cene, a. & n. [Gr. 7rAc<.W, more, and ko.iv6<;, 
recent.] (Geol.) A term applied to the most 
modern division of the tertiary deposit subse- 
quent to the miocene. 

Plod, v. n. [Cf. Scot, plont, to splash ; 0. <fe Local 
E. plod, plud, Irish & Gael, plod, a pool.] [pp. 
plodding, plodded.] To trudge slowly :— to toil ; 
to drudge : — to study closely. 

Plod'der, n. One who plods ; a hard laborer. 

Plot, »■ [Fr. complot, a plot; comploter, to plot; 
probably from L. complicate, complicitnm, to com- 
plicate, to involve.] A small extent of ground : 
— a form; a scheme ; a plan: — a conspiracy: an 
intrigue :— [A.-S. plot, and ph?c, Goth, plats, a 
patch of ground.— Cf. Ger. platz, a place (q. ».)] 
a plan of a piece of land : — a piece of land. 
— 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. plotting, plotted.] To 
devise mischief; to contrive :— to lay off in lots; 
to draw a plan of. 

Plot'ter, n. One who plots; a conspirator. 

Plough (ploii), n. [Icel. plogr ; Dan. vlov : Ger. 
pfliig.) An instrument of 
husbandry for turning up 
the soil.— 2, v. n. []>p. 
ploughing, ploughed.] To 
turn up the soil.— 3, r. a. 
To turn up with a plough. 

Plough'a-ble, a. That may 
be ploughed. Plough. 

Plough'bSy (pliiu'boi), n. A boy that ploughs. 




Plough'er (plou'er), n. One who ploughs. 

Plough'man (plou'man). n. A pluugher. 

Plough' share (plou'shar), ». The iron of a plough 
which cuts the ground. 

Plov'er (pltiv'er), «. [Fr. pluvier ; from L. pluvia, 
rain". — Cf. Ger. regenpfeifer, rain-piper, a plover.] 
An aquatic game bird. 

Plb-vv, n. See Plough. 

Pluck, v. a. [A.-S. pluccian, Dut. plutien, Dan. 
ptluhke, Ger. pflucken, to pull.] [pp. plucking, 
plucked.] To snatch; to pull; to draw.— 2, n. 
A pull :— [so called because pulled or drawn 
from the animal] the heart, liver, lights, &c, of 
au animal: — spirit; courage. 

Pluck'i-ly, ad. Spiritedly ; bravely. 

Pluck's, «• Spirited ; courageous." [Familiar.] 

Plug, n. [Dut. plug, Sw. plugg, Dan. pUJk, Ger. 
pflock, Welsh & Irish ploe, a plug, a peg.] A 
stopple.— 2, v. a. [pp. plugging, plugged"] To 
stop with a plug. 

Plum, n. [A.-S. plume; Dan. plomme; Sw. plom- 
mon; Ger. pflaume ; Ij.prunum. — See Prcne.] A 
fruit of many varieties ; a prune ; a raisin : — the 
sum of £100,000; a legacy ; a fortune. 

Plu'ma|-e, n. [Fr.— See Plume.] The feathers 
of a bird or fowl. 

Plumb (plum), n. [L. plumbum, Fr. plomb, lead.] 
A plummet; a leaden weight. — 2, a. Perpen- 
dicular to the horizon. — 3, ad. Perpendicularly ; 
directly. — 4, v. a. [pp. plumbing, plumbed.] To 
sound; to regulate. 

Plum-bag 'i-nous, «. Relating to plumbago. 

Plum-ba'go, n. [L. plumbago, plumbagmk; plum- 
bum, lead, and the suffix -ago, implying resem- 
blance.] Graphite or black-lead. 

Plum'be-ous, a. [L. plumbeus.] Consisting of, or 
like, lead ; leaden ; heavy. 

Plumb'er (plum'er), n. '[Fr. phmbier; plomb, 
lead.]' One who plumbs; a worker in lead. 

Plumbing (pliim'ing), n. Work done in lead, as 
water-pipes, &c. 

Plumb' -line (plum'lin), n. A line perpendicular 
to the plane of the horizon. 

Plum'-cake. v. Cake made with plums. 

Plume, ii. [Fr. plume, L. phtma, a feather; Ger. 
pflaum, down.] A feather worn as an ornament : 
— a token of honor : — pride. — 2, v. a. [pp. plum- 
ing, plumed.] To feather; to adorn with feath- 
ers : — to value ; to boast : — to strip of feathers. 

Plume'let, n. A little plume or tuft. 

Plum'met. n. [0. Fr. plombet, dim. of jjfonib, lead.] 
A weight or lead attached to a string or plumb- 
line: — a pencil of lead. [plumoue. 

Plu-mose', a. [L. plumosus.] Feathery; downy; 

Plu'mous, a. Feathery; resembling feathers. 

Plump, a. [Sw. plump, coarse ; Ger. plump, 
clumsy.] Full with substance ; fleshy ; fat. — 
2, v. a. [pp. plumping, plumped.] To make 
plump; to swell; to fatten. — 3, v. n. To grow 
plump: — [It. piombare, to fall like lead; Dut. 
plompen, to plunge; Dan. plumpe, Ger. jilompen, 
to fall suddenly : from L. plumbum, lead] to fall 
heavily. — 4, ad. With a sudden, heavy fall. 

Pliimp'er, u. One who plumps; something to 
dilate the cheeks : — a downright lie. 

Plum'-pud-ding, n. Pudding made with plums. 

Plu'mule, n. [h.plunwla, dim. of pluma, a feather.] 
A little feather; any thing feathery like a plume. 

Plu'my, a. Feathered ; covered with feathers. 

Plun'der, V. a. [Dut. plunderen, Ger. pliindern, to 
pillage; Ger. plunder, Low Ger. plunden, baggage, 
trash. — Cf. Local E. plunder, baggage, household 
stuff.] [pp. plundering, plundered.] To rob in 
warfare, or as a thief; to pillage; to ravage; 
to strip. — 2, n. Spoils taken in war; pillage; 
booty ; rapine. 

Plun'der-er, n. One who plunders; a robber. 

Plunf-e, v. a. [Fr. plonger, Picard plonguer, to 
plunge; Late L. plumbicare, It. piombare, to fall 
like lead; L. plumbum, lead.] [pp. plunging, 
plunged.] To put suddenly into water ; to over- 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, Q, c, £, soft; p, ja, p, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tfiis. 



PLUNGER 



420 



POLAEIC 



whelm; to immerse: — to thrust. — 2, v. n. To 
sink suddenly ; tu dive. — 3, n. Act of plunging ; 
a sudden fall. 

Plunder, «. One who plunges; a diver : — a mov- 
able bucket or piston, as in a pump. 

Plu'per-fect, a. [L. plus, more, quwm, than, per- 
fectum, perfect (q. v.).] (Gram.) The pluperfect 
tense expresses an action or event as past at or 
before the time of some other action or event; 
as, I had seen him before I saw you. 

Plu'ral, a. [L. pluralis ; plus, more.] Implying 
more than one. 

Plu'ral-i§m, n. State of being plural :— the hold- 
ing of more than one benefice. 

Plu'ral-ist, n. A clergyman who holds more than 
one benefice, with cure of souls. 

Plu-ral'i-ty, n. [L. pluralitus ; Fr. pluralite.] A 
number more than one : — more cures of souls 
than one : — the greater number : — the greatest 
of several numbers, but less than half of the 
whole sum of the numbers. 

Plus, ad. [L. for "more ;" Gr. uAeos, full ; nKeiuv, 
more.] More. — 2, n. The affirmative or positive 
sign, noting addition, thus [+]. 

Plush, n. [Fr. peluche; Sp. pelusa ; It. peluzzo ; 
Dut.phm; Ger. plusch, ; Late L. pilucius, hairy ; 
L. pilus, hair.] A shaggy cloth ; a kind of velvet. 

Plu-toc'ra-cy, n. [Gr. Tr\ovTOKparia ; -ttAovto?, 
riches, and'/cparelv, to rule.] Paramount influ- 
ence of wealth ; the rule or supremacy of the 
rich : — rich persons, collectively. [his wealth. 

Plu'to-crat, n. One who has power in virtue of 

Plu-to-crat'ic, a. Of or pertaining to plutocracy, 
or government by the rich. 

Plu-to'ni-an, \ a. Kelating to Pluto, the ancient 

Plu-ton'ic, J Greek god of the infernal world : 
— relating to fire or volcanoes. 

Plu'vi-al, a. [L. pluvialis.— See Pluvious.] Re- 
lating to rain ; rainy ; wet. 

Plu'vi-ous, a. [L. pluvius or pluviosus; pluvia, 
rain; pluit, it rains.— See Flow.] Relating to 
rain ; rainy ; wet. 

Ply, n. [Fr. plier, L. plicare, to fold.] Bent; 
turn; bias; form; fold. — 2, v. a. [pp. plying, 
plied.] To work on closely ; to employ ; to bend. 
— 3, v. n. To work ; to busy one's self. 

Pneu-mat'ic (nu-mat'ik), a. [Gr. TrvevfxaTLKos ; 
nvevixa, wind ; nveetv, to breathe ; 0. Ger. fnehan, 
to breathe hard.] Relating to the air, to the 
wind, or to pneumatics. 

Pneu-mat'ics (nu-mat'jks), v. The science which 
treats of the mechanical properties of the air and 
other elastic fluids. 

Pneu-ma-tol'o-gy (nu-ma-tol'o-je), n. [Gr. -rrvev^a, 
7rvev|uaTo?, wind, spirit, and Aoyo?, a treatise.] 
The doctrine of spiritual existence or substances. 

Pneu-m9-gas'tric (nu-mo-gas'trik), a. [Gr. irvtv- 
H<ov, a lung, and yao-rrjp, the stomach.] Re- 
lating to the lungs and stomach. 

Pneu-mo'ni-a (nu-nio'ne-a), n. [Gr. irvevynavia. ; 
7rvev/u.wv, a'lung.] (Med.) Inflammation of the 
lungs. [lungs. 

Pneu-mon'ic (nu-mon'ik), a. Relating to the 

Pneu-mon'ics (nu-mon'iks), n. pi. Medicines for 
diseases of the lungs. 

Poach (poch), v. a. [Fr. pocherJ] [pp. poaching, 
poached.] To boil slightly: — [Fr. poche, a 
pocket, a net for game] to steal. — 2, v. n. To 
steal or carry off game : — [related to Poke and 
to Push. — Cf. Fr. pocher, to bruise ; Ger. pochen, 
to beat] to yield beneath the feet, as ground. 

Pbach'er (poch'er), n. One who steals game. 

Poach'y, a. Wet ; soft ; damp ; marshy. 

Pock, n. [Dut. pok ; Ger. poche : related to Poke, 
a bag.— Cf. Irish pucoid, a pimple.] A pustule 
of the small-pox, &c. 

Pock'et, n. [Fr. pochette, Norman pouquette, dim. 
of Fr. poche, 0. Fr. poque, a pouch (q. v.).] A 
small bag in a garment. — (Min.) A rich spot 
in a vein or deposit. — 2, v. a. [pp. pocketing, 
pocketed.] To put in the pocket. 



Pock'et-book (-buk), n. A book for the pocket. 

Pock' -mark, n. A scar or mark made by the 
emall-pox. 

Pod, n. [Probably a form of Pad.] A case of 
seed ; a long seed-vessel. 

Pod'a-gra, n. [L.] The gout. 

Po'em, n. [Fr. poeme, L. poema, Gr. noirifia, a 
poem,— literally, a work ; voielv, to make.J The 
work of a poet ; a piece of poetry. 

I*6'e-§X) n. [Fr. poesie, L. poesis, Gr. 71-01170-1?. — 
See Poet.] The art of writing poems ; poetry. 

Po'et, n. [Fr. poete, L. poeta, Gr. 7rot>jTTj?, a 
maker, a poet; rroteii/, to make.] An author of 
poems or poetry. 

Po'et-as-ter, n. [Poet, with the L. pejorative 
suffix -aster.] A vile or petty poet. 

Po'et-ess, n. A female poet. 

Po-et'ic, ) «. [Gr. n-oirjTt/co?.] Relating to, or 

Po-et'i-cal, J partaking of, poetry. 

Po-et'i-cal-ly, ad. In the manner of poetry. 

Po'et-lau're-ate, n. A court poet. 

P5'et-ry, n. [0. Fr. poeterie.] Composition uniting 
imagination and metre ; metrical composition ; 
verse ; poems : — the ait of writing poems. 

PSig'nan-cy (pbi'nan-se), n. State of being poig- 
nant ; severity ; sharpness. 

PSig'nant (pbi'nant), a. [Fr. ; poindre, L. pungere, 
to prick.] Sharp; severe; piercing; painful; 
keen; pungent. 

Poig'nant-ly (pbi'nant-le), ad. Sharply. 

Point, n. [Fr. point, 0. Fr. poind, L. pnnctum, a 
point; pungere, punctum, to prick.] A sharp 
end :— a sting of an epigram :— an invisible part 
of space or time : — punctilio ; state : — a mark ; a 
stop : — an aim : — a degree : — a cape. — Boiling 
point or freezing point, the degree at which water 
boils or freezes. — 2, v. a. [pp. pointing, pointed.] 
To sharpen :— to direct ; to distinguish :— to fill 
with mortar.— 3, v. n. To note with the finger; 
to indicate : — to come to a point. 

Point-blank', ad. (Gunnery.) Straightforward; 
to the mark ; directly. — 2, a. Direct ; horizontal. 

Pbint'ed, p. a. Having a point ; directed person- 
ally ;' sharp ; poignant : — 
aimed. [manner. 

Point' ed-ly, «(?. In a pointed 

Pbint'er, n. Any thing that 
points : — a variety of sport- 
ing-dog. 

Pbint'ing, n. A sharpening : 
— punctuation. 

Pbint-lace', w. Lace wrought with a needle 

Pbint'less, a. Having no point; not acute. 

Points'inan, n. A switch-tender ; a shunter. 

Poise, n. [0. Fr. poiser, to weigh ; Fr. poids, 
weight; L. pensare, frequentative of pendere, 
pension, to weigh.] Weight; balance; equipoise. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. poising, poised.] To balance by 
weight ; to weigh. 

Pbi'gon (pol'zn), n. [Fr. poison; L. potio, a drink, 
a poisonous draught.— See Potion.] A substance 
that destroys life or health ; venom. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. poisoning, poisoned.] To infect ; to corrupt. 

Pbi'§on-er (pbi'zn-er), n. One who poisons. 

Pbi'§on-ous (pbi'zn-us), a. Venomous. 

Poke, n. [Iiish, poc ; Gael, poca; A.-S. polcha; 
Icel. poM; 0. Dut. poke; Fr. poche. — See Pouch.] 
A bag ; a sack : — [Ger. pochen, to beat ; Irish poc, 
Gael, puc, to push] a blow ; a thrust : — a plant, 
garget : — a sort of yoke.— 2, v. a, & v. n. [pp. 
poking, poked.] To feel in the dark ; to search : 
— to thrust. 

Pok'er, n. An iron bar to stir the fire with :— a 
game with cards. 

Po-la'cre (po-la'ker), n. [Fr. polaque, polacre; 
It. polacca, polacra ; Sp. polacra ; Port, polaca : 
named from its poles, or masts without yards or 
cross-trees.] A Levantine vessel : — written also 
polac'ca and polaque (po-lak'). [pole. 

Po'lar, a. [See Pole.] Relating to, or near, the 

Po-lar'ic, a. Same as Polar. 




a, e, 1, 0, u, 



a, e, i, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, x, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



POLAEISCOPE 



421 



POLYPHONIC 



Po-lar'i-scope, n. [From Polarize : on type of 
microscope/] An instrument for ascertaining 
whether light has been polarized. 

Po-lar'i-ty, n. [Fr. polarite.] A tendency to the 
pole ; the property of a body as having poles. 

Po-lar-i-za'tion, n. The act of polarizing or the 
state of being polarized. 

Po'lar-ize, v. a. [Fr. polariser.] [pp. polarizing, 
polarized.] To give polarity to ; to develop 
polarity in. — 2, v. n. To acquire polarity. 

Pole, ». [Fr. pol ; li.polus; Gr. noAos, a hinge; 
neXeiv, to move.] One of the extremities of the 
earth's axis, or of the axis of any sphere : — one 
of the two points of a magnet: — [A.-S. pal; 
Welsh pawl, Ger. pfahl, L. palus, a stake] a 
long staff : — a piece of timber erected : — a long, 
slender piece of wood : — a measure of 5% yards 
or 16^ feet ; a perch ; a rod : — i 
native of Poland.— 2, o. 
poling, poled.] To furnish wit 
or carry on, or propel by, pol 

Pole' -axe, n. [Either from Pole, a 
staff, or Poll, a head.] An axe 
fixed to a pole ; a battle-axe. 

Pole'cat, n. [Fr. pottle, Sp. polla, It. 
polio, a chicken, and Cat. — See 
Poultry.] The foumart; a fetid Pole-axe. 
animal : — (incorrectly) a skunk. 

Po-lem'ic, n. [Gr, 7roAe/uiKos ; 7r6Aejuos, war.] A 
disputant; a controversialist. — 2, a. Controver- 
sial; disputatious; coutentious. 

Po-lem'ics, n. Controversy :— controversial litera- 
ture :— ecclesiastical disputation. 

Pole' star, n. A star near the pole ; a guide. 

Po-lice', it. [Fr. for "policy," condition of a 
state; L. politin, Gr. troKcreia, citizeuship, pol- 
ity ; TroAt'rrjs, a citizen ; 7roA.i?, a city.] The gov- 
ernment of a city or town : — the body of civil 
officers. — 2, r. a. [pp. policing, policed.] To 
clean up ; to put in order, as a camp. 

Po-lice'man, n. An officer of the police. 

P51'i-cy, h. [See Police and Polity.] Art of 
government; management of public affairs; 
management of common affairs: — rule; art; 
prudence :— [Fr. police ; Sp. poliza ; Late L. poly- 
tichum; Gr. noAvnTvxov, a roll, a register; jto- 
Aiis, many, and ittv£, tttvxo?, a fold] a warrant 
for money or some kind of claim: — a ticket: 
— a writing or contract of insurance. 

Pol'ish, v. a. [Fr.polir, part, polimvmt ; L. polite, 
to polish.] [pp. polishing, polished.] To smooth; 
to brighten; to refine. — 2, e. n. To become 
smooth or glossy.— 3, n. Artificial gloss :— re- 
finement : — a varnish. 

Pol'ished (pol'isht), p. a. Having a polish ; glossy : 
— of refined manners; genteel. 

Po-lite', a. [L. polire, to polish ; politus, polished.] 
Of refined manners; genteel; courteous; civil; 
well-bred; urbane. 

Po-lite'ly, ad. In a polite manner; genteelly. 

Po-lite'ness, n. Quality of being polite; gentil- 
ity; good breeding; civility; complaisance. 

Pol'i-tic, a. [See Police, Policy. } Relating to 
policy ; wise ; prudent ; sagacious ; artful : — 
political. 

Po-lit'i-cal, a. [L. pol Mats; Gr. ttoAitiko? ; ttoAi?, 
a city.] ' Relating to state polity or politics ; na- 
tional ; public; civil. 

Po-llt'i-cal-ly, ad. With relation to politics. 

Pol-i-ti"cian (pol-e-ti6h'an), n. One versed in, or 
devoted to, politics ; a statesman. 

Pol'i-tics, it. pi. The science of government; po- 
Jitical economy; political or public affairs. 

Pol'i-ty., «. [Gr. 7roAiTeia; jtoAis, a city.] A form 
of government; policy. 

Pol'ka, n. [Czech pulka, half; from the peculiar 
half-step.] A kind of dance, and the music for it. 

Poll, n. [0. Dut. pol; Low Ger. polle ; Dan. puld.] 
The head :— a person :— a list of persons ; a list 
of voters:— an election. — 2, b. a. [pp. poll- 
ing, polled.] To lop the top of trees :— to clip; 



to shear :— to take a list of voters, &c. : — to de- 
posit in the ballot-box, as votes. 
Pol'lard, n. [From the verb Poll.] A tree lopped : 

— [akin to Pollex] a sort of bran. 
Polled (pold), a. [From Poll, to clip, to lop.] 

Wanting horns. 
Pol'len, n. [L. pollen or pollis, flour. — Cf. Gr. 

7raAry, sifted meal; ndKKeLv, to shake.] (Bot.) 

The farina or fecundating dust of a flower. 
Pol'li-wig, or Pol'li-wog, n. [Poll, the head, 

and Wiggle, to wriggle.] A tadpole of the frog 

or toad. 
Pol'lock, ». [Dut. & Ger. pollack; Irish, pullag.] 

A fish of the cod kind. 
Poll' -tax, n. A tax assessed by the head. 
Pol-lute', v. a. [L. polluere, pollutant: akin to 

luere, to wash or to drench ; also to latum, mud.] 

[pp. polluting, polluted.] To defile ; to taint; 

to corrupt. — 2, a. Polluted; tainted. 
Pol-lii'tion, n. [L. pollutio.] Act of polluting; 

that which defiles; defilement. 
PS'lo, ft. [Thibetan pidu, a ball.] A game at ball, 

played by persons on horseback. 
Po-lo-naise' (po-lo-naz'\ n. [Fr. for "Polish."] 

A woman's robe. — [Mus.) A Polish air or dance. 
Polt, n. [L. pultare, to beat.] A blow; a stroke. 
Pol-tr68n', n. [Fr. poUron, It. polirone, a rascal, a 

sluggard ; 0. It. poltro, poUtro, a couch. — See 

Bolster. The derivation from L. pollice truncus, 

deprived of a thumb, is unhistorical.] A vile 

coward; a scoundrel. 
Pol-troon'er-y,, it. Cowardice; baseness. 
Pol'y. [Gr! 7ro'Au, 7roAu?, many.] A prefix in words 

of Greek origin, signifying many, plurality, 8ns. 
Pol-y-an'drous, a. Characterized by polyandry : 

— having many stamens. 
Fol-y-an'dry, it. [Gr. 7roAv?, many, and avrjp, 

avSpos, a man.] A plurality of husbands. 
Pol-y-an'thus, n. [Gr. no\vavdos, no\vai>9ri<; ; 

7toAu?, many, and aytfos, a flower.] A plant and 

its flower : — written also polyanthos. 
Pol'y-phrest, it. [Gr. noAvxpyo-ros ; no\v<;, many, 

and xpy\<TTo<;, useful.] A medicine good for many 

diseases. 
Pol'y-phrome, »• [Gr. 7roAvs, many, and xpd>|u.a, 

color.] A statue colored to imitate nature : — a 

mode of printing in several colors. 
Pol'y-phrome, ) a. Of or pertaining to, or char- 
Pol-y-phrom'ic, J acterized by, polychromy ; vari- 
ously tinted or colored. 
P51'y-phro-my, or Po-lyph'ro-my, n. The art or 

process of working in several colors : — the art 

of polychrome printing. 
Po-lyg'a-mist, n- An advocate for polygamy. 
Po-lyg'a-mous, o. Relating to polygamy :— hav- 
ing many wives. 
Po-lyg'a-my, ». [Gr. iroAuya/ut'a ; nokvq, many, 

"and va/iosj marriage.] A plurality of wives or 

husbands. 
Pol'y-glot, ». [Gr. noXvs. many, and ykwrra, a 

tongue.] A book containing a work (as the 

Bible) in several languages. — 'J., a. Having many 

languages : — familiar with many languages. 
Pol'y-gon, n. [Gr. noXvyoJvov ; 7roAv;, many, and 

yto'via, an angle.] A figure of many angles. 
Po-lyg'o-nal, a. Having many angles. 
Pol-y-hl'dral, a. Having many sides. 
Pol-y-he'dron, n. [Gr. 7roAvs, many, and eSpa, a 

base, a seat.] A figure of many sides. 
Pol-y-no'mi-al. a. [Gr. ttoAvs, many : on type of 

binomial] ' Having many terms. 
Pol'yp, n. A polype. 
Pol'ype [p61'e-pe, K. Sm. C. ; pol'ip, H. N. St. I. 

Wb.], n. [See Polypus.] The name of many 

animals of marine or aquatic habitat; a marine 

animal with many feet or tentacles ; a polypus. 
Pol-y-pet'a-lous, a. [Gr. TroAv?, many, und -rrera- 

koi>, a leaf.] Having many petals. 
Pol-y.-phon'ic, a. [Gr. 7roAv?, many, and <t>u)vrj, a 

sound.] Having many sounds ; having several 

musical parts. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, 9, 5, §, soft; p, ja, p, g, hard; §o^z; 5 as gz ; 

36 



this. 



POLYPIDOM 



422 



POPLIN 



Po-lyp'i-dom, n. [L. polypus, a polyp, and domus, 

a house.] A colony of polyps : — the fabric or 

framework of a system of polyps. 
Pol'y-pod, n. [Gr. ito\vtt6Slov ; 7roAv?, many, and 

ttoSlov, dim. of n-ori?, a foot.] A kind of fern. 
Pol'y-pous, a. Of the nature of a polypus. 
Pol'y-pus, n. [L.] L. pi. Pol'y-pi; Eng. Pol'y- 

pus-es. [Gr. ttoKvttovs ; ttoAv?, many, and 7rov?, 

a foot.] A hydroid animal ; a polype.— (Med.) A 

fleshy tumor, as in the nostrils. 
Pol-y-sper'mous, a. [Gr. no\vg, many, and anep- 

/xa, a seed.] (Bot.) Having many seeds. 
Pol-y-syl-lab'ic, \ a. [Gr. 7roAutrvAAa/3os.] Hav- 
Pol-y-syl-lab'i-cal, j ing many syllables, or more 

than three. 
Pol'y-syl-la-ble, n. [See Poly- and Syllable.] A 

word of many syllables. 
Pol-y-teph'nic, a. [Gr. 7roAus, many, and rexvr), 

an art.] Comprising many arts. — Polytechnic 

school, a school in which many branches of 

science and the arts are taught. 
Pol'y-the-i§m, n. [Gr. 7roAv?, many, and 0eos, a 

god.] The doctrine of a plurality of gods. 
Pol'y-the-ist, n. A believer in polytheism. 

IS^Sris'Scal, } a - RelatiQ S t0 Pol3'^eism. 

Pol-y-zo'on, n. ; pi. Pol-y-zo'a. [Gr. 7roAv?. many, 
and £a>ov, an animal.] A compound mollusc<>i<3. 

Pom'ace, n. [Fr. pommage; pomme, an apple.] 
The' substance of apples ground. 

Po-made', n. [Fr. pommade ; It. pomada; from L. 
pomum, an apple, a fruit : salves were often made 
of fruits.] A fragrant ointment. 

Po-ma'tum, n. [A Latinized form of Pomade.] 
Ointment for the hair. — 2, v. a. [pp. poma- 
tuming, pomatumed.] To apply pomatum to. 

Pome'gran-ate (pum'-), n. [L. pomum, a fruit, an 
apple, and granatum, a pomegranate; granatus, 
seedy ; granum, a seed.] A tree and its fruit. 

Pom'mel, n. [Fr. pommeau, 0. Fr. pommel, a dim. 
of pomme, L. pomum, an apple.] A knob on a 
sword-hilt or a saddle. — 2, v. a. [Properly, to 
beat with the pommel or sword-hilt.] [pp. pom- 
melling, pommelled.] To beat; to bruise; to 
punch. 

Pom'mel-ling, n. A beating. [Colloq.] 

Pom-o-iof'i-cal, a. Relating to pomology. 

Po-mol'o-gist,'n. One versed in pomology. 

Po-mol'o-iy, v. TL. poyrnim, an apple, and Gr. 
Ao-yo?, a treatise.] A treatise on fruits. 

Pomp, n. [L. pompa, a display ; Gr. tvo^ttti, an 
escort, a sending; irep.TTf.iv, to send.] A grand 
procession : — show ; parade. 

P6m'pi-on (pum'pe-un), n. [See Pumpkin.] A 
pumpkin. 

Pom'pon, n. [Fr.] A tuft worn on the hat. 

Pom-pos'i-ty, w. Turgidity; boastfulness. 

Pom'pous, a. [L. pompoms.— See Pomp.] Osten- 
tatious; pretentious; showy; inflated; turgid; 
stately ; magnificent. 

Pom'pous-ly, ad. In a pompous manner. 

Pom'pous-ngss, n. State of being pompous. 

Pon'cho, n. [Sp. for "careless," "easy."] A sort 
of Indian cloak. * 

Pond, n. [A variant of Pounb.] A collection or 
body of water smaller than a lake; a pool; a 
mill-pond. 

Pon'der, v. a. [L. ponderare, to weigh ; jp&ndus, 
ponderis, weight. — Cf. peudere, to weigh.] [pp. 
pondering, pondered.] To weigh mentally; to 
consider.— 2, v. n. To think ; to muse ; to reflect. 

Pon'der-a-ble, a. [L. ponderabilis.] Capable of 
being weighed. 

Pon'der-ance, n. Weight ; heaviness. 

P6n-der-os'i-ty, n. Weight; heaviness. 

Pon'der-ous, a. [L. ponderosas ; pondus, ponderis, 
weight.] Heavy; weighty. 

Pon'der-oiis-ly, ad. With great weight. 

Pon'der-ous-ness, n. Heaviness; weight. 

Pond-lil'y., n. The wat^r-lily. [of maize. 

Pone, n. [Algonkin.] Maize-bread ; a cake or loaf 



Pon-fee', n. [Fr. eponge'e, colloquially pongee, 
sponged.] A kind of silk stuff. 

Pon'iard (pon'yard), n. [Fr. poignard, from poing, 
the 'fist ; Sp. puflal, from pufio, L. pugnus, the 
fist. — Cf. L. yugio, a dagger.] A dagger ; a dirk. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. poniarding, poniarded.] To stab 
with a poniard. 

Pon'tiff, n. [Fr. pontif, L. pontifex, a high-priest; 
originally, a bridge-maker ; pons, pontis, a bridge, 
and /acere, to make.] A high priest; the pope. 

Pon-tif'ic, \a. [L. pontifical^.] Relating to a 

Pon-tif i-cal, J high-priest, pontiff, or pope. 

Pon-tif i-cal, n. A book of ecclesiastical rites. — 
pi. The full dress of a bishop. 

Pon-tif i-cal-ly, ad. In a pontifical manner. 

Pon-tif'i-cate, n. [L. pontificatus.] The office of 
a pontiff. ' 

Pon-ton', n. See Pontoon. 

Pon-to-nier', n. [Fr. pontonnier.] A soldier who 
attends pontoons. 

Pon-toon', n. [Fr. ponton, augmentative form of 
pont, L. pons, a bridge.] A flat-bottomed boat 
used in supporting a military 
floating bridge: — a floating 0. 
bridge. eI 

Po'ny, n. [Gael, ponaidh ; Irish, Pontoons. 

poni.] A. small horse; a nag. 

Pood, h. [Russ. pud.— Cf. L. pondus, weight.] A 
Russian weight of about 36 pounds. 

Poo'dle, n. [Ger. pudel; Low Ger. pudeln, to 
waddle ; puddig, thick.] A sort of lapdog. 

P861, n. [A.-S. pol; G&e].poll; Late L. padulis, 
L. palus, palvdis, a marsh. — Cf. Port, paul, Ger. 
pfuhl, a pool.] A small collection of water; a 
pond : — [Fr. poule, a hen, a stake at cards] a 
venture, whether gambling or commercial, in 
which several persons participate ; the joint cap- 
ital or stake contributed by such persons. — 
2, v. a. [pp. pooling, pooled.] To bring into 
one sum, with the view of allocating profits or 
losses among a number of persons. — 3, v. n. To 
contribute along with others toward a joint sum 
for a venture. [hindmost part of a ship. 

Poop, n. [Fr. poupe; L. puppis.] (Naut.) The 

P66r, a. [Fr. pauvre; L. pauper (q. v.). — Cf. Gr. 
iravpos, few.] Not rich ; indigent; necessitous: 
— trifling; paltry; mean: — lean: — pitiable. — 
2, w. pi. Indigent people collectively. 

Poor'-hbuse, n. A house for paupers. 

PSor'-law, n. A law relating to the poor. 

PSSr'ly, ad. Without wealth or spirit. — 2, a. 
Somewhat ill ; feeble. 

Poor'-rate, n. A tax for the relief of the poor. 

P66r-spir'it-ed, a. Mean ; cowardly. 

P88r-spir'it-ed-ness, u. Meanness. 

Pop, n. [Purely imitative.] A small, smart, quick 
sound: — a kind of drink. — 2, v. n. [pp. pop- 
ping, popped.] To move or enter quickly or 
slyly ; to burst suddenly or with a smart noise. 
—3, v. a. To offer or put out or in suddenly. 
— 4, ad. Suddenly ; unexpectedly. 

Pop'-corn, n. Maize for parching. 

Pope, n. [L. papa; Fr. pape ; Gr. 7ra7ra?, a 
father.— See Papa.] The bishop of Rome ; the 
head of the Roman Catholic church ; pontiff. 

Pope'dom, n. The office, jurisdiction, or dignity 
of the pope ; papacy. 

Pop'er-y, v. Religion of the church of Rome. 

Pop' -gun, n. A gun with which children play. 

Pop'in-jay, n. [Fr. papegai, Sp. papagayo, It. 
papagallo, a parrot. — Cf. Arab. bubagha,& parrot.] 
A parrot : — the green woodpecker : — a fop ; a 
coxcomb. 

Pop'ish, a. Relating to the pope or to papacy. 

Pop'lar, n. [Local Eng. popple, Fr. peuplier, L. 
populus, a poplar.] A tree of several varieties. 

Pop lin, n. [Fr. papeline, popeline ; Sp. popelens, 
pop'ulina ; It. popelina : said to be so named be- 
cause used in the papal vestments; but probably 
so called from Poperinghe, in Belgium.] A stuff 
made of silk and worsted. 



a, e, 1, 0, u, y, long ; a, e, I, 6, Q, y, short; a, $, i, 0, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



POPLITEAL 



423 



POSITION 



Pop-lit'e-al, \ a. [L. poples, poplitis, the hock, or 

Pop-lit'ic, J knee.] Relating to the hind part 
of the'knee-joint or ham. 

Pop'px. n. [A.-S. popig ; L. papaver.] A soporifer- 
ous plant and its flower. 

Pop'u-lace, n. [Fr. ; It. popolazzo ; popolo, the 
people (q. v.), with the appreciative suflix -azzo, 
L. -aster.] The vulgar; the multitude. 

Pop'u-lar, «. [L. popidaris ; populus, the people.] 
Relating to the people ; beloved by the people ; 
pleasing to the people: — easily understood; 
plain; familiar; common. 

Pop-u-lar'i-ty, n. State or quality of being pop- 
ular; general esteem ; public favor. 

Pop'u-lar-ize, v. a. [pp. popularizing, popular- 
ized.] To render popular. 

Pop'u-lar-ly, ad. In a popular manner. 

Pop'u-late, v. a. [Late L. populare, populatum; 
L. populus, people.] [pp. populating, populated.] 
To fill with people; to people. — 2, v. n. To 
breed ; to propagate. 

Pop-u-la'tion, n. [L. populatio.] The inhabitants 
of a town, district, or country ; the people. 

Pop'u-lofis, a. [L. populosus.] Full of inhabitants 
or people. 

Pop'u-lous-ly, ad. With much people. 

Pop'u-lous-ness, n. State of being populous. 

Pbr'bea-gle, u. A kind of shark. 

Pbr'ce-lain, or Por'ce-lain [por'se-lan, S. W. P. J. 
F. G. ; por'se-lan, E. Ja. Wb. I. ; pors'lin, H. K. ; 
pbrs'lan, Sin. St.; por'se-lan, K.J, u. [Fr. porce- 
laiue ; It. porcellana, — originally, the name of a 
sea-shell (Fr. porcellaue) ; from It. & L. porcella, 
a pig ; L. porcus, a swine : the shell is fancied 
to resemble a pig's back.] China-ware; fine 
earthen- ware. — 2, a. Consisting of porcelain. 

Por'ce-la-nous, j Resembling porcelain. 

Por'cel-la-nous, J ° * 

Porch, n. [Fr. porche ; L. portions. — See Portico.] 
An entrance with a roof; a portico. 

PSr'cine [pbr'sin, TF6.1, a. [L. pordnus; porous, 
a swine. — See Pork.] Relating to swine ; like 
a hog. , 

PSr'cu-pIne, n. [0. Fr. porc-espine; Sp. puercb 
esjiin : L. porcus, a pig, and spina, a spine {q. ».).] 
An animal with spines or quills. 

Pore, p. [L. poms; Gr. wopos, a way, a pore.] A 
spiracle of the skin ; a small hole.— 2, r. n. 
[Dut. porren, Gael, purr, to thrust, to push.] 
[pp. poring, pored.] To look or examine care- 
fully. 

Po'r'gx, n. [Narragaiisef- Indian scup, pi. scup- 
paug.~\ A marine fish. 

Por'i-ness, n. Fulness of pores. 

Po'ri§m, n. [Gr. wopto-fxa ; nopi^eiv, to bring.] 
(Geoin.) A proposition : —corollary. 

Pork, n. [Fr. pore, L. porcus, A.-S. fearh, a pig.] 
The flesh of swine : — a hog. 

Pork'er, n. A hog ; a pig. 

Po-ros'i-ty, n. The quality of having pores. 

Po'rous, a. Having small spiracles or pores. 

Po'rous-ness, ». The quality of being porous. 

Por-phy.-rit'ic, a. Relating to porphyry. 

Pbr'phy.-ry, n. [Gr. iropcpvpiT^<; ; 7rop</>vpeos, pur- 
ple (q. v.).] A variegated, hard stone. 

Pbr'poise (pbr'pus), k. [0. Fr. porpeis; pore (L. 
porcus), a pig, and 
2)eis (L. piscis), a 
fish.] A cetaceous 
mammal ; the sea- 
hog; a dolphin. 
Por'rid|-e, n. [A cor- 
ruption of pottage.] 

A kind of broth; Porpoise, 

pottage. 
Por'rin-£er, n. [From Porridge : the n is intru- 
sive.] A vessel out of which children eat milk, 
porridge, &c. ; a child's dish. 
Port, n. [A.-S. port; L. portus, a harbor.] A sta- 
tion for ships to ride in at anchor; a harbor; a 
town with a harbor; a haven: — [Fr. porte, L. 




porta, a gate] a gate ; opening; aperture ; a port- 
hole : — [Fr. port; L. portare, to carry] carriage; 
air ; mien :— [from Oporto, a town of Portugal ; 
o, the, and porto, harbor, port] a kind of red 
wine from Oporto :— [in this sense a factitious 
word] the larboard side. — 2, v. a. [pp. porting, 
ported.] To turn to the larboard or left side. 

Port-a-bil'i-tx, \n. The quality of being port- 

Port'a-ble-ness, J able. 

Port'a-ble, a. [L. portabilis.] That may be carried. 

Port'age, u. [Fr.] The act of carrying ; carnage ; 
price of carriage : — a carrying-place. 

Por'tal, n. [L. portale.] The arch of a gate ; a 
gate ; a door. — 2, a. Pertaining to the liver. 

Port-cul'lis, n. [Fr. porte, a gate, and coulisse, a 
groove.] ' A movable frame placed over a gate- 
way, to be let down at pleasure. 

Porte, n. [Fr. porte, a gate ; Arab, babi ali, the 
high gate (or "sublime poite"); bab, a gate, 
and alig, high.] The Turkish or Ottoman court. 

Por-tend', v. a. [L. portendere ; 0. L. port, forth, 
toward, and tendere, to stretch.] [pp. portend- 
ing, portended.] To foretoken ; to foreshow. 

Por-tent' [pbr'tent, j\ r . St. I.], u. [L. portentum, a 
token. — See Portend.] An omen of ill ; a prod- 
igy, [ill ; ominous. 

Por-ten'tous, a. [L. portentosus.] Foretokening 

Por-ten'touts-ly, ad. In a portentous manner. 

Por'ter, n. [Fr. portier; L. porlarius; porta, a 
gate'.] A door-keeper: — [Fr. portevr, a carrier; 
L. portare, to carry] a carrier of burdens : — a 
strong malt liquor. 

Por'ter-age, n. Hire of a porter ; carriage. 

Pbrt-io'fi-b, or Port-fdTio (-yo), „. ; pi. Port-fo'- 
li-o§. [Fr. pork'fenille; It. portafoyli. — See Port, 
to carry, and Folio. ] A case for louse paper, &c. 

Port' -hole, n. A hole to point cannon through. 

Por'ti-co, n. ; pi. P6r'ti-c5§. [It.; L. portions; 
porta, a gate.] A 6erie's of columns ; a covered 
walk ; a. porch. 

Por'tion (por'shun), u. [L. portio. — Cf. Part, and 
Gr. Tropeiv, to share.] A part assigned ; an allot- 
ment; a division; a dividend: — a part of an 
inheritance given to a child : — a wife's fortune. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. portioning, portioned.] To di- 
vide ; to parcel ; to endow. 

Por'tion-less, a. Having no portion. 

Port'li-ness, n. Dignity of mien : bulk. 

Port'ly, a. [From Port, carriage, demeanor] 
Grand of mien ; corpulent. 

Port-man' teau (port-man'to). n. ; pi. Port-man'- 
teaus. [Fr. ; porter, to carry, and manteau, a 
mantle (7. v.).) A bag for clothes. 

Por'trait, n. [Fr.— See Portray.] A picture or 
painting of a person drawn from the life. 

Por'trai-tiire, b. [Fr.] A picture; a portrait: — 
the art, process, or manner of painting. 

Por-tray', v. a. [Fr. portraire; L. protrahere, to 
draw out,— later, to depict; pro, forth, and tra- 
here, to draw, to drag.] [pp. portraying, por- 
trayed.] To paint; to describe by picture; to 
draw ; to represent ; to depict. 

Por-tray'al, n. The act of portraying. 

Port'reeve, n. [Port and Reeve.] The bailiff 
of a port town. 

Po§e, v. a. [Fr. poser, to set ; Late L. pausare, to 
halt; in meaning it represents L. ponere, posi- 
fum, to place. — See Puzzle.] [pp. posing, posed.] 
To puzzle ; to embarrass , to stop : — to cause to 
assume, or place in, an attitude with a view to 
effect. — 2, v. «. To assume a pose; to strike an 
attitude. — 3, m. The attitude which an object 
is caused to assume ; an attitude consciously as- 
sumed. 

Pos'er, n. One who poses ; an examiner : — a puz- 
zling question. 

Pos'it, v. a. [L. ponere, positum, to place.] [pp. 
positing, posited.] To assume as real. 

Po-si"tipn (po-zish'un), n. (L. positio.— See Po«it.] 
Situation ; station ; attitude ; posture : — a prin- 
ciple laid down. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, sSn ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, 5, g, soft; p, J3, p, g, hard ; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



POSITIVE 



424 



POTATION 



Pos'i-tive, a. [L. positions; ponere, position, to 
fix'.] Real; absolute; direct; express; explicit: 
— certain: confident : — affirmative; nut nega- 
tive: — settled Li y arbitrary appointment; op- 
posed to natural: — noting the philosophical 
system of Comte. — (Gram.) Positive degree, the 
simple form of an adjective.— 2, h. A tiling 
affirmable ; reality : — a photographic picture in 
which the lights and shades correspond with 
those of nature or of the original. 

Fos'i-tive-ly, ad. In a positive manner. 

Fos'i-tive-ness, n. State of being positive. 

Po§' j-tiv-ism, n. Positiveness : — the positive phi- 
losophy, as taught by Auguste Comte. 

Pos'se, n. [L.] An armed power ; a number. 

Pos'se com-i-ta'tus, u. [L. for "power of the 
county ;" posse, to he able.] The power of the 
county ; an armed hody. 

Po§-sess' (poz-zes'), v. a. [L. possidere, possessum, 
to have; 0. L. port, toward, and L. sedere, to 
sit, to remain.] [pp. possessing, possessed.] To 
have as un owner; to hold; to occupy; to en- 
joy ; to obtain. 

Pos-ses'sion (poz-zesh'un), n. [L. possessio.] State 
of possessing ; occupancy : — estate ; property. 

Pos-ses'sive, a. [L. possessions.] Denoting pos- 
session. — (Gram.) Noting the case of nouns im- 
plying possession. 

Pos-ses'sor, n. One who possesses ; an owner. 

Pos-ses'so-ry, or Fos'ses-so-ry, a. Having pos- 
session. ' 

Pos'set, n. [Irish, pusoid. — Cf. L. posca, a sour 
drink; Gr. ttoctis, a draught.] Milk curdled 
with wine or any acid. 

Pos-si-bil'i-ty, n. State of being possible. 

Pos'si-ble, a. [Fr. possible; L. possibilis ; piosse, to 
be able.] That may be, or that may be done. 

Pos'si-bly, ad. By any power existing. 

Pos'sum, n. See Opossum. 

Post, n. [It., Sp., & Late L. posta, a station; L. 
posita, poslu, placed. — See Posit.] A courier; a 
public letter-carrier: — a station; an office; a 
place; employment: — [A.-S. post; L. postis: 
akin to L. ponere, positum or postum, to fix] a 
piece of timber or stone set erect : — a French 
measure, equal to 5.52 English miles. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. posting, posted.] To travel with speed or 
post-horses. — 3, v. a. To fix on a post ; to place ; 
to station: — to send with post-horses. — 4, a. 
Used in travelling hastily ; speedy. 

Post-, a prefix, is the Latin preposition post, after. 

Post'a£e, n. Money paid for conveying letters. 

Fost'al, a. Pertaining to the post, post-office, or 
mails. — 2, n. A postal-card. 

Post'al-card, ) n. A stamped card for communi- 

Post'-card, j cations, issued by the post-office. 

Post' -boy, n. A boy that 
rides post ; a courier. 

Post-di-lQ'vi-an, a. [Post, 
after," and ' Diluvian.) 
Posterior to the flood. — 
2, n. One who lived after 
the flood or deluge. 

Post'er, n. One who travels 
hastily; a courier :— a bill 
posted up. 

Pos-te'ri-or, a. [L. ; comp. of posterus, after, late. 
— Cf. Post, after.] Subsequent; later; after. 

Pos-te-ri-or'i-ty, n. State of being posterior. 

Pos-ter'i-ty, n. [L. posteritas; Fr. postcrife. — See 
Posterior.] Succeeding generations; descend- 
ants : — opposed to ancestors. 

Pos'tern, n. [Fr. poterne, 0. Fr. posteme or pos- 
terle, L. posterula, a back gate ; from posterus, be- 
hind.] A small gate ; a door. 

Post'f ix, n. [Post and Fix.] A letter or syllable 
added. — 2, v. a. [pp. postfixing, postfixed.] To 
add or annex at the end. 

P5st-haste', n. [Post (n.) and Haste.] Haste 
like that of a courier. — 2, ad. With the haste 
of a courier. 




Post-boy. 



Post' -horse, n. A horse used by couriers. 

Post'hu-mous [post'hu-mus, P. C. ; post'yu-mus, 
PL. St.], a. [L. postumns, latest. — Cf. Posterior. 
The h was inserted from the erroneous idea that 
the word came from post, after, and humus, the 
earth,— i.e., the grave : this false etymology has 
determined the present meaning of the word.] 
Done, had, or published after one's death. 

Post'hu-mous-iy, ad. After one's death. 

Pos'til, n. [Fr. apostille ; etymology disputed.] A 
marginal note. 

Pos-til'ion [pos-til'yun, S. J. F. Ja. Srn. ; pos-til'- 
yun, W, E. K.], n. [Fr. postilion ; It. posliglione, 
dim. of posta, a post (q. v.).] One who guides 
the first pair of a set of horses in a coach. 

Post' nig, n. The act of travelling by post. 

Post'man, n. A post; a courier; a letter-carrier. 

Post'mark, n. [Post (m.) and Mark.] Themaik 
of a post-office. — 2, v. a. [pp. postmarking, post- 
marked.] To put the stamp or mark of a post- 
office on a letter, &c. 

Post'mas-ter, n. [Post (h.) and Master.] An 
officer who has the charge of a post-office. 

P6st-me-rid'i-an, a. [L. postmeridianus; post, 
after, 'and m'eridies, mid-day. — See Meridian.] 
Being in the afternoon. 

PSst-mor'tem, n. [L. for "after death."] An 
examination of a dead body ; autopsy. 

Post-na'tal, a. [Post (prefix) and Natal.] Oc- 
curring after birth. 

Post-o'bit, n. [Post (prefix) and Obit.] A bond 
payable after the death of the person therein 
named. [and delivered. 

Post'-of-fice, i*. Office where letters are received 

Post'-paid, a. Having the postage paid. 

Post-pone', v. a. [L. poslponere; post, after, and 
ponere, to place.] [pp. postponing, postponed.] 
To put off; to delaj r ; to defer. 

Post-pone'ment, n. The act of postponing. 

Post-pran'di-al, a. [L. post, after, and prandium, 
a meal.] Happening after dinner. 

Post'-rid-er, n. A person who carries the mail 
on horseback. 

Post' script, n. [L. post, after, and scribere, scrip- 
dun, to write.] A paragraph added to a letter. 

P6st'-tov>n, u. A town having a post-office. 

Post'u-lant, n. [L. postulaus, asking.— See Postu- 
late.] One who makes a demand ; a candidate. 

Post'u-late, v. a. [L. postulate, postulatum, to ask ; 
frequentative of poscere, to demand.] [pp. pos- 
tulating, postulated.] To beg; to invite. — 2, n. 
Position assumed without proof; a supposition. 

Post-u-la'tion, n. A supposition without proof; 
postulate :— supplication ; a suit. 

Post'u-la-to-ry, a. Assumed without proof. 

Post'u-ral, a. Of or relating to posture. 

Post'ure (post'yur), n. [Fr. posture; L. posifitra, 
position (q. v.).] State; situation; position; 
attitude; gesture. — 2, v. a. & v. »?. [pp. postur- 
ing, postured.] To place in, or assume, a par- 
ticular posture. 

Po'sy. ii. [For poesy : formerly it was a verse or 
motto on a ring ; flowers used as gifts were held 
to express the sentiments of the giver.] A 
motto on a ring :— a nosegay : — a flower. 

Pot, n. [Fr. pot; Irish, pota ; Bret, pod: probably 
akin to L. potare, to drink.] A vessel to hold 
meat or liquids. — 2, v. a. [pp. potting, potted.] 
To preserve or enclose in pots. 

Po'ta-ble, a. [Fr. potable ; L. polabilis; potare, to 
drink.] Such as may be drunk. 

Po'ta-ble-ness. n. State of being potable. 

Pot'SLsh, n. [Properly, nxh from the pot.] A fixed 
alkali obtained from ashes. 

Po-tas'sa, n. (Chem.) Purified potash. 

Po-tas'sic, a. Relating to or containing potassa 
or potassium. 

Po-tas'si-um, n. The metallic base of potash. 

Po-ta'tion. n. [L. potalio ; potare, potatnw, to 
drink;' Gr. 7totos, a drinking.] A drinking- 
bout ; a draught. 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a., e, i, o, u, y, short; $, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



POTATO 



425 



PKAGMATISM 



Po-ta'to, n. ; pi. Po-ta'toes. [Sp. & native Hay- 
tian batata, the sweet potato.] A plant and its 
esculent root. 

Po'ten-cy, ». [L. potentia, power.— See Potent.] 
Power; efficacy; strength. 

Po'tent, a. [L. potens, poteutis, pres. part, of posse, 
poiui, to be able.] Powerful; strong; mighty. 

Po'ten-tate, n. [Late L. potentatus.— See Potent.] 
A monarch ; a sovereign. 

Po-ten'tial (po-ten'snal), a. [L. potentialis, possi- 
ble. — See Potent.] Existing in possibility, not 
in fact. — (Gram.) Noting a mood that implies 
possibility, liberty, will, or obligation. 

Po-ten-ti-al'i-ty (-she-al'e-te), n. Possibility. 

Po-ten'tial-ly, ad. In possibility. 

Po'tent-ly, ad. Powerfully ; forcibly. 

Poth'een,' or Po'theen (pot'yen or po'tyen), n. 
[Irish poteain, a little pot.] Irish illicit whis- 
key : — whiskey : — written also poteen. 

Poth'er [poth'er, Ja. K. Sin. G ; puth'er, S. W. P. 
J.],'n. [Dut. poteren, to search through; peu- 
teren, to fumble.] Bustle; tumult; bother. 

Pot'herb (pot'erb), n. An herb fit for the pot. 

Pot'hook (pdt'huk), u. A hook to fasten puts :— a 
hook-shaped chai acter made with the pen. 

Pbt'hbiise, n. An ale-house; a drinking-house. 

Pot'-hunt-er, n. One who hunts game for a living. 

PS'tion, n. ' [L. polio, a drink ; potare, to drink.] 
A draught ; a medical draught. 

Pot/lid, n. The cover of a pot. 

Pot'luck, n. Food that may be ready for dinner. 

Pot-pourri (po-po-re), n. [Fr. for "putrid pot."— 
See Olla Podeida.] A medley ; a miscellaneous 
collection. [broken pot. 

Pot' sherd, n. [Pot and Shard.] A fragment of a 

Pot'tafe, n. [Fr. potage. — See Pot.] Any thing 
boiled for food. 

Pot'ter, n. [Fr. potter. — See Pot.] A maker of 
earthen vessels. — 2, v. n. [See Pother.] [pp. 
pottering, pottered.] To trifle ; to pndder. 

Pot'te-ry, n. [Fr. poterie.] "Work of a potter; 
earthen-ware. 

Pot' tie (pot'tl), n. [0. Fr. potel, dim. of pot, a pot.] 
A measure of four pints : — a tankard. 

Pouch, n. [Fr. poche ; 0. Fr. pouche.— See Poke.] 
A purse; a pocket. — 2, v. a. [pp. pouching, 
pouched.] To pocket. 

Poul'ter-er (pol'ter-er), n. [See Poultry.] One 
who sell's fowls. 

Poul'tice, n. [L. pids, pultis, pap; Gr. ttoAto?, 
porridge.] A soft application; a cataplasm. — 

2, v. a. [pp. poulticing, poulticed.] To apply 
a poultice to. 

Poul'try (pol'tre), n. [Fr. poule, a hen; ponlel, a 
chick ; poulette, a pullet (q. v.).] Domestic fowls. 

Pounce, n. [Fr. poincon, a punch (q. v.), an awl ; 
L. pungere, punclum, to pierce.] The talon of a 
bird : — [Fr. ponce, L. pnmex, pumice (q. ».)] a 
powder. — 2, v. a. [pp. pouncing, pounced.] To 
pierce : — to sprinkle. — 3, v. n. [From the pounce?; 
of a bird of prey.] To fall upon suddenly. 

Pound, n. [A.-S. pund ; Ger. pfund ; L. pondo: 
akin to pondus, a weight; pendere, to weigh.] 
A weight of 16 ounces avoirdupois; also of VI 
ounces troy: — in money, 20 shillings :— [A.-S. 
ptmd; Irish, pont; 0. Ger. piunta. — Cf. Icel. 
pynta, to shut in] an enclosure, for cattle; a pin- 
fold.— 2, r. a. [pp. pounding, pounded.] [A.-S. 
punian. — See Punish.] To beat; to grind: — to 
shut up. 

Pbund'age, n. A sum deducted from a pound : — 
duty or payment rated by the pound. 

Pbund'er, n. He who or that which pounds; a 
pestle : — a gun of a certain bore. 

Pour, v. a. [Cf. Welsh bwrw, to throw, to cast, to 
rain ; Gael, purr, to drive, to urge.] [pp. pour- 
ing, poured.] To send forth in a stream; to 
emit. — 2, v. n. To stream; to flow; to rush. — 

3, n. A sudden flow, as of water. 

Pout, v. n. [Welsh pwdw, to pout ; pwtio, to push ; 
Fr. bouder, to pout.] [pp. pouting, pouted.] To 



look sullen ; to shoot out the lips.— 2, b. A fit 
of sullenness : — [A.-S. put: said to be named 
from its power of pouting, or inflating the skin 
of the head] a kind of fish. 

Pov'er-ty, n. [Fr. pauvrete ; L. paupertas. — See 
Pauper.] State of being poor; penury; want; 
indigence: — barrenness; defect. 

PSiv'der, n. [Fr. poudre ; 0. Fr.pouldre; L. pul- 
vis, pulveris.] Dust; gunpowder: hair-powder. — 
2, v. n. [pp. powdering, powdered.] To crum- 
ble ; to fall to dust. — 6, v. a. To reduce to dust : 
— to sprinkle. 

PSw'der-flask, w. A flask for gunpowder. 

Poiv'der-mill, n. A mill to make gunpowder in. 

Pb^'der-y, a. Covered with powder; dusty. 

Pbw'er, n. [0. E. pouere ; Fr. pouvoir ; 0. Fr. poer, 
pooir, povoir ; Sp. poder ; It. potere ; L. posse, 
potui, to be able; potis, strong.] Ability to do 
something; ability to endure; capacity; com- 
mand; authority; dominion; potency; force; 
strength : — the moving force of an engine : — 
military force ; an army : — a sovereign ; a ruler : 
—a state.— (Arith.) The product of a number 
multiplied into itself. 

Pb-ft'er-fuT, a. Having power; strong; potent; 
mighty; forcible; efficacious. 

Pbw'er- ful-ly, ad. Mightily; forcibly. 

Pbly'er-less, a. Destitute of power; weak. 

Po-w^er-loom, n. A loom worked by steam. 

Pb-^'er-press, n. A printing-press worked by 
steam, by water, or by other power. 

Pb'fr'wbw, n. [Frobably imitative.] An Indian 
incantation, with dancing, &c. :— an Iudian con- 
jurer or priest. — 2, v. a. [pp. powwow ing, pow- 
wowed.] To conjure. 

P5x, n. [For pocks, the pi. of Pock.] An eruptive 
disease; pustules. 

Poz-zu-o-la'na, n. [From the Italian town of 
PozzuoU, L. Puteoli; the latter name is a dim. 
of puteus, a pit (q. v.).] Volcanic ashes used as 
cement or mortar for buildings. 

Prac-ti-ca-bil'i-ty, \n. State or quality of being 

Prac'ti-ca-ble-ness, j practicable. 

Prac'ti-ca-ble, a. [Fr. praticable, from praliquer, 
0. Fr. p'ractiqiier, to practise.] That may lie done 
or effected; performable ; feasible; possible. 

Frao'ti-ca-bly, ad. In a practicable manner. 

Prac'ti-cal, a. [Fr. pratique; L. pructicus ; Gr. 
7rpa*cTtKOS ; npa.o~cr€iv or irpaTreiu, fut. 7rpd£a>, to 
do; 7rpaKT05, done.] Relating to practice or uss; 
designed for practice; not speculative. 

Prac'ti-cal-ly, ad. By practice; in fact. 

Prac'tice, n. [Gr. npaKTiKii} (ejrio-Trj/on)), practice, 
practical knowledge; npao-o-eiv, to do.] The 
habit of doing any thing: such use as begets a 
habit ; custom ; use ; performance ; method : — a 
rule of arithmetic. 

Prac'tise, v. a. [Fr. pradqner, formerly pracUqaer. 
— See Practice.] [pp. practising, practised.] 
To do habitually; to perform constantly ; to ex- 
ercise ; to transact.— 2, v. n. To act ; to exercise 
a profession. 

Prac'tis-er, n. One who practises. 

Prac-ti"tipn-er, n. [Fr. praticien, — formerly prac- 
t'icien.] One' engaged in any art. 

Praem-u-ni're (prem-yu-ni're). ». [Law L. ; a cor- 
ruption of L. prxmouere, to warn.] A writ; an 
offence. 

Prae-no'men, n. [L. prse, before, and nomen, a 
name.] The first name of a person, among the 
Romans, prefixed to the family name, and dis- 
tinguishing the individual. 
Prag-mat'ic, la. [Gr. npaynaTiKos ; npayp.a, 
Prag-mat'i-cal, J irpdyixaTo<;. a deed, an act ; vpda- 
o-eiv, to do.] Impertinent; officious; meddling; 
dictatorial. 
Prag-mat'i-cal-ly, ad. In a pragmatical manner. 
Prag'ma-tism, n. The quality of being pragmati- 
cal ; c'onceitedness : — a method of treating his- 
tory in which causes and results are carefully 
discriminated. 



mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 



-Q, 9, 5, £, soft; fi, £}, c, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
36* 



PRAIRIE 



426 



PRECIPITANT 



Prai'rie (pra're), n. [Fr. for "meadow;" Late L. 
prataria; L. pratum, a field.] A large natural 
meadow, or tract of country bare of trees. 

Prai'rie-chick'en, \n. An American grouse: 

Prai'rie-hen, ' J — called also heath-hen and 
pinnated grouse. 

Prai'rie-dog, n. A species of marmot. 

Praise (praz), n. [Late L. preliare, to prize, to 
esteem ; 0. Fr. preiser, to praise ; preis, merit, 
value; L. preiium, reward, price (q. ».).] Re- 
nown; commendation; honor. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
praising, praised.] To commend; to applaud; to 
extol ; to eulogize ; to celebrate. 

Prais'er, n. One who praises ; an applaurier. 

Praise'wor-tny (praz'wiir-the), a. "Worthy of 
praise; laudable; commendable. 

Pra'krit, n. [Skr. prakrta, common. — Cf. San- 
skrit.] A language or dialect (of which there 
are several) derived from the Sanskrit. 

Prance, v. a. [A variant of Prank.] [pp. pranc- 
ing, pranced.] To spring or bound, as a horse. 

Pran'di-al, a. [L. prandium, a meal.] Relating 
to, or associated with, a feast or repast. 

Prank, v. a. [0. Dut. pronck, Dan., Sw., & Ger. 
prunk, display ; 0. Dut. proncken, Ger. prangen, 
to display ; Welsh prancio, to frolic. — Cf. Prink.] 
[pp. pranking, pranked.] To dress showily; to 
prink. — 2, n. A frolic ; a wild flight; a trick. 

Prase, n. (Min.) [Gr. wpdaov, a leek.] Green 
quartz ; a precious stone. 

Prate, v. n. [Dan. prate, to talk; Sw. & Dan. prat, 
Low Ger. & Dut. praat, talk.] [pp. prating, 
prated.] To talk carelessly; to chatter. — 2, a. 
Tattle ; idle talk ; babble. 

Prat'er, n. One who prates; an idle talker. 

Prat'ic, n. [Fr. pratique; It. pratica, custom, 
practice.] (Xaut.) A license for a ship to trade 
in port after having performed quarantine: — 
written also pratique. 

Prat' tie (prat'tl), v. n. [Dim. of Prate.] [pp. 
prattling, prattled.] To talk childishly ; to chat. 
— 2, n. Childish talk ; prate; chat. 

Prat' tier, n. One who prattles ; a chatterer. 

Prav'i-ty, n. [L. pracitas ; promts, deformed, 
crooked, perverse.] Corruption; depravity. 

Prawn, n. [L. & Sp. perna, a 
shell-fish.] A small crusta- 
ceous animal. 

Prax'is, n. [L. ; Gr irpa^ig. — 
See Practice.] Use; prac- 
tice; a form. Prawn - 

Pray, v. n. [Fr. prier ; L. precari ; prex, precis, a 
prayer.] [pp. praying, prayed.] To make peti- 
tion* ; to entreat. — 2, v. a. To supplicate ; to 
implore : to entreat. 

Pray'er (pra'er or prar), n. [Fr. priere, It. pre- 
garia, a prayer; L. precarium, a thing obtained 
by prayer.] A petition to God; an entreaty; a 
petition ; a request. 

Pray'er-book (,-bdk), «. A book of devotion. 

Pray'er- ful, a. Using prayer ; devout. 

Pray'er-ful-ly, ad. In a devout manner. 

Pray'er-less, a. Neglecting prayer. 

Pre-. ' [L. prse.] A prefix to words derived from 
the Latin, marking priority of time or rank. 

Preach, v. n. [Fr. precher ; L. prsedicare ; prse, be- 
fore,, openly, and dicare, to proclaim ; dicere, to 
say.] [pp. preaching, preached.] To discourse 
on the gospel. — 2, v. a. To proclaim, as a public 
religious teacher ; to inculcate ; to teach. 

Preach'er, n. One who preaches. 

Preach'er-ship, n. The office of a preacher. 

Preach'ing, n. A public religious discourse. 

Preach'ment, n. A sermon : — in contempt. 

Pre-Ad'am-Ite, n. A person who lived before 
Adam. ' 

Pre-ad-mon'ish, v. a. [Pre- and Admonish.] [pp. 
preadmonishing, preadmonished.] To forewarn. 

Pre-ad-mo-ni"tion, n. Previous warning. 

Pre'am-ble (pre'am-bl) [pre-am'bl, N. St.], n. [Fr. 
preambide, a prologue; L. prseambulus, walking 




before ; prse, before, and ambulare, to walk.— See 
Amble.] An introduction ; a preface. 

Pre-am'bu-la-to-ry, a. Going before. 

Pre-ar-range', v. a. [Pre- and Arrange.] [pp. 
prearranging, prearranged.] To arrange before- 
hand. 

Preb'end, n. [Fr. prtbende; L. prsebenda, a sti- 
pend; prsebere, to afford, to offer; prsebendus, 
that must be afforded ; prse, before, and habere, 
to hold.] A stipend in a cathedral church. 

Pre-bend'al, a. Belonging to a prebend. 

Preb'en-da-ry, n. A clergyman or stipendiary of 
a cathedral who has a prebend. 

Pre-ca'ri-ous, a. [L. precarius, obtained by prayer 
or begging, — hence, doubtful, uncertain; 'pre- 
cari, to pray (q. v.).] Uncertain because depend- 
ing on another's will ; doubtful ; dubious. 

Pre-ca'ri-ofis-ly, ad. Uncertainly. 

Pre-ca'ri-ous-ness, n. Doubt ; dependence. 

Prec'a-tive, \a. [L. precativus, precatoriits. — See 

Prec'a-to-ry, J Pray.] Making supplication ; sup- 
pliant ;' beseeching. 

Pre-cau'tion, n. [L. prsecautio. — See Caution.] 
A preservative caution or care. [servative. 

Pre-cau'tion-a-ry, a. Implying precaution; pre- 

Pre-cede', v. a. [Fr. preceder ; L. prsecedere ; prse, 
before, and cedere, to go.] [pp. preceding, pre- 
ceded.] To go before in order of time; to go 
before in place or rank. 

Pre-ce'dence, "In. [L. praecedentia.] The act of 

Pre-ce'den-cy, /going before; superior relative 
rank ; prioritij ; foremost place or rank ; supe- 
riority. 

Pre-ce'dent, a. That precedes ; preceding; going 
before ;' anterior ; former. 

Prec'e-dent, n- [Fr. precedent. — See Precede.] 
A thing done before that may serve as a rule ; 
an example. 

Pre-ce'dent-ly, ad. Beforehand; formerly. 

Pre-ced'ing, p. a. Going before; antecedent. 

Pre-cen'tor. n. [L. prsecentor ; prse, before, and 
cantor, a singer; cantare, to chant (g. v.); canere, 
to sing.] A leader of a choir. 

Pre'cept [pre'sept, S. W. P. E. F. Ja. K. Sni. C. ; 
pre'sept or pres'ept, J.], n. [L. prseceptum, a 
rule ;' prsecipere, to take before, to command ; 
prse, before, and capere, to take.] A rule au- 
thoritatively given ; a mandate ; a principle ; a 
doctrine; a direction: a maxim. 

Pre-cep'tive, a. Containing precepts. 

Pre-cep'tor, n. [L. prseceptor. — See Precept.] A 
head-master, or principal of an academy, &c. ; a 
teacher ; a tutor. 

Prec'ep-to-ry [pres'ep-tur-e, W. ; pre'sep-tiir-e, I. 
Ja. Sin. /pre-sep'tur-e. K. V.'b. St. X.], a. Precep- 
tive.— 2, n." An "establishment, as of Knights 
Templar. 

Pre-cep' tress, n. A female preceptor. 

Pre-ces'sion (pre-sesh'un), n. [Late L. prsecessio. 
—See Precede.] A going before ; a movement 
forward ; an advance. 

Pre-ces'sion-al (pre-sesh'un-al), a. Of or relating 
to precession, as of the equinoxes. 

Pre'clnct (pre'smgkt), n. [L. prsecingere, prse- 
cwctum, to enclose ; prse, before, and cingere, to 
gird.] An outward limit; a boundary; a bor- 
der : — a district. 

Pre"cious (presh'us), a. [L. pretiosus; pretium, 
price (q. v.).] Of great price; of great value; 
valuable; costly. 

Pre"cious-ness (presh'us-nes), n. Worth. 

Prec'i-pice, n. [Fr. precipice; L. prsecipitium ; 
prseceps, prsecipitis, headlong; prse, before, and 
capxd, capitis, the head.] A headlong steep or 
declivity. 

Pre-cip'i-tance, "In. [L. prsecipitanlia.] Rash or 

Pre-clp'i-tan-cy, J precipitate haste ; precipitation. 

Pre-cip'i-tant, «• [L. prsecipitans. — See Precipi- 
tate.]' Falling headlong ; rash. — 2, n. (Chem.) 
A substance used to precipitate another sub- 
stance. 



a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



PEECIPITATE 



427 



PREEMPTION 



Pre-cip'i-tate, v. a. [L. prsecipitare, prsecipitatum, 
to throw headlong. — See Precipice.] [pp. pre- 
cipitating, precipitated.] To throw down ; to 
hasten. — (Ckern.) To throw, or cause to subside, 
to the bottom, as a solid substance in a liquid. — 
2, v. n. To fall to the bottom. 

Pre-cip'i-tate, a. Steep; hasty; rash. — 2, n. 
(Chem.) A substance thrown down in a liquid. 

Pre-cip'i-tate-lx, ad. Hastily; rashly. 

Pre-cip-i-ta'tion, n. [L. prsecipitatio.] The act 
of precipitating ; rashness ; hurry ; blind haste : 
— sediment. 

Pre-cip'i-tous, a. [Fr. precipiteux.] Headlong ; 
precipitate : — steep; abounding in precipices. 

Pre-cip'i-tous-ly, ad. In a precipitous manner. 

Pricis (pra-se), n. [Fr.] An abstract; a sum- 
mary ; a memorandum. 

Pre-cise', a. [Fr. precis, exact; L. prsecisus, cut 
off, brief; prsecidere, to cut short; prse, before, 
and csedere, to cut.] Exact ; strict ; nice ; formal. 

Pre-cise'ly;, ad. Exactly; with precision. 

Pre-cise'ness, n. Exactness ; rigid nicety. 

Pre-ci"§ian (pre-sizh'an), n. One very exact. 

Pre-ci"sion (pre-sizh'unj, n. [L. prsecisio, a cut- 
ting otf, abruptness.] State of being precise ; 
strictness ; exact limitation. 

Pre-clude', v. a. [L. prsecludere, preclusion, to shut 
off; prse, before, and claudere, to shut.] [pp. pre- 
cluding, precluded.] To shut out by anticipa- 
tion ; to hinder ; to prevent ; to obviate. 

Pre-clQ'sion (pre-klu'zhun), n. [L. prseclusio. — 
See Preclude.] The state of being precluded: 
— the act of precluding ; previous hinderance. 

Pre-clu'sive, a. Hindering by anticipation. 

Fre-co'cious (pre-ko'shus), a. [Fr. precoce ; L. 
prsecox, prsecocis, premature, rare-ripe ; prse, be- 
fore, and coqutre, coctum, to ripen, to cook (q. v.).] 
ltipe before the natural time ; early ripe. 

Pre-co'cious-ness, n. Precocity. 

Pre-coc'i-ty, n. [Fr. precocite.] State of being 
precocious; ripeness before the natural time. 

Pre-cog-ni"tion, w. [L. prsecognitio. — See Cogni- 
tion'.] Previous knowledge. , 

Pre-con-ceit', n. [Pre- and Conceit.] Opinion 
previously formed. 

Pre-con-ceive', v. a. [Pre- and Conceive.] [pp. 
preconceiving, preconceived.] To conceive be- 
forehand. 

Pre-con-cep'tion, «. Opinion previously formed. 

Pre-con-cert', v. a. [Pre- and Concert.] [pp. 
preconcerting, preconcerted.] To concert be- 
forehand. 

Pre-con'cert, ». Previous agreement. 

Prec'on-ize, v. a. [Fr. preconiser; L. prseco, prse- 
conis, a herald, a crier.] [pp. preconizing, 
preconized.] To proclaim; to appoint, as to a 
bishopric. 

Pre-con' tract, n. [Pre- and Contract.] A pre- 
vious contract. 

Fre-ciir'sive, a. Preceding; precursory. 

Pre-ciir'sor, n. [L. precursor ; prse, before, and 
cursor, a runner; currere, cursum, to run.] A 
forerunner; a harbinger. 

Pre-ciir'so-ry, a. [L. prsecursorius.] Introduc- 
tory ; previous. 

Pre-da'ceous (pre-da'shus), a. [L. prseda, prey, 
booty.] Living by prey. 

Pred'a-to-ry. a. [L. prsedatorius ; prsedator, a plun- 
derer; prsedari, prsedatus, to prey ; prseda, booty.] 
Practising rapine. 

Pre-de-cease', v. a. [Pre- and Decease.] [pp. 
predeceasing, predeceased.] To die before.— 2, n. 
Previous decease. 

Pred-e-ces'sor [pred-e-ses'sur, S. W. J. E. F. K. 
Sm. ; pre-de-ses'sur, P. Ja.' (?.], n. [L. prsedeces- 
sor; prse, before, and decessor, one who retires; 
decedere, decessum, to depart ; de, from, and ce- 
dere, to go.] One who precedes; one going 
before. 

Pre-des-ti-na'ri-an, n. A believer in predestina- 
tion. — 2, a. Relating to predestination. 



Pre-des'ti-nate, v. a. [L. prsedestinare, prsedesti- 
nalum; prse, before, and destinare, to destine 
(q. v.).] [pp. predestinating, predestinated.] 
To predetermine ; to foreordain ; to predestine. 

Pre-des'ti-nate, a. Predestinated. 

Pre-des-ti-na'tion, n. [L. prsedestinatio.] Act of 
predestinating; the doctrine that all events are 
predestinated by God ; preordination. 

Pre-des'ti-na-tor, n. One who predestinates. 

Pre-des'tine, v. a. [See Predestinate.] [pp. 
predestining, predestined.] To decree before- 
hand : — to foreordain. 

Pre-de-te'r'mi-nate, a. [Pre- and Determinate.] 
Determined beforehand ; predetermined. 

Pre-de-ter-mi-na'tion, n. Previous decree. 

Pre-de-ter'mine, v. 'a. [Pre- and Determine.] 
[^.'predetermining, predetermined.] To deter- 
mine beforehand ; to predestinate ; to foreordain. 

Pred-i-ca-bil'i-ty, n. State of being predicable. 

Pred'i-ca-ble, a. [L. prsedicabilis.] That may be 
affirmed. — 2, «. {Logic.) That which may be 
predicated or affirmed of any thing. — The five 
predicables in logic are genus, species, difference, 
property, and accident. 

Pre-dic'a-ment, n. [L. prsedicamentum, a quality, 
a' class". — See Predicate.] A class; condition; 
situation : — a trying situation. — (Logic.) A cate- 
gory ; a series or order. 

Pred'i-cant, a. [L. prsedicare, prsedicantis, to af- 
firm. — See Predicate and Preach.] Of or 
relating to, or consisting of, a predication ; af- 
firming : — preaching. 

Pred'i-cate, v. a. & v. n. [L. prsedicare, prstdica- 
tum'] [pp. predicating, predicated.] To affirm; 
to declare. 

Pred'i-cate, n. [L. prsedicare, prsedicatum, to pro- 
claim ;' prse, before, and dicere, to say; dicare, to 
affirm.] That which is affirmed or denied. 

Pred-i-ca'tion, n. [L. prsedictio.] An affirmation. 

Pred'i-ca-to-ry, a. [L. prsedicatorius.] Affirma- 
tive"; positive. 

Pre-dict', v. a. [L. prsedicere, prmdictnm ; prse, be- 
fore, and dicere, to say.] [pp. predicting, pre- 
dicted.] To foretell; to prophesy. [prophecy. 

Pre-dic'tion, n. [L. prsedicatio.] Act of predicting; 

Pre-dic'tive, a. [L. prsedictints.] Prophetic ; fore- 

Pre-dict'or, n. One who predicts. [telling. 

Pre-di-lec'tion, n. [L. prse, before, and diligere, 
dUectuin, to choose, to love ; di-, apart, and legere, 
to choose.] A previous liking. 

Pre-dis-pose', v. a. [Pre- and Dispose.] [pp. 
predisposing, predisposed.] To adapt previously. 

Pre-dis-po-§i"tion (-po-zish'un), ». [Pre- and 
Disposition.] Previous disposition, inclination, 
or adaptation. 

Pre-dom'i-nance, \ n. Prevalence ; ascendency ; 

Pre-dom'i-nan-cy, J superior influence. 

Pre-dom'i-nant, a. [Pre- and Dominant.] Preva- 
lent; prevailing. 

Pre-dom'i-nant-ly, ad. Prevailingly. 

Pre-dom'i-nate, v. n. [Pre- and Dominate.] [pp. 
predominating, predominated.] To prevail; to 
abound more than others. 

Pre-dom-i-na'tion, n. Superior influence. 

Pre-em'i-nence, n. [L. prseemmentia. — See Pre- 
eminent.] State of being preeminent; higher 
rank ; superiority ; priority. 

Pre-em'i-nent, a. [L. prseeminens, pres. part, of 
prseeminere, to excel ; prse, before, and eminere, 
to jut out. — See Eminent.] Excellent above 
others. 

Pre-em'i-nent-ly, ad. With preeminence. 

Pre-empt', v. a. ' [See Preemption. The use of 
this verb is nearly peculiar to the United States.] 
[pp- preempting, preempted.] To exercise the 
right of preemption with respect to; to buy be- 
fore others. 

Pre-emp'tion (pre-emp'shun), «. [L. prse, before, 
and emptio, a purchase; entere, emptum, to buy.] 
Act of buying first :— right of buying before 
others. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — $, 9, c, £, soft; p, &, p, g, hard ; § as z ; 5 as gz ; tnis. 



PKEEN 



428 



PKEPAEE 



Preen, n. [A.-S. preon, Dan. preen, a bodkin; 
Dut. priem, a spike ; Ger. pfriem, an awl.] A 
forked instrument of clothiers. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
preening, preened.] To clean as with a preen. 

Pre-en-gagV, v. a. [Pre- and Enrage.] [pp. 
pre'engaging, preengaged.] To engage before- 
hand. 

Pre-en-gagVment, n. A previous engagement. 

Pre-es-tab'lish,' v. a. [Pre- and Establish.] [pp. 
pre'establis'hing, preestablished.] To establish 
beforehand. 

Pre-es-tab'lish-ment, n. Settlement beforehand ; 
a previous establishment. 

Pre-ex-ist', v. n. [Pre- and Exist.] [pp. pre- 
existing, preexisted.] To exist beforehand. 

Pre-ex-ist'ence, n. Previous existence. 

Pre-ex-ist'ent, a. Existing beforehand. 

Preface, n. [Fr. preface; It. prefuzio, prefazione ; 
L. prsefatio or prsefatum ; prsefuri, to say before ; 
prse, before, and furi, fatum, to speak.] Intro- 
duction; proem; prelude. — 2, v. a. [pp. pref- 
acing, prefaced.] To introduce by something. 

Pref'a-to-ry, a. Introductory ; introducing. 

Pre' feet,' n. ' [Fr. prefet; L. prsefectus,— literally, 
one' set before ; prse, before, and facere, factum, 
to make.] A Roman military or civil officer : — 
a commander ; a mayor. 

Pref'ec-ture [pre'fek-tiir, E. J. 8m. G Wb.], n. 
[L. 'prsefectura.] The office of a prefect. 

Pre-fer', v. a. [L. prseferre; prse, before, and ferre, 
to carry.] [pp. preferring, preferred.] To re- 
gard more than something else ; to choose : — to 
advance ; to present ; to raise. 

Pref'er-a-ble, a. [Fr. preferable.] That is to be 
preferred ; deserving preference ; eligible. 

Pref'er-a-bly, ad. In preference. 

Pref'er-ence,' n. [Fr. preference.] The act of pre- 
ferring ; choice ; first choice. 

Pre-fer'ment, n. Advancement; promotion. 

Pre-f ig-u-'ra'tion, n. The act of prefiguring. 

Pre-f lg'u-ra-tive, a. Foreshowing by figures. 

Pre-f Ig'ure' (pre-f Ig'yur), v. a. [Late L. prsefigu- 
rare.— See Figure.] [pp. prefiguring, prefig- 
ured.] To exhibit by antecedent representa- 
tion ; to foreshow. 

Pre-f ix', v. a. [L. prsefigere, prsefixum ; prse, before, 
and figere, to fix (q. v.).] [pp. prefixing, pre- 
fixed.] To appoint; to put before. 

Pre'f ix, n. A particle placed before a word. 

Preg'nan-cy, n. The state of being pregnant :— 
fruitf'ulness : — inventive power. 

Preg'nant, a. [L. pnegnans, prsegnantis, — strictly, 
the present participle from obsolete prsegnare ; 
prse, before, and obsolete gnare, to bear; whence 
natus (gnatus), born.] Being with young; fruit- 
ful :— full of significance. 

Preg'nant-ly, ad. Fruitfully ; fully. 

Pre-hen'sile, a. [Fr. prehensile; L. prehendere, 
prehensum, to seize ; pre- (prse), before, and ob- 
solete hendere, to get.] Adapted to seize. 

Pre-hen'sion, n. [L. prehensio.] The act of taking 
hold. [ceding history. 

Pre-his-tor'ic, a. [Pre- and Historic] Pie- 

Pre-jiidgV, v. a. [Pre- and Judge.] [pp. pre- 
judging, prejudged.] To determine beforehand. 

Pre-judf'ment, n. Previous judgment. 

Pre-ju'di-cate, v. a. & v. n. [L. prsejudicare, prse- 
judicatum ; prse, before, and judicare, to judge.] 
'[pp. prejudicating, prejudicated.] To prejudge. 

Pre-ju-di-ca'tion, n. The act of prejudging. 

Prej'u-dice (pred'ju-dls), n. [Fr. prejudice; L. 
prsejudicium ; prse, before, and judicium, a judg- 
ment.— See Judicial and Judge.] Previous and 
unfavorable bias or judgment; prepossession : — 
damage; injury. — 2, v. a. [pp. prejudicing, 
prejudiced.] To fill with prejudice. 

Prej'u-diced (pred'ju-dist), p. a. Influenced by 
prejudice; biassed; uncandid; unfair. 

Prej-u-di"cial (pred-ju-disb/al), a. Mischievous; 

hurtful ; injurious ; detrimental. 
Prel'a-cy, n. The dignity of a prelate. 



Prel'ate, n. [L. prsdatus ; prseferre, prselatum, to 
set above or before. — See Prefer.] A bishop; a 
high ecclesiastic. 
Prel'ate-ship, n. The dignity or office of a prelate. 
Pre-lat'ic, ) a. Relating to prelates or prelacy ; 
Pre-lat'i-cal, j episcopal. 

Prel'a-tist, n. An advocate for prelacy. [ure. 
Pre-lec'tion, «. [L. prselectio.] A reading; a lect- 
Pre-lec'tor, n. [L. prse, before, and lector, a 
reader; legere, ledum, to read.] A reader; a 
lecturer. [A previous taste. 

Pre-11-ba'tion, n. [L. prselibatio. — See Libation.] 
Pre-Hm'i-na-ry,, a. [Fr. preliminaire ; L. prse, be- 
fore, and limen, liminis, a threshold.] Previous; 
introductory. — 2, n. A preparatory step, act, or 
measure ; that which precedes. 

Prel'ude, n. [Late-L. prseludium ; L. prseludere, 
to play before; prse, before, and ludere, to play.] 
An introductory flight or flourish of music be- 
fore a full concert : — something introductory. 

Pre-lude', or Prel'ude, v. n. & v. a. [L. prseludere, 
to play before; ludus, a play.] [pp. preluding, 
preluded.] To be previous ; to introduce, as by 
a prelude. 

Pre-ma-ture', a. [L. prsematurus; prse, before, 
and 'maturus, mature (q. v.).] Ripe too soon; 
existing, said, or done, too soon ; too early ; un- 
seasonable. 

Pre-ma-ture'ly, ad. Too early ; too soon. 

Pre-ma-ture'ness, "I n. State of being premature ; 

Pre-ma-tu'ri-tjr, J precocity. 

Pre-med'i-tate, v. a. [L. prsemeditari, prsemedita- 
tus, to meditate.] [pp. premeditating, premedi- 
tated.] To contrive beforehand. — 2, v. n. To 
think beforehand. 

Pre-med'i-tat-ed. p. a. Preconcerted ; designed. 

Pre-med'i-tate-ly, ad. With premeditation. 

Pre-med-i-ta'tion, n. [L. prsemeditatio.] The act 
of premeditating. 

Pre'mi-er, or Prem'ier [prem'yer, S. J. E.], n. 
[Fr. premier, first; L. primarius, chief, primary 
{q. v.).] The prime minister of England. — 2, a. 
First in rank. 

Pre'mi-er-ship, n. The office of premier. 

Pre-ml§e', v. a. [L. prseruittere, prsemissum ; prse, 
before, and mittere, to send.] [pp. premising, 
premised.] To explain previously. — 2, v. n. To 
make previous propositions. 

Prem'ise, n. ; pi. Prem'is-es. [L. prsemissum, sent 
before, stated already.'] (Logic.) A thing pre- 
mised. — pi. The first two propositions of a 
syllogism. — (Law.) Houses, tenements, and 
lands : — statements before made. 

Prem'iss, n. The same as Premise. 

Pre'mi-um, n. [L. prsemium, a profit; prse, before, 
and 'emere, to gain, to buy.] A bounty ; recom- 
pense ; a reward. 

Pre-mo-ni"tion (-nish'un), w. [L. prsemonitio. — 
See Monition.] Previous warning. 

Pre-mon'i-to-ry, a. [L. prsemonitorius.] Previ- 
ously warning. 

Pren'tice, n. Apprentice. See Apprentice. 

Pre-oc'cu-pan-cy, n. Previous possession. 

Pre-oc-cu-pa'tion, n. [L. prseoccupatio.] Prior oc- 
cupation. 

Pre-oc'cu-py, v. a. [L. prseocenpare. — See Oc- 
cupy.] [pp. preoccupying, preoccupied.] To 
occupy previously : — to engage beforehand. 

Pre-or-dain', v. a. [L. prseordinare. — See Ordain.] 
[pp. preordaining, preordained.] To ordain be- 
forehand. 

Pre-or-di-na'tion, n. The act of preordaining. 

Prep-a-rli'tion, n. [L. prseparatio.] The act of 
preparing;' state of being prepared; readiness; 
qualification. [That which prepares. 

Pre-par'a-tive, a. Tending to prepare.— 2, w. 

Pre-par'a-to-ry, a. Introductory; previous. 

Pre-pare\ v. a. [L. prseparare ; prse, before, and 
p'arare, to get ready.] [pp. preparing, prepared.] 
To make ready ; to fit ; to qualify ; to form ; to 
provide. — 2, v. n. To take previous measures. 



a, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her j 



PREPARED 



429 



PRESS 



Pre-pared' (pre-pard'), p. a. Having preparation ; 
qualified ; equipped ; ready. 

Pre-pay', v. a. [Pre- and Pay.] [pp. prepaying, 
prepaid.] To pay beforehand. 

Pre-pay'ment, n. Payment beforehand. 

Pre-pense', a. [Pre-, and Fr. pewter, to think ; 
L. pemare, to ponder; frequentative of pendere, 
pensum, to weigh.] Preconceived ; premeditated. 

Pre-pol'lence, \n. [L. prsepollentia.] Prevalence; 

Pre-pol'len-cy, J superiority of force or influence. 

Pre-pol'lent, a. [L. prsepollw, prsepollentis, to have 
the superiority ; prse, before, and pollere, to be 
powerful : akin to potis, able.] Having a pre- 
vailing or superior influence. 

Pre-pon'der-ance, n. Superiority of weight. 

Pre-pon'der-ant, a. [L. prseponderans.] Outweigh- 
ing ; preponderating. • 

Pre-pon'der-ate, v. a. & v. n. [L. prseponderare, 
p'rseponderalum, to outweigh; prse, before, and 
ponderare, to weigh ; pondus, ponderis, weight. — 
Cf. pendere, to weigh.] [pp. preponderating, 
preponderated.] To exceed in weight or influ- 
ence ; to outweigh ; to prevail. 

Prep-o-sT'tion (prep-o-zlsh'un), n. [L. prseposilio ; 
prse, before, and positio, a putting, a position 
(q. v.).] (Gram.) A particle connecting words 
with each other, and governing a case of nouns 
or pronouns. 

Prep-o-§i"tion-al, a. Relating to prepositions. 

Pre-pos'i-tive, a. [L. i)rsepositims.~\ Placed be- 
fore ; prefixed. — 2, n. A prefix to a word. 

Pre-pos-sess', v. a. [Pre- and Possess.] [pp. 
prepossessing, prepossessed.] To possess before- 
hand ; to preoccupy ; to bias or influence before- 
hand: — to impress favorably : — to prejudice. 

Pre-pos-§essed' (-zest'), p. a. Preoccupied. 

Pre-pos-sess'ing, p. a. Preoccupying ; tending 
to invite or gain favor. 

Pre-po§-§es'sion (pre-poz-zesh'un), n. The act 
of prepossessing ; preoccupation : — preconceived 
opinion; prejudice in one's favor, or the re- 
verse ; bias. 

Pre-pos'ter-ofis, a. [L. prseposterus, inverted, hind 
side before; prse, before, and posterns, after.] 
Distorted; perverted; inverted ; absurd; wrong. 

Pre-pos'ter-oiis-ly, «d. Absurdly; foolishly. 

Pre-pos'ter-ous-ness, n. Absurdity; folly. 

Pre-po'ten-cy, n. [L. prsepotentia. — See Potency.] 
Superior power. 

Pre-po'tent, a. [L. prsepotens. — See Potent.] Hav- 
ing superior power; prepollent. 

Pre'puce, n. [Fr. ; L. prstputium.] The foreskin. 

Pre-req'ui-§ite (pre-rek'we-zit), n. [Pre- and 
Requisite.] Something previously required or 
necessary. — 2, «. Previously required. 

Pre-rog'a-tive, n. [L. prserogativa, a preference ; 
prserogidivus, one who is asked his opinion first ; 
prse, before, and rogare, rogatum, to ask.] A 
peculiar privilege; the right or preeminence of a 
king. — 2, a. Having special privileges. 

Pres'afe, n. [L. prsesagium.] Something that 
foreshows; a prognostic; an ome»; a token ; an 
indication. 

Pre-sagV, v. a. [L. prsesagire, to perceive before ; 
prse, before, and sagire, to perceive quickly. — Of. 
sagus, predicting.] [pp. presaging, presaged.] 
To forebode ; to foreshow. [foreboding. 

Pre-sa£'ing, p. or a. Foreseeing; foretelling; 

Pres-by-o'pi-a, n. [Gr. 7rpeV/3u?, old, aud w\j/, 
iotto?, the eye.] Old sight; far-sightedness. 

Pres-by-op'ic, a. Long-sighted; far-sighted. 

Pres'by-ter [pres'-, I. St. N.], n. [Gr. 7rpeo-|3vTepo?, 
older, an elder; 7rpe<r/3us, old.] An elder :— a 
priest : — a member of a presbytery. 

Pres-by-te'ri-an [pres-, I. St. N.], n. One who holds 
to church 'government by presbyteries or by 
clerical and lay presbyters.— 2, «. Relating to 
Presbyterianism ; governed by presbyters. 

Pres-by-te'ri-an-ism, n. Ecclesiastical govern- 
ment conducted by presbyters. 

Pres/by-ter-y [prez'be-ter e, S. W. J. F. Ja. H. K. 



Sm. ; pres'be-ter-e, P. E. B. I. St. Wb. N.], n. 
[Gr. npea-^vTepiov, a body of elders.] A body of 
clerical and lay presbyters : — an ecclesiastical 
body of pastors and ruling elders. 

Pre'sci-ence (pre'she-ens) [pre'shens, S. K. ; presh'- 
ens, P.'], n. [L. prsescientia, foreknowledge. — See 
Science.] Foreknowledge; foresight. 

Pre'sci-ent (pre'she-ent), a. [L. yrsesciens, pres. 
pai't. of prsescire, to know before.] Foreknowing. 

Pre-scribe', v. a. [L. prsescribere, prsescriptum ; 
prse, before, and scribere, to write. J [pp. pre- 
scribing, prescribed.] To set down; to order; 
to appoint ; to dictate : — to direct medically. — 
2, v. 71. To give directions or rules. 

Pre-scrib'er, n. One who prescribes. 

Prl' script, a. [L. prsescriptus. — See Prescribe.] 
Directed ; prescribed. — 2, ». A direction : a de- 
cree ; a precept. 

Pre-scrip'tion, n. [L. prsescriptio. — See Pre- 
scribe.] A custom long continued till it has the 
force of law : — a recipe. [by custom. 

Pre-scrip'tive, a. [L. prsescriptivus.] Established 

Prls/ence, n. [L. prsesentia.] State of being pres- 
ent : — port; air; demeanor: — readiness at need. 

Pres'ent, a. [L. prsesens, prsesentia; prse, before, 
and'(sum) esse, to be ; pres. part, ens, obsolete sens, 
being.] Not absent; near; at hand ; now exist- 
ing. — 2, n. The present time : — something given ; 
a gift; a donation; benefaction. — [Law.) pU 
Writings. 

Pre-sent', v. a. [L. prsesentare, to give,— literally, 
to cause to be present.] [pp. presenting, pre- 
sented.] To exhibit : — to offer : — to give ; to 
favor with gifts : — to introduce. 

Pre-sent'a-ble, a. That may be presented : — fit 
to be seen or presented. 

Pres-en-ta'tion, n. Act of presenting; exhibi- 
tion'; display : — the giving of a benefice. 

Pres-en-tee', n. One presented to a benefice. 

Pre-§ent'er, ». One who presents. 

Pr§-sen'ti-ment, n. [L. prsesentire, to feel before. 
— See Sentiment.] A foreboding or previous 
impression. 

Pres'ent-ly, ad. Immediately ; soon. 

Pre-sent'm'ent, n. [See Present.] The act of 
presenting: presentation. — (Law.) Notice or ac- 
cusation, relating to some offence, <fcc, by a 
grand jury. 

Pre-§erv'a-ble, a. That may be preserved. 

Pres-er-va'tion, n. [Fr. preservation.'] The act 
of preserving. 

Pre-serv'a-tive, n. [Fr. preservatif.] That which 
preserve's. — 2, a. Tending to preserve. 

Pre-serv'a-to-ry^ n. A preservative : — a conserva- 
tory. — 2, a. Tending to preserve. 

Preserve', v. a. [Fr. preserver; L. prse, before- 
hand, and servare, to keep.] [pp. preserving, 
preserved.] To defend from any evil ; to save; 
to keep : — to season, as fruit. — 2, v. Fruit pre- 
served in sugar : — a shelter or park for game. 

Pre-serv'er, n. One who preserves. 

Pre-§Ide', v. n. [L. prsesidere ; prse, before, and 
sedere, to sit (q. v.).] [pp. presiding, presided.] 
To act as president ; to direct. 

Pres/i-den-cy, n. The office of president : — the 
term of the office : — superintendence : — a prov- 
ince under a president. 

Pres/i-dent [pres'-, St. J.], n. [L. prsesidens, pres. 
part, of prsesidere, to preside.] One who presides ; 
a chief officer of a college, society, corporation, 
or state : — the chief magistrate of a republic. 

Pre§-i-den'tial (-shal), a. Relating to a president. 

Press, v. a. [Fr. presser; L. pressure, frequenta- 
tive of premere, pressnm, to press.] [pp. pressing, 
pressed.] To squeeze; to compress: — to con- 
strain ; to distress ; to urge : — [0. E. prest, ready 
money, advance pay; It. prestare. to lend, to 
advance, as pay; L. prsestare, to furnish, to pro- 
vide, to become surety for; prse, before, and 
stare, to stand. In its present form and mean- 
ing press is, however, a mere extension of the 



', son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, 9, 5, £, soft ; p, fSt, g, §, hard ; § as z ; $ as gz ; tnis. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor 



__ 



PKESS-GANG 



430 



PKEVIOUS 



ordinary word press; but historically it repre- 
sents the obsolete prest] to force into some ser- 
vice ; to impress. — 2, v. n. To urge; to en- 
croach; to crowd. — 3, n. An instrument for 
pressing : — the instrument or the art of print- 
ing : — books and papers printed ; the literature 
of a country : — a crowd ; a throng : — violent 
tendency : — a case for clothes. 

Press' -gang, n. A detachment from a ship's 
crew, that forces men into naval service. 

Press'ing, p. a. That presses ; urgent. 

Press'ing-ly, ad. With force ; closely. 

Press' man, n. A printer who works at the press. 

Press' lire (presh'ur), n. [L. pressura. — See Press.] 
The act of pressing ; force; gravitation; weight: 
— impression ; stamp : — urgency : — oppression ; 
grievance. 

Pres-ti-dig-i-ta'tion, n. [It. presto, Fr. preste, 
pret, nimble, quick, and Digit (q. v.), a finger; 
extended, by means of an erroneous idea of its 
meaning, from prestiyiation. — See Presto.] The 
art of legerdemain. 

Pres-ti-di£--i-ta'tor, n. [Fr. prestidiyitateur.] One 
skilled in prestidigitation; a juggler. 

Pres'ti£e, or Pres-tigV, n. [Fr. prestige, fascina- 
tion,' a spell ; L. prsestigvum, deception, jugglery ; 
prsestinguere, to darken, to deceive ; prse, before, 
and stinguere, to extinguish (q. v.).] Illusion : — 
charm ; fascination ; stimulus ; that which gives 
influence, advantage, or ascendency. 

Pres-ti£-i-a'tion, n. [L. prsestigiare, prsestigiatwn, 
to deceive by jugglers' tricks ; prsestighe, jugglers' 
tricks. — See Prestige.] Jugglery; prestidigita- 
tion. 

Pres-ti§'i-a-tor, n. [L. prsestigiator.] A juggler. 

Prls'to, ad. fit. ; Fr. preste, quick ; pret, ready ; 
L. prsestus, at hand; prsesto {ad.), at hand : akin 
to prse, before. — Of. prsestare, to stand before.] 
Quick; gayly. 

Pre-§um'a-ble, a. That may be presumed. 

Pre-sum'a-bly, ad. As may fairly be assumed. 

Pre-§ume', v. n. [L. prsesumere, prsesumptum, to 
take for granted ; prse, before, and sumere, to as- 
sume (q. v.), to take; sub, under, and emere, to 
take.] [pp. presuming, presumed.] To take 
beforehand; to suppose; to think; to take for 
granted : — to be forward, confident, or arrogant ; 
to venture. — 2, v. a. To take for granted; to 
suppose. 

Pre-sum'ing, p. a. Arrogant ; presumptive. 

Pre-sump'tion (pre-zum'sr- v i), „. [L. prsesmvptio. 
—See Presume.] Th©':' of presuming; sup- 
position ; confidence ; arrW nee. 

Pre-§ump'tive, a. [See Presume.] Probable; 
supposed.— Presumptive heir is the present heir 
at law, distinguished from the heir apparent. 

Pre-§iimp'tive-ly, ad. By previous si pposition. 

Pre-§umpt'u-ous (pre-zumt'yu-us), a. [L. prse- 
s'umptuosus.] Arrogant; presuming; confident ; 
adventurous. 

Pre-siimpt'u-ous-ly, ad. Arrogantly. 

Pre-§umpt'u-ous-ness, n. Yain confidence. 

Prl-sup-pos/al, n. Previous supposition. 

Pre-sup-pose'\ v. a. [Pre- and Suppose.] [pp. 
presupposing, presupposed.] To suppose before- 
hand. 

Pre-sup-po-si"tion, n. [Pre- and Supposition.] 
Previous' supposition : — the act of presupposing; 
something presupposed. 

Pre-tence', n. [Late L. prsetensus. — See Pretend.] 
The act of pretending or alleging what is not 
real ; false or deceptive show or reason ; a pre- 
text; an assumption. — False pretences (Law), false 
representations made with a design to obtain 
money or goods. 

Pre-tend', v. a. [L. prsetendere, prsetensum, to pre- 
tend, to spread out before ; prse, before, and ten- 
dere, to stretch. — See Tend.] [pp. pretending, 
pretended.] To hold out an appearance of ; to 
simulate; to claim falsely ; to feign. — 2, v. n. To 
hold out an appearance. 



Pre-tend'er, n. One who pretends. 
Pre-tend' ing, p. a. Making pretensions. [tence. 
Pre-ten'sion, n. [Fr. pretention.] A claim : — a pre- 
Pre-ten'tious (-shus), a. Making pretensions; vain. 
Prl'ter. [L. prseler, beyond.] A particle which, 
prefixed to words of Latin origin, signifies be- 
side, by, or beyond. 
Pret'er-ite, or Pre'ter-ite, a. [L. prseterire, prse- 
teritum, to go by ; p'rseter, beyond, and ire, to go.] 
(Gram.) Past; noting the past tense of a verb: 
— written also preterit. — 2, n. The past tense. 

Pre-ter-mis'sion, it. [L. prsetermissio.] The act 
of pretermitting. 

Pre-ter-mit', v. a. [L. prsetermittere, prsetermissum ; 
prseler, beyond, and mittere, to send, to let go.] 
[pp. pretermitting, pretermitted.] To pass by ; 
to omit. 

Pre-ter-nat'u-ral, a. [L, prseler, beyond, and 
Natural.] Beyond what is natural; abnormal; 
unnatural ; supernatural. 

Pre-ter-nat'u-ral-ly., ad. Supernatural ly. 

Pre'ter-plu'per-fect, a. [L. prseler, beyond, plus, 
more, and perf'ectum, perfect (q. v.).] (Gram.) 
Past before some other past time ; pluperfect. 

Pre-text', or Pre'text, n. [L. prsetextum ; prse, be- 
fore, and tegere, textum, to weave.] A false alle- 
gation, pretension, or show ; a pretence ; excuse ; 
ostensible reason. 

Pre'tor, n. [L. prsetor,— literally, a leader; prse, 
before, and ire, iturn, to go.] A high offher in 
ancient Rome; a commander; a judge. 

Pre-to'ri-an, a. Relating to a pretor; judicial. 

Prl'tor-ship, n. The office of pretor. 

Pret' ti-ly. (prit'tj-le), ad. Neatly; pleasingly. 

Pret'ti-ness (prit'ti-nes), n. State of being pretty ; 
neatness. 

Pret'ty. (prit'te), a. [A.-S. prsetig, deceitful, trick- 
ish; prsett, deceit; Welsh praith, an act; Icel. 
prettr, a trick ; Late L. practica, a performance. 
— See Practice.] Moderately beautiful; hand- 
some ; neat ; trim ; fair ; fine ; pleasing. — 2, ad. 
In some degree. 

Pret'zel, n. [Ger. brezel, a bracelet (q. v.).] A 
salted wheaten cake, twisted into a form some- 
what resembling that of a bracelet :— written 
also bretzel. 

Pre-vail', v. n. [L. prsevalere, to have great power ; 
prse, before, and valere, to be strong.] [pp. pre- 
vailing, prevailed.] To be prevalent ; to succeed. 

Pre-vail'ing, a. Predominant ; prevalent. 

Prev'a-lence, n. [Late L. prsevalentia.] Superi- 
ority : influence: — wide extension. 

Prev'a-lent, a. [L. prsevalens, pres. part, of prseva- 
lere,' to prevail (q. v.).] Predominant ; prevailing. 

Prev'a-lent-ly, ad. Powerfully; forcibly. 

Pre-var'i-cate, v. n. [L. prsevaricari, prsevaricatus, 
to shuffle, to evade, — properly, to walk with the 
legs astride; various, straddling; varus, knock- 
kneed.] [pp. pievaricating, prevaricated.] To 
evade the truth; to quibble; to equivocate; to 
shuffle ; to cavil. 

Pre-var-i-ca'tion, n. [L. prsevaricatio.] The act 
of prevaricating ; a quibble; a shuffle; a cavil. 

Pre-var'i-ca-tor, n. [L. prsevaricator.] One who 
prevaricates. ' 

Pre-ve'ni-ent, a. [L. prseveniens, going before; a 
present participle. — See Prevent.] Preceding; 
preventive. 

Pre- vent', v. a. [L. prsevenire, prseventum, to go 
before ; prse, before, and venire, to go.] [pp. pre- 
venting, prevented.] To precede: — to hinder; 
to obviate; to obstruct; to preclude. 

Pre-vent'a-ble, a. That may be prevented. 

Pre-vent'er, n. One who hinders. 

Pre-ven'tion, n. [L. prseventio, anticipation.] 
tiinderarice ; obstruction. 

Pre-vent'ive, a. Preservative ; hindering.— 2, n. 
A preservative ; an antidote. 

Pre'vi-ous, a. [L. prsevius, going before; prse, 
before, and via, a way (q. v.).] Being before; 
antecedent; prior. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, sJiort; a, §, i, o, u, y.i obscure.— Fire, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



PEEVIOUSLY 



431 



PEISMATIC 



Pre'vi-ous-ly, ad. Beforehand ; antecedently. 

Pre-vi"sion (pre-vlzh'un), w. [Fr. prevision. — See 
Pre- and Vision.] Act of foreseeing; foresight. 

Prey (pra), n. [Fr. proie ; 0. Fr. preie ; L. prseda, 
booty.] Rapine; plunder; ravage. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. preying, preyed.] To plunder; to rob; to 
devour ; to waste. 

Price, n. [Fr. prix ; 0. Fr. preus; L. pretiumJ] 
Value ; estimation ; reward ; cost. 

Price'-cur'rent, n. A list of articles of merchan- 
dise with their prices stated. [value. 

Price'less, a. Invaluable; without price : — of no 

Prick, v. a. [Dan. prik, a dot; Sw. prick, a point; 
pricka, to point; Welsh pric, a stick; Irish 
pricadh, a goad; prioca, a sting.] [pp. pricking, 
pricked.] To pierce ; to spur ; to goad ; to incite ; 
to erect ; to mark : — to make acid. — 2, v. n. [Cf. 
Prig and Prink.] To dress for show ; to prink. 
— 3, n. A point; a spur; a puncture; a goad. 

Prick'er, n. Any thing that pricks; a prick. 

Prick' et, n. [From the pricks, or points, of the 
antlers.] A buck in his second year. 

Prick'ing, n. Sensation of beiusr pricked. 

Pric'kie. n. [A diminutive of Prick ; Dut. prikkel] 
A small, sharp point ; a pricker. 

Prick'li-ness, n. Fulness of sharp points. 

Prick'ly, a. Full of sharp points. 

Prick'ly.-ash, n. An aromatic prickly shrub. 

Prick'ly-pear, n. A plant, a sort of cactus. 

Pride, n. [A.-S. pryte, from prut, proud (q. v.).] 
Inordinate self-esteem; haughtiness; insolent 
exultation; loftiness; vanity ; conceit; that of 
which one is proud. — 2, v. a. [pp. priding, 
prided.] To make proud ; to rate high. 

Priest (prest), ». [A.-S. preost; L. presbyter (q. v.).] 
One who officiates in sacred offices; a clergyman ; 
an ecclesiastic. 

Priest'craft. n. Religious fraud or artifice ; craft 
or fraud of priests. 

Priest'ess, n. A female priest. 

Priest'hood (prest'hiid), n. [A.-S. predst-had.] 
The office and character of a priest; the order 
of priests. 

Priest'li-ness, n. The manner of a priest. 

Priest'ly, a. Like a priest; sacerdotal. 

Prig, ». [Akin to Prick, Prink; 0. Dut. pryJeen, 
to make a show.] A pert, conceited little fellow. 

Prig'£ish, a. Conceited; vain; pert. 

Prim, n. [0. E. prime, to prune.] A plant or 
shrub, privet.— 2, a. [0. Fr. prim, prime, prin, 
smooth, sharp, delicate : probably a form of 
Prime, first. — See Primp.— Cf. also 0. E. prime, 
to trim, to prune.] Formal; precise; affectedly 
nice. — 3, v. a. [pp. primming, primmed.] To 
deck up precisely ; to prink. 

Pri'ma-cy, n. [Fr. primatie.] The office or dignity 
of a primate. 

Pri'ma don'na. n. [It. for "first lady."] The 
principal female singer in an opera. 

Pri'mal, a. Primary; original. 

Pri'ma-ri-ly, ad. Originally ; at first. 

Pri'ma-ry, a. [L. primarius. — See Prime.] First; 
original ; principal. 

Pri'mate, n. [L. primas, primatis ; primus, first.] 
The chief prelate in a church ; an archbishop. 

Prime, w. [L. primus, first: akin to Prior and to 
prse, before.] The dawn : — the first part ; height ; 
best part : — the spring of life ; spring. — 2, a. 
Early ; primal :— principal ; first :— first-rate.— 
3, v. a. [Probably from Fr. prime, the first posi- 
tion in fencing.] [pp. priming, primed.] To 
put powder in the pan of a gun : — to lay the 
ground for painting. — 4, v. «. To serve for the 
charge of a gun. 

Prime'ly, ad. Originally; primarily; well. 

Prim'er [prl'mer, I.], n. [Fr. primaire, L. prima- 
rius, primary.] A small book for children : — a 
printing-type ; long primer ; great primer. 

Prim'er, n. A device for firing explosives. 

Pri-me'val, a. [L. primsevus; primus, first, and 
serum, age.] Original; first; primitive. 



Prim'ing, n. Powder for the pan of a gun : — the 
first'coat in painting. 

Prim'i-tive, o. [h. primitivus. — See Prime.] Origi- 
nal ;' first ; primary. — 2, n. A primitive or 
original word. 

Prim'i-tive-ly, ad. Originally ; at first. 

Prim'ness, n. Affected niceness or formality. 

Pri-mo-£en'i-ture, n. [Fr. primogeniture ; L. pri- 
mogenitus, first-born ; primus, first, and gignere, 
genitum, to beget.] Seniority by birth. 

Pri-mor'di-al, a. [L. primordial U; jirimordium, 
origin ; primus, first, and ordiri, to begin.] Origi- 
nal ; first in order : — relating to. associated w : ith, 
or characterized by the beginnings of life. — 2, n. 
Origin ; first principle. 

Primp, v. n. & v. a. [A form of Prink.] [pp. 
primping, primped.] To prink. 

Prim'ro§e, n. [L. prima, first, and rosa, rose. — 
Cf. Late L. primula, a primrose; Fr. primerole, a 
primrose. The Fr. primerone is a hollyhock. — 
Cf. It. primavera, early spring.— also, a prim- 
rose.] A perennial plant and its flower. 

Prince, n. [Fr. prince; L. prmeeps, principis, a 
chief, a great person ; primus, first, and the root 
of capere, to take.] A sovereign ; a ruler; a sov- 
ereign of a principality ; a chief':— a king's son. 

Prince'dom, n. The rank or state of a prince. 

Prince'li'-ness. n. State of being princely. 

Prince'ly, a. Becoming a prince : grand. 

Prin'ce's'-feath'er, r». A plant and its flower. 

Prin'cess, n. [Fr. princesse ; It. prinripessa.] A 
sovereign or royal lady : — the daughter of a 
sovereign : — the wife of a prince. 

Prm'ci-pal, a. [L. principalis, chief; princeps, a 
prince (>'/. c.).] Chief; capital; essential •.—pri- 
mary; first; supreme: — important. — 2, n. A 
head ; a chief: — the first officer in a seminary : 
— a leader; one primarily engaged: — a sum 
placed out at interest. 

Prin-ci-pal'i-ty. n- The state, rank, office, or 
domain of a prince : — a sovereignty. 

Prin'ci-pal-ly, ad. Chiefly; above all. 

Prin-cip'i'-a, n. pi. [L.] First principles. 

Prin'ci-pie, n. [Fr. principe ; L. principwm, a be- 
ginning; primus, first, and capere, to take. The 
/ in this word is intrusive.] An element; con- 
stituent part: — cause :— fundamental truth; a 
doctrine: — ground of action; motive; tenet: — 
character. — 2, v. a. [pp- principling, princi- 
pled.] "" -biblish in principles. 

Prink, v. a TAkin to Prank, Primp, 

Prick, Prim 9, and possibly to Trim, 

Trick, Trinkl. nd Trio.] [pp. prinking, 
prinked.] To dress for show. 

Print, v. a. [A shortened form of Imprint.] [pp. 
printing, printed.] To mark; to stamp: to im- 
press. — 2« v. n. To practise the art of typogra- 
phy. — 3, n. A mark made by impression :— an 
engraving : — a stamp : — an impression made by 
types : — any thing printed ; a newspaper. 

Print'er, n. One who prints books, &c. 

Print'ing, n. The business of a printer. 

Print'ing-press, n. A press for printing. 

Print' -sell-er, ». One who sells engravings. 
j Pri'or, a. [L. prior, sooner, earlier, — al-o, a father. 
— See Prime.] Former; antecedent; anterior: — 
[ preceding. — 2, n. The head of a priory of monks. 
I Pri'or-ess, n. The superior of a priory of nuns. 
| Pri-or'i-tx. «• [& v - priorile ; Late L. priorUas.] 
| State of being prior or first. 
j Pri'or-ship, n. The state or office of a prior. 

Pri'or-y, n. A convent in rank, 
inferior to an abbey. 

Prism, n. [Gr. n-pta/oio, — liter- 1 
ally, something sawn ; n-pc- 
&iv, for npUiv, to saw.] A Prism, 

geometrical solid figure whose 
two ends are triangles, equal, parallel, and 
straight, and whose sides are parallelograms. 

Pri§-ma.t'ic, a. Relating to or like a prism. — 
Prismatic colors, the seven primary colors, into 



mien, sir; m6ve, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, Q, c, §, soft; p, £, p, J, hard; § as z j $ as gz ; this. 



PKISMOID 



432 



PROCONSTTLSHIP 



which a ray of light is decomposer! when re- 
fracted from a prism, — viz., red, orange, yellow, 
green, blue, purple, and violet. 

Pris/moid, n. A body somewhat like a prism. 

Pris'on (priz'zn), n. [Fr. prison, Sp. prision, a 
prison, — also, imprisonment; It. prigiotie, a 
prison ; L. prensio, for prehensio, seizure, con- 
finement; prehendere, to seize.] Place of confine- 
ment; a jail.— 2, v. a. [pp. prisoning, prisoned.] 
To imprison ; to confine. 

Pris'on-er (priz'zn-er), n. [Fr. prisonnier.] One 
confined in prison : — one taken by an enemy ; a 
captive. 

Pris'on-house (priz'zn-), n. A jail; a hold. 

Pris'tine, a. [L. pristinus, old : akin to prisons, 
ancient, and to prior, sooner.] First ; ancient ; 
primary ; primitive. 

Pritn'ee. A corruption of I pray thee. 

PrI'va-cy [pri'va-se or priv'a-se, W. J. F. ; priv'- 
a-sej S. 'E.], n. "Retirement; seclusion; solitude. 

Pri'vate, a- [L. privates, apart ; privare, to de- 
priA ; e, to separate ; privus, single, — also, apart.] 
Not open ; secret ; not public ; particular ; pe- 
culiar; belonging to an individual. — 2, n. A 
common soldier. 

PrI-va-teer', n. A private armed vessel: — the 
captain of a private armed ship. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
privateering, privateered.] To fit ont and man- 
age privateers, in order to take prizes at sea. 

PrI-va-teers/man, n. One who serves on a priva- 

Prl'vate-ly, ad.' In a private manner. [teer. 

PrI-va'tion, n. [L. privatio ; privare, to deprive.] 
The loss of any thing; absence; want; hard- 
ship ; distress. 

Priv'a-tive, a. [L. privai&ms.—See Privation.] 
Causing privation; takiugaway : — negative; not 
positive. Privative is in things what negative is 
in propositions. — 2, n. A negative property. 

Priv'a-tive-ly, ad. By privation ; negatively. 

Priv'et, n. [Called also prim, print, and privy. 
Etymology doubtful.— See Prim.] A plant or 
flowering shrub. 

Priv'i-le£-e, n. [L. privilegium, a private ordi- 
nance; privus, single, individual, and lex, legis, a 
law.] A peculiar advantage; a right; an ex- 
emption; an immunity; prerogative. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. privileging, privileged.] To grant a privi- 
lege to; to excuse; to exempt,. as from taxes. 

Priv'i-le£ed, p. a. Enjoying special privileges ; 
specially favored. 

Prlv'i-ly, ad. Secretly ; privately. 

Priv'i-ty, n. [Fr. privavtc, familiarity.] Secret 
concurrence ; cognizance ; consciousness. 

Priv'y, a. [Fr. prive, L. privates, private (q. v.).] 
Secret; private; privately knowing. — 2, n. A 
place of retirement ; a necessary. 

Prize, n. [Fr. prise, a capture ; prendre (part. 
pris), to take ; L. prehendere, prehension, to seize. 
— See the verb.] A reward gained by contest; a 
valuable acquisition ; something taken from an 
enemy; capture: — a reward : — [cf. Manx prise, a 
fulcrum; probably Fr. prise, a grasp.— See as 
above] a lever. See Pry. — 2, v. a. [Fr. priser, 
to prize, to value; prix, a prize, a price; L. pre- 
Hum, a reward : much confused with the noun 
Prize.] [pp. prizing, prized.] To rate; to esti- 
mate ; to appreciate ; to esteem ; to value highly : 
— to raise with a lever. See Pry. 

Prlze'-court, n. A court to adjust naval prizes. 

Prize' -fight (-fit), w. A fight for a reward. 

Prlze'man, n. The winner of a prize. [ship. 

Prize' -nion-ey, n. Money paid to captors of a 

Pro. [L.] For; in defence of. In many words, 
both of Latin and of Greek origin, pro as a pre- 
fix means before. — Pro and con (for L. pro et con- 
tra), for and against. 

Pro'a. n. [Malay, prau, prahu; the ordinary form 
of "this word is from the Portuguese, who mis- 
took the name for their own word proa, a prow 
(q. v.).] A long, narrow vessel, or sort of canoe, 
in the Eastern seas ; a Malay boat. 



Prob'a-bil-ism, n. [Neo-Latin, probabUismus.] 
The theory that it is right to follow, in doubtful 
cases, a probable opinion. 

Prob-a-bil'i-ty, n. [L. probabilitas.] State of be- 
ing probable ; likelihood; chance; appearance 
of truth : — that which is probable. 

Prob'a-ble, a. [L. probabilis, that maybe proved 
or approved ; probare, to prove (q. v.), to approve.] 
That may be ; having probability ; likely ; hav- 
ing some evidence. 

Prob'a-bly, ad. Likely; in likelihood. 

Pro'bang, n. [From Probe.] A surgeon's swab. 

Pro'bate, n. [L. probare, probatum, to prove (q. v.).] 
The'legal proof of a will and testament : — a copy 
of a will with a certificate of its having been 
proved.— 2, a. Relating to the proof of wills. 

Pro-ba'tion, n. [L. probatio. — See Prove.] A state 
or time of trial ; proof; trial. 

Pro-ba'tion-a-ry, a. Relating to probation ; serv- 
ing for trial. 

Pro-ba'tion-er, n. One who is under probation. 

Pro'ba-tive, «• [L. probativus.] Probationary ; 
serving for trial. 

Pro-ba'tor, n. [L. — See Prove.] An examiner. 
—(Law.) One who undertakes to prove a charge. 

Pro'ba-to-ry [prob'a-tur-e, W. Ja.], a. Serving 
for trial. 

Probe, n. [L. proba, a proof (q. v.).] A surgeon's 
instrument for probing. — 2, v. a. [pp. probing, 
probed.] To search ; to try with a probe : — to 
examine thoroughly. 

Prob'i-ty, w. [L. probitas ; probus, honest. — See 
Prove.'] Honesty ; uprightness ; veracity ; rec- 
titude; integrity; virtue. 

Prob'lem, n. [L. problema, Gr. 7rp6/3A?)/aa, some- 
thing thrown out; npo, forward, and (SArjjaa, 
something cast ; /SdAAeiv, to throw.] A qwstion 
proposed for solution. [putable ; doubtful. 

Prob-lem-at'i-eal, a. [Gr. 7rpo0A.7}fAaTtK6?.] Dis- 

Prob-lem-at'i-cal-ly, ad. Uncertainly. 

Pro-bos'cis, n. ; pi. Pro-bos'ci-des. [Gr. npo^ocr- 
kis; irpo, before, aud ^6<tk€iv, to feed.] The 
trunk of an elephant : — the feeding organ of an 
insect. 

Pro-ced'ure (pro-sed'yur), n . [Fr. procedure.— See 
Proceed.] Conduct ; process. 

Pro-ceed', v. n. [Fr. procider ; L. procedere, pro- 
cessum ; pro-, before, and cedere, to go.] [pp. 
proceeding, proceeded.] To go on ; to go for- 
ward ; to advance : — to issue ; to arise ; to act: — 
to prosecute : — to take a degree. 

Pro-ceed' ing, n. A transaction ; a procedure. 

Pro'ceeds, or Pro-ceed§' [pros'edz, Sm.], n. pi. 
Produce; income; receipts; rent; issue. 

Proc'ess [pro'ses, I. H.~\, n. [Fr. proces ; L. pro- 
cessus. — See Proceed.] A progress ; procedure : 
— a course of law : — the prominent part of a bone 
or of any organ. 

Pro-ces'sion (pro-sesh'un), n. The act of proceed- 
ing; a train marching with solemnity. 

Pro-ces'sion-al (pro-sesh'un-al), n. A book re- 
lating to processions :— a hymn sung in a pro- 
cession. 

Pro-ces'sion-al, \a. Relating to, or forming, a 

Pro-ces'sion-a-ry, J procession. 

Pro-claim', v. a. [L. proclamare, proclamatum ; 
pro-, before, and clamare, to cry aloud.] [pp. 
proclaiming, proclaimed.] To declare publicly ; 
to announce ; to promulgate ; to publish ; to out- 
law. 

Proc-la-ma'tipn, «. [L. proclamatio. — See Pro- 
claim.] A public official notice or declaration ; 
a decree ; an edict. 

Pro-cliv'i-ty, n. [L. proclivitas, an inclination ; 
pro-, forward, and clivus, a slope ; clinare, to lean, 
to slope.] Tendency ; inclination. 

Pro-con'syl, n. [L. ; pro, in place of, for, and 
consul, a'consul.] A Roman governor. 

Pro-con'sii-lar, a. Relating to a proconsul. 

Pro-con' su-late. "I ; The office of a proconsul. 

Pro-con'sul-ship, J 



a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a, g, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



PROCRASTINATE 



433 



PROFUNDITY 



Pro-cras'ti-nate, v. a. [L. procrastinare, procras- 
tuiatiaii, to delay ; pro-, forward, and crastinus, 
belonging to the morrow; eras, to-morrow.] 
[pp. procrastinating, procrastinated.] To deter 
from time to time ; to delay ; to put off. — 2, v. n. 
To be dilatory. 

Pro-cras-ti-na'tion, n. [L. procrastinatio.] The 
act of procrastinating; delay; dilatoriness. 

Pro-cras'ti-na-tor, n. A dilatory person. 

Pro'cre-ate, v. a. [L. procreare; pro-, forth, and 
crear'e, to create (g. v.).] [pp. procreating, pro- 
created.] To generate ; to produce. 

Pro-cre-a tion, n. [L. procrealio.] Generation; 
production. 

Pro'cre-a-tive, a. Generative ; productive. 

Pro'cre-a-tor, n. [L.] A generator ; a begetter. 

Pro-crfls'te-an, a. Relating to Procrustes: — 
stretched or contracted, as the case requires. 

Proc'tor, n. [For procurator.] An attorney in 
a spiritual court : — an agent : — an officer in a 
university. 

Pro-cum'bent, a. [L. procumbere, procumbentis, to 
lean forward; pro-, forward, and eubare (-enm- 
bere in some compounds), to lie down.] Lying 
down ; trailing. 

Pro-cur' a-ble, a. Obtainable; acquirable. 

Proc-u-ra'tion, n. [L. procuratio. — See Proccre.] 
The act of procuring; procurement; manage- 
ment of affairs. 

Proc'u-ra-tor, n. [L.] A Roman provincial mag- 
istrate ; a manager ; an agent ; a proctor. 

Pro-cure', v. a. [Fr. procurer, to get; L. procxi- 
rare, to take care of, to manage, to collect : pro, 
for, and curare, to care; cura, care.] [pp. pro- 
curing, procured.] To get by effort, by favor, or 
by purchase ; to obtain ; to acquire. — 2, v. n. To 
bawd ; to pimp. 

Pro-cure'ment, n. The act of procuring. 

Pro-cur'er, n. [Fr. procureur, a purveyor, a 
proxy.] One who procures; a pimp. 

Pro-cvir'ess, n. She that procures; a bawd. 

Prod, n. ' [Dan. broad; Irish, broil. — See Brad.] 
A goad; an awl: — a thrust, or prick. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. 'prodding, prodded.] To goad; to prick. 

Prod'i-gal, a. [Fr. prodigue ; 0. Fr. prodigal; 
Late L." (probably) prodigalia, L. prodigus, waste- 
ful; prodigere, to squander; pro- (before a vowel 
sometimes prod-), forth, and agere, to drive.] 
Spending wastefully ; profuse ; wasteful ; ex- 
pensive; extravagant. — 2, n. A waster; a spend- 
thrift. 

PrSd-i-gal'i-tjr, n. [L. pridigalitas.] Extrava- 
gance; excess. 

Prod'i-gal-ly, ad. Profusely; wastefully. 

Pro-dii-'ious (pro-dij'us), a. [L. prodigiosvs ; Fr. 
p'todigieux. — See Prodigy.] Partaking of prod- 
igy; wonderful; amazing; monstrous. 

Pro-di£'ious-ly, ad. Amazingly. 

Pro-dig'ious-ness, n. Enormousness. 

Prod'i-£y, "• [k- prodigium; referred to pro- 
(prod-), forth, and -agium, a saying; aio (obsolete 
agio), I say.] Something wonderful ; a wonder ; 
a monster. See Miracle. 

Pro-duce', v. a. [L. producere, produclum ; pro-, 
forth, and ducere, to lead, to draw, to bring.] 
[pp. producing, produced.] To bring forth; to 
yield ; to bear : — to exhibit : — to effect : — to ex- 
tend. 

Prod'uce (prdd'dus), »?. That which is produced, 
or which any thing yields; production; product. 

Pro-due' er, n. One who produces. 

Pro-du-ci-bil'i-tE, n. State of being producible. 

Pro-du'ci-ble, a. [L. producibilis.] That may be 
produced. 

Prod'uct, n. [See Produce.] Something produced; 
an effect; result. — (Arith.) The result produced 
by multiplying one number by another. 

Pro-duc'tile, a. That may be drawn ont. 

Pro-duc'tion, n. [L. productio.] The act of pro- 
ducing ; product. [fertile. 

Pro-dtic'tive, a. [L. productions.] That produces ; 



Pro-due' tive-ness, n. State of being productive. 

Prod-uc-tiv'i-ty,, n. Power of producing: — fer- 
tility. 

Pro'em, n. [L. prooemium ; Gr. irpooifjuov ; irpo, 
before, and oi/xos, a way ; elp.i, I go.] A pref- 
ace; an introduction. 

Prof-a-na'tion, n. [L. profanatio.] The act of 
profaning. ' 

Pro-fane', a. [L. profanus, unholy; pro-, forth 
from, and fanum, a temple.] Irreverent to 
things sacred ; irreligious ; impious : — polluted ; 
impure : — secular; not sacred; as, profane his- 
tory. — 2, v. a. [pp. profaning, profaned.] To 
violate ; to desecrate. 

Pro-fane'ly, ad. With irreverence. 

Pro-fan'i-ts, n. [L. profanitas, impiety.] Quality 
of being profane ; proianeness ; blasphemy. 

Pro-fess', v. a. [L. profiteri, professus, to avow, 
to undertake, to profess; pro-, forth, openly, and 
fateri, fassus, to utter, to avow; fori, fatum, to 
speak.] [pp. professing, professed.] To declare 
openly ; to avow. 

Pro-fess'ed-ly, ad. With open declaration : — 
avowedly. 

Pro-fes'sion (pro-fesh'un), n. [L. professio.] Act 
of professing; declaration: — a calling; a voca- 
tion; an employment requiring a learned educa- 
tion : — the members, collectively, of a calling. 

Pro-fes'sion-al (pro-fesh'un-al), a. Relating to a 
profession ; done by a professor. — 2, n. A regu- 
lar practiser of an art or profession. 

Pro-fSs'sion-al-lj;, ad. By profession : — in a pro- 
fessional way. 

Pro-fess'or, u. [L. for a "teacher," — literally, 
one who undertakes to be, or professes himself.] 
One who professes or teaches some science or art. 

Pro-fes-so'ri-al, a. Relating to a professor. 

Pro-fSss'or-ship, ». Office of a professor. 

Proffer, v. a. [Fr. proftrer, to utter; L. proferre, 
to bring forward; pro-, forward, and ferre, to 
bring.] [pp. proffering, proffered.] To propose; 
to offer. — 2, n. An offer made ; a proposal. 

,Pro-fi"cience (pro-f ish'ens), ) n. Advance- 

Pro-fi"cien-cy. (pro-f Ish'en-se), J ment; improve- 
ment gained ; progress. 

Pro-fI"cient (pro-f ish'ent), n. [L. proficere (part. 
proficieu'tv<), to make progress; pro-, forward, 
and facere, to make.] One who has made ad- 
vancement; an adept. —2, a. Skilled; adept. 

Pro'file, Pro-file', or Pro'file [pro-fel', S. H. St. 
P. J. F. K. ; pro'fel, E. Ja. Sm. ; pro'fil or pro- 
fel', W.; pro'fil, I. A* <?.], u. [Fr. profit; It. 
profilo ; It. & L. pro-, before, and It. fib>. a line, 
a thread; L. filum, a thread.] A head or por- 
trait represented sideways ; side-face; outline. 

Profit, >i. [Fr. profit, profit ; profiler, to profit ; 
L. proficere,jprofectum, to advance; pro-, forward, 
ana facere, factum, to make.] Pecuniary advan- 
tage ; accession of good ; utility ; gain : benefit ; 
advancement. — 2, ». a. [pp. profiting, profited.] 
To benefit; to advance. — 3, r. n. To gain advan- 
tage ; to improve. 

Prof it-a-ble. a. Affording profit; gainful; lucra- 
tive ; useful ; advantageous. 

Prof it-a-ble-ness, ». Gainfulness. 

Prof it-a-blx, ad. Gainfully; usefully. 

Profit-less, a. Void of profit ; useless. 

Prof ii-ga-cy. n. Profligate conduct; gross vice ; 
depravity ; wickedness. 

Prof li-gate, a. [L. profiigare, profiigatum, to over- 
throw ; pro-, forward, and fiigere, to hurl.] Aban- 
doned to vice; wicked. — 2, n. An abandoned, 
shameless person ; a wretch ; a reprobate. 

Pro-found', a. [Fr. profond, L. profundus, deep; 
pro-, in the sense of downward, &nd fundus, the 
bottom.] Having great depth ; deep"; intellect- 
ually deep: thorough: — low; humble. — 2, n. 
The deep ; the sea ; the abyss. 

Pro-fbund'lx, ad. Deeply; thoroughly. 

Pro-fun' di-tx, «. [L. profunditas.— See Profound.] 
State of being profound. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q. G, 5, £, soft ; p, )3, p, § , hard ; § a$ z ; 5 as gz ; tnis. 
T cc 37 



PEOFUSE 



434 



PROMISOR 



Pro-fuse', a. [L. profusus; profundere, profusum, 
to pour out; pro-, forth, and fumdere, to pour.] 
Liberal to excess ; lavish ; prodigal ; overabound- 
ing; extravagant. 

Pro-ffise'ly, ad. Lavishly; prodigally. 

Pro-fuse'ness, n. Lavistiness ; prolusion. 

Pro-fu'sion (pro-fu'zhun), n. [L. profusio. — See 
Profuse.] Prodigality; extravagance; profuse- 
ness; abundance; excess. 

Prog-, n. [0. E. prog, to go begging.— Cf. Sw. 
pracka, Dan. prakke, Ger. prachern, to beg; also 
L. procure, to beg. Prog seems originally to 
have meant food procured by beggary. — Cf. also 
Prowl.] Victuals; provision of any kind. [Low 
and colloq.] 

Pro-i'en'i-tor, n. [L. ; pro-, forth, and genitor, a 
parent; gignere, genitum, to beget.] A forefather; 
an ancestor. 

Pro^'e-ny, n. [Fr. progenie ; L. progenies. — See 
Progenitor.] Offspring; descendants; race. 

Prog-'na-thism, n. The state of being progna- 
thous ; projection of the lower jaw. 

Prog-na'thous, a. [Gr. irpo, before, forward, and 
yvdOos, the jaw.] Having projecting jaws. 

Prog-no'sis, n. [Gr.— See Prognostic] {Med.) 
The art of foretelling the event of a disease ; a 
judgment regarding the future course and event 
of any illness. 

Progr-nos'tic, a. [Gr. irpoyvoxrTiKO';, foretelling; 
irpoyvix>o~Tii<6v, a token ; npo, before, and yvwvaL, 
to know (q. v.).] Foretokening; indicating. — 
2, n. A sign ; a token ; an omen. 

Prog-nos'ti-cate, v. a. [pp. prognosticating, prog- 
nosticated.] To show beforehand by signs; to 
foretell ; to foreshow. 

Prog-nos-ti-ca/tion, n. Act of foretelling. 

Prog-nos'ti-ca-tor, n. One who foretells. 

Pro'gram, n. An edict; a bill; a programme. 

Pro'gramme, n. [Fr. ; Gr. Tvp6yp<x^p.a, a written 
notice; npo, before, and ypa.fx.fj.a, a writing; 
ypd<j>eiv, to write.] A bill or plan exhibiting 
an outline of an entertainment or public per- 
formance ; a program. 

Prog'ress [pru'gres, Ja. K.], n. [Fr. progres ; L. 
progr'essn*.] Motion forward; course; advance- 
ment ; progression ; proficiency. 

Pro-gress', v. n. [L. progredi, progressiw, to ad- 
vance; pro-, forward, and gradi, to go.] [pp. 
progressing, progressed.] To proceed; to go 
forward ; to advance ; to make progress. 

Pro-gres'sion (pro-gresh'un), n. [L. progressio.] 
Kegular or gradual advance; progress; course. 

Pro-gres'sive, a. Making progress ; advancing. 

Pro-gres'sjve-ly, ad. By regular course. 

Pro-gres'sive-ness, n. State of advancing. 

Pro-hib'it, v. a. [L. prohibere, prohibitum ; pro-, 
before/and habere, to have, to hold.] [pp. pro- 
hibiting, prohibited.] To forbid; to interdict; 
to hinder; to prevent; to preclude. 

Pro-hi-bi"tion (pro-he-bish'un), n. [L. prohibitio.] 
Act of prohibiting ; interdiction : an interdict. 

Pro-hi-bi"tion-ist, n. One who favors the prohi- 
bition of tlie sale of alcoholic drinks. 

Pro-hib'i-tive, a. Same as Prohibitory. 

Pro-hib'i-to-ry, a. [la. prohibitorius.] Implying 
prohibition; forbidding; prohibiting. 

Pro-ject', v. a. [L. projicere, projectum, to throw 
out: pro-, forth, and jacere, to hurl.] [pp. pro- 
jecting, projected.] To scheme ; to form ; to 
contrive; to plan. — 2, v. n. To jut out; to shoot 
forward. 

Proj'ect [pro'jekt, I.], n. [Fr. projet ; L. projec- 
tum', that which projects.] A scheme; a design. 

Pro-jec'tile, n. A body projected. — 2, a. Impel- 
ling forward : — impelled forward. 

Pro-jec'tion. n. [L. projects.] Act of projecting; 
a prominence : — that which is projected ; a plan ; 
a delineation ; method of delineation. 

Pro-ject' or, n. One who projects. 

Projet (pro-zha/), n. [Fr.] A project; apian; a 
draft for a proposed treaty or convention. 



Pro-lapse', n. [L. prolapsus, a falling; prolabi, to 
fall: pro-, forward, and labi, to slip, to glide.] 
A falling downward.— 2, v. n. [pp. prolapsing, 
prolapsed.] To fall downward. 

Pro'late [pro'lat, 8. E. Wb. ; pro-lat', Sm.], a. 
[L. prolatus, lengthened ; pro-, forward, and latus, 
borne.] Drawn out at the poles; not oblate. 

Pro'leg, n. [L. pro, for, and Leg,] A sort of 
spurious leg in insects. 

Prol-e-gom'e-na, n. pi. [Gr. npo, before, and 
\ey6fxeva, things said; A.eyeii', to say.] Prelim- 
inary observations or remarks ; a preface. 

Pro-lep'sis, n. [Gr. np6\r)\{/i<; ; npo, before, and 
Xaix^dveiv, to take.] (Rhet.) A figure by which 
objections are anticipated and answered ; an an- 
ticipation. — (Chron.) Act of dating an event too 
early ; a prochronism. 

Pro-lep'tic, \ a. [Gr. 7rpoA->j7rTiKd9.] Eelating to 

Pro-lep'ti-cal, j prolepsis; previous; antecedent. 

Prol-e-ta'ri-an, n. [Fr. proletaire ; L. proletarius, 
a citizen' of the poorest class, — literally, one 
whose only service is the producing of children ; 
proles, offspring.] One of the poorest class of 
citizens. — 2, a. Low; base; vile. 

Prol-e-ta'ri-at, n. [Fr. proletariat.] The poorest 
class of citizens. 

Pro-lif er-ous, a. [L. proles, offspring, and ferre, 
to bear.] Producing something abnormal. 

Pro-lif'ic, a. [Fr. prolifique ; Late L. prolificus; 
ii. piroles, offspring, and facere, to make.] Pro- 
ducing offspring; fruitful; productive ; fertile. 

Pro-lif-i-ca'tion, n. [Late L. prolificatio.] Gener- 
ation ;' production. 

Pro-lix'[pro-liks' or pro'liks, Wb. ; prol'iks, N.], a. 
[L. prolixus, extended, copious; probably from 
pro-, forth, and liqui, to flow.] Long; tedious; 
diffuse; wordy ; not concise.— Prolix is opposed 
to concise ; diffuse, to precise. 

Pro-Hx'i-ty, \ n. State or quality of being pro- 

Pro-lix'ness, J lix ; tediousness. 

Pro-lix'ly, ad. At great length ; tediously. 

Prol'o-cu-tor, or Pro-loc'u-tor, n. [L. ; pro-, be- 
fore, locxdor, a speaker; loqiii, locutus, to speak.] 
A speaker; the speaker of a convocation.' 

Prol'ogue [pro'log, PL. St. I. Ja. K. C. N. Wb.], n. 
[Fr. ; Gr. n-poAoyo? ; trpo, before, and Aoyos, a 
discourse.] An introductory piece or poem; a 
preface ; an introduction. 

Pro-iong', v. a. [Fr. prolonger ; L. prolongare; 
pro-, forward, and longus, long.] [^.prolonging, 
prolonged.] To extend the duration of; to con- 
tinue ; to protract ; to lengthen out. 

Pro-lon-ga'tion [prol-on-ga'shun, W. J. F.], n. 
Act' of prolonging or lengthening : — delay : — an 
extension. 

Prom-e-nade' (or -nad'), n. [Fr. ; promener, to 
walk'; L. prominare, to drive on ; pro-, forward, 
and minare, to drive; minse, threats.] Walk for 
pleasure or exercise; place of walking. — 2. v. n. 
[j)p. promenading, promenaded.] To walk; to 
take a walk. 

Prom'i-nence, \n. [L. prominentia.] State of be- 

Prom'i-nen-cy, J ing prominent ; a protuberance. 

Prom'i-ne'nt, a. [L. prominere, prominentia, to jut 
out {pro-, forth, and minari, to threaten, to jut 
out; minse, threats.] Standing out; conspicuous. 

Prom'i-nent-ly, ad. With prominence. 

Pro-mis' cu-ous, a. [L. pj-omiscuus ; pro-, forth, 
and misc'ere, to mix.] Mingled; confused. 

Pro-mis' cu-ous-ly, ad. Confusedly. 

Prom'ise, n. [L. promissum, a promise ; promiltere, 
promissvm, to promise,— literally, to put forth; 
pro-, forth, and mittere, to send.] A declaration 
which binds the person who makes it ; good or 
benefit promised; an engagement; word: — ex- 
pectation ; hope. — 2, v. n. [pp. promising, prom- 
ised.] To make a promise ; to bid fair. — 3, v. a. 
To assure by a promise. 

Prom-is-ee', n. One to whom a promise is made. 

Prom'is-er, ) n. [L. promissor.] One who prom- 

Prom'is-or, ) ises. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, i, o, u, f, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Pare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



PROMISING 



435 



PROPITIOUSLY 



Prom'is-ing, p. a. Giving good promise. 

Prom'is-so-ry, a. Containing a promise. 

Prom'on-to-ry, «• [L. promontorium or promimtu- 
rinm'; perhaps from pro-, forth, and mons, a 
mountain; or pro-, forward, and minari, to jut.] 
High land jutting into the sea: headland. 

Pro-mote', v. a. [L. promovere, promotum; pro-, 
forward, and movere, to move (q. v.).] [pp. pro- 
moting, promoted.] To forward; to advance; 
to exalt; to prefer : — to raise in rank or office. 

Pro-mot' er, n. One who promotes. 

Pro-mo'tion, n. [L. promotio.] Advancement; 
preferment. 

Pro-mo' tive, a. Tending to promote; helpful. 

Prompt (promt), a. [Fr. ; L. promere, promplurn, 
to bring forward; pro-, forward, and emere, to 
take.] Quick; ready; acute; not dilatory. — 
2, v. a. [pp. prompting, prompted.] To assist; 
to incite ; to suggest. 

Prompt'er (promt'er), n. One who prompts; one 
who assists an actor or speaker when at a loss to 
recall the words of his part. [quickness. 

Prompt'i-tude, n. [L. prompfUvdo.] Readiness ; 

Prompt'ly. (promt'le), ad. Readily , quickly. 

Promptness (promt'nes), n. Readiness. 

Pro-mul'gate, v. a. [L. promulgare, promulgating, 
to publish.] [pp. promulgating, promulgated.] 
To publish ; to make known ; to teach publicly ; 
to proclaim. [tion ; exhibition. 

Prom-ul-ga'tion, n. [L. promnlgalio.] Publira- 

Prom'ul-ga-tor (or prom-ul-ga/tyr), n. One who 
promulgates or makes publicly known. 

Pro-mulge\ v. a. [See Promulgate.] [pp. pro- 
mulging, promulged.] To promulgate. 

Pro-mul£'er, n. A publisher; a promulgator. 

Pro-na'tion, n. [L. pronare, pronation, to bend 
forward!] The position of the hand with the 
palm down : — the motion which leads to that 
position. 

Prone, a. [L. promts. — Cf. Gr. irpavr)<;, headlong ; 
Skr. pra.mna, inclined.] Lying with the face 
downward ; not supine : — bending downward : — 
inclined : — with the palm downward. 

Prone'ness, n. State of being prone : — inclination. 

Prong, n. [Cf. Low Ger. prange, a stake ; Local 
E. sprong, a prong : perhaps re- 
lated to Spuing.] The tine of a 
fork, &c. ; a fork. [lope. 

Prong'-hbrn, n. An American ante- 

Pro-nom'i-nal, a. [L. pronommalis.] 
Relating to a pronoun. 

Pro'noun, n. [Pro, for, an<^. Noux; 
L. pronomen^\ (Gram.) A word 
used instead of a noun, to avoid 
the too frequent repetition of the 
same word. 

Pro-nbfince', v. a. [Fr. prononcer ; It. pronuntiare ; 
pro-, forth, and nuntiare, to tell.] [pp. pro- 
nouncing, pronounced.] To speak; to articu- 
late; to declare : — to utter rhetorically. 

Pro-nbunce'a-ble, a. [L. pronuntiabilis.] That may 
be pronounced. [decided; unequivocal. 

Pro-nbunced' (pro-nounsf), a. Strongly marked ; 

Pro-nbunce'ment, n. An announcement; a for- 
mal utterance. [nunciation. 

Pro-nbunc'ing, a. Indicating or teaching pro- 

Pro-nun-ci-a-men'to, n. [Sp. pronunciainiento.) A 
proclamation ; a declaration. 

Pro-nun-ci-a'tion (pro-nun-she-a'shun) [pro-niin- 
she-a'shun, }V. J. F. Ja.; pro-niin-se-a/sliun, I. 
H. St. P." K. Shi. C], n. [L. pronnntiatio.] ' The 
act of pronouncing; utterance; delivery. 

Pro-nun'ci-a-tive, a. Uttering confidently. 

Pr66f, n. [Fr. preuve; ~L.proba; probare, to prove 
(q. v.).] That by which something is proved; 
evidence ; test ; trial : — impenetrability : — a trial- 
sheet of print to be corrected. — "2, a. Of such 
quality or character as to stand the proof; able 
to resist ; impenetrable. 

PrSof -sheet, n. The first impression of a printed 
sheet, for correction ; a proof. 




Prop, v. a. [Gael, prop, Irish propa, a prop; 
0. Put. proppen, to prop. — Cf. Ger. pfropf, a cut- 
ting, a scion, a stopper; pfropfen, to plug up.] 
[pp. propping, propped.] To support; to sus- 
tain ; to keep up. — 2, n. That which sustains or 
ou which any thing rests ; a support ; a stay. 

Prop'a-ga-ble, a. That may be propagated. 

Prop-a-gan'da. n. [L.] An association at Rome 
having the charge of missions, called Congregatio 
de Propaganda Fide, "Society for Propagating 
the Faith." 

Prop-a-gan'di§m, n. Proselytism. 

Prop-a-gan'dist, n. A missionary ; a proselyter. 

Prop'a-gate, v. a. [L. propagare, propagalmn, to 
layer, as a plant, — hence, to propagate; propago, 
a slip, a cutting : probably akiu to Prop.] [pp. 
propagating, propagated.] To extend; to in- 
crease ; to generate ; to disseminate ; to diffuse. 
— 2, v. n. To have offspring. 

Prop-a-ga'tion, n. [L. propugalio.] Generation; 
extension ; dissemination. 

Prop'a-ga-tive, a. That propagates or is propa- 
gated : — tending to propagate. 

Prop'a-ga-tor, n. One who propagates. 

Pro-pel', v. a. [L. propellere, prop ahum ; pro-, for- 
ward, and pellere, to drive.] [pp. propelling, 
propelled.] To drive or urge forward. 

Pro-pel'ler, n. He who or that which propels : — 
an instrument, called the screw, for the propul- 
sion of vessels : — a steam vessel provided with 
such an instrument. [pexsity. 

Pro-pen' sion, n. [L. propensin.~\ Same as Pro- 

Pro-pen'si-ty, n. [L. propendere, propensum, to 
hang forward, to incline to; pro-, forward, and 
peudere, to hang.] Tendency; inclination. 

Prop'er, a. [Fr. propre; L. proprius, one's own.] 
Peculiar; one's own :— natural ; fit; suitable; 
appropriate; just; right : — peculiar to the indi- 
vidual; as, a proper name. 

Prop'er-ly, ad. In a proper manner ; fitly. 

Prop'er-ty, n. [Fr. proprietf; propre, one's own; 
L. proprietae, ownership. — See Proper.] A pe- 
culiar quality : — ownership: — a possession ; what 
one possesses ; goods. 

Proph'e-cy. u. [L. prophetia : Gr. npofiereia. — See 
Prophet.] The act of prophesying or foretelling 
future events; a prediction. 

Proph'e-sl-er, n. One who prophesies. 

Proph'e-sy, f. a. [From Prophecy.] [pp. proph- 
esying, prophesied.] To predict; to foretell.— 
2, v. n. To utter prophecies. 

Proph'et, n. [Gr. 7rpo(f>jjT7j? ; npo, before, publicly, 
and root of <j>r)ixi, I speak.] One who prophesies. 

Proph'et-ess, n. A female prophet. 

Pro-phet'ic, \a. [Gr. npo(f>r)rtKo<;.] Relating 

Pro-phet'i-cal, J to a prophet or to prophecy; 
foretelling. 

Pro-phet'i-cal-ly, ad. By prophecy. 

Proph-y-lac'tic. v. [Gr. npo4>v\aKTiKo<; ; npo, be- 
fore, and <f>v\do-o-eiv, to guard.] A preventive 
medicine. — 2, a. Preventing disease ; preventive. 

Pro-pin' qui-ty, it. [L. propinquitas ; propinqtms, 
near; prope, near.] Nearness; kindred. 

Pro-pi"ti-a-ble (pro-pTsh/e- a -td)> a. Placable. 

Pro-pi"ti-ate (pro-pi sh'e-ht), v. a. [L. propitiare, 
propitia'tum, to render propitious (q. v.).] [pp. 
propitiating, propitiated.] To make propitious; 
to conciliate ; to appease. 

Pro-pi-ti-a'tion (pro-pish-e-a'shun), n. [L. pro- 
pitiating The act of propitiating. 

Pro-pi"ti-a-tor (pro-pish'e-a-tur), n. [L.] One 
who propitiates ; an appeaser. 

Pro-pi"ti-a-to-ry (pro-pish'e-a-to-re), a. [L. pro- 
piiiatorms.] Tending to make propitious; con- 
ciliatory. — 2, n. [L. propitiatorinm.] The mercy- 
seat; the covering of the ark in the Jewish 
temple. 

Pro-pi"tious (pro-pish'us), a. [L. propitiux.] Dis- 
posed to be merciful ; favorable; kind; benign; 
auspicious. 

Pro-pi"tious-ly, ad. Favorably. 



mten, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, tise. — g, 0, 5, £, soft; p, J5, p, §, hard; § as z ; $ as gz ; tfiis. 



PEOPITIOUSNESS 



436 



PEOSTEATE 



Pro-pi"tious-ness (pro-pish'us-nes), n. Quality 
of being propitious ; kindness. 

Pro'po-lis [piop'o-lis, A'.], n. [Gr. ; npo, before, 
ttoAi's, a city.] A resinous matter used by bees. 

Pro-por'tion, n. [L. proporlio, relation; pro-, be- 
fore, regarding, and portio, a part.] The com- 
parative relation of one thing to another ; ratio ; 
equal degree : — symmetry : — size : — part : — a rule 
of arithmetic, called also the Rule of Three. — 
2, v. a. [pp. proportioning, proportioned.] To 
adjust by comparative relation; to form sym- 
metrically, [proportional; proportionate. 

Pro-por'tion-a-ble, a. That may be proportioned ; 

Pro-por'tion-a-bly, ad. By proportion. 

Pro-por'tion-al, a. [L. proportionalis.] Having 
due proportion. — 2, n. A quantity in proportion. 

Pro-por-tion-al'i-ty, n. State of being propor- 
tional. 

Pro-por'tion-al-ly, ad. In proportion. 

Pro-por'tion-ate, a. [L. proportionatus.~\ Having 
due proportion ; proportional. 

Pro-por'tion-ate-ly, ad. Proportionally. 

Pro-por'tion-ate-ness, n. Proportionality. 

Pro-po'§al, n.' An offer; a proposition. 

Pro-pose', v. a. [Fr. proposer. Historically, it 
represents L. pro-, before, and pausare, to pause ; 
in meaning, it corresponds with L. propoiiere, 
propositum, to place before.] [pp. proposing, 
proposed.] To offer ; to proffer ; to bid. 

Pro-pos'er, n. One who proposes or offers. 

Prop-o-si"tion (prop-o-zish'un), n. [L. proposilio. 
a statement ; proponere, to place before. J A thing 
proposed ; a proposal ; an offer : — a thought ; a 
statement. 

Prop-o-§i"tion-al, a. Relating to a proposition. 

Pro-pound', v. a. [0. E. propone, L. proponere, to 
place before.] [pp. propounding, propounded.] 
To offer ; to propose. 

Pro-pound' er, n. One -who propounds. 

Pro-pri'e-ta-ry, v. [L. proprietarivs, an owner. — 
See Property.] A possessor in his own right; 
a proprietor. — 2, a. Belonging to an owner. 

Pro-pri'e-tor, n. [Fr. proprietaire ; L. proprieta- 
r'ius.] A possessor in his own right; an owner. 

Pro-pri'e-tor-ship, n. State of a proprietor. 

Pro-pri'e-tress, n. A female proprietor. 

Pro-pri'e-ty, n - t 1 '- proprietas, propriety, prop- 
erty (q. v.).] State or quality of being proper; 
suitableness; fitness :— exclusive right. 

Pro-pul'sion, n. [See Propel.] The act of driving 

Pro-pul'sive, a. Impelling. [forward. 

Pro-ro-ga'tion, n. [L. p,rorogatio.—See Prorogue.] 
The' act of proroguing. 

Pro-rogue' (pro-rog'), v. a. [Fr. proroger ; L. pro- 
rogare, to ask in public, to ask an extension, to 
defer; pro-, before, and rogare, to ask.] >[pp. 
proroguing, prorogued.] To protract; to put 
off :— to adjourn, as a parliament. 

Pro-sii'ic, a, [L promicns.— See Prose.] Belong- 
ing to' prose : — dull ; stupid. 

Pro-sa/i-cal-ly, ad. In a prosaic manner. 

Pro-sa'isni, n.' Form of prose writing. [prose. 

Pro-sa'ist [pro'za-jst, C. Wb.], n. A writer of 

Pro-sce'ni-um (pro-se'ne-tim), n. [L. ; Gr. wpo- 
a-Krjviov'; npo, before, and a-K-nvr], a scene (q. v.).] 
The front part of the stage in a theatre. 

Pro-scribe', v. a. [L. proseribere, proscription).; 
pro-, out, in public, and scribere, to w T rite.] [pp. 
proscribing, proscribed.] To censure capitally ; 
to punish with civil death ; to doom ; to condemn ; 
to denounce ; to interdict ; to outlaw : — to forbid. 

Pro' script, n. [L. proscriptus.] An interdict. 

Pro-scrfp'tion, n. [L. proscription The act of 
proscribing ; docm ; wholesale condemnation ; 
prohibition. 

Pro-scrip'tive, a. Tending to proscribe. 

Prose, n. [L. prosa, for prorsa (oratio), direct or 
straight (speech) ; prorstts, forward; pro-, forth, 
and versus, turned ; vertere, versum, to turn. — See 
Verse.] Language, discourse, or composition 
without metre or poetic measure. — 2, v. n. [pp. 



prosing, prosed.] To make a tedious relation.— 
3, a. Consisting of prose : — prosaic. 

Pro-sec' tor, n. [L. ; pro-, before, and secare, to 
cut; sector, a cutter.] One who prepares the 
subjects for a professor of anatomy ; a dissector. 

Pros' e-cute, v. a. [L. prosequi, prosecutns, to pur- 
sue'^, v.); pro-, forward, and sequi, to follow.] 
[pp. prosecuting, prosecuted.] To pursue; to 
continue:— to sue by law, as an offender; to 
arraign. — 2, v. n. To carry on a prosecution. 

Pros-e-cu'tion, n. [L. prosecutio.] The act of 
prosecuting; a pursuit:— a criminal suit :— the 
party which prosecutes in a suit. 

Pros'e-cu-tor, n. [L.] One who prosecutes. 

Pros'e-lyte, n. [Gr. irpoo-^\vro<; ; npo?, to, and 
epxop.ai, perf. i\rjkv6a, I come.] A convert to a 
new opinion. — 2, v. a. [pp. proselyting, prose- 
lyted.] To make proselytes. 

Pros'e-ly-tism, n. The act of proselyting. 

Pros'e-ly-tlze, v. a. [pp. proselytizing, prosely- 
tized.] To proselyte ; to convert. 

Pro'si-ness, v. Dulness; tediousness. 

Pro-slav'e-ry, «. Defending slavery. 

Pro-so'di-an, n. One skilled in metre or prosody ; 
a' prosodi'st. 

Pro-sod'i-cal, a. Of or relating to prosody. 

Pros'o-dist,'»i. One versed in prosody. 

Pros'o-dy, n. [Gr. Trpoo-wSCa, song, accent ; irpos, 
to, in accompaniment, and o>6rj, an ode.] That 
part of grammar which treats of accent, quan- 
tity, versification, and the laws of harmony, in 
metrical composition. 

Pros-o-po-poe'ia (pros-o-po-pe'ya), n. [L. & Gr. ; 
7rp6o"a)7rov, person, face (npo<;, toward, and a>i//, 
a face), and noielv, to make.] (Rhet.) A figure 
by which things are represented as persons ; 
personification. 

Pros'pect, n. [L. prospectus, a lookout; prospicere, 
prosp'ectum, to look forward ; pro-, before, and 
specere, to look.] A view of something distant; 
object of view : — ground of expectation : — view 
into futurity (opposed to retrospect). — 2, v. a. & 
v. n. [pp. prospecting, prospected.] To search; 
to examine, as for gold. 

Pro-spec' tion, n. Act of looking forwarii. 

Pro-spec' tive, a. [L. prospectims.] Looking for- 
ward ; future : — being in prospect. 

Pro-spec'tus, n. ; pi. Pro-spec'tus-e§. [L.] The 
plan of a proposed literary work. 

Pros'per, v. a. ■ [L. prosperare, to thrive. — See 
Prosperous.] [pp. prospering, prospered.] To 
make prosperous ; to favor. — 2, v. n. To be pros- 
perous ; to thrive. 

Pros-per'i-ty, n. [L. prosperitas. — See Prosper- 
ous.] Success ; good fortune. 

Pros'per-ous, a. [L. prosper or prosperus; pro-, 
according to, and spes, hope ; sperare, to hope.] 
Successful ; fortunate; lucky; propitious; favor- 
able ; auspicious. 

Pros'per-ous-ly, ad. Successfully. 

Pros' tate, a. [Gr. npoo-Tar-ns, standing before; 
7rpo?, before, and '1<ttt)ixi, I stand.] Noting a 
gland near the bladder. — 2, n. The prostate 
gland. 

Pros'the-sis, n. [Gr. 7rp6cr0e<ns ; 7rp6?, to, and 
riB-qp-L, I put.] (Gram.) A figure by which one 
or more letters are prefixed to a word. 

Pros-thet'ic, a. [Gr. irpoo-OeTiKos.— See Prosthe- 
sis.] Prefixed (as a letter). 

Pros'ti-tute, v. a. [L. prostituere, prostilutum, to 
expose, to set forth ; pro-, forth, and statuere, to 
set.— See Statute.] [pp. prostituting, prosti- 
tuted.] To sell for vile purposes.— 2, a. Vicious 
for hire ; sold to vice. — 3, n. [L. prostituta.] A 
public strumpet ; a harlot. 

Pros-ti-tu'tion, n. Act of prostituting; state of 
being prostituted ; the life of a prostitute. 

Pros'ti-tu-tor, n. One who prostitutes. 

Pros' trate, a. [L. prostratus, thrown down ; pro-, 
forward, and sternere, stratum, to throw.] Lying 
fiat or at length ; thrown down ; prone ; humble. 



a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, 5, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



PROSTRATE 



437 



PROVINCIAL 



Pros'trate, v. a. [pp. prostrating, prostrated.] 
To lay flat ; to throw down. 

Pros-tra/tion, n. [L. proslratio.] The act of pros- 
tinting; overthrow; demolition; depression. 

Pro' style, w. [Gr. irpocnvkos; 7rpo, before, and 
o-ruAos, a column.] (Arch.) A portico in which 
the columns stand before a building. 

Pro'sy, a. Of the nature of prose ; dull. 

Pro-tig' o-mst, «. [Gr. 7rpcI>T09, first, and aytovtor- 
T179, an actor. — See Agony.] One who takes tlie 
first place in some great event or action, espe- 
cially where a contest for supremacy is implied. 

Prot'a-sis, n. [Gr. ; irpo, before, and reiveiv, to 
stretch.] The first part of a conditional sen- 
tence, or a period : — opposed to apodosis. 

Pro'te-an, or Pro-te'an, a. [See Proteus.] Re- 
lating to Proteus ; assuming different shapes. 

Pro-tect', v. a. [L. protegere, protectum ; pro-, be- 
fore, and tegere, to cover.] [pp. protecting, 
protected.] To shield from evil; to defend; to 
support; to cherish ; to guard. [a passport. 

Pro-tec' tion, «. [L. protect io.] Defence; a shelter; 

Pro-tec'tion-ist, n. An advocate for protection. 

Pro-tec' tive, a. Defensive; sheltering. 

Pro-tec' tor, n. [L.] A defender ; a regent. 

Prp-tsc'tor-ate, n. The office or government of a 
protector:— a country protected by another: — 
protection of one country by another. 

Pro-tec' tor-ship, n. The office of a protector. 

Pro-tec'tress, a. A woman who protects. 

Protege (pro-ta-zha/), n. [Fr. ; proteger, to pro- 
tect (q. i'.).] A person protected and patronized ; 
a dependant. 

Protegee (pro-ta-zha/), n. [Fr.] A female who is 
protected or patronized. 

Pro'te-id, n. [Protein and the Latinized Greek 
patronymic or family-ending idie.] (Client.] An 
albuminoid. 

Pro'te-in, I «. [Gr. 7rpu>Tos, first: it is regarded 

Pro'te-ine, [as the most primary or the chief of 
the nitrogenous organic bodies.] A nitrogenous 
substance analogous to fibrin. 

Pro-test', v. n. [L. protestare; pro-, openly, and 
testuri, to witness; testis, an oath, a witness.] 
[pp. protesting, protested.] To affirm with so- 
lemnity; to declare positively; to remonstrate. — 
2, v. a. To call as a witness: — to assent; to 
affirm : — to disown, as a bill. 

Pro'test, or Prot'est, n. A solemn declaration : — 
an official notice of non-payment. 

Prot'es-tant, n. [L. protestans, prolestautis, pro- 
testing. — See Protest.] One of the Reformed 
religion : — one who protests against the church 
of Koine. — 2, a. Belonging to Protestants. 

Prot'es-tant-ism, v. Religion of Protestants. 

Prot-es-ta'tion, w. [L. protestatio.] Act of protest- 
ing ; a solemn declaration ; a protest. 

Pro-test'er, n. One who protests. 

Pro'teus, »'. [Gr.J (Myth.) A marine heathen deity ; 
one who assumes any shape : — a cave-newt. 

Proth'e-sis, n. [Gr. ; npo, before, and ■n.Orjp.i, to 
place'.] A credence-table : — a side-table. 

Pro-thon'o-ta-ry, w. [L. protonotarins ; Gr. 7rpo>- 
tos, first, and L. notarius, a notary.] The head 
registrar or notary : — a clerk of a court. 

Pro'to-col, «. [Late Gr. itpotokoWov, a fly-leaf 
glued on, — later, a document with such a leaf; 
7rpcoTo?, first, and noWaeiv, to glue ; /coAAa, 
glue.] The original copy of a writing : — a rough 
draft, or preliminary agreement. 

Pro-to-mar' tyr, u. [Gr. ; Trpwro?, first, and fiap- 
rvp, a martyr (q. r.).] The first martyr. 

Pro'to-phyte, n. [Gr. Trpwro?, first, and fyvrov, a 
plant.] A plant of very simple organization. 

Pro'to-plasm, n. [Gr. 7rpd>T09, first, and n\do-p.a, 
mould, form. — See Plastic] An albuminoid 
substance possessing the power of motion, and 
growing through assimilation of matter from 
the surrounding media. 
Pro-to-plas'mic, a. Pertaining to, or consisting 
of, protoplasm : — written also protoplasmatic. 



Pro'to-plast, w. [Gr. TrpooTOTrAaa-To?, first formed ; 
irptoTos, first, and ^Aao-o-etv, to mould.] A first 
germ; a prototype :— a low organism essentially 
a mere mass of protoplasm. [protoplasm. 

Pro-to-plas'tic, a. Relating to, or consisting of, 

Pro'to-typs, «. [Gr. ttpwtotvttov ; TrptoTos, first, 
and TV7TO?, a type (q. v.).] The original pattern 
or model of any thing; archetype; an exemplar. 

Pro-t5x'ide, n. [Gr. irpwro?, first, and Oxide.] 
An oxide containing one equivalent of oxygen. 

Pro-to-zo'ic, a. Exhibiting first forms of life. 

Fro-to-zo'on, n. ; pi. Pro-to-zo'a. [Gr. npioTos, 
first, and £yov, an animal.] " One of a sub- 
kingdom of auimals comprising those of lowest 
organization. 

Pro-tract', v. a. [L. protrahere, protraclum, to draw 
out; pro-, forth, and trahere, to draw.] [pp. pro- 
tracting, protracted.] To draw out; to prolong; 
to lengthen : — to delay ; to put off. 

Pro-tract'er, n. One who protracts ; protractor. 

Pro-trac'tion, n. [L. protractio.] Act of protracting. 

Pro-tract'or, n. One who protracts : — an instru- 
ment for' laying off angles. 

Pro-trude', v. a. & v. n. [L. protrudere, protrusum ; 
pro-, forth, and trttdere, to thrust.] [pp. protrud- 
ing, protruded.] To thrust forward; to push. 

Pro-tru'sion, n. The act of protruding; a thrust. 

Pro-tru'sive, a. Thrusting forward. 

Pro-tu'ber-ance, «. A prominence ; a swelling. 

Pro-tii'ber-ant, a. [L. protuberant. — See Protu- 
b'erate'.] 'Swelliug; prominent. 

Pro-tu'ber-ate, v. n. [Jj. protuberare, protuberatnm ; 
pro-, forward, and tuber, a swelling.] [pp. protu- 
berating, protuberated.] To bulge out; to swell. 

Proud, a. [A.-S. prut, Icel. prudr, proud ; Dan. 
prud, stately.] Possessing pride; elated; arro- 
gant; haughty; grand; lofty; ostentatious. 

Proud' ly, ad. In a proud manner ; arrogantly. 

Prov'a-ble, a. That may be proved. 

Prove, '•. «. [Ft. prouvtr, h. probare, to test : pro- 
bus, good.] [t. proved; ]>p. proving, proved, 
sometimes proven.] To evince; to demonstrate ; 
to verify : — to test; to try; to endure: to expe- 
rience. — 2, v. n. To make trial; to succeed ; to 
turn out to be. 

Pro-ven'cal (or prS-vSn-aal), a. [L. provincia, a 
province'; a name given especially to a province 
in Gaul, afterward called Provence.] Pertain- 
ing to Provence or its language.— 2, u. The lan- 
guage employed in Provence, and much used iu 
the Middle Ages tor poetical purposes. 

Prov'en-der, n. [Fr. provende, provisions, — for- 
merly, also a prebend (q. v.); L. pruebenda, an 
allowance, a payment.] Food for beasts; hay, 
forage, corn, &C. 

Prov'erb, n. [L. proverbiuan ; p>ro-, out, common, 
and verbum, a word.] A short sentence often 
repeated; a maxim ; a by-word; an adage. 

Pro-ver'bi-al, a. [L. proverbial is.) Mentioned in, 
relating' to, or like, a proverb; widely current; 
universally spoken of. 

Pro-ver'bi-al-ism, n. A proverbial phrase. 

Pro-ver'bi-al-ly, ad. Iu a proverbial manner. 

Pro-vide', v. a. [L. providere, provisum : pro-, he- 
forehand, and videre, to see.] [pp. providing, 
provided.] To procure beforehand; to make 
ready ; to prepare ; to furnish ; to supply. 

Pro-vid'ed, conj. On condition that. 

Prov'i-dgnce, 1/. [L. providentia.— See Provide.] 
The' divine superintendence aud care; the Di- 
vine Being : — an event directly caused by divine 
power: — timely care; foresight; prudence. 

Prov'i-dent, o. [L. providens.— See Provide.] 
Forecasting; prudent. 

Prov-i-den'tial (-shal), a. Effected by providence. 
Prov-i-den'tial-ly, 'ad. By providence. 
Prov'i-dent-ly, ad. In a provident manner. 
Pro-vid'er, n. ' Oue who provides or procures. 
Prov'ince, n. [L. provincia.] A subject country ; 

a district ; a region : — office. 
Pro-vin'cial (pro-vin'sha.1), «. [L. provincialis.] 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — (?. 9> 9i §, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 

27* 



PROVINCIALISM 



438 



PSYCHOMANCY 



Relating to a province : — imbued with local 
views and prejudices; narrow-minded ; illiberal. 
— 2, u. One belonging to a province : — an eccle- 
siastical cbief governor : — one imbued with local 
spirit and prejudices; a person of narrow views. 

Pro-vin'cial-ism (-shal-Izm), n. A provincial word 
or idiom : — narrowness of spirit or sympathies. 

Pro-vm-ci-al'i-ty. (pro-vin-she-aFe-te), n. A pro- 
vincial peculiarity. 

Pro-vi"§ion (pro-vlzh'un), n. [L. provisio. — See 
Provide'.] The act of providing ; preparation ; 
store ; stock : — victuals ; food : — a stipulation. — 
2, v. a. [pp. provisioning, provisioned.] To 
supply with provisions. 

Pro-vi"sion-al, a. Temporarily established. 

Pro-vi"sion-al-ly, ad. Temporarily. 

Pro-vi"§ion-a-ry, a. Temporary; provisional. 

Pro-vi'so, n. ; pi. Pro-vI's5§. [Law L. proviso 
quod, it being provided that. — See Provide.] A 
conditional provision or stipulation ; a caution. 

Pro-vi'§o-ri-ly, ad. In a provisory manner ; pro- 
visionally ; conditionally ; temporarily. 

Pro-vi'§o-ry, a. Conditional ; having a proviso. 

Prov-o-ca/tion, n. [L. provocatio.] The act of 
provoking ; irritation ; a cause of anger : — stim- 
ulus ; incitement. 

Pro-vo' ca-tlve [pro-vok'a-tiv, Sin. G], o. [L. pro- 
vocativus.] Stimulating; inciting; provoking. — 
2, n. A stimulant; any thing which provokes 
or excites appetite. 

Pro-voke', r. a. [L. provocare, to challenge ; pro-, 
forth, and vocare, to call.] [pp. provoking, pro- 
voked.] To rouse ; to incite ; to awake : — to en- 
rage ; to incense ; to offeud ; to irritate. 

Pro-vok'er, n. One who provokes; an iuciter. 

Pro-vok'ing, p. a. That provokes; irriiating. 

Prov'ost, n. [Fr. privot, 0. Fr. prevost, L. prse- 
positus, a prefect ; prse, before, and pnnere, to 
place.] The chief of any body, as a college. 

Prov'ost (or pro-vo'), n. A provost-marshal. 

Prov'ost-mar'shal (or pro-vo'-), n. A military 
or naval officer who preserves discipline. 

Prov'ost-ship, n. The office of a provost. 

Prb-fr'(or pro), n. [Fr. proue; Sp. & Port, proa; 
L. prora ; Gr. rrpaJpa ; Trpo, irpoii, before.] The 
head or fore part of a ship. 

Process, n. [Fr. prouesse ; preux, 0. Fr. pron, 
brave. Prouesse sometimes represents L. probi- 
tas, goodness, by a confusion of terms, but his- 
torically it comes from L. prodesse, to be of ad- 
vantage ; pro, for, and esse, to be.] Bravery, 
particularly military bravery ; valor; courage. 

Prowl, r. u. [0. E. proll, perhaps for progle, fre- 
quentative of prog, to beg, to go begging for 
food.] [pp. prowling, prowled.] To rove about; 
to wander for prey ; to prey. — 2, n. A ramble 
for plunder. 

Provvl'er, n. One that roves about for prey. 

Prox'i-mal, a. Nearest; next to the body or to 
the centre. 

Prox'i-mate, a. [L. proximare, proximalnm, to 
approach; proximus, nearest.] Next; nearest; 
immediate. 

Prox'i-mate-ly, ad. Immediately ; next. 

Prox-im'i-ty, ». [Fr. proximili ; L. proximitas ; 
proxinnis, nearest ; prope, near.] Nearness ; ad- 
jacency. 

Prox'i-mo, a. & n. [L.] Next, or next month. 

Prox'y, n. [Late L. procuratia, management, pro- 
curatorship; Fr. procvratie. See Procurator.] 
Agency of another : — a substitute. 

Prude, «. [Fr. prude, prudish ; 0. Fr. prod, pron, 
good ; L. prodesse, to be of advantage ; pro, for, 
and esse, to be.] An over-modest female : — a 
woman who pretends to great modesty. 

Pru'dence, n. [L. prudentia, for providentia, fore- 
sight.] Quality of being prudent; ivisdom ap- 
plied to practice ; caution ; foresight. 

Pru'dent, a. [L. prudew, for jrrovidens, provident. 
—See Provide.] Practically wise; discreet; 
cautious; provident; careful; frugal. 



Pru-den'tial, a. Proceeding from prudence:— 
having superintendence or care. 

Pru-den'tial-ly, ad. According to prudence. 

Pru'dent-ly, ad. In a prudent manner. 

Prud'er-y, n. The quality or conduct of a prude ; 
affected reserve in conduct. 

Prud'ish, a. Affectedly precise, shy, or grave. 

Prune, v. a. [Fr. procigxer, to layer, — locally, 
preugner; from provin, L. propago, a cutting, a 
layer : in English the word wa> very early con- 
fused with Preen.] [pp. pruning, pruned'.] To 
lop or cut off; to trim.— 2, v. it. [See Preen.] 
To dress for show ; to prink. — 3, n. [Fr. prune, 
pruneau; L. prunum ; Gr. irpovvov or -npovp.vov.\ 
A plum ; a dried plum. 

Pru-nel'lo, ». [Fr. prunelle, a sloe; a dim. of 
prune.] A kind of woollen or mixed stuff: — a 
small sour prune. 

Prun'er, n. One who primes or crops trees. 

Prun'ing, n. The act of trimming; a cropping. 

Pru'ri-ence, n. An itching desire. 

Pru'ri-ent, a. [L. prurire, prurientis, to itch.] 
Itching ; uneasy with desire. 

Pru-rl'go, n. [L.] {Med.) An itching of the 
skin with an eruption of pimples. 

Prus'sian (prush'an or pru'shan), a. Eelating to 
Prussia. — 2, ». *A native of Prussia. 

Prus'sic, or Prus'sic, a. [So called because it was 
obtained from Prussian blue.] Noting a deadly 
acid ; hydrocyanic. 

Pry, n. [Probably in both senses identical with 
Prize, to raise by a lever; in the sense of to in- 
spect it may be related to Peer.] A large 
lever : — called also a prize :— a lifting by a lever. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. prying, pried.] To raise with a 
lever; to prize. — 3, v. n. To inspect officiously 
or curiously ; to search ; to gaze. 

Pry'ing-ly, ad. With impertinent curiosity. 

Psalm (sam), n. [Gr. >|/aA/x6s, a touching, — hence, 
a harp-note, a song; xjjdWeiv, to touch, to 
twitch, to harp.] A holy song; a sacred hymn. 

Psal'mist (sal'mist or sam'ist), n. [Gr. i/zaA/auTTij?.] 
A writer of psalms. 

Psal'mo-dlst (sal'mo-dlst), «. A singer of psalms. 

Psal'mo-dy (sal'mo-de) [sam'o-de, Wb. J/.]^ n. 
[Gr. \jja\ixw8ia; \{ja\fx6<;, a harp-tune, and oJfirj, 
a song. — See Ode.] The act, practice, or art of 
singing psalms; psalms collectively. 

Psal'ter (sawl'ter) [sal'ter, Sin.], v. [L. psalterium, 
a psa'ltery, a psalm-book.] The book of Psalms. 

Psal'ter-y. (sawl'ter-e), ». [Gr. vJ/aATJjpioy ; 
Trip, a harper ; i/<aAAeiv, to harp.] 
A kind of harp. 

Pseu'do (su'do). [Gr. i^evSo?, a false- 
hood ; v//ev8rjs, false : akin to v|/v- 
0os, a whisper, a lie.] A term 
which, being put before words, 
signifies false, or counterfeit. 

Pseu-do-mor'phous (sii-), a. [Pseudo 
and Gr. txopfyri, a form.] Having 
a false or assumed form ; not in the 
true or normal form. 

Pseu'do-nyme (sii'-), n. [Gr. i^euSwvv^to?, called 
by a false name; 6vop.a, bvvp.a, a name.] A 
false or assumed name. 

Pseu-do-nym'i-ty. (sii-), n. The act or practice of 
writing under an assumed or false name. 

Pshaw (shaw), interi. Expressing contempt. 

Pso'ra (so'ra), n. [Gr.] (Med.) The itch. 

Psy'chic, * ) a. [Gr. i//vx<.*os ; \fjvxv.^oi\], breath ; 

Psy'ehi-cal, j (//v^eiv, to blow.] Eelating to the 
soul or mind ; psychological. 

Psy-pho-lo£'ic, '• ) a. Relating to psychology or 

Psy-pho-lo|'|-cal, ) the soul. 

Psy-phol'o-£ist (si-), v. One versed in psychology. 

Psy-ehol'o-g-y. (si-kol'o-je), n. [Gr. \jjv X v, the soul, 
and Ao-yos, a discourse.] Doctrine of the soul or 
mind; mental philosophy ; metaphysics. 

Psy'pho-man-cy (si'-), ». [Gr. ^v X v, the soul, 
and /xavreia, divination.] Divination by con- 
sulting spirits or the souls of the dead. 




a. e, l, o, u. 



y, long; a, e, l, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



PTAKMIGAN 



439 



PULP 



Ptar'mi-gan (tar'-), n. [Gael, tarmichan.] The 
European white grouse. 

Pter-o-dac'tyl (ter-), n. [Gr. Trrepov, a wing, and 
Sa.KTv\og, a finger.] An extinct winged reptile. 

Pter-o-sau'ri-a (ter-), n. pi. [Gr. nrepou, a wing, 
and' o-avpos,' a lizard.] Winged reptiles: — a 
family of extinct saurians. 

Ptis-an' (tiz-zan' or tiz'an), n. [Fr. tisane; Gr. 
■ini.a-6.vr), "hulled barley, barley-water ; 7rri'cr<reiv, 
to peel.] A medicinal drink made of barley, &c. 

Ptol-e-ma'ic (tol-e-ma/ik), a. Belonging to Ptol- 
emy, the astronomer, or to his system. 

Pty'a-li§m (ti'a-lizm), n. [Gr. 7rTi>aAi.cr/x6? ; irTva- 
At'^etv, to spit freely ; nrvakov, spittle ; Trrveiv, 
to spit.] Salivation ; excessive spitting. 

Pu'ber-ty, n. [L. pubertas; pubes, hair.] The ripe 
age" of the sexes. 

Pu-bes'cence, n. [Fr.] The state of arriving at 
puberty : — the down of a plant. 

Pu-bes'cent, a. [L. jiubescere, pubescentis, to begin 
to be hairy ; pubes, hair.] Arriving at puberty ; 
hairy. 

Pub'lic, a. [L. publicue; 0. L. poblicus ; popidns, 
the people.] Belonging to a state or nation, or 
to the community ; not private ; common ; open ; 
notorious ; general : — open to general use. — 2, n. 
The body of a nation ; the people. 

Pub'li-can, w. [L. publicamis, belonging to the 
people," — also, a tax-gatherer.] A Roman officer 
who collected tribute ; a tax-gatherer: — a tavern- 
keeper. 

Pub-li-ca'tion, n. [L. publicatio ; pnblicare, Xo 
publish (rj.'v.).] The act of publishing : — a work 
printed and published :— a proclamation. 

Pub'li-cist, w. A writer on the laws of nations or 
on public affairs. [public. 

Pub-Hc'i-ty., n. [Fr. pnblicite.] State of being 

Pub'lic-iy, ad. In a public manner; openly. 

Pub'lic-spir'it-ed, a. Disposed to advance the 
interests of the public. 

Pfib'lish, v. a. [Fr. publier ; L. pnblicare, to make 
public (q. v.).] [pp. publishing, published.] To 
make publicly known ; to declare; to make pub-, 
lie; to divulge: to disclose; to proclaim; to ad- 
vertise ; to announce; to put forth. 

Pub'lish-er, n. One who publishes. 

Pub'lish-ment, n. The act of publishing: — a 
public notice of intended marriage. 

Puce, a. [Fr. puce, a flea, — also, flea-colored ; L. 
pidex, Gr. \jjv\Xa, a flea.] Of a dark brown or 
flea color. 

Puck, n. [Irish puca, Welsh picca, Cornish bucca, 
Fris. puk, a goblin : akin to Bogle and Spook.] 
A sort of hobgoblin, fairy, or sprite. 

Puek'er. v. a. & v. n. [Related to Poke, a pocket.] 
[pp. "puckering, puckered.] To gather into folds; 
to wrinkle. — 2, n. A small fold; a wrinkle. 

Puck'ish, a. Resembling Puck; mischievous; 
tricksy. 

Pud'ding, n. [Cf. Low Ger. pudde-wurst, a black- 
pudding; Ger. pudding, a pudding; puddig, 
thick; Irish putog, a pudding; Fr. boudin, a 
black-pudding; L. botuhts, a sausage.] A kind 
of food variously compounded of flour, milk, 
eggs, fruit, <fcc. 

Piid'ding-stone, n. Conglomerate stone. 

Pfid'die. n. [A dim. of Pool ; Welsh, pwdel, podel; 
Low Ger. pudel.] A small, muddy pool; a plash. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. puddling, puddled.] To make 
muddy or foul ; to mix with dirt, clay, or sand : 
— to fill or stop up : — [Ger. pultel: related to Put 
in tht, sense of to thrust] to convert into wrought 
iron. — 3, v. n. To make x dirty stir. 

Pud'dling, n. The process of converting pig iron 
into wrought iron : — the clay with which canal- 
bottoms are lined. 

Piid'dljr, «. Muddy ; dirty ; miry. 

Pud'fy.,' a. Fat and short. 

Pu-dic i-tjr, n. [L. pudicitia ; pudere, to be 
ashamed; pudor, modesty, shame.] Modesty; 
chastity. 



Pu-g'blo (or pweb'lo), . n. [Sp. for "town" or 
"people."] In Spain and Spanish America, a 
town or village. 

PG'e-rile, a. [L. puerilis; puer, a boy.] Childish; 
boyish; juvenile. [boyishness. 

Pu-e-ril'i-tx. n. [Fr. puerilile.] Childishness; 

Pu-er'pe-ral, a. [L. puerpera, child-bearing ; puer, 
a boy,'an"d parare, to bear.] Relating to, or hap- 
pening after, childbirth; as, the puerperal fever. 

Puff, «. [Imitative : found in many languages.] 
A small blast of wind: — any thing light and 
porous :— a ball filled with dust : — [Fr. pouf] ex- 
aggerated praise. — 2, v. n. [pp. puffing, puffed.] 
To swell with wind ; to blow : — to breathe thick 
and hard ; to pant. — 3, v. a. To inflate ; to swell ; 
to blow up with pride : — to praise extravagantly. 

Puff-ball, n. A dried fungus which emits a cloud 
of spores. [travagant praise. 

Pu£fe-rx, n. [Fr. poufferie ; pouffer, to puff.] Ex- 
Puffin, n. [Probably named from its puffy ami 
swollen form.] A water-fowl ; a fish : — a fungus. 

Puf'fi-ness, "• State or quality of being puffy. 

Puf'fj, a. Windy; flatulent; tumid; turgid. 

Pug, n. [Perhaps, from Puck.] A fondled dog or 
monkey. 

Pug'-dog, n. A small pet dog; a lapdog. 

Pug'g-er-y, n. The same as Pvguf.e. 

Pugh (poll), iuterj. Noting contempt ; poh. 

Pu gil, ». [L. pugillus, a fist-full. — Cf. pugnus, Gr. 
irvyvr], a fist.] A small handful ; a large pinch. 

Pu'fil-i§m, n. The art or practice of boxing or 
fighting with the fist ; boxing. 

Pu'gil-ist, ». [Fr. pugiliste; L. pugil, a boxer.] 
A fighter with the fist; a boxer. 

Pu-gil-ist'ic, a. Relating to pugilism. 

Pug' -mill, n. A mill for mixing clay. 

Pug-na'cious (-nfi'shus), a. [L. jiugnax, pugnacis, 
quarrelsome ; pugnare, to fight ; pugnus, the fist.] 
Inclined to fight; fighting; contentious; quar- 
relsome, [pugnacious. 

Pug-nac'i-tj;. n. [L. puguacitas.] Quality of being 

Pug'ree, i(. [Hind, pagri.] A kind of turban : — .t 
white cloth worn on men's hats in warm coun- 
tries : — written sometimes puggerg. 

Puis'ne (pu'ne), «. [Fr. — See Puny.] Younger; 
inferior; small; petty; puny. 

Pu'is-sance, n. [Fr.] Power: strength ; force. 

Pu'is-sant, a. [It. puissant; It. possente; L. posse, 
to' be able.] Powerful; strong; forcible. 

Puke, //. [Ger. spucken, to spit.— See Spew.] A 
vomit: — a medicine causing vomit. — 2, v. u. & v. a. 
[pp. puking, puked.] To spew ; to vomit. 

Piil'chri-tude, n. [L. pulchritudo; pulcher, beau- 
tiful.]" Beauty; comeliness. 

Pule, v. n. [Bt. piauler; It. pigdlare. — Cf. L. pi- 
pUare, to chirp.] [pp. puling, puled.] To cry; 
to whine; to whimper. 

Pull, v. a. [A.-S. puUian; Low Ger. pnlen.—Cf. L. 
pellere, to drive.] [pp. pulling, pulled.] To 
draw forcibly ; to pluck.— 2, u. The act of pull- 
ing; a contest; a pluck. 

Pull' back, n. That which keeps back. 

Pul'let, n. [Fr. poulet, a chicken ; poule, Late L. 
pulla, a hen; Ii. pidlus, a young animal.] A 
young hen. 

Pul'ley, ». [Fr. poulie; perhaps related to Pull, 
or to Fr. poulain, Late L. pulla- — 
jims, a colt, — also a pulley-rope, 
a slide; L. pidlus, a young ani- 
mal.— Cf. Sp. polea, It. puleggia, 
a pulley.] A small wheel turn- 
ing on a pivot. 

Pul'mo-na-rx, ) a. [L. pulmona- 

Pul-mon'ic, )rius; pulmo, pul- 
monis, a lung. — Cf. Gr. Trvevpnav, 
nXevixiov, a lung; nveeiv, to Il ™ g '°' 

breathe.] Belonging to the lungs ; affecting the 
lungs. 

Pulp, n. [Fr. pnlpe ; L. pulpa.] Any soft mass ; 
the soft part of fruit. — 2, v. a. [pp. pulping, 
pulped.] To make into pulp : — to deprive of pulp. 



mien, sir; move, nor, s6n; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, 9, s, £, soft; p, J3, c, §, hard; § as z; 5 as gz; this. 



PULPIT 



440 



PURCHASABLE 



Piil'pit, n. [L. pulpitum, a stage or platform.] An 
elevated structure to speak in. 

Pulp'x, a. Consisting of or resembling pulp ; 
pappy ; soft. 

Pulque (ptil'ka), n. [Sp. ; of Mexican origin.] 
A Mexican beverage. 

Pul'sate, v. n. [L. pulsare, pulsatum, to throb; 
pellere, pulsum, to drive.] [pp. pulsating, pul- 
sated.] To beat, as an artery ; to throb. 

Pul'sa-tile, a. That may be struck; beating. 

Pul-sa'tion, n. [L. pulsutio.] The act of beating ; 
a throbbing. 

Pul'sa-to-ry, «. Beating like the pulse. 

Pulse, n. [L. pulsus, a beating ; pellere, pulsum, to 
drive.] The motion of an artery as the blood 
is driven through it : — [L. puis, pottage. — See 
Poultice] leguminous plants. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
pulsing, pulsed.] To throb or beat. 

Pul'ver-i-za-ble, or Pul'ver-a-ble, a. That may 
be pulverized. 

Pul-ver-i-za'tion, n. The act of pulverizing. 

Pul'ver-Ize, v. a. [Fr. pulveriser ; L. pulverizare or 
pulverare; pulvis, pulveris, dust.] [pp. pulver- 
izing, pulverized.] To reduce to powder. 

Pul'ver-x-zer, n. One who pulverizes. 

Pul-ver'u-lence, n. Dustiness ; powder. 

Pul-ver'u-lent, a. [L. pulverulentus ; pulvis, pul- 
veris, dust.] Dusty; powdery. 

Pu'ma, n. [Peruvian.] A rapacious animal of the 
cat family. 

Pu'mice, or Pum'ice, n. [L. pumex, pumicis. — Cf. 
spuma, foam.] A kind of volcanic scoria ; a light 
and porous or spongy mineral substance. 

Pu-mi"ceous (pii-mish'us), a. [L. pumiceus.] Like 
pumice. 

Pum'mel, n. & v. See Pommel. 

Pump, ii. [Pr. pompe; Dut. pomp; Dan. pompe , • 
Ger. pumpe and plumpe: akin, through the Ger., 
to Plunge.] An engine for drawing water : — 
[from Pomp, in the sense of ornament] a shoe. 
— 2, v. n. [pp. pumping, pumped.] To throw 
out water by a pump. — 3, v. a. To raise or throw 
out with a pump : — to draw out or elicit by art- 
ful questions. 

Pump'kin, n. [E. pompion; 0. Fr. pompon; L. 
pepo, peponis ; Gr. nenoiv, a melon.] A plant 
and its fruit; a pompion. 

Pun, k. [Local E. pun, to strike ; A.-S. punian, to 
punish.] An expression in which a word has 
different meanings and suggests a ludicrous 
idea ; a play upon words ; a witticism ; a quib- 
ble. — 2, v. n. [pp. punning, punned.] To make 
puns ; to quibble. 

Punch, v. a. [L. pungere, punclum, to prick. — See 
Puncheon.] [pp. punching, punched.] To bore 
or perforate; [a form of Punish] to push: — to 
strike hard. — 2, n. A pointed instrument ; a 
borer : — a blow or push : — [Hindi panch, five ; 
from its five ingredients] a liquor made of spirit, 
water, sugar, spice, and lemons : — [from Punchi- 
nello] a buffoon ; a harlequin : — [probably from 
Puncheon, a cask] a stout horse. 

Funch'-bowl, w. A bowl to hold punch. 

Punch'eon (punch'un), n. [Fr. poincon, Sp. pun- 
zon, a bodkin ; L. punctio, a pricking. — See Punch 
and Point.] A tool : — [Fr. poinfon ; Sp. ponzon ; 
perhaps because its capacity was marked on it 
with a punch] a large cask ; a plank made by 
splitting a log. 

Pun-chi-nel'lo, n. [It. pulcinella, a clown ; pul- 
cino, a chicken ; L. pullus, a young animal. — See 
Pullet.] A buffoon ; a punch. 

Punc'tat-ed, a. [L. punclum, a point.] Drawn 
into a point : — dotted. 

Punc-til'io (pungk-til'yo), n. [It. punliglio, Sp. 
■punlillo, a point of honor, a nice point of eti- 
quette ; punto, L. punctum, a point.] A small 
nicety of behavior ; a nice point ot ceremony. 

Punc-til'ious (pungk-til'yus), a. Exact in ob- 
servance of rules or in conduct; very punctual ; 
very precise ; nice ; exact. 



Punc-tll'ious-ly. (pungk-tll'yus-le), ad. In 
punctilious manner; exactly." 

Punc-til'ious-ness, n. Exactness; nicety. 

PQnct'u-al (pungkt'yu-al), a. [Fr. pnnctael I; Late 
L. punctualis; punclum, a point.] Done, or ar- 
riving, at the precise time ; exact ; nice ; prompt ; 
punctilious. 

Punct-u-al'i-ty, n. Quality of being punctual. 

Punct'u-al-ly, ad. In a punctual manner. 

Punct'u-ate (pungkt'yu-at), v. a. [Late L. punc- 
tuare, punctuutum, to point off, to limit; L. punc- 
tual, a point.] [pp. punctuating, punctuated.] 
To distinguish by pointing. 

Punct-u-a'tion, n. Act or method of pointing. 

Punct'ure (pungkt'yur), n. [L. punclura; pun- 
gere, to prick.] A small prick; a small, sharp 
point : — a little hole. — 2, v. a. [pp. puncturing, 
punctured.] To pierce. 

Pun'dit, n. [Skr. pandiia, learned; pand, to heap 
up.] (India.) A learned Brahman. 

Pung, n. [Origin unknown. — See Pungy.] A rude 
sort of sleigh. 

Pun'£en-cy, n. Quality of being pungent ; sharp- 
ness; acridness; keenness; poignancy. 

Pun'|-ent, a. [L. pungere, pungentis, to prick.] 
Pricking; sharp; acrid; puignant. 

Piin'£ent-ly., ad. In a pungent manner. 

Pung'y, n. [Origin unknown. — Cf. West Indian 
bongo, a canoe.] A boat or shallop with sails. 

Pu'nic, a. [L. punicus or voznicus ; Pcenus, a Car- 
thaginian, a Phoenician.] Relating to the Car- 
thaginians : — treacherous ; as, Punic faith. 

Pu'ni-ness, n. State of being puny. 

Pun'ish, v. a. [Fr. punir, part, puuissant ; L. pu- 
nire, punitum, to punish ; poena, a penalty.] [pp. 
punishing, punished.] To afflict with pain for a 
crime or fault ; to chastise ; to correct ; to avenge. 

Pun'ish-a-ble, a. That may be punished. 

Pun'ish-ment, n. Pain inflicted for a crime; 
penalty ; correction ; chastisement. 

Pii'ni-tive, a. Inflicting punishment ; penal. 

Punk (pungk), n. [For spunk, tinder, rotten wood.] 
A common prostitute ; a strumpet : — a fungus : — 
rotten wood ; touchwood. 

Pun'kah, n. [Hindi pauhhd, a fan, a wing.] A 
large fan. 

Pun'ster, n. One given to punning; a wit. 

Punt, n. [A.-S. mint, L. ponto, a kind of boat or 
pontoon (q. v.).] A flat-bottomed boat. 

Pu'ny, a. [Fr. puine, 0. Fr. puisne, younger, — 
hence, inferior ; from L. post natus, born later.] 
Petty; inferior; of an under rate. — 2, n. A 
young, inexperienced person. 

Pup. n. [See Puppy.] A whelp; a young dog; 
a puppy.— 2, v. n. [pp. pupping, pupped.] To 
bring forth whelps or puppies. 

Pii'pa, n. ; pi. Pu'pae. [L. pupa, a girl, a doll ; 
piqms, a boy : akin topue?-, a boy.] Chrysalis. 

Pu'pil, n. [L. pupillus, a ward, an orphan; dim. 
of pupus, a boy.] One under the care of a 
tutor; a scholar; a student : — [L,pi])H!aandpn- 
pilla, the pupil; diminutives of pupa, a girl; from 
the reflection of the face seen in it] the apple of 
the eye ; the opening in the iris. 

Pu'pil-a£e, n. State ot a pupil ; wardship. 

Pu'pil-ia-ry, a. Pertaining to a pupil. 

Pup' pet.' n. ' [Fr. poupee, 0. Fr. poupette, a doll ; 
L. pupa, a girl, a doll.] A small image moved 
by wire. 

Piip'py, n. [Fr. poupee, a puppet (q. v.).] A young 
dog ;'a whelp; a pup: — [Fr. poupin, a fop: akin 
to the above] a fop; a conceited young fellow. 

Pup'py-ism, n. Extreme affectation ; conceit. 

Piir, or Purr, n. [Imitative.] A gentle noise made 
by a cat.— 2, ». n. [ pp. purring, purred.] To 
murmur as a oat. — 3, v. a. To signify by purring. 

Pur'blind, a. [In its old sense of entirely blind it 
came from Pure, entirely, and Blind; later it 
seems to have been affected in meaning by the 
verb to Pore.] Near-sighted ; short-sighted. 

Pur'chas-a-ble, a. That may be purchased. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



o 



PUECHASE 



441 



PUSTULE 



Fur' chase, v. a. [Fr. ponrchasser, to seek eagerly ; 

four, for, and chasser, to follow, to chase (</. v.).] 
pp. purchasing, purchased.] To buy for a price ; 
to get. — 2, ». [Fr. pourchasse, a pursuit.] Act of 
buying; any thing bought; a bargain : — a me- 
chanical advantage. 

Piir'chas-er, n. One who purchases. 

Pure, a. [Fr. pur, fern, pure; L. purus.] Clear; 
unmingled ; unmixed; genuine; real; true; 
honest; guiltless; innocent; chaste. 

Puree (pu-ra), a. [Fr.] A pulpy maceration of 
roasted meats and of vegetables or fruits. 

Piire'ly, ad. In a pure manner ; clearly. 

Pur'ne'(piir'fl), n. [0. Fr. pourfiler, to decorate; 
pour (L. pro), before, and fil (L*. filum), a thread.] 
A border of embroidery. — 2, v. a. [pp. purtling, 
purfled.] To decorate richly. 

Piir'fling, n. An ornamental border. 

Pur-ga'tion, n. [L. purgaHo.— See Purge.] Act 
of cleansing or purging. 

Pur'ga-tive, a. [L. purgativm.'] Cathartic; purg- 
ing.— 2, n. A cathartic medicine. 

Piir-ga-to'ri-al, a. Relating to purgatory. 

Piir'ga-to-ry, n. [L. purgatorius, purging; Fr. 
purg'atolre.] A place in which, according to 
one opinion, souls are, by punishment, purged 
from impurities. — 2, a. Cleansing ; expiatory. 

Purge, v. a. [L. pwgare, purgatwm; purus, pure, 
and agere, to make, to drive.] [pp. purging, 
purged.] To cleanse; to clear; to purify. — 
2, v. n. To become cleansed or purified. — 3, n. 
A cathartic medicine : — a cleansing. 

Purging, w. Purgation; diarrhoea. 

Pu-ri-'fi-ca'tion, ». [L. purine alio.] Act of puri- 
fying; state of being purified ; a cleansing. 

Pu-rif'i-ca-to-ry, a. Cleansing; purifying. 

Pu'ri-fi-er, >i. One who purifies; a cleanser. 

Pu'ri-fy, t\ a. [Fr. purifier; L. purificare; purus, 
pure, and facere, to make.] [pp. purifying, 
purified.] To make pure; to cleanse. 

Pu'ri-fy-ing, n. The act of making clean. 

Pii'rim, n. [Heb. pur, pi. purim, lots; but proba- 
bly in this use a corruption of Per. furdigan, the 
name of a festival.] The Jewish feast of lots. 

Pu'ri§m, h. [Fr. pwrUrme.] Xiceness in the use 
of words. [of words. 

Pu'rist, n. [Fr. purisle.] One over-nice in the use 

Pii-ris'tic, \ a. Of or belonging to, or charac- 

Pu-ris'ti-cal, / teristic of, a purist. 

Pu'ri-tan, n. [L. pur'das, purity.] An advocate 
for purity of religion : — one of a class of English 
Dissenters.— 2, a. Belonging to the Puritans. 

Pu-ri-tan'ic, \a. Relating to the Puritans; 

Pu-ri-tan'i-cal, J rigid ; strict, 

Pii-ri-tan'i-cal-ly, 'id. Strictly ; precisely. 

Pu'ri-tan-ism, u. The notions of the Puritans. 

Pu'ri-ty, n. [L.puritaa; Fr. purete. — See Pure.] 
State of being pure; genuineness; cleanness; 
innocence; chastity. 

Purl, n. [Sw. porta, to bubble : imitative.] A 
gentle flow: — [Fr. perle, beady, sparkling] a 
malt liquor : — [shortened from Purfle] an em- 
broidered or puckered border. — 2, v. >/. [pp. 
purling, purled.] To murmur; to flow gently. 

PUr'lieu, r. \\ corruption of 0. Fr. pouralUe, 
puralte, demarcation of land; L. perambulatio, a 
going about. — See Perambulate.] Border; en- 
closure ; district ; environs. 

Piir'lin, n. [Fr. pour, for, and ligne, a line.] An 
inside brace to a rafter. 

Purl'ing, n. The gentle noise of a stream. 

Pur-loin', r. a. [0. Fr. purloignier, to prolong 
(i/. v.), to delay, to set to one side.] [pp. pur- 
loining, purloined.] To steal; to take by theft. 

Piir'ple, a. [Fr. pourpre, L. purpura, Gr. irop4>v- 
peos, purple; nop<f>vpa, a shell-fish yielding pur- 
ple dye ; nop^vpeiv, to grow dark.] Red tinct- 
ured with blue. — 2, n. Purple color ; a purple 
dress. — 3, v. a. [pp. purpling, purpled.] To color 
with purple. 

Piir'plish, a. Somewhat purple ; like purple, 



Piir'port, n. [0. Fr. purport, pourport.] Design; 
meaning ; tendency.— 2, v. a. [0. Fr, pourparler, 
to inform ; pour, for, and porter, to carry.] [pp. 
purporting, purported.] To intend ; to signify ; 
to import. 

Purpose, n. [0. Fr. pourpos, Fr. propos, drift, 
intention ; L. proposition, a design. — See Pro- 
pose.] Intention; design; object; aim. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. purposing, purposed.] To have intention 
or design. — 3, v. a. To intend; to design; to 
resolve. [effect. 

Pur'pose-less, a. Having no purpose ; having no 

Piir'pose-ly, ad. By design ; by intention. 

Purr, n. The noise of a cat. See Pur. 

Purse, n. [Fr. bourse, Late L. bursa, a purse, a 
treasury; Gr. /Sv'po-?}, a skin.] A small bag for 
money : — a sum. — 2, v. a. [pp. pursing, pursed.] 
To put into a purse : — to contract. 

Furse'-prbud, a. Purled up with riches. 

Purs'er, n. The paymaster of a ship. 

Piir'si'-ness, ». Quality of being pursy, 

Purs'iane, n. [It. porceUana ; L. porcUaca, portu- 
laca.} A common succulent weed. 

Pur-su'ance, n. A prosecution ; a process. 

Pur-su'ant, a. [Pres. part, of 0. Fr. pursuir; Fr. 
poursu'icant, following.] In consequence ; conse- 
quent. 

Pur-sue' (pur-sii'), v. a. [0. Fr. pursuir, poursuir; 
Fr. poursuivre; L. prosequi, to follow. — See Pros- 
ecute.] [pp. pursuing, pursued.] To chase; to 
follow.— 2, v. n. To go on ; to proceed. 

Pur-su'er, u. One who pursues or follows. 

Pur-suit', </. [Fr. pourmite.] The act of pursu- 
ing ; a following ; a chase ; prosecution ; employ- 
ment ; occupation. 

Pur'sui-vant (pur'swe-vant), n. [Fr. pou 

a messenger, a suitor. — See PURSUANT.] A mes- 
senger; a junior herald. 

Pur'sy, a. [Fr. poiuaf, 0. Fr. poureif, wheezy, 
panting; Fr. potumer, to push Q. v.), to pant, to 
wheeze.] Fat and short-breatlu -d. 

PG'ru-lence, In. [L. Pus, or the 

Pu'ru-len-cy, j generation of pus, or matter. 

Pu'ru-lent. a. [L. pundento -, corrup- 

tion. — See Pvs.] Consisting of pus. 

Pur-vey' (pur-v.V), v. a. [Fr. pourvoir, L. provi- 
dere, to provide (q. v.).] [pp. purveying, pur- 
veyed.] To provide; to procure. — 2, v. n. To 
buy provisions. 

Pur-vey'ance (pur-va'ans\ n. Tlie act of purvey- 
ing or providing: procurement : — provisions. 

Pur-vey'or (pur-va'ur), n. [Fr. pourvoyeur.] One 
who purveys. 

Piir'view (pur'vul. n. [Fr. pourvu, provided; 
pourcoir, to provide, to afford, to furnish. — See 
Purvey.] Sphere: limit; scope. 

Pus, n. [L. pus, puris; Gr. irvov; Skr.puya: akin 
to Putrid.] Purulent matter of a sore. 

Push, d. a. [Fr. pousser, to push; L. pulsare, to 
beat; pellere, puisum, to drive.] [pp. pushing, 
pushed.] To thrust ; to press on ; to urge. — 
2, v. ». To make a thrust ; to burst out. — 3, n. 
A thrust ; an impulse : — assault. 

Push'ing, a. Enterprising ; vigorous. 

Pu-sil-la-mm'i-ty, n. [L. pusiilanimitas.] Cow- 
ardice; timidity. 

Pu-sil-lan'i-mous, a. [L. pusillammis; pusiUus, 
weak, very small, and animus, mind, spirit.] 
Cowardly ; timid. 

Pu-sil-lan'i-mous-ly, ad. Cowardly. 

Puss, n. [Celtic pus, Low Ger. puns, Dut. poes, 
Lith. puz, Afghan (local) pushn, Tamil pusei, a 
cat.] A fondling term for a cat or a hare. 

Pus'sy, n. A fondling name for a cat ; puss. 

Pust'u-late, v. a. [L. pustvlare, pushdatum. — See 
Pustule.] [pp. pustulating, pustulated.] To 
form into pustules. 

PQst'ule (pust'yul or pus'tiil), v. [L. pustula, or 
pumila : akin to Pus, or perhaps to Gr. ^vcraAi'?, 
a blister ; (pvcrdeiv, to blow.] A small swelling; 
a pimple ; an efflorescence. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, (?, 5, £, soft; p, £, e, |, hard; s as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



PUSTULOUS 



442 



QUADRATE 



Pust'u-lous, a. Full of pustules. 

Put [put or put, W.], v. a. [A.-S. potian, Gael. 
put, to thrust.] [i. put; _pp. putting, put.] To 
lay ; to place ; to reposit ; to apply : — to propose ; 
to state ; to offer : — to reduce. — 2, v. n. To ger- 
minate : — to steer a vessel. 

Pu'ta-tive, a. [L. putalivus; putare, to think.] 
Supposed ; reputed ; uot real. 

Put' -off, ii. An excuse; evasion; delay. 

Pu-tre-f ac'tion, n. [L. putrej 'actio. —See Putreet.] 
The'act of putrefying or growing rotten ; rotten- 
ness ; putridity. [acterized by putrefaction. 

Pu-tre-f ac'tive, a. Causing putrefaction : — char- 

Pu'tre-fy, v. a. & v. n. [L. putrefacere, to cause to 
rot ;' putrefieri, to rot; puter or putr is, rotten, and 
facere, to make.] [pp. putrefying, putrefied.] 
To make rotten : — to rot. 

Pu-tres'cence, n. State of rotting; rottenness. 

Pu-tres'cent, a. [L. putrescere, putrescents, incep- 
tive of pntrere, to be rotten.] Growing rotten ; 
becoming putrid. 

Pu-tres'ci-ble, a. That may putrefy. 

Pu'trid, a. [L. putridus ; also ptitris and puter, rot- 
ten.'— Cf. putere, Skr. puye, to stink.] Eotten ; 
corrupt ; putrescent. 

Pu-trid'i-ty, \n. State of being putrid; rotten- 

Pu'trid-ness, J ness. 

Put'ter, v. n. [See Pother.] [pp. puttering, put- 
tered.] To pother; to bother; to potter; to trifle 
or bustle about to no purpose. 

Put'tock, n. [Said to be from Local E. poult, a 
pullet (q. v.), and Hawk.] A hawk or kite. 

Put'ty, n. [Fr. potie, putty, potter's clay, a pot- 
ful :" probably in its former use it signified stuff 
for mending pots.] A kind of cement used by 
glaziers. 

Puz'zle (pfiz'zl), v. a. [0. E. opposable, a ques- 
tion ; from Appose or Oppose.] [pp. puzzling, 
puzzled.] To perplex; to confound. — 2, v. n. 
To be bewildered or awkward. — 3, n. Embar- 
rassment ; a riddle ; a toy ; something that per- 
plexes. 

Py-ae'mi-a, n. [Gr. trvov, pus, and alp.a, blood.] 
A diseased condition in which pus-globules are 
found in the blood. 

Py-aem'ic, ) a. Of or relating to, or characterized 

Py-em'ic, J by, pyaemia. 

Py'garg, /'• [Gr. 7rvyapyos ; irvyr/, the rump, and 
apyos, white.] A kind of antelope. 

Pyg-me'an, a. Like a pygmy ; dwarfish. 

Pyg'my, n. [Gr. irvyp.alo<;, — literally a man of the 
size of a fist; irvyp.ri, the fist.] A dwarf; any 
thing very little. — 2, «. Dwarfish; small. 

Py-lo'rus, ii. [L. ; Gr. irvXutpos, a gate-keeper; 
7ruArj, a gate, and ovpos, a keeper; opojuai, I 
guard.] The lower orifice of the stomach. 



Pyr'a-mid, n. [Gr. irvpap-is, irvpap-LSos. — Cf. 
Egyptian pir-em-us, the height of a building ; 
pi-ram, the high ; ram or aram, to be high.] A 
6olid figure standing on a regular base, and 
ending in a point at the top. 

Py-ram'i-dal, a. Formed like a pyramid. 

Pyr-a-mid'ic, "la. [Gr. 7rvpap.i8iKos.] Kelating 

Pyr-a-mid'i-cal, J to, or formed like, a pyramid. 

Pyre, m. [Gr. nvpd; vvp, fire.] A funeral pile; 
a pile to be burnt. 

Py-ret'ic, n. [Gr. nvperos, fever; irvp, fire.] Med- 
icine for fever. 

Pyr'ite, n. ; pi. Pyr'ites. [Gr. n-vpiTTj?, fire-stone, 
flint; nvp, fire.] (Min.) The fire-stone; a sul- 
phuret of iron or other metal. 

Py-ri'te§, n. [L.] (Mm.) A mineral composed of 
sulphur combined with iron, copper, nickel, or 
tin ; the fire-stone ; pyrite. 

Py-rit'ic, a. Eelating to pyrite or pyrites. 

Pyr'i-tous, a. Eelating to pyrite ; pyritic. 

Pyr-o-lig'ne-ous, ) «. [Gr. nvp, nvpos, fire, and 

Pyr-p-lig'nic, J L. lignum, wood.] Noting an 
acid obtained by distilling wood. 

Py.-rom'e-ter, v. [Gr. irvp, nvpos, fire, and p.e- 
rpov, a measure.] An instrument to measure 
great heat. 

Pyr'ope, n. [Gr. 7rvpco7ros, fiery-eyed; irvp, fire, 
and w\ft, the eye.] A fine red garnet. 

Pyr'o-scope, n. [Gr. irvp, fire, and a-Koirelv, to 
see'.] An instrument for measuring the intensity 
of radiating heat. 

Pyr-o-teph'nic, \ a. [Gr. -xvp, fire, and rexvt- 

Pyr-o-teph'ni-cal, J /cd?, technical. — See Pyko- 
techny.] Eelating to pyrotechnics or fireworks. 

Pyr-o-teph'nics, n. pi. Art of fireworks. 

Pyr-o-teph'nist, n. One skilled in pyrotechnics. 

Pyr'o-teph-ny [pi'ro-tek-ne, S. E. Ju. A'.], n. [Gr. 
irvp, fire, and rexv'ri, an art.] The art of making 
or managing fireworks ; pyrotechnics. 

Pyr'ox-ene, v. [Gr. irvp, fire, and |evos, a 
stranger : it seems to be distinct from the lava 
in which it often occurs.] (Min.) Augite; a 
mineral of many species. 

Pyr'rho-ni§m (pir'o-nizm), n. The doctrine of 
the philosopher Pyrrho ; scepticism. 

Py-thag-o-re'an, w. A follower of Pythagoras. — 
2, a. Eelating to Pythagoras. 

Py-thag'o-rism, n. The doctrine of Pythagoras. 

Py'thon, n. [Gr. TIv6iov, a great serpent fabled 
to have been slain by Apollo ; etymology doubt- 
ful.] A very large old-world serpent. 

Pyx, n. [L. pyxis, Gr. nv^iq, a box ; ttv|os, box- 
wood.] The box in which Eoman Catholics 
keep the host: — a box in which sample coins 
are kept. — 2, v. n. [pp. pyxing, pyxed.] To 
test, as coins, by weight and assay. 



Q. 



Qas an English consonant, is always followed 
j by u ; and nu is commonly pronounced like kw. 

Quack, v. n. [Imitative; Ger. quake n ; Dut. kiva- 
ken ; Dan. qritlke.] [pp. quacking, quacked.] 
To cry like a duck : — to boast. — 2, n. The cry of 
a duck : — [for quacksalver] a vain pretender to 
the science of medicine; an empiric. — 3, a. Pre- 
tending to cure diseases ; partaking of quackery : 
as, a quack medicine. 

Quack'er-y., n. False pretensions to a knowledge 
of physic ; practice of a quack. 

Guack'ish, a. Like a quack: trickish. 

Q,ua.ck'sal-ver, n. [Dut. kwakzalver, one who 
quacks, or 'vaunts, salves; a salve-pedler.] A 
quack doctor. 

Quad (kwod), n. [See Quadrate.] A quadrat : — a 
quadrangle : — a prison. 



I Quad-ra-ges'i-ma (kwod-ra-jes'e-ma), n. [L. for 
"fortieth;" quadraginta, forty.] The season of 
Lent, being forty clays : — first Sunday in Lent. 

Quad-ra-ges'i-mal (kwod-ra-jes'e-mai), a. Ee- 
lating to Lent; lenten. 

Quad'ran-gle (kwod'rang-gl), n. [L. guadrangu- 
lum; quatuor, four, and auaulus, an angle (q. v.).] 
A square :— a square court-yard. 

Quad-ran'gu-lar, a. Having four right angles. 

Quad'rant (kwod'rant), n. [L. quadrant, a fourth 
part ; 'quatuor, four.] A quarter :— a quarter of a 
circle ; an arc of ninety degrees : — an instrument 
with which altitudes are taken. 

Quad'rat (kwod'rat), n. [See Quadrate.] A 
square piece of metal used to fill up a space in 
printing. 

Quad'rate (kwod'rat), a. [L. quadrare, quadratum, 



a, e, I, 5, 5, y, long; a, e, i, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



QUADKATE 



443 



QTTAKEEL 



to square ; quadrus, square ; quatuor, four.] 
Square ; having four equal sides : — equal : — reg- 
ulated ; suited. — 2, n. A square; a quadrat. 

Quad'rate (kwod'rat), v. n. [pp. quadrating, 
quadrated.] To suit; to correspond; to be fitted 

Qua-drat'ic, a. Including a square. [to. 

Quad'ra-tiire (kwod'ra-tur), n. [L. quadraluru.] 
The act of squaring; a square. — Quadrature of a 
circle, a celebrated mathematical problem. 

Quad-ren'ni-al, a. [L- quadrentiis; quatuor, four, 
and annus, a year.] Happening every four years. 

Quad-ri-lat'er-al (kwod-re-lat'er-al), a. [L. qua- 
tuor, four, and latus, laleris, a side.] Having four 
sides ; four-sided. 

Qua-drille' (ka-diil') [kwa-dril', N. H. K.], n. 
[Fr. ; Sp. cua'drilla, a meeting of four persons ; 
cuadra, a square; L. quadra*, fourfold. — Cf. also 
It. quadriglia, 0. It. sguadriglia, a troop, a squad- 
ron (q. v.) of horse.] A game at cards : — a kind 
of dance. 

Quad-rill'ion (kwod-ril'yun), n. [Fr. ; L. quad- 
rus, fourfold, and Million : on type of billion.] 
[Bug.] The number expressed by .a unit and 
twenty-four ciphers annexed. — [Fr. & U. S.] The 
number expressed by a unit and fifteen ciphers. 

Qua-drip'ar-tlte, a. [L. quadripartire, quadripar- 
titum, to' divide into four parts ; quatuor, four, 
and parlirc, to part.] Having four parts. 

Quad'ri-reme (kwod're-rem), n. [L. quadrus, four- 
fold, and remus, an oar.] A galley with four 
banks of oars. 

Quad-roon' (kw6d-ron')> n. [Fr. quarteron; Sp. 
cuarteron; L. quantum, a quarter, a fourth part.] 
The offspring of a mulatto and a white person. 

Quad-ru'ma-na, n. pi. [Neo-Latin ; L. quadri- 
manus, four-handed; manus, a hand.] (Zuol.) 
Four-handed animals or mammals, as apes, &c. 

Quad-ru'ma-nous, «. Having four hands. 

Quad'ru-ped (kwod'ru-ped), n. [L. quadrupes, 
quadrupedis; quatuor, four, and pes, a foot.] A 
four-footed animal ; a mammal having four feet. 
— 2, a. Having four feet. [four feet. 

Quad-ru-pe'dal, or Quad-ru'pe-dal, a. Having 

Quad'rd-ple (kwGd'ru-pl), «. [L. quadruplus, four- 
fold: on type of double.] Fourfold. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. quadrupling, quadrupled.] To make four 
times as much or as many. 

Quad-ru'pli-cate, a. Four times repeated. 

Quad-ru'pli-cate, >'. a. [L. quadruplicare, quadru- 
pliccdum, to multiply by four; quadrus, fourfold, 
and plicnre, to fold.] [pp. quadruplicating, 
quadruplicated.] To double twice. 

Quad-ru-pli-ca'tion (kwdd-), n. [L. quadruplicaiio.] 
The act of quadruplicating; a fourfold quantity. 

Quaere (kwe're), v. [L. for "ask thou;" quserere, 
to ask.— See Query.] Inquire; search.— Often 
placed before something in doubt. 

Quaff, v. a. & v. n. [Cf. Scot, quaich, Gael, cuach, 
a cup; Scot, waught, waucht, to drink copiously.] 
[pp. quaffing, quaffed.] To drink; to swallow. 

Quag, n. [See Quake.] A quagmire. . 

Quag'ga, n. [Hottentot name; imitative of the 
animal's cry.] An African wild ass, allied to 
the zebra. 

Quag'gy, «. Boggy; soft; not solid. 

Quag'mire, n. [Quake and Mike.] A soft, yield- 
ing marsh or bog. [hock.] A kind of clam. 

QuS-haug' [kwa'hawg, Wb.],n. [Algonkin, _po2«a- 

Quail (kwal), n. [Fr. caille ; 

It. quaglia; 0. Dut. ^j^,. 
quackel, quakkel ; Ger. 
u-uchtel; Late L. quaqvUa: 
probably from its note.] 
A bird of game. — 2, v. n. 
[A.-S. cwelan, to die ; Dut. 
quelen, to pine : akin to 
Qualm.— Cf. Ger. qual, dis- 
tress.] [pp. quailing, 
quailed.] To lose spirit ; 
to languish.— 3, v. a. To 
crush; to quell ; to depress. Quail 




Quaint, a. [0. Fr. coint, neat, fine ; L. comptus, 
neat ; comere, to arrange : the 0. E. meaning of 
strange, curious, famous, excellent, shows the 
influence of L. coguitus, well known, It. conto, 
noted.] Having petty elegance or point; pretty; 
fine-spun; odd; affected; fantastic. 

Quaint'ly, ad. With petty elegance; oddly. 

Quaint' ness, n. Petty elegance ; oddness. 

Quake, v. n. [A.-S. awacian: akin to Quick.] [pp. 
quaking, quaked.] To shake with cold or fear ; 
to tremble; to shudder; to quiver. — 2, n. A 
shudder ; tremulous agitation. 

Quak'er, u. [So named in derision, because the 
founder of the society admonished the people to 
quake at the word of the Lord.] One who quakes : 
— one of the society of Friends ; a Friend. 

Quak'er-ism, n. The principles of Quakers. 

Quak'ing, u. Trepidation ; a trembling. 

Qual'i'-fi-a-ble (kwoTe-f I-a-bl), a. That may be 
qualified or modified. 

Qual-i-fi-ca'tion (kwol-e-fe-ka'shun), n. [Late L. 
qualificaiio.] The act of qualifying; fitness; ac- 
complishment. 

Qual'i-f led (kwol'e-f id), p. a. Having qualifica- 
tion'; fit : — modified ; limited ; partial. 

Qual'i-fi-er (kwol'e-fi-er), u. He who or that 
which modifies or qualifies. 

Qual'i-fy (kwol'e-fi), v. a. [Fr. qualifier; Late 
L. qualificare, to endue with a quality (o. v.). ; 
qualis, of what kind, and facere, to make.] [pp. 
qualifying, qualified.] To make capable ; to fit ; 
to abate ; to modify. 

Qual'i-ta-tive (kwol'-), a. Pertaining to quality ; 
estimable' by quality; determining the quality. 

Qual'i-ta-tive-ly (kwol'-), <«/. In a qualitative 
manner; in regard to quality. 

Qual'i-ty (kwol'e-te), n. [L. qnaUtas, kind, like- 
ness ; qualis, of what sort.] Inherent or essential 
nature; nature relatively considered; property; 
disposition ; temper ; character : — distinction ; 
fashion; rank: — persons of rank. 

Qualm (kwam or kwam), n. [Dan. gvalme, nausea, 
a qualm; qualm, suffocating air; Dut. kwatm, 
Ger. qualm, vapor; A.-S. cwealm, pestilence.] A 
sudden fit of sickness or seizure of sickly lan- 
guor; nausea. 

Qualm'ish (kwam'jsh), a. Afflicted with nausea; 
queasy : squeamish. 

Quan-da'ry (kwon-da're or kwon'da-re), n. [0. E. 
wandreth, Icel. vandrsedi, 0. Sw. wandrade, diffi- 
culty ; Icel. vandr, difficult; vinna, to toil.] A 
doubt; a difficulty. 

Quan'ti-ta-tive (kwon'-), a. That may be esti- 
mated by quantity ; determining the quantity. 

Quan'ti-ty. (kwon'te-te), ». [Fr. quaniitS; L. guan- 
tUas; quantus, how much.] That property of 
any thing that may be increased or diminished ; 
mass ; bulk ; weight ; a portion ; amount ; meas- 
ure; deal. — (Gram.) Tlie measure of a syllable, 
as long or short. — [Mus.) The relative duration 
of a note or a syllable. 

Quan-tiv'a-lence, n. [L. quantus, how much, and 
valentia, power.] (Chem?) Power of combining. 

Quan-tiv'a-lent (kwon-), a. [L. quantus, how 
much, and ralere, valentis, to be able.] Pertain- 
ing to quantivalence. 

Quan'tum (kwon'tum), n. [L. for "how much."] 
Quantity. 

Quar-an-tine' (kwor-an-ten'), n. [Fr. quarantaine, 
about forty, forty days; Late L. quarcmtenum, 
forty days : Fr. quarante, L. quadraginta, forty ; 
It. quaranta, forty; quarantina, forty, Lent, — also 
a quarantine.] Space of forty days: — a prohi- 
bition from intercourse and commerce, imposed 
on a ship suspected of infection. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
quarantining, quarantined.] To put under quar- 
antine; to restrain from intercourse. 

Quar'rel (kwor'rel), n. [Fr. querelle, a quarrel; 
L. querela, a complaint; queri, to complain.] A 
breach of concord ; a brawl ; a scuffle ; a dispute ; 
a contest : — [Fr. cai-reau, 0. Fr. quarreau, a quar- 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. — 5, Q, 5, §, soft; fj, £, p, §, hard; § as z; ? as gz ; this. 



QUAEEELSOME 



444 



QUIB 



rel, a square, a tile, a square-headed dart; Late 
L. quadrellus, a square-headed dart ; L. quadrus, 
square] a heavy dart or arrow. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
quarrelling, quarrelled.] To debate ; to scuffle. 

Quar'rel-some (kwor'rel-sum), a. Inclined to 
quarrel; contentious; petulant; testy. 

Quar'ry (kwor're), n. [Fr. carriere; 0. Fr. quar- 
riere ; Late L. quadraria; L. quadrare, to square ; 
quadratures, a stone-cutter.] A place where 
6tone or chalk is dug ; a mine of stone : — [0. Fr. 
curie, cuirce, properly flesh or game in the skin ; 
Fr. cuir, L. curium, the skin] game ; a heap of 
slaughtered game. — 2, v. a. [pp. quarrying, 
quarried.] To dig from a quarry. 

Quart, n. [Fr. quarte ; L. quarta, a fourth (part).] 
The fourth part of a gallon. 

Quar'tan, a. [L. febris quartana, fever of the 
fourth (day) ; quartanus, of the fourth.] Coming 
every fourth day. 

Q,uar-ta'tion, n. [Fr.] The act of quartering : — a 
method of refining gold. 

Quarte (kiirt), n. [Fr. for "the fourth" (posi- 
tion).] A certain thrust or parry in fencing. 

Quar'te*, n. [Fr. quartier, L. quartarius, a fourth 
part ;' quartus, fourth ; quatuor, four.] A fourth 
part : — a region ; a station : — mercy granted : — a 
measure of eight bushels : — a part of a ship's 
side near the stern.— pi. Station for soldiers :— 
place or position. — 2, v. n. [pp. quartering, 
quartered.] To abide, as in quarters. — 3, v. a. 
To divide into four equal parts : — to station sol- 
diers ; to lodge : — to punish by quartering. 

.Quar'ter-day. n. A day which begins or ends a 
quarter, and on which rent is paid. 

Quar'ter-deck, n. [From Quarter, the part of a 
ship's side near the stern.] The part of the up- 
per deck of a ship between the main and miz- 
zen masts. 

Quar'ter-ing, n. An appointment of 
quarters :— division into fqur parts. 

Quar'ter-ly, a. Occurring four times 
a year. — 2, ad. Once in a quarter 
of a year. — 3, n. A periodical publi- 
cation issued every three months. 

Quar'ter-mas-ter. n. An officer who 



Quartering 



regulates the quarters and provisions of soldiers. 

Quar'tern, n. [Fr. quarteron ; Late L. quartern, a 
quarter of a pound ; L. quartus, fourth.] The 
fourth part of a pint. — 2, a. Noting a four- 
pound loaf. 

Quar'ter-ses'sions, n. pi. A court of law held in 
every quarter of the year. 

Quar'ter-staff, w. A staff of defence. 

Quar-tet', n. [Fr. quartette; It. quartetto, quarto, 
fourth.] A piece of music for four performers : 
— a stanza of four lines. 

Quar-tette', n. The same as Quartet. 

Quar'tile, n. [L. quartus, fourth : on type of sex- 
tile.] An aspect of two planets when they are 
ninety degrees from each other. 

Quar'to, v. ; pi. Quar'tos, or Quar'toes. [L. quar- 
tus, fourth ; in quarto, in the fourth part.] A book 
in which every leaf is a quarter of a sheet. — 2, a. 
Having four leaves in a sheet. 

Quartz, n. [Ger. ; related to tvarz, a wart ; from 
its crystalline excrescences.] A silicious stone; 
rock-crystal. 

Quart'zose, or Quart'zy, a. Relating to quartz. 

Quash (kwosb), v. a. [Fr. casser, 0. Fr. quasser, 
L. quassare, to crush ; frequentative of quatere, 
quassum, to shake.] [pp. quashing, quashed.] 
To crush ; to squeeze : — to annul ; to make void. 

Qua' si. [L.] As if ; just as if; almost. 

Quas-sa'tion,i?. [L. quassatio.] The act of shaking. 

Quas'si-a (kwosh'e-a), n. [Neo-Latin ; from Quassy, 
or Qua'shy, a negro who pointed out its virtues'.] 
A medicinal wood. 

Qua-ter'na-ry, a. [L. quaternarius, of four each ; 
guaterni, four together; quatuor, four.] Consist- 
ing of four. — (Oeol.) Noting the strata above 
the tertiary. 



Qua-ter'ni-on, «. [L. quaternio, a group of four.] 
Four : — four soldiers : — the quotient of two di- 
rected lines in space. 

Quat'rain (kwot'ran), n. [Fr. quairain; L. quatuor, 
four.] A stanza of four lines. 

Qua'ver, v. n. [Low Ger. quubbeln, Local Dan. 
kwep'pa, to shake. — Cf. Quiver and Waver.] 
[pp. quavering, quavered.] To shake the voice; 
to vibrate. — 2, n. A shake of the voice : — a mu- 
sical note, equal to half a crotchet. 

Quay (ke), n. [Fr. quai; Sp. cayo. — Cf. 0. Irish 
cai, a house; L. quies, quiet, — also a resting- 
place.] A mole, wharf, or artificial bank by the 
side of the sea or a river, for loading, &c. ; a key. 

Quay'a|-e (ke'aj), «. Money paid for the use of a 
quay ; wharfage ; keyage. 

Quean (kwen), n. [A.-S. cwen, a woman.— See 
Queen.] A worthless woman. 

Quea'si-ness, n. Sickness of the stomach. 

Quea'§y (kwe'ze), a. [Cf. Norse levels, sickness.] 
Sick with nausea ; squeamish ; fastidious. 

Queen, n. [A.-S. cwen, Dan. qvinde, a woman; 
Icel. Jcvan, Goth. kwens,& wife. — Cf. Russ. jena, a 
wife; Gr. yvvq, a woman.] The wife of a king; 
a female sovereign. [hive. 

Queen'-bee, n. The parent bee and ruler of the 

Queen-con'sbrt, n. The wife of a king. 

Queen-dov>'a-ger, n. The widow of a king. 

Queen'li-ness, n. Character or bearing worthy 
of a queen; queenly nature or quality. 

Queen'ly, a. Becoming or like a queen. 

Queen' -post, n. {Arch.) An upright post sup- 
porting the rafters of a trussed roof. 

Queen-reg'nant, n. A queen in her own right. 

Que en's/ -ware, n. A kind of pottery. 

Queer, «. [Low Ger. queer, across ; quere, ob- 
liquity ; Ger. quer, transverse. — Cf. L. varus, 
crooked.] Odd; droll; strange; singular. 

Queer'ly, ad. In a queer manner; oddly. 

Queer'ness, n. Oddness ; singularity. 

Quell, v'. a. [A.-S. cwellan, to kill ; Dut. hvellen, 
to vex; Dan. qvsele, to strangle, to vex.] [pp. 
quelling, quelled.] To crush ; to subdue ; to 
still ; to allay.— 2, v. n. To abate. 

Quench, v. a. [A.-S. cwencan, to quench ; cwinan, 
cunncan, 0. Fris. kwbika, to be quenched.] {pp. 
quenching, quenched.] To extinguish ; to still; 
to allay. — 2, v. n. To cool ; to grow cool. 

Quench/less, a. Unquenchable. 

Quer-cit'ron, n. [L. quercus, oak, and Fr. citron, 
yellow, lemon-colored. — See Citron.] The bark 
of an American oak, used for dyeing yellow. 

Quern, n. [A.-S. cweorn; Dut. kweern ; Icel. Jcvem ; 
Dan. qvsem: akin to Corn.] A hand-mill for 
grinding. 

Quer'u-lous, a. [L. querulus; queri, to complain.] 
Habitunlly complaining. 

Quer'u-lous-ly, ad. In a querulous manner. 

Quer'u-lous-ngss, n. Habit of complaining. 

Que'ry, n. [L. quserere (imperative quaere), to beg, 
to ask.] A question ; an inquiry. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
querying, queried.] To ask questions; to ques- 
tion. — 3, v. a. To examine by questions. 

Quest, n. [Fr. quete; 0. Fr. quesie; L. qusesitum, 
sought; quserere, to seek.— Cf. L. quscsere, to beg.] 
A search ; the act of seeking. 

Ques'tion (kwest'yun), n. [L. qusestio, qu&slionis; 
quserere, qusesitum,' to ask.] That which is asked 
and which requires an answer; an intet roga- 
tory ; an inquiry ; a query :— a dispute ; a doubt : 
— a point, topic, or subject of debate. — 2, v. a. & 
v. n. [pp. questioning, questioned.] To exam- 
ine one by questions ; to doubt; to inquire. 

Ques'tion-a-ble (kwest'yun-a-bl), a. That may 
be questioned ; disputable; doubtful. 

Ques'tion-er, n. An inquirer; a querist. 

Ques'tor, n". [L. quseslor,— literally, an inquirer or 
inquisitor ; quserere, to ask.] A collector of rev- 
enue and treasurer in ancient Rome. [cue. 

Queue (ku), n. [Fr.— See Cue.] A tie of hair; a 

Quib, n. A sarcasm ; a taunt; a quip. 






e, I, o, ii, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



QUIBBLE 



445 



QUIZ 



Quib'ble, n. [A diminutive of QriP.] A cavil ; a 
low conceit; a pun. — 2, v. n. [pp. quibbliug, 
quibbled.] To cavil ; to equivocate ; to pun. 

Quib'bler, ». One who quibbles; a punster. 

Quib'bli'ng, n. A play upon words ; cavil. 

Quick, «. [A.-S. ciric; Dut. lcwik; Dan. qvik ; Sw. 
qvick; Teutonic base focika (older kwiwa), lively. 
— Cf. L. vicus, alive.] Living: — swift; nimble; 
speedy. — 2, ad. Nimbly ; speedily ; readily. — 
3, n. The living flesh; the sensible part: — a 
hedge-row. 

Quick'en (kwik'kn), v. a. [pp. quickening, quick- 
ened.] To make alive :— to hasten; to acceler- 
ate; to excite. — 2, v. n. To become alive. 

Quick -lime, n. [Quick, alive, aud Lime.] Fresh- 
burnt or unslaked lime. 

Quick'ljr, ad. Soon ; speedily ; hastily. 

Quick'ness, n. Activity ; celerity ; speed. 

Qulck'sand, v. [Quick, 'alive, and Sand.] Moving 
sand ; unsolid ground. 

Quick'set, a. [Quick, alive, and Set.] Formed 
of living plants. — 2, v. a. [i. quickset; pp. quick- 
setting, quickset.] To plant with living plants. 
— 3, n. A living plant set to grow. 

Quick'-sight-ed, a. Having sharp sight. 

Quick'sil-ver,'?i. [Quick and Silver.] Mercury; 
a fluid metal. 



Quick'step. n. A lively tune : — a quick dance. 
Quid, n. 
a cud. 



.step. n. 
n. [At 



ariant of Cud.] Something chewed 



Quid'di-ty;, n. [Late L. quidditae, essential nature ; 
quid, what.] Essence; a trifling nicety ; a cavil. 

Quid'nunc, n. [L. quidnunc, what now?] One 
curious to know everything. 

Qui-esce' (kwi-es'), v. n. [L. quiescere, to be quiet 
('/• "•)•] [PP- quiescing, quiesced.] To have no 
sound, as a letter. 

Qui-es'cence, n. Eest ; repose; quiet. 

Qui-es'cent, a. [L. quiescens, pres. part, of quies- 
cere, to be quiet.] Eesting; being at rest; 
quiet ; silent ; having no sound, as a letter. 

Qui'et, a. [L. quietus, at rest.] Still; peaceable; 
smooth; not ruffled ; calm; composed; tranquil. 
— 2, n. [L. qtiies, quiet is, rest.] Eest; repose; 
peace; stillness. — 3, v. a. [pp. quieting, quiet- 
ed.] [L. quiescere, quietum, to be quiet.] To 
calm ; to pacify ; to still. 

Qui'et-er, n. The person or thing that quiets. — 
2, a. 'More quiet. 

Qui'et-ism, n. The religious system of the Quiet- 
ists, who make religion consist chiefly in devout 
contemplation : — tranquillity. 

Qui'et-ist, n. One who adheres to Quietism. 

Qui'et-lj;, ad. Calmly; peaceably; at rest. 

Qui'et-ness, n. State of being quiet ; tranquillity. 

Qui'e-tude, n. [L. quietudo.] Kest ; repose; tran- 
quillity. 

Qui-e'tus, n. [L.] Final discharge : — quiet. 

Quiil, n. [Fr. quille. — Cf. Ger. legel, a pin, a bob- 
bin.] A large feather of a goose, Ac. ; a pen : — 
the spine of a porcupine : — a weaver's spool. — 
2, v. a. [pp. quilling, quilled.] To plait ; to 
form in plaits. 

Quil'let, h. [Late L. quilibet, quodlibet, whatever.] 
A nice point; a subtilty ; a quibble. 

Quilt, n. [0. Fr. cuilte; L. culcita, a cushion.] A 
quilted cover of a bed, &c— 2, v. a. [pp. quilt- 
ing, quilted.] To stitch one cloth upon another 

Quilt'ing, n. A party for making quilts. 

Qui'na-ry, a. [L. quinarius, in fives; quini, five 
together; quinque, five.] Consisting of five. 

Quince, n. [Fr. coign ; 0. Fr. coin, of which the 
English form was at first the plural ; It, cotagna; 
L. ci/donia ; Gr. KvStovia: said to be from a town 
of that name in Crete.] A species of tree and 
its fruit. 

Quin-cun'cial, a. Formed like a quincunx. 

Quin'cunx, n. [L. ; an arrangement of fiv/6 spots, 
as on a die ; quinque, five, and uncia, an ounce, — 
also a mark.] A plantation of trees farmed of 
four in a square, with one in the middle. 



Quin'i-a, j [kwin'In, N. K. St. ; ke-nen', H. ; 

Qui-nine', J kwi'nm, Wb.], n. [Peruvian kina or 
quina, the cinchona tree and its bark.] (Med.) A 
vegetable alkaloid obtained from Peruvian bark, 
much used in medicine. 

Quin-qua-§es'i-ma, n. [L. for " fiftieth :" it is 
about fifty days before Easter.] Shrove Sunday ; 
the seventh Sunday before Easter. 

Quin-quen'ni-al, a. [L. quinquennalis ; quinque, 
five, and annus, a year.] Happening every five 
years : — lasting five years. 

Quin'§x, n. [Fr. esquinancie; 0. E. squinande; 
Gr. nvvayxv, a sore throat, — literally, a dog- 
choking; Kvuiv, a dog, and a-y^en', to choke.] 
An inflammatory sore throat. 

Quin'tain, n. [Fr. quintaine, It. & Late L. quin- 
tana, a quintain. — Cf. L. quintana, the fifth street 
(and market-place) of a camp ; qumiamts, fifth in 
rank; qukitus, fifth; quinque, five.] A post with 
a turning top or figure, formerly used for tilting 
or a pastime. [pounds avoirdupois. 

Quin'tal, n. [Fr. & Sp.— See Cental.] A hundred 

Quin-tes'sence. or Quin'tes-sence, n. [L. quinta 
essentia, the fifth essence or element.] A fifth 
being: — an extract from any thing, containing 
all its virtues in a small quantity ; essence. 

Quin-tes-sen'tial. a. Consisting of quintessence : 
— having the nature of a quintessence. 

Quin-tet', \n. [Fr. quintette ; : It. quintetto.] (31ns.) 

Quin-tet'to, / A piece of music having five parts. 

Quin'tj.le. n. [L. quint&s, the filth.] An aspect 
of planets wben distant from each other the 
fifth of a circle. 

Quin-til'lion, n. [L. quintns, the fifth, and Mil- 
lion : on type of billion.] A thousand quad- 
rillions. 

Quln'tu-ple, a. [L. quintuples ; qviutus. fifth, and 
plicare, to fold.— See Double, Duplex.] Fivefold. 

Quip, n. [Welsh chwip, ft quick turn ; Gael, cuip, 
to whip (q. v.).] A taunt; a sarcasm; a gibe; 
a jest.— 2, v. a. [pp. quipping, quipped.] To 
taunt; to scoff ; to jeer. 

Quire, «- [See Choir.] A chorus; a choir: — 
[Fr. cahier; 0. Fr. qnaier; perhaps from Late L. 
quaternum, four (leaves) together; L. quatentif 
four together] a bundle of paper containing 
twenty-four sheets. 

Quir'is-ter, n. A chorister. — See Chorister. 

Quirk, !(.' [Cf. Ger. zicerch, athwart.— See Queer.] 
A taunt ; a conceit ; a quibble. 

Qui'rk'ish, a. Consisting of quirks. 

Qui'rk'y, a. Tricky; unfair: pettifogging. 

Quit, v. a. [Fr. quitte, free, clear; quitter, to quit; 
Sp. quito, quit; L. quietus] a rest, — also satisfied.] 
[i. quitted or quit ; pp. quitting, quitted vr quit.] 
To leave: to fbfsake; to discbarge ; to repay; 
to perform; to abandon. — 2, a. Free; clear; dis- 
cha'ged from. 

Quit' claim, n. A release of claim by deed. — 
_, o. a. [pp. quitclaiming, quitclaimed.] To 
release by quitclaim. 

Quite, ad. [An adverbial form of Quit.] Com- 
pletely ; perfectly ; totally : — to a great extent. 

Quit' -rent, n. A small rent reserved. 

Quits, a. Even ; on even terms. [quittance. 

Quit'tance, n. [Fr.— See Quit.] A discharge : ac- 

Quiv'er. n. [0. Fr. coivre; Ger. kocher; A.-S. 
cocur.] A case or sheath for arrows. — 2, o. n. 
[A.-S. cwifer; 0. Dut. kuiveren.] [pp. quivering, 
quivered.] To quake ; to shiver; to shudder. 

Qui-vive (ke'vev'), n. [Fr. for "who lives ?"'] 
"Who goes there? (the cry of a French sentinel.) 
— To be on the qui-vive is to be on the alert. 

Quix-ot'ic, a. Like Don Quixote: absurd. 

Quix'ot-ism, «. Romantic, absurd notions. 

Quiz (kwlz), n. [Probably a colloquial shortening 
of Question : said to have been invented by one 
Daly, a theatre-manager of Dublin, who, on a 
wager that a new word of no meaning could be 
made to set the whole town astir with curiosity 
in twenty-four hours, chalked the word quiz 



mien, sir ; move, nbr, son; bull, bur, rule, use,— 5. Q, g, §, soft; p, js, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz; 

38 



this. 



QUIZZICAL 



446 



RADIATOR 



everywhere, and Avon bis bet.] An imposition ; 
a hoax : — a puzzle : — an odd person : — a person 
who plays tricks :— an informal examination. — 
2, 11. a. [pp. quizzing, quizzed.] To play a trick 
upon; to hoax: — to question. 

Quiz'zi-cal, a. Comical ; bantering. 

Quod, n. '[For quadrangle. — See Quad.] A prison. 
[Colloq. or slang.] 

Quolf, n. A cap for the head. See Coif. 

Quoin, n. [See Coin.] A corner-stone or brick ; a 
corner : — a wedge used to fasten type in pages. 

Quoit, n. [Welsh, coetan; Dut. koot; 0. Dut. hole, a 
huckle-bone ; perhaps from Scot, coit, 0. Fr. coiter, 
to jostle ; L. coactare, to drive.] An iron or flat 
stone to pitch at a mark. [formerly ; former. 

Quon'dam, a. [L. for "formerly."] Having been 

Quo'rum, n. [L. for "of whom;" qui, who.] A 
bench of justices : — such a number of an assem- 
bly, committee, or other body of men as is suffi- 
cient to do business. 

Quo'ta, n. [It. quota, a share ; L. quota, how great ; 
quot, how many.] A share ; a proportion. 



Quot'a-ble, a. That may be quoted. 

Quo-ta'tion, n. Citation; passage cited: — the 
price of'merchandiso in a price-current. 

Quote, v. a. [Fr. coter, 0. Fr. quoter, to quote; 
Late L. quotare, to mark off; L. quot, how many.] 
[■pp. quoting, quoted.] To cite, as an author; to 
adduce in the words of another ; to note. 

Quoth (kwuth or kwoth), verb defective. [A.-S. 
cwedan, Icel. kveda, 0. Sax. quedan, to say. — See 
Bequeath.] Used only in the imperfect tense 
and first and third persons; as, "quoth I," said 
I ; " quoth he," said he. 

Quo-tid'i-an, «.• [L. quotidianus, daily, on any 
day ; quolus, how many (soever), and dies, a day.] 
Happening every day; daily.— 2, n. A fever 
which returns daily. 

Quo'tient, n. [L. quoliens, how many times?] 
(Arith.) The result of the operation of division. 

Quo war'ran-to (kwo-wor'an-to), n. [Law L. for 
" by what warrant."] A writ calling upon a per- 
son to show by what title or authority he holds 
his claim to any office, frauchise, or liberty. 



R. 



Ra consonant, liquid, and semi-vowel, has a 
j rough sound, as in red, rose. 

Rab'bet, v. a. [Fr. raboter, to plane; robot, a 
plane; L. re-, back, again, and 0. Fr. boter, Fr. 
bouter, to pare, — formerly, to thrust.] [pp. rab- 
beting, rabbeted.] To pare down, as the edge 
of a board, so as to receive the edge of another. 
— 2, n. A groove in the ->dge of a board. 

Rab'bi, or Rab'bi, v Rab'bie§. [Heb. for 

"my master;" it, or a master, and i, 

my.] A J^ expounder of the 

Jewish lav 

Rab'bin, «. [ he same as Rabbi. 

Rab-bin'ic, the rabbies or 

Rab-Mn'i-cal, > 

Rab'bin-!st,V ^d to the doc- 

trines of the rak i. 

Rab'bit, n. [0. >on, robelte ; 

Local Fr. rabotte.- 'lort-tailed ; 

Sp. rabito, a short A small 

quadruped. 

Rab'ble, n. [0. Dut. ' 

chatter. — Cf. L. rabi 
Rave.] A tumultuous 
— 2, v. a. [pp. rabbi in 5. 
or mob. 

Rab'id, a. [L. rabidus, raj. 
(q.'v.).] Fierce; furious; l 

Rab'id-ness, n. Fierceness ; 1 

Ra'bi-es, w. [L. ; rabcre, to r, 
act' rashly.] Madness, as tha 
dog-bite; rabidness; hydrophob I 

Ra'ca, n. [Chaldee reka, worthless, j A 
a wretch. 

Rac-coon', n. [Algonkin, arathkone.j 
valued for its fur. 

Race, n. [Fr. race; It. razza; 0. Ger. re 
A family; a generation; a breed : — [. 
Icel. ras. — Cf. Skr. risk, to flow] contest 
ning; course; passage: — [Sp. raiz, 0. i 
L. radix, a root] a root. —2, v. n. [pp. t 
raced.] To run swiftly, as in a race. — 3, v. n 
cause to run a race or to run swiftly, as a h 

Race'-horse, n. A horse bred for racing. 

Ra-ceme', n. [L. racemus, a cluster of grapes.— v I 
Gr. pat-, a grape.] (Bat.) A form of infloresreni 
in which the flowers are arranged as on a stalk. 

Rac-e-mose', a. [L. racemosus.] Bearing racemes : 
— disposed in racemes. 

Ra'cer, n. One that races ; a runner. 

Ra-phit'ic, a. Relating to rachitis ; rickety. 



Ra-phl'tis, n. [Neo-Latin, in imitation of Eng. 
rickets;' Gr. paxis, the spine.] {Med.) The 
rickets. 
Ra'ci-al (ra'she-al), a. Of or relating to race. 
Ra'ci-ness, n. ' The quality of being racy. 
Rack, n. [But. reck, Ger. rack, a rail, a pole ; reck, 
a rack, a frame. — See the verb.] An engine of 
torture; extreme pain: — a frame for hay; a 
grate; a frame of timber: — [see Arrack] a 
liquor: — [a variant of Rock] a motion of a 
horse: — [Icel. rek, drift; skyrek, drifting clouds; 
reka, to drive] thin vapor; a flying cloud. — 
2, v. n. [pp. racking, racked.] To stream or 
fly, as vapor or clouds : — to move with an amble, 
as a horse. — 3, v. a. [Ger. recken, to stretch : 
akin to Reach.] To torment ; to harass :— to 
strain ; to stretch : — [0. Fr. raquer, to cleanse ; 
raque, mud] to draw off from the lees. 
E" k'er, n. One who racks ; a wrester. 

•'et, n. [Gael, racaid, Irish racmi, a din ; Gael, 
to cackle.] A clattering noise; a clamor; a 
ised talk : — [Fr. raquelle; Sp. raqueta; Arab, 
the palm of the hand] an instrument to 
a ball: — a snow-shoe. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
g, racketed.] To strike; to cuff; to 
m. n. To go about noisily ; to frolic. 
Torture : — defecation ; rack. 
?. Rent raised to the utmost. 
gin disputed : akin to Race, lineage, 
, charm, impulse; Local Ger. rass, 
Flavorous; pungent; spirited. 
If. Ger. radeln, to turn ; rad, a 
ddling, raddled.] To twist to- 
L Bim. of Rod.] A long stick 
jritig: — [oftener Reddle, probably 
trior] a red pigment. 
»,1, a. [Fr. ; L. radius, a ray.] Relating to 
<us or ray. 
ice, ) n. [Fr.— See Radiate.] Effulgence 
•cy., J of rays of light; lustre; brilliancy. 
a. [L. radians. — See Radiate.] Shin- 
itting rays; sparkling: — emanating; 
rays. 
ad. With sparkling lustre. 
). [L. radiare, radiatmn; radius, a 
diating, radiated.] To emit rays; 
arkle. — 2, v. a. To enlighten ; to 
Having rays ; consisting of rays. 
r L. radialio.] An emission of 



R 



a, e, 1, o, u, y, 



u, y, short; a, $, 1, o, u, 



who or that which radiates, 
far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



KADICAL 



447 



KAMOSE 



Rad'i-cal, n. [L. radicalis, having roots ; radix, 
radicis, a root.] A primitive word; a root: — a 
political reformer : — the base of a chemical com- 
pound. — 2, a. That regards the root; thorough : 
— native; original; primitive; not derivative : 
— relating to the base, as of an acid. 

Rad'i-cal-ism, n. The principles of radicals. 

Rad-i-cal'i-ty., n. Essential quality. 

Rad'i-cal-i^, ad. Primitively; thoroughly. 

Rad'i-cie, n. [L. radicula, dim. of radii:, radicis, 
a root.] The germ of a root, in plants. 

Rad'ish, n. [Fr. radis; Prov. radiiz; L. radix, a 
root.] A root, commonly eaten raw. 

Ra'di-us, n. ; L. pi. Ra'di-i; Eng. Ra'di-us-es. 
[L. for "a rod," "a staff," "a spoke," " a ray."] 
The semi-diameter of a circle :— the spoke of a 
wheel : — a raj' : — a bone of the forearm. 

Ra'dix, n. ; pi. Ra-dfces. [L.] The root. 

Raff, n. [Fr. raffe, parings, cuttings ; rafiot, trash ; 
It. raffilare, to clip.] A confused heap: — the 
mob: — a low fellow. 

Raffle, n. [Fr. rdfle,; a sweepstakes; rafter, to 
sweep away ; Ger. raffehi, to sweep ; It. riffa or 
raffa, a raffle.] A species of lottery,- in which 
persons stake a small part of the value of a thing 
for the chance of gaining it. — 2, v. n. [pp- raf- 
fling, raffled.] To try the chance of a raffle : — 
to cast dice for a prize. 

Raft, n. [Fr. rafiau, rafiot, a float made of boughs, 
a canoe; rdfle, raffe, a stalk, a cutting: more 
probably from 0. E. rafle, Dan. raft, a beam, a 
rafter ; or from both together.] A frame or float 
made of timber. — 2, v. a. [pp. rafting, rafted ] 
To transport on a i aft. 

Rafter, n. [A.-S. rsefter; Dan. raft; Icel. raplr 
(pron. raftr) ; 0. Ger. ravo, a spar.] An inclined 
timber in a roof. 

Rag, n. [Sw. mg J, rough hair; Icel. riJgg, shaggi- 
ness.] A piece; a tatter. — (Min.) A stone of 
coarse texture.— pi. Worn-out clothes. 

Rag-a-muf fin, n. [The name of a demon in 
mediaeval plays; Rag, and root of Ger. muffen, 
to smell ill.] A paltry mean fellow. 

Rage, n. (Fr. rage, L. rabies, madness. — See Ra- 
bies.] Violent auger; vehement fury; ire. — 
2, v. n. [pp. raging, raged.] To be furious. 

Rag'ged, a. [A.-S. raggie, hairy ; Sw. raggig, Norse 
raggad, shaggy.] Kent into tatters ; dressed in 
rags; torn; tattered :— uneven ; rugged. 

Rag'ing, a. Violent; furious; impetuous. — 2, n. 
Violence ; impetuosity. 

Rag'man, n. One who deals in rags. 

Ra-gout' (ra-g;7), n. [Fr. ragoUt, a stew, a relish ; 
ragouhr, to arouse the appetite of, to tempt : L. 
re-, again, «./, to, and gustue, Fr. g&Qt, flavor.] 
A highly -seasoned dish or food : — a stew. 

Rag'stone, ». A dark-gray, silicious stone. 

Raid, 11. [From Hide.— Cf. Icel. reid, a ride, a 
raid; Sw. redd, Dan. red, a road.] A hostile in- 
cursion; a foray. — 2, v. a. [pp. raiding, raided.] 
To make a raid upon. 

Rail, n. [Low Ger. & Sw. regel; 0. Dut. rijchel ; 
0. Ger. rUiau, to fasten.] A bar of wood or iron : 
—railway :— [Fr. ruble; Ger. mile: root of Fr. 
rdler, to rattle (q. v.)] a game bird : — [A.-S. hrsegel, 
0. Fr. hreil, 0. Ger. hregil, a garment. — Cf. L. 
radius, a tunic] a night-gown ; a thin tunic. — 
2, v. a. [pp. railing, railed.] To enclose with 
rails.— 3, v. n. [Fr. railler, to deride; Sp. rallar, 
to scrape, to vex.— Cf. L. rallum, for radtdum, a 
scraper ; radere, to scrape.] To reproach ; to 
utter reproaches. 

Rail'er, n. One who rails or defames. 

Rail'ing, n. Reproachful language : — a fence. 

Rail'ier-y. (rfil'ler-e) [ral'ler-e, R. N. St. C. Wb.], 
n. [Fr. raillevie. — See Rail and Rally.] Slight 
satire or ridicule ; pleasantry ; joke ; banter. 

Rail' road, "I «. A road on which rails are laid for 

Rail'way, J the wheels of cars to roll on. 

Rai'ment. n. [0. Fr. arrtement, equipage. — See 
Array.] Vesture; vestment; dress. 



Rain, 
Dan 



. ii. [A.-S. regn, ren, Dut. «- UC i. /cj/™, 
& Sw. regn, rain.] [pp. raining, rained.] 



Ger. regen, 
•aim] [pp 
To fall in drops. — 2, v. a. To pour down. 




Water falling from the clouds. 

Rain'bow, n. [A.-S. renboga ; Ger. regenbogen.~\ 
An arc of a circle, of various colors, formed, 
when rain is falling, by the refractiou and re- 
flection of the sun's rays ; iris. [rain. 

Rain' fall, n. A fall of rain ; water that falls as 

Rain'-gauge (-gaj), n. An instrument for meas- 
uring rain. 

Rain'i-ness, n. The state of being showery. 

Rain'-wa-ter, n. Water from the clouds. 

Rain'y, a. ' [A.-S. renig.] Abounding in rain; 
showery ; wet. 

Raise, v. a. [Icel. reisa, Dan. reise, Sw. resa, Goth. 
raisjan, to raise, to cause to rise (g. v.).] [pp. 
raising, raised.] To set upright ; to lift ; to erect ; 
to exalt; to elevate; to heighten; to advance; to 
promote ; to increase ; to build : — to levy. 

Rais'er, n. One who raises. 

Rai'sin (ra'zn), n. [Fr. raisin; Sw. russin; Ger. 
rosine ; L. racemus, a bunch of grapes. — See Ra- 
ceme.] A dried grape. 

Rais'ing. n. The act of erecting a building. 

Raisonne (ra-zo-na/), a. [Fr.] Rational ; arranged 
systematically: as, a catalogue raisonne. 

Rajah (rii'ja or ra'ja), n. [Hind. ; Skr. rajan, a 
king; raj 'to shine.— Cf. L. rex, regis, a king.] 
A Hindoo chief or prince. 

Rake, n. [A.-S. raca; Icel. reka; Sw. raka; Ger. 
rechen.] A tool with teeth : 
— [Local Sw. rakkel, Icel. 
reikall, a vagabond; reika, 
to wander ; 0. E. rakkel, rar 
ki/U, rascally : rakkel was in 
English corrupted to rake- 
hell, and this shortened to * aKe - 
rake] a dissolute man :— [a variant of Rfacft] in- 
clination or slope.— 2, >•. >:. [pj,. raking, raked.] 
To gather with a rake; to scour: — to fire into 
the head or stern of a ship; to enfilade — 3, v. n. 
To act as a rake; to use a rake : — to search : — 
to incline; to 6lope. 

Rak'ing, n. The act of nsing a rake : — a cannon- 
ading. — (Arch.) A Bulratauce placed on a surface 
at an irregular angle.— 2, p. a. That rakes :— 
slanting; inclined. [inclined. 

Rak'ish, a. Loose; lewd; dissolute: — with masts 

Ral'ly, v. a. [Fr. rattier, to tally; L. re-, again, 
ad, to, and ligare, to bind. — See Ally.] [)>p. 
rallying, rallied.] To put in order : to reunite; 
to recover :— [Fr. railler, to rail at.— See Rail] to 
treat jocosely ; to ridicule; to joke.— 2, v. n. To 
come back to order : — to recover strength ; to re- 
cruit : — to banter. — 3, u. A bringing, or coming, 
to order : — a banter. 

Ram, n. [A.-S. ram, rom ; Dut. ram ; Ger. ramm. 
— Cf. Skr. ram, to sport.] A male sheep: — Aries, 
the vernal sign : — a war-ship armed with a steel 
beak designed to pierce and sink the vessels of 
an enemy. — 2, v. a. [pp. ramming, rammed.] 
To drive with violence; to force in.— (Xaut.) To 
attack with a steam ram; to pierce and sink. 

Ram'ble (ram'bl), v. n. [Frequentative of 0. & 
Local E. rame, to roam (a, ».).] [pp. rambling, 
rambled.] To rove loosely :— to wander.— 2, u. 
A roving; an irregular excursion: — a place for 
rambling. 

Ram'bler, n. One who rambles; a rover. 

Ram'bli'ng, p. a. Roving :— irregular. 

Ra'mie, n. [Malay.] A plant from which the fine 
fibre 'known as China-grass is obtained. 

Ram-i-fi-ca'tion, «. A branching ; a branch. 

Ram'i-fy, v. a. [Fr. ramifier ; L. ramus, a branch, 
and fieri, to become.] [pp. ramifying, ramified.] 
To separate into branches. — 2, v. n. To be parted 
into branches. 

Ram'mer, n. One that rams; a ramrod. 

Ra.-mose\ a. [L. ramosus; ramus, a branch.] Full 
bf branches; ramous. 



mien, sir ; mfive, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, <}, c, g, soft ; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



EAMOUS 



448 



EAKITY 



Ra'mous, a. Branchy; consisting of branches. 

Eamp, ». n. [Fr. ramper, to creep, to climb; 
rampe, an acclivity; It. rampare, to claw ; rdmpa, 
a paw. — Cf. Ger. raffen, local rampfen, to snatch.] 
[pp. ramping, ramped.] To sport; to play; to 
leap; to climb; to rear. — 2,n. A leap; a spring; 
a bound ; a romp :— a slope. [excited conduct. 

Ram-pagV, n. [Slang; from Ramp.] Violent or 

Ram'pan-cy, n. State of being rampant ; exuber- 
ance.' [frisky ; leaping. 

Ram'pant, a. [Fr.— See Ramp.] Exuberant:— 

Ram' part, n. [Fr. rempart; 0. Fr. rempar ; rem- 
parer, to defend; L. re-, again, in, for, and pa- 
rare, to make ready.] A bank or wall round a 
fortified place ; a bastion. 

Ram'rod, n. The rammer of a gun. [old. 

Ram'-shack-le (-shak'kl), a. Dilapidated; loose; 

Ran, i. from run. 

Ranch, n. [Sp. rancho, a mess, mess-room, a set 
of men ; hence, in Spanish America, a farming 
or grazing establishment.] A large farm or 
grazing establishment. 

Ran'cho, n. [Sp.] A set of persons who eat to- 
gether ; a mess : — a farm or ranch : — a hamlet 
or collection of huts. 

Ran'cid, a. [L. rancidus ; rancere, to stink.] Hav- 
ing a rank smell ; rank ; fetid. 

Ran'cid-ness, \ n. State or quality of being ran- 

Ran-cid'i-ty, J cid ; rank scent. 

Ran'cor (rang'kur), n. [L. rancor, rancidity, — 
hence, a grudge, a spite.] Inveterate malignity; 
bitter enmity ; malice ; virulence ; hate. 

Ran'cor-ous (rang'kur-us), a. Malignant; mali- 
cious; spiteful in the utmost degree. 

Ran'dom, n. [Fr. (nearly obs.) randon, a torrent, — 
hence, a furious course, impetuosity ; 0. Fr. ran- 
donner, to run furiously : akin to Ger. rand, brim, 
margin. — Cf. Fr. randonnee, a circuit.] Want of 
rule; chance; hazard: — the range of a gun; 
gunshot. — 2, a. Done by chance ; heedless. 

Rang, i. from ring. Rung. See Ring. 

Range, v. a. [Fr. ranger, to range; rang, 0. Fr. 
renc, a range, a rank (q. v.).] [pp. ranging, 
ranged.] To place in order; to arrange; to 
class: — to rove, sail, or pass over. — 2, v. n. To 
rove : — to be placed in order. — 3, n. A rank; a 
row : — excursion : — room : — a cooking grate or 
cooking apparatus : — a whole scope or compass : 
—a pasture ; pasture-land. 

Ranfer, n. One who ranges ; a rover. 

Rank '(rangk), a. [A.-S. ranc, strong, proud; 
Dan. rank, straight; Dut. rank, slender : akin to 
Ger. recken, to stretch. The sense has been af- 
fected by Rancid.] High-growing; strong; 
luxuriant : — strong-scented ; rancid : — gross ; 
coarse. — 2, n. [0. Fr. renc, Fr. rang, a range or 
rank : cognate with Ring.] A row ; a line ; a 
file: — degree of dignity; grade; class; order; 
degree. — 3, v. a. [pp. ranking, ranked.] To 
place abreast ; to arrange ; to class : — to outrank. 
— 4, v. n. To be ranged ; to be placed. 

Rank'ing, p. a. Of superior, or highest, rank. 

Ran'kie (rang'kl), v. n. [Anglo-Fr. rancle, a sore; 
Fr. ranee, putrid. — See Rancid; but perhaps re- 
lated to Ger. ranken, to creep.] [pp. rankling, 
rankled.] To grow more rank; to fester; to be 
inflamed in body or in mind. 

Rank'ling, n. Inflammation ; irritation. 

Rank'ly, ad. In a rank manner ; rancidly. 

Rank'ness, n. Exuberance : — strong scent. 

Ran'ny, n. [L. araneus mus, a shrew, — literalty, a 
spider-mouse.] The shrew-mouse. 

Ran' sack, v. a. [Icel. rannsaka; Sw. ransaka ; 
Dan. ransage; Icel. rann, a house, and ssekja, to 
seek, to search.] [pp. ransacking, ransacked.] 
To plunder ; to search narrowly. 

Ran'som, n. [Fr. rancon; from L. redemplio, re- 
demption (g. v.).] A price paid for redemption : 
— release ; redemption ; rescue ; deliverance. — 
2, v. a. [pp. ransoming, ransomed.] To redeem 
from captivity, &c. 



Rant, v. n. [0. Dut. ranten, to be enraged ; Low 
Ger. randen, to call out; Ger. ronzen, to toss, to 
rove.] [pp. ranting, ranted.] To rave in vio- 
lent language : — to make a loud noise. — 2, n. 
Extravagant declamation ; bluster. 

Rant'er, n. One who rants ; a noisy talker. 

Ran'ti-pole, a. [Rant, and Poll, the head.] 
Wild; roving; rakish. — 2, v. n. [pp. rantipol- 
ing, rantipoled.] To run about wildly. 

Rap, n. [Dut. rap, Sw. rapp, a blow : imitative.] 
A quick, smart blow :— [cf. Gael. & Irish rap, a 
bad half-penny ; Local Gef. (Swiss) rapp or 
rappe, a small coin] counterfeit coin. — 2, v. n. 
[i. rapped; pp. rapping, rapped or rapt.] To 
strike with a quick, smart blow. — 3, v. a. To 
strike; to knock :— [Icel. hrapa, Sw. rappa, to 
hurry, V seize ; Ger. raffen, to snatch : much 
affected by L. rupere, raptum, to seize] to affect 
with rapture ; to transport ; to seize. 

Ra-pa'eious (ra-pa'shus), a. [L. rapax, rapacis ; 
rapere, to seize.] Disposed to seize by force; 
ravenous: — avaricious; grasping; greedy. 

Ra-pa'cious-ly (ra-pa'shus-le), ad. By rapine. 

Ra-pa'cious-ness, n. Rapacity. 

Ra-pac'i-ty, n. [L. rapacitas.] Quality of being 
rapacious ; addictedness to plunder or to the 
seizing of prey. 

Rape, n. [L. rapere, raptum, to seize; raptus, a 
seizure.] A seizure : — a violent defloration of 
chastity : — [L. rapa, rapum, Gr. pdrrvs, Russ. 
riepa, a turnip] a plant of the cabbage tribe. 

Rap4d, a. [L. rapidus, swift: root of rapere, to 
snatch away.] Quick; swift; moving fast; fleet. 
— 2, n. ; pi. Rap'ids. Swift currents in a river. 

Ra-pid'i-ty, n. [L. rapiditas.] Quickness of pro- 
gression or motion ; velocity ; swiftness-. 

Rap'id-ly, ad. Swiftly ; with quick motion. 

Ra'pi-er, n. [Fr. rapiere ; Ger. rappier, raufer. — 
Cf. Ger. ravfen, to draw, to fight; raffen, to 
draw.] A sword used in thrusting. 

Rap'ine, n. [Fr. ; L. rapina; rupere, to seize.] 
The act of plundering; pillage. 

Rap-pa-ree', n. [Irish rapa ire, a thief, a noisy 
fellow ; rapal, noise.] A wild Irish plunderer. 

Rap-pee', n. [Fr. rape, powdered; rdper, to rasp 
(g. v.).] A coarse sort of snuff. 

Rap-port', n. [Ft. ; L. re-, back, ad, to, and por- 
tare, to carry.] Agreement; harmony. 

Rap-scal'lion (rap-skal'yun), n. [See Rascal- 
lion.] Aworthless rascal. [Colloq.] 

Rapt, p. a. [L. rapere, raptum, to seize.] Trans- 
ported ; being in a trance. 

Rap-to'ri-al, Rap-to'ri-ous, a. [L. raptor, a 
snatcher; rapere, to seize. J Rapacious. 

Rapt'ure (rapt'yur), n. [L. rapere, raptum, to 
seize. — See Rapt.] Ecstasy; transport. 

Rapt ured, p. a. Entranced : — ravished : — joyous. 

Rapt'ur-ous, a. Ecstatic; transporting; joyful. 

Rare, a. [Fr. rare; L. rarusJ] Scarce; uncom- 
mon: — very good; excellent: — thin; subtile: — 
[A.-S. lirer; Icel. hrar. — See Raw] underdone; 
raw. 

Rar'ee-show, n. [For rarity show.] A show car- 
ried in a box. 

Rar-e-fac'tion, n. [L. rarefactio.] The act of 
rarefying or making less dense : — opposed to 
condensation. 

Rar'e-fi-a-ble, a. Admitting rarefaction. 

Rar'e-fy, v. a. [L. rarefacere, raref actum; rarns, 
thin, rare,, and facere, to make.] [pp. rarefying, 
rarefied.] To make thin or less dense; to ex- 
pand : — opposed to condense. — 2, v. «. To become 
rare or thin. 

Rare'ly, ad. Seldom ; not often : — finely. 

Rare'ness, n. State of being rare; thinness. 

Rare'rlpe, n. [Rathe, soon, and Ripe.] An early 
fruit; an early peach. — 2, a. Early ripe: — pre- 
cocious. 

Rar'i-ty [ra're-te, & J. Ja. K. St. I. 8m.], n. [Fr. 
rar'ete, L. rariias, rareness.] Thinness ; subtilty : 
— opposed to density. 



a, e, i, o, u, 



y, long; a, e, i, o, ii, y, short; a, e, 



9. " 



y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



EAEITY 



449 



KAVm 



Rar'i-ty. [ra're-te, S. W. J. E. F. Ja. K. Sm. St. I.], 
n. A thing rare or valued for its scarcity ; un- 
common n ess. 

Ras'cal, n. [Fr. racaille, Walloon & 0. Fr. ras- 
caille, trash, scrapings. — Cf. Sp. rascar, L. radere, 
rasum, to scrape.] A scoundrel ; a sorry wretch. 
— 2, a. Mean; low; vile; villanous. 

Ras-cari-t£, n. Petty villany ; knavery. 

Ras-cal'iion (ras-kal'yun), n. [The termination 
in -to/1 is a mark of contempt.] A vile wretch. 

Ras'cal-ly, a. Mean ; sorry ; base ; worthless. 

Rase, or Rase, v. a. [L. radere, rasum, to scrape.] 
[pp. rasing, rased.] To skim; to erase; to raze. 

Rash, a. [Ger. rasch ; Dan. rask.] Acting with- 
out reflection or caution ; hasty ; violent ; pre- 
cipitate ; careless. — 2, n. [Fr. rache dandruff; 
Ger. ralsche, a scraping; ratschen, to s>rape, to 
scratch; It. raschia, a rash; L. radere, rasum, to 
scrape.] A cutaneous eruption ; redness of the 
skin; an efflorescence ; exanthem. 

Rash'er, n. [Because cooked hastily or rashly; or 
L. rasio, or rasura, a thin slice, a shaving ; radere, 
rasum, to scrape, to shave.] A thin slice of pork 
or bacon. 

Rash'ly, ad. Hastily; without reflection. 

Rash'ness, n. Inconsiderate haste ; temerity. 

Ra-so'ri-al, a. [L. rasor, a scraper ; radere, rasum, 
to scrape.] Scratching or scraping the ground. 

Rasp, n. [0. Fr. rasper, Fr. rdper, to scrape ; rape, 
Ger. raspel, a rasp ; It. & Sp. raspa, a rasp ; It. 
raspare, Sp. raspar, to rasp.] A large, rough file. 
—2, v. a. [pp. rasping, rasped.] To rub with a 
very rough file. 

Rasp'ber-ry. (raz'ber-e or rasTjer-e), n. [Rasp and 
Bkrry; from the appearance of the fruit or the 
character of its shoots.] A shrub and iU fruit. 

Ra'sure (ra'zhur), n. [L. rasura, a scraping; ra- 
dere, rasum, to scrape. J Act of erasing ; razure. 

Rat, n. [A.-S. rset; Dut. rat; Fr. rut; Ger. ratte: 
found in many languages.] An animal of, the 
mouse kind: — a workman who works under 
regular wrges. — 2, v. n. [pp. ratting, ratted.] 
To leave friends, or a falling party, basely ; to 
leave a falling party : — to work under price, as 
printers. 

Rat'a-ble, a. That may be rated or valued. 

Rat'a-bly, ad. By rate or proportion. 

Rat-a-fi'a (rat-a-fe'a or rat-a-fe'), n. [Fr., Sp., 
& It. : probably related to Tafia (q. v.).] A cor- 
dial, or flavored liquor. [ratchet. 

Ratch, n. [A variant of Back.] A sort of wheel ; 

Ratch'et, n. [A diminutive of Batch.] A small 
tooth or catch in a piece of mechanism. 

Ratch' et-wheel, n. A wheel having teeth. 

Rate, n. [L. reor, ratum, to determine, to think.] 
Quantity or amount fixed; degree; proportion; 
rank; price: — a sum assessed by public author- 
ity ; tax. — 2. r. a. [pp. rating, rated.] To value 
at a price ; to estimate ; to set a price on : — [cf. 
Sw. rcitta, to correct, to set right (q. v.) ; or rata, 
to find fault with, to despise. — Cf. L. reor, rotas, 
to think, — also, to denounce, to reject] to chide ; 
to scold. — 3, t>. u. To be classed or estimated. 

Ra-tel', or Ra'tel, n. [Fr. ; from rat, a rat.] A 
badger-like animal of Africa and Asia. 

Rath, or Rathe (or rath), o. & ad. [A.-S. hrade, 
quickly; hreed, quick; Icel. hradr, 0. Ger. hrad, 
quick.] Early ; soon. 

Rath'er [rath'er, Ja. K. Sm. C. H. St], ad. [Com- 
parative of rath; A.-S. hrador.] More willingly ; 
preferably ; sooner ; more ; somewhat. 

Rat-i-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of ratifying. 

Rat'i-fy, v. a. [Fr. ratifier ; Late L. ratificare; L. 
ratus, fixed (see Rate), and facere. to make.] 
[pp. ratifying, ratified.] To confirm ; to settle ; 
to establish. 

Rat'ing, n. Valuation : — a chiding. 

Ra'ti-o (ra'she-o), n. ; pi. Ra'ti-os. [L. for "a 
determination," "a reason" (q. v.); reor, ratus, 
I think, I determine.] The relation which one 
thing has to another ; proportion. 



Ra-ti-oc'i-nate (rash-e-os'e-nat), v. n. [L. ratioci- 
nari, ratiocinatus, to reckon ; ratiocinium, a reck- 
oning. — Cf. Ratio.] [pp. ratiocinating, ratioci- 
nated.] To reason; to argue. 

Ra-ti-oc-i-na'tion, n. The act of reasoning. 

Ra'tion, n. [L. ratio, a proportion, an allowance. 
— See Rate.] A certain allowance of provisions. 

Ra."tion-al (iash'un-al), a. [L. rational is. — See 
Ratio and Reason.'] Endowed with reason ; 
agreeable to reason; wise ;sane; reasonable. — 
{Geog.) Real : — opposed to sensible, as applied to 
the horizon. 

Ra-ti-o-na'le (rash-e-o-na'le), n. [L.— See Ratio.] 
A detail with reasons. 

Ra"tion-al-ism, n. [Fr. rationalisme.] The prin- 
ciple's of the rationalists ; adherence to reason as 
distinct from revelation : — opposed to supematu- 
ralism. 

Ra"tion-al-ist (rash'un-al-ist\ n. One who ad- 
heres to' reason, or to rationalism. 

Ra-tion-al-is'tic, a. Relating to rationalism. 

Ra-ti-o-nal'i-tj: (rash-e-o-nal'e-te), n. The qual- 
ity'of being rational ;' reasonableness ; saniry. 

Ra."tion-al-ly (rash'un-al-le), ad. With reason. 

Rat'lines! ». pi [Origin'doubtful.] (Xaut.) Small 
line's in a ship, used as the rounds of a ladder. 

Ra-t66n', n. [Sp. retoflo, a shoot; retohar, to 
shoot anew.] A sprout from the sugar-cane. — 
2, v. n. [pp. ratooning, ratooned.] To sprout 
from the root. 

Rats'bane, «. A poison for rats ; arsenic. 

Rat-tan', n. [Malay, rolan.] A slender trailing 
palm and its stem. 

Rat'tle. V. n. [A.-S. hrsetele, Dut. ratel, Ger. rassel, 
a rattle ; Dut. ratelen, Ger. rasseln, to rattle : im- 
itative.] [pp. rattling, rattled.] To make a 
sharp noise. — 2, v. a. To cause to sound or 
rattle. — 3, ». A quick noise; empty talk :— any- 
thing that makes a rattling noise.— pi. The 
croup. [rattles. 

Rat'tle-snake, n. A poisonous serpent having 

Rat'tling, n. A noise produced by wheels, &c. 

Rau'ci-ty, n. [L. raucitas.] Hoarseness ; a rough 
noise. 

Rau'cous, a. [L. raucus, hoarse.] Hoarse ; harsh- 
sounding. 

Rav'age, v. a. [Fr. rarage, devastation; ravager, 
to spoil; ravir, to ravish (q. v.).] [pp. ravaging, 
ravaged.] To lay waste; to sack; to pillage. — 

2, n. Waste ; devastation ; desolation. 
Rav'a^-er, n. [Fr. ravageur.] One who ravages; 

a plunderer. 

Rave, o. n. [0. Fr. rcLver, Sp. rabiar, L. rabere, to 
rave; rabies, rage.] [pp. raving, raved.] To be 
furious or mad ; to dote. 

Rav'el (rav'vl), v. a. [0. Dut. ravelen, Dut. ra- 
felen, Low Ger. reffeln, to ravel.— Cf. Ger. rafel, 
"a hackle, a rake.] [pp. ravelling, ravelled.] 
To entangle :— to untwist.— 2, v. n. To be un- 
woven ; to unravel. 

Rave'lin (rav'ljn), >i. [Fr. ; Sp. rebellin; It. ri- 
vellino ; perhaps L. re-, back, and vallum, a ram- 
part.] Part of a fortification. 

Rav'el-Hng, «. A thread disentangled. 

Ra'ven (ra'vn), n. [A.-S. hrsefn ; Icel. hrafn ; 0. 
Ger. hraban ; Dan. ravn ; Dut. raaf; Ger. rabe.~\ 
A large, black bird like the crow. — 2, a. Very 
black ; as black as a raven. 

Rav'en (rav'vn), n. [0. Fr. ravine, violence. — See 
Rapine.] Prey; plunder; rapine. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
ravening, ravened.] To plunder; to devour. — 

3, v. n. To prey with rapacity. 
Rav'en-er (rav'vn-er), n. One who plunders. 
Rav'en-ing (rav'vn-ing), n. Violence. — 2, p. a. 

Rapacious; devouring; ravenous. 

Rav'en-ous (rav'vn-us), a. [Fr. ravineux, full of 
ravines, — formerly, violent, destructive.] Furi- 
ously voracious ; eager to devour ; rapacious. 

Rav'en-ous-ly. (rav'vn-us-le), ad. With voracity. 

Rav'en-ous-ness (rav'vn-us-nes), n. Voracity. 

Rav'in (rav'vn), n. Rapine. See Raven. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5. 9, c, §, soft; p, p, p, |, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tnia, 

dd 38* 



KAVINE 



450 



EEAEKANGE 



Ra-vine'.w. [Fr. for a "torrent," — hence, a gorge 
or hollow ; formerly it meant a flood, also 
violence, rapine.] A hollow ; a hollow pass. 

Rav'ing, n. Madness; fury; frenzy: — insane 
declamation or talk. — 2, pi a. Furious ; mad ; 
distracted. 

Rav'ish, v. a. [Fr. ravir (part, ravissant) ; L. ra- 
pere, to snatch.] [pp. ravishing, ravished.] To 
deflower by violence; to take by violence: — to 
delight ; to transport. 

Rav'ish-er, ra. One who ravishes. 

Rav'ish-ment, n. The act of ravishing ; violation ; 
rape : — rapture ; ecstasy. 

Raw, a. [A.-S. hreaw ; Dut. raauw ; Dan. raa ; 
Ger. roh. j Not subdued by the fire ; crude : 
— sore : — immature ; unripe : — new : — bleak ; 
chill :— not prepared for use, as raw materials. 

Raw'boned (-bond), a. Having little flesh. 

Raw'hlde, ra. Untauned leather; a whip of un- 
tanned leather. 

Raw'ly, ad. In a raw manner ; unskilfully. 

Raw'ness, n. The state of being raw. 

Ray (ra), n. [Fr. rai; Sp. rayo ; It. raggio ; L. ra- 
dius.] A straight line, as of light; a beam; 
gleam: — [Fr. raie; L. raia) a fish like the shark. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. raying, rayed.] To streak; to 
shoot forth. 

Ray'less (ra'les), a. Dark ; without a ray. 

Raze, v. a. [A variant of Ease.] [pp. razing, 
razed.] To overthrow ; to efface : to erase. 

Ra-zee', ra. [Fr. raser (part, rasee), to shave, to 
cut down. — See Rase.] A ship of war cut down 
to an inferior class, or made smaller. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. razeeing, razeed.] To cut down or reduce. 

Ra'zor, ra. [Fr. rasoir ; raser, to shave. — See Rase.] 
A tool or knife used for shaving. 

Ra'zor-bill, ra. A species of auk. 

Ra'zor-strop, ra. A strop or strap for sharpening 
a razor :— written also razor-strap. 

Ra'ziire (ra/zhur), ra. The act of erasing ; rasure. 

Raz'zi-a (rat'se-a), ra. [Fr. ; Arab, rkaziat, a war- 
like expedition : introduced from Algeria.] A 
pillaging expedition made into an enemy's coun- 
try ; a foray. 

Re- A prefix from the Latin, denoting iteration, 
repetition, or backward action : as, to react. 

Re (ra), n. [See Do.] (Mus.) The second note of 
the natural scale. 

Reach, v. a. [A.-S. mean ; Ger. reichen.] [pp. 
reaching, reached.] To touch with the hand 
extended ; to arrive at ; to extend to. — 2, v. n. 
To be extended; to penetrate. — 3, n. Power; 
limit : — extent ; grasp : — a stretch : — artifice. 

Re-act', v. a. [Re- and Act.] [pp. reacting, re- 
acted.] To act or do again; to reenact. — 2, v. n. 
To return an act or impulse. 

Re-ac'tion, w. [Be- and Action.] A counter- 
action ; resistance. 

Re-ac'tion-a-ry, a. Implying reaction. 

Re-ac'tion-a-ry, 1 ra. One in favor of undoing the 

Re-ac'tion-ist, J work of reform or progress. 

Read (red), v. a,. [A.-S. rpedan, to advise, to dis- 
cern, to read; rsed, advice. — Cf. Ger. rathen, to 
advise ; 0. Sw. reda, to explain.] [i. read (red) ; 
pp. reading, read.] To peruse, as a book; to 
recite: — to learn by observation. — 2, v. n. To 
peruse ; to study : — to stand written. 

Read (red), p. a. Versed in books; learned. 

Read'a-ble, a. That may be read : — legible. 

Read'er. n. One who reads or is studious : — a book 
of exercises for reading. 

Read'er-ship, ra. The office of reading prayers. 

Read'i-ly, ad. With speed; quickly; cheerfully. 

Read'i-ness (red'i-nes), n. Promptitude. 

Readying, n. Perusal of books; a lecture; public 
recital : — a variation of copies. 

Re-ad-just', v. a. [Re- and Adjust.] [pp. read- 
justing, readjusted.] To settle anew. 

Re-ad-mis'sion, ra. The act of admitting again. 

Re-ad-mit', v. a. [Re- and Admit.] [pp. read- 
mitting, readmitted.] To admit or let in again. 



Re-ad-mit'tance, ra. The act of readmitting ; an 
allowance to enter again. 

Read'y (red'e), a. [A.-S. rsede ; 0. Sw. reda; Dan. 
rede; Ger. bereit; root of 0. Sw. reda, to pre- 
pare, and of Ride: influenced by or confused 
with the root of Read : whence 0. Sw. redig, plain, 
and Russ. rade, willing, ready.] Prepared; 
prompt; willing :— dressed ; equipped. 

Re-af-firm', v. a. [Re- and Affirm.] [pp. re- 
affirming, reaffirmed.] To affirm again. 

Re-a'£ent, ra. [Fr. reagir, to react. — See Act and 
Agent.] (Chem.) A substance used to produce 
a chemical reaction ; a test. 

Re'al, o. [Fr. reel; 0. Fr. real; Late L. realis ; L. 
res, a thing, a fact.] Actually existing ; not im- 
aginary ; true ; certain ; genuine : — relating to 
things, not persons; as, real property or estate. 
— 2, ra. [Sp. real, L. regalis, royal, regal (q. v.).] 
A Spanish coin worth 12^> cents. 

Re-al'gar [re'al-gar, Ja. C.J, ra. [Fr. realgar, Sp. 
rejalgar, Arab, rahj al-ghar, mineral powder ; rahj, 
powder, al, the, and ghar, mine or cave.] (Cheui) 
A red sulphuret of arsenic. 

Re'al-ism, ra. The principles of the realists. — 
{Fine Arts.) Exact reproduction or representa- 
tion without idealization. 

Re'al-ist, n. One of the set of scholastic philoso- 
phers who maintained that the uni versa Is in 
logic, or genus and species, were tilings, and not 
mere names: — opposed to nominalist, as later to 
idealist : — an author or an artist who reproduces 
or represents nature or real life with exactness. 

Re-al-is'tic, a. Characterized by realism ; faith- 
fully representing nature or real life. 

Re-al'i-ty, ra. [Fr. realite.] State of being real ; 
that which is real ; verity ; fact ; real existence. 

Re'al-iz-a-ble, a. That may be realized. 

Re-al-i-za'tipn, w. The act of realizing. 

Re'al-ize, v. a. [Fr. realiser.] [pp. realizing, re- 
alized.] To bring into being or act; to make 
real or certain; to achieve; to effect; to com- 
plete :— to feel vividly :— to convert into land. 

Re'al-ly, ad. With reality ; in truth : truly. 

Realm (relm), ra. [Fr. royamne, 0. Fr. realme or 
roialme, Late L. (probably) regalimen, a kingdom ; 
L. regalis, regal (a. v.).] A kingdom ; an empire. 

Re'al-ty, n. (Law.) Peal or landed property. 

Ream, ra. [Fr. rame, 0. Fr. raime, Sp. resma, Arab. 
rizmat, a bundle.] Twenty quires of paper. — 
2, v. a. [Ger. r'dumen, to clear; raum, room 
(q. v.).~\ [pp. reaming, reamed.] To enlarge ; 
to bevel out, as a hole. 

Ream'er, w. An instrument for enlarging a hole. 

Re-an'i-mate, v. a. [Re- and Animate.] [pp. re- 
animating, reanimated.] To restore to lile or to 
courage. 

Re-an-nex', v. a. [Re- and Annex.] [pp. rean- 
nexing, reannexed.] To annex again. 

Reap, v. a. [A.-S. ripan, Dut. rapen, to reap. — Cf. 
Ger. raufen, Goth, ravpjan, to pluck.] [pp. 
reaping, reaped.] To cut, as grain; to obtain. — 
2, v. ra. To cut grain ; to harvest. [reaping. 

Reap'er, ra. One who cuts grain ; a machine for 

Re-ap-pear', v. w. [Re- and Appear.] [pp. re- 
appearing, reappeared.] To appear again. 

Re-ap-pear'ance, ra. The act of reappearing. 

Re-ap-pbint' r , v. a. [Re- and Appoint.] [pp. re- 
appointing, reappointed.] To appoint again. 

Re-ap-pbint'ment, w. Second appointment. 

Rear, ra. [0. E. rere, Fr. arriere, backward ; L. ad 
retro; ad, to, and retro, backward.] The hinder 
troop, class, or part. — 2, a. Back; situated at 
the rear. — 3, v. a. [A.-S. rseran, causal form of 
risan, to rise.] [pp. rearing, reared.] To raise 
up ; to educate ; to breed. 
Rear'-ad'mi-ral, ra. An officer in the navy, next 

in rank to a vice-admiral. 
Rear'-guard, ra. The part of an army which 

marches after the main body. 
Re-ar-ran£e', v. a. [pp. rearranging, rearranged.] 
To arrange anew. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, I, 5, u, y, 



a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, faist, fall; he"ir, her; 



KEASCEND 



451 



EECEPTIVITY 



Re-as-cend', v. n. & v. a. [Re- and Ascend.] [pp. 
reascendiug, reascended.J To mount again. 

Rea'son (re'zn), n. [Fr. raison, reason, right; L. 
ratio, reason, arrangement, moderation ; reor, 
ratus, to think.] The rational faculty which 
distinguishes man from the lower animals ; the 
power of the perception of truth ; the thinking 
principle : — understanding ; sense : — absolute 
right, truth, or justice: — efficient cause : — final 
cause ; design : — end ; motive ; argument. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. reasoning, reasoned.] To argue rationally. 
— 3, v. a. To examine rationally. 

Rea'son-a-ble, a. [Fr. raisonnable; L. ration abil is.] 
Endued' with reason ; agreeable to reason ; ra- 
tional ; sensible ; just ; fair. 

Rea'son-a-ble-ness (re'zn-a-bl-nSs), n. Quality 
of being reasonable ; rationality. 

Rea'§on-a-bly, ad. With reason. 

Rea'son-er (re'zn-er), n. [Fr. raisonneur.] One 
who reasons. 

Rea'§on-ing (re'zn-ing), n. Argumentation. 

Re-as-sem'ble, v. a. [Re- and Assemble.] [pp. 
reassembling, reassembled.] To assemble anew. 

Re-as-sert', v. a. [lie- and Assert.] [pp. reas- 
serting, reasserted.] To assert anew. 

Re-as-s'er'tion, n. A repeated assertion. 

Re-as-sign' '(re-as-sln'), v. a. [Re- and Assign.] 
[pp. reassigning, reassigned.] To assign again. 
. Re-as-sume', v. a. [Re- and Assume.] [pp. reas- 
signing, reassumed.] To resume; to take again. 

Re-as-sur'ance (-shur'-), n. New assurance. 

Re-as-sure' (re-a-shur'), v. a. [Re- and Assure.] 
[pp. reassuring, reassured.] To assure anew. 

Reave (rev), v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. reafian, Icel. raufa, 
Ger. rauben, to rob (q. v.).— Cf. A.-S. reaf, clothes, 
spoil; Icel. ranf, spoil; Ger. raub, plunder : akin 
to Rob, Rope, and Rip.] [pp. reaving, reaved 
or reft.] To rob; to carry off by violence: — 
to deprive. [Nearly obs.] 

Re-bap-tlze', v. a. [Re- and Baptize.] [pp. re- 
baptizing, rebaptized.] To baptize again. 

Re-bate', v. a. [Fr. rabaUre, to beat back, to 
abate; re, back, and battre, L. batuere, to beat 
(q. v.).] [pp. rebating, rebated.] To blunt: — 
to rabbet : — to abate. — 2, n. An abatement : — a 
groove sunk on the edge of a board ; a rabbet. 

Re'bec, n. [Fr. rebec; It. ribecva, ribebba; Sp. 
rabel; Per. rubab; Arab, rabab.] A kind 
of violin. 

Reb'el, n. [L. rebellis, insurgent; rebellio, 
a rebel ; rebellare, to rebel ; re-, again, and 
bellare, to wage war; beUwm, war: used 
primarily of nations once conquered.] 
One who resists lawful authority by vio- 
lence; a revolter; an insurgent. 

Re-bel', v. u. [pp. rebelling, rebelled.] To 
rise against lawful authority. Rebec. 

Re-bel'lion (re-bel'yun), n. [L. rebellium ; Fr. re- 
bellion.]' Warlike resistance against lawful au- 
thority; an insurrection. 

Re-bel'lious (re-bel'yus), a. Resisting, or con- 
trary to, lawful authority ; disobedient : — refrac- 
tory ; stubborn. 

Re-bei'lious-ly,, ad. In a rebellious manner. 

Re-bel'lious-ness (re-bel'yus-nes), n. The quality 
or state of being rebellious. 

Re-bound', v. n. [Fr. rebondir. — See Bound.] [pp. 
rebounding, rebounded.] To spring back; to 
recoil. — 2, v. a. To reverberate ; to beat back. — 
3, n. Act of flying back ; esilition. 

Re-buff, n. [It. rabuffo, a rebuff; rabuffare, to re- 
buff; »•«-, or ri- (L. re-), back, and buffo, a puff 
(q. v.).] A repercussion; a sudden check. — 
2, v. a. [pp. rebuffing, rebuffed.] To beat back; 
to repel ; to reject. 

Re-build' (re-bi'ld'), v. a. [Re- and Build.] [i. re- 
built; pp. rebuilding, rebuilt.] To build anew. 

Re-buke', v. a. [Fr. reboucher, O. Fr. rebouqner, to 
blunt, t'> dull, — locally, to reject; re-, again, 
back, and boncher, to choke, to strangle ; bouche, 
the mouth.] [pp. rebuking, rebuked.] To 



chide ; to reprehend.— 2, n. A reprehension ; a 
reprimand. 

Re'bus, n. ; pi. Re'bus-es. [L. rebus, by things; 
res, a thing.] An enigmatical representation of 
a name, or of words, by pictures or emblems ; a 
sort of riddle or enigma. 

Re-but', v. n. [Fr. rebuter, 0. Fr. rebouter, to re- 
pel ; re- and bouter, to thrust, to butt (7. v.).] 
[pp. rebutting, rebutted.] (Law.) To return an 
answer. — 2, v. a. To beat back ; to repel. 

Re-but'tal, n. The process of rebutting. 

Re-but'ter, n. (Late.) The plaintiff's answer to 
the defendant's surrejoinder ; a bar. 

Re-cal'ci-trant, a. [L. recalcitram (pres. part.).] 
Kicking back ; backsliding. 

Re-cal'ci-trate, v. n. [L. recalcitrare, recalcitratum, 
to kick back; calcitrare, to kick; calx, the heel.] 
[pp. recalcitrating, recalcitrated.] To kick back ; 
to show or express repugnance. 

Re-call', v. a. [Re- and Call.] [pp. recalling, 
recalled.] To call back; to recall.— 2, ». The 
act of calling back ; revocation. 

Re-cant', v. a. [L. recantare, to recall ; re-, back, 
and cantare, to sing; frequentative of canere, 
cantum, to sing.] [pp. recanting, recanted.] To 
contradict a former declaration ; to retract ; to 
recall; to abjure. — 2, v. n. To revoke what has 
been said. [a retraction. 

Re-can-ta'tion, n. [See Recant.] A recanting; 

Re-ca-pit'ii-late, v. a. & v. n. [L. recapitulare, reca- 
pitulatum, to go over the heads again ; re-, back, 
again, and capituhim, dim. of caput, a head.] 
[pp. recapitulating, recapitulated.] To repeat 
the substance of what has been said : — to men- 
tion in brief. 

Re-ca-pit-u-la'tion, n. Act of recapitulating. 

Re-ca-pit'ii-la-to-rj:, «• Repeating again. 

Re-capt'iire (re-kapt'yur), v. a. [Re- and Cap- 
ture.] [pp. recapturing, recaptured.] To re. 
take. — 2, n. A retaking. 

Re-cast', v. a. [Re- and Cast.] [i. recast; pp. 
recasting, recast.] To cast again ; to throw 
again. 

Re-cede', v. n. [L. recedere, reeessum, to go back; 
cedere, to go.] [pp. receding, receded.] To re- 
treat ; to withdraw. 

Re-cede', t\ a. [Re- and Cede.] [pp. receding, 
receded.] To cede back again. 

Re-ceipt' (re-set'), n. [L. rceeptus ; Fr. recette. — 
See Receive.] A reception: — a place of re- 
ceiving: — a recipe: — a formula: — a written ac- 
knowledgment of money, &c, received.— 2. >•. o. 
[pp. receipting, receipted.] To give a receipt 
for. — 3, v. n. To give a receipt or written ac- 
knowledgment of having received. 

Re-ceiv'a-ble, a. Capable of being received. 

Re-ceive* (re-sev'), v. a. [Fr. recevoir ; L. recipere, 
recepturn; re-, again, and capere, to take.] [pp. 
receiving, received.] To take; to allow ; to ad- 
mit. — 2, v. n. To open one's house for the recep- 
tion of company. 

Re-ceiv'er, n. He who or that which receives :— 
a chemical vessel or retort. 

Re-cen'sion, n. [L. recensio ; recensere, to review; 
're-, again, and cemere, to judge.] An enumera- 
tion ; a review; a critical revision. 

Re'cent, a. [L. recens, recentis.] Late; new; not 
antique; fresh. 

Re'cent-ly, ad. Lately ; newly ; freshly. 

Re'cent-ness, n. Newness ; freshness. 

Re-cep'ta-cle, n. [Fr. receptacle; L. receptaculum ; 
receplare, frequentative of recipere, to receive 
(q. v.).] A vessel or place into which any thing 
is received ; a reservoir : — that part of a plant 
on which the fruits or carpels are borne. 

Re-cep'tion, n. [L. receptio. — See Recf.ive.] The 
act of receiving; state or manner of being re- 
ceived ; receipt ; acceptance. 

Re-cep'tive, a. Able to receive ; admitting. 

Rec-ep-tiv'i-ty : , n. [Fr. receptivite.] The capa- 
bility of receiving. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, s«n ; bail, bur, rule, use.— g, 9, 9, £, soft; p, J5, e, 5, hard; ;a«z; 5 as gz ; tfiis. 



EECESS 



452 



RECONNOITRE 



Re-cess', n. [L. recessus. — See Recede.] Retire- 
ment ; privacy ; retreat :— a plate of secrecy ; a 
cavity in the face of a wall ; a niche :— inter- 
mission ; suspension. 

Re-ces'sion (re-sesh'un), «. [L. recessio.] The 
act of retreating; withdrawal :— retrocession. 

Re-chaVter, v. a. [Re- and Charter.] [pp. re- 
charterihg, rechartered.] To charter again. 

Recherche (re-shar'sha), a. [Fr.] Far-fetched; 
well finished ; choice ; elegant. 

Re-choose', v. a. [i. rechose; pp. rechoosing, re- 
chosen.] To choose again ; to reelect. 

Rec'i-pe (res'e-pe), n. [L. for "take thon."— See 
Receive.] A medical prescription : — a formula 
or receipt. 

Re-cip'i-en-cy, n. The act of receiving. 

Re-cip'i-ent, a. Having power to receive.— 2, n. 
One who receives. 

Re-cip'ro-cal, a. [Fr. reciproque; L. reciprocus ; 
from reqve proque, back and forth. — See Re and 
Pro.] Done by each to the other ; acting by 
turns; commutual ; mutual; alternate; inter- 
changeable. — 2, n. [Arith.) Quotient resulting 
from the division of unity by any number. 

Re-cip'ro-cal-ly, ad. Interchangeably. 

Re-cip'ro-cate, v. n. [L. reciprocare, reciprocatum. 
—See Reciprocal.] [pp. reciprocating, recipro- 
cated.] To act interchangeably ; to alternate.— 
2, v. a. To give and take mutually. 

Re-crp-ro-ca'tion, n. [L. reciprocatio.] The act 
of reciprocating. [act or right. 

Rec-i-proc'i-ty, n. [Fr. reciprocite.] A reciprocal 

Re-ci"sion (re-sizh'un), n. [L. recisio ; recidere, 
reciswn, to cut off; csedere, to cut.] The act of 
cutting off. 

Re-ci'tal, n. The act of reciting ; recitation ; a 
rehearsal ; a narration ; a narrative ; an uccount. 

Rec-i-ta'tion, n. [L. recitatio.— See Recite.] The 
act of reciting; recital. 

Reg-i-ta-tive' (-tev'), )w. [It. recitativo.] A kind 

Rec-i-ta-ti'vo (-te'vo), j of singing or tuneful pro- 
nunciation. 

Re-cite', v. a. [L. recitare, to cite again.— See Cite.] 
[pp. reciting, recited. ] To rehearse ; to repeat ; to 
tell over ; to relate ; to narrate ; to recapitulate. 

Reck, v. n. [A.-S. recan, reccan, rocian, 0. Ger. 
rohhjan, to care; 0. Ger. ruoh, ruah, care, heed.] 
[pp. recking, recked.] To take heed ; to care. 

Reck'less, a. [A.-S. recceleas ; Dut. roekeloos. — See 
Reck'.] Careless; heedless; rash. 

Reck'less-ness, n. Carelessness. 

Reck'li'ng, n. [From Reck, to care.— Cf. Dar- 
ling, Nursling.] The smallest in a brood of 
animals; a brood: — a helpless infant. 

Reck'on (rek'kn), v. a. [A.-S. gerecenian; Dut. 
rekenen; Icel. reikna ; Dan. regne ; Ger. rechnen; 
Goth, rahnjan: root of Rake, to collect.] [pp. 
reckoning/reckoned.] To number ; to esteem. — 
2, v. n. To compute ; to calculate. 

Reck'on-er (rek'kn-er), n. One who reckons. 

Reck'on-ing (rek'kn-ing), n. Computation; cal- 
culation ; estimation ; account. 

Re-claim', v. a. [L. reclamare, to call out against; 
re-, back, and clamare, to call ; Fr. reclamer, to 
ask back, with the meaning to tame: it was at 
first a falconer's term.] [pp. reclaiming, re- 
claimed.] To reform; to recover; to tame. — 
2, v. n. To exclaim against any thing; to make 
a remonstrance. 

Re-claim' a-ble, a. That may be reclaimed. 

Re-claim'ant, n. One who reclaims. 

Rec-la-ma'tion, n. [L. reclamatio, a remonstrance. 
— See Reclaim.] The act of reclaiming or state 
of being reclaimed : — a remonstrance. 

Rec-li-na'tion, n. The act of reclining. 

Re-cline', v. a. & v. n. [L. reclinare, to lean back. 
— See Lean.] [pp. reclining, reclined.] To 
lean back ; to repose. 

Re-cluse', n. [L. reclndere, reclusum, to unclose, to 
shut up; claudere, to shut.] One shut un ; a re- 
tired person.— 2, a. Shut up ; retired ; solitary. 



Re-clu'sion, n. State of a recluse; seclusion. 

Rec-og-ni"tion (rek-og-nish'unj, n. [L. recogni- 
ho.— See Recognize.] The "act of recognizing; 
acknowledgment; review. 

Rec-og-niz'a-ble, or Re-cog'ni-za-ble, a. That 
may be recognized or acknowledged. 

Re-cog'ni-zance [re-kou'e-zans, 8. P. R. Wb.], n. 
[0. Fr. recognoissance ; Fr. reconnaissance. — See 
Recognize.] Recognition; an acknowledgment : 
— a badge ; a bond of record :— written also recog- 
nisance. 

Re-cog-ni-za'tion, n. The act of recognizing. 

Rec'og-nize [rek'on-Iz, P. Wb.], v. a. [L. recog- 
noscere; re-, again, and cognoscere, to know; co- f 
together, and gnoscere, to know (q. v.); 0. Fr. 
recognoislre ; Fr. reconnaitre.] [pp- recognizing, 
recognized.] To recover the knowledge of; to 
know again ; to acknowledge : — written also 
recognise. [is bound by recognizance. 

Re-cog-ni-zee', n. (Law.) A person to whom one 

Re-cog-ni-zbr', «. (Lata.) One who enters into 
or gives a recognizance. 

Re-coil', v. n. [Fr. reculer ; re-, and cvl, L. cuius, 
the hinder part.] [pp. recoiling, recoiled.] To 
fall back ; to rebound.— 2, n. A falling back ; a 
rebound. 

Re-cbil'ing, n. The act of rebounding ; recoil. 

Ri-coin', v. a. [Re- and Coin.] [pp. recoining, 
recoined.] To coin over again. 

Re-cbin'ai-e, n. The act of coining anew. 

Rec-ol-lect', v. a. [L. recolligere, recollectum, to 
gather up again.— See Collect.] [pp. recollect- 
ing, recollected.] To recover to memory ; to 
recall to mind ; to remember. 

Rec-ol-lec'tion, n. Act of calling to mind things 
once known ; remembrance ; memory : — self-con- 
trol ; religious devotion. 

Re-com-bine', v. a. [Re- and Combine.] [pp. re- 
combining, recombined.] To combine again. 

Re-com-mence', v. a. [Re- and Commence.] [pp. 
recommencing, recommenced.] To begin anew. 

Rec-om-mend', v. a. [Fr. recommander. — See 
Commend.] [pp. recommending, recommended.] 
To commend to another. 

Rec-om-men-da'tion, n. Act of recommending; 
commendation ; a credential. 

Rec-om-men'da-to-ry, a. Conveying praise. 

Re-com-mit', v. a. [Re- and Commit.] [pp. re- 
committing, recommitted.] To commit anew. 

Re-com-mit'ment, ». A new commitment. 

Re-com-mit' tal, n. A new committal. 

Rec'om-pense, v. a. [Fr. recompenser. — See Com- 
pensate.] [pp. recompensing, recompensed.] 
To pay back an equivalent; to compensate; to 
repay ; to requite. — 2, «. A return for some- 
thing done or suffered; a reward ; a compensa- 
tion; remuneration; requital; retribidion. 

Re-com-pose', v. a. [pp. recomposing, recom- 
posed.] To compose anew* 

Rec-on-cil'a-ble, a. That may be reconciled. 

Rec'on-cile, v. a. [L. reconciliare. — See Concili- 
ate.] [pp. reconciling, reconciled.] To restore 
to favor; to conciliate; to make consistent; to 

Rec'on-cile-ment, n. Reconciliation. [adjust. 

Rec'on-cil-er, n. One who reconciles. 

Rec-on-cil-i-a'tion, n. [L. reconciliatio.] The act 
of reconciling ; 'state of being reconciled ; adjust- 
ment; a renewal of friendship; atonement. 

Rec-on-cil'i-a-to-rx, a. Tending to reconcile. 

Rec'on-dite (rek'on-dit or re-kon'dit), a. [L. re- 
conditus, hidden ; recondere, reconditum, to put 
away; re-, back, again, con-, together, and dare, 
to give.] Hidden; secret; abstruse. 

Re-con-duct', v. a. [pp. reconducting, recon- 
ducted.] To conduct again. 

Re-con'nois-sance', or Re-con'nais-sance', n. 
[Fr.] The act of reconnoitring; examination. 

Rec-on-nbi'tre (rek-on-nbi'ter), v. a. [Fr. recon- 
naftre.—See Recognize.] [pp. reconnoitring, 
reconnoitred.] To examine; to view:— to sur- 
vey, particularly for military purposes. 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long ; a, e, i, 5, fi, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, x, obscure. — Fare, far, f&st, fS.ll ; heir, her; 



RECONQUER 



453 



REDEEM 



Re-con' quer (re-kong'ker), 



[Re- and Con- 



quer.] [pp. recouquering, recouquered.] To 
conquer again. 

Re-con-sid'er, v. a. [Re- and Consider.] [pp. re- 
considering, reconsidered.] To consider again. 

Re-con-sid-er-a'tion, n. Act of reconsidering. 

Re- con- struct', v. a. [Re- and Construct.] [pp. 
reconstructing, reconstructed.] To construct 
again. 

Re-con-strflc'tion, n. The act of reconstructing. 

Re-cord', v. a. [L. recordari, to call to mind; re-, 
again, and cor, cordis, the heart.] [pp. record- 
ing, recorded.] To set down or enter in a i"eg- 
ister; to register; to enroll; to chronicle: — to 
cause to be remembered. 

Rec'ord, n. A register ; a memorial. 

Re-cord'er, n. One who records: — a judge: — 
[0. E. 'record, to sing: perhaps related to Ac- 
cord] a kinrl of flute or flageolet. 

Re-cord'er-shlp, n. The office of a recorder. 

Re-count', v. a. [Fr. raconter ; re-, again, a, to, 
and conter, to relate.] [pp. recounting, re- 
counted.] To relate in detail; to tell. 

Re-coup', v. reflex, or v. a. [Fr. recouper, to cut ; 
recoupe, a cutting: in English law a recoup is a 
part reserved against damage. The word also, 
in part, represents Yv. recuper, L. recuperate, to 
recuperate [q. v.).] [pp. recouping, recouped.] 
To indemnify one's self for an outlay or loss ; to 
reimburse ; to repay ; to make good. — 2, n. Re- 
coupment; discount. 

Re-cSup'ment, n. The act of recouping ; discount. 

Re-course', w. [Fr. recours, li. recursus, a retreat; 
recurrere, recursion, to run back; curr'ere, to run.] 
Application ; access. 

Re-coVer, v. a. [Fr. recouvrir ; L. recuperate. — 
See Recuperate.] [pp. recovering, recovered.] 
To restore from sickness ; to recruit : — to get or 
obtain back again ; to reclaim ; to repair ; to re- 
gain; to retrieve. — 2. v. <>. To regain health. 

Re-cov'er-a-ble, a. [Fr. recouvrable.] That* may 
be recovered. 

Re-cov'er-x, n. Act of recovering ; restoration. 

Rec're-ant, a. [0. Fr. ; a participle from recroire, 
Late L. recredere, to believe again (hence the 
meaning of apostate), — also, to confess one's 
faith again, — by extension, to confess one's self 
beaten, to play the coward. — See Creed.] Cow- 
ardly ; mean : — apostate. 

Rec're-ate, c. a. [L. recreate, recreation, to create 
anew, to revive, to refresh.] [pp. recreating, 
recreated.] To refresh ; to amuse ; to divert; to 
delight; to revive; to gratify. — 2, v. n. To take 
recreation. 

Re-cre-ate', v. a. [Re- and Create.] [pp. recre- 
ating, recreated.] To create anew. 

Rec-re-a'tion, n. [L. recreatio.] Act of recreating; 
amusement; sport: entertainment; diversion. 

Re-cre-a'tion, n. The act of creating anew. 

Rec're-a-tive, a. Tending to recreate ; refresh- 
ing; amusing; diverting". 

Re-crim'i-nate. v. n. [L. re-, back again, and 
criminari, to accuse. — See Cuiminate.] [pp. re- 
criminating, recriminated.] To return one ac- 
cusation for another; to reproach mutually. — 
2, v. a. To accuse in return. 

Re-crim-i-na'tion, n. Act of recriminating: — a 
counter-accusation. 

Re-crim'i-na-tlve, a. Recriminatory. 

Re-crim'i-na-to-ry, a. Recriminating. 

Re-cruit'(re-krut'), v. a. [Fr. recruiter, to recruit; 
by extension from recroltre, part, recru, recrute, 
to grow again; L. crescere, to grow.] [pp. re- 
cruiting, recruited.] To repair ; to supply ; to 
regain. — 2, v. n. To raise new soldiers: — to re- 
ceive new strength ; to recover.— 3, n. A fresh 
supply : — a new soldier. 

Rec'tan-gle, n. [Fr. ; L. rectangulus, right-angled; 
rectus, right (q. v .) t straight, and angulus, an 
angle (q. v.).] A right-angled parallelogram. 

Rec-tan'gu-lar, a. Having right angles. 



Rec-tan'gu-lar-ly, ad. With right angles. 

Rec'ti-f I-a-ble, a. That may be set right. 

Rec-ti-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of rectifying. 

Rec'ti-f i-er, n. One who rectifies. 

Rec'ti-fy, v. a. [Fr. rectifier; Late L. rectificare; 
L. rectus, straight, right (q. v.), and facere, to 
make.] [pp. rectifying, rectified.] To make 
right; to amend: — to refine, as by distillation. 

Rec-ti-lm'e-al, a. [L. rectus, straight, and linea, 
a line (q. v.).] Straight ; rectilinear. 

Rec-ti-lin'e-ar, a. Right-lined ; straight. 

Rec'ti-tude, n. [L. rectitudo, straightness ; rectus, 
straight, right (q. v.).] State of being right ; up- 
rightness; equity; justice; honesty; integrity. 

Rec'tor, n. [L. for "ruler;" regere, rectum, to 
rule.] A ruler; a governor: — a minister or 
priest of a parish : — head-master of a school. 

Ree'tor-ate, ». The office of rector. 

Rec-to'ri-al, a. Belonging to a rector. 

Rec'tor-ship, n. Rank or office of a rector. 

Rec'to-ry, n. The benefice of a rector: — the 
church of a rector : — a rector's house. 

Ree'tum, n. [L. for "straight;" a descriptive 
name.] (Anat.) The last portion of the large 
intestine, terminating in the anus. 

Re-cum'bence, \ n. The act or posture of lying 

Re-cum'ben-cy, j down or reclining. 

Re-cum'bent, a. [L. recumbere, reevmbentis, to 
recline; re-, back, and cubare. to lie.] Lying; 
leaning; reposing. 

Re-cii'per-ate, d. n. [L. recuperare, recuperaturn, 
to recover; commonly written reciperare, as if 
from capere, to take : origin doubtful.] [pp. re- 
cuperating, recuperated.] To regain health. — 
2, v. a. To restore ; to recover ; to regain. 
|- Re-cu'per-a-tive, a. [L. recuperativus.] Same as 
Recuperatory. [to restore ; restorative. 

j Re-cu'per-a-to-ry, a. [L. recuperatoruu.] Tending 
1 Re-cur , v. n. [L. recurrere, reenrrentis, to run 
back; currere, to run.] [pp. recurring, recurred.] 
| To come back ; to return : — to have recourse. 
j Re-cur'rence, \n. [Fr. rtcun-ence.) The act of 
i Re-cur'r§n-cx, J recurring; a coming again; a 
return. [ring. 

Re-cur' rent, a. [See Recur.] Returning; recur- 

Re-ciir'vate, v. a. [L. recarvare, recurvatum. — See 
Curve.] [pp. recurvating, recurvated.] To bend 
back; to recurve. — 2, a. Carved backward. 

Re-cur-va'tion, \ «. The act of recurvating ; flex- 

Re-ciir'vi-ty, ) ure backward. 

Re-ciirve', v. a. & r. n. [See Recurvate.] [pp. re- 
curving, recurved.] To bend back; to recurvate. 

Re-cu'§an-cy., n. Non-conformity. 

Re-cu'§ant, or Rec'u-§ant, ». [L. recusare, part. 
i-ecHsantis, to reject, to oppose a cause or opinion ; 
re-, against, and causa or caiissa, a cause (q. ».).] 
A non-conformist — 2, a. Refusing to conform. 

Red, a. [A.-S. read; Dut. rood; Dan. rod; Ger. 
roth: cognate words are found in most Aryan 
tongues.] Of the color of blood; scarlet. — 2, ». 
One of the primitive colors : — a republican of 
the most extreme type. 

Re-dact'. v. a. [L. redigere, redaction, to reduce ; 
re-, back again, and agere, to drive. — See Act.] 
[pp. redacting, redacted.] To edit. 

Re-dac'tion, n. [Fr. redaction.— i>e<i Redact.] The 
editorial staff, as of a journal : — the act of edit- 
ing : — matter edited. 

Re-dan', n. [Fr. redan or redent, a toothed work ; 
re- and L. dens, dentis, a tooth.] (Fort.) A kind 
of rampart. 

Red'breast, ». A small bird; a robin. 

Red'den (red'dn), v. a. & v. n. [See Red.] [pp. 
reddening, reddened.] To make or grow red. 

Red' dish, a. Somewhat red; inclining to red. 

Red-di"tion (red-dish'un), n. [L. redditio ; reddere, 
redditus, to render (a. v.).] A restitution. 

Red'dle (red'dl), n. [Ger. rotliel.—See Red.] Red 
chalk ; a species of ochre. 

Re-deem', v. a. [Fr. redimer; L. redimere, re- 
demptum; re-, back, and emere, emption, to buy, 



mien, sir; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c, §•, soft; p, fSt, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



REDEEMABLE 



454 



REFINE 



to gain.] [pp. redeeming, redeemed.] To re- 
lieve or free from forfeiture, captivity, or pun- 
ishment by paying a price ; to ransom ; to rescue ; 
to deliver; to recover: — to make good, as a 
promise : — to make good use of, as time. 

Re-deem' a-ble, a. Capable of redemption. 

Re-deem'er, n. A ransomer; the Saviour. 

Re-de-mand', v. a. [lie- and Demand.] [pp. re- 
demanding, redemanded.] To demand back or 
again. 

Re-demp'tion (re-dem'shun), n. [L. redemptio.— 
See Redeem.] Tbe act of redeeming ; ransom ; 
recovery from ruin. 

Re-demp'tive, a. Relating to redemption. 

Re-demp'to-ry (re-dem'to-re), a. Redeeming. 

Red'in-gote, n. [Fr. for Eng. "riding-coat."] An 
overcoat for ladies. 

Re-din'te-grate, v. a. [L. redintegrate, redinte- 
gratum, to restore ; re-, again, and integer, \vl\ole. 
See Integer.] [pp. redintegrating, redinte- 
grated.] To restore ; to renew. [tion. 

Re-din-te-gra'tion, n. [L. redintegratio.] Restora- 

Red'-let'ter, a. [See Rubric] Printed in, or 
marked by, red letters : — joyous; auspicious. 

Red'ness, n. The quality of being red. 

Red'o-lence, \n. Sweet scent; fragrance; sweet 

Red'o-len-cy, j odor. 

Red'o-lent, a. [L. redolere, redolentis, to give out 
odor; re-, again, and olere, to smell.] Diffusing 
fragrance or odor. 

Re-doub'le (re-dtib'bl), v. a. [Ee- and Double; 
Fr. redoubler.] [pp. redoubling, redoubled.] To 
double again. — 2, v. n. To become twice as much. 

Re-dbubt' (re-dout'), n. [Fr. redoute ; It. ridotto, 
a resort; ridurre, to reduce (q. v.), to fly for 
safety.] (Fort.) An outwork. 

Re-doubt' a-ble (re-dotit'a-bl), a. [Fr. ; redoider, 
to dread, to doubt (q. v.).] Formidable. 

Re-dound', v. n. [Fr. redonder ; L. redundare, re- 
dundantis, to overflow; re-, back, over, and urn- 
dare, to surge ; undo, a wave.] [pp. redounding, 
redounded.] To conduce; to result. 

Red'o-wa, u. [Fr. & Czech.] A slow dance. 

Re-dress, v. a. [Fr. redresser ; dresser, to set 
right.] [pp. redressing, redressed.] To set 
right; to relieve ; to- ease. — 2, n. Amendment; 
relief; remedy. 

Re-dres'sive, a. Succoring; affording relief. 

Rid' start,' n. [Red and Local E. start, A.-S. steort, 
a tail.] A red singing bird. 

Red'-tape, n. Prolix official formality; excessive 
adherence to official form. 

Red' -top, n. A valuable sort of grass. 

Re-duce', v. a. [L. reducere, reductum, to bring 
back; re-, again, and ducere, to bring.] [pp. 
reducing, reduced.] To bring back : — to sub- 
due : — to diminish ; to lower: — to change from a 
higher to a lower denomination. 

Re-du'ci-ble, a. Possible to be reduced. 

Re-duc'tion, n. [L. reductio. — See Reduce.] Act 
of reducing; conquest. — {Arch.) The changing 
of quantities from one denomination to another. 

Re-dun'dance, ) n. [L. redundantia. — See Re- 

Re-dun'dan-cy, j doxtnd.] Superabundance ; ex- 
uberance; excess. 

Re-dun'dant, c [See Redound.] Superabundant; 
using too many words. 

Re-dun'dant-ly, ad. Superabundantly. 

Re-du'pli-cate, v. a. [L. re-, again, and duplicare, 
to double (ij. v.).] [pp. reduplicating, redupli- 
cated.] To double again. [of doubling. 

Re-du-pli-ca'tion, w. [L. reduplicatio.] The act 

Re-ech'o, v. n. & v. a. [Re- and Echo.] [pp. re- 
echoing, reechoed.] To return an echo; to echo 
back. — 2, n. The return of an echo. 

Reed, n. [A.-S. hrend; Ger. & Dut. riet: found 
also in Celtic tongues.] A hollow, knotted 
stalk : — a pipe : — a weaver's sley : — a vibrating 
tongue of wood or metal in a musical instrument. 

Reed' -bird, n. See Rice-bird. 

Re-ed-i-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of rebuilding. 



Re-ed'i-fy, v. a. [Re- and Edify.] [pp. reedify- 
ing, reedified.] To edify again ; to rebuild. 

Reed'y, a. Abounding with reeds: — having a 
quality of tone like that produced bv a reed. 

Reef, n. [Dut. reef; 0. Dut. rif, rift; Sw. ref; 
Dan. reb : akin to Rkeve, and perhaps to Rive.J 
A certain portion of a sail:— [Dut. & Icel. rif; 
Dan. rev; Ger. riff: akin to Rip and Rive] a 
chain of rocks lying near the surface of the 
water.— 2, v. a. [pp. reefing, reefed.] (Naut.) 
To reduce, as a sail. 

Reefer, n. (Naut.) A sailor whose duty it is to 
reef' the sails : — a midshipman. 

Reek, n. [A.-S. rec, Icel. reykr, Sw. rb'k, Dut. rook, 
Ger. ranch, smoke.] Smoke ; steam ; vapor : — a 
rick. — 2, v. n. [A.-S. reocan, rtcan; Ger. riecheu.] 
[pp. reeking, reeked.] To smoke ; to steam. 

Reek'x, a. Smoky; tanned; black; dark. 

Reel, n. [A.-S. hreol: probably related to Roll.] 
A frame for yarn : — [Gael, righil] a kind of dance: 
— a staggering movement. — 2, v. a. [pp. reel- 
ing, reeled.] To gather yarn off the spindle.— 
3, v. n. [Probably a form of Roll.] To stagger ; 
to totter. 

Re-e-lect',«. a. [Re- and Elect.] [^'.reelecting, 
ree'lected.] To elect again. 

Re-e-lec'tion, n. A repeated election. 

Re-em-bark', v. a. & v. v. [Re- and Embark.] [pp. 
re'embarking, reembarked.] To embark again. 

Reem'ing, n. [See Ream.] The act of opening 
seams between the planks of vessels for recalk- 
ing them. 

Re-en-act', v. a. [Re- and Enact.] [pp. reelect- 
ing, reenacted.] To enact anew 

Re-en-force', v. a. [Re- and Enforce.] [pp. re- 
enforcing, reenforced.] To enforce anew; to 
strengthen with fresh forces. 

Re-en-force'ment, n. Fresh assistance. 

Re-en-gagV, v'. a. & v. n. [Re- and Engage.] [pp. 
reengaging, reengaged.] To engage anew. 

Re-en-list', v. a. & v. n. [Re- and Enlist.] [pp. 
refenlisting, reenlisted.] To enlist anew. 

Re-en-list'ment, n. A repeated enlistment. 

Re-in'ter, v. 'a. & v. n. [Re- and Enter.] [jip. 
reentering, reentered.] To enter again. 

Re-es-tab'lish, v. a. [.Be- and Establish.] [pp. re- 
establishing, reestablished.] To establish anew. 

Re-es-tab'lish-ment. v. The act of reestablish- 
ing; a new establishment. 

Reeve, v. a. [Dut. reven; Sw. refva; Dan. rebe: 
root of Reef.] [i. rove; pp. reeving, rove.] To 
pass (as a rope) through a hole. — 2, n. [A.-S. 
gerefa, an officer : akin to rof, excellent, famous.] 
An under-ma^istrate. [nation ; revisal. 

Re-ex-am-i-na'tion, n. A second or new exami- 

Re-ex-am'ine, v. a. [Re- and Examine.] [^.re- 
examining, reexamined.] To examine anew. 

Re-ex-port', v. a. [Re- and Export.] [pp. reex- 
po'rting, reexported.] To export again. 

Re-fec'tion, n. [L. refectio, refreshment; reficere, 
refectuni, to restore; re-, again, and facere, to 
make.] A repast; a spare meal. 

Re-fec'to-ry, w. [Late L. refeclorium.'j An apart- 
ment for refreshments or meals ; an eating-room. 

Re-fer', v. a, [L. referre; re-, back, and ferre, to 
carry.] [pp. referring, referred.] To direct to 
another; to submit. — 2, v. n. To have relation 
or respect ; to relate ; to belong ; to allude. 

Ref'er-a-ble, a. That may be referred ; referrible. 

Ref-er-le', n. [Fr. refere, referred; referer, to re- 
fer'^, v.).] One to whom any matter in dispute 
is referred ; an arbitrator. 

E,ef'er-ence, n. [Fr. reference.'] Act of referring; 
relation : — a trial by referees; an arbitration : — 
one to whom a thing is referred. 

Re-fer'ri-ble, a. That may be referred : — written 
also referable. 

Re-f Ine', v. a. [Fr. raffiner ; re-, again, and affiner, 
to purify; L. ad, to, and Late L. finitns, fine 
(q. «.).] [pp. refining, refined.] To purify; to 
clear from dross. — 2, v. n. To become refined. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



KEFINED 



455 



KEGAEDLESSLY 



Re-fined' (re-find'), p. a. Purified; having re- 
finement; polished; polite; elegant. 

Re-f ine'ment, n. [Fr. raffiuement.] Act of refin- 
ing; state of being refined; improvement in ele- j 
gance or purity ; cultivation; polish; elegance. 

Re-f in'er, n. One who refines ; a purifier. 

Re-f In'er-y, n. A place for refining. 

El-f if ," v. ' a. [pp. refitting, refitted.] To fit 
anew; to repair. 

Re-flect', v. a. [L. reflectere, reflexum, to bend 
back ; flectere, to bend.] [pp. reflecting, re- 
flected.] To throw back ; to cast back. — 2, v. n. 
To throw back light ; to turn back the thoughts 
on things past; to ponder; to think ; to consider : 
— to cast reproach. 

Re-flect'ing, p. a. Making reflection ; consider- 
ate ; thoughtful ; reflective. 

Re-flec'tion, n. [L. reflexio.— See Reflect.] The 
act of reflecting; a rebound: — attentive consid- 
eration : — censure. 

Re-flect'ive, a. Reflecting; musing. 

Re-flect'pr, re. He who or that which reflects : — a 
reflecting telescope. 

Re'flex, a. [L. reflexus.— See Reflect.] Directed 
back; bent back; returning backward. — 2, ,t. 
(Painting.) The illumination of one body by 
light reflected from another :— a reflection. 

Re-flexed', p. a. Bent back^ 

Re-flex-i-bil'i-ty, "• Quality of being reflexible. 

Re-flex'i-ble,'a.' [Fr. reflexible.] That maybe 
thrown back. 

Re-flex'ion, n. See Reflection. 

Re-flex'ive, a. Reflective: — turning backward. 

Ref'lu-ent, a. [L. refluere, refluentis, to flow back ; 
fluere, to flow.j Running back; flowing back. 

Re'flux, n. [Fr. — See Flux.] The backward 
course of water.— 2, a. Flowing back or back- 
ward ; refluent. 

Re-form', v. a. & v. n. [Re- and Form.] [pp. re- 
forming, re-formed.] To form anew. 

Re-form', v. a. [L. reformat ■•<.-, reformaium i re-, 
again, and formare, to form (q. ».).] [pp. re- 
forming, reformed.] To change from worse to 
better; to amend; to correct ; to improve ; to re- 
claim. — 2, v. n. To grow better; to improve. — 
3, n. A reformation ; amendment. 

Ref-or-ma'tion, n. [L. reformatio.] The act of 
reforming :— the change in religion begun by Lu- 

Re-for-ma'tion, n. A new formation. [ther. 

Re-fbrm'a-tive, a. Tending to reform. 

Re-form'a-to-ry, a. Tending to reform; causing 
reformation ; correcting; reformative. — 2, n. An 
institution for reforming criminals. 

Re-fbrm'er, n. One who reforms. 

Re-fract', v. a. [L. refringere, refraction ; re-, back, 
and frangere, to break.] [pp- refracting, re- 
fracted.] To break the course, as of rays; to de- 
flect : — to cause to seem distorted. 

Re-frac'tion, n. [See Refract.] 
Deflection of a ray of light. 

Re-frac'tive, a. Tending to re- 
fract; refracting. 

Re-frac'tor, n. A refracting tele- 
scope. 

Re-frac'to-ry, a. [L. refractarim ; 
Fr. ref'ractaire. — See Refract.] 
Obstinate; contumacious. 

Refra-ga-ble, a. [L. refragari, to oppose ; the 
opposite of suffragari, to support. — See Suf- 
frage.] Refutable. 

Re-frain', v. a. [Fr. refrener, L. refrenare, to bri- 
dle; re-, back, and/renw/w., a bit.] [pp. refrain- 
ing, refrained.] To hold back ; to keep from.— 
2, v. n. To forbear; to abstain. — 3, n. [Fr. re- 
frain; Sp. refran. a proverb; Prov. refrenher, to 
repeat, — originally, to break back; L. refringere, 
refracbam, to break in pieces. — See Refract.] 
The burden of a song. 

Re-fran-£i-bil'i-ty, »• State of being refrangible. 

Re-fran'|i-ble, a. [Fr. refrangible. — See Re- 
fract.] That may be refracted. 




Refraction. 



Re-fresh', v. a. [0. Fr. refreschir.—See Fres«.] 
[pp. refreshing, refreshed.] To relieve or re- 
vive after pain, fatigue, or want ; to recreate ; to 
invigorate : — to refrigerate ; to cool. 

Re-fresh'ment, re. [O. Fr. refreschmement.~] The 
act of refreshing ; that which refreshes : — relief 
after pain : — food. 

Re-frig'er-ant, a. [L. refrigerans, cooling. — See 
Refrigerate.] Cooling; mitigating heat. — 2, w. 
A cooling medicine. 

Re-frig'er-ate, v. a. [L. refrigerare, refrigeration; 
re-, again, and frigerare, to cool ; frigus, frigoris, 
the cold.] [pp. refrigerating, refrigerated.] To 
make cool; to cool. [of cooling. 

Re-fri|'-er-a'tion, n. [L. refrigeratio.] The act 

Re-frlg'er-a-tive, \a. Tending to cool; refriger- 

Re-frii'er-i-to-ry., J ating. 

Re-frig^er-a-tor, n. A cooling vessel. 

Rgft, re. A chink. Same as Rift. — 2, p. a. from 
reave. Deprived ; bereft. 

Refuse (ref'fuj), re. [L. refugivm, an escape; re- 
fugere, to flee back; fugere, to flee.] Shelter 
from danger; protection; an asylum: — an expe- 
dient. 

Ref-u-fee', re. [Fr. re'fugie ; se rifngier, to take 
refuge (q. v.).] One who flies for protection. 

Re-fuf fence, 1 «• [L. refidgentia.] Radiation of 

Re-ful'|en-cy,j light; splendor; brightness. 

Re-ffll'g-ent, a. [L. refvlgere, refidgenUs, to gleam; 
re-, back, and ftdgere, to shine.] Bright; shin- 
ing; glittering. 

Re-fund', v. a. [L. refundere, to pour back; fim- 
dere, to pour.] [pp. refunding, refunded.] To 
pour back : — to repay what has been received ; 
to pay back ; to restore. 

Re-fiir'bish, v. a. [Re-, and Furbish.] [pp. refur- 
bishing, refurbished.] To furbish anew. 

Re-fvi'sal, «. The act of refusing; a denial; re- 
jection : — right of choice ; option ; offer. 

Re-fu§e\ k «• [L. refundere, refusum, to pour 
back.— See Refund. ' The original meaning is 
preserved in the military sense; the ordinary 
meaning comes from the French refuser, to re- 
ject, to deny, perhaps by a popular confusion 
with refuter, to refute, or recuaer, to deny.] [pj>. 
refusing, refused.] To deny; to decline; to re- 
ject. — {Mil.) To throw to die rear. — 2, v. n. Not 
to accept ; not to comply. 

Refuse, n. [Fr. refits, a refusal, — also offal, leav- 
ings.— See Refuse.] Worthless remains; dregs. 
— 2. <(. Left when the rest is taken ; worthless; 
nearly worthless. [refuted. 

Re-fu'ta-ble, «. [L. refntabilis.] That may be 

Rgf-u-ta'tion, ». [L. r'efutatio.] The act of re- 
futing. 

Re-fu'ta-to-ry, a. Implying refutation. 

Re-fute\ v. a. [L. refulare, to repel; probably 
cognate with refundere, to pour back.] [pp. re- 
futing, refuted.] To prove erroneous ; to confute. 

Re-gain', v. a. [Fr. regagner. — See Gain.] [pp. 
regaining, regained.] To gain anew: to recover. 

Re' gal, a. [L. regalia, royal; rex, regis, a king; 
regere, to rule.— Cf. Skr. raj, to govern ; rajan, a 
king.] Relating to a king; royal; kingly. 

Re-gale', v. a. [Fr. regaler, to entertain ; 0. Fr. 
galer, to rejoice. — Cf. Gala.] [pp. regaling, re- 
galed.] To refresh ; to entertain. — 2, v. n. To 
fare sumptuously. — 3, n. An entertainment. 

Re-ga'li-a, n. pi. [L.] Ensigns of royalty. 

Re-gal'i-ty, n. Royalty ; sovereignty. 

Rg'gal-iy, ad. In a regal manner. 

Re-gard', v. a. [Fr. regarder, to observe ; garder, 
to guard (q. v.).] [pp. regarding, regarded.] To 
value ; to esteem : — to observe : — to have rela- 
tion to; to respect. — 2, w. Attention; respect; 
reverence :— relation. 

Re-gard'ful, a. Attentive; taking notice of. 

Re-gard'ful-ly, ad. Attentively. 

Re-gard'ing, prep. Having regard to. 

Re-grard'iess, a. Heedless; inattentive. 

Re-gard'less-ly, ad. Without heed. 



mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. — ?, <?, c, g, soft; p, £, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tfiis. 



EEGATTA 



456 



REJECT 



Re-gat' ta, n. [It. ; Sp. regateo, a higgling, a dis- 
pute, a regatta; regatear, to biggie, to evade, to 
rival in sailing.] A boat-race. 

Re-£e-la'tion, n. [L. regelure, to thaw ; re-, back, 
and gelare, to freeze ; gelu, ice.] The union of 
masses of ice. 

Re'^en-cy, n. [Fr. regence.] Government by a 
regent. 

Re-fen' er-a-cy, n. State of being regenerate. 

Re-gen' er-ate, v. a. [L. regenerure, regeneralum. 
—See "Generate.] [pp. regenerating, regener- 
ated.] To cause to be born anew ; to produce 
anew ; to renew. 

Re-fen'er-ate, a. Reproduced; born anew. 

Re-fen-er-a'tion, n. [L. regeneratio.] State of 
being regenerated ; new birth ; birth by grace. 

Re-gen'er-a-tive, a. Renewing; regenerating. 

Re'gent, a. [L. regens, ruling; regere, to rule.] 
Governing; exercising authority. — 2, n. One 
who exercises the power of a sovereign during 
the absence or minority of the sovereign ; a gov- 
ernor; a ruler; a superintendent. 

Refi-clde, n. [L. rex, regis, a king, and csedere, 
to slay : on type of homicide.] A murderer or 
murder of a king. 

Regime (ra-zhem'j, n. [Fr.] Government ; rule. 

Ref'i-men, n. [L. for " guidance ;" regere, to 
rule.] Regulation of diet: hygiene: — govern- 
ment. — (Gram.) The government of nouns by 
verbs and other words. 

Re^'i-ment, n. [L. regimentum, rule, a command; 
Fr. regiment.'] {Mil.) A body of troops, divided 
into companies, and commanded by a colonel. 

Re§-i-men'tal, a. Belonging to a regiment. 

Reg-i-menM;als, n. pi. A military uniform. 

Region (re'jun), »?. [L. regio, a direction, a dis- 
trict; regere, to diiect.] A country; a tract. 

Reg'is-ter, n. [Fr. registre ; Late L. registrum ; 
corrupted from regesta, a record ; L. regerere, re- 
geslum, to carry back, to transcribe ; re-, back, 
and gerere, to carry.] An official account of pro- 
ceedings regularly kept; a record; a list; a cat- 
alogue : — a keeper of a register ; a registrar : — 
a stop :— a plate or shutter to regulate. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. registering, registered.] To set down or 
enter in a book ; to record in a register ; to enroll. 

Re£'is-trar, n. [Late L. regislrarius.] A keeper 
of records ; a register. 

Ref-is-tra'tion, n. The act of recording. 

Ref'is-try, «■ [See Rfgistee.] The act of re- 
cording : — the place where a register is kept :— a 
register. 

Re'gi-us, «. [L.] Royal. — Begins professor, a pro- 
fessor appointed by the king, or one whose chair 
was founded by a king. 

Reg'let, n. [Fr. reglet, dim. of regie, a rule (q. v.).] 
A ledge of wood used to separate lines in print- 
ing. — (Arch.) A narrow moulding. 

Reg'nant, a. [L. regnans, ruling ; regnare, to 
reign (q. v.).] Reigning; ruling; prevalent. 

Re'gress, n. [L. regressus ; regredi, to return; 
gradi, to go.] A passage back ; a return. 

Re-gres'sion (re-gresh'un), n. [L. regressio.] Ret- 
rogression. 

Re-gres'sive, a. Passing or going back. 

Re-gret' , n. [Fr. regret, regret; regretler, to re- 
gret : probably related to Scottish greet, A.-S. 
greatan, to weep.] Grief for something past; 
sorrow. — 2, v. a. [pp. regretting, regretted.] 
To grieve at ; to mourn for. 

Re-gret' f(il, a. Full of regret ; sorrowful. 

Rg-gret'ful-ly., ad. With regret. 

Reg'u-lar, a. [L. regnlaris; regula, a rule; regere, 
to rule.] Agreeable to rule; orderly; exact; 
properly instituted; methodical; formal:— equi- 
lateral or equiangular, as figures. — 2, n. A 
monk who has taken the three vows : — a soldier 
in a permanent army. 

Reg-u-lar'i-ty, n. [Fr. regularite.] State of being 
regular; conformity to rule; regular course. 

ReVii-lar-ly, ad. In a regular manner. 



Reg u-late, v. a. [L. regulare, regulatum ; regula, 
a rule (q. v.).] [pp. regulating/regulated.} To 
adjust by rule; to direct; to guide; to conduct; 
to manage. 

Reg-u-la'tion, n. [Fr. regulation.] The act of 
regulating :— a rule.— 2, a. According to estab- 
lished rule or pattern. 

Reg'u-la-tive, a. Tending to regularity. 

Reg'u-la-tor, n. He who or that which regulates ; 
a contrivance to regulate. 

Reg'u-lus, n. [L. for a "little king;" dim. of 
rex, regis, a king : applied by alchemists to anti- 
mony as the king of metals.] Pure metal :— a 
matte, or mass of metal not jet entirely pure. 

Re-gur'£i-tate, v. a: [Fr. rigurgiter; L. re-, again, 
and gurgitare, to engulf; gurges, gurgitis, an 
abyss.] [pp. regurgitating, regurgitated.] To 
throw or pour back.— 2, v. n. To be poured 
back ; to flow back. 

Re-giir-gi-ta'tion, n. Backward flow : — swallow- 
ing again : — vomiting. 

Re-ha-bil'i-tate, v. a. [Fr. rehabililer ; re-, again, 
and habiliter, to qualify; habile, able (q. v.).] 
[pp. rehabilitating, rehabilitated.] To restore 
to former esteem or condition ; to reinstate. 

Re-ha-bil-i-ta'tion, n. Eestoration. 

Re-hear', v. a. [Re- and Hear.] [i. reheard; pp. 
rehearing, reheard.] To hear again. 

Re-hear'ing, n. A second hearing. 

Re-hears'al (re-hers'al), n. The act of rehearsing ; 
a repetition ; recital. 

Re-hearse' (ie-hers'), v. a. [0. Fr. rehercer, to 
harrow again, to go over again ; herce, L. Jurpex, 
a harrow.] [pp. rehearsing, rehearsed.] To 
repeat ; to recite previously to public exhibition ; 
to relate ; to narrate. 

Reign (rJin), v. n. [Fr. regner, L. regnare, to rule ; 
regnum, a kingdom ; regere, to rule.] [pp. reign- 
ing, reigned.] To rule as a king; to prevail. — 
2, n. Royal authority; sovereignty: — the time 
of a king's government. 

Re-im-biirse', v. a. [Fr. rembourser ; L. re-, again, 
in, into, and bursa, a purse (q. v.).] [pp. reim- 
bursing, reimbursed.] To repaj'; to repair, as 
loss : — to refund. 

Re-im-biirse'ment, n. Repayment. 

Rein (ran), n. [Fr. rene ; 0. Fr. resne; It. redina; 
L. retinere, to hold back ; retinaculum, a rein ; re-, 
back, and tenere, to hold.] The strap of a bridle : 
— restraint. — 2, v. a. [pp. reining, reined.] To 
govern by a bridle ; to curb ; to check ; to con- 
trol ; to restrain. 

Rein'deer (ran'der), n. [Icel. hreinn; A.-S. hran; 
0. Sw. ren ; Dan. rensdyr ; Dut. rendier ; Ger. 
rennlhier ; Lapp, reino, pasturage, and Deer.] A 
deer of far northern regions. 

Reins (ranz), n. pi. [L. renes, the kidneys.— Cf. 
Gr. <j)priv, the midriff.] The kidneys ; the lower 
part of the back : — the inward parts. 



Re-in-sta.ll' 



[.Re- and Install.] [pp. rein- 



stalling, reinstalled.] To install anew. 

Re-in-state', v. a. [Ee- and Instate.] [pp. rein- 
stating, reinstated.] To put again in possession. 

Re-in-sur'ance (-shur'-), n. A second insurance. 

Re-jn-sure* (-shur'), v. a. [Re- and Insure.] [pp. 
reinsuring, reinsured.] To insure again. 

Re-in-vest', v. a. [Re- and Invest.] [pp. rein- 
vesting, reinvested.] To invest anew. 

Re-in-vest'ment, n. A repeated investment. 

Re-in-vTg'or-ate, v. a. [Re- and Invigorate.] 
[pp. rein'vigorating, reinvigorated.] To invig- 
orate anew. 

Re-is'siie (re-ish'yu), v. a. & v. n. [Re- and Issue.] 
[pp. reissuing, reissued.] To issue again. — 2, u. 
A second or renewed issue. 

Re-it'er-ate, v. a. [Re- and Iterate.] [pp. reit- 
erating, reiterated.] To do again and again. 

Re-it-er-a'tion, n. The act of reiterating. 

Re-ject', v. a. [L. rejicere, rejectum, to refuse; re-, 
back, and jacere, factum, to' throw.] [pp. reject- 
ing, rejected.] To decline; to refuse; to discard. 



y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



EEJECTED 



457 



KEMAND 



te 



Re-ject'ed, p. a. Refused; east off. 

Re-jee'ti'on, n. [L. rejectio.] The act of rejecting; 
a refusal: — that which is refused. 

Re-joice', v. n. [Fr. rejouir, part, rejouissant ; re-, 
again, and jouir, to rejoice, to joy (q. v.).] [pp. 
rejoicing, rejoiced.] To be glad; to joy; to ex- 
ult. — 2, v. a. To exhilarate ; to gladden. 

Re-jbic'er, n. One who rejoices. 

Re-jbic'ing, n. An expression or cause of joy; 
exultation; joy. 

Re-join', v. a. [Re- and Join; Fr. rejoindre.] [pp. 
rejoining, rejoined.] To join again ; to meet 
again. — 2, v. n. To answer to a reply ; to answer. 

Re-jbln'der, ». [Fr. rejoindre, to rejoin.] An an- 
swer to' a reply : — a defendant's answer to a 
plaintiffs replication. 

Re-judgV, v. a. [Re- and Judge.] [pp. rejudg- 
ing, rejudged.] To judge anew. 

Re-ju've-nate, v. a. [L. re-, again, and juvenari, 
to be young ; juvenis, young.] [ pp. rejuveuating, 
rejuvenated.] To make young again. 

Re-ju-ve-na'tion, n. The act of restoring to 
youth; the state of being rejuvenated; renewal 
of youth; rejuvenescence. 

Re-ju-ve-nes'cence, n. [Re- and Juvenescence.] 
Renewal of youth. 

Re-kin'dle, v. a. [Re- and Kindle.] [pp. rekin- 
dling, rekindled.] To kindle again. 

R^-lapse', v. n. [L. relabi, relapsm ; labi, to fall.] 
pp. relapsing, relapsed.] To backslide. — 2, n. 
he act of relapsing ; return ; a falling back into 
vice or sickness. 

Re-late', v. a. [Fr. relaler ; L. referre, retatum, to 
carry back, to tell. — See Refer.] [pp. relating, 
related.] To tell; to recite; to recount. — 2, v. n. 
To have relation ; to belong. 

Re-lat'ed, p. a. Allied by blood ; connected. 

Re-lat'er, n. One who relates; a narrator. 

Re-la' tion, n. [L. relalio.] The act of relating; 
recital'; account: — respect; reference :— relation- 
ship; kindred; a person related ; a relative. « 

Re-la' tion-al, o. Having relation. 

Re-la' tion-ship, n. State of being related. 

Rel'a-tive, a. [L. relalieus.] Having relation : — 
not absolute; dependent on a relation. — 2, n. A 
person related ; a relation : — a pronoun relating 
to an antecedent. 

Rel'a-tive-ly., ad. In relation to something. 

Rel-a-tiv'i-ty, n. [Fr. relati trite.] The quality or 
state of being relative and not absolute. 

Re-lax', v. a. [L. relaxare: re-, again, and laxare, 
to loosen. — See Lax.] [pp. relaxing, relaxed.] 
To slacken; to remit; to ease; to mitigate; to 
divert; to unbend. — 2, v. ». To be remiss: — to 
be mild; to become more mild : — to abate. 

Re-lax'a-ble, a. That may be relaxed. 

Rel-ax-a'tion [re-kiks-a'shun, S. P. E. Ja. 0. 
Wb.], n. Act of relaxing; remission; diversion. 

Re-lax' a-tive, a. Having power to relax. 

Re-lay',' n. [Fr. relais, a relay; It. relasso, a relay, 
—also, relaxed; L. relaxare, to relax {q. v.), — 
also, to reanimate, to enliven.] Horses kept to 
relieve others : — a subsidiary electric circuit : — 
a supply kept for relief. 

Re-leas'a-ble, a. Capable of being released. 

Re-lease\ v. a. [Fr. relaisser, to rest, — formerly, 
to set free ; L. relaxare, to let loose ; laxus, loose.] 
[pp. releasing, released.] To set free; to quit; 
to let go ; to deliver ; to discharge ; to liberate. — 
2, n. Liberation ; discharge. 

Re-leas'er, n. One who releases or sets free. 

Rel'e-gate, v. a. [L. relegate, relegatum, to send 
away ; re-, back, and legare, to send. — Cf. Leg- 
ate.] [pp. relegating, relegated.] To banish; 
to consign. 

Rel-e-ga'tion, v. [L. relegatio.] Banishment. 

Re-lent', v. n. [Fr. ralenlir; L. re-, again, ad, to, 
and lentus, pliant, gentle.] [pp. relenting, re- 
lented.] To yield; to soften in temper; to grow 
tender or compassionate. 

Re-lent'less, a. Unrelenting; implacable. 



Re-les-see', n. (Laiv.) One to whom a release is 
executed : — opposed to relessor. 

Re-les-sSr', n. (Law.) One who executes a re- 
lease to a relessee. 

Rel'e-vance, n. Same as Relevancy. 

Rel'e-van-cx, n. Pertinence; applicability. 

Rel'e-vant, a. [L. relevans, assisting, helping; 
relecare, to relieve [q. v.).] Pertinent; apposite. 

Re-li-a-bil'i-ty, n. Trustworthiness. 

Re-li'a-ble, a. [From Rely.] Trustworthy; 
trusty; deserving of confidence ; dependable. 

Re-li'ance, n. Trust; dependence; confidence. 

Re-11'ant, a. [From R el v.] Confident ; trusting. 

Rel'ic, n. [L. religuiss, remains. — See Relin- 
quish.] That which remains :— a keepsake. — 
pi. The body or remains of a deceased person. 

Rel'ict, n. [L. relinquere, relictum, to leave. — See 
Relinquish.] A widow. 

Re-lief , n. [See Relieve.] Alleviation ; succor; 
redress : — [Fr. relief, It. rilievo, elevation] the 
prominence of a figure; relievo. 

Re-lieVa-ble, a. Capable of relief. 

Re-lieve' (re-lev'), v. a. [Fr. relever, L. relevare, to 
Hft, to raise ; re-, ajrain, and levare, to lift (g. v.).] 
[pp. relieving, relieved.] To free from pain, 
labor, or trouble ; to ease ; to alleviate ; to suc- 
cor; to allay ;_ to mitigate. 

Re-lie'vo (re-le'vo), n. [It. rilievo. — See Relief.] 
The prominence of a figure, &c. ; relief. 

Re-lig'ion (re-lid'jun), n. [L. religio, reUigio, re- 
ligion, scrupulousness, sanctity: perhaps from 
religare, to restrain ; re-, back, and ligare, to 
bind.] Duty to God; practical piety; a system 
of faith and worship. 

Re-li^'ion-ist, «. A devotee to some religion. 

Re-lig'ious (re-lidj'us), a. [L. religiosm.] Prac- 
tising the duties of religion; pious; holy; de- 
vout; strict; conducive to devout feelings. — 

2, n. A person bound by religions vows. 
Re-lif 'ioiis-ly, ad. Conscientiously : strictly. 
Re-lin'qu'ish "(re-ling'kwish), p. «. [0. ¥r. relin- 

quir, part, relinquissant ; L. relinquere, to leave; 
linquere, to forsake.] [pp. relinquishing, relin- 
quished.] To withdraw claim to; to yield; to 
resign ; to forsake ; to abandon ; to leave ; to 
quit; to give up. 

Re-lin'quish-ment, n. The act of relinquishing. 

Rel'i-qua-ry, n. [Late L. reliquiarium ; L. reliquise, 
relics.]' A casket to keep relics in. 

Rel'ish, «. [Fr. reUcher, to lick again: Ucher, to 
lick (q. v.).) The effect of any thing on the pal- 
ate ; taste; liking; delight; flavor; a savory 
morsel; a side-dish. — 2, v. a. [pp. relishing, 
relished.] To have a liking for; to enjoy. — 

3, v. n. To have a pleasing taste. 
Rel'ish-a-ble, «• That may be relished. 
Re-luc'tance, n. Unwillingness : aversion. 
Re-luc'tant, a. [L. reluctant, part, of reluctari, to 

struggle against; re-, against, and Inctari, to 
wrestle; lucta, a wrestle.] Striving against ; un- 
willing; disinclined; averse; backward; loath. 

Re-luc'tant-ly, ad. With unwillingness. 

Re-ly', v. n. [Fr. relier, to tie ; se relier, to join : 
affected by Rally, and by Fr. relever, to relieve, 
to raise ; according to some, from re-, back, and 
Lie.] [pp. relying, relied.] To put trust in ; to 
depend. 

Re-main', v. n. [L. remanere ; re-, back, and ma- 
nere, to remain.] [pp. remaining, remained.] 
To continue ; to endure ; to abide ; to stay ; to 
be left behind. 

Re-main'der, n. [0. Fr. remaindre, to remain.] 
What is left ; a remnant : — the difference be- 
tween two quantities. 

Re-mains',", pi Things left; remainder: — rel- 
ics; a dead body : — posthumous writings. 

Re-make', v. a. [^c- and Make.] [i. remade ; pp. 
remaking, remade.] To make or form anew. 

Re-mand', v. a. [L. remandare, to send word back; 
re-, back, and mandare, to commit.] [pp. re- 
manding, remanded.] To send back ; to call back. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, c, g, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; jasgz; tnis. 

u 39 



EEMAEK 



458 



EENDEKING 



Rc-mark\ n. [Fr. remarque, notice; remarquer, to 
notice; re-, again, and marqutr, to mark.] Ob- 
servation; note; notice taken. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
remarking, remarked.] To take notice of; to 
observe. 

Re-mark'a-ble, a. [Fr. remarqaable.] Observable ; 
worthy of note ; uncommon ; extraordinary ; 
noticeable ; notable. 

Re-mark'a-bly., ad. Observably : — surprisingly. 

Re-mar'ry, v. a. [Re- and Marry.] [jjp. remar- 
rying, remarried.] To marry a second time. 

Re-me'di-a-ble, a. [L. reutediabilis.] Capable of 
remedy ;' curable. [curative. 

Re-me'di-al, a. [L. remediulis.] Affording remedy ; 

Rem'e-di-iess, or Re-med'i-less, a. Not admit- 
ting' remedy ; incurable. 

Rem'e-dy, n. [L. remedium ; re-, again, and mederi, 
to heal.] That which causes recovery ; a medi- 
cine; a cure; reparation; relief. — 2, v. a. [L. 
remediari.] [pp. remedying, remedied.] To ewe; 
to heal ; to repair. 

Re-mem' ber, v. a. [0. Fr. remembrer, L. rememo- 
rari, to recall to mind; re-, again, and memoruri, 
to mention, or memar, mindful.] [pp. remem- 
bering, remembered.] To bear or keep in mind; 
to call to mind ; to recollect ; to remind. 

Re-mem'brance, n. .Retention in memory ; recol- 
lection ; memory : — a memorial. [minds. 

Re-mem'bran-cer, n. He who or that which re- 

Re-mind', v. a. '[Re-, again, and Mind.] [pp. re- 
minding, reminded.] To put in or bring to mind. 

Re-mlnd'er, n. One who or that which reminds. 

Rem-i-nis'cence, \n. [L. reminiscentia.] Mern- 

Rem-i-nis'cen-cy, J ory ; recollection; a thing 
recollected'. 

Rem-i-nls'cent, n. [L. reminiscens; reminisci, in- 
ceptive verb from memini, I remember.] One 
who calls to mind. — 2, a. Having the faculty 
of reminiscence ; having l'ecollection. 

Re-mlse\ v. a. [Fr. remiser, to put by; remise, a 
giving up. — See Eemit.] {Law.) [pp. remising, 
remised.] To grant back. 

Re-nuss\ a. [L. remissus, slack. — See Kfmit.] 
Not performing duty; inattentive; slack; care- 
less; negligent; neglectful. 

Re-nus'si-ble, a. That may be remitted. 

Re-mis'sion (re-mish'un), ». [L. remissio. — See 
Remit.] The act of remitting; release; abate- 
ment ; temporary cessation ; pardon. 

Re-miss'ly, ad. Carelessly ; negligently. 

Re-miss'ness, n. Carelessness ; negligence. 

Re-mit', v. a. [L. remittere, remissmn ; re-, back, 
and mittere, to send.] [pp. remitting, remitted.] 
To free from punishment or fine ; to abate ; to re- 
lax ; to forgive ; to pardon ; to give up : — to send 
to a distant place. — 2, v. n. To slacken ; to abate. 

Re-nut' tal, n. The act of remitting ; remission. 

Re-mit' tance, n. A sum remitted ; remission. 

Re-nut' tent, a. [L. remittens; remittere, to remit.] 
Having' remissions; temporarily ceasing. 

Re-nut' ter, n. One who remits. 

Re-mit'tor, n. (Lair.) One who remits. 

Rem'nant, n. [L. remanent, remanents, remain- 
ing ; 'remanere, to remain.] That which is left, 
as of cloth; the residue ; the rest; remainder. 

Re-mod'el, v. a. [Re- and Model.] [pp. remodel- 
ling, remodelled.] To model anew. 

Re-mon-e-ti-za'tion, n. The act of remonetizing, 
or the state of being remonetized; the act of 
making to be again a legal tender. 

Re-mon'e-tize, v. a. [Re- and Monetize.] [pp. 
remonetizing, remonetized.] To restore to use 
as money. 

Re-mon'strance, h. [Late L. remonstranlia.] The 
act of remonstrating ; a strong representation 
against something. 

Re-mon'strant, n. [L. remonstrant. — See Rrmon- 
strate.] 'One who remonstrates. — 2, a. Re- 
monstrating. 

Re-mon'strate, v. n. [Late L. remonslrare, remon- 
stralum, to expose, to show arguments against; 



re-, against, and monstrare, to exhibit.] [pp. re- 
monstrating, remonstrated.] To exhibit reasons 
against; to oppose earnestly ; to expostulate. 

Rem-on-stra'tion, n. The act of remonstrating. 

Re-mon'stra-tive, «. Pertaining to or character- 
ized by renionstration ; remonstrating. 

Re-mon'stra-tor, n. One who remonstrates. 

Rem'o-ra, n. [L. for "hindeiauce;" re-, back, and 
mora, delay : it was fabled that this fish could 
hold a ship still.] The sucking fish. 

Re-morse', n. [Late L. remorsus, a biting back, 
remorse ; L. remordere, to bite back ; mordere, to 
bite.] Pain caused by a sense of guilt ; reproach 
of conscience ; compunction. 

Re-mbrse'less, a. Unpitying ; cruel. 

Re-mdrse'less-ly, ad. Without remorse. 

Re-mote', o. [L. removere, reniotum, to remove 
(q. v.).] Distant; not near; foreign. 

Re-mote'ly, ad. Not nearly ; at a distance. 

Re-mote'ness, n. State of being remote. 

Re-mbunt', v. n. [Fr. remonter. — See Mount.] 
[pp. remounting, remounted.] To mount again. 
— 2, n. A fresh horse, or a fresh supply of burses. 

Re-m6v-a-bil'i-ty, n. State of being removable. 

Re-mov'a-ble, a. That may be removed. 

Re-mov'al, n. The act of moving; a displacing. 

Re-move', v. a. [0. Fr. remouvoir. — See Move. 
Not related to Fr. remuer, 0. E. remuen, to re- 
move.] [pp. removing, removed.] To cause to 
change place. — 2, v. n. To change place; to 
move. — 3, n. A removal; a stage of removal; 
distance. 

Re-mu-ner-a-bil'i-tj:. «• Capability of reward. 

Re-mu'ner-a-ble, a. That may be remunerated. 

Re-mii'ner-ate, v. a. [L. renmnerari, remuneratus, 
to reward; munerari, to give; munvs, mwieris, a 
gift.] [pp. remunerating, remunerated.] To 
reward for services ; to requite ; to compensate ; 
to recompense. 

Re-mu-ner-a'tion, n. [L. remuiieratio.] The act 
of remunerating; compensation; reward; rec- 
ompense. 

Re-mu'ner-a-tive, \ a. Affording remuneration ; 

Re-mu'ner-a-to-rx, j profitable. 

Re-nais'sance {or re-na-siihs), n. [Fr. — See Re- 
nascent'.] A revival; the revival of ait and 
literature in the 15th and ICth centuries; the 
style of architecture of that period. 

Re'nal, «. [L. renal is ; renes, reins (q. v.).] Be- 
longing to the reins or kidneys. 

Ren'ard, n. [t'r. renard; 0. Ger. reginJiart, strong 
in counsel ; regin, advice, wisdom, and hart, 
strong, hard (q. v.).] The name of a fox in 
fable ; reynard. 

Re-nas'cence, n. State of being renascent; repro- 
duction' : — renaissance. 

Re-nas'cent, a. [L. renasci, part, renascentis, to be 
born again.— See Nascent.] Rising again into 
being ; rejuvenated ; reappearing. 

Rencontre (ren-kon'ter), ». [Fr. for "a meeting:" 
renconlrer, to meet; re- and Encounter.] A 
meeting ; a chance meeting :— a contest ; a hos- 
tile meeting. 

Ren-cbun'ter, n. [See Rencontre.] A personal 
contest ; a' sudden combat or conflict ; a meeting ; 
an encounter. — 2, v. a. [pp. rencountering, ren- 
countered.] To attack hand to hand. — 3, v. n. 
To clash ; to fight. 

Rend, v. a. [A.-S. hrendan, 0. Fris. renda, randa, 
to tear.] [i. rent; p>p. rending, rent.] To tear 
with violence ; to lacerate ; to break. — 2, v. n. 
To separate ; to be disunited ; to split. 

Ren'der, v. a. [Fr. rendre, to yield, to give up; 
Late' L. rendere, L. reddere, to give back; re-, 
back, and dare, to give.] [pp. rendering, ren- 
dered.] To pay back ; to restore ; to yield ; to 
return ; to make : — to translate :— to melt down : 
— to give adequate expression to ; to represent 
fully and vividly. — 2, n. An account or return ; 
a payment of rent. 

Ren'der-ing, n. Translation : — delineation. 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, l, o, fi, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, x. obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



KEKDEZVOUS 



459 



KEPINE 




Rendezvous (ren'de-vo or ren'de-voz), n. [Fr. 
rendez-vous, render yourselves; hence, a place 
of meeting.] A meeting appointed: — a place 
appointed for assembly. — 2, v. n. [pp. rendez- 
vousing, rendezvoused.] To meet at a place 
appointed. 

Ren-di"tion (ren-dish'un), n. [Sp. rendition; Late 
L. rendere, to' render {q. v.).] The act of surren- 
dering : — a representation ; delineation. 

Ren'e-gade, \n. [Sp. renegado, an apostate ; rene- 

Ren-e-ga'do, J gar, to apostatize; L. re-, back, 
aga'in, and negare, to deny.] An apostate : — one 
who deserts ; a deserter ; a revolter. 

Re-new' (re-nu/), v. a. [Be- and New.] [pp. re- 
newing, renewed.] To make new ; to renovate : 
— to repeat; to begin again. 

Re-new'a-ble, a. That may be renewed. 

Re-new'al, n. The act of renewing; renovation. 

Re-new'ed-ly., ad. Anew; again. 

Ren'i-fdrm, «■ [L. ren, a kidney, and forma, 
foriu.] {Hot.) Having the form 
of a kidney. S~ \\J 

Re-ni'tence, ) n. The resist- /N " 

Re-ni'ten-cy., Jance of a body 
to pressure ; opposition. \T7^/1\\~ 

Re-ni'tent, a. [L. renilens, re- 
sisting; rentii, to resist; re-, Reniform leaf . 
back, and uih, to struggle.] 
Acting against or repelling by elastic power. 

Ren'net, n. [Ger. rinnen, to curdle; A.-S. rynning, 
0. I>ut. reuning, to curd, or that which runs the 
milk together. — See Run.] The inner mem- 
brane of a calf's stomach, used in turning milk 
to curd; runnet. 

Re-nbunce', v. a. [Fr. renoncer; L. renuntiare, to 
disclaim; re- negative, and nuntiare, to an- 
nounce; nuntivs, a messenger.] [pp. renounc- 
ing, renounced.] To disown; to disclaim; to 
give up; to forsake. 

Re-nbunce'ment, n. Renunciation. 

Ren'o-vate, v. a. [L. renovare, renovatum, to» re- 
new ; re-, again, and noous, new.] [pp. renovat- 
ing, renovated.] To make new; to renew; to 
restore ; to repair ; to reproduce. [vates. 

Ren'o-vat-er, or Ren'o-vat-or, n. One who reno- 

Ren-o-va/tion, n. [L. renooatio.] The act of re- 
newing; renewal. 

Re-nbwn', n. [Fr. renom; 0. Fr. renon; L. re- 
iterative, and nomen, a name.] Fame; celebrity ; 
distinction. 

Re-nb'w'ned', p. a. [Fr. renomme ; renommer, to 
name again and again, to make famous.] Fa- 
mous; eminent; celebrated. 

Rent, i. & p. from rend.— 2, n. [Fr. rente ; Late 
L. rendita, L. reddita (pecunia), money rendered. 
— See Render.] An annual payment : — a lacer- 
ation ; a tear. — 3, v. a. [pj>. renting, rented.] 
To lease ; to let : — to take by lease. — 4, v. ». To 
be leased. 

Rent'a-ble, a. That may be rented. [rent. 

Rent'al, n. An account of rent ; rate or amount of 

Rent'er, n. One wlio rents. — 2, v. a. [Fr. ren- 
trair'e, to darn ; L. re, back, in, into, and trakere, 
to draw.] [pp. rentering, reutered.] To sew 
together, as two pieces of cloth; to repair; to 
fine-draw. 

Rent'-roll, n. A list of rents or revenues. 

R|-nun-ci-a'tion (re-nun-she-a'shun) [re-nun-se- 
a'shun, A'. C." St. I. H. A*.], ». [L. renuntiatio.— 
See Renounce.] The act of renouncing; aban- 
donment ; rejection. 

Re-o'pen (re-o'pn), v. a. & v. n. [Re- and Open.] 
[pp. reopening, reopened.] To open again. 

Re-br-gan-i-za'tion, n. A new organization. 

Re-br'gan-ize,. v. a. [Re- aud Organize.] [pp. 
reorganizing, reorganized.] To organize anew. 

Rep, n. [Fr. reps; Ger. rips or reps: root of Rib; 
or from Reps, a town of Transylvania.] A kind 
of ribbed cloth. 

Re-pack', v. a. [Re- and Pack.] [pp. repacking, 
repacked.] To pack again. 



Re-paid', i. & p. from repay. 

Re-pair', v. a. [Fr. rcparer ; L. reparare; re-, 
again, and parare, to make ready.] [pp- repair- 
ing, repaired.] To restore after injury or dilapi- 
dation : to mend; to amend; to retrieve. — 2, n. 
Reparation ; restoration ; redress. — 3, v. n. [Fr. 
repaire, a retreat ; 0. Fr. repairer, to frequent ; L. 
repatriare, to return home; re-, again, andpofrio, 
one's country.] To go ; to betake one's self. 

Re-pair'a-ble, a. Reparable. 

Re-pair'er, n. One who repairs; a restorer. 

Rep'a-ra-ble, a. That may be repaired. 

Rep-a-ra'tion, n. [L. reparatio. — See Repair.] 
The act 6f repairing ; "compensation ; recom- 
pense; amends; restitution. 

Re-par' a-tive, n. Whatever makes amends. — 
2, a. Amending defect or injury. 

Rep-ar-tee', n. [Fr. repartie, a reply, — originally, 
a participle from repartir, to reply, to depart; 
re-, again, and partir, to part (q. v.).] A witty 
reply or retort. 

Re-pass', ». a. & v. n. [Re- and Pass.] [pp. re- 
passing, repassed.] To pass again. 

Re-past', n. [Fr. repas; L. re-, again, and pastus, 
food; pascere, to feed.] A meal; food; a feast; 
refection. 

Re-pay', v. a. [Fr. repayer— See Pay.] [*. repaid; 
pp. repaying, repaid.] To pay back ; to recom- 
pense ; to refund ; to restore ; to return .: — to pay 
again or a second time. 

Re-pay'ment, n. The act of repaying; sum repaid. 

Re-peal', v. a. [Fr. rappeler, to recall. — See Re- 
and Appeal.] [pp. repealing, repealed.] To 
reverse by authority; to recall; to abrogate; to 
revoke; to abolish — 2, u. A revocation ; an ab- 
rogation. 

Re-peal'a-ble, a. That may be repealed. 

Re-peal'er, n. One who desires to repeal. 

Re-peat',' b. a. [Fr. repcter, to repeat, to rede- 
inand; L. repetere, to attack again, to ask again ; 
re-, again, and petere, to seek.] [pp. repealing, 
repeated.] To do again; to iterate; to recapitu- 
late : — to recite; to rehearse. — 2, n. A repeti- 
tion : — a mark of repetition. 

Re-peat'ed, p. a. Said or done again ; iterated. 

Re-peat'ed-ly, ad. More than once. 

Re-peat'er, ».' He who or that wliich repeats : — a 
watch that strikes the hour. 

Re-pel', w. a. [L. repellere, repidsnm ; re-, back, 
and pellere, to drive.] [pp. repelling, repelled.] 
To drive back or away ; to repulse : to rebuff. 

Re-pel'len-cy, it. Quality of repelling. 

Re-pel'lent, n. A repelling medicine: — a water- 
proof cloth. — 2. a. Having power to repel. 

Re-pent', v. n. [Fr. repentir ; L. re-, again, and 
poenitere, to repent. — See Penitent.] [pp. re- 
penting, repented.] To exercise repentance; to 
be penitent; to be sorry on account of sin. 

Re-pent'ance, n. [Fr. repentance.] Sorrow for sin ; 
penitence. 

Re-pent' ant, a. Sorrowful for sin ; penitent. 

Rl-peo'pie (re-pe'pl), v. «. [Re- and People.] 
[pp. repeopling, repeopled.] To people anew. 

Re-per-cus'sion (-kush'un), «. [L. repercussio. — 
SeePERCUSSioN.] The act of driving back; re- 
bound; reverberation :— repetition. 

Re-per-ciis'sive, a. Driving back; repellent. 

Rep'er-to-ry.'[re-per'to-re, E.], n. [L. reperlorium, 
an inventory; reperire, repertum, to find; re-, 
again, and parere, to produce.] A repository ; a 
treasury ; a book of records. 

Rep-e-tend', n. [L. repetendum, to be repeated. — 
See' Repeat.] That part of a circulating deci- 
mal which is continually repeated. 

Rep-e-ti"tion (rep-e-tish'un), n. [L. repetitio. — 
See' Repeat.] The act of repeating; a recital; 
tautology ; iteration. [titions ; repeating. 

Rep-e-ti"tious (rep-e-tlsh'us), a. Containing repe- 

Re-pine', v. n. [Re- and Pine.] [pp. repining, re- 
pined.] To murmur; to complain; to fret; to 
be discontented. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — p, Qt, c, g, soft; p, js, p, § , hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



EEPLACE 



460 



REPUBLIC 



Re-place', v. a. [lie- and Place; Fr. rempfaeer.] 
[pp. replacing, replaced.] To put again in a 
place ; to supply as a substitute ; to substitute ; 
to reinstate : — to place anew. 

Re-place' ment, n. The act of replacing. 

Rg-plant', v. a. [pp. replanting, replanted.] To 
plant anew. 

Re-plan-ta'tion, n. The act of planting again. 

Re-plen'ish, v. a. [0. Fr. replenir (part, replems- 
mnt), to fill again ; L. plenus, full.] [pp. replen- 
ishing, replenished.] To stock ; to fill ; to supply. 

Re-plen'ish-ment, n. The act of replenishing : — 
that which replenishes ; a supply. 

Re-plete', a. [Fr. replet; L. replere, repleturn, to 
fill again ; plere, to fill.] Quite full ; completely 
filled. [of being too full ; surfeit. 

Re-ple'tion, n. [L. repletio. — See Replete.] State 

Re-plev'i-a-ble, a. That may be replevied. 

Re-plev'in", n. [Be-, and 0. Fr. plevine, a war- 
rant.] (Law.) An action or a writ for the re- 
covery of goods illegally taken. 

Re-plev'in, Xv. a. [pp. replevining, replevined; 

Re-plev'y, J replevying, replevied.] To take back, 
upon security, any thiug seized. 

Rep'li-ca, n. [It. for "a copy;" L. replicare, to 
repeat.— See Reply.] A copy by the original 
artist. 

Rep'li-eant, n. [L. replicans, replying.— See Re- 
ply.] One who makes a reply. 

Rep-li-ca'tion, n. [L. replicatio. — See Reply.] 
(Law.) A plaintiff's answer to the defendant's 
plea ; a reply. 

Re-ply', v. n. [Fr. rtpliquer, to reply; replier, to 
fold back, — formerly, to answer ; L. replicare, to 
roll back, to unroll, to answer; re-, and plicare, 
to fold.] [pp. replying, replied.] To make a 
return to an answer ; to respond ; to answer ; to 
rejoin. — 2, n. A return to an answer ; an answer. 

Re-port', v. a. [L. reportare, to carry back. — See 
Poet; Fr. reporter, rapporter.—See Rapport.] 
[pp. reporting, reported.] To give an account 
of; to tell.— 2, n. A rumor; repute; popular 
fame : — a loud noise : — an account of operations 
or proceedings : — an account of a law case. 

Re-p5rt'er, n. One who reports; a relater. 

Re-p5§e', v. a. [Historically it represents Late L. 
repausare, to pause (q. v.) ; in meaning it stands, 
in part, for L. reponere, reposition, to replace ; 
re-, again, and ponere, to put.] [pp. reposing, 
reposed.] To lay to rest; to lay up. — 2, v. n. To 
sleep; to be at rest.— 3, n. Sleep; rest; quiet; 
tranquillity. 

Re-pos/it, v. a. [L. reponere, reposition; re-, back, 
and ponere, to place.] [pp. repositing, repos- 
ited.J To lay up ; to deposit. [replacing. 

Re-po-si"tion (re-po-zish'un), n. [L. repositio.) A 

Re-po§ i-to-ry, ». [L. repositorium. — See Reposit.] 
A place for laying up things; a storehouse; a 
depository ; a repertory. 

Re-pos-§ess\ v. a. [Re- and Possess.] [pp. repos- 
sessing, repossessed.] To possess again. 

Re-pos-§es'sion (-poz-zesh'un), n. The act of pos- 
sessing again. 

Repousse (re-pos-sa), p. & a. [Fr. ; repousser, to 
push back; pousser, to push.] Noting orna- 
mental metal work formed by striking up the 
metal from behind with a punch or hammer till 
the figures are produced in relief. 

Rep-re-hend', v. a. [L. reprehendere, reprehensum, 
to hold back, to check, to reprove; prehendere, 
to seize.] [pp. reprehending, reprehended.] To 
reprove ; to chide ; to blame ; to censure ; to re- 
proach ; to reprimand. [ble ; culpable. 

Rep-re-hen' si-ble, a. [L. reprehensibilis.] Blama- 

Rep-re-hen'si-bly, ad. Blamably ; culpably. 

Rep-re-hen'sion, n. [L. reprehensio.] Reproof; 
open censure. 

Rep-re-hen' sive, \a. Containing reproof; im- 

Rep-re-hen'so-ry, j plying censure. 

Rep-re-sent', v. a. [L. reprsesentare, to present 
again, to show. — See Present.] [pp. represent- 



ing, represented.] To exhibit; to describe; to 
personate : — to act as a substitute for. 

Rep-re-§en-ta'tion, ». [L. repntsentatio.] The act 
of representing; a description ; exhibition; a 
likeness; model: — a body of representatives. 

Rep-re-§ent'a-tive, a. Making representation ; 
bearing likeness ; symbolical. — 2, n. One who 
represents ; a delegate ; a deputy ; an agent. 

Re-press', v. a. [L. reprimere, repressum, to press 
back. — See Press.] [pp. repressing, repressed.] 
To crush; to quell; to quiet; to subdue; to re- 
strain; to suppress. [ing. 

Re-pres'sion (re-presh'un), n. The act of repress- 

Re-pres'sive, a. Having a tendency to repress. 

Re-prieve', v. a. [0. E. repreven, to reprove (q. v.), 
in the obsolete sense of to disallow, to set aside.] 
[pp. reprieving, reprieved.] To respite for a 
time. — 2, n. A suspension of execution, for a 
time, after sentence of death. 

Rep-ri-mand', v. a. [Fr. reprimande; L. repri- 
menclum, deserving to be repressed. — See Re- 
press.] [pp. reprimanding, reprimanded.] To 
chide; to check; to reprehend; to reprove ; to 
censure; to admonish. — 2, n. A reproof; a rep- 
rehension. 

Re-print', v. a. [Re- and Print.] [pp. reprint- 
ing, reprinted.] To print a new edition of. 

Re'print, n. A reimpression ; new impression. 

Re-pri'§al, n. [0. Fr. represaille; Fr. reprise, are- 
capture ; repr endure (part, repris), to retake. — See 
Prize. — Cf. It. ripremglia, reprisals.] A seizure, 
or something seized, by way of retaliation of 
wrong or injury. 

Re-proach' (re-proch'), v. a. [Fr. reprocher ; from 
a Late L. repropriare, to impute, to cast against ; 
L. re-, again, ad, to, and prope, near; pmmrim, 
nearer.] [pp. reproaching, reproached.] To 
censure severely; to blame; to condemn; to 
vilify ; to revile.— 2, n. [Fr. reproche.] Censure; 
shame. 

Re-proach'a-ble, a. Worthy of reproach. 

Re-pr5ach'ful, a. Containing, or uttering, re- 
proach. 

Re-proach'ful-ly, ad. With reproach. 

Rep'ro-bate, a. [L. reprobatus, condemned. — See 
Reprove.] Lost to virtue ; abandoned. — 2, n. A 
man lost to virtue. 

Rep'ro-bate, v. a. [L. reprobare, reprobation, to 
reprove.] [pp. reprobating, reprobated.] To 
disallow ; to reject : — to abandon to ruin. 

Rep-ro-ba'tion, n. Act of reprobating; state of 
being reprobated ; condemnation. 

Re-pro-duce', v. a. [Fr. reproduce.— See Produce.] 
[pp.' reproducing, reproduced.] To produce 
anew ; to generate. 

Re-pro-duc'tion, n. Act of producing anew ; gen- 
eration ; perpetuation of the species. 

Re-pro-duc'tive, ) a. Reproducing or pertaining 

Re-pro-duc'to-ry, J to reproduction. 

Re-pr66f , n.' [See Reprove.] The act of re- 
proving; blame to the face; a rebuke; censure. 

Re-prov'a-ble, a. Deserving reproof. 

Re-prove', v. a. [Fr. reprouver; L. reprobare, to 
reject on a second trial, to condemn ; re-, again, 
and probare, to prove.] [pp. reproving, re- 
proved.] To charge to the face with a fault ; 
to censure , to blame ; to reprehend. 

Re-pr6v'er, n. One who reproves. 

Rip' tile, n. [L. reptilis, crawling; repere, reptum, 
to creep; reptile, a reptile.] A vertebrate ani- 
mal that moves on its belly or by means of short 
legs, as a serpent, lizard, tortoise, <fec— 2, a. 
Creeping; grovelling. 

Rep-til'i-a, v. pi. [L.] (Zool.) A class of verte- 
brate animals, consisting of reptiles. 

Rep-til'i-an, a. Relating to reptiles ; reptile. 

Re-pub'iic, «• [Fr. rtptiblique ; L. res publico, the 
public affairs, the commonwealth.] A state or 
form of government in which the supreme power 
is vested in the people ; a commonwealth ; a de- 
mocracy. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, l, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her: 



REPUBLICAN 



461 



RESIGN 



Re-pub'li-can, a. [Fr. republicain.] Relating to 
a republic: — of or pertaining to the political 
party in the United States known as Republi- 
cans. — 2, n. An advocate for republican gov- 
ernment ; a citizen of a republic : — a member of 
a political party in the United States favorable 
to a strong federal government and to protec- 
tion for borne industry. 

Re-pub'li-can-ism, n. Republican principles. 

Rl-pub-li-ca'tion, n. A second publication. 

Re-pub'lish, v. a. [Re- and Publish.] [pp. repub- 
lishing," republished.] To publish anew. 

Re-pii'di-ate, v. a. [L. repudiare, repudiatwm, to 
put away ; repudium, a casting off with shame, a 
divorce; re-, back, away, and pudere, to feel 
shame.] [pp. repudiating, repudiated.] To di- 
vorce ; to reject: — to disown or refuse to pay, 
as a debt. 

Re-pu-di-a'tion, n. [L. repudiatio.] Act of repu- 
diating ; a divorce; a rejection : — refusal to pay 
a debt. 

Re-pu'di-a-tor, n. [L.] One who repudiates. 

Re-pfig'nance, \n. [L. repuynantia.] Reluctance; 

Re-piig'nan-cy, /aversion; inconsistency; dislike. 

Re-pfig'nant, a. [L. repuynans, participle from 
repuynare, to fight against, to disagree with ; re-, 
against, and jp uynare, to fight.] Contrary ; oppo- 
site ; averse. 

Re-piilse', n. [L. repidsa, a refusal.] A rejection ; 
a driving off. — 2, v. a. [L. repellere, repulsion, to 
repel (q. v.) ; repulsare, to repel again and again.] 
[pp. repulsing, repulsed.] To beat off; to repel. 

Re-pfil'sion, ». [L. repulsio.] Act or power of 
driving off. [sive. 

Re-pur' sive, a. [See Repel.] Repelling; offen- 

Rt-piir' chase, v. a. [Re- and Purchase.] [pp. re- 
purchasing, repurchased.] To purchase again. 

Rep'u-ta-ble, a. Of good repute; honorable. 

Rep'u-ta-bly, ad. In a reputable manner. 

Rep-u-ta'tion, n. [L. reputatio, an estimation.] 
Public estimation of a person's character; repute ; 
credit; honor. 

Re-pute', v. a. [L. reputare, to esteem, to think; 
re-, again, and putare, to think.] [pp. reputing, 
reputed.] To hold ; to account; to think. — t, n. 
Character ; reputation ; credit. 

Re-put'ed, p. a. Having repute ; esteemed. 

Re-put'ed-ly, ad. In common estimation. 

Re-quest', n. [Fr. reqnete (formerly requeste), a 
demand ; L. requisition, something needed. — See 
Require.] An expression of desire ; a petition ; 
an entreaty; & prayer; a demand. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
requesting, requested.] To ask ; to solicit. 

Re'qui-em, or Req'ui-em, n. [L. requies, requiem, 
rest; re-, again, and pities, quiet (q. v.).] A hymn 
in which rest is implored for the dead. 

Re-quire', v. a. [L. requirere, requisition ; re-, 
again, and quierere, to seek.] [pp. requiring, 
required.] To demand; to claim; to need. 

Re-quire'ment, n. A demand ; thing required. 

Req'ui-§ite "(rek'we-zit), a. [L. requisition, some- 
thing needed or sought. — See Require.] Neces- 
sary ; needful. — 2, w. A thing necessary. 

Req-ui-si"tion (rek-we-zlsh'un), n. [L. requisilio.] 
The act of requiring ; requirement ; demaud ; ex- 
action. 

Re-qui'tal, n. The act of requiting; a return, 
good or bad ; reward ; recompense ; retribution. 

Re-quite', v. a. [Re-, back, and Quit.] [pp. re- 
quiting, requited.] To repay good or ill; to 
recompense ; to retaliate ; to reward. 

Rere'dos, «. [Rear, behind, and Fr. dos, the 
back : the reredos stands back of the altar.] An 
altar-piece ; a screeu. 

Re-scind' (re-sind'), v. a. [L. rescindere, rescission, 
to cut off; re-, back, and scindere, to cut.] [pp. 
rescinding, rescinded.] To cut off; to abrogate. 

Re-scis'sion (re-sizh'un), n. [L. rescissio. — See 
Rescind!] An abrogation. 

Re-scis'§o-ry, a. [L. rescissarius. — See Rescind.] 
Abrogating". 



Re'script, n. [L. rescriplum ; rescribere, to write 
back.] An answer of an emperor. 

Re-scrip'tion, n. [L. rescriplio.] The act of writing 
back : — a rescript. 

Res'cu-a-ble, «. That may be rescued. 

Res' cue, v. a. [Fr. rescousse or recousse, a rescue; 
0. Fr. rescourre, Late L. rescutere, to rescue ; L. 
re-, back, ex, out, and quatere, quassum {-cussrnn), 
to drive.] [pp. rescuing, rescued.] To remove 
from restraint or exposure to evil ; to set free ; 
to deliver; to ransom. — 2, n. A deliverance ; a 
liberation. 

Res'cu-er, n. One who rescues; a deliverer. 

Re-search', v. [Re- and Search; Fr. recherche.] 
An inquiry ; a search. 

Re-seat' (re-sef), v. a. [Re- and Seat.] [pp. re- 
seating, reseated.] To seat again. 

Re-seize', v. a. [Re- and Seize.] [pp. reseizing, 
reseized.] To seize again. 

Re-seiz'iire (re-sS'zhurj, n. Repeated seizure. 

Re-sem'blance, n. [Fr. ressemblance.'] A likeness; 
a similitude. 

Re-sem'ble, v. a. [Fr. ressembler; L. re-, back, 
again, and simulare, to imitate. — See Simulatk.] 
[pp. resembling, resembled.] To be like or sim- 
ilar to. 

Re-sent', v. a. [Fr. ressentir; L. re-, back, and 
sentire, to feel. — See Sense.] [pp. resenting, re- 
sented.] To take ill or as an affront. 

Re-sent' fill, «. Easily provoked; irascible. 

Re-sent'ment, "• [Fr. ressentmient.] Deep sense 
of injury; indignation; wrath; anger; dis- 
pleasure. 

Res-er-va'tion, n. [Fr. reservation. — See Resf.rve.] 
The act of reserving : — something kept back : — 
reserve ; custody. 

Re-serve', v. a. [Fr. reserver ; L. reservare, reser- 
viititm; re-, back, and servare, to keep. — See 
Serve.] [pp. reserving, reserved.] To keep or 
hold for future use; to retain; to detain ; to lay 
up. — 2, n. A store kept untouched : — something 
reserved; reservation; exception: — prohibition: 
— silence ; modesty ; caution. — In reserve, in keep- 
ing for the future. 

Re-served' (re-zervd'), a. Modest ; not frank. 

Re-serv'ed-ly., ad. With reserve; coldly. 

Rls-er-vSir' (rez-er-vwor'), J( . [Fr. reservoir; 
Late L. reservatorium. — See Reserve.] A place 
where any thing is kept in store ; a cistern. 

Re-set', *•. «. [Be- and Set.] [i. reset; pp. reset- 
ting, reset.] To set over again. 

Re-set'tle, v. a. [Re- and Settle.] [pp. reset- 
tling, resettled.] To settle again. 

Re-set'tle-ment, n. The act of settling again. 

Re-side', v. n. [L. residere ; re-, back, and sedere, 
to sit (q. ».).] [pp. residing, resided.] To live 
in a place; to dwell; to inhabit; to abide; to 
sojourn ; to stay. 

Res'i-dence, n. [Fr. residence.] A place of abode; 
a dwelling; habitation; domicile; abode; seat. 

Res'i-dent, a. [Fr. resident; L. residens (part.). — 
See Reside.] Having abode; fixed. — 2, ?*. One 
who resides; an agent: — a foreign minister. 

Res-i-den'ti-a-ry. (-den'she-), a. Residing.— 2, n. 
An' ecclesiastic who keeps a certain residence. 

Re-sid'er, n. One who resides ; a resident. 

Re-sid'u-al, a. [Fr. risiduel; L. residuus.] Re- 
lating to the residue. 

Re-sid'u-a-ry, a. [L. residuarius.] Entitled to the 
residue. — Residuary legatee, one who has the resi- 
due of an estate after all other legacies and de- 
mands are paid. 

Res/i-due (rez'e-du), n. [Fr. residu; L. residua? or 
residuum; residuus, remaining; residere, to re- 
main, to reside (q. v.).] That which is left after 
a part is taken ; remnant: remainder. 

Re-sid'u-um, n. [L.] Residue ; remainder. 

Re-sign' (re-zln'), v. a. [Fr. resiyner, L. resiynare, 
to annul,— literally, to unseal; re-, back, and 
signum, a seal.] [pp. resigning, resigned.] To 
give up; to submit. 



mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — <?, 9, c, g, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tfiis. 

39* 



RESIGNATION 



462 



RESTORER 



Iteg-ig-na'tion, n. [Fr. resignation ; se risigner, to 
be resigned'.] The act of resigning; quiet sub- 
mission ; acquiescence ; patience. 

Re-signed' (re-zind'j, p. «. Having resignation. 

Re-sil'i-ence, 1 n. The act of springing or start- 

Re-sil'i-en-cy, J ing back ; a rebound. 

Re-siri-ent fre-sil'yent, 8. F. K.~\, a. [L. resilere, 
to rebound; re-, back, and salere, to leap.] Start- 
ing or springing back ; rebounding ; recoiling. 

Re§-i-li"tion (rez-e-llsh'un), n. Resilience. 

Res/in, n. [Fr.rtsiue; L. resina; Gr. pnriva.] An 
inspissated exudation from certain trees, espe- 
cially the pine; rosin. [like resin. 

Res/in-ous, a. [L. resinosus.] Containing resin ; 

Re-slst', i: a. [L. resistere, to withstand; re-, back, 
and sistere, to make a stand ; causal representa- 
tive of stare, to stand.] [pp. resisting, resisted.] 
To oppose; to act against. — 2, r. ». To make 
resistance. — 3, n. A substance which resists the 
action of a dye or pigment. 

Re-sist'ance, m. [Fr. resistance; Late L. resistentia.] 
The act of resisting ; opposition. 

Re-sist'ant, a. [Fr. resistant] Making resistance ; 
opposing. 

Re-sist-i-bil'i-ty, n. State of being resistible. 

Re-§ist'i-ble,'a. ' [Fr. resistible.] That may be re- 
sisted." 

Re-sist'less, a. That cannot be resisted; irre- 
sistible": — that cannot resist; helpless. 

Res'o-lu-ble, a. [L. resolubilis.] That may be 
dissolved. 

Res/o-lute, a. [L. resolutus.—See Resolve : in 
Latin its meaning is often the reverse of that of 
the English word.] Determined; steady; firm. 

Res/o-liite-ly, ad. Firmly; constantly. 

Re§-o-lii'tion, n. [L. resolutio, weakness, laxness. 
— See Resolve.] The act of resolving; analysis: 
— fixed determination; firmness: — courage: — a 
declaration of a public body. 

Re-solv'a-ble, a. That may be resolved. 

Re-solve' (re-zolv'), v. a. [L. resolvere, revolution, 
to unloose, to weaken, — later, to solve, to settle, 
to decide ; re-, again, and solvere,'io solve (7. v.).] 
[pp. resolving, resolved.] To explain ; to solve ; 
to clear. — 2, r. n. To determine; to decree. — 
3, v. Resolution ; determination. 

Re-solv'ent, »• [L. resolvens, part, of resolvere, to 
soften, "to disperse.— See Resolve.] That which 
causes solution : — a substance to disperse a tumor. 

Res'o-nance. 11. [L. resoiuaitiu.] Sound reflected 
or prolonged. 

Res'o-nant, a. [L. resonare, resonantis, to resound; 
re-', back, and sonare, to sound.] Besounding ; 
returning sound. 

Re-§ort\ v. n. [Fr. ressortir, to issue, to go forth, 
to have the right of appeal ; L. re-, again, and 
sorlire, to obtain (as by lot) ; sore, sortis, a lot.] 
[pp. resorting, resorted.] To have recourse; to 
repair.— 2, n. An assembly; a meeting; con- 
course; a confluence : — a resource: — a place 
much frequented. — Last resort, or dernier ressort, 
last resource. 

Re-sound', r. a. [Be- and Sound; L. resonare; Fr, 



resonner.] [pp. resounding, resounded.] To 
echo :— to celebrate.— 2, v. n. To be echoed or 
returned. 

Re-source', n. [Fr. ressource; re-, anew, and 
source, a spring, a supply.] A resort; an expe- 
dient. 

Re-sour'ces, n. pi. Supplies ; sources of supply. 

Re-spect'.'r. a. [L. respicere,respectum, to regard ; 
re-, again, and specere, to see.] [pp. respecting, 
respected.] To regard; to honor; to esteem; to 
prize : — to have relation to ; to relate to. — 2, n. 
[L. respeclns.~\ Attention; honor; homage; re- 
gard; estimation: — relation; reference. 

Re-spect-a-bil'i-ty. n. [Fr. respeetabilit<'.] State 
or quality of being respectable ; reputableness. 

Re-spect'a-ble. a. [Fr. respectable.] Worthy of 
respect; reputable. 

Re-spect'a-bly.. ad. In a respectable manner. 



Re-spect'ed, p. a. Eegarded with respect. 

Re-spect'ful, a. Full of respect. 

Re-spect'ful-lj;, ad. In a respectful manner. 

Re-spect'ing, prep. Concerning; in regard to. 

Re-spec'tive, a. [Fr. respectif.] Belonging to 
each ; relative. 

Re-spec'tive-ly, ad. As relating to each. 

Rl-spell'.f. a. [Re- and Spell.] [i. respelt or re- 
spelled ; pp. respelliug, respelt or respelled.] To 
spell again. [respired. 

Re-splr'a-ble, a. [Fr.] That can respire or be 

Res-pi-ra'tion, h. [L. respiratio.] The act of re- 
spiring ; a breathing : — relief from toil ; an in- 
terval. 

Res'pi-ra-tor, n. An instrument for covering the 
mouth, as" a safeguard to weak lungs. 

Re-splr'a-to-ry, a. Pertaining to respiration. 

Re-spire', r. n. [L. respirare, to breathe; re-, 
again, and spirare, to blow.] [pp. respiring, re- 
spired.] To breathe ; to rest from toil.— 2, v. a. 
To breathe out ; to send out. 

Res'pite, n. [L. respectus, regard, consideration ; 
0. Fr. respit, a respite.] Eeprieve; delay; ] ause. 
—2, v. a. [pp. respiting, respited.] To relieve ; 
to suspend; to delay. 

Re-splen'dence, \n. [L. respondentia.] Lustre; 

Re-splen'den-cy, J brightness; splendor. 

Re-splen'dent, a. [L. resplendere, res± hndenlis, to 
glitter; splendere, to shine. — See Splendid.] 
Bright; shining; splendid. 

Re-spond', v. n. [L. respondere, responsum, to an- 
swer; re-, back, and spondere, to promise.] [pp. 
responding, responded.] To answer; to corre- 
spond. — 2, <f. A short anthem :— a half-column. 

Re-spon'dent. n. [L. respoudem. — See Respond.] 
One who' responds. — {Laic.) An answerer in a 
suit : — a defendant. 

Re-sponse', n. [L. responsum, responsus, an an- 
swer. — See Eespoxd.] Alternate answer ; reply. 

Re-spon-si-bil'i-ty, \ n. [Fr. responsabUite.] The 

Re-spon'si-ble-'ness. J state of being responsible. 

Re-spon'si-ble, a. [Fr. responsable.] Answerable; 
accountable : — involving responsibility. 

Re-spon'sive, a. [L. responsivus.] Making re- 
sponse. 

Rest. n. [A.-S. rest, Dut. rust, Dan. & Ger. rast, 
rest; A.-S. restan, to rest.] Absence of motion; 
sleep ; repose ; quiet ; ease : — stop ; cessation ; an 
interval: — a support: — [Fr. reste ; rester, to re- 
main ; L. reslare, to stay ; re-, behind, and stare, 
to stand (q. ».)] the remainder; residue.— 2, v. n. 
[pp. resting, rested.] To sleep; to be at ease or 
quiet; to die: — to lean; to recline; to remain. 
— 3, v. a. To lay at rest ; to place. 

Restaurant (res'to-rang'), n. [Fr.— See Eestore.] 
An eating-house. 

Restaurateur (res-to'ra-tur), n. [Fr.] The keeper 
of an eating-house ; a restorator. 

Rest'ful, a. Quiet; at rest. 

Res-ti-tu'tion, n. [L. restitutio ; restituere, restitu- 
tion^ to restore ; re-, back, and statuere, to place.] 
The act of restoring ; the act of giving an equiv- 
alent for what has been taken ; indemnification; 
restoration ; thing restored. 

Res'tive, a. [0. Fr. restif; Fr. ritif; rester, to 
starid still.] Unwilling to stir or "go forward; 
obstinate; stubborn :— [by an extension of the 
older meaning] impatient: uneasy. 

Res'tive-ness, »• Quality of being restive. 

Rest'less, a. Being without rest ; unquiet. 

Rest'less-ly, ad. Without rest; unquietly. 

Rest'less-ness, n. Want of rest; agitation. 

Res-to'-ra'tion, n. [L. restauratio.—See Eestore.] 
The'act of restoring ; recovery; renewal: repair; 
replacement. [medicine that restores. 

Re-sto'ra-tive, a. Tending to restore.— 2, n. A 

Rgs-to-ra'tor, n. A keeper of an eating-house. 

Re-store', v. a. [L. restaurare. to establish again.] 
[jjp. restoring, restored.] To give back; tore- 
pay ; to re/urn : — to recover from disease ; to cure. 

Re-stor'er, n. One who restores. 



a, e, 1, 0, u, y, long; a, e, 1, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



RESTRAIN 



463 



RETEIEVEK 



Re-strain', v. a. [Fr. resireindre; L. restringere, to 
hold l>ack ; re-, back, and stringere, to draw tight. 
—See Strict.] [pp. restraining, restrained.] 
To withhold; to repress; to limit; to confine; 
to restrict : — to coerce. 

Re-straint', n. [0. Fr. restraincte.— See Restrain.] 
A holding back; restriction. 

Re-strict', v. a. [L. restringere. restriction, to re- 
strain (q. v.).] [pp. restricting, restricted.] To 
limit ; to confine ; to restrain. 

Re-stric'tion, n. [L. restrictio.] Confinement; 
limitation. 

Re-stric'tive, a. Tending to restrain. 

Re-stric'tive-ly, ad. With restraint. 

Re-sult', v. n. [Fr. residler, to result, to arise 
(from) ; L. resutiare, to rebound ; resilere, resuUurn, 
to leap back; salere, to leap.] [pp. resulting, 
resulted.] To arise or proceed from; to issue. — 
2, n. Consequence ; effect ; issue ; decision. 

Re-sult'ant, n. [Fr. resultant, resulting.] The 
force which results from two or more combined 
forces :— an effect or result due to more than one 
cause. 

Re-siime', v. a. [L. resumere, resumptum; sumere, 
to take up; sub, under, up, and emere, to take.] 
[ pp. resuming, resumed.] To take back ; to be- 
gin again. 

Resume (rez'u-ma/), n. [Fr.] A summary. 

Re-sGmp'tion (re-zum'-), u. [L. resumptio.] Tlie 
act of resuming. [Taking back. 

Re-sump'tive (re-zum'tiv), a. [L. resumptivus.] 

Res-ur-rec'tion, n. [L. resurrect io ; resurgere, re- 
surrectiim, to rise again; re-, again, and surgere, 
to rise.] The act of rising again, especially after 
death ; revival from the dead. 

Res-ur-rec'tion-ist, n. A robber of graves. 

Re-sus'ci-tate, v. a. [L. remscitare, resuscitation, 
to raise again; re-, again, and sub, under (up).] 
[j>p. resuscitating, resuscitated.] To restore to 
life. — 2, v. n. To awaken ; to revive. , 

Re-siis-ci-ta'tion, n. [L. resuscitatio.] The act of 
resuscitating." 

Re-sus'ei-ta-tive, a. Reviving; revivifying. 

Re'tail [re-tal', ■&. J. F. K.], n. [Fr. relmlle, a 
piece, a clipping; retailler, to clip; re-, back, and 
tailler, to cut.J Sale by small quantities. 

Re-tail', v. a. [pp. retailing, retailed.) To sell 
in small quantities, or at second hand : — to deal 
out in small portions. 

Re-tail'er, or Re'tail-er, n. One who retails. 

Re-tain', v. a. [Fr. retenir ; L. retinere; re-, back, 
and tenere, to hold.] [pp. retaining, retained.] 
Not to part with ; to preserve; to keep; to hold ; 
to continue :— to employ. 

Re-tain'er, n. One who retains : — one who is re- 
tained ;' a dependant. — (Late.) A retaining fee, 
or a fee to retain a counsel. 

Re-take', v. a. [lie- and Take.] [t. retook ; pp. 
retaking, retaken.] To take again! 

Re-tal'i-ate, v. «. & v. n. [L. retaliare, retaliation, 
to requite; talio, retaliation in kind; talis, such 
as.] [pp. retaliating, retaliated.] To return 
like for like ; to repay ; to revenge ; to requite. 

Re-tal-i-a'tion, n. The act of retaliating; the 
return of like for like; revenge; requital. 

Re-taL'i-a-tive, a. Retaliatory. 

Re-tal'i-a-to-ry, a. Returning like for like. 

Re-tard', t;. a. [L. retardare, to delay; tardus, 
slow.] [pp. retarding, retarded.] To hinder: 
to obstruct; to delay. [tarding. 

Ret-ar-da'tion, n. [L. retardatio.] The act of re- 
Retch, or Rgtch, v. u. [A.-S. hrsecan, to retch; 
hreec, spittle, cough ; hraca, the throat ; Icel. 
hnvb'a, to retch.] [pp. retching, retched.] To 
try to vomit ; to strain. 

Re-tell', v. a. [lie- and Tell.] [i. retold; pp. 
retelling, retold.] To tell again. 

Re-ten' tion, w. [L. retentio ; retinere, retention, to 
retain.]' The act of retaining; memory. 

Re-ten'tive, a. Having power to retain. 

Re-ten'tive-ness, n. Power or capacity to retain. 




Retort. 



Ret'i-cence, n. [L. reticentia.] Concealment by 
silence. 

Ret'i-cent, a. [L. reticere, reticentis, to be silent ; 
re-', again, and tacere, to be still. — See Tacit.] 
Taciturn ; uncommunicative. 

Re-tic'u-lar, a. Having the form of a net. 

Re-tic'u-late, a. [L. reliculatus, made like a net.] 
Resembling net-work. 

Re-tic-u-la'tion, n. A conformation resembling 
net-work ; net-work. 

Ret'i-ciile, «. [Fr. reticule; L. reticulum, dim. of 
rete, a net.] A small work-bag or case, to be 
carried in the hand : — a net-work. 

Ret'i-na, n. [Neo-Latin ; L. rete, a net.] (Anat.) 
A thin, net-like membrane on the interior sur- 
face of the eje. 

Ret'i-nue [ret'e-nu or re-tin'nu, W. J. F. Ja.], n. 
[Fr. retenue, reserve, retention, — formerly, a body 
of retainers; retenir (part, retenu), to retain.] A 
train of attendants ; a suite. 

Re-tire', V. u. [Fr. retirer ; re-, back, and tirer, to 
draw.] [jjp. retiring, retired.] To go from a pub- 
lic place into privacy ; to retreat ; to withdraw. 

Re-tired' (re-tird'), p. a. Private; solitary; se- 
cluded"; withdrawn from active life. 

Re-tire'ment, n. Act of retiring; private abode 
or way of life ; seclusion ; privacy. 

Re-tir'ing, a. Leaving, or withdrawing from: — 
hot forward; modest; bashful; shy. 

Re-told', i. & p. from retell. 

Re-tbrt', o. a. & v. n. [Fr. retorle; retordre (part. 
retort), to twist ; L. relorquere, 
retortum, to twist back ; tor- 
quere, to twist.] [pp. retort- 
ing, retorted.] To throw 
back; to return; to reply. — 
2, ». A censure returned ; a 
repartee: — a vessel with a 
long, bent neck. [of being twisted back. 

Re-tor'tion, n. The act of retorting :— condition 

R§-touch' (re-tuch'), v. a. [We- and Touch.] [pp. 
retouching retouched.] To touch again; to im- 
prove by new touches. 

Re-trace', or Re-trace', v. a. [Be- and Trace.] 
[pp. retracing, retraced.] To trace again; to 
trace back ; to do agai n . 

Re-tract', v. a. [L. retractare, frequentative of 
relrahere, retractum, to withdraw.] [pp- retract- 
ing, retracted.] To withdraw a charge or asser- 
tion ; to recall; to recant; to take back. — 2, r. it. 
To make a retraction. 

Re-trac'ti-ble, «. That may be retracted. 

Re-trac'tile, a. That may be drawn back, 

Re-trac'tion, n. [L. retractio.] Act <>f retracting. 

Re-trac'tive, n. That which withdraws. — 2, a. 
Retracting; withdrawing. 

Re-treat', ». [Fr. retraire (part, retrait), to draw 
back, to retract (q. v.) ; retraite. a retreat.] Act 
of retreating ; a retirement : — place of seclusion ; 
shelter; asylum. — 2, v. n. [j>p. retreating, re- 
treated.] to go back ; to move away ; to retire; 
to withdraw ; to recede. 

Re-trench', v. a. [Fr. retranclier.See Trench.] 
[pp. retrenching, retrenched.] To cut off; to 
pare away : — to diminish ; to lessen ; to reduce. 
— 2, v. n. To live with less expense. 

Re-trench'ment, ». [Fr. retravchement] Act of 
retrenching; reduction; curtailment; diminu- 
tion ; the act of pruning. 

Ret-ri-bu'tion, n. [L. retribntio; re-, back, and 
tribnere, to pay.] Return accommodated to the 
action; reward; recompense; requital. 

Re-trib'u-tive, \a. Making retribution ; repay. 

Re-trib'u-to-ry, J ing. 

Re-triev'a-ble, a. That may be retrieved. 

Re-triev'al, n. The act of retrieving ; recovery. 

Re-trieve', v. a. [Fr. retronver, 0. Fr. retreuver, to 
find again.] [pp. retrieving, retrieved.] To re> 
cover; to repair. 

Re-triev'er, n. A dog trained to recover game 
that a huntsman has shot. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, s» £". soft; JD, £, p, £, hard ; §asz; $ as gz ; this. 



EETRO- 



464 



REVIEW 



Retro-. A prefix, is the L. adverb retro, backward. 

Re-tro-act\ v. n. [L. relroagere, retroaction. — See 
Act."] [pp. retroacting, retroacted.] To act 
backward. 

Re-tro-ac'tive (or ret-), a. Affecting what is past. 

Re'tro-cede, or Ret'ro-cede, v. n. & v. a. [L. re- 
trocedere, retrocession ; retro, backward, aud cedere, 
cession, to go.] [pp. retroceding, retroceded.] 
To go back ; to retire ; to recede : — to cede back. 

Re-tro-ces'sion (re-tro-sesh'un), n. [L. retrocessio, 
or r'etrocesm's. — See Retrocede.] The act of re- 
troceding ; a going back ; a giving back. 

Ret'ro-flex, a. Bent back ; distorted. 

Ret-ro-flex'ion, n. [L. retro, backward, andjlexio, 
flexion (q. ».)..] A backward curvature. 

Ret-ro-gra-da'tion, n. Act of going backward. 

Ret'ro-grade [re'tro-grad, Ja. Sm.], a. [L. retro- 
gradi, retrogression, to go back ; relrogradus, going 
back. — See Grade.] Going backward ; receding. 
—2, v. n. [pp. retrograding, retrograded.] To 
go backward ; to recede. 

Ret-ro-gres'sion, n. [L. retrogressus. — See Retro- 
grade.] A going backward. 

Ret-ro-gres'sive, a. Moving backward. 

Ret'ro-spect [re'tro-spekt, S. E. Ja. K. Sm.], n. 
[L. retro, backward, and specere, spection, to 
look.] A look thrown back upon, or a view of, 
things past. 

Ret-ro-spec'tion, n. Act of looking back. 

Ret-ro-spec'tive, a. Looking backward. 

Ret-ro-spec'tive-ly, ad. By retrospection. 

Ret-ro-ver'sion. n. [See Retrovert.] A falling 
or turning backward. 

Ret' ro- vert, v. a. [L. retro, backward, and vertere, 
version, to turn.] [pp. retro verting, retroverted.] 
To turn back. 

Re-tiirn', v. n. [Fr. retour, a return ; retowner, to 
return; re-, back, and tourner, to turn (q. v.).] 
[pp. returning, returned.] To come or go back ; 
to retort. — 2, v. a. To repay ; to give or send 
back; to elect. — 3, r>. A coming back: — repay- 
ment: — profit: — restitution : — relapse : — account. 

Re-tiirn'a-ble, a. That may be returned. 

Re-tuse', a. [L. retnsvs, blunt; retundere, relusiim, 
to beat back, to dull ; tundere, to beat.] (Bot.) 
Blunt; abruptly blunt. 

Re-un'ion (re-yiin'yun), n. [Be- and Union ; Fr. 
reunion.] Act of reuniting ; a second or renewed 
union : — cohesion. 

Re-u-nite', r. «. [Tie- and Unite; Fr. reunir.] 
[pp. reuniting, reunited.] To join again; to 
reconcile. — 2, v. n. To cohere or unite again. 

Re-veal', v. a. [L. revelare, revelation, to reveal, 
to unveil; re-, back, and rehire, to veil (q. v.).) 
[pp. revealing, revealed.] To disclose, as a 
secret ; to lay open ; to make known ; to show ; 
to discover. 

Re-veal' er, n. One who reveals. 

Reveille (re-val' or re-val'ya,— vulgarly, rev-al- 
lee'), n. [Fr. reveil, an awakening; rtveiller, to 
arouse; L. re-, again, ex, out, and vigilare, to 
wake ; vigil, watchful.] A military morning call 
by the beat of drum. 

Rev'el, v. n. [Referred to 0. Fr. reveler, to rebel 
(g. v.) ; revele, proud; reveleux, riotous. — But cf. 
Fr. reveUlon, a late supper, a Christmas or other 
revel; from r&o&Rer, to arouse.] [pp. revelling, 
revelled.] To feast with noisy merriment. — 
2, n. A feast with loose and noisy jollity. 

Rev-e-la'tion, n. [L. reveiatio. — See Reveal.] 
Act of revealing; that which is revealed; dis- 
covery:— the communication of sacred truths by 
a teacher or a person inspired from heaven : — 
the Apocalypse. 

Rev'el-ler, n. One who revels. 

ReVel-ling, n. Loose jollity ; revelry. 

Rev'el-ry, n. Jollity; festive mirth ; carousal. 

Re-venfe', v. a. [Fr. revancher ; 0. Fr. revenger; 
re-, back, and venger, L. vindicare, to take ven- 
geance. — See Vindicate.] [pp. revenging, re- 
venged.] To retaliate; to injure or punish in 



return.— 2, n. [Fr. revanche.] Return of an 
injury or affront ; retaliation ; vindicti veil ess. 

Re-vengVful, a. Full of revenge; vindictive. 

Re-venge'ful-ly, ad. "Vindictively. 

Re-veng-e'ful-ness, v. "Vindictiveness. 

Re-veng-'er, n. One who revenges. 

Rev'e-nue [rev'e-nu or re-ven'u, 8. W. J. Ja. K.], 
n. [Fr. revenir, part, revenu, to return ; L. re-, 
back, and venire, to come.] The public income 
of a state, derived from customs, duties, taxes, 
&c. ; income ; annual profits. 

Re-ver'ber-ant, a. [L. reverberans. — See Rever- 
berate.] Beating back ; resounding. 

Re-ver'ber-ate, v. a. [L. reverberare, reverberation, 
to beat back ; verberare, to beat ; rerber, a rod.] 
pp. reverberating, reverberated.] To beat back; 
to return. — 2, v. n. To bound, beat, or drive 
back ; to rebound : — to resound ; to echo. 

Re-ver-ber-a'tion, n. [L. reverberatio.] A reecho ; 
reflection of heat or sound. 

Re-ver'ber-a-tive, a. That reverberates or re- 
flects ; reflective. [beating back. 

Re-ver'ber-a-to-rx, a. Returning; reverberating; 

Re-vere', v. a. [Fr. r^vtrer ; L. revei-eri; re-, back, 
and vereri, to fear.] [pp. revering, revered.] To 
regard with great respect ; to adore ; to rever- 
ence ; to venerate. 

Rev'er-ence, n. [L. reverentia.] Act of revering ; 
veneration ; awe ; great respect : — show of re- 
spect. — 2, v. a. [pp. reverencing, reverenced.] 
To regard with great respect ; to adore ; to wor- 
ship ; to revere. 

Rev'er-end, a. [L. reverendiis, deserving of rever- 
ence.— See Revere.] Venerable ; deserving rev- 
erence : — the title of respect given to the clergy. 
— A clergyman is styled reverend; a dean, very 
reverend; a bishop, right reverend; an archbishop, 
most reverend. 

Rev'er-ent, a. [L. reverens, revering.— See Re- 
vere.] Expressing or feeling reverence. 

Rev-er-en'tial, a. Expressing reverence. 

Rev'er-ent-lj:, ad. With awe or reverence. 

Rev-e-rie' [rev'er-e, S. W. J. F. H. I. N. St. C. 
Wb.], n. [Fr. reverie, a dream, a musing; rever, 
to muse, to dream. — See Rave.] Act of musing ; 
dreamy meditation ; a wild fancy ; revery. 

Re-ver'sal, n. A change; repeal; overthrow. 

Re-verse', v. a. [L. reversare, frequentative of re- 
verlere, reversion, to turn back ; vertere, to turn.] 
[pp. reversing, reversed.] To overthrow by a 
contrary decision ; to overturn ; to subvert; to re- 
peal. — 2, n. Change : — a defeat: — a misfortune : 
—the back-surface of a coin. —3, «. Opposite; con- 

Re-verse'ly, ad. On the other hand. [trary. 

Re-vers'i-ble, a. Capable of being reversed. 

Re-ver'sion (re-ver'shun), n. [L. revernia. — See 
Reverse.] Act of reverting; that which re- 
verts. — (Law.) A returning, as of a possession 
to the former owner: — the right cf the posses- 
sion of an estate after the death of the present 
possessor : — a reversionary payment : — return to 
an ancestral type ; atavism. 

Re-ver'sion-a-ry,, a. To be enjoyed in succession ; 
implying reversion. 

Re-vert', v. a. & v. n. [L. revertere.— See Reverse.] 
[pp. reverting, reverted.] To change ; to return ; 
to reverberate ; to fall back. 

Rev'e-ry., n. [Fr. reverie.] Act of musing ; irreg- 
ular thought; a wild or idle fancy ; dreary 

Re- vet', v. a. [Fr. reveler; 0. Fr. revestir, to dress, 
to face.— See Vest.] [pp. revetting, revetted.] 
To face with masonry, &c. 

Re-vet'ment, Re-vete'ment (or re-vet'ment), n. 
[Fr. revelement.) A wall to face a bank. 

Re-view' (re-vu'), v. a. [Re- and View.] [pp. 
reviewing, reviewed.] To see again; to con- 
sider asain : — to survey ; to examine. — 2, n. A 
revision ; revisal : — an analysis of a book ; a 
critique ; a reviewal : — a periodical publication 
giving examinations of books :— an inspection 
of soldiers. 



a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y,, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



EEV1EWAL 



465 



KHUBAKB 



Re-view' al, n. A review of a book; a critique. 

Re-view'er (re-vu'er), n. One who reviews. 

Re-vile', v. a. [Be-, again, and Fr. avilir, to de- 
base; L. re-, again, ad, to, and vilis, vile (q. v.).] 
[pp. reviling, reviled.] To reproach; to vilify; 
to abuse. 

Re-vll'ing, n. Contumelious language ; abuse. 

Re-vis'al, n. A revision ; reexamination. 

Re-vi§e', v. a. [L. revisere, to resurvey ; re-, again, 
and visere, frequentative of videre, visum, to see.] 
[pp. revising, revised.] To correct; to reex- 
amine. — 2, n. A second proof-sheet; a revision. 

Re-vis'er, n. One who revises. 

Re-vr'sion (re-vizh'un), n. [L. revisio.] The act 
of revising"; revised; review; reexamination; 
that which is revised. 

Re-vi"§ion-al, la. Relating to, or containing, 

Re-vi"sion-a-ry, / revision. 

Rt-vis'iti v.' a. [Re-, again, and Visit.] [pp. 
revisiting, revisited.] To visit again. 

Re-vi§-i-ta'tion, n. Act of revisiting. 

Re-vis'o-ry, a. Having power to revise. 

Re-vi'val, n. [See Revive.] A renewal of life 
or activity : — a religious awakening. 

Re-vi'val-ist, n. One who promotes revivals. 

Re-vive , v. n. [L. revivere ; re-, again, and vivere, 
to live.] [pp. reviving, revived.] To return to 
life or activity. — 2, v. a. To bring to life ; to 
resuscitate ; to renew ; to rouse ; to reanimate ; 
to refresh. 

Re-viv-i-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of reviving. 

Re-viv'i-fy, v. a. [L. re-, back, and vivificare, to 
make alive; vivus, alive, and fucere, to make.] 
[pp. revivifying, revivified.] To recall to life; 
to revive. 

Rev-o-ca-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being revocable. 

Rcv'o-ca-ble," a.' [L. revocalilis.] That may be 
revoked or recalled ; repealable. 

Rev-o-ca'tion, n. [L. reoocatio.] The act of re- 
calling ; a' repeal. 

Re-voke', v. a. [L. revocare; re-, back, and vocure, 
to call.] [pp. revoking, revoked.] To repeal; 
to reverse ; to recall; to rescind ; to abrogate ; ,to 
annul; to abolish. — 2, v. n. Not to follow suit 
at cards. 

Re-volt', or Re-volt', v. n. [Fr. revoller.] [pp. 
revolting, revolted.] To fall off; to renounce 
allegiance; to rebel; to desert; to forsake. — 
2, n. [Fr. revolte ; It. rivolta.— See Revoi/VK.] 
Renunciation of allegiance ; a desertion ; a 
change of sides ; insurrection. 

Re-volt' er, n. One who revolts ; a deserter. 

Re-volt' ing, p. a. Causing disgust or abhorrence. 

Rev'o-lute, a. [L. revolutus. — See Revolve.] 
Rolled back. 

Rev-o-lu'tion, n. [L. revolutio, an overturning. — 
See Revolve.] Rotation; circular motion: — 
a great or entire change in the constitution or 
government of a state or country. 

Rev-o-lu'tion-a-ry, a. Relating to a revolution. 

Rev-o-lii'tion-ist, n. A favorer of revolution. 

Rev-o-lu'tion-ize, v. a. [pp. revolutionizing, 
revolutionized.] To cause a revolution in ; to 
overturn ; to remodel. 

Re-volve', v. n. [L. revolvere, revolution; re-, again, 
or back, and volvere, to turn.] [pp. revolving, 
revolved.] To perform a revolution; to turn 
round : — to fall back ; to return. — 2, v. a. To 
roll mund ; to consider. 

Re-volv'er, n. A pistol with several loading re- 
volving chambers. 

Re-vul'sion, n. [L. revulsio ; revellere, reruhum, to 
pull back • re-, away, and vellere, to pluck.] A 
turning or drawing back. 

Re-vul'sive, a. Having the power of revulsion. 

Re-ward\ v. a. [0. Fr. rewarder, Fr. regarder, to 
notice, — hence, formerly, to requite. — See Re- 
gard and Ward.] [pp. rewarding, rewarded.] 
To give in return ; to repay. — 2, n. That which 
is awarded for good or evil done ; a recompense ; 
compensation ; remuneration ; retribution; desert. 




Re-ward'a-ble, a. That may be rewarded. 

Re- ward' er, n. One who rewards. 

Rey'nard (ren'ard or ra'nard), n. [See Kenard.] 
A fox. 

Rhap-sod'i-cal (rap-sod'e-kal), a. [Gr. pai/zoiStKo?.] 
Partaking of rhapsody ; wild; rambling.' 

Rhap'so-dist (rap'so-dist), n. One who writes, 
recites, or sings rhapsodies. 

Rhap'so-dy. (rap'so-de), n. [Gr. pa^jipSia, — prop- 
erly, the recital of epic poems ; pai|/oj66s, a rhap- 
sodist; pdnreiv, to stitch, to string together, and 
ioSrj, an ode (q. v.).] A wild, incoherent speech 
or song : — irregular composition. 

Rhe'a (re'a), ». [The name of a Greek goddess: 
given arbitrarily to this bird.] 
The American ostrich. 

Rhen'ish (ren'ish), a. [L. Rhe~ 
nus, the Rhine.] Relating to 
the Rhine.— 2, n. A kind of 
German wine. 

Rhet'o-ric (ret'o-rik), n. [Gr. 
prjTopiKTj (rexf-q), the art of 
oratory ; p^rcup, an orator ; 
elpeiv, perfect eipTjxa, to say.] 
The art of prose composition ; 
philological criticism : — the art Rhea, 

of oratory or of addressing 
public assemblies; the art of persuasion; ora- 
tory ; eloquence. 

Rhe-tor'i-cal (re-tor'e-kal), a. Relating to rheto- 
ric ; oratorical ; figurative ; persuasive. 

Rhe-tor'i-cal-iy, ad. Like an orator. 

Rhlt-o-ri"cian (ret-o-rish'au), ». One who teaches 
the science of rhetoric : — an orator. 

Rheum (rum), n. [Gr. pevp.a, a flow, a humor; 
peeii/, to flow.] A thin, watery humor. 

Rheu-mat'ic (ru-mat'jk), a. [Gr. peu/uaTiicd?.] 
Relating to rheumatism ; afflicted with rheuma- 
tism. 

Rheu'ma-ti§m (ru'-), n. [Gr. peup.aTi<r/xo?, — prop- 
erly, a liability to rheum (q. v.).] A painful 
distemper affecting the muscles, joints, or limbs. 

Rheu'my (ru'me), a. Relating to rheum : — watery. 

Rhi-noc e-ros, n. [Gr. pii/o/cepoj? ; pi's, ptvos, the 
nose, and xepa?, a horn.] A large thick skinned 
quadruped. 

RhI-no-plas'tic, a. Relating to rhinoplasty. 

Rhi'no-plas-ty, n. [Gr. pis, the nose, and 7rA<£s- 
<reiv, to shape.] The operation of forming a 
new nose. 

Rhl-zo'ma, n. [Gr. ; pi£6eii>, to support by roots; 
pi^a, a root.] (Bot.) A creeping root-stalk. 

Rhi'zo-pod, ». ; pi. Rhi-zop'o-da, or Rhi'zo-pods. 
[Gr. pi'£a, a root, and rrous, 7ro56s, a foot.] An 
animal organism of the lowest class. 

Rho'di-um, n. [Gr. poSov, a rose: some of its 
salts are rose-colored.] A very hard metal. 

Rho-do-den'dron, or Rhod-o-den'dron, ». [Gr. ; 
poSov, a rose, and SevSpov, a tree.] ' A flowering 
shrub of great beauty. 

Rhomb, or Rhomb [rom, I. fit], v. [See Rhom- 
bus.] A quadrilateral figure; a rhombus. 

Rhbm'bic (rum'bik or rom'bik), a. Shaped like a 
rhomb. 

Rhom'boid (rum'bold or rom'bcild), n. [Gr. pop.- 
/3oi5t?s, rhomb-like.] An oblique-angled paral- 
lelogram. 

Rhom-bbid'al, «. Like a rhomb or rhomboid. 

Rhom'bus, m. [L. ; Gr. pojujSos, that which whirls, — 
hence,'a spindle; pep-jSeii/, to revolve.] A plane 
figure bounded by four equal straight lines, the 
opposite lines being parallel, and the angles ob- 
lique ; a rhomb. 

Rhu'barb (ru'barb), n. [Fr. rhubarbe; Late L. 
rheum, or rheum barbarum; Gr. pd, or prjoc, — also 
prjoi- ftdpfiapov, barbarian rhubarb, so called in 
distinction from the rhubarb of Pontus. The 
words rheum and pijov are probably derived from 
Rha, a name of the river Volga, whence it was 
brought.] A medicinal root : — a garden vegeta- 
ble ; pie-rhubarb, or pie-plant. 



mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, <?, 5, £, soft; $3, p, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
ee 



RHUMB 



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RIGHT-ANGLED 



Rhumb [rum, Wb. Cu. N. I. St.l, or Rhumb' -line, 
n. [Fr. rumb; Sp. rumbo, a ship's couiso; L. 
rhombus, a rhombus (q. v.); Gr. po/u./3o?, a ihom- 
bus, — also, a whirling motion, a swoop.] The 
course of a ship sailing steadily to one point of 
the compass. 

Rhyme (rim), n. [Dut. rijm; Icel. rima ; Ger. 
reim: cognate with Gr. apt0p.6<;, number, but 
not with Rhythm, which has badly affected its 
spelling.] A correspondence in the sound of 
the last syllable of one line to that of the last 
syllable of another : — poetry ; verse : — a poem. — 
2, v. n. [pp. rhyming, rhymed.] To agree in 
sound ; to chime. — 3, v. a. To put into rhyme. 

Rhym'er, ) n. A maker of rhymes; a versi- 

Rhyme*ster, >fier; a mean or unskilful poet; a 

Rhym'ist,' j poetaster. 

Rhythm (rithm or rithrn), n. [Gr. pv9p.6<;, meas- 
ure : root of pe'eiv, to flow.] Harmonious or 
well-proportioned arrangement of words ; the 
consonance of measure and time in poetry or 
prose; metre; verse; numbers. 

Rhyth'mic (rlth'mik), a. Of or pertaining to 
rhythm. 

Rhyth'mi-cal (rith'me-kal), a. Harmonical. 

Rib, n. '[A.'-S. ribb;' Dut. rib; Icel. rif; Ger. 
rippe.] A bone : — a piece of timber : — a'strip. — 
2, v. a. [pp. ribbing, ribbed.] To furnish with 

Rib'al'd, a. [Fr. ribaut ; Late L. ribaldus ; 0. Fr. 
riber, to wanton; 0. Ger. ribe, a bawd.] Base; 
mean ; vile ; brutal ; obscene. — 2, n. A loose, 
rough, mean wretch. 

Rib'ald-ry, n. Scurrilous or brutal language. 

Rib' and, n. See Kibbon. 

Rib'bon, n. [Fr. ruban; Irish, ribin, ribe; Gael. 
rihean; rib, ribe, a hair, a fillet; Welsh rhibin, 
rhib, a streak.] A silk fillet; a slip of silk used 
as a badge or ornament : — written also riband. — 
2, v. a. [pp. ribboning, ribboned.] To adorn 
with ribbons. 

Rice, n. [Fr. riz ; It. riso ; L. oryza ; Gr. bpv^a. — 
Cf. Skr. vriji, Afghan (Pushtu) wrijzey, Arab. 
aruzz, Sp. arroz, rice; Tamil arisi, boiled rice.] 
A cereal plant and its seed or grain, much culti- 
vated in warm climates. 

Rich, a. [A. -S. rice, rich, powerful; Dut. rijk; 
Dan. rig ; Goth, reiks ; Ger. reich ; Fr. riche : akin 
to L. regere, to rule.] Wealthy; opulent; pre- 
cious ; sumptuous ; fertile ; productive ; fruitful ; 
abundant. 

Rich'e§, n. pi. [Fr. richesse; riche, rich (q. v.).] 
Wealth; opulence; affluence. 

Rich'ly, ad. With riches ; abundantly. [ness. 

Rich'ness, n. Opulence ; fertility :— sumptuous- 
Rick, n. [A.-S. hreac, hrycca ; Icel. hraukr.] A pile 
of corn or hay. 

Rick'ets, n. pi. [0. E. wrick, wrikken, to twist : 
akin to Wriggle : the medical term rhachitis, 
rickets, was derived from the Gr. pax i? ) t ne 
spine, in imitation of the English word rickets.] 
A disease incident to childhood. 

Rick'et-y, o. Diseased with rickets :— shaky ; 
dilapidated. 

Ricochet (rik-o-sha'), a. [Fr. ricochet, a ricochet ; 
ricocher, to" ricochet; etymology doubtful.] 
(Gvnnery.) Ricochet firing is a mode of firing 
with small charges from pieces of ordnance ele- 
vated at small angles, so that shot bounds or 
Skips along. — 2, v. n. [pp. ricocheting, rico- 
cheted.] To skip, like a shot, along the sur- 
face of the ground or water. — 3, n. A skip or 
bound. 

Rid, v. a. [A.-S. hreddan, to snatch away, to rid; 
hridian, to sift ; 0. Fris. hredda ; Dut. redden ; 
Dan. redde; Ger. retien ; Local E. red: perhaps 
related to A.-S. hrsed, Ger. hrat, quick.] [i. rid; 
pp. ridding, rid.] To set free; to clear; to dis- 
encumber ; to drive away. 

Rid'dance, n. Deliverance ; disencumbrance. 

Rid'den (rid'dn), p. from 'ride. 



Rid'dle (rid'dl), n. [0. E. redels, njdeh ; A.-S. rse- 
delse (pi. rmdelsas, rvedelsan), from rsedan, to read, 
to interpret.— Cf. Ger. riithsel, a riddle.] An 
enigma :— [A.-S. hridian, to sift ; hridder, a de- 
vice for sifting. — See Rid] a coarse sieve. — 
2, v. a. [pp. riddling, riddled.] To solve : — to 
clear by a sieve. 

Ride, n. n. [A.-S. ridan; Dut. rijden; Dan. ride; 
Ger. reiten.] [i. rode ; pp. riding, rode (rid) or 
ridden.] To be carried on horseback ; to be con- 
veyed in a carriage; to be borne. — 2, v. a. To 
sit on ; to manage at will. — 3, w. An excursion 
on horseback or in a vehicle : — a place for riding. 

Rid'er, n. One who rides :— an inserted leaf :— a 
clause added to a bill. 

Rid£e, n. [A.-S. hrycg, Dut. rug, Dan. ryg, Scot. 
rig, Ger. riicken, back, ridge. — Cf. Gr. pa-x^i a 
spine.] The top of the back, or of a slope. — 
2, v. a. [pp. ridging, ridged.] To form into 
ridges ; to wrinkle. 

Rid&'y, a. Rising in, or consisting of, ridges. 

Rid i-cule, n. [L. ridiculum, a jest ; ridere, to 
laugh.] Wit of that species which provokes 
laughter, and is designed to bring the subject 
of it into contempt ; derision ; satire. — 2, to. a. 
[pp. ridiculing, ridiculed.] To expose to laugh- 
ter ; to laugh at ; to mock ; to deride. 

Ri-dic'u-loiis, a. [L. ridicitlus or ridiculosus. — See 
Ridicule.] Worthy of being laughed at; ab- 
surd; preposterous; ludicrous. 

Ri-dic'u-lous-ly, ad. In a ridiculous manner. 

Ri-dic'u-lous-ness, n. State of being ridiculous. 

Rid'ing, n. ' [0. E. triding or thridiug, a third part; 
Norwegian tridjung, Icel. thridjungr, a third ; 
thridi, the third.] The act of one who rides; a 
ride : — one of the divisions of a county. 

Rife, a. [Icel. ri/r, 0. Dut. rijf, Low "Ger. rive, 
Sw. & A.-S. rif, abundant ; Icel. reifa, to bestow.] 
Prevalent; prevailing; abounding. 

Riffraff, n. [Obs. Fr. rif et raf; Fr. rifler, to pare, 
and rafter, to sweep off.— Cf. It. a rufi'a raft'a, 
helter-skelter.] Refuse ; sweepings : — rabble. 

Ri'fle (ri'fl), v. a. [Fr. rifler, to pare, — formerly, 
to strip, to rob; Icel. hrifa, rifa, to grasp; hrifsa, 
to plunder; hrifs, plunder.] [pp. rifling, rifled.] 
To rob ; to pillage ; to plunder : — [Dan. rifle, Sw. 
refjla, Ger. riefen, to groove : akin to Rive] to 
groove, as a fire-arm. — 2, n. [Dan. rifle, Ger., 
riefe, a groove; Dan. riffd, a rifled gun.] A sort 
of gun, having its barrel grooved within: — a 
sharpening instrument. 

Ri'fle-man, n. One armed with a rifle. 

Ri'fler, il. A robber; a plunderer. 

Rift, n. [Dan. & Norwegian rift, Sw. refva, a rift ; 
Icel. ript, a breach: akin to Rive.] A cleft; a 
breach ; an opening. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. rift- 
ing, rifted.] To cleave ; to split ; to open. 

Rig, n. [See Ridge.] A ridge : — dress : — [see 
Wriggle] a trick ; a jeer : — manner of rigging. 
—2, v. a. [Norse & Local Sw. rigg, rigging, har- 
ness; rigga, to rig, to harness; A.-S. wrihan, to 
clothe.] [pp. rigging, rigged.] To dress ; to fit 
with tackling. 

Rig-a-d86n\ n. [Fr. rigodon; from Eigaud, its 
inventor.] A kind of gay, brisk dance. 

Rig' ger, n. One who rigs or dresses. 

Rig'ging, n. The sails or tackling of a ship. 

Right (rit), a. [A.-S. riht; Dut. regt; Dan. ret; 
Sw. rat; Ger. recht; closely related to 1^ rectus, 
straight, right ; regere, rectum, to rule.] Con- 
formable to truth and equity ; fit ; proper ; right- 
ful; true; not wrong; just :— straight; direct: — 
not left: — equitable; lawful. — Right angle, an 
angle of 90 degrees.— Right line, a straight line. 
— 2, ad. Properly ; justly ; truly ; very.— 3, n. 
Conformity to the law of God ; equity ; justice : 
— just claim; privilege. — 4, v. a. [pp. righting, 
righted.] To relieve from wrong; to rectify. — 
(Naul.) To make upright.— 5, v. it. {Naut.) To 
rise with masts erect, as a ship. 

Right'-an-gled O'lt'-), a. Rectangular. 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure,— Fare, far, f&st, fall; heir, her; 



KIGHTEOUS 



467 



EIVEK 



RIght'eous (ri'chus) [rit'yus, E. F. K. Sm. C. ; n'- 
che-us, IF. P. J.; ri'te-us, Ja.], a. [A.-S. riht- 
wis. — See Right and Wise.] Conformed to the 
divine law ; just; virtuous; equitable; upright. 

Right'eous-ly. (ri'chys-le), ad. Justly. 

RIght'eous-ness (ri'chus-ues), n. [A.-S. rihtivis- 
nes.] Justice. 

Rlght'ful (rlt'ful), a. Having right or a just 
claim; equitable; just; lawful. 

Right' ful-ly, ad. According to right. 

Right' ful-ness (rit'ful-nes), n. Rectitude. 

Rlght'-hand, a. Situated on the right side. 

Right' -hand-ed, a. Using the right hand. 

Right' ly (rifle), ad. Properly ; uprightly. 

Rigid, a. [L. rigidus.—Cf. rigere, to be ."tiff: per- 
haps related to Frigid.] Stiff; severe; strict; 
sharp; cruel. [rigor. 

Ri-£id'i-ty, w. [L. rigiditas.] Stiffness ; severity ; 

Rifr'id-ly., ad. Stiffly; severely; inflexibly. 

Rig'id-ness, n. Stiffness;, severity ; rigidity. 

RIg'ma-role, n. [Perhaps for 0. E. ragman-roll, a 
long list of names,— or of names and estates: 
ragman meant a coward, — also the devil j Icel. 
ragmemii, a coward; Svv. raggen, the devil.] A 
repetition of idle words ; frivolous or foolish talk 
or stories. 

RIg'or, n. [L. rigor; rigere, to be stiff.] Exact- 
ness without any allowance ; stiffness ; sternness ; 
severity ; austerity. 

Rig'or-ofls, a. Partaking of rigor; rigid; severe; 
stern ; harsh ; exact ; strict. 

Rig'or-ous-ly, ad. Severely ; sternly. 

Rig'or-ous-ness, ft. Severity; sternness. 

Rile, v. a. [Also spelt Roil. — Cf. Fr. rouiller, to 
make rusty (as iron, or as water) ; rouille, rust : 
said to represent robigilla, a dim. of L. fobigo, or 
rubigo, rust.] [pp. riling, riled.] To make tur- 
bid; to ruil : — to irritate. 

Rill, or Ril'let, ft. [Welsh rhill, for rhigol, a 
trench, a row'; Low Ger. rille, a rill. — See Drill.] 
A small brook ; a streamlet. 

Rll'y, o. Roily ; turbid. 

Rim, n. [A.-S. rima ; Welsh, rhim: perhaps re- 
lated to Brim.] A border; a margin; an edge. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. rimming, rimmed.] To border. 

Rime, n. [A.-S. & Icel. hrim; Dut. rijm ; Sw. rim; 
Dan. rum. — Cf. Gr. icpvp.6<;, frost.] Hoarfrost : 
— [L. rima, a chink] a hole; a chink : — [a better 
spelling of Rhyme] a rhyme. 

RIm'ple, v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. hritnpan, to wrinkle; 
hri/mpelle, a wrinkle; Ger. rwmpfen, to wrinkle. 
— See Rv/mplf..] [pp. rimpling", rimpled.j To 
pucker; to wrinkle. — 2, n. A wrinkle; a fold : — 
[probably a nasalized form of Ripple] a ripple. 

Rind, n. [A.-S. <fe Ger. rinde.] Bark; husk; coat: 
— skin, as of pork. 

RIn'der-pest, ft. [Ger. ' rind, cattle, and pest, a 
pest'(//. p.). J A fatal disease attacking cattle. 

Ring, w. [A.-S. hring, Icel. hringr, Dut., Sw., 
Dan., & Ger. ring, a ring: perhaps related to 
Wring.] A circle; a circle of metal ; an annu- 
let :— a chime ; the sound of bells, &c. : — a com- 
bination of politicians or capitalists for illegiti- 
mate purposes ; a clique. — 2, v. a. [A.-S. hringan; 
Icel. l/rinja; Dan. ringe; Dut. ringen: imitative.] 
[i. rung or rang; pp. ringing, rung.] To strike 
bells, &c. ; to cause to sound. — 3, v. it. To sound, 
as a bell; to resound; to tinkle. — 4, v. a. [i. 
ringed; /^.ringing, ringed.] To encircle; to 
fit with rings. 

Ring'-dove (nng'duv), n. A kind of pigeon with 
a ring of white about its neck. 

RIng'lead-er, n. The head of a riotous body. 

Ring'let, n. A small ring ; a curl. 

Ring' worm (-wiirm), n. A circular tetter, of 
parasitic (vegetable) origin. [park. 

Rink, n. [A variant of Ring.] A skating-pond or 

Rinse, v. a. [Fr. rincer, Icel. hreinsa, Dut. rense, 
Sw. rema, to rinse ; Icel. hreinn, Dan. reen, Ger. 
rein, pure.] [pp. rinsing, rinsed.] To wash; to 
cleanse by washing. 



Ri'ot, it. [Fr. (obsolescent) riotte, riote, It. riotta, a 
riot ; Prov. riota,^ a dispute.— Cf. Gael, raoit, in- 
decent mirth ; Fr. rioter, to giggle, to laugh im- 
pertinently.] A noisy tumult; an uproar; a 
disturbance by a mob; an affray.— (Lute.) A 
tumultuous disturbance by three or more per- 
sons assembled together. — 2, v. n. [pp. rioting, 
rioted.] To revel; to raise an uproar. — To run 
riot, to act or to grow without restraint. 

Rl'ot-ous, a. Wanton; seditious; turbulent; 

Rl'ot-ous-ly, ad. In a riotous manner. 

Rip, v. a. [Norwegian ripa, Svv. repa, to scratch : 
a variant of Rive.] [pp. ripping, ripped.] To 
tear ; to lacerate : — to disclose. — 2, n. A lacera- 
tion :— a wicker fish-basket. 

Ri-pa'ri-an, a. [L. riparius, belonging to a river- 
bank;' ripa, a bank or shore.] Relating to the 
bank of a river. 

Ripe, a. [A.-S. ripe; Dut. rijp ; Ger. reip : akin 
to Reap.] Mature; finished; complete; ready. 

Rl'pen (ri'pn), v. n. [A.-S. ripian; Ger. reifenJ] 
[pp. ripening, ripened.] To grow ripe or' ma- 
ture. — 2, v. a. To mature ; to make ripe. 

RIpe'ness, n. State of being ripe ; maturity. 

Rip'ple, v. n. & v. a. [A form of Rimple.] [pp. 
rippling, rippled.] To fret on the surface, as 
water. — 2, n. Agitation of water; a rimple: — 
[Dut. repel; Ger. riffel; Low Ger. repe, repel, 
reppel, a flax-comb ; Dut. repelen; Ger. rifeht, to 
ripple flax] a large flax-comb. [stones. 

Rip' rap, 'M. [Cf. Riff-raff.] A structure of loose 

Rise (rlz), v. n. [A.-S. risan ; Dut. rijzen ; Icel. 
risa; Goth, reisan.] [i. rose; pp. rising, risen.] 
To get up; to arise ; to ascend : — to grow. 

Rise (or rlz), n. Act of rising ; ascent ; increase : 
— beginning; origin: — an elevated place. 

RIg'er, n. One who rises. [sition to laugh. 

Rls-|-bll'i-ty, n. Quality of being risible ; <ii>po- 

Ris/i-ble, a. [L. risibilis; ridere, risum, to laugh.] 
Laughing; laughable; ridiculous; exciting 
laughter. 

Rl§'ing, it. Act of getting up : — insurrection. 

Risk, n. [Port, risco, a rock, a danger: Sp. ruck), 
a rock; It. risohid, riseo, risico, a risk; risioare, to 
risk; Fr. risque, a risk; riequer, to risk. The 
Spanish risco, a rock, appears related to L. re-, 
back, and secare, to cut.] Hazard; danger; a 
chance of harm. — 2, v. a. [pp. risking, risked.] 
To put to chance ; to hazard. 

RIsk'y, a. Hazardous. 

Rite, n. [Fr. rit, rite; L. ritits, a religious custom, 
a ceremony ; Skr. riti, a way, a usage ; ri, to go.] 
A solemn act or ceremony of religion. 

Rlt'u-al (nt'yu-al), a. [L. ritualis. — See Rite.] 
Relating to rites or ceremonies; ceremonial; 
ceremonious. — 2, n. A round, or a sj'stem, of 
religious ceremonies. 

Rit'u-al-i§m, n. Adherence to the ritual. 

Rit'u-al-ist, n. One who advocates a ritual. 

Rl'vali ft. [L. rivalis, belonging to a brook ; rivus, 
a stream, a brook; rivales, those who use the 
same brook, neighbors, — hence competitors.] 
One who is in pursuit of the same object with an- 
other ; a competitor. — 2, a. Standing in compe- 
tition ; emulous. — 3, v. a. [pp. rivalling, ri- 
valled.] To strive to excel: to emulate. 

RI'val-ry, ft. The state or the contests of rivals ; 
competition ; emulation. 

Rive, v. a. [Icel. rifa, Dan. rite, Sw. rifva, to 
tear; Dut. rijven, Ger. reiben, to grate, to rub.] 
[t. rived; pp. riving, riven.] To split: to part 
asunder ; to cleave. — 2, v. n. To be split or rent 
asunder. 

RIv'el, r. a. & v. n. [A frequentative of Rive.] [pp. 
rivelling, rivelled.] To shrivel; to wrinkle. 

RIv'en (riv'vn), p. from rive. 

RIv'er, w. [Fr. riviere ; It. riviera, a shore, a river ; 
Port, ribeiro, a brook ; ribeira, a meadow near a 
stream; Late L. riparia, a shore, a 6tream; L. 
riparius, riparian; ripa, a bank : remotely con- 
nected with L. rivus, a stream.] A current of 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son j bull, biir, rule, use.— C, Q, e, £, soft; p, p, p, g\ hard ; §asz; ? as gz ; this. 



KIVEKINE 



468 



HOMAGE 



water larger than a brook, flowing into the sea, 
a lake, or another river. 

Riv'er-Ine, a. [Fr. riverain. — See Riparian.] Re- 
lating to a river ; riparian. 

Riv'et, n. [Fr. rivet, a rivet ; river, to rivet; Icel. 
rifa, to tack together ; Scot, riv, to tack, to 
clinch.] A fastening pin clinched at both ends. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. riveting, riveted.] To fasten 
with rivets. 

Riv'u-let, n. [L. rivulus, dim. of rivus, a stream.] 
A small river ; a brook. 

Rix-dol'lar, n. [Dnt. rijks-daalder, Ger. reichs- 
thaler, an imperial dollar ; reich, an empire, and 
thaler, a dollar.] A silver coin of Germany and 
other countries, varying in value from about 60 
to 108 cents. 

Roach (roch), n. [A.-S. reohhe, reohche, Ger. roche, 
a roach, a ray (q. v.). — Cf. Fr. rochier, a dog-fish.] 
A fish : — [see Cockroach] a cockroach. 

Road (rod), n. [A.-S. rad, a journey, a road ; ri- 
dan, rad, to ride.] A broad open way to be trav- 
elled over; [Fr. rade ; Sw. redd; Ger. rhede ; It. 
& Sp. rada: probably related to Ride] a large 
way or passage ; a path :— a roadstead. 

Road' stead, n. A place for ships to anchor in. 

Road'ster, n. A horse that keeps the road. 

Roam, v. n. [Local & 0. E. rame.—Cf. 0. Fris. 
ramia, 0. Ger. ramen, 0. Sax. romon, to strive 
after: some refer it to It. romeo, a pilgrim, — 
properly a pilgrim to Rome ; Sp. romero, travel- 
ling; romeria, a pilgrimage.] [pp. roaming, 
roamed.] To wander ; to ramble ; to rove. — 
2, v. a. To range ; to wander over. 

Roan (ron), a. [Fr. rouan; Sp. rodado, ruano ; 
0. It. roano, rovano; Port, rufo, i-uao. — Cf. Fr. 
roux, L. russus, reddish. — See also Rubican.] 
Bay, sorrel, or black, with spots. 

Roan' -tree, n. [See Rowan.] The rowan-tree. 

Roar, v. 11. [A.-S. rarian; 0. Ger. reren.] [pp- 
roaring, roared.] To cry ; to make a loud noise. 
— 2, n. The cry of a wild beast ; a loud noise. 

Roar'ing, n. The cry of a lion, &c. ; loud noise. 

Roast (rost), v. a. [Ger. ri'sten ; Fr. rotir ; Irish, 
roistin; Bret, rosta. — Cf. Ger. rost, a gridiron.] 
[pp. roasting, roasted.] To cook by the fire, as 
meat; to heat; to parch; to burn :— to jeer; to 
banter.— 2, p. a. Roasted. — 3, n. That which is 
roasted : — a banter. 

Rob, v. a. [0. Fr. rober, robber, to 6trip, to dis- 
robe ; Ger. rauben, to rob ; raub, booty, robbery, 
spoil, — originally also clothes. — See Robe.] [pp. 
robbing, robbed.] To take by illegal force; to 
plunder.— 2, n. [Fr. & Sp. rob ; Per. robb, boiled 
must of wine.] A kind of syrup or conserve 
from the juice of fruits. 

Rob'ber, n. One who robs ; a plunderer. 

R6Vber-y, n. The act of robbing ; theft by force. 

Robe, n. [Fr. robe; Ger. raub, booty, spoil,— for- 
merly also clothes; A.-S. reaf, spoil, garments; 
Icel. rauf, spoil; root of Reave.] A gown of 
state ; a dress of dignity. — 2, v. a. [pp. robing, 
robed.] To dress pompously ; to invest. 

Rob' in, n. [A pet name for Robert; in full, robin- 
redbreast— Cf. Jackdaw, Magpie.] A singing- 
bird, called robin-redbreast; also the migrating 
thrush. 

Rob'o-rant, n. A strengthening medicine. 

Ro-bQst', a. [L. robustns, oaken, strong; robus 
(later robur), oak, — also strength.] Strong; 
sinewy; vigorous; firm. 

Ro-bus'ti-ous, a. [L. robusteus, oaken, robust. — 
See Robust.] Sturdy; vigorous. 

Ro-bust'ness, n. State of being robust ; vigor. 

Roc, n. [Per. rukh, — also a name of the rhinoce- 
ros.] A huge fabulous bird. 

Roch'et, or Roch'et, n. [Fr. ; Ger. roch, a coat.] 
A linen habit worn by a bishop; a surplice. 

Rock, n. [Fr. roc, roche, or rocher; Sp. roca; It. 
rocca ; A.-S. rocc ; Irish & Gael, roc; Bret, roch.] 
A vast mass of stone fixed in the earth : — figura- 
tive! y, strength; a defence: — [Sw. rock; Dan. 



rok; Ger. rocken; It. rocca] a distaff. — 2, v. a. 
& v. n. [Dan. rokke, to rock, ryklce, to pull ; Sw. 
rockera, to rock, rycka, to pull; Icel. rugga, to 
rock : akin to Scot, rug, to pull ; Ger. rucken, 
to pull, to push.] [pp. rocking, rocked.] To 
shake ; to move backward and forward ; to move 
the cradle ; to reel. 

Rock'-crys-tal, ». A silicious stone; quartz. 

Rock'er, n. One who rocks :— a curved piece of 
wood on which a chair rocks : — a rocking-chair. 

Rock'et, ii. [It. rocchetto, a bobbin, — formerly also 
a rocket ; dim. of rocca, a distaff.] An artificial 
firework :— [Fr. roquette, It. ruca or ruchelta, Sp. 
ruqueta or oruga, rocket ; L. eruca or uruca, cole- 
wort] a plant of various kinds. 

Rock'ing-chair, n. A chair which rocks. 

Rock' -salt, n. Common mineral salt. 

Rock'y, a. Full of rocks; hard; stony. 

Ro-co'co, 11. [Fr. ; origin unknown.] (Fine Arts.) 
A florid debased style of ornamentation, charac- 
terized by profusion of details without propriety 
of connection.— 2, a. Noting bad taste in design 
or ornament, whether in the fine arts, in liter- 
ature, or in costume ; grotesque ; fantastic. 

Rod, n. [A.-S. rod; Dut. roede; Ger. rufhe; L. 
rudis. — See Rood.] A twig; an instrument of 
correction : — a measure of length ; a perch or 
pole ; 16% feet. 

Rode, i. & p. from ride. 

Ro'dent, w. [L. rodere (part, rodentis), to gnaw.] 
(Zo'ol.) An animal that gnaws. — 2, a. Gnawing, 
as an animal. 

Rod-o-mon-ta.de', n. [Fr. ; It. rodomontada, from 
Rodomonte, a boastful king in the epics of Ariosto 
and of Boiardo; rotare, to turn, and moide, a 
mountain.] Empty bluster; rant.— 2, v. n. [pp. 
rodomontading, rodomontaded.] To brag ; to 
boast. 

Roe (ro), n. [A.-S. rah; Dan. raa; Dut. ree; Ger. 
reh.] The female of the hart :— the roebuck : — 
[0. E. roan, roicnd, rovme; Icel. hrogn; Dan. 
rogn; Sw. rom; Ger. rogen ; Fr. rogue. The final 
n w-as probably dropped from the mistaken idea 
that it was the sign of the plural] the seed or 
spawn of fishes. 

Roe'buck, n. A small species of deer. 

Ro-ga'tion, n. [L. rogatio ; rogare, rogatum, to be- 
seech.]' Litany : supplication. 

Rogue (rog), n. [Fr. rogue, surly, rude, arrogant; 
Bret, rog, proud, haughty ; Irish 7~ucas, pride.] 
A knave ; a villain : — a sly fellow ; a mischievous 
person : — a wag. 

Rogu'er-y. (rog'er-e), n. Villany :— waggery. 

Rogu'ish (rog'ish), a. Knavish :— waggish. 

Rogu'ish-ly (rog'ish-le), ad. Like a rogue. 

Rogu'ish-ness (rog'ish-nes), n. Roguery. 

Roll, v. a. [See Rile.] [pp. roiling, roiled.] To 
render turbid ; to stir up ; to disturb ; to vex ; to 

RSil'y, a. Turbid ; roiled. [rile. 

Rois'ter, v. n. [0. E. roister, a bully; Fr. rustre, 
a clown ; L. rusticus, a boor. — See Rustic] [pp. 
roistering, roistered.] To bully ; to bluster. 

R6is'ter-er. n. A blustering fellow. 

Role, n. [Fr. role.] An actor's part or character. 

Roll, v. a. [Fr. roider, Late L. rotulare, to turn ; 
rotula, a little wheel.] [pp. rolling, rolled.] To 
move or turn in a circle ; to revolve :— to involve ; 
to inwrap. — 2, v. n. To run on wheels ; to move ; 
to revolve. — 3, n. [Fr. role, L. rotula, a little 
wheel, — later, a roll ; rota, a wheel.] The act 
of rolling; a mass made round; a roller; a cyl- 
inder: — a register; a catalogue; ulist; a chron- 
icle :— a cake of bread. 

Roll'er, n. One that rolls ; a round stone : — a 
thing turning on its axis : — a fillet. 

Rol'lic, or Rol'lick, v. n. [Cf. Gael, roilig, a frolic- 
some person ; Sw. rolig, merry ; Scot, rollochin, 
lively.] [i. rollicked ; pp. rollicking, rollicked.] 
To swagger; to be jovial. 

Roll'ing-pin, v. A cylinder to roll paste with. 

Rom'af e, n. Tumult. See Rummage. 



a, e, I, 5, ii, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



ROMAN 



469 



ROTLFERA 



Ro'man, a. Relating to Rome ; papal. 

Ro-mance', n. [Fr. roman, 0. Fr. romant, romans, 
a romance; Late L. romauice, in Roman fashion; 
L. Bomanus, Roman; Roma, Rome.] A tale of 
wild adventure; a military fable; a fiction; a 
novel : — a language formerly spoken in the south 
of Fiance. — 2, v. n. [pp. romancing, romanced,] 
To lie ; to forge stories.— 2, a. Noting the group 
of languages descended from Latin. 

Ro-manc'er, re. A writer of romances. 

Ro'man-ism, re. Tenets of the church of Rome. 

Ro'man-Ist, re. A Roman Catholic. 

Ro'man-Ize, v. a. [pp. Romanizing, Romanized.] 
To change to the Roman language, or to the 
Roman Catholic religion. 

Ro-man'tic, a. [Fr. romantique, like a romance.] 
Relating to, or partaking of, romance; fantas- 
tic; wild; extravagant; fanciful; improbable. 

Ro-man'ti-cal-ly,, ad. Wildly ; extravagantly. 

Ro-man'ti-ci§m, re. Romantic notions. 

Ro-man'ti-cist, re. A writer or admirer of roman- 
tic literature : — distinguished from classicist. 

Rom'a-ny, a. [Gypsy; of disputed origin.] Of 
or pertaining to the gypsies. 

Rom'ish, a. Relating to the church of Rome. 

Romp, n. [A form of Ramp.] A rude, awkward 
girl : — rude play; a frolic. — 2, v. re. [pp. romp- 
ing, romped.] To play rudely and boisterously. 

Rondeau (ron-do'), n. [Fr. — See Roundel.] A 
little poem of thirteen verses or lines: — a light 
air which ends with the first strain repeated. 

Rood, re. [A form of Rod : rod, in Anglo-Saxon, 
meant not only a rod, but also a cross, a gal- 
lows.] The fourth part of an acre :— a cross. 

Roof, re. [A.-S. hrof, a roof; Icel. hrof, a shed for 
a ship; Dut. roef, a cabin. — Cf. Russ. lerove, a 
roof; Gr. KoxntTtiv, to hide.] The cover of a 
house: — the palate. — 2. v. a. [pp. roofing, 
roofed.] To cover with a roof; to enclose. 

Roof less. a. Wanting a roof ; uncovered. 

R86k (ruk or rok), n. [A.-S. kroc; Icel. hrokr ; 
Dan. raage ; Sw. rol-a ; Irish, rocas : root of 
Croak.] A bird allied to the crow and raven : — 
[0. Fr. roc; Per. rokh ; the latter sometimes 
means a knight-errant] the castle, a piece used 
in a game of chess : — a cheat. 

RSok'er-y, n. A nursery of rooks :— an old de- 
cayed house; a resort for criminals. 

R66m, it. [A.-S., Dan., Sw., & Icel. rum; Goth. 
rums; Ger. raum.] Space; extent: — stead: — an 
apartment in a house; hall; chamber; parlor. 

Room'j;, a. Spacious ; large ; capacious. 

R68st, re. [A.-S. hrost; 0. Dut. roest ; roesten, to 
roost.] That on which a bird sits to sleep. — 
2, v. n. [pp. roosting, roosted.] To sleep as a 
bird ; to lodge. 

R6ost'er, re. One that roosts; a cock. 

R68t, n. [Icel. & Sw. rot; Dan. rod. — Cf. L. radix, 
a root.] That part of the plant which rests in 
the ground: — bottom: — original; first cause. — 
2, v. a. [pp. rooting, rooted.] To take root; to 
sink deep ; to dig. — 3, v. a. To fix deep ; to radi- 
cate : — to extirpate: — [Icel. rota; A.-S. & Dan. 
rode, tvrotan, Welsh gureiddin, to dig for roots] 
to turn up with the snout. 

Root'ed, a. Fixed by roots; deep; radical. 

R66t'let, it. A small root; a fibre of a root. 

Rope, n. [A.-S. rop, Dut. reep, Dan. reb, Ger. reif, 
a ring, hoop, or rope.] A large cord ; a string; 
a halter; a cable.— 2, v. a. [pp. roping, roped.] 
To catch, fasten, or tie with a rope. 

Rope' -walk (rop'wak), n. A place where" ropes 
are made. 

Ro'pi-ness, n. Viscosity; glutinousness. 

Ro'pjr, a. Viscous; tenacious; glutinous. 

Ro'ric, a. [L. ros, roris, dew.] Relating to dew. 

RbVqual, w. [Norse royr-hval, said to mean "red- 
dish whale," or "whale with folds."] A species 
of whale. 

Ro-sa'ceous (ro-za'shus), a. [L. rosaceus.] Con- 
sisting of roses. 




Ro'sa-ry, n. [L. rosarium, a rose-chaplet, a rose- 
garden, — later, a chaplet, a rosary; rosarius, 
rosy.] A string or bunch of beads, on which 
some persons number their prayers. 

Ros'cid, a. [L. roscidus ; ros, dew.] Dewy ; abound- 
ing with dew. 

Ro§e, re. [L. rosa; Gr. p66ov. — Cf. Arab, ward, 
Armenian vard, a rose.] A plant and its flower : 
— a knot of ribbons. — Under the rose, in secret; 
privately. — 2, i. from rise. [colored. 

Ro'se-ate (ro'zhe-at or ro'ze-at), a. Rosy; rose- 

R5se'ma-ry;, n. [L. ros mariaum, sea-dew, rose- 
mary; ros, dew, and marinus, marine (q. v.).] 
A sweet-smelling plant. 

Ro-§e'o-la, n. [Late L., a dim. of L. rosa, a rose ; 
from' the color of the eruption.] An eruptive 
disease; a rash. 

Ro-§ette', re. [Fr. ; dim. of rose, a rose.] A rose- 
shaped Gothic window : — a bunch of ribbons in 
imitation of a rose :— a red color. 

Rose'-wa-ter, re. Water distilled from roses.— 
2, a. Of or pertaining to, 
or having the character of, 
rose-water : — sentimental. 

Rose'-win-d5w, n. A circu- 
lar window. 

Rose'wood (-wud), n. [From 
its color.] A fine kind of 
wood. 

R5s-i-cru'cian (roz-e-kru'- ;:.?::: 
shain), re. " [Fabled to be Rose-window, 

from L. ros, dew, and crux, 
crucis, a cross.] A visionary philosopher; an 
alchemist. 

Ros/ in, h. [See Resin\] Inspissated turpentine; 
resin. — 2, v. a. [pp. rosining, rosined.] To rub 
with rosin. 

R6'§i-ness, n. State or quality of being rosy. 

Ros'in-x. «. Resembling rosin : like rosin. 

Ross, n. [Dan. ros.] Outer, rough bark of trees. 

Ros'ter, re. [Dut. rooster, a roaster, a gridiron, — 
hence, a frame, a list.— See Roast.] A list, aa 
of officers. [of a ship. 

Ros'tral, a. [L. roslralis.] Resembling the beak 

Ros'trate, \ a. [L. rostratus.] Furnished with, 

Ros'trat-ed, J or resembling, a beak. 

Ros'trum! ». ; pi. Ros'tra. [L. for "a beak," "a 
muzzle," "a prow;" transferred to the rostra, 
at Rome, a platform for public speaking, adorned 
with beaks of captured ships: akin to rodere, to 
gnaw.] The scaffold in the Roman forum whence 
orators harangued: — the beak of a ship : — the 
beak of a bird :— a platform for public speaking. 

Ro'sy, «. Resembling a rose; blooming; red. 

Rot, c. tt. [A.-S. rotiau ; Dut. rotten; Icel. rotna ; 
Ger. rotten; Dan. raaden. — Of. L. mere, to fall, 
to decay.] [pp. rotting, rotted.] To putrefy. — 
2, v. a. To make putrid. — 3, n. A distemper in 
sheep : — putrefaction. 

Ro'ta-ry, a. [L. rota, a wheel. — Cf. Ger. rad, Skr. 
ratha, a wheel.] Turning on its axis, as a wheel ; 
running round; whirling; rotatory. 

Ro'tate, v. a. & v. n. [L. rotare, rotatum, to turn ; 
rota, a wheel.] [pp. rotating, rotated.] To move 
or turn round. — 2, a. (Bot.) Wheel-shaped ; 
circular. 

Ro-ta'tion, re. [L. rotatio.— See Rotate.] A turn- 
ing round ; a succession. 

Ro'ta-to-rjr, a. Turning on its axis, as a wheel; 
whirling; turning round ; rotary. 

Rote, n. [0. Fr. role; Fr. route, a way.— See 
Route.] A repetition of words or of music : — 
[A.-S. hrutan, Icel. rauta, to roar; 0. E. roid, to 
6nore, to grunt. — Cf. L. rugire, rugitum, to roar] 
the roar of the surf: — [Fr. rote; 0. Ger. rotte ; 
Welsh, a-irth. — See Crowd] a hurdy-gurdy. — By 
rote, by mere repetition. 

Rot'i-fer [ro'ti-fer, JV. St. Wb. Sm. Co. Cu. I.], re. 
[L. rota, a wheel, and ferre, to bear.] A wheel- 
animalcule of many species. [the rotifers. 

Ro-tif'e-ra, n. pi. [L.] A class of animalcules; 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Qt, c, §■, soft; f>, J3-, p, g, hard ; § as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 

40 



KOTTEN 



470 



KUBKICATE 



Rot' ten (rot'tn), a. [Icel. rotinn ; Sw. rutten ; Dan. 
raaden. — See Hot.] Putrid ; corrupt. 

Rot'ten-ness (rot'tn-nes), n. Putridness. 

Ro-timd', a. [L. rotundus, round; rota, a wheel.] 
Round; circular; spherical. 

Ro-tun'da, n. [L. rotundus, round.] A round 
Wilding; a round room. [ricity. 

Ro-tun'di-ty, n. [L. rotuuditas.] Roundness ; sphe- 

Ro-tun'do, n. A rotunda. 

Rbu'ble (ro'bl), n. See Ruble. 

Roue (ro-a,), n. [Ft., past part, from rouer, to 
break on the wheel; 0. Fr. rouer, L. rotare, to 
turn ; rota, a wheel.] A dissipated person. 

Rouge (rozh), n. [Fr. for " red" and "redness;" 
L. rubens, ruber, red (q. v.).] Red paint for the 
face ; a cosmetic. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. rougeing, 
rouged.] To paint with rouge. 

Rough (ruf), a. [A.-S. ruh,.ruw; Dut. ruig ; Dan. 
& 0. Dut. ru; Ger. rank. — Cf. It. ruvido, rough.] 
Not smooth ; uneven ; rugged : — uncivil ; coarse ; 
harsh; rude.— 2, v. a. [pp. roughing, roughed.] 
To make rough ; to roughen. 

Rough/cast (rufkast), v. a. [pp. roughcasting, 
roughcasted.] To form rudely. — 2, n. A rude 
model : — a coarse mortar. 

Rough'en (ruf fn), v. a. [pp. roughening, rough- 
ened.] To make rough. — 2, v. n. To grow rough. 

Rough-hew' (ruf-hu') [ruf hu, P. K. Sm. It. ; ruf- 
hu', W. Ja.}, v. a. [i. roughhewed ; pp. rough- 
hewing, roughhewn.] To hew coarsely. 

Rough-hewn' (ruf-hun'), p e a. Unpolished. 

Rough'ly (ruf le), ad. With roughness. 

Rough'ness (rufnes), n. Euggedness. 

Rough'-shod (rufsnod), a. Having the feet fitted 
with roughened shoes. 

Rouleau (ro-lo'), n. [Fr., dim of 0. Fr. roule, a 
roll (g. v.).] A little roll. 

Rou-lette', n. [Fr., dim. of 0. Fr. roule, a roll 
(q. v.).] A game at hazard. 

Rounce, n. [Cf. Sp. ronzar, to haul ; Ger. ranzen, 
to toss, to stretch.] The handle of a printing- 
press : — [cf. Sp. roncar, to brag] a game played 
with cards or dominos. 

Round, a. [Fr. roud ; 0. Fr. roond; L. rotundus. — 
See Rotund.] Circular; spherical; full ; plump. 
— 2, n. A circle ; a sphere : — a rundle ; a step of 
a ladder : — course ; circuit ; revolution. — 3, ad. 
Every way ; on all sides ; around. — 4, prep. On 
every side of; around. — 5, v. a. & v. n- [}>P- 
rounding, rounded.] To make or go round:— 
to give a full and complete finish to ; to make 
complete ; to perfect. 

Round' a-bbut, a. [Round and About.] Circui- 
tous ; indirect. — 2, n. An outer garment. 

Rbun'del, ». [Fr. rondeau; 0. Fr. rondel, dim. of 
rond, round.] A circle : — a roundelay. 

Rbun'de-lay, n. [Fr. rondelet.— See 'Roundel.] 
A poem ; a rondeau. 

Rbund'head, n. A term applied to a Puritan. 

Rbund'ing, a. Roundish : — of curved outline. 

Rbund'ish, a. Approaching to roundness. 

Rbund'ly, ad. In a round form ; plainly. 

Rbiind'ness, n. Rotundity; sphericity. 

Rouse, v. a. [Sw. rusa, Dan. 7-use, A.-S. hreosan, 
to rush (q. v.).] [pp. rousing, roused.] To wake 
from rest ; to excite. — 2, v. n. To awake ; to be 
excited ; to start. — 3, n. [Sw. run, Dan. ruus, 
Dut. roes, drunkenness : perhaps allied to Dan. 
ros, fame, noise.] A drinking-bout ; a carouse. 

Rout, n. [Ger. rotte, a troop; 0. Fr. route; as 
below.] A multitude ; a rabble ; a crowd : — a 
company : — a large evening party : — [Sp. rota, 
It. rotta, 0. Fr. route, a defeat ; L. ruptns, broken ; 
rumpere, to break] the confusion or disorder of 
an army defeated. — 2, v. a. [pp. routing, routed.] 
To put into confusion by defeat, 

Route, or Route, n. [Fr. route, a road, a way; 
L. via rupta, — literally, a way broken; i.e., 
broken through forests or other obstructions.] 
A way or course which is travelled; a journey : 
— road ; path ; passage ; course. 



R6u-tlne' (r6-ten'), n. [Fr., dim. of route, a way.] 
A round or course of business ; regular practice 
or course. 

Rove, v. a. [Dut. rooven, to rob, to reave (q. v.).] 
[pp. roving, roved.] To wander over :— to plough 
into ridges by turning one furrow upon another. 
— 2, v. n. To ramble ; to range ; to wander. — 
3, i. & p. from reeve. 

Rbv'er, n. [Dut. rooter, a pirate ; rooven, to rob, 
to reave (q. v.).] One who roves; a pirate. 

Row (ro), n. [A.-S. raw, rawe, rsewe: probably 
allied to Ger. reihe, a row.] A range of men or 
things; a rank. — 2, v. n. & v. a. [A.-S. rowan; 
Dut. roeijen; Dan. roe; Ger. rojen.] [pp. row- 
ing, rowed.] To impel a vesselby oars. 

Rb#, n. [Perhaps for a rouse or rout.] A riotous 
noise ; a drunken debauch. 

Row'an-tree, n. [Sw. rami; Dan. ran; Icel. rey- 
nir;Ii. ornus, an ash.] A tree, the mountain-ash. 

Rb-ft'dy, n. [Probably allied to Row, Rout, or 
Rude.] A riotous, turbulent fellow. — 2, a. Char- 
acteristic of a rowdy ; blackguard. 

Rbw'dy-i§m, m. The practices of a rowdy ; black- 
guardism. 

Rb-ft'el, n, [Fr. rouelle, dim. of roue, a wheel.] 
Point of a spur ; a ring : — a seton. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
rowelling, rowelled.] To pierce through the skin, 
and keep the wound open by a rowel or seton. 

Rbvv'en, n. [Perhaps for ronghings: it is locally 
known as roughage.] A second crop of grass or 
hay; aftermath. 

Row'er (ro'er), n. One who manages an oar. 

Rby'ail, a. [Fr. ; roi, a king. — See Regal.] Kingly; 
regal ; noble ; illustrious. — 2, n. A kind of paper : 
— the highest sail of a ship. 

Rby'al-ism, n. Attachment to royalty. 

Rby'al-ist, n. An adherent to royalty. 

Rby'al-ly, ad. Regally ; as becomes a king. 

Roy'al-ty, n. [0. Fr. royaulte, earlier reialtC; Late 
L. regal'itas. — See Regal. Originally, a royalty 
was the king's share in any profit.] The office 
of a king :— a percentage for the use of a ma- 
chine, &c. 

Rub, v. a. [Gael, rub, Welsh rhwb, a rub; rlncbio, 
to rub; whence Dan. rubbe, to rub; Ger. reiben, 
to rub, is a probably related word. — Cf. Gr. rpi- 
/Seiy, to rub.] [pp. rubbing, rubbed ] To move 
against by friction; to scour; to wipe; to pol- 
ish ; to touch hard. — 2, v. n. To fret ; to make a 
friction. — 3, n. Friction : — difficulty : — a sarcasm. 

Rub'ber, n. He who or that which rubs: — a 
coarse file : — gum-elastic : — a deciding game. 

Rub'bish, n. [It. robaccia, trash; robiccia, gew- 
gaws ; pejoratives of roba, wares, stuff, clothes. 
— See Robe. It was probably introduced into 
English from Italian literature.] Ruins of build- 
ings; fragments. 

Rub'ble, n. [Conjectured to be a diminutive from 
L. rupes, a stone : root of rumpere, ruptum, to 
break.] Small stones; builders' rublish. 

Ru-be-fa'cient (-shent), «. [L. ruber, red. and 
face're, to make.] (Med.) A medicine or appli- 
cation that causes redness. 

Ru-bes'cent, a. [L. rubescere, rubescentis, inceptive 
from rubere, to be red.] Tending to a red color. 

Ru'bi-can, a. [Fr. & Sp. ; L. ruber, red, and c<nnis, 
white.] Bay, sorrel, or black, with some white 
or light gray, in the color of a horse. 

Ru'bi-cund, a. [L. rubicundus, ruddy ; ruber, red.] 
Inclining to redness. 

Ru'ble, n. [Russ.] A Russian silver coin, worth 
about seventy-five cents : — written also rouble. 

Ru'bric, n. [L. rnbrica, — so called because written 
in red; ruber or rubi-us, red.] Any writing or 
printing in red ink :— -the rules and directions 
relating to the order of the liturgy : — directions 
printed in books of law, in prayer-books, &c. 

Ru'bri-cal, a. Red ; placed in the rubrics. 

Ru'bri-cate, v. a. [L. rubricare, rubricatnm. — See 
Rubric] [pp. rubricating, rubricated.] To 
mark with red. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, x> obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



KUBY 



471 



EUNIC 



Ru'by, n. [Fr. rubis; Sp. rubi, rubin ; Lat. ruber, 
red.] A precious stone of a red color ; a gem. — 
2, a. Like a ruby ; of a red color. 

Ruche (roosh), n. [Fr. ruche, a bee-hive,— also, a 
ruche ; from its honey -combed appearance ; Late 
L. nisca, bark. — Cf. Scot, ruskie, a bee-hive; rusk, 
ross, bark.] A quilled ornament or ruffle. 

Ruck, n. [Icel. hrukka, a wrinkle, a crook (q. v.). 
— Cf. L. ruga, a wrinkle.] A crease; a wrinkle; 
a fold : — [A.-S. hreac, hrycca, 0. Sw. ruga, ruka, 
a heap. — See Rick] the undistinguished crowd: 
— the unsuccessful horses in a race. 

Rud'der, n. [A.-S. roder; Dut. roer, roder, Sw. & 
Dan. ror, roder, oar, rudder; from the root of 
Row.] An instrument for steering a ship. 

Rfid'di-ness. n. Quality of being ruddy. 

Rud'die, n. [See Reddle.] A species of red earth. 

Rud'dy, a. [A.-S. rudu, Icel. rodi, redness. — See 
Red.] Approaching to redness ; florid. 

Rude, «. [L. rudis, rough. — Cf. Crude.] Untaught; 
uncultivated ; unpolished ; rough ; coarse ; harsh ; 
crude: — ignorant; raw: — insolent; uncivil: — 
rugged ; uneven. 

Rude'ly, ad. In a rude manner; coarsely. 

Rude'ness, n. Quality of being rude : incivility. 

Ru'di-ment, n. [L. rudimentum, a thing in the 
rough, a first attempt; rudis, rude.] A first 
principle or element. 

Ru-di-men'tal, \ a. Relating to first principles ; 

Ru-di-men'ta-ry, J elemeutary. 

Rue (ru), v. a. [A.-S. hreowan; 0. Sax. hrewan; 
Ger. reuen. — See Ruth.] [pp. riling, rued.] To 
grieve for; to be sorry for. — 2, n. [Fr. rue; 
A.-S. ruda; L. ruta; Gr. purr).] A plant, called 
the herb of grace. 

Rue'ful, «. Mournful; woful ; sorrowful. 

Rue'ful-ly, ad. Mournfully ; sorrowfully. 

Ruff, n. [See Ruffle.] A puckered linen orna- 
ment : — [said to be named from the ruff on the 
male bird's neck] a bird. — 2, 
v. a. [pp. ruffing, ruffed.] To 
ruffle ; to disorder : — to trump. 

Ruffian (rufyan), n. [Sp. rufian. 
It. r'uffiuno, a pimp. — See Ruf- 
fle.]' A brutal fellow; a ras- 
cal. — 2, o. Brutal ; barbarous. 

Ruffian-ism, n. The quality or 
conduct of a ruffian ; disor- 
derly conduct ; brutality. 

Ruff ian-ly, a. Like a ruffian. Ruff. 

Ruffle, v. a. [0. Dut. rwjffelen, 

to ruffle; ruiiffel, a wrinkle : akin to Reave and 
Rough.] [pp. ruffling, ruffled.] To disorder; 
to vex :— to plait. — 2, v. n. To grow rough ; to 
flutter; to jar: — [cf. 0. Dut. rotfelen, Low Ger. 
ruffeln, to pander. — See Ruffian] to swagger; 
to act with bravado. — 3, n. Fine cloth ruffled; 
a linen ornament: — contention; ajar; disturb- 
ance : — a soft drum-beat. [colored. 

Ru'fous, a. [L. rufits, red.] Red ; reddish ; orange- 
Rug, n. [Sw. rugg, shaggy hair ; rugga, to raise a 
nap : akin to Rough.] A coarse, nappy, woollen 
cloth ; a mat. 

Rug' fed, a. [Sw. ruggig, rough, hairy. — See 
Rough.] Rough; uneven; harsh; rude. 

Riig'£ed-ly, ad. In a rugged manner. 

Rug'fed-ness, ». Roughness; rudeness. 

Ru-gose', or Ru'gous, a. [L. rugosus; ru{fa, a 
crease.] Full of wrinkles. 

Ru-gos'i-ty, n. [L. rugositas.] The state of being 
wrinkled : — a wrinkle ; a fold. 

Ru'in, »». [L. ruina; mere, to fall.] A fall; de- 
struction; overthrow; mischief: — remains of 
buildings, cities, &c. — 2, v. a. [pp. ruining, 
ruined.] To subvert; to demolish; to destroy. 
— 3, v. n. To fall in ruins ; to be reduced. 

Ru'in-ous, a. [L. ruinosus, tottering, falling. — 
See Ruin.] Fallen to ruin ; pernicious. 

Ru'in-ous-ly, ad. In a ruinous manner. 

Rule, n. [0. E. riwle; 0. Fr. riule, riegle; Fr. 
regie; A.-S. regol: L. regula ; regere, to rule.] 




Government ; sway :— an established mode ; a 
standard ; a canon ; a principle : — an instrument 
for measuring or drawing lines. — Mule of three, 
rule of proportion. — 2, v. a. [pp. ruling, ruled.] 
To govern; to control; to manage. — 3, v.n. To 
have power or command : — to establish or settle 
a rule or order of proceeding. 

Rul'er, n. One who rules ; a governor : — an in- 
strument used in drawing lines ; a rule. 

Rul'ing, p. a. Governing; prevailing. 

Rum, n. [It. rum ; Fr. rhum ; Port, ram ; Sp. ron. 
— Cf. Malay brum, a kind of arrack.] A spirit 
distilled from molasses. — 2, a. [Gypsy ram, a 
gyps)'-] Jolly; good: — queer; strange. [Low.] 

Rum'ble, v. u. [Dut. rommelen; Dan. rumle ; Ger. 
rummebi; Sw. rartda; It. rombare : imitative.] 
[pp. rumbling, rumbled.] To make a hoarse, 
low noise.— 2, n. [Ger. rummel.] A rumbling 
sound : — [cf. Ger. rumpel-kotsche, a hackney- 
coach] a seat behind a coach. 

Rum'bling, p. a. Making a hoarse noise. — 2, n. 
A hoarse, low, continued noise. 

Ru'men, n. [L. for "gullet."] (Anat.) The first 
cavity of the stomach of a ruminant quadruped. 

Ru'mi-nant, «. [L. rummans, ruminating.] Chew- 
ing the cud.— 2, n. An animal that chews the cud. 

Ru'mi-nate, v. n. [L. rurrtinari, ruminatus, to chew 
over again; rumen, the gullet.] [pp. ruminat- 
ing, ruminated.] To chew the cud : — to muse. 
— 2, v. a. To chew over again : — to muse on ; to 
meditate on ; to reflect upon. 

Ru-mi-na'tion, n. [L. rummalio.] Act, or power, 
of ruminating. 

Rum'ma£-e, v. a. & v. n. [From Room, space : rum- 
mage was at first the stowage of gnods on ship- 
board.] [pp. rummaging, rummaged.] To 
search ; to examine. — 2, n. A search ; a bustle ; 
a tumult. 

Ru'mor, n. [L. rumor; Fr. rumeur.] A flying or 
popular report; fame. — 2, v. a. [pp. rumoring, 
rumored.] To report abroad ; to circulate. 

Rump, n. [Icel. rvmpr; Sw. rumpa; Dan. rumpe; 
Dut. rompe.~\ End of the backbone ; the buttock : 
— a remnant. 

Rum'ple (rum'pl), n. [Ger. rumpeln, to confuse; 
rumpfen, Dut. rompden, to wrinkle; Ger. run- 
zehi, to wrinkle; runzel, a wrinkle [q. r.).] A 
wrinkle; a rude plait. — 2, v. a. [pp. rumpling, 
rumpled.] To wrinkle ; to make uneven. 

Rum'pus, >*• [It. rombazzo, a clatter; rombare, to 
roar.]' A great noise ; disturbance. [Low.] 

Run, v. n. [A.-S. rinnan, ran, geruunen ; Dut. & Ger. 
rannen.] [1. ran; pp. running, run.] To move 
on the ground with rapidity ; to more swiftly ; 
to go on ; to flee ; to escape ; to pass ; to proceed : 
— to discharge; to flow; to melt.— 2, r. a. To 
pierce ; to stab ; to push : — to melt ; to fuse ; to 
cast; to found: — to incur; to venture: — to 
smuggle. — 3, n. Act of running: course; mo- 
tion ; flow ; circulation : — process : way : — final 
result : — a small stream of water ; a runlet. 

Run'a-gate, B. [For renegade.] A fugitive; a 
renegade. 

Run'a-way, n. [Run and Away.] One who de- 
serts; a fugitive. — 2, a. Given to run away; 
running away ; effected by running away. 

Rune, n. [A.-S. run, a 
whisper, a secret, a mys- 
tery, — later, a writing ; 
Icel. ruti, a rune, a se- 
cret : root of Ger. raunen, 
0. E. rowne, to whisper.^ 
A Runic character or let- 
ter : — a mysterious or ob- 
scure expression : — a rhyme or verse. 

Rung, i. & p. from ring. — 2, n. [A.-S. hrung ; 0. 
Dut. ronge; Icel. rang; Ger. range.] A spar; a 
floor-timber in a ship : — a round in a ladder. 

Ru'nic, a. Relating to the old language of the 
Scandinavians, &c, of northern Europe. — 2, n. 
The language of the old Scandinavians, &c. 




Runes. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, c, §•, soft ; p, p, p, §, hard ; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



RUNLET 



472 



SACKBUT 



RBn'let, n. [0. Fr. rondelle, a barrel ; ronde, 
round.] A small barrel ; a cask : — [dim. of Run, 
a stream] a small stream of water; a rivulet; a 
run. [a brook ; a runlet. 

Riin'nel, n. [Dim. of Run, a stream.] A rivulet ; 

Run'ner, n. He who or that which runs ; a racer. 

Riin'net, n. [See Rennet.] The prepared inner 
membrane of a calf's stomach, used to change 
milk to curds and cheese : — written also rennet. 

Runn'ion (run'yun), n. [Fr. rogue, the itch.] A 
paltry wretch. [smali, stunted animal. 

Runt, n. [Cf. Fr. rogner, to stunt, to curtail.] A 

Ru-pee', v. [Hind, rupiyah; Skr. rupya, hand- 
some, — also, gold or silver; rupa, beauty.] A 
coin in British India. The value of the silver 
rupee is from about forty-four to fifty cents. 

Rupt'ure (rupt'yur), n. [L. ruptura; rumpere, rup- 
ium, to break.] A breach :— a hernia. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. rupturing, ruptured.] To break ; to burst. 

Rii'ral, a. [L. rurulis ; rus, ruris, the country.] 
Relating to the country ; rustic. 

Ru'ral-ist, n. One who leads a rural life. 

Ru'ral-ize, v. a. [pp. ruralizing, ruralized.] To 
render rustic. — 2, v. n. To rusticate. 

Ruse (ruz), n. [Fr. ; ruser, to trick, to evade; L. 
recvsare, to refuse. — See Recusant.] Cunning; 
artifice ; fraud ; deceit ; stratagem ; a manoeuvre. 

Rush, n. [Dut. & Ger. rusch; A.-S. risce. — Cf. L. 
ruscus, the broom-plant.] A plant :— any thing 
worthless.— 2, v. n. [0. Sw. rusa, ruska; Ger. 
rauschen, to rush ; rausch, a rush : akin to Rus- 
tle.] [pp. rushing, rushed.] To move with 
violence or rapidity. — 3, n. A violent motion or 
course ; a struggle. 

Rush'-light, n. A rush-candle; a small taper. 

Rush'y, a. Abounding with rushes. 

Rusk, 11. [Sp. rosea, a screw, — also, a rusk, from 
its twisted shape.] A light cake ; hard bread. 

Russ, n. A Russian. — 2, a. Russian. 

Rus' set, a. [0. Fr. rousset; Fr. roux, rousse, red; 
L. ritssus or russeus, red.] Reddish brown ; gray : 
— rustic— 2, n. A country dress. 

Rus'set-y, «• Of a russet color. 



Rus'sian (riish'an or ru'shan), a. Relating to 
Russia. — 2, n. An inhabitant of Russia. 

Rust, n. [A.-S. & Dan. mat; Dut. roest; Ger. & 
Sw. rout: probably allied to Red.] A reddish 
substance on iron or other metal ; a peroxide of 
iron. — 2, v. n. [pp. rusting, rusted.] To gather 
rust; to degenerate.— 3, v. a. To make rusty. 

Rus' tic, n. [L. rusticus, rural ; rus, ruris, the coun- 
try.] An inhabitant of the country. — 2, a. Re- 
lating to the country ; rural; plain; unadorned. 

Riis'ti-cate, v. n. [L. rusticari, rusticatus, to live 
in the country.] [pp. rusticating, rusticated.] 
To reside in the country. — 2, v. a. To banish 
into the country. 

Rus-ti-ca'tion, n. [L. ruslicatio.] Act of rusti- 
cating; a kind of exile into the country :— rustic 
work. [appearance. 

Rus-tfc'i-tx, n. [L. rusticitas.] Rudeness; rural 

Rust'i-ly, ad. In a rusty state. 

Rust'i-ness, n. The state of being rusty. 

RQs'tie (rus'sl), v. n. [Frequentative, from the 
root of Rush.] [pp. rustling, rustled.] To make 
a low rattle. — 2, v. A noise, as of leaves in 
motion or things shaken ; a rustling. 

Rust'y, a. Covered with rust; impaired. 

Rut, ii. [Fr. rut; 0. Fr. ruit; ruir, to roar; L. 
rugitus, roaring, rugere, to roar.] Copulation of 
deer : — [Fr. route, a track. — See Route] track of 
a wheel : — [see Rote], the roar of the surf. — 
2, v. n. [pp. rutting, rutted.] To cry or lust, 
as a deer. 

Ru'ta-ba'ga, n. [Fr. rutabaga; origin doubtful.] 
The Swedish turnip. 

Ruth, it. [Related to Rue, as truth to true] Mercy ; 
pity ; misery ; sorrow. 

Ruth'less, a. Cruel : pitiless ; barbarous. 

Ruth'less-ly, ad. Without pity ; cruelly. 

Ruth'less-nlss, n. Want of pity ; cruelty. 

Rye (ri), n. [A.-S. ryge ; Dut. rogge ; Dan. rug; 
Ger. roggen; Russ. roje.) An esculent grain or 
bread-corn. 

Ry'ot, n. [Hind. ; Arab, raiyat, a flock; rai, pas- 
turing.] A peasant ; a cultivator. [India.] 



s. 



Shas, in English, two sounds: first, its genuine, 
hissing sound, as in son; secondly, the sound 
ofz, (\s\nwise, has; besides that heard in pleasure, 
and that of the digraph sh. 

Sa-ba'oth, or Sab'a-oth [sa-M-oth', H.], n. [Heb. 
tsevaoth, armies.] Hosts: armies. 

Sab-ba-ta'ri-an, n. One who observes the seventh 
day of the' week instead of the first. 

Sab'bath, n. [Heb. shabbath, rest, desistance,— or 
perhaps "the divider," because it separates the 
weeks.] The day of rest and worship; Sunday. 
— The Jewish Sabbath is the seventh day of the 
week ; the Christian Sabbath, the first. 

Sab-bat'ic, \ a. Belonging to the Sabbath ; re- 

Sab-bat'i-cal, J sembling the Sabbath. 

Sab'er-tash', or Sa'bre-tache, n. [Fr. sabretache; 
Gef. sabeltasche; sdbel, a sabre, and tasche, a 
pocket.] A leathern pocket on a sword-belt. 

Sa'ble (sa'bl), n. [Late L. sabelus; Fr. zabeline ; 
Ger. zobel; Dan. sabel ; Russ. soboh] A small 
quadruped : — a dark fur. — 2, a. Of the color of 
sable ; dark ; black. 

Sabot (sa-bo'), n. [Fr. sabot.— Cf. Sp. zapata, a 
boot ; It. ciabatta, an old shoe ; L. sabatenum, a 
slipper.] A wooden shoe. 

Sa'bre (sa'ber), n. [Fr. sabre; Ger. sabel; Sp. sa- 
ble; Magyar, szablya; Roumanian, sabie ; origin 
disputed.] A kind of sword ; a cimeter. — 2, v. a. 
[ pp. sabring, sabred.] To strike with a sabre. 

Sac, n. A little pouch ; a sack. 



Sac-gha-rif'er-ous, a. [Late L. saccharum, sugar, 
and f'erre, to produce.] Producing sugar. 

Sac'pha-rine, or Sac'pha-rine, «. [Fr. saccharin; 
Late L. saccharum, Gr! adicxapov, sugar (</. v.).] 
Having the qualities of sugar; sweet. 

Sac'pha-roid, ) a. Fiesembling sugar, or a loaf 

Sac-pha-rcod'al, J of sugar. 

Sac-er-'do'tal/a. [L. sacerdotalis, from sacerdos, a 
priest; sa'cer, sacred (q. v.).] Belonging to the 
priesthood. 

Sac-er-do'tal-i§m, v. Priestly office, spirit, or in- 
fluence. 

Sach'el, n. A small bag. See Satchel. 

Sa'chem, n. [Algonkin.] The chief of an Amer- 
ican' Indian tribe. 

Sachet (sa-sha), n. [Fr. ; dim. of sac, a sack.] A 
bag or cushion filled with a perfume. 

Sack, n. [A.-S. sack; li.saccus; Gr. <t6.kko<; ; Heb. 
saq; Fr. sac. — Cf. Coptic sok, sackcloth. This 
word is found in many languages.] A bag; a 
pouch : — a loose robe : — [Fr. sac, a bag, — also, 
pillage; from the idea of carrying off bags or 
sacks of plunder] the pillage of a town :— [Fr. 
sec, Sp. seco, L. siccus, dry] a kind of wine.— 
2, v. a. [pp. sacking, sacked.] To put in sacks : 
— to pillage. 

Sack'but, n. [Fr. saquelmte ; Port, saquebuxo ; Sp. 
sacabuche; sacor, to pull out, and bucha, a box; 
buzo, a plunger ; Port, buxa, a stopper.] A kind 
of trumpet ; a trombone. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



SACKCLOTH 



473 



SALAM 



Sack' cloth, ». Cloth of which sacks are made :— 
coarse cloth worn in penance. 

Sack'ing, n. The act of one who sacks or plun- 
ders': — cloth of which sacks are made; sack- 
cloth. 

Sac'ra-ment, n. [L. sacramentum, something sa- 
cred, as a pledge or deposit, an oath or obliga- 
tion ; sacrare, to make sacred.] A religious rite. 

Sac-ra-ment'al, a. Relating to a sacrament. 

Sac-ra-ment'al-ly., od. As a sacrament. 

Sac-ra-ment'a-ry, n. [Lute L. sacramentarium.] 
A ritual of sacraments. 

Sa'cred, a. [Past part, from 0. E. sacren, to make 
holy ; L. sacrare, to make holy ; sacer, holy. — See 
Saint.] Holy ; consecrated ; inviolable. 

Sa'cred-ly, ad. Inviolably; religiously. 

Sa'cred-niss, n. The state of being sacred. 

Sac'ri'-fice (sak're-fiz) [sak're-fls, St. 7.1, v. a. 
[L. sacrificare ; sacer, sacrum, holy, and facere, to 
make.] [pp. sacrificing, sacrificed.] To offer to 
Heaven; to immolate: — to destroy; to kill. — 
2, v. n. To offer sacrifice. — 3 (sak're-fiz) [sak'- 
re-fls, 8m. Wr. St. H. I.], n. [L. sacrificium.] 
An ottering made to God: — destruction; any 
thing given up, destroyed, or lost. 

Sac-ri-fi"cial (sak-re-f ish'al), a. Relating to sac- 
rifices ; performing sacrifice. 

Sac'ri-lege, n. [L. sacrileginm, a profanation, rob- 
bery of a temple ; sacra, sacred things, and legere, 
to steal.] A violation of things sacred. 

Sac-ri-le'gious (sak-re-le'jus), «. Relating to sac- 
rilege; violating things sacred. 

Sac-ri-le'gious-ly, ad. With sacrilege. 

Sac-rj-le'iious-ness, n. Sacrilege. 

Sa'crist, or Sac'ris-tan, n. [Fr. sacrislain, Late L. 
sacrista, a sexton. — See Sacristy.] A sexton. 

Sac'ris-ty, n. [Fr. sacrist ie ; Late L. sacrislia; 
sacer, sacred.] The vestry-room of a church. 

Sa'crum, n. [L. for "sacred:" the ancients re- 
garded this bone as sacred.] A bone in the back 
of the pelvis. 

Sad, a. [A.-S. sxd, sated ; Ger. salt, satiated, 
weary; L. sat, satis, sufficient.] Sorrowful ; af- 
flicted; mournful; heavy; gloomy: — grave; dis- 
mal; grievous; bad: — [L. satin; sated, — also, 
dark, deeply colored] dark in color. 

Sad'den (aad'dn), v. a. [A.-S. sadian, to feel weary ; 
gesadian, to fill. — See Sad.] [jtp. saddening, sad- 
dened.] To make sad or sorrowful ; to afflict. 

Sad'die, n. [A.-S. sadol; Dan. sadel; Ger. saltel; 
L. sella; Russ. sk-dlo: root of Sit.] A scat to 
put on a horse's back. — 2, v. a. [pp. saddling, 
saddled.] To cover with a saddle ; to load. 

Sad'dle-bags, n. pi. Leathern bags carried on 
horseback, one on each side. 

Sad'dle-bow (sad'dl-bO), n. The bow of a saddle. 

Sad'dler, n. One who makes saddles. 

Sad'dle-ry. (sad'dle-re), ». Manufacture of sad- 
dles : — saddlers' wares or trade. 

Sad'dle-tree, n. The wooden frame of a saddle. 

Sad'du-cee, n. [Gr. aaSSovKalo<;, from Zidok (Heb. 
tsadoq, "a just one"), founder of the sect.] One 
of an ancient Jewish sect: — a materialist; a 
rationalist. 

Sad-du-cee'ism, n. The tenets of the Sadducees. 

Sad'-ir-on (sad'i-urn), n. [Probably related to 
Seethe, part, sod ; Ger. sieden, to seethe, to hiss.] 
An iron for smoothing cloth ; a flat-iron. 

Sad'ly, ad. Sorrowfully ; mournfully. 

Sad'ness, n. Sorrowfulness; mournfulness. 

Safe, a. [Fr. sauf; L. salens: root of sains, sahitis, 
health.— See Save.] Free from danger, hurt, 
or injury; well protected; secure: — trusty; 
trustworthy. — 2, ». A place of safety ; a buttery : 
— a fire-proof chest. 

Safe'-con'duct, m. Convoy ; a safeguard ; a guard : 
— a warrant to pass; a passport. 

Safe'guard (saf'gard), n. A defence : — a pass. 

Safe'-keep'ing, n. Act of keeping safe. 

Safe'ly, ad. In a sale manner; without hurt. 

Safe'ness, n. Exemption from danger. 



Safe'ty, n. [Fr. sauvete.'] Freedom from danger ; 
security. 

Safe'ty-lamp, n. A lamp used for protection 
against the effect of fire-damp in coal-mines. 

Safe'ty-valve, n. A valve in a steam-engine, 
opening outward from the boiler. 

Safflb^-er, «. [Saffron and Flower; Ger. saf- 
flor.] A plant and its yellow flower. 

Saffron (safrun or saffurn) [saf'furn, W. P. J. 
F. ; safrun, S. Ja. K.' Sm.\, n. * [Fr. safran; 
Arab, zafuran.] A plant and its yellow medicinal 
stigmas. — 2, a. Yellow; like saffron. 

Sag, v. n. [Saw sacka ; Ger. sacken : akin to Sink.] 
[pp. sagging, sagged.] To sink or hang down; 
to settle. 

Sa'ga, n. [Icel. for "a tale:" akin to Say.] An 
old heroic Scandinavian tale. 

Sa-ga'cious (sa-ga'shus), a. [L. sagax, sagacis ; 
sagire, to perceive; sagus, prophetic] Having 
sagacity; discerning: acute; wise; judicious. 

Sa-ga'cious-ly, ad. With sagacity ; wisely. 

Sa-gac'i-ty, n. Quality of being sagacious ; quick 
discernment; acuteness; penetration. 

Sag'a-more, n. [Algonkin.] The chief of an Amer- 
ican Indian tribe. 

Sage, a. [Fr. sage ; It. saggio ; Sp. sabio, wise ; L. 
sapiens, sapient (q. v.).] Wise; grave; prudent; 
sagacious. — 2, n' A man of gravity ami wisdom; 
a wise man : — [Fr. sauge ; 0. Fr. saulge; L. sal- 
via; from its healing virtues; salens, safe (q. v.)] 
a garden herb or plant. 

Safe'ly, ad. Wisely ; prudently ; sagaciously. 

Sag'it-tal, a. Belonging to an arrow ; arrow-like. 

Sag-it-ta'ri-us, n. [L. ; sagitla, an arrow.] 
(Astron.) The Centaur, or Archer, the ninth 
sign of the zodiac. 

Sa|-'it-tate, a. Formed like an arrow. 

Sa'go, n. [Malay, saguJ] A nutritious starch ob- 
tained from East-Indian palm-trees. 

Said (sed), i. & p. from say. Mentioned. 

Sail, n. [A.-S., Ger., cV; Sw. eegel; Dnt. zeU; Han. 
seil.] An expanded sheet by means of which a 
vessel is propelled by the wind :— act of sailing : 
— a ship, or ships collectively. — 2, r. a. [pp. 
sailing, sailed.] To pass by sails ; to fly through. 
— 3, i'. n. To move with sails; to go by sea. 

Sail'er, it. A ship or vessel that sails. 

Sail'ing, n. Act of one who sails; a moving by 
the use of sails; navigation. 

Sail'-loft, n. A place where sails are made. 

Sail'or, n. A common seaman ; a mariner. 

Sail'-yard, n. A pole on which a sail is extended. 

Sain'fbin, or Sain'fbin, n. [Fr. ; saw (L. sanus), 
sound, and foin (L. foennm), hay.] A plant cul- 
tivated for fodder. 

Saint, ». [Fr. ; L. eanctus, holy; sancire, sanctum, 
to make holy : root of Sacred. — See Sanctity.] 
A person eminent for piety. — 2, v. a. [pp. saint- 
ing, sainted.] To number among the saints; to 
canonize. 

Saint'ed, a. Holy; pious; virtuous; sacred. 

Saint'ly, a. Like a saint; becoming a saint; 
pious ; religious ; holy. 

Saint' ship, n. The character of a saint. 

Saith (seth), v. Doth say ; says. 

Sake, n. [A.-S. sakit, dispute, strife; Dut. zaak, 
matter, affair; Dan. sag, Ger. sache, affair.] 
Final cause; end; account; regard. 

Sal, n. [L.] Salt : — formerly used in chemistry. 

Sa-laam , n. [Arab, salem, Heb. shelam, peace (be 
with you).] An Oriental salutation. 

Sal'a-ble, «. That may be sold ; marketable. 

Sal'a-bly, ad. In a salable manner. 

Sa-la'cious (sa-la'shus), «. [L. salax, salacis ; sa~ 
lire, to leap.] Lustful ; leAvd. 

Sa-lac'i-ty, it. [L. salacitas.] Lust; lechery; 
leAvdriess. 

Sal'ad, n. [Fr. salade ; Sp. ensalada; from L. sal, 
salt, — originally, salted herbs ; It. salato, pickled.] 
Food composed of raAv herbs: — lettuce. 

Sa-lam', n. See Salaam. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.—?. Q. 5, £, soft; p, &, a, £, hard; § as z ; 

40* 



? as gz ; tfiist 



SALAMANDER 



474 



SAMPHIRE 



Sal'a-man-der, n. [L. & Gr. salamandra ; Per. 
samandar.] ' An aDimal fabled to live in fire : — 
a large poker : — a kind of newt or eft. 

Sal-a-man'drine, a. Like a salamander. 

Sal-a-man'drJ5id, a. Salamander-like. 

Sal'a-ried, p. a. Having a salary. 

Sal'a-rjr, n. [L. salarium, a stipend,— properly, a 
soldier's salt-allowance ; salarius, belonging to 
salt ; sal, sulis ; Gr. eiAs, salt.] A periodical pay- 
ment for services. 

Sale, n. [Icel. sal; Sw. salu; Dan. salg: related to 
Sell, much as tale is to tell] The act of selling ; 
vent; market. 

Sa-lep\.H. [Turk, salleb ; Arab, sahleb.] The nu- 
tritious root of a kind of orchis. 

Sal-e-ra'tiis, n. [L. sal aeratus, aerated salt.] A 
refined alkali; potash bicarbonate; soda bicar- 
bonate ; baking soda. 

Sales/man, n. One employed in selling. 

Sale work (-wiirk), n. Work made for sale. 

Sal'ic, a. [Fr. suligue; derived from the Salian 
Franks.] Eelating to the French law which 
excluded females from the throne. 

Sal-i-cyl'ic, a. [L. salix, salicis, a willow, and Gr. 
iiArj, a principle.] Noting an acid used as a dis- 
infectant, as an antiseptic, as a preservative for 
meats, wines, &c, and as a medicine. 

Sa'li-ent [sal'yent, S. E. F.], a. (L. saliens, spring- 
ing ; satire, to leap.] Leaping; bounding; dart- 
ing : — projecting ; as, a salient point or angle. 

Sa-lif'er-ous, a. [L. sal, salt, and ferre, to bear.] 
'Containing salt. 

Sal'i-f I-a-ble, a. That may be salified. 

Sal-'i-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of salifying. 

Sal'i-fy, v. a. & v. n. [L. sal, salis, salt, and fieri, 
to become.] [pp. salifying, salified.] To change 
or form into salt. 

Sa-line' [sa-lln' or sa'lin, W. H. St.], a. [Late L. 
'salinus; Fr. salin; L. sal, salt.] Consisting or 
partaking of salt ; salt ; briny. — 2, n. [L. salinee, 
salt-works.] A repository of salt ; a salt-spring. 

Sa-lin'i-ty, n. Saltness; saline quality. 

Sa-K'va, n. [L. ; Gr. criakov. — Cf. Slime and 
'Slaver.] Any thing spit up; spittle. 

Sal'i-va-ry, a. Eelating to saliva or spittle. 

Sal'i-vate, V a. [L. salivare, salivatum.] [pp. sal- 
ivating, salivated.] To cause an excessive dis- 
charge of saliva from. [of saliva. 

Sal-i-va'tion, n. [L. salivatfa.] Excessive discharge 

Sal'low (sa'lTo), n. [A.-S. sealh; Sw. salg; Dan. 
selje; Irish, saileach ; L. salix; Welsh, helyg ; 
Gr. eAi/crj.] A tree of the willow genus.— 2, a, 
[A.-S. salu; Dut. zaluw ; 0. Ger. solo.] Sickly; 
yellow; pale. 

Sal'low-ness, n. Yellow, sickly paleness. 

Sal'ly. n. [Fr. saillie.] A quick egress; a sortie: 
—a 'frolic— 2, v. n. [Fr. saillir, L. satire, to leap.] 
[pp. sallying, sallied.] To rush out ; to issue out. 

Sal'ly-port, n. A gate at which sallies are made ; 
a postern gate :— a place of escape. 

Sal-ma-gun' di, n. [Fr. salmigondis, a medley; Sp. 
salpicon. — Cf. It. salame, salted food, and condito, 
seasoned; L. salgama, pickles.] A mixture of 
chopped meat, with oil, vinegar, onions, &c. ; a 
medley. 

Sal'mi, n. [Fr. salmis.— Cf. Salmagundi.] A kind 
of ragout or made dish. 

Salm'on (sam'un), n. [Fr. saumon; L. salmo.] A 
fish valued for food. 

Salm'on-trout' (sfim'un-trout'), n. A species of 
salm'on that spawns in rivers; sea-trout. 

Sa-loSn', n. [Fr. salon, augmentative form of 
'salle, Ger. saal, a hall, a room.] A spacious hall ; 
a state-room. [oyster-plant. 

Sal'si-fy, n. [Fr. salsifis ; It. sassefrica.] A plant; 

Salt,'w. [A.-S. sealt; Dut. zout; Dan. & Sw. salt; 
Ger. salz ; Fr. sel ; L. sal ; Russ. sole ; Gr. aA? ; 
Skr. sara.] The chloride of sodium; a substance 
used for seasoning : — a substance formed by com- 
bining an acid with abase : — savor; taste : — wit. 
— pi. Cathartic medicine. — 2, a. Having the 



taste of salt; saline. — 3, v. a. [pp. salting, 
salted.] To season with salt. 

Sal-ta'tion, n. [L. saltatio ; saltare, to dance, fre- 
quentative of salire, saltuin, to leap.] A jump- 
ing : — palpitation. 

Sal-ta-to'ri-al, a. Consisting in, characterized 
by, or adapted for leaping ; saltatory. 

Sal'ta-to-ry, a. [L. saltatorius.] Adapted to leap- 
ing : — dancing. 

Salt'-cel-lar, n. [A redundant formation, from 
Salt and Fr. saliere, It. saliera, a salt-holder.] 
A small vessel for holding salt. 

Salt' era, n. A place for making salt. 

Sal'ti-grade, a. [L. saltus, a leap, and gredi, to 
go.] Formed for leaping; leaping. 

Salt'ish, a. Somewhat salt. 

Salt' -lick, n. [So called because animals lick the 
ground for the salt it contains.] A saline or salt 
spring. [with salt water. 

Salt' -marsh, n. A marsh liable to be overflowed 

Salt' -mine, n. A place where salt is found. 

Salt'ness, n. State of being salt ; taste of salt. 

Salt-pl'tre (salt-pe'ter), n. [Fr. salpetre ; L. sal, 
salt, and petra, a rock.] Nitre ; nitrate of pot- 
ash ; a mineral salt. 

Salt'-pit, n. A salt-mine. [skin ; eczema. 

Salt' -rheum, n. [See Rhieum.] A disease of the 

Salt'wort (salt'wurt), n. [See Wort.] A plant 
found in salt-marshes. 

Sa-lu'bri-ous, a. [L. salubris ; salus, health.] Pro- 
moting health ; wholesome ; salutary ; health- 
ful ; healthy. 

Sa-lu'bri-ofls-lji:! ad. Healthfully. 

Sa-lu'bri-ty, n. [L. salubritas.] Wholesomeness ; 
healthfulness. 

Sal'u-ta-ry, a. [Fr. salutaire ; L. sahttaris; salus, 
salutis, health.] Healthful; safe; useful. 

Sal-u-ta'tion, n. [L. salutatio.] The act of sa- 
hiting; a' greeting. 

Sa-lu'ta-to-ry, a. Containing salutations. 

Sa-lute', v. a. [L. salutare, salutatum, to wish 
"health to; salus, sahdis, health.] [ pp. saluting, 
saluted.] To greet ; to hail ; to kiss. — 2, n. A 
salutation; a greeting; a kiss. 

Sal-va-bil'i-ty, n. State of be,ing salvable. 

Sal'va-ble, a. That may be saved. 

Sal'vaf'e, n. [Fr. salvage, later sauvetage ; saurer, 
to save (q. v.).] A recompense for saving goods. 

Sal-va'tion, n. [L. saloatio.— See Save.] The act 
of saving; state of being saved; deliverance 
from sin and eternal death : — deliverance from 
any evil. 

Salve (sav or salv), n. [A.-S. seal/; Dut. zalf ; 
Ger. salbe ; It. salva: probably related to L. sul- 
vare, to save.] An ointment; a remedy.— 2, v. a. 
[A.-S. sealfian; Goth, salbon.] [pp. salving, 
salved.] To cure ; to remedy. 

Sal've, inter. [L.] God save you ! hail ! 

Sal'ver, n. [Sp. salva, from salvor, .to save, to free 
from risk, — hence to taste, as wine, before pre- 
senting. — See Credence.] A plate to present 
any thing on. [plants ; sage.. 

Sal'vi-a, n. [L. — See Sage.] (Bot.) A genus of 

Sal'vo, n. ; pi. Sal'voes, or Sal'vo§. [L. salvo jure, 
" the rule being intact."] An exception ; a res- 
ervation : — [It. salva, a salute (q. v.)] a volley or 
general fire :— a salute. 

Same, a. [A.-S. s«r«e, just like, as; Dan. samme, 
the same. — Cf. Skr. sama, the same, even, with.] 
Identical ; not different or other. 

Same'ness, n. State of being the same ; identity. 

Sa'mi-e'l, n. [Arab, or Turk.— See Simoom.] Si- 
moom. 

Sa'mite, n. [Ger. sammet; Fr. samis; Late Gr. 
e^afxirov ; ef, six, and /xi'to?, a thread.] A rich 
fabric of silk. 

Samp, n. [Algonkin.] Food made of maize broken. 

Sam'phire, v. [Fr. passe-pierre or perce-pierre, 
stone-piercer : formerly it was called also sam- 
pier, and herbe de Saint-Pierre, St. Peter's herb.] 
A plant preserved in pickle. 



a, e, I, o, ii, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



SAMPLE 



475 



SAP\YOOD 



Sam'ple, n. [A form of Example.] A part to be 
shown ; a specimen. 

Sam'pler, n. [Fr. exemplaire; L. exemplar.] A 
piece of girl's needlework. 

San'a-tive, o. [L. saualivus.—See Sanatory and 
Sane.] Tending to cure ; healing. 

San-a-to'ri-um, ». [Neo-Latin. — See Sanatory.] 
An'estabiishment for the preservation or restora- 
tion of health ; a hospital for convalescents : — 
less correctly sanitarium. 

San'a-to-ry, a. [Late L. sanatorius ; mutator, a 
healer; sanare, sanatum, to heal.] Eelating to 
health ; sanative. 

Sanc-ti-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of sanctifying; 
state'of being"sanctified ; consecration. 

Sanc'ti-f I-er, n. One who sanctifies. 

Sanc'ti-fy, v. a. [Fr. sanctifier; L. mnctificare ; 
sanctus, holy, and facere, to make. — See Sanc- 
tion.] [pp. sanctifying, sanctified.] To free 
from the power of sin ; to make holy ; to con- 
secrate ; to purify. 

Sanc-ti-mo'ni-ofis, a. Making a show of sanctity. 

Sanc-ti-mo'ni-ous-ly, ad. With sanctimony. 

Sanc'ti-mo-ny, n. [L. sancHmonia ; sanctus, holy ; 
the termination -monia implies an effect or re- 
sult.] Appearance of sanctity ; hypocritical de- 
voutness. 

Sanc'tion, n. [L. sanctio, a decree, a making holy ; 
eancire, sanctum, to make holy.] That which 
sanctions; confirmation; ratification; support; 
authority. — 2, v. a. [pp. sanctioning, sanc- 
tioned.] To give a sanction to; to confirm; to 
ratify ; to authorize ; to allow. 

Sanc'ti-tude, n. Holiness; sanctity. 

Sanc'ti-ty, n. [L. sanctUas; sanctus, holy.] Holi- 
ness; purity; godliness. 

Sanct'u-a-ry (sangkt'yu-a-re), n. [L. sanctuarium ; 
sanctus, holy.] A holy place ; a temple ; a sacred 
asylum ; a refuge. 

Sand, u. [A.-S., Dan., Sw., & Ger. sand; Dut. 
zand.] Fine particles or grains of stone. — pi. 
Barren, sandy lands: — quicksands. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. sanding, sanded.] To sprinkle with sand. 

San dal, n. >[Fr. sandale ; Gr. o-<iv6a\ou, aavSd- 
Aioy'; Per. sandal.] A sort of 
slipper or loose shoe. 

San'dal-wood (-wud), n. [Fr. 
sandal; Per. chaudal; Skr. chan- 
dana.] An aromatic wood: — 
also the wood called red saun- 
ders or sanders wood. 

Sand'-blast, «. A machine or 
process for cutting and engrav- 
ing a hard substance by means 
of a stream of sand propelled 
against it. 

Sand'i-ness, «. The state of being sandy. 

Sand'-pa-per, n. Paper having one side covered 
with a dressing of sand. 

Sand'-pip-er, u. A small wading bird. 

Sand'stone, n. A species of freestone. 

Sand'wich (sand'widj), n. [Named from John, 
fourth earl of Sandwich, 1718-1792.] Two slices 
of bread with a slice of meat between them.— 
2, v. a. [pp. sandwiching, sandwiched.] To 
form into a sandwich, — hence, to form into 
layers like a sandwich. 

Sand'y. «. Abounding with sand; unsolid. 

Sane, a. [L. sauus, sound : akin to sanare, to heal.] 
Sound in mind; not insane; healthy. 

Sang, i. from sing. See Sing. 

San-ga-ree', n. [Fr. sang-gris, gray blood.] A bev- 
erage made of wine, water, and sugar. 

Sang-froid' (sang'frwii'), «. [Fr. for " cold blood."] 
Coolness ; indifference ; freedom from ardor. 

San-gulf er-ous (sang-gwif'er-us), o. [L. sanguis, 
Jblood, and/w-e, to carry.] Conveying blood. 

San-gui-fi-ca'tion, n. Production of blood. 

San'gui-na-ry, a. [L. sanguinarius; sanguis, 
blood.] Attended with bloodshed; bloody: — 
bloodthirsty ; cruel ; murderous. 




San'guine (sang'gwjn), a. [Fr. sanguin, sanguine, 
bloody; L. sanguineus, bloody; sanguis, blood. It 
was believed that excess of blood caused a hope- 
ful disposition.] Ked ; abounding with blood : — 
warm; ardent; confident; hopeful. 

San'guine-ness, n. Ardor; confidence. 

San-guin'e-ous, a. [L. sanguineus ; sanguis, blood.] 
Full of blood ; plethoric. 

San'he-drlm, n. [Heb. sanhedrin, Gr. crvveSpiov, a 
council; crvv, together, aud eSpa, a seat.] The 
chief council of the Jews. 

Sa'ni-e§, n. [L. : akin to sanguis, blood.] A thin 
purulent discharge from wounds and sores. 

Sa'ni-ous, a. [L. saniosus ; sunies, bloody pus.] 
Eelating to sanies ; serous. 

San-i-ta'ri-an, n. One versed in, or devoted to, 
sanitary' studies ; one who promotes measures 
for the preservation of the public health. — 2, a. 
Of or pertaining to the laws of health ; having 
regard to the public health. 

San-i-ta'ri-um, n. See Sanatokivm. 

San'i-ta-ry. a. Eelating to health : sanative. 

San-i-ta'tion, n. The act of bringing into a sound 
sanitary condition : — the preservation of health. 

San'i-ty. n. [L. sanilas; sauus, sound.] Sound- 
ness of mind. 

Sank, i. from sink. [Obs.] 

Sans.i"^- [Fr.] Without ; destitute of. [skrit. 

San'scrit, ». An ancient language of India ; ^au- 

San'skrit, n. [Skr. mnshrita, symmetrical, fin- 
ished, polished ; sam, together, aud krita, made.] 
An ancient language of India. 

San'to-nlne, n. [L. herba sautonica, wormseed ; 
from the Sanloni, an ancient people who gave 
name to the town of Saint??, in France.] A vege- 
table principle contained in worm-seed. 

Sap, 7i. [A.-S. ssep ; 0. Dut. sap ; Ger. saft.—CL 
L. £ It. eapa, must; Skr. eapa, resin.] The vital 
juice of plants ; a trench. — 2, v. a. [Fr. sape, a 
trench ; saper, to sap ; Sp. zapa, It. zappn, a 
spade.] [pp. sapping, sapped.] To undermine; 
to subvert by digging. — 3, v. n. To proceed in- 
visibly or by mine. 

Sap'id. <(. [L. sujiidus, savory,— also wise ; sapere, 
to savor, to be wise.] Tasteful ; palatable ; savory. 

Sa-pid'i-ty, \n. Quality of being sapid or pal- 

Sap'id-ness, J atable; tasteful ness. 

Sa pi-ence, n. [L. sapienlia, wisdom, discernment, 
— originally, ability to taste; sapere. to be wise. 
—See Sapid.] Wiadara ; sageness ; knowledge. 

Sa'pi-en-cy, n. Same as Sapience. 

Sa'pi-ent, a. [L. sapiens; sapere, to be wise. — See 
Sapid.] Wise ; sagacious. [Often ironical.] 

Sap'less, a. Wanting sap; dry; old; husky. 

Sap'ling, n. A young tree ; a young plant. 

Sap-o-na'ceous (sap-o-na^hus), a. [L. sape, sa- 
ponis, Gr. adntuv, soap (</. v.).] Partaking of 
soap ; soapy ; resembling soap. 

Sa-pon'i-fy, v. a. [pp. saponifying, saponified.] 
To convert into soap. 

Sa'pbr, n. [L.] Taste; savor. [gineers. 

Sap'per, n. [See Sap.] A miner or soldier of en- 

Sap'phic (saf'fik), a. Denoting a kind of verse, 
said to have been invented by Sappho. 

Sap'phire (saf'fir) [saff Ir, I. P. A"], n. [Fr. sa- 
phir ; L. sapphirus; Gr. <rair(^eipo? ; Per. saffir ; 
Heb. sappir.] A precious stone or gem. 

Sap'phir-Ine (saff ir-in), a. Made of sapphire ; 
resembling sapphire. 

Sap'pi-ness, n. Succtilence ; juiciness. 

Sap'py, a. Abounding in sap; succulent. 

Sap'ro-phyte, n. [Gr. craKpo?, rotten, and 4>vt6v, 
a plant.] A plant that feeds on decayed organic 
matter. [matter. 

Sap-ro-phyt'ic, a. Feeding on decayed organic 

Sap'sa-go, n. [Ger. schab-ieger-kiise; schaben, to 
scrape ; zieger-k'dse, a kind of cheese ; zieger, 
whey.] A kind of Swiss cheese which is usually 
scraped or powdered before being eaten. 

Sap'wood (-wud), n. The soft exterior wood of a 
tree. 



mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. — g, 9, 9, £, soft ; p, p, p, g, hard ; s as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



SAKABAND 



476 



SAUCE 



Sar'a-band, n. [Fr. sarabande ; Sp. zarabanda; 
named, it is said, from its inventor. — But cf. 
Per. sarband, a fillet for the head, — also a dance.] 
A Spanish dance. 

Sar'a-cen, n. [L. saracenus, an Arabian. — Cf. Arab. 
shoraka, allies.] An Arabian ; a Mussulman. 

Sar-a-cen'ic, 1 a. Eelating to the Saracens or 

Sar-a-cen'i-cal, j to their architecture. 

Sar'casm, n. [Gr. crap/cacrp.6?, a sneer; o-apicd^eiv, 
to bite flesh, — also to sneer: crdp£, crap/cds, the 
flesh.] A keen, reproachful, scornful expres- 
sion ; a taunt; a gibe. See Satire. 

Sar-cas'tic, a. [Gr. aapicao-Tuc6<;. — See Sarcasm.] 
Eelating to, or partaking of, sarcasm ; severe. 

Sar-cas'tj-cal-ly, ad. In a sarcastic manner. 

Sarce'net, re. [Fr. sarceuit; Late L. saracenicum, 
Saracen stuff.] A fine, thin-woven silk. 

Sar'code, n. [Gr. crap/cuBr), flesh-like; crdp£, flesh.] 
(Physiol.) Animal protoplasm. 

Sar-co-log'i-cal, a. Relating to sarcology. 

Sar-col'o-gy, re. [Gr. adpij, aa.pK.6s, flesh, and 
'A6yo5,'a treatise.] That part of anatomy which 
treats of the fleshy parts of the body. 

Sar-co'ma, u. [Gr. crapKoj/xa ; crapKoeiv, to make 
fleshy ; crdp£, flesh.] A fleshy excrescence. 

Sar-coph'a-gous, a. Feeding on flesh. 

Sar-coph'a-gus, n. ; L. pi. Sar-coph'a-gl ; Eng. 
Sar-coph'a-gus-es. [L. ; Gr. o-ap/co</>dyos, fiesh- 
co'nsuming; adplj, crap/cos, flesh, and 4>dyetv, to 
eat : tbe ancients thought that in coffins made 
of a certain kind of stone dead bodies were con- 
sumed within forty days.] A species of stone :— 
a coffin made of stone. 

Sard, or Sar'di-us, n. [L. sarda; Gr. crdpSiov; 
from the city of Sardis, or more probably allied 
to Per. sered, yellowish red.] A precious stone. 

Sar'dine, or Sar'dine, re. [Gr. o-apoTvos. — See 
Sard.] A precious stone ; sardius. 

Sar'dine, or Sar-dine', n. [L. sarda or sardina; 
Gr. adpSa or o-apSiVr? : probably named from the 
island of Sardinia.] A small fish. 

Sar-do'ni-an, ) a. [L. sardonius, Late L. sardoni- 

Sar-don'ic, jois, Gr. trapSoiao?, Sardinian: it 
Vas said that the aapSoviov, a Sardinian plant, 
would cause the face of the eater to grin spas- 
modically; hence L. risus sardonius, a forced 
smile. — But cf. Gr. a-aipeiv, to grin.] Forced or 
feigned, as applied to laughter or smiles. 

Sar'do-nyx, n. [L. ; Gr. <Tapo6w£; Sard, or Sar- 
dius, and Onyx.] A precious stone. 

Sar-men-tose', \ a. [L. sarmentosus, twiggy; sar- 

Sar-men'tous, J mentum, brushwood; sarpere, to 
prune.] (Bot.) Filiform and almost naked. 

Sar-sa-pa-ril'la, n. [Sp. zarzaparilla. — Cf. zarza, 
Basque' sartzia, a bramble, and parra, a vine.] A 
medicinal plant and root. 

Sash, n. [Per. shast, shest, a girdle.] A silk belt : 
— [Fr. chdsse or chassis, a sash ; L. capsa, a case 
(</. v.)] a window-frame. 

Sas'sa-fras, re. [Fr. & It. sassa/7-as ; Sp. sasafras, 
sassafras; forms equivalent to Saxifrage (q. v.).] 
A tree which has a spicy, aromatic bark, and 
mucilaginous twigs and foliage. 

Sat, i. & p. from sit 

Sa'tan, re. [Heb. satan, an enemy; satan, to perse- 
cute.] The devil; the archfiend. 

Sa-tan ic, \ a. Resembling Satan ; devilish ; 

Sa-tan'i-cal, J infernal ; diabolical ; malignant. 

Sa-tan'i-cal-ly, ad. Diabolically. 

Satch'ei, n. [6. Fr. sachel; L. saccelhis, dim. of 
saccus, a sack.] A little bag ; a hand-bag. 

Sate, v. a. [For satiate ; L. sat or satis, enough.] 
[pp. sating, sated.] To satiate; to glut; to pall. 

Sate (sat or sat), v. Sat ; did sit. 

Sa-teen', n. [A variant of Satin.] A fabric for 
dress-goods, with a satinv gloss. 

Sat' el-lite (sat'el-It), n. [Fr. ; L. satelles, saleJlitis, 
an attendant.] (Aslron.) A small or secondary 
planet, such as the moon, revolving round a 
larger one :— an attendant ; a follower. 

Sa'ti-a-ble (sf/she-a-bl), a. That may be satiated. 



Sa'ti-ate (sa'she-at), v. a. [L. satiare, satiatum, 
to sate; satis, enough; salur, filled.] [pp. sati- 
ating, satiated.] To fill beyond desire ; to sat- 
isfy ; to sate ; to cloy ; to glut. 

Sa'ti-ate (sa'she-at),_o. Full to satiety. 

Sa-ti-a'tion (sa-she-a'shun), ». Fulness. 

Sa-ti'e-tx, n. [L. satietas. — See Satiate.] Fulness 
beyo'nd desire or pleasure ; excess ; surfeit. 

Sat'in, n. [Fr. satin; Port, setim ; It. setino; seta, 
silk; L. seta, a bristle, a hair.] A soft, close, 
and shining silk. 

Sat-i-net', n. [Fr. salinette.— See Satin.] A thin 
satin :— a twilled stuff made of wool and cotton. 

Sat'in-spar, n. [From its satiny appearance.] 
(Mi)t.) Fibrous limestone. 

Sat'in-wood (-wiid), n. [From its satiny appear- 
ance.] A fine ornamental wood. 

Sat'in-y, a. Resembling satin. 

Sat'ire, Sat'ire, or Sa'tire, n. [L. satira, salura, a 
satire, a medley; satur, full, fat; sat, enough.] 
A poem censuring vice, folly, &e. ; a lampoon. 

Sa-tir'ic, \a. [L. satiricus. — See Satire.] Be- 

Sa-tir'i-cal, J longing to or containing satire ; se- 
vere; sarcastic. 

Sa-tir'i-cal-ly, ad. In a satirical manner. 

Sat'ir-ist," 11. One who writes satires. 

Sat'ir-ize, v. a. [Fr. satiriser.] [pp. satirizing, 
satirized.] To censure, as in a satire. 

Sat-is-fac'tion, ?i. [L. satisfactio.] The act of sat- 
isfying ; gratification ; content : — recompense ; 
compensation; remuneration; amends; atone- 
ment. 

Sat-is-fac'to-ri-lj:, ad. So as to satisfy. 

Sat-is-fac'to-ri-ness, b. The power of satisfying ; 
satisfaction. " [gratifying. 

Sat-is-fac'to-ry, a. Giving satisfaction ; pleasing; 

Sat'is-fy, v. a. [Fr. satisfaire ; L. satisfacere ; satis, 
enough, and /ulcere, to 'make.] [pp. satisfying, 
satisfied.] To content ; to please ; to satiate ; to 
recompense ; to appease ; to convince : — to liqui- 
date. — 2, v. n. To give content or satisfaction. 

Sa'trap [sa'trap, Jo. ; sa/trap, St. I. ; sat'rap, H. 
Wb.\, n. [Gr. a-aTpdnr\<;, 0. Per. Ichshathrapa, 
land-ruler. — Cf, Skr. kshetra, a field, a region, 
and pati, master.] A Persian governor. 

Sat'ra-py, n. [Gr. a-arpaneia.] The government 
of a satrap. 

Sat'u-ra-ble, a. That may be saturated. 

Sat'u-rate, v. a. [L. saturare, saturatum, to fill ; 
satur, full.] [pp. saturating, saturated.] To im- 
pregnate fully, or till no more can be imbibed ; to 
fill full ; to soak. 

Sat-u-ra'tion, n. [L. saturatio.] The act of satu- 
rating ; state of being saturated. 

Sat'ur-day, re. [A.-S. Sseler-daeg, the day of Sseter, 
or 'Saturn ; Dut. zaturdag.] The last day of the 
week. 

Sat'urn, re. [L. Saturnus: root of serere, saturn, to 
sow.] An ancient heathen deity. — (Astron.) A 
planet : — an old name of lead. 

Sat-ur-na'li-a, re. pi. [L.] An ancient festival 
of Saturnj celebrated at Rome. 

Sat-ur-na'li-an, a. Sportive ; loose : dissolute ; 
like the ancient feasts of Saturn. 

Sa-tur'ni-an, o. [L. satumins.] Relating to Sat- 
urn : — golden. 

Sat'ur-nlne, a. [Late L. eaturninus, pertaining to 
the planet Saturn ; L. saturnius, pertaining to 
the god Saturn (Saturnus) : the planet Saturn 
was supposed to ex^rt a baleful and depressing 
influence ; hence Saturn was used as a name for 
lead.] Gloomy; grave; sad: — leaden. 

Sa'tyr, or Sat'yr, n. [Gr. eraTupo?.] A sylvan 
demi-god, partly formed like a man and partly 
like a goat. 

Sa-tyr'ic, a. [Gr. o-aTvpiKo<;.] Relating to satyrs. 

Siuce, n. [Fr. sauce, L. salsa, salted things, salt 
food; satire, salsum, to salt; sal, salt.] Some- 
thing to give relish to food: — [cf. L. sa/s!<«, 
salted, — also witty, sharp; sal, salt, — also wit, 
sarcasm, pungency] impudence. — 2, v. a. [pp. 



e, I, 0, u, y, long; a, e, 1, 0, u, y, short; a, e, 



u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



SAUCEBOX 



477 



SCALE 



saucing, sauced.] To make savory ; to season: 

— to address with impudence. 
Sauce'box, n. An impertinent fellow. 
Sauce'pan, n. A small pan for sauce. 
Sau'cer, n. [Fr. saucicre, a sauce-dish; Late L. 

saharium, a salt-dish.] A small platter for a 

tea-cup, &c. 
Sau'ci-ly, ad. Impudently ; impertinently. 
Sau'ci-ness, ». Impudence; impertinence. 
S&u'cy, a. [L. sahus, sharp, pointed, — literally, 

salted.] Insolent; impudent; impertinent. 
Sauer-kraut (soCu/krout), n. [Ger.] See Soxje- 

k ROUT. 

Saun'ter, or Saun'ter, v. n. [Probably from Fr. 
s'aveuturer, to adventure one's self, just as Fr. 
aventure became, in Old English, anter or avmter. 
The derivation from Sainte Terre, or Holy Land, 
as if saunter meant to go on a pilgrimage, is now- 
discredited.] [pp. sauntering, sauntered.] To 
wander about idly; to loiter; to linger. — 2, n. 
A ramble. 

Saun'ter-er (or saun'-), n. A rambler ; an idler. 

Sau'ri-an, n. [Gr. aaiipog, a lizard.] A kind of 
reptile ; a lizard. [in structure ; lizard-like. 

Sau'rbid, a. Noting fishes which approach lizards 

Sau'sa£e, n. [Fr. saucisse, It. salsiccia, Late L. 
sahicium OT salcitium, a sausage; L. sahus, Baited. 
Some have in part identified the Late Latin 
forms with the very rare word iskmm, or isitium, 
a filling, an insertion: this word is said also to 
signify a sausage.] A seasoned minced meat en- 
closed in a skin. 

Sav'age, n. [Fr. sauvage, 0. Fr. salvage, L. silva- 
tiais, wild; silua, a forest.] A man wholly un- 
civilized. — 2, a. Uncivilized ; barbarous ; brutal ; 
wild ; ferocious ; fierce; cruel; inhuman. 

Sav'afe-ly.. ad. Barbarously; cruelly. 

Sav'age-ness, n. Barbarousness ; cruelty. 

SaVage-ry, n. Cruelty ; barbarity. 

Sa-van'na, n. [Sp. sabana, a sheet, a plain ; L. 
sibiiiiurii, Gr. o-d$avov, a linen cloth.] An open 
plain ; a prairie. 

Sa-vant' (sa-vting'), w. ; pi. Sa-vants' (sa-viingy/) 
(formerly written Sa-vans')- [Fr.] A learned 
man ; a scholar. 

Save, v. a. [Fr. sauver, L. salvare, to save; salens, 
safe (q. v.).] [pp. saving, saved.] To preserve 
from eternal death : — to preserve from evil; to 
protect ; to spare. — 2, v. n. To be sparing ; to 
prevent expense.— 3, prep. [Fr. sauf] Except ; 
not including; saving. 

Sav'er, u. One who saves. 

Sav'in, n. [L. sabina, a kind of juniper, — liter- 
ally, the sabine-tree; from the people of that 
name. — But cf. L. sapinus, a fir-tree; Skr. sapa, 
resin.] An evergreen tree ; the red cedar. 

Sav'ing, a. Frugal ; parsimonious ; not lavish. — 
2, prep. Excepting; not including. — 3, n. Any 
thing saved : — exception. 

Sav'ing-ness, n. Parsimony; frugality. 

Sav'ings-bank, n. A bank in which small sums 
are placed for security and accumulation. 

Sav'iour, or Sav'ior (sav'yur), n. [Fr. sauveur. — 
See Save.] One' who saves ; the Redeemer of 
mankind. 

Sa'vor, n. [Fr. sarourer, L. sapere, to relish; sa- 
por, 0. Fr. savour, flavor.] Ascent; odor; taste; 
relish. — 2, v. n. [-pp. savoring, savored.] To 
have a smell or taste. — 3, v. a. To like ; to taste 
or smell. 

Sa'vor-i-ly, ad. With gust ; with appetite. 

Sa'vor-i-ness, n. A pleasing taste or smell. 

Sa'vor-iess, a. Wanting savor. 

Sa'vor-y, a. [Fr. savoureux ; L. saporosus.~] Pleas- 
ing to the smell or taste. — 2, m. An aromatic or 
spicy plant. 

Sa-vb"y\ n. [From the country of that name.] A 
6ort of curled winter cabbage. 

Sa-vby'ard, n. A native of Savoy. 

Saw, i. from see.— 2, n. [A.-S. saga; Dut. zaag ; 
Dan. sav ; Ger. sage. — Cf. L. secure, to cut.] An 



instrument with teeth, for cutting boards, &c. : 
— [A.-S. sagu, Scand. saga, Ger. suge, a saying. — 
See Say] a saying; a proverb. — 3, v. a. [i. 
sawed; pp. sawing, sawed or sawn.] To cut 
timber, &c., with a saw. — 4, v. n. To use a saw; 
to operate as a saw. 

Saw' dust, n. Dust produced by sawing. 

Saw'f ish, n. A fish with a dentated horn. 

Saw'-null, n. A mill where logs are sawn. 

Saw'ney, n. A witless clown :— a nickname for a 
Scotchman: — a corruption of Alexunde-: 

Saw' -pit, n. A pit where wood is sawed. 

Saw'yer, n. One who saws : — a large tree having 
the roots fastened in the bottom of a river, the 
top moving up and down. [U. S.] 

Sax'-hbrn, n. [From Sax, its inventor.] A brass 
wind-instrument. 

Sax'i-frafe, n. [L. saxifraga; saxum, a stone, and 
fra'ngere, fregi, to break : it grows in clefts of 
rocks, whence, from the doctrine of signatures, 
it was regarded as a cure for stone in the blad- 
der.] A plant of many species. 

Sax' on, n. [L. Saxo, Ger. Sachse, a Saxon ; said to 
be from 0. Ger. salis, a dagger.] One of the 
people that inhabited the north of Germany : — 
the Saxon language. — 2, a. Belonging to the 
Saxons. 

Sax'o-phone, n. [From Sax, its inventor, and Gr. 
fyta'vi), a sound.] A bras3 wind-instrument. 

Say (8a), v. a. & p. n. [A.-S. secgan; Icel. segia; 
Dan. sige ; Sw. siiga ; Ger. sagen.] [i. said; pp. 
eaying, said.] To speak; to utter; to tell; to 
declare. — 2, n. What one has to say ; a speech : 
— a maxim. 

Say'ing, n. An expression ; a proverb ; a saw. 

Says (sez), v. The third person singular of say. 

Scab, n. [A.-S. scseb, sceb ; Dan. skab ; Ger. svhube : 
akin to Shave, and to L. scabies, roughness, the 
itch ; scabere, to scratch ; scuber, rough.] An in- 
crustation over a sore. 

Scab' bard, n. [0. E. scaubert, scauberlc ; 0. Fr. es- 
cobers: akin to Cover.] The sheath of a sword. 

Scab'bi-ness, n. The quality of being scabby. 

Scab'by, a. Full of scabs; scabbed :— paltry. 

Sca'bi-ous. a. [L. scainomu.] Itchy; leprous.— 
2, n. [Neo-Latiu, scabiosa.] A plant of various 
species. 

Sca'brous, a. Rough; rugged; harsh. 

Sca'brous-ness. ». Roughness; harshness. 

Scaffold, n. [Fr. ichafaud; 0. Fr. esc<ul«fdt.— 
See Catafalque.] A temporary gallery or stage. 
—2, v. a. [pp. scaffolding, scaffolded.] To fur- 
nish with a scaffold or frames of timber. 

Scaffold-age, w. A gallery; a floor. 

Scaf fold-ing, )*. A temporary frame or stage ; a 
scaffold : — materials for scaffolds. 

Sca.gl-i-5'la (skal-ye-o'la), n. [It, ; a dim. of 
scaglla, a scale.] A kind of ornamental plaster. 

Sca'la-ble, a. That may be scaled. 

Sca-lade', n. [See Escalade.] A storm or an as- 
sault of a place, made by means of ladders raised 
against the walls; escalade. 

Scald, v. a. [Fr. echamler ; L. excaldare ; ex, out, 
and caldus (for calidm), hot.] [pp. scalding, 
scalded.] To burn with hot liquor. — 2, n. [A 
form of Skall.] Scurf on the head ; scab ; scall : 
— a hurt or burn caused by hot liquid. 

Scald, or Scald, n. [Icel. shdd : akin to Scold.] 
An ancient Scandinavian poet. 

Scald'-head, n. A disease of the scalp. 

ScaTdic, or Scal'dic, a. Relating to, or resem- 
bling, the poets called scalds. 

Scale, n. [A.-S. scale, Icel. skal, Dan. shdl, Ger. 
schale, a bowl, a dish, a plate : allied to Skull 
and Shell.] A balance : the sign Libra : — [A.-S. 
sceale; Dan. skal; Ger. schale; Fr. ecale ; It. 
scaglia. — See Shell] a small plate on the skin of 
a fish ; a lamina : — [L. scida, a ladder, a step ; 
It. scalare, to climb] a ladder; means of ascent : 
— a line of distances ; a mathematical or grad- 
uated instrument : — the gamut. — 2, v. a. [pp. 



mien, sir; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.— 5, <?, gi &, soft; p, £, g, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz; this. 



SCALENE 



478 



SCATTER 



scaling, scaled.] To climb: — to strip of scales; 
to reduce. — 3, v. n. [Sw. skala, to peel.] To peel 
off in thin particles. 

Sca-lene', a. [Gr. o~Kaht)v6s, uneven.] Having 
three unequal sides. 

Sca'li-ness, n. The state of being scaly. 

Scall^ n. [Icel. skalli, a bare head; Sw. skallig, 
bald; skala, to peel; skal, a shell or scale.] A 
scab ; morbid baldness. 

Scall'ion (skal'yun), n. [From the town of Ascalon, 
in Palestine.] A kind of onion. 

Scal'lop (skoTlup) [skal'lup, E. Ja.], n. [0. Fr. 
escalope, Dut. schelp, Ger. schelfe, a shell (q. v.).] 
A shell-fish : — a dent. — 2, to. a. [pp. scalloping, 
scalloped.] To indent ; to notch. 

Scalp, n. [0. It. scalpo, the scalp ; 0. Sw. skalp, a 
sheath: akin to Scallop.] The integument or 
skin of the top of the head, on which the hair 
grows. — 2, v. a. [pp. scalping, scalped.] To de- 
prive of the scalp. 

Scal'pel, n. [L. scalpellum, dim. of scalprum, a 
knife; scalpere, to cut.] A dissector's or sur- 
geon's knife. 

Sca'ly, «• Covered with scales : — paltry. 

Scam'mc^ny, n. [Gr. cwafjiovia; L. scammonia.] 
A plant; a gum-resin. 

Scamp, n. [It. scampare, to run away ; L. ex, out, 
and campus, a field.] A worthless fellow ; a 
knave. — 2, v. a. [Akin to Scant.] [pp. scamp- 
ing, scamped.] To execute, as work, in a super- 
ficial, insufficient way ; to perform perfunctorily 
and dishonestly. 

Scam'per, v. n. [It. scampare, to run away. — See 
Scamp.] [pp. scampering, scampered.] To run 
with speed ; to scud. 

Scan, v. a. [L. scandere, scansum, to climb, to 
scan.] [pp. scanning, scanned.] To examine 
nicely ; to scrutinize : — to measure or divide into 
feet, as verse. 

Scan'dal, n. [Gr. o-/cavSaAov, a snare, offence, 
stumbling-block, scandal.] An offence ; a re- 
proach ; a censure ; an opprobrium ; disgrace. 

Scan'dal-ize, v. a. [Gr. o~Kav8a\i£eiv, to cause to 
stumble.] [jjp. scandalizing, scandalized.] To 
offend ; to reproach ; to defame ; to calumniate ; 
to vilify. [shameful. 

Scan'dal-ous, a. [Fr. scandaleux.] Opprobrious; 

Scan'dal-ous-ly, ad. Shamefully. 

Scan'dal-ous-ness, n. State of being scandalous. 

Scan'dent, a. [L. scandere, part, scandens, to 
climb'.] (Bot.) Climbing by tendrils. 

Scan'ning, n. Measurement of verse. 

Scan'sion, n. [L. scansio. — See Scan.] The act 
of scanning a verse. 

Scan-s5'ri-al, a. [L. scansorius.] Pertaining to a 
climbing bird. 

Scant, v. n. [Icel. skammr, skamt, brief, limited ; 
skamta, to dole out; Norw. skant, a dole; skanta, 
to deal closely. — Cf. Skimp.] [pip. scanting, 
scanted.] (Naut.) To fail; as, the wind scants. 
—2, v. a. To straiten.— 3, a. Not plentiful; 
scarce ; not liberal. 

Scant'i-ly, ad. Not plentifully ; sparingly. 

Scant' i-ngss, n. State of being scanty. 

Scant'iing, n. [0. Fr. eschantillon ; from eschanteler, 
to cut into small pieces ; chantel, a cantle (q. v.).] 
Timber cut to a small size. 

Scant'ly, ad. Narrowly; sparingly. 

Scant'ness, n. Narrowness ; smallness. 

Scant'y,' a. [See Scant.] Hardly enough ; not 
ample; narrow; small; poor; defective; scant. 

Scape, v. a. & v. n. [For escape.] [pp. scaping, 
scaped.] To escape. See Escape.— 2, n. An 
escape ; evasion : — a freak : — [L. scapus, Gr. 
o-Kanos, a shaft (a. v.)] a stalk ; a flower-stalk. 

Scape'-goat, n. [Escape and Goat.] A goat set 
at liberty by the Jews on the day of solemn ex- 
piation, as bearing the sins of the people : — one 
who bears the blame for others' faults. 

Scape' grace, n. [Escape and Grace.] A vile fel- 
low ; a knave. 



Sca'phoid, a. [Gr. a/ca^rj, a boat. ] Boat-shaped: 
— noting certain bones. 

Scap'u-la, n. [L. for "shoulder-blade."] The 
shoulder-blade. 

Scap'u-lar, \a. [Late L. scapularis.] Relating 

Scap'u-la-ry, J to the shoulders or to the scapula. 
— 2, n. [Fr. scapvlaire; Late L. scapidare. — See 
Scapula.] Part of the habit of a friar :— a re- 
ligious emblem or symbol. 

Scar, n. [L. eschara; Gr. eaxapa.] A mark of a 
burn, sore, or wound; a cicatrix: — [Icel. sker ; 
Sw. skar; Dut. skieer ; Scot, scaur] a cliff; a bare 
rock. — 2, v. a. [pp. scarring, scarred.] To mark, 
as with a wound. 

Scar'ab, or Scar'a-bee, n. [L. scarabseus; Gr. 
cr/cap^eto? and /capajBo?.— See Crab.] A beetle; 
an Egyptian figure of a beetle. 

Scar'a-mSuch, n. [Fr. scarumouche ; from Scara- 
muccia, an Italian buffoon (died 1694). This 
name signifies "skirmish" (q. v.).] A buffoon 
in motley dress : — a braggart and poltroon. 

Scarce, a. [It. scarso, scarce ; Fr. echars, scanty, 
slight ; Late L. scarpsus or excarpsus, L. excerptus, 
selected ; excerpere, to select ; ex, out, and car- 
pere, to pluck.] Not plentiful; not copious; 
rare ; not common ; unfrequent. 

Scarce, or Scarce'ly, ad. Hardly ; barely. 

Scarce'ness, \ n. State of being scarce ; want of 

Scar'ci-ty, I plenty ; dearth. 

Scare, v. a. [Scot, skair, Icel. skjarr, shy ; skirrask, 
to shun ; Dut. & Ger. scheren, to withdraw. — See 
Sheer.] [pp. scai'ing, scared.] To frighten ; 
to affright; to terrify. —2, v. n. To become 
frightened. — 3, n. A sudden fright; a panic. 

Scarf, n. [A.-S. scearfe, a fragment; scearp, a 
robe ; Dut. scherf, a shred ; Ger. scherbe, a piece ; 
Fr. echarpe, a scarf.] A garment worn over the 
shoulders : — a cut for a joint in timber. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. scarfing, scarfed.] To dress in a loose vest- 
ure : — [A.-S. scearfian, to shred; L. scalpere, to 
cut ; Ger. scharben, to cut up ; Sw. skarf, a joint ; 
skarfva, to join together] to cut for making a 
joint : — to join by means of a long cut, as timber. 

Scarfing, n. A junction of pieces of timber. 

Scarf'skin, n. [See Scurf.] The outer skin of 
the body. [of the skin. 

Scar-i-fi-ca'tion, n. [L. scarificatio.] An incision 

Scar'i-fi-ca-tor, n. He who or that which scari- 
fies; a scarifier : — a cupping instrument. 

Scar'i-f I-er, n. He who or that which scarifies. 

Scar'i-fy, v. a. [Fr. scarifier; L. scarificare, scari- 
fare ; Gr. o-Kapic/xxo/uai, I scratch ; tr/capi^o?, a 
drawing-style.] [pp. scarifying, scarified.] To 
scratch or cut finely:— to let blood by cutting 
the skin with a scarificator ; to cup. 

Scar-la-ti'na, n. [It. scarlaltina; from the red 
eruption.] ' (Med.) The scarlet fever. 

Scar'let, n. [Fr. tcarlate, It. scarlatto, scarlet; 
Per. 'saqalat, siqalat, scarlet cloth ; saqlan, cloth.] 
A color of red and yellow blended. — 2, a. Of the 
color of scarlet. 

Scar'let-fe'ver, n. A disease characterized by an 
efflorescence or red flush; scarlatina. 

Scarp, n. [Fr. escaipe; It. Scarpa; from its sharp 
pitch.— See Sharp.] (Fort.) The slope on that 
side of a ditch which is next to a fortified place. 
—2, v. a. [ pp. scarping, scarped.] To form or 
cut down a slope. 

Scarped (skarpt), a. Steep ; sloping. 

Scath,' or Scathe, v. a. [A.-S. sceadan, to injure; 
Ger. & Dut. schaden, Dan. skada, to harm. — Cf. 
Skr. skhad, to cut.] [pp. scathing, scathed.] To 
injure ; to damage. — 2, n. [A.-S. sceada, harm. 
— Cf. Skr. kshati, hurting.] Injury ; damage. 

Scath'ing {or skiith'ing), o. Severe; harsh; vio- 

Scath'less, a. Without harm or damage. [lent. 

Scat'ter, v. a. [A frequentative, related to Sheo, 
and perhaps to Gr. o-K^odvvv^i, I scatter.] [pp. 
scattering, scattered.] To throw loosely about; 
to sprinkle ; to disperse ; to spread thinly.— 2, v. n. 
To be dissipated or dispersed. 



a, e, I, 5, 5, y, long ; a, e, 1, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



SCATTEKING 



479 



SCIOPTICS 



Scat'ter-ing, n. A sprinkling; dispersion. — 2, a. 
Disunited; dispersed; divided among various 
persons or things. 

Scav'en-ger, «. [Law Fr. (old) scavage, 0. E. 
shetrage, showing, inspection ; 0. Fr. scavager, 
an inspector (of customs, — later, of streets). The 
w is intrusive.] A cleaner of the streets. 

Scene (sen), n. [L. sceena, a stage, show, or ap- 
pearance ; Gr. aKrivri, a tent, stage, or scene ; 
Fr. scene.) The stage or the hangings of a thea- 
tre : — part of a play ; appearance :— exhibition 
of passion in a public body ; disorder. 

Sce'ne-rjr (s3'-), n. [L. scscnarius, belonging to a 
scene. J The appearance of a place or of objects ; 
landscape ; a representation. 

Scen'ic, a. [Gr. o-kt^iko?. — See Scene.] Kelating 
to scenes or scenery ; dramatic ; theatrical. 

Sce-nog'ra-phy. (se-), n. [Gr. o-K-qvr\, a scene, and 
ypa.<$>eiv, to portray.] The art of perspective. 

Scent (sent), n. [Fi\ sentir, to feel, to smell ; L. 
sentire, to perceive. — See Sense.] Smell; odor: — 
power to smell. — 2, v. a. [pp. scenting, scented.] 
To perceive by the nose; to smell : — to fill with 
odor; to perfume. 

Scent' less, a. Inodorous ; having no smell. 

Spep'tic, n. [L. scepticus, Gr. artceirTiKos, inquiring; 
o-Ke'7TTojtxai, I consider.] An adherent to the 
sceptical philosophy; a doubter; an infidel. — The 
old orthography of this word was sceptic, and it 
is so spelled in many of the dictionaries; but Dr. 
Johnson introduced the orthography of skeptic, 
and in this he has been followed by a large 
number of lexicographers. Sceptic is the pre- 
vailing orthography, and it is supported by the 
best usage. 

Spep'ti-cal, o. Doubting; not believing. 

Spep'ti-cal-ly, ad. In a sceptical manner. 

Spep'ti-cJsm, n. [Fr. scepticisme.] The philosophi- 
cal .system of Pyrrho; universal doubt :— disbe- 
lief of the truths of revelation ; infidelity. 

Scep'tre (sep'ter), u. [Fr. ; L. sceptirum, Gr. o-K^n-- 
rpoi>, a staff, a sceptre; o-KriirTeiv, to prop, to 
lean on.] The ensign of royalty. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
Bceptring, Bceptred.] To invest with royalty. 

Sphed'ule (sked'yul, shed'yul, or sed'yul), n. [L. 
schedula, dim. of scheda or scida, a leaf of paper; 
Gr. (rxe^Tj, a leaf or tablet ; L. scinderc, scidi, Gr. 
erx^eti/, to split; crxiS*?, a splint.] A small sheet 
or scroll ; a list ; an inventory ; a record ; a draft. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. scheduling, scheduled.] To place 
in a list or scroll. 

Spheme, n. [L. schema, Gr. o-xvf^^ form, figure ; 
base of ex et,/ > future erxwio, to have.] A com- 
bination of things adjusted by design ; a plan; 
a system; a project; a contrivance; a design; 
a diagram. — 2, o. a. & v. n. [pp. scheming, 
schemed.] To plan; to contrive. 

Sphem'er, or Sphem'ist, n. A projector. 

Sphir'rus (skir'nis), ». See Scirrhus. 

Schism (sizm), n. [L. schisma; Gr. (r\i<rixa ; <r\i<T- 
Hiaros, a split; ax^eiv, to cleave.]- A division, 
as in the church ; a separation from the church. 

Schls'ma-tic (siz'ma-tik or sjz-mat'ik), n. [Gr. 
crxtcrMo-Ti/co?. — See Schism.] One guilty of 
schism ; one who separates from the church. — 
2, a. Schismatical. 

Schis-mat'i-cal (siz-mat'e-kal), a. Implying or 
partaking of schism ; practising schism. 

Schist (shist), «. [Gr. o-x ia " r °s> easily cleft; <rxi- 
^et j/, to cleave.] (Min.) A slaty rock. 

Schis'tose (shis'tos), «. [Gr. crx t0 " T °s- — See Schist.] 
Relating to schist. 

Schis'tous (shis'tus), a. Same as Schistose. 

Spbol'ar (skol'lar), «. [L. scholaris, belonging to a 
school (q. v.) ; A.-S. scolere.] A pupil ; a learner; 
a student ; a disciple : — a man of learning. 

Sphol'ar-ly, a. Besoming a scholar. 

Sehol'ar-ship, n. Learning; literature. 

Spho-las'tic, n. [L. scholasticus ; Gr. o-xoAacrriKO?. 
— See School.) An adherent to the scholastic 
philosophy or theology ; a schoolman. — 2, o. 




Eelating to the theology of the Middle Ages; 
belonging to the schools; pedantic. 

Spho-las'ti-cal-ly, ad. In a scholastic manner. 

Spho-las'ti-clsm, n. Scholastic philosophy. 

Spho'lj-ast, w. [Gr. o-xoAiao-njs. — See Scholium.] 
A writer of explanatory notes. 

Spho'li-um (sko'le-um), n. ; pi. Sgho'li-a. [L. ; 
Gr. crxoAioy, a comment; dim. of erxoAJj, a dis- 
cussion. — See School.] An annotation ; an ex- 
planatory note. 

Sphool, n. [A.-S. scolu; L. schola; Gr. o-xoAij, 
leisure, discussion, — also, a school.] A place of 
education ; a seminary : — a shoal or drove of 
fishes. — 2, v. a. [pp. schooling, schooled.] To 
instruct; to train; to teach. 

Sphool'-bby, n. A boy that attends school. 

Sphoof -fel-low (skCl'fel-lo), n. One attending the 
same school ; a fellow-student. 

School' -house, n. A house of instruction. 

Sphool'ing, n. Instruction ; a reprimand. 

Sphool'inan, n. A scholastic divine. 

Sphool'-nias-ter, n. One who teaches a school. 

Sph661'-mate, '«. A school-feliow. [school. 

Sphool' -mis-tress, n- A female teacher oX a 

Sehoon'er, n. [A.-S. scu- 
nian, to shun, to flee; 
Norw. skunna, to hasten ; 
Scot, scon, to skip along 
the water, as a flat 
stone ; Dut. schooner, Ger. 
schoner, a schooner.] A 
small, sharp-built vessel 
with two or more masts. Schoouer. 

Schorl (shod), n. [Ger. 
schorl; Sw. skorl] A variety of tourmaline. 

Schot'tish, \n. [Ger. sc/tottiscfc, Scot- 

Schot'tische (shot'tish), J tish.] A dance resem- 
bling a polka; also the music. 

Sci-at'ic (si-), ) a. [Fr. sciutiqite, Late L. sciaticus, 

Sci-at'i-cal, J L. ischiadicus, Gr. i-axiaSiKos, sub- 
ject to pain in the loins; itrxtas, pain in the 
loins; icrx^oi', the hip-joint.] Relating to sci- 
atica, or to the hip; ischiatic ; ischiadic. 

Sci-at'i-ca (si-), n. Rheumatism or neuralgia in 
the hip or the sciatic nerve. 

Sci'ence (si-), n. [L. scientia ; sciere, part, sckntis, 
to know.] Knowledge ; knowledge methodically 
digested and arranged ; learning. 

Sci-en-tif ic (si-), a. [Fr. scieidifiqne ; Late L. sci- 
entificus, "made by science ; scientia, knowledge, 
and facere, to make.] Relating to science ; versed 
in science. 

Sci-en-tif i-cal-lx, ad. In a scientific manner. 

Sci'en-tist (si'en-tist), v. A scientific person ; one 
versed in a science or in several sciences. 

Scil'i-cet (sil'-), ad. [L. for scire licet, you may 
know.] Truly; to wit; namely. 

Scim'i-tar, n. See Cimeter and Scymitar. 

Scin-til'ia (sin-), n. [L. for " a spiark."] A gleam ; 
a Hash. ' 

Scin'til-lant, a. Sparkling; emitting sparks. 

Scin'til-late (sin'-), v. >t. [L. scintiUare, scintil- 
lutnm ; scintilla, a spark.] [pp. scintillating, scin- 
tillated.] To emit sparks ; to sparkle. 

Scin-til-la'tion (sin-), ». [L. sciutillalio, a spark- 
ling.'] The'act of sparkling. 

Scl'o-lism (si'-), n. Superficial knowledge. 

Sci'o-Hst (si'-), m. [L. sciolus, a smatterer ; dim. of 
scius, knowing.] One of superficial knowledge. 

Scl-o-lis'tie (si-), a. Of or pertaining to a scio- 
list; superficial. 

Sci'on (si'on), n. [Fr. scion, perhaps from scier, to 
saw ; L. secare, to cut.] A shoot or twig ; a graft : 
— a descendant. 

Sci-op'tic (si-), a. [Gr. o-kkx, a shadow, and birri- 
kos, optic (q. v.).\ Pertaining to the camera 
obscura. 

Scl-op'ti-con (si-), n. A form of camera obscura. 

Sci-op'tics. n. pi. The art of exhibiting images 
of external objects received through a double- 
convex glass into a dark room. 



mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— p, gt, c, §, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § at z ; ? as gz ; tnia. 



SCIKKHOSITY 



480 



SCRAMBLE 



Scir-rhos'i-ty. (skir-ros'e-te), n. State of being 
scirrhous ; an induration of a gland. 

Spir'rhous (sklr'rus), a. Hard ; resembling or 
partaking of the nature of scirrhus. 

Scir'rhus (skir'rus), ji. [Gr. o-/a'ppos or <r«tpos, a 
hard swelling; cr/cipos, bard.] A form of can- 
cerous tumor. 

Scis'sile (sis'sil), a. [L. scissilis ; scindere, scissum, 
to split.] Capable of being cut or split. 

Scis'sors (siz'zurz), n. pi. [Fr. ciseaux; 0. Fr. 
cisuires; L. csedere, to cut; shaped in English 
after L. scissor, a cutter; sciyidere, to cut.] A cut- 
ting instrument with two blades ; small shears. 

Scle-rot'ic, n. [Fr. scltrotique, the sclerotica; Gr. 
ovcAijpo?, hard ; (r/cArjpoTr)?, hardness.] A medi- 
cine which hardens : — the sclerotica. — 2, a. Re- 
lating to the sclerotica. 

Scle-rot'i-ca, n. [Neo-Latin.] (Anat.) One of the 
membranes of the eye : — called also sclerotic. 

Scoff, v. a. & v. n. [0. Fris. schof, Icel. skaup or 
shop, a scoff; 0. Dut. schobben, Icel. slcopa, to 
scoff: perhaps akin to Shove.] [pp. scoffing, 
scoffed.] To mock; to deride ; to ridicule. — 2, n. 
An expression of scorn or contempt ; derision ; 
mockery; ridicule; a jeer. 

Scoffer, n. One who scoffs ; a scorner. 

Scold, v. n. & v. a. [Dut. scheldan, past tense 
schold; Ger. schelten, past tense schalt: akin to 
Ger. schallen, Sw. sJcalla, to resound.] [pp. scold- 
ing, scolded.] To rail with ill humor; to quar- 
rel ; to brawl; to chide; to rate. — 2, n. A 
clamorous, rude, vulgar woman. 

Scold' ing, n. Clamorous, rude language. 

Scol'lop, n. A shell-fish. See Scallop. 

Scol-o-pen'dra, n. [L. scolopendru ; Gr. <r/coAo7rev- 
6pa; a-Ko\o\p, a prickle.] A venomous centipede. 

Sconce, n. [Late L. absconsa, a dark-lantern ; 0. Fr. 
esconse ; L. ubs, away, and condere, 
to hide.] A branched candlestick : 
— [Dut. scltans, Sw. skans, Ger. 
schanze, a fort; 0. Fr. esconser, to 
hide, to ensconce one's self; L. 
abscondere, ubsconsnw, to abscond 
(q. v.), to hide] a fort : — a fixed seat 
or shelf: — the head ; sense :^a fine. 

Scoop, n. [Sw. slcopa, 0. Dut. schvppe, 
a scoop; Dan. skufi'e, Ger. schuppe, Sconce 
a shovel. — Cf. Gr. o-kv$>o<;, a cup, 
o-KonrreLv, to dig.] A kind of large ladle; a 
sweep. — 2, v. a. [pp. scooping, scooped.] To 
lade out : — to cut hollow. [of a river. 

Sc66p'-net, n. A net formed to sweep the bottom 

Scope, n. [It. scopo, scope, intent; Gr. <tko7t6s, a 
spy, atceTTTOixat, to see.] Tendency; design; final 
end ; intention ; drift : — amplitude ; room ; space ; 
extent. 

Scor-bu'tic, la. [Late L. scorbidus, scurvy (q. v.) ; 

Scor-bu'ti-cal, j Ger. scharbock, Low Ger. schar- 
buuh, scurvy, — originally a rupture ; Ger. sche- 
ren, Dut. scheuren, to split or rend, and Dut. bail; 
Low Ger. brink, Ger. bauch, the belly.] Relating 
to, or diseased with, the scurvy. 

Scbrch, v. a. [Fr. ecorcher, Sp. escorchar, Late L. 
excorticare, to take oft' the skin ; L. ex, off, and 
cortex, corticis, the skin, or scortum, tbe skin.] 
[?)/». scorching, scorched.] To burn superfi- 
cially ; to burn.— 2, v. n. To be burnt super- 
ficially or slightly. 

Score, n. [A.-S. scor, twenty, from sceran, to cut, 
to shear (9. v.); Icel. skor, Dan. skaar, a notch.] 
A notch ; a long incision : — a line drawn : — an 
account kept by marks :— a mark : — account : — 
reason ; sake : — twenty : — a musical transcript 
or composition. — 2, v. a. [pp. scoring, scored.] 
To cut ; to engrave : — to mark by a line : — to set 
down, as a debt : — to castigate. 

Sco'ri-a, n. ; pi. Sco'ri-ae. [L. ; Gr. aittopla., dross; 
o-K.u>p, A.-S. sceam, dung.] Dross; recrement; 
slag; volcanic cinders. 

Sco-ri-a'ceous (-shus). a. Relating to dross. 

Sco-ri-fi-ca'tion, n. Reduction into dross. 




contemptuous. 




Scorpion. 



Sco'ri-fy, v. a. [Fr. scorifier ; L. scoria, dross, and 
fieri, to become.] [pp. scorifying, scorified.] To 
reduce to scoria or dross. 

Scorn, v. a. [It. scherno, 0. Fr. escarn, scorn ; 
0. Ger. skern, mockery ; skernon, to mock : — prob- 
ably related to A.-S. sceam, Icel. skarn, dung.] 
[pp. scorning, scorned.] To despise ; to disdain ; 
to contemn. — 2, n. Contempt ; disdain ; derision. 

Scorn' er, n. A contemner ; a despiser ; a scoffer. 

Scorn' ful, a. Full of scorn ; 

Scbrn'ful-lx, ad. Con- 
temptuously. 

Scor'pi-on, n. [L. scorpio ; 
Gr. o-Kopn-tos, sharp, — 
also a scorpion.] A ven- 
omous articulate ani- 
mal. 

Scbr'ta-to-ry, a. [L. scortator, a fornicator; scor- 
tum,SL harlot.] Relating to lewdness. 

Scot, n. [L. Scotus.] A native of Scotland :— [A.-S. 
scot, payment; Dut. schot; Icel. skot; Ger. schoss); 
0. Fr. escot: akin to Shoot and Shot] a pay- 
ment ; a tax. — Scot and lot, parish payments. 

Scotch, a. Relating to Scotland ; Scottish. — 2, n. 
A drag or brake applied to a wheel in descend- 
ing a declivity: — [see Scutch] a slight cut; 
a shallow incision. — 3, v. a. [pp. scotching, 
scotched.] To stop a wheel by a stone, &c. : — to 
cut with small incisions. 

Scotch/man, n. A man born in Scotland. 

Scot'-free\ a. Without payment; untaxed : — un- 

Scots'man, n. . A Scotchman. [hurt ; safe. 

Scot'ti-ci§m, n. A Scottish phrase or idiom. 

Sc5t't|sh, a. Relating to Scotland ; Scotch. 

Scbun'drel, n. [A.-S. scunian, to shun ; Scot, scun- 
ner, to loathe : it seems to have meant at first a 
coward, one who shuns danger, — also one who ex- 
cites disgust and loathing.] A rascal ; a villain ; 
a worthless fellow. — 2, a. Base; disgraceful. 

Scbur, v. a. [Sw. skura; Dan. skure ; 0. Fr. es- 
curer : referred to L. excurare, to take care of, or 
L. excoriare, to peel. —See Excoriate.] [pp. 
scouring, scoured.] To rub with something 
rough or hard ; to clean ; to purge ; to cleanse : 
— to range over.— 2, v. n. To be purged: — to 
rove. — 3, n. The wearing effect of a current or 
tide.— -pi. A diarrhoea. 

Scourge (skiirj), n. [Fr. ecourgce, esconrgee; It. 
scoreggia, scuriada, a scourge ; L. excoriala, flayed 
off.— hence a thong of leather.— See Excukiate.] 
A whip; a lash; a thong : — a punishment; af- 
fliction: — a scourger. — 2, v. a. [pp. scourging, 
scourged.] To whip; to punish ; to chastise. 

Scout, n. [Fr. ecoule, 0. Fr. escoute, a spy, a lis- 
tener; Fr. ecouter, L. auscultare, to listen. — See 
Auscultation.] One who is sent privily to ob- 
serve the motions or state of an enemy ; a 6py. 
— 2, v. a. [Icel. skuta, a taunt; skota, to push: 
akin to Shoot.] [pp. scouting, scouted.] To re- 
ject with contempt; to hoot away; to ridicule: 
— to travel over. — 3, v. n. To act as a scout : — to 
sneer. 

Scow, n. [Dut. schouw : probably related to Shove.] 
A flat-bottomed boat. 

Scowl, v. n. [Dut. skule, to scowl ; Low Ger. 
schulen. to hide the eyes : akin to Skulk.] [pp. 
scowling, scowled.] To look angry, sour, or 
sullen.— 2, n. A look of sullen uess or discon- 
tent; a frown. 

Scrag, n. [Gael, sgreag, to shrivel ; Local Sw. 
skraka, a dry tree, a lean man ; Norw. skrekka, to 
shrink.] Any thing thin or lean :— the neck. 

Scrag'fed, a. Rough; uneven; scraggy. 

Scrag'fed-ness, 1 n. State of being scraggy ; lean- 

Scrag'fi'-ness, Jness; roughness. 

Scrag'li-ly, ad. Roughly ; meagrely. 

Scrag'ly, a. [Local Sw. skrugeg, crooked ; Norw. 
skrokken, wrinkled; Gael, sgreagach, drj r . — See 
Scrag.] Lean; thin; rough; rugged. 

Scram'ble, v. a, [A nasalized form of Scrabble, 
which is a frequentative of Scrape.] [pp. scram- 



a, e, 1, 0, S, y, long; a, e, 1, o, fl, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



SCRAP 



481 



SCUD 



foling, scrambled.] To mix in a confused manner 
while being cooked, as eggs. — 2, v. n. To catch 
at any thing eagerly; to struggle; to try to 
climb; to climb or clamber. — 3, n. Eager con- 
test ; struggle ; a climb. 
Scrap, u. [Icel. skrup, Dan. skrab, scrapings; 
slcrabe, to scrape (q. v.).] A particle ; apiece; a 
fragment. [or small pieces. 

Scrap'-book (-bfik), n. A book composed of scraps 

Scrape, v. a. [Icel. skrapa, Dan. skrabe, Dut. 
schrapen, to scrape; A.-S. scearpkm, to scratch; 
scearp, sharp.] [pp. scraping, scraped.] To pare 
lightly ; to rub : — to collect. — 2, v. n. To make 
a harsh noise. — 3, n. The act, or the noise, of 
scraping: — difficulty; perplexity; distress. 

Scrap'er, n. One who scrapes : — an instrument 
for scraping : — a miser : — a vile fiddler. 

Scrap' -iron (-I'urn), n. Iron in small pieces. 

Scrap'py, a. Composed of scraps. 

Scratch, v. a. [0. E. scratteu and craccken, to 
scratch; Dan. skrude, to creak; Sw. kratsa, to 
scrape ; krutta, Dut. krassen, Ger. kratzen, to 
scratch ; root kar and skar, to cut.] [pp. scratch- 
ing, scratched.] To tear; to wound; to tear or 
rub with the nails, Ac. — 2, n. A slight wound ; 
a laceration : — a wig.— pi. A disease in horses' 
feet. 

Scrawl, v. a. & v. n. [Probably for scribble: af- 
fected by Local Eng. scrawl, to crawl.] [pp. 
scrawling, scrawled.] To draw or write clum- 
sily. — 2, n. Unskilful and inelegant writing. 

Scraw'ny, a. [Icel. skran, Scot, scran, refuse.] 
Lean ; meagre. 

Screak, v. n. [Imitative. — See Screech, Creak, 
Squeak, and Shriek.] [pp. screaking, screaked.] 
To make a shrill noise. — 2, n. A screech ; a 
shriek. 

Scream, v. n. [Icel. skrsema, Sw. skr'dma, Dan. 
skrmma, to scare ; Sw. skriin, a scream : root of 
Ger. schreien, to cry : imitative.] [pp. screaming, 
screamed.] To cry out, as in terror or agony. — 
2, n. A shrill, quick, loud cry ; a shriek. 

Screech, v. n. [Icel. skrsekja, Sw. skrika, Dan. 
skrige, Gael, sjreach, Welsh ysgrechio, to screech : 
imitative.] [pp. screeching, screeched.] To 
cry out; to scream. — 2, n. A cry of horror and 
anguish. 

Screech'-b<vl, n. An owl that hoots by night. 

Screed, n. [A.-S. screade, a strip, a piece. — Cf. 
Shred.] A wooden rule for running mould- 
ings :— a harangue ; a piece of poor prose or 
verse. 

Screen, n. [Fr. ecran, a 
screen ; Ger. schranne, a 
railing ; Czech schrana, 
a screen.] Something to 
intercept light or heat: 
— a thing that affords 
shelter: — a sieve. — 2, id 
v. a. [pp. screening, 
screened.] To protect 
from heat, light, or cold 
shield : — to sift. 

Screw (skru), n. [Fr. ecron; 0. Fr. escrou; Ger. I 
schranbe; Dut. schroef; Sw. skruf; Dan. skrue : 
all from L. scrobs, a hole.] A cylinder grooved i 
spirally: — one of the mechanical powers for 
pressing : — a screw-propeller : — a vicious horse : 
— a covetous person. — 2, v. a. [pp. screwing, 
screwed.] To turn or fasten with a screw : — to j 
force ; to squeeze ; to press ; to oppress : — to ex- 
amine severely. [screws. 

Screw'-driv-er (skru'-), n. A tool for turning 

Screwing (s'kru'jng), a. Oppressive; hard; ex- 
acting. 

Screw-pine', n. A tropical tree of various species. 

Screw'-pro-pel'ler, n. An instrument for propel- 
ling vessels at sea, consisting of two or more 
twisted blades set on an axis running parallel 
with the keel and revolving beneath the water; 
the vessel thus propelled. 



If 




911 




i 


-.**:.'< 


| Vf 


V I j 




J 






uTl 





to shelter; to hide; to 



Scrlb'ble, n. [A frequentative : root of Scribe.] 
Worthless, careless writing. — 2, v. a. & v. u. [pp. 
scribbling, scribbled.] To write carelessly. 

Scrlb'bler, n. A worthless author or writer. 

Scribe, n. [L. scriba, a writer ; scribere, scriptum, 
Ger. schreiben, to write.] A Jewish teacher of the 
law : — & writer; a clerk : — a public notary. — 
1,v.-a. [pp. scribing, scribed.] To mark or ad- 
just with compasses. 

Scrim'mage, n. [See Skirmish.] A skirmish, 
fight, or struggle. [Low or colloq.] 

Scrimp, v. a. [A.-S. scrimman, to shrink (q. v.). — 
Cf. Crimp.] [pp. scrimping, scrimped.] To- 
make scant; to spare. — 2, n. A niggard; a 
miser. — 3, a. Scanty. 

Scrip, n. [Icel. skreppa ; Sw. skrappa ; Low Ger. 
schrap, a scrip : akin to Scrap, a piece or shred.] 
A small bag : — [the same as Scripi] a schedule ; 
a small writing : — a certificate of stock. 

Script, n. [L. scriptuni, written ; scribere, to write.] 
An imitation of wiiting iu print. 

Script'ii-ral (skript'yur-al), o. Contained in, or 
in accordance with, the' Bible; biblical. 

Scrlpt'ure (skript'yur), v. [L. scrij'tura, a writing; 
scribere, to write.] Writing: — the sacred writ- 
ings; the Holy Scriptures; the Bible. 

Scrive'ner (skriv'ner) [skriv'in-er, Ja. Sm.), n. 
[Fr. ecrivain, Sp. escribano, It. scricano, Late L. 
scribanus, a notary; L. scriba, a scribe (q. v.).] 
One who draws contracts, <ic. : — a sort of 
money-broker. 

Scrof'u-la, n. [L. ; dim. of scrofa, a swine ; per- 
haps from the swollen appearance of scrofulous 
glands.] (Med.) A chronic disease, vulgarly 
called the kiiufs eril ; struma. 

Scrof'u-lous, a. Diseased with the scrofula. 

Scroll, n. [Fr. ticrou, a list ; O. Fr. escroue, escroele, 
a strip ; Icel. skra, a writing; 0. Dut. schroode, a 
strip, a shrei : the idea of a roll or twist seems to 
have come through confusion of the French with 
^crou, a screw.] A writing formed into a roll. 

Scro'tum, n. [L.] The pouch in which are the 
teste's. 

Scrub, v. a. [Dut. schrobben ; Dan. skrubbe ; Sw. 
skrubba: root of SHRUB: brushes were made of 
twigs.] [}ip. scrubbing, scrubbed.] To rub hard 
with something coarse. — 2, v. v. To work and 
fare hard. — 3, n. A worn-out broom : — one who 
works hard and tares ill; a drudge : — [A.-S. 
scrobb, a shrub (q. v.)] low-growing hard-wood; 
dense underwood. — 4, a. Mean; inferior: — 
dwarfish; stunted. 

Scrub'by, a. Like a 6crub; mean ; vile : — covered 
with scrub or dense underwood. 

Scrub'-oak (skrul/ok), n. A name common to 
several species of oak of low growth. 

Scru'ple, n. [L. scrxpulus, a sharp stone, — hence a 
small weight, — also an annoyance, difficulty, a 
stone in one's shoe; scrupus, a stone.] A doubt; 
perplexity; difficulty: — a weight of twenty 
grains. — 2, v. n. & v. a. [pp. scrupling, scru- 
pled.] To doubt ; to hesitate. 

Scru-pi-los'i-ty, n. [L. scmpulosilas.] Quality 
of being scrupulous ; doubt ; conscientiousness. 

Scru'pu-loiis, a. [L. scrupulosvs.] Nicely doubt- 
ful ; careful; conscientious; precise; cautious. 

Scru'pu-lous-ly, ad. Carefully ; anxiously. 

Scru'pu-lous-ness, n. Scrupulosity. 

Scru'ti-nize, e. a. [pp. scrutinizing, scrutinized.] 
To search closely ; to examine critically. 

Scru'ti-ny, v. [L. scruHnium, a search ; scrulari, to 
search, — literally, to search even to the rags; 
semta, trash, rags.] A strict search ; an exami- 
nation; careful inquiry. 

Scru-toire' (skru-twiir'), n. [See Escritoire.] A 
case of drawers for writing: an escritoire. 

Scud, v. v. [A variant of Colloq. Eng. scoot, to 
run away, and a form of Shoot. — Cf. Sw. sfoitta, 
to leap.] [pp. scudding, scudded.] To flee; to 
run away with speed.— 2, n. A cloud swiftly 
driven ; misl. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. 



-9,9, 
41 



f , soft; p, £}, p, g, hard; s as z ; x as gz ; this. 



SCUFFLE 



482 



SEAKCHING 



Scuffle. n. [A frequentative form of Shove.] A 
confused contest between persons struggling 
against each other ; a quarrel. — 2, v. n. [pp. scut- 
tling, scuffled.] To strive or struggle roughly. 

Scuf fler, n. One who scuffles : — a garden-tool. 

Sculk, 'c. n. [pp. sculking, sculked.] • To lurk se- 
cretly. See skulk. 

Scull, n. [Icel. skal, a hollow ; Sw. skal, a bowl : 
sculls were originally hollowed, spoon-shaped 
oars.] A boat ; an oar : — the skull. See Skull. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. sculling, sculled.] To impel a 
boat by an oar. 

Scull' er, n. One who sculls : — a cockboat. 

Sciil'ler-y, n. [A.-S. swillian, Dan. skglle, Icel. 
skohi, to wash; Norwegian skcul, dish-water.] 
A place for kitchen-utensils. 

Scull'ion (skul'yun), n. [0. Fr. escouillon, escou- 
villon, a dishcloth; Sp. escobillon, a cannon- 
sponge; escobilla, a brush; escoba, a broom; L. 
scopa, twigs, a broom.] A kitchen-servant. 

Scul'pin, n. [L. scolopendra, a centipede, — also a 
certain sea-fish. — See Scolopendra.] An ill- 
looking fish. 

Sculp' tor, n. [L. — See Sculpture.] A carver of 
stone or wood. 

Sculpt'u-ral, a. Eelating to sculpture. 

Sculpt'ure t,sktilpt'yur), u. [L. sculptura ; sculpere 
(also sculpere), to carve.] Art of carving in 
wood, stone, &c. ; engraving; carved work. — 

2, v. a. [jjp. sculpturing, sculptured.] To carve ; 
to cut out. 

Scum, n. [Dan. & Sw. sham: Ger. schaum; Fr. 
ecume. — See Skim.] What rises to the top of 
any liquor. — 2, v. a. [pp. scumming, scummed.] 
To clear off the scum ; to skim. 

Scup'per-nong, n. [An aboriginal name.] A va- 
riety'of the American muscadine <r Southern 
fox-grape :— a wine from the same grape. 

Scup'per§, v. pi. [Sp. & 0. Fr. tseupir. Roumanian 
scuipire, L. exspnere, to spit out. — See Spew.] 
Small holes in a ship's sides. 

Scurf, v. [A.-S. scurf and sceorfa, scurf; sceorfan, 
to scrape; Dan. skurv, Dut. schurft, Ger. schorf, 
scurf; schurfen, to scratch.] A kind of dry scab ; 
dandruff. 

Scurf i-ness, n. The state of being scurfy. 

Scurfy, a. Having scurf, scabs, or scales. 

Scur'rile, a. Low ; opprobrious ; scurrilous. 

Scur-ril'i-ty, n. [L. scurrilitas.] Vulgar or abusive 
language. 

Scur'ril-ous, a. [L. scuirilis; scurra, a buffoon, — 
also a fop.] Grossly opprobrious; coarse; foul; 
abusive ; opprobrious ; reproachful. 

Scur'ril-ous-ly, ad. With gross reproach. 

Scur'ril-ous-nlss. n. Scurrility; vulgarity. 

Sciir'vi-ly, ad. Vilely; basely; coarsely. 

Sciir'vi-ne'ss, n. State of being scurvy. 

Sciir'vy, a. [From Scurf; Sw. skorcig ; skorf, 
scurf.'] Scabbed ; scurfy : — mean ; vile ; bad ; 
worthless.— 2, n. [Late L. scorbidus.— See Scor- 
butic] A disease incident to seamen, &c. 

Scu'tate. a. [L. scutatus ; scidum, a shield.] {Zoo'l.) 
Protected by scales.— {Bot.) Formed like a round 
buckler. 

Scutch, r. a. [Xorw. skoka, a flax-swingle; Sw. 
s&a&fa, to swingle.] [pp. scutching, scutched.] 
To break and dress, as flax. 

Sciitch'eon (skutsh'un), n. [See Escutcheon.] A 
shield ; the ensigns armorial of a family. 

Scu'ti-fbrm. a. [L. scutum, a shield, and forma, 
form.] Shaped like a shield. 

Scut'tle, n. [A.-S. sadel, a dish ; L. scidella or scu- 
tida, a salver; scuta or scidra, a tray.] A basket; 
a grate :— a quick pace ; a short run :— a pail or 
vessel for coals :— [Fr. ecoutille, Sp. escotilla, a 
hatchway; escatar, to cut outl an opening or 
hole in a ship's side or deck, or in the roof of 
a house. — 2, v. a. [pp. scuttling, scuttled.] To 
sink a ship by cutting holes in the bottom. — 

3, v. n. [A frequentative of Scud.] To run 
with haste. 



hir; sham, ,, 

r, a lion.] v NY 

sword:— ^-- :: ^__ ; ^p=^\ 
tetar, cimi- ^ ~"tj 



Scym'i-tar (sim'-), n. [Fr. cimeterre ; It. scimi- 
tarra; Per. shimshir; sham, 
a claw, and sher, 
A short Turkish 
written also scimetar, 
ter, and trimeter. 

Scythe (sith), n. [A.-S. side, 
sigde, a scythe ; Icel. sigdr, a sickle; Ger. sense, 
0. Ger. seyisna, segensa, a scythe; root of Saw.] 
An instrument for mowing grass. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
scything, scythed] To cut with a scythe ; to mow. 

Se-. A Latin prefix, implying separation : akin 
to sed, but : the prefix is written also sed- ; prob- 
ably related to L. ablative se, by one's self. 

Sea (se), n. [A.-S. sse, a sea or lake ; Dut. zee, 
Goth, saiics, Ger. see, a lake, the sea.] A larjre 
body of salt water ; the ocean ; a body of water : 
— surge ; a wave. 

Sea'-a-nem'o-ne, n. A species of polyp. 

Sea'-beat (se'bet), \a. Beaten by the waves 

Sea'-beat-en (se'be-tn), J of the sea. 

Sea'board, n. [Sea, and Fr. bord, the shore.] The 
sea-coast ; the region near the sea. 

Sea' -coal, n. Pit-coal ; coal brought by sea. 

Sea'-cb-ft, n. The manatee : — the walrus. 

Sea'far-er, n. A mariner; a sailor. 

Sea'far-ing, a. Employed as a seaman : — pertain- 
ing to seamanship. 

Sea'-g'irt (se'g'irt), a. Encircled by the sea. 

Sea'-go-ing, a. Going to sea; seafaring. 

Sea'-green, a. Having the color of sea-water. 

Sea' -horse (se'hbrs), n. The morse; the walrus. 

Seal, n. [0. Fr. seel, Fr. sceau, Ger. siegel, Sp. 
sigilo, sello, L. sigillum, a seal, dim. of signitm, a 
sign.] An engraved 6tamp for making an im- 
pression, as on wax: — wax impressed: — con- 
firmation.— (Zool.) [A.-S. seolh; Dan. ssel; Sw. 
ejal.~] A marine quadruped. — 2, v. a. [pp. seal- 
ing, sealed.] To fasten with a seal ; to mark : — 
to confirm ; to ratify : — to close ; to shut. 

Seal'er, n. One who seals : — an officer who exam- 
ines and tests weights and measures : — a ship 
engaged in taking seals. [skins, or furs. 

Seal'ing, n. The capture of seals for their oil, 

Seal'ing-wax, ». Wax used to seal letters. 

Sea'-H-on, n. A kind of seal. 

Seam, n. [A.-S. seam; Dut. zoom; Dan. som; Ger. 
saum : root of Sew.] The suture of two edges 
of cloth sewed together: — a juncture of two 
planks : — a crevice or fissure : — a scar : — a thin 
bed; a layer : — [A.-S. seam, Ger. sauiv, L. sagma, 
a horse-load ; Gr. cray/ota, a pack-saddle] a meas- 
ure; eight bushels of corn. — 2, v. a. [pp. seam- 
ing, seamed.] To join together; to mark ; to scar. 

Sea'man (se'man), n. A sailor ; a mariner. 

Sea'm^n-ship, "h. The skill of a good seaman. 

Sea'-niew, n. [So called from its cry.] A fowl 
that frequents the sea. 

Seam'less, a. Having no seam. 

Sea'-mon-ster, n. A strange animal of the sea. 

Seam' stress "[sem'stres, P. E. Wb. I.], n. [A.-S. 
seamestr'e, ssemestres. — See Seam.] A woman who 
sews : — written also sempstress and eemstress. 

Seam'y, a. Having a seam; showing seams. 

Seance (sa-ons), n. [Fr.] A sitting; a session, 
as of a company or a public body. 

Sea'port, n. A harbor or port for ships ; a haven. 

Sear, a. [A.-S. searian, to dry up; 0. Dut. sore, 
zoor, Low Ger. soar, dry.] Dry; withered ; not 
green. — 2, v. a. [pp. searing, seared.] To burn; 
to cauterize : — to harden to dryness; to wither. 

Search (serch), v. a. [0. Fr. cercher, Fr. chercher, 
It. cercare, to search ; L. circare, to go around, 
to explore; circus, a circle (q. v. 1 ).] [pp. search- 
ing, searched.] To examine ; to try ; to explore ; 
to inquire; to seek for; to hunt: — to probe. — 

2, v. n. To make a search; to seek; to try. — 

3, ». Inquiry; quest; pursuit. 
Search'er, n. An examiner; an inquirer. 

j Search' i'ng, a. Examining closely; exploring; 
I probing; penetrating. 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, l, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



SEAECH-WAKKANT 



483 



SECUEITY 



Search'-war-rant (-wor-rant), n. (Law.) A war- 
rant or writ, granted by a magistrate, for search- 
ing a house, &c, for stolen goods. 

Sea'-room, it. Open sea; spacious main. 

Sea'-ser-vice (sS'ser-vis), it. Naval service. 

Sea' -shell, n. A shell founi on the shore. 

Sea'-shore, n. The coast of the sea. 

Sea'-slck, a. Affected by sea-sickness. 

Sea'-sick-ness, n. A sickness to which most per- 
sons are subject upon first going to sea. 

Sea' -side (se'sM), n. The region near the sea. 

Sea'son (se'zn), n- [Fr. saison; L. satio, a sow- 
ing, — later, sowing-time; serere, satiim, to sow.] 
One of the four parts of the year, namely, 
spring, summer, autumn, winter: — a lime; a fit 
time; an opportunity. — 2, v. a, [pp. seasoning, 
seasoned.] To give a relish to; to imbue: — to 
fit for use ; to mature ; to inure. — 3, v. n. To 
become mature or fit. 

Sea'son-a-ble (s5'zn-a-bl), a. Done or happening 
at the proper time ; 'opportune ; timely. 

Sea'§on-a-bly, ad. Opportunely. 

Sea'son-ing (se'zn-iug), n. Process of inuring; 
that which seasons ; a condiment. 

Sea'-spi-der, n. One of a family of marine spider- 
like crabs : — called also spider-crab. 

Seat, w. [A.-S. set; Icel. sseli; Dan. ssede. — See 
Sit.] That on which one sits ; a chair; a stool : 
— a residence; mansion; situation; site. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. seating, seated.] To place on seats: to fix. 

Sea'-ur-chin, n. The echinus, a spiny sea-animal. 

Sea'ward, a. Directed toward the sea. — 2, ad. 
Toward the sea. 

Sea'-wa-ter, n. The salt water of the sea. 

Sea'-weed, a. A marine plant; alga. 

Sea'-wor-tfiy (s5'wur-the), o. Fit to go to sea; 
able to hear a voyage at sea. 

Se-ba'ceous (se-bu'shus), a. [L. sebum, fat. — See 
"Suet.] Relating to fat ; fatty. 

Se'cant, n. [L. secans, cutting; secare, to cut.] A 
line cutting another:— a line drawn from the 
centre of a circle, through the extremity of an 
arc, and limited by the tangent passing through 
the other extremity. — 2, a. Cutting; dividing, 
as a line. 

Se-cede', 0. n. [L. secedere, secessvm, to depart; 
'se-, apart, and cedere, to go.] [pp. seceding, 
seceded.] To withdraw from fellowship; to re- 
tire ; to depart ; to recede. 

Se-ced'er, v. One who secedes; a dissenter. 

Se-ces'sion (se-sesh'un), n. [L. secessio.— See Se- 
ckdk.] The act of seceding; withdrawal :— per- 
sons seceding. 

Se-ces'sion-ist (se-sesh'un-Tst), n. One who se- 
cedes : — one who believes in the right of seces- 
sion. — 2, a. Of or relating to secession. 

Se-clude', v. a. [L. sccludere, seclusum, to shut off; 
se-, apart, and clandere, elansnm, to shut.] [pp. 
secluding, secluded.] To shut up apart; to 
separate. 

Se-clud'ed, p. a. Retired ; remote. . 

Se-clu'si'on, ». [Si e :Secixde.] Act of secluding ; 
state of being secluded; separation; privacy; 
retirement. 

Sec'ond, a. [Fr. second, L. seaindns, second : root 
<>f seijui, to follow.] Next in order to the first; 
inferior.— 2, n. One who attends another in a 
duel: — a supporter: — the sixtieth part of a 
minute. — 3, v. a. [pp. seconding, seconded.] 
To support ; to assist. ; to forward ; to encourage : 
— to follow next. 
Sec'ond-a-ri-ly, ad. In the second order. 
Sec'ond-a-ry, a. [L. secundarius ; Fr. secondaire.] 

Not primary ; second ; subordinate. 
Sec'ond-er, w. One who seconds. 
Seo'ond-hand, n. Possession after the possession 
of the same, thing by another. — 2, a. Not 
original ; not new. 
Sec'ond-ly. ad. In the second place. 
Sec'ond-rate, ». The second order in worth. — 
2, a. Second in value or worth. 



See'ond§, w. pi. A coarse kind of flour ; any thing 
of second quality. 

Sec'ond-slght. n. The supposed faculty or power 
of seeing or knowing things future. 

Se'cre-cy, »• Privacy; solitude; seclusion. 

Se'crefc^a. [L. secretus, separate, apart, secret; 
secernere, secretum, to separate ; se-, apart, and 
cernere, to separate.] Kept hidden; concealed; 
private ; not known ; not revealed ; clandestine. 
— 2, n. A thing unknown or hidden. 

Sec're-ta-ri-at, or Sec-re-ta'ri-at, it. The depart- 
ment or office of a secretary! 

Sec're-ta-ry, n. [L. secretarium, a secret place; 
Lat'e L. secretarius, a confidential officer ; Fr. 
secretaire, a clerk, a desk.] An officer who man- 
ages the business of a society or company ; a 
high officer of state: — a writer; a scribe: — a 
desk. [pents. 

Sec're-ta-ry-bi'rd, n. A bird which devours ser- 

Sec're-ta-ry-ship, ?*. The office of a secretary-. 

Se-crete*', v. a. [L. secernere, secretum, to separate. 
' — See Secret.] [pp. secreting, secreted.] To 
hide; to conceal: — to separate, as from the blood. 

Se-cre'tion, «. [L. secretio, separation.] The act of 
secreting ; separation : — that which is secreted. 

Se-cre'tive, a. Disposed to secrete ; characterized 
by secretiveness. 

Se-cre'tive-ness, n. A disposition to conceal or 
"keep secret. 

Se'cret-ly, ad. Privately; privily. 

Se'cret-nSss, n. State of being secret. 

Se-crl'to-ry, or Se'cre-to-ry, a. [Fr. secretaire.] 
Performing secretion ; secreting. 

Sect. n. [L. secta, a beaten way,— also, a party, a 
following; from sequi, frequentative seetari, to 
follow: more generally derived from s 
tarn, to cut.] A body of men united in tenets or 
following some teacher; a denomination. 

Sec-ta'ri-an, n. One of. a sect or party.— 2, a. 
Relating to a sect or sectary. 

Sec-ta'ri-an-ism, n. Devotion to a sect. 

Sec'ta-ry, n. [Fr. sect/ire. — See Sect.] A follower 
of a sect; a sectarian. 

Sec'tile, a. [L. eeclilia; secare, section, to cut.] 
That may be cut or divided. 

Sec'tion, n. [L. . sectum, to cut.] The 

act of cutting: — a separate part; division of a 
book : — the mark thus [§]. 

Sec'tion-al, a. Relating to a section ; partial. 

Sec'tion-al-ism, «. Sectional feeling; a prefer- 
ence for one section of a country over others. 

SeVtor, «. [L. for "a cutter." "a sector:'' secare, 
sectum, to cut.] (Geom.) A portion of the area 
of a circle, bounded by two radii and the inter- 
cepted arc : — a mathematical instrument. 

Sec'u-lar, a. [L. ssecularis, recurring after a long 
time,— later, worldly ; sseeuhum, an age, a gen- 
eration, — later, worldliness.] Not spiritual; 
worldly; civil: — not bound by monastic rules. 
— 2, n. A church officer :— a layman. [ideas. 

Sec'u-lar-ism, n. Rejection or neglect of religious 

Sec'u-lar-ist, it. One devoted to secularism : — 
one who rejects every form of religion ; one who 
opposes the teaching of religion in schools. 

Sec-u-lar'i-ty, it. State of being secular. 

Sec-u-lar-j-za'tion, n. The act of secularizing. 

Sec'u-lar-ize, v. a. [Fr. seculariser.] [pp. secu- 
larizing, secularized.] To make secular; to con- 
vert from spiritual to common use. 

Sec'u-lar-ly, ad. In a worldly manner. 

Sec'nn-dine, n. [L. secundinse. — See Seconp.] 
After-birth; placenta. 

Se-cur'a-ble, a. That may be secured. 

Se-cure', a. [L. secunis ; se-, without, and cura, 
care.] Free from fear or danger; safe. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. securing, secured.] To make secure ; to free 
from danger ; to protect : to insure ; to guarantee. 

Se-cure'ly, ad. Without danger or fear; safely. 

Se-cu'ri-ty, n. [D. securilas ,■ Fr. seenrite. — See Se- 
cure.] He who or that which secures ; deposit; 
pledge ; protection ; safety ; confidence. 



nien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 9, 9, 9, §, soft ; p, £, c, §, hard ; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



SEDAN 



484 



SELECTOR 




Se-dan', n. [Named from the town of that name 
in Fiance.] A portable cov- 
ered vehicle or chair for car- 
rying a single person. 

Se-date', a. [L. sedare, to set- 
tle ; sedatus, st ttled ; sedere, to 
sit(q. v.).] Calm; quiet; still; 
unruffled; composed; undis- 
turbed ; tranquil ; serene. 

Se-date'ly, ad. In a 6edate Sedan. 

'manner; calmly. 

Se-date'ness, n. Calmness; serenity. 

Sed'a-tive, a. [Fr. sedatif; L. sedare, to settle.] 
Assuaging; composing.'— 2, n. Any thing that 
assuages ; a soothing medicine. 

Sed'en-ta-ry, a. [L. sedentarius, sitting; sedere 
(part, sedentis), to sit (q. v.).] Occupied in sit- 
ting; sitting much; inactive; motionless. 

Sed|;e, n. [A.-S. secg ; Low Ger. segge. — Cf. A.-S. 
saga; Ger. sage, a saw; from its cutting edges.] 
A growth of narrow flags ; a narrow flag ; coarse 
grass in marshes. 

Sedg 'y, a. Overgrown with sedge or flags. 

Sed'i-ment, n. [L. sedimentum ; sedere, to sit (q. v.), 
—also, to settle.] That which settles at the bot- 
tom of a liquid; lees; dregs. 

Sed-i-ment'a-ry, a. [Fr. sedimentaire.] Consist- 
ing of sediment. 

Se-di"tion (se-dish'un), «. [L. seditio, a sedition, 
'a dissension : probably from se-, apart, and ire, 
Hum, to go.] A factious commotion; a tumult; 
an insurrection. 

Se-di"tious (se-dish'us), a. [L. seditiosus.] Re- 
lating to, or partaking of, sedition ; factions. 

Sed'litz-pow'der§, n. pi. [Named from the springs 
of Sedlitz, in Bohemia.] An effervescing aperient 
preparation. 

Se-diice', v. a. [L. seducere, seduction; se-, apart, 
and dvcere, to lead.] [pp. seducing, seduced.] 
To entice to evil; to draw aside from right; to 
tempt; to corrupt. 

Se-duc'er, n. One who seduces; a corrupter. 

Se-duc'i-ble, a. [L. sedntibilis.] That may be se- 
duced', [act of seducing; enticement. 
[L. seductio.— See Seduce.] The 
Tending to 6educe. 
[L. seductrijcJ] A female who se- 
[igent assiduity ; industry. 
[L. sediditas.—See Sedulous.] Dil- 
[L. sedvlus, diligent; sedere, to sit. 
— Cf. Assiduous.] Assiduous; industrious. 

Sed'u-lous-ly, ad. Assiduously. 

Sed'u-lous-ness, n. Assiduity ; sedulity. 

See, ft. [0. Fr. sed or se ; Fr. siege; L. sedes, a 
seat; sedere, to sit (q. v.).] The seat or diocese 
of a bishop. — 2, v. a. [A.-S. seon; Dut. zien; 
Ger. sehen; Goth, saihwan.] [i. saw; pp. seeing, 
seen.] To perceive by the eye; to observe; to 
behold. — 3, v. n. To have power of sight ; to dis- 
cern. 

Seed, n. [A.-S. & Dan. ssed ; Dut. zaad; Ger. saat; 
L. severe, satum, to sow (q. v.).] The substance 
produced by plants and animals, from which 
new plants and animals are generated -—origi- 
nal : — offspring. — 2, v. a. [pp. seeding, seeded.] 
To supply with seed ; to sow. — 3, v. n. To bring 
forth seed :— to shed seed. 

Seed'i-ness, v. State of being seedy ; shabbiness ; 
the state of feeling, or appearing, wretched. 

Seed'ling, n. A plant sprung from the seed. 

Seeds'man, n. One who sells seeds. 

Seed-time, «. Season of sowing or planting. 

Seed'y, a. Abounding with, or having, seed : — 
poverty -struck ; shabby; wretched; weakly. 

See'ing, n. Sight ; vision. — 2, ad. Since that. 

Seek, v. a. [A.-S. secan; Dut. zoeJcen ; Dan. sage ; 
Ger. suchen; root of Goth, sakan, to strive.] [i. 
sought; pp. seeking, sought.] To look for; to 
search for; to solicit.— 2, v. n. To make search ; 
to endeavor. 

Seek'er, n. One who seeks ; an inquirer. 



Se-dfic'tion, n. 
Se-dfic'tive, a. 
Se-duc'tress, ft. 

duces. 
Se-du'li-ty, n. 
Sed'u-lous, a. 



Seem, v. n. [A.-S. seman, to satisfy, to make to 
agree ; Icel. mnta, to honor, to conform to ; ssemr, 
fit; soma, to befit: cognate with Same.] [pp. 
seeming, seemed.] To have semblance; to appear. 

Seem'ing, n. Appe? ranee; semblance.— 2, p. a. 
That seems; apparent. 

Seem'ing-ly, ad. In appearance ; in show. 

Seem'li-ness, n. Decency ; comeliness. 

Seem'ly, a. [Icel. ssendigr, becoming.— See Seem.] 
Decent; becoming; proper; fit. 

Seen, p. from see. Perceived. [prophet. 

Se'jer, or Seer, n. [From See.] One who sees ; a 

Seer'sGck-er, n. [Probably East Indian.] A kind 
of linen or cotton goods. 

See'saw, n. [Reduplicated form of Saw.] A recip- 
rocating motion.— 2, v. n. [pp. seesawing, see- 
sawed.] To move or play with a reciprocating 
motion, up and down, to and fro. 

Seethe, v. a. [A.-S. seodan; Dut. zieden; Dan. 
syde; Ger. sieden.] \i. seethed or sod; pp. seeth- 
ing, seethed, sod, or sodden.] To boil; to de- 
coct. — 2, v. n. To be in a state of ebullition. 

Seg'ment, n. [L. segmeutum; secure, to cut.] A 
part cut off: — a part of a circle comprised be- 
tween an arc and its chord. 

Seg-men-ta'tion, n. Division into segments. 

Seg're-gate, v. a. [L. segregare, segregatum, to set 
apart; se-, apart, and g'rex, gregis, a flock.] [pp. 
segregating, segregated.] To set apart; to sepa- 
rate. — 2, v. «. To separate, or become separated, 
from others or from a mass, and unite or con- 
crete under new conditions. 

Seg-re-ga'tion, n. [L. segregatio.] Separation from 
others. 

Seign'ior (sen'yur), n. [Fr. seigneur, a lord; L. 
senior, older, an elder. — See Senior and Sir.] A 
lord; a title. — Grand Seignior, the emperor or 
sultan of Turkey. 

Seign'ior-afe (sen'yur-aj), n. The state of a seign- 
ior; seigniory; authority :— royalty. 

Seign-io'ri-al (sen-yor'e-al), a. Manorial; per- 
taining to a seigniorj r . 

Seign'ior-^ (sen'yur-e), n. [Fr. seigneurie. — See 
Seignior.] A lordship ; a manor :— the consti- 
tuted authorities; the municipal council. 

Seine (sen), «. [Fr. seine ; L. sagena; Gr. aayrjvr).] 
A large fishing-net. 

Seis/jn, or Seiz'in, «. [Fr. saisine. — See Seizf.] 
The act of taking possession. — (Law.) The pos- 
session of an estate. 

Seis'mal (sls'mal), ) a. Of or pertaining to, or 

Sels'mic (sls'mjk), J produced by, an earthquake. 

Seis-mol'c-£xi n. [Gr. o-eicr/uds. a shaking, and 
Aoyo?, a treatise ; o-et'eir, to shake.] The science 
of earthquakes. 

Seize (sez), v. a. [Fr. saisir, to seize ; Late L. sa- 
tire, to seize property ; 0. Ger. sezzau, Ger. sefeew, 
to set, to put, to put in possession of. — See Set.] 
[pp. seizing, seized.] To take by force ; to lay 
hold of; to arrest; to apprehend; "to grasp. 

Seized (sezd), p. a. (Law.) Having possession ' f. 

Seiz'ure (se'zhur), n. The act of seizing; forcible 
arrest; capture; gripe; grasp; hold. 

Se'lah. [Heb. : perhaps related to salah, to rest.] 
(Psalms.) A word used to denote a rest or pause 
in singing. 

Sel'dom, ad. [A.-S. seldum, seldom, seldom ; Dut. 
zelden, Icel. sjaldan, Dan. sielden, Ger. selten, A.-S. 
seld, rarely ; Dan. sielten, rare.] Rarely ; not 
often ; unfrequently. 

Se-lect', v. a. [L. seligere, selectum, to choose out; 
'se-, apart, and legere, to choose.] [pp. selecting, 
selected.] To take in preference to others re- 
jected; to choose; to cull ; to pick.— 2, a. Nicely 
chosen ; choice ; culled. 

Se-lec'tion, n. [L. selectio.] The act of selecting; 
'choice ;' that which is taken or chosen. 

Se-lec'tive, a. Pertaining to selection. 

Se-lect' -man, n. ; pi. Se-lect'-men. A town officer. 
'[New England.] 

Se-lect' or, n. One who selects. 



a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



SELENITE 



485 



SENSELESSLY 



SSl'e-nite, n. [Gr. o-eArji'tTTj?, moon-stone ; <re\rjvri, 
the moon.] (Min.) A sulphate of lime. 

Se-le'ni-um, n. [Gr. <re\r)vri, the moon : various 
chemical elements are named from the heavenly 
bodies.] A substance much like sulphur. 

Sel-e-nog'ra-phy, >t. [Gr. creA/yi^, the moon, and 
ypa^eiv, to write.] A description of the moon. 

Self, a. or pron. ; pi. Selves (selvz). [A.-S. self; 
Dut. zelf; Dan. selv ; Ger.se/6e.] Very; par- 
ticular; tin's above others; one's own ; relating 
to an individual. — When prefixed to a noun it 
has the force of an adjective ; as, se//-interest. 
United with my, thy, him, her, &c, it forms re- 
ciprocal pronouns; as, myself. — 2, n. Selfish- 
ness : — the thinking subject. 

Self-act' ing, a. Automatic; acting of itself. 

Self-com-pla'cent, a. Pleased with one's self. 

Self-con-ceit', n. Too high an opinion of one's 
self ;' vanity. [tica.1 ; vain. 

Self-con-ceit'ed, a. Having self-conceit ; egotis- 

Self-con-trol', n. Control of one's self. 

Self-de-ni'al, n. The act of denying one's self. 

Self-de-ny'ing, a. Denying one's self; forbear- 
ing t'o follow one's inclinations or desires. 

Self-es-teem', ». Good opinion of one's self. 

Self-eVi-dent, a. Evident without proof. 

Self-in'ter-est, it. One's own interest. 

Selfish, a. ' [See Self.] Devoted to one's own 
interest, and void of due regard for others. 

Self ish-lx, '«?• In a selfish manner. 

Self ish-ness, n. Quality of being selfish. 

SeTf-'miir'der, n. Suicide. 

Self-po§-sessed' (-poz-zesf), a. Composed; un- 
disturbed; calm. 

Self-pos-ses'sion (-poz-zesh'un), n. Self-com- 
mand; self-control; composure. 

Self-re-spect', n. Respect for one's self. 

Self-right'eous (-rlt'yus), a. Righteous in one's 
own estimation. 

Self -same, a. Exactly the same ; identical. 

Self-suf-fi"cient (,-f ish'ent), «. Relying too much 
on one's self; haughty ; proud. 

Self-will', it. One's own will ; obstinacy. < 

Self-willed' (-'wild'), a. Obstinate; headstrong. 

Sell, v. a. [A.-S. sellan, syUcm, Icel. selj i, Dan. 
sselge, to hand over. — See Sale.] [i. sold; pp. 
selling, sold.] To dispose of or part with for a 
price ; to vend.— 2, v. n. To have traflic ; to be 

Sell'er, n. One who sells ; a vender. [sold. 

Sel'v'age, «. [Sklf and Edge.— (f. 0. Dut. sel- 
fegije, a selvage.] The edge of cloth; a border 
(written also selvedge) : — a kind of rope. 

Selves (selvz), /;. The plural of self. 

Sem'a-phore, n. [Gr. arnxa, a sign, and <£epeii/ 
(stem 4>op-), to carry.] A kind of telegraph. 

Sem-a-phor'ic, a. Relating to a semaphore. 

Sem'blance, n. [0. Fr. semblance: Fr. semblant; 
sembler, L. simuUire, to resemble. — See Simulate.] 
Likeness ; resemblance. 

Se-mei-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. o-yj/meiW, a sisrn, and \6yos, 
a treatise.] (Med.) That branch of pathology 
or medicine which treats of the signs or symp- 
toms of diseases. [sperm. 

Se'men. n. [L. temen, seed; severe, to sow.] Seed; 

Se-mes'ter, n. [Ger. ; L. semestris, lasting six 
months : sex, six, and mensis, a month.] A term 
of six months; a session, as of a university. 

Sem'i (sem'e). [L. semi, half; Gr. r)ixi, A.-S. sam-, 
half; Skr. sami, a half : closely related to Same.] 
A word used as a prefix, signifying half; as, 
semicircle. 

Sem-i-an'nu-al, «. Happening every half-year. 

Sem-i-an'nu-al-ly, ad. Every half-year. 

Sem'i-breve, n. [It.— See Breve.] (Mus.) Half 
a breve. 

Sem'i-ci'r-cle, n. Half of a circle. 

Sem-i-cir'cu-lar, a. Half round or circular. 

Sem-i-co'lon, n. [See Colon.] A point or stop, 

thus [ ; ]. 
Sem-i-di-am'e-ter, n. Half of a diameter. 
Sem-i-flu'id, a. "Imperfectly fluid. 



j Sem-i-15'nar, a. [See Lunak.] Resembling a 

half-moon. 
j Sem'i-nal, a. PL. seminalk; semen, seminis, seed; 
serere, to sow (q. ».).] Belonging to seed; radical. 
j Sem'i-na-ry, n. [L. seminarium, a seed-garden ; 
semen, seminis, seed; serere, to sow.] A place of 
education ; a school. — 2, a. Seminal ; belonging 
to seed. 

Sem'i-qua-ver, n. Half a quaver. - 

Sem'i-tone, n. (Mus.) Half a tone. 

Sem'i-v8w~-el, n. (Gram.) A consonant ft 
which makes an imperfect sound without „ . 
the help of a vowel ; as, c and g soft, /. quaver. 
h, j, I, m, n, r, s, v, w, x, y, z. 

Sem-pi-ter'nal, a. [L. sempiternus, everlasting; 
semper, always : on type of eternal : semper is re- 
ferred to the root of Same, and per, through.] 
Eternal in futurity. 

Sem-pi-ter'ni-ty, n. Future endless duration. 

Semp' stress, \ n. [See Seamstress.] A woman 

Sem stress, J whose business it is to sew. 

Sen'a-ry, a. [L. senarius, consisting of six (q. v.) ; 
sen'i, six each ; sex, six.] Belonging to, or con- 
taining, six. 

Sen'ate, n. [L. senatus, a council of elders; senex, 
senis, old. — Cf. Skr. sana, Irish seau, Goth, sins, 
Welsh hen, old.] A body of senators, the upper 
house of a legislature ; a deliberative assembly. 

Sen'a-tor, n. [L.— See Senate.] A member of a 
senate; a public counsellor ; a legislator. 

Sen-a-to'ri-al, a. Belonging to a senator. 
! Sen'a-tor-ship, n. The office of a senator. 
j Send, v. a. [A.-S. sendan; Dut. zenden; Dan. 
sende; Ger. senden.] [i. sent; pp. sending, sent.] 
To despatch; to transmit; to cast: to throw. — 
2, v. ti. To despatch a message or a messenger. 
I — 3, n. Sweeping motion, as of waves. 

Se-nes'cence, n. State or act of growing old. 

Se-nes'cent, a. [L. senescentie, pres. part, of senes- 
cete, fa grow old; senere, to he old; seues, old.] 
Growing old. 

Sen'es-chal [sen'es-kal, SL TT*. J. F.], n. [Fr. s6ne- 
chal; Sp. senesc.d ; It. sinisrulco ; Goth, sins, old, 
si.ust.i, oldest, chief, and skalks, a servant. — See 
Marshal.] A steward 

Se'nlle [se'nil, P.], a. [L. senilis, old, like an old 
man ; senex, old. — See Senate.] Relating to, or 
caused by, old age. 

Se-nil'i-ty., it. Old age; weakness of age. 

Sen'ior (sen'yur) [se'ne-ur, P. J. J«. v.). n. [L. 
for '"older;" senex, seuis, old.] One older than 
another ; an aged person ; elder : — one of a senior 
(hiss. — 2, a. Elder; older in office. 

Sen-ior'i-ty (sen-yor'e-te), n. Priority of birth. 

Sen'na, n. [Fr. gene; Sp. sen, sej/a ; Arab, sana.] 
A species of the cassia; also its leaves, which 
are used as a cathartic medicine. [trumpets. 

Sen'net, n. [L. signum, a sign.] A flourish of 

Sen'night (sen'nit't, n. [Seven and Night.] A 
week; seven nights and days; seven-night. 
See Seven-night. [cord. 

Sen'nit, n. [Seven and Knit.] A flat braided 

Senor4**i&r*«*. n. [Sp.— See Seignior.] Sir; a 
Spanish title of address. 

Senora (san-yo'ra), ». [Sp.] Madame ; a Spanish 
title of address for a lady. 

Sen-sa'tion, it. [Fr. ; L. sensatas, endued with 
'sense (q. ».).] Perception by the senses: — feel- 
ing excited ; excitement ; impression. 

Sen-"sa'tion-al, a. Calculated to arouse sensation ; 
exciting; startling. 

Sen-sa'tion-al-i§m, n. The opinion that all ideas 
'are derived" from sense-impressions. 

Sense, n. [L. sensus, feeling, perception ; senUre, 
setisnni, to feel.] The faculty by which external 
objects are perceived : — the five senses are sight, 
touch, hearing-, smell, and taste: — perception:— 
sensation; feeling: — understanding; intellect; 
reason; judgment: — meaning; signification. 

Sense'less, a. Wanting sense; foolish. 

Sense'less-ly, ad. In a senseless manner. 



s<r -fiQU 



J 



mien, s'ir j m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 



-<?. <?. 5, £, soft; p, £, p, g, hard; § 

41* 



z ; x as gz ; this* 



SENSELESSNESS 



486 



SEQUESTEKED 



Sense'less-ness, n. Folly ; stupidity. 

Sen-si-bil'j-ty, n. [L. sensibililas.] State of being 
sensible ;' susceptibility ; delicate feeling; ten- 
derness. 
I Sen'si-ble, a. [L. sensibilis, perceptible. — See 

Sense.] Perceiving by tbe mind or by the 
senses : — perceptible by the mind or the senses : 
— convinced; persuaded — judicious; wise. 

Sen'si-ble-ness, n. State of being sensible. 

Sen'si-bly, ad. In a sensible manner ; plainly. 

Sen'sj-tiv'e, a. [Fr. sensitif.] Having sense or quick 
feeling; easily affected or excited ; sentient. 

Sen'si-tive-ly, ad. In a sensitive manner. 

Sen'si-tive-ness, n. Quality of being sensitive. 

Sen'si-tize, v. a. [pp. sensitizing, sensitized.] To 
render sensitive. 

Sen-so'ri-um, n. [L.] The seat of sensation. 

Sen'so-ry, n. Same as Sensorium. — 2, a. Relating 
to sense or sensation. 

Sen'su-al (sen'slm-al), a. [L. sensualis. — See 
Sense!] Relating, affecting, or pleasing to the 
senses; voluptuous; carnal. 

Sen'su-al-ist (seu'shu-al-ist), n. A person devoted 
to sensual pleasures/ 

Sen-su-al-is'tic (sen-shu-al-is'tjk), a. Of or per- 
taining to sensuality;' "sensual. — (Met.) Of or 
pertaining to the doctrine of sensualism. 

Sen-su-al'i-ty (sen-shu-al'e-te), n. [L. sensualilas.] 
Devotedness to sensual pleasures ; epicurism ; 
voluptuousness. 

Sen'su-al-ly, ad. In a sensual manner. 

Sen'su-ous (sen'shu-us), a. Relating to sense; 
full of sense, feeling, or sensible images: — ap- 
pealing tu the senses. 
k Sent, i. &p. from send. - \ 

Sen'tence, n. [L. sententia, an opinion ; sentire, to 
feel'.] A decision; a doom;' a judgment: — a 
maxim : — a period in writing. — 2, v. a. ' [pp. 
sentencing, sentenced.] To judge; to condemn. 

Sen-ten'tial (-shal), a. Having sentences. 

Sen-ten'tious (sen-ten'shus), a. [L. seutentiosns.] 
'Pithy ; terse ; pointed ; short ; enei'getic ; con- 

• taining maxims. 

Sen-ten'tious-ly, ad. With striking brevity. 

Sen-ten' tious-ness, n. Brevity with strength. 

Sen'tj-ent (sen'she-ent), a. [L. sentiens, pres. part, 
of sentire, to feel.] Having sensation ; perceiv- 
ing by the senses; sensitive. — 2, w. One that 
perceives. 

Sen'ti-ment, n. [Fr. ; from sentir, L. sentire, to 
feel.] Thought prompted by feeling; notion; 
tenet; opinion: — feeling; sensibility. 

Sen-ti-men'tal, a. [Fr.] Having sentiment, sensi- 
bility, or feeling; easily moved :— affectedly or 
artificially tender; affecting to have fine feelings. 

Sen-ti-men'tal-i§m, n. Sentimentality. 

Sen-ti-men-tal'i-ty, n. [Fr. sentimentalite.] Affec- 
tation of feeling. 

Sen'ti-nel, n. [Fr. sentinelle ; Sp. centinela; It. 
sentinella: origin doubtful.] A soldier on guard. 

Sen'try, n. [Origin doubtful. — Cf. Fr. sentier, 
0. Fr.' sentiret, L. semita, a path.] A watch ; a 
guard ; a sentinel. 

Sen' try-box, n. A shelter for a sentinel. 

Se'pal, n. [Fr. sepale: an imitation of the word 
Petal.] (Boi.) A division or leaf of a calyx. 

Sep-a-ra-bil'i-ty, \n. State of being separable ; 

Sep'a-ra-ble-ness, J divisibility. [separated. 

Sep'a-ra-ble, a. [L. separabilis.] That may be 

Sep'a-rate, v. a. [L. separare, separatum; se-, 
apart, and parare, to arrange; separ, different.] 
[pp. separating, separated.] To sever ; to divide ; 
to disunite; to disjoin; to part.— 2, v. n. To 
part; to be disunited. 

Sep'a-rate, a. Divided; disjoined; distinct. 

Sep'a-rate-ly, ad. Apart; distinctly; singly. 

Sep'a-rate-ness, n. State of being separate. 

Sep-a-ra'tion, w. [L. separation] The act of sepa- 
rating. 

Sep'a-ra-tism, n: Principles of separatists. 

Sep'a-ra-tist, n. One who separates ; a seceder. 



[L. — See Separate.] One who 
Separating.— 2, ». A vessel. 




family. 



Sep'a-ra-tor, n. 
separates'. 

Sep'a-ra-to-ry, a. Si 

Se'pi'-a," n.' [L. ; Gr. 
sipiyan.] The cuttle-fish : — color- 
ing matter obtained from the cut- 
tle-fish. 

Se'poy, n. [Per. & Urdu 
(pronounced se-pol') ; Per. 
an army.— Cf. Fr. & Turk, 
a cavalryman.] An East- 
native foot-soldier. 

Sept, n. [A corruption of Sect, or 
from L. seepturn, a partition.] A clan ; 
[Ireland.] 

Sep-tae'mi-a, n. [Gr. ct^tttj}, decay, and alixa, 
blood.] ' A morbid condition of the blood pro- 
duced by the introduction of putrid matter; 
putrid infection :— septicaemia. 

Sep-tan'gir-lar, a. [L. septem, seven, and anguhis, 
an angle.] Having seven angles. 

Sep-tem'ber, n. [L. ; septem, seven : it was at one 
time the "seventh month.] The ninth month of 
the year. 

Sep'ten-a-ry, a. [L. septenarius, composed of seven ; 
septeni,' seven together; septem, seven {q. v.).] 
Consisting of seven. — 2, n. The number seven. 

Sep-ten'ni-al, a. [L. septennis or septuennis, of 
'seven years; septennium, a 1 period of seven years; 
septem, seven, and annus, a year.] Lasting seven 
years ; happening after seven years. 

Sep' tic, )«. [Gr. 0-7J7TTIKO?, putrefying; o-^7reii', 

Sep'ti-cal, J to make putrid.] Tending to produce 
putrefaction; causing putrefaction; caused by 
putrefaction. 

Sep-ti-cse'mi-a, n. See Sept^mia. 

Sep'tin, \n. [Gr. anTrrr) or criji//i5, decay. — See 

Sep'sin, J Septic] A soluble poison developed in 
decomposing animal matter, which when intro- 
duced into the system produces septsemia. 

Sep-tu-a-ge-na'ri-an, \n. [L. septuagenarius, of 

Sep-tu-ag'e-na-ry,' /seventy; septuageui, sev- 
enty each.] 'One who is seventy years old. 

Sep-tu-a-ges'i-ma, n. [L. for " seventieth" (day) : 
it is about seventy days before Easter.] The 
third Sunday before Lent. 

Sep-tu-a-ges'i-mal, a. Consisting of seventy. 

Sep'tu-a-glnt, n. ' [L. septuaginta, seventy.] The 
Greek version of the Old Testament, so named 
from its being the reputed work of seventy or 
seventy-two translators. 

Sep' turn, n. ; pi. Sep'ta. [L. sseptum, a fence; 
ssepire, to hedge.] (Anat. & Bot.) A partition ; 
separation : — a membrane. 

Sep'tu-ple, a. [L. septuplunt, sevenfold.— Cf. Dou- 
ble, and Gr. eirrairAovs, sevenfold.] Sevenfold.. 

Se-pul'ehral, a. [L. sepulcralis. — See Sepulchre.] 
Relating to burial ; grave. 

Sep'ul-phre (sep'ul-ker), n. [Fr. ; L. sepulcrum, a 
tomb; sepelire, sepu'ltum, to bury.] A grave; a 
monument; a tomb.— 2 (se-pul'ker) [sep'ul-ker, 
P. I. St. N.], v. a. [pp. sepulchring, sepulchred.] 
To bury ; to entomb. 

Sep'ul-ture, n. [L. sepultura, burial ; sepelire, to 
bury.] Interment; burial. 

Se-qua'cious (se-kwa'shus), a. [L. sequax, sequacisj 
seqni, to follow.] Following. [follow. 

Se-quac'i-tx, n. [L. sequacitas.] Disposition to 

Se'quel, n. [L. sequela; sequi, to follow.] That 
which follows ; result. 

Se-que'la, n. ; pi. Se-que'lae. [L.] That which 
follows; a consequence ; an inference. 

Se'quence, n. [L. sequentia, a following; seqni, 
part, sequens, to follow.] Order of succession; 
succession ; series. 

Se-ques'ter, v. a. [Fr. sequestrer. — See Seques- 
trate.]' [pp. sequestering, sequestered.] To 
seize and retain the profits of: — to take; to put 
aside ; to remove. — 2, v. n. To withdraw ; to 
retire. 

Se-ques'tered, p. a. Secluded ; retired. 



y, long ; a, g, I, o, fi, y, short; 



u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 



SEQUESTKATE 



487 



SET 



Se-ques'trate, v. a. [L. sequeslrare, seguestratum, 
"to remove, to surrender; sequester, a depositary, 
a trustee ; seqtii, to follow.] [pp. sequestrating, 
sequestrated.] To sequester : to separate. 

Seq-ues-tra'tion, n. [L. seqnestratio.] The act of 
sequestering'; state of being sequestered: — seiz- 
ure of property by the state. 

Seq'ues-tra-tor '[se'k-wes-tri'tur, TF. St. J. F.], n. 
[L.] One who sequesters. 

Se quin, n. [Fr. sequiu; It. zecchino, from zecca, 
a mint; Arab, sikkat, a coiner's die.] An Italian 
gold coin; also a Turkish gold coin: — written 
also eechid, chequin.^hecqueeu, zecchin, and zechin. 

Se-qubi'a (se-kwoi'a), n. [Named from Sequoyah, 
the inventor of the Cherokee alphabet.] A genus 
of gigantic trees of the cypress family, compris- 
ing the red-wood and big-tree of California. 

Se-ragl'io (se-ral'yo), n. [It. serraglia or serragKo, 
an enclosure ; Late L. seracula, dim. of sera, a 
bolt: by confusion with Per. & Turk, serai, a 
palace.] The palace of the Turkish sultan:— a 
harem. 

Ser'aph, n. [Heb. for "high," or for "burning;" 
saraph, to burn.] Heb. pi. Ser'a-phim ; Eng. 
Ser'aphs. One of an order of angels. 

Se-raph'ic, ) a. Relating to a seraph ; angelic : 

Se-raph'i-cal, J — pure ; exalted : — naming with 
zeal and devotion. 

SeVa-phim, n. [Heb.]; pi. of seraph. An order 
of angels of the highest rank. 

Sere, a. [See Sear.] Dry ; withered. 

Ser-e-nade', n. [Fr. serenade, It. serenata, a sere- 
nade, — also, a clear night. — See Serene.] A 
night entertainment of music in the open air; 
a nocturne. — 2, v. a. [pp. serenading, sere- 
naded.] To entertain with nocturnal music. — 
3, c. n. To perform a serenade. 

Se-rene', o. [L. serenus: akin to Or. o-sAtji'tj, the 
'moon ; o-e'Aas, bright.] Calm ; placid ; quiet ; un- 
ruffled ; clear; tranquil; undisturbed: — used as 
a title of honor; as, serene highness. 

Se-rene'ly, ad. Calmly; quietly; coolly. 

Se-rene'ness, ». State of being serene 

Se-ren'i-ty, n. [L- sereuilts.] Calmness; peabe ; 
quietness. 

Serf, n. [Fr. ; L. serous, a slave.] A slave :— a 
laborer attached to an estate. 

Serfdom, n. The state or condition of serfs. 

Serf'e, n. [Fr. serge; L. serious, silken.] A kind 
of twilled cloth.' 

Seri-ean-cy. (suVjen-se) "In. The office of 

Ser'&eant-ship (sar'jeiit-ship), J sergeant. 

Ser'geant (sar'jent or ser'jent), n. [Fr. aergent; 
Late L. serviens, a servant ; L. sen-ire, - 
to serve (q. v.).] A petty officer in the army or 
police: — a lawyer of high rank: — written also 
serjeant. — 8ergeant-<tt-arms, in a legislative body, 
an officer who executes the commands of the 
body, in apprehending offenders, preserving 
order, Are. 

Se'ri-al, a. Relating to a series; appearing in a 
series. — 2. n. A work or publication issued in a 
series, or periodically. 

Se'ri-al-ljr. ad. In a series; in serial order. 

Se-ri-a'tim, ad. [L.] In regular order. 

Ser'i-cult-ure. n. [L. sericum, silk (q. v.), and 
cidlura, culture.] The rearing of silk-worms; 
the production of silk. 

Se'ri-es. ». [L. series; severe, to bind. — Cf. Gr. 
o-eipa, a rope; Skr. sarit, a thread.] Order; suc- 
cession ; course. 

Se-ri-o-com'ic, a. [Serious and Comic] Both 
serious and comic. 

Se'ri-oGs, «. [L. serins; Late L. seriosus: akin to 
Severe and to Ger. schwer, heavy.] Grate; 
solemn ; sedate : — being in earnest ; not volatile : 
— weighty, important. 

Se'ri-ous-ly, ad. Gravely ; solemnly. *> 

Se'ri-ous-ness, n. Gravity ; solemnity. 

Se'r'mon, n. [L. sermo, sernwnis, a discourse, talk.] 
The discourse of a preacher. 



Ser'mon-ize, v. n. [Cf. L. sermocinari, to talk, to 
discuss.] [pp. sermonizing, sermonized.] To 
write a sermon. 

Ser'mon-iz-er, n. A writer of sermons; a] readier. 

Se-r66n\ )/. [Fr. setron ; Sp. seron, augmented form 
of sera, a basket. — Cf. L. seria, a jar.] A buffalo's 
hide used for packing : — a bale or package. 

Se-ros'i-ty., ». [Fr. sirosite.] The state of being 
serous ; a serous fluid. 

Se'rous, a. Relating to serum ; thin ; watery. 

S^r'pent, n. [L. serpens, serpentis, — properly, a. par- - 
ticiple of seipere, Gr. epjreii/, to creep. — Of. Skr. 
sarpa, a snake.] A reptile without feet ; a snake : 
— a malicious person : — a musical instrument. 

Ser'pen-tlne, a. [L. serpen tiuus.] Resembling a 
serpent. — 2, n. A maguesiau stone.— 3, p. n. 
[pp. serpeutining, serpentined.] To wind like 
a serpent ; to have a zigzag course. 

Ser'r^te, \ a. [L. serralus, notched; sei-rare, to 

Ser'rat-ed, /saw ; serra, a saw (q. >■.).] Jagged like 
a saw ;"cut with teeth ; indented. 

Ser-ra'tion, n. Formation in the shape of a saw : 
' — a notch or tooth like that of a saw. 

Ser'ra-ture, n. [L. serrutura.] An indenture like 
the teeth of a saw. 

Ser'ried (ser'rid), a. [Fr. serrer, to compact; L. 
sei-ere, to join.] Close; crowded; compact. 

Se'rum, n. [L. serum, Gr. opo?, whey.] A flfuid 
which separates from the blood during its coagu- 
lation. ' '[An African wild-cat. 

Ser'val,'n. [ISame probably of African origin.] 

Ser'vant, v. [Fr. ; pres. part, of servir, to serve 
{q. ».)•] One who serves ; — correlative of master : 
— a menial ; a domestic ; a slave. 

Serve, v. a. [L. sen-ire, to serve. — Cf. semis, a 
servant; servare, to preserve.] [pp. serving, 
served.] To attend at command ; to work for; 
to obey : — to assist; t^ promote. — 2, v. n. To be 
a servant; to be subject : — to be of use; to offi- 
ciate; to answer. 

Ser'vice, »i. [L. sen-ilium ; Fr. service.] Labor of 
body or mind; benefit; use; duty; homage; fa- 
vor: — course: — [L. sorbus. — See Sorb] a name 
of various trees and shrubs and their fruits. 

Ser'vice-a-ble, a. That renders service or benefit ; 
beneficial; useful; helpful :— active. 

Ser'vice-a-blx. ad. So as to be serviceable. 

Ser'vile [ser'vil, Ja. I. St], a. [L. sen- His ; servus, 
a slave.] Slavish; dependent; mean. — 2, n. A 
letter useful, but not sounded. 

Ser'vile-ly, ad. In a servile manner. 

Ser-vil'i-ty, n. State, of being servile ; slavery. 

Ser'vi-tor, n. [Fr. servitew ■; L. servitor.] Servant. 
— [Oxford, Eng.] A student partly supported by 
funds. 

Ser'vi-tor-ship, n. The station of a servitor. 

Se'r'vi-tude, n. [L. seri-itudo ; Fr. servitude.] State 
of a slave; bondage. 

Ses'a-me [ses'am, }\'b. ; Be'sam, R.], n. [Gr.] A 
plant and its oil-producing seed, originally a na- 
tive of India; the oil-plant ; sesamum. 

Ses'a-mum, n. [L. ; Gr. o-TJcra/u.oi' ; cn-jcra/u.^.] The 
oil-plant and its seed. 

Sesqui-. A Latin prefix signifying "more by a 
half," or "one and a half." 

Ses-qui-ox'ide. n. An oxide in which three equiv- 
alents of oxygen combine with two equivalents 
of another element. 

Ses'sile, a. [L. sessilis, sitting. — See Session.] 
Having no stalk. 

Ses'sion (sesh'un), h. [L. sessio ; sedere, sessum, to 
sit.]' Act of sitting; act or time of sitting of a 
court, council, legislature, &c. 

Ses'terce, n. [L. sestertius.] A Roman coin of the 
value of about four cents :— a sum (sestertium) of 
oue thousand ordinary sesterces. 

Set. v. a. [A.-S. settan. causal oTsittan, to sit: Dut. 
zetten ; Dun.- sztte ; Ger. setzen. — Sea Sit. J 'fi. set ; 
pp. setting, set.] To place; to put; to fix:— to 
plant : — to frame: — to regulate; to appoint: to 
adjust:— to settle.— 2, v. n. To go down, as the 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, <?, c, §, soft; p, ja, p, §, hard; §osz;xMgz; tnis. 



SETACEOUS 



488 



SHAKING 







sun ; to be fixed : — to flow. — 3, n. A complete 
guit or assortment:— a shoot or layer: — a fixed 
direction ; a permanent twist : — a flow. 

Se-ta'ceous (se-tu/shus), a. [L. sieta, a bristle.] 
Bristly ; bairy. 

Set'-off, n. A counterbalance ; an offset. 

Se'ton (se'tn), n. [Fr. seton, an augmentative 
word from L. sseta, a bristle.] A rowel ; an issue. 

Se-tose', \a. [L. ssetosus.] Having bristles; bristly ; 

Se'tous, J hairy; setaceous. 

Set-t§e', n. [From Set or Settle.] A large, long 
'seat, with a back : — [Fr. si tie or 
scetie] a kind of sailing-vessel. 

Set'ter, n. [From Sit.] A kind 
of dog. 

Set' ting, n. The apparent fall 
of the sun, &c, below the ho- 
rizon : — enclosure of a gem. 

Set' tie, n. [A.-S. sell, setel; Goth. 
sills; Ger. sessel. — See Sit.] A 
Beat; a bench with a back.— Settee. 

2, v. a. [A.-S. sedan, to fix, to set. — See the 
noun.] [pp. settling, settled.] To place per- 
manently; to fix; to establish; to determine ; to 
ratify .—to colonize : — [A.-S. sahllian, to recon- 
cile; sahl, reconciliation ; from sacun, to dispute] 
to adjust; to reconcile; to satisfy; to pacify. — 

3, v. n. To subside ; to sink ; to rest :— to estab- 
lish one's self. 

Set'tle-ment, w. Act of settling ; adjustment : 
— establishment ; a jointure : — subsidence : — a 
place settled. 

Set'tler, n. One who settles in a place. 

Set'tli'ng, n. Settlement:— subsidence. 

Set'-to, w. A debate ; a contest; an onset. 

SeVen (sev'vn), a. & n. [A.-S. seofon; Dut. zeven- 
Ger. sieben ; L. septem; Gr. k-nro.; Skr. suptan.] 
Four and three. 

Sev'en-fold (sev'vn-fdld), a. & ad. [A.-S. seofon- 
fealcl.] Repeated seven times; increased seven 
times. 

Sevennight (sen'nit), n. A week ; seven days and 
nights : — contracted to sennight. 

Sev'en-teen (sev'vn-ten), a. & v. [Seven and Ten ; 
A.-S. seofon-tyne.] Seven and ten. 

Sev'en-teenth, a. The ordinal of seventeen. 

Sev'enth (sev'vnth), a. The ordinal of seven. 

Sev'enth-ly, ad. In the seventh place. 

Sev'en-ti-eth, a. The ordinal of seventy. 

Sev'en-ty (sev'vn-te), a. & n. Seven times ten. 

SeVer, v. a. [Fr. sevrer, It. sever are, L. separare, 
to separate (q.v.).] [pp. severing, severed.] To 
force asunder; to divide by force ; to disjoin ; to 
separate ; to detach.— 2, v. n. To suffer disjunc- 
tion. 

Sev'er-al, a. [0. Fr. several, Late L. separale, a 
thing 'separate (q. v.).] Divers; many; differ- 
ent; distinct. 

Sev'er-al-ly, ad. Distinctly ; separately. 

Sev'er-al-ty, n. A state of separation. 

Sev'er-ance, n. Separation ; partition. 

Se-ve"re ? , a. [Fr. aevire ; L. severus.] Sharp; hard; 
'harsh; rigorous; strict; rigid; austere; painful; 
afflictive. 

Se-vere'ly, ad. Painfully ; rigorously. 

Se-ver'i-ty, n. [L. severitas; Fr. severite.] State 
'of being' severe ; rigor ; harshness ; sternness ; 
acrimony ; austerity. 

Sew (so), v. n. & v. a. [A.-S. siwian ; L. snere, su- 
tum; Skr. sin.] [i. sewed; pp. sewing, sewed 
or sewn.] To join any thing by use of the needle; 
to stitch. [by sewers. 

Sew' age (so'aj), n. The filthy water carried off 

Sewer (so'er 'or shor) [su/er, St. N. E. I. H. ; sor, 
C.), n. [6. Fr. seuwiere : probably from a Late L. 
exaguaria; ex, out, and aqua, water.] A drain or 
passage for water : — [O. E. sett), pottage ; A.-S. 
seaw, juice. — Cf. Skr. sava, juice] formerly a ser- 
vant who waited at table :— a head waiter. 

Sew'er-a|-e (so'er-aj), n. The construction of, or 
drainage by means of, sewers. 



Sex, n. [L. sexus or secus : root of secare, to divide.] 
The characteristic property by which an animal 
or vegetable is male or female : — womankind. 

Sex-a-lre-na'ri-an, n. [L. sexagenarius ; sexageui, 
sixty together; sexaginta, sixty.] A person sixty 
years old. 

Sex-a-fes'i-ma, n. [L. for "sixtieth."] Second 
Sunday before Lent. 

Sex'tant, n. [L. sextans, a sixth part; sex, six; 
sexlus, sixth.] The sixth part of a circle: — an 
instrument for measuring angles. 

Sex'tile, n. [L. sextilis, sixth; sex, six (q. ?;.).] 
{Asirol.) The aspect of two planets sixty degrees 
apart. 

Sex-tlll'ion (seks-til'yun), n. [L. sextilis, sixth : on 
type of billion.] A thousand quintillions. 

Sex'ton, n. [For sacristan.] A man 'who takes 
care of a church. 

Sex'tu-ple, «. [L. sex, six : on type of quadruple.] 
Sixfold ; six times told. 

Sex'u-al (sek'shu-al), a. Pertaining to the sex. 

Shab'bi-ly, ad. Meanly; despicably; basely. 

Shab'bi-ness, n. Meanness ; paltriness. 

Shab'b^, a. [For scabby.] Mean ; paltry ; ragged ; 
slovenly. 

Shack, n. [Root of Shake.] Grain, acorns, beech- 
nuts, &c, that fall upon the earth: — a shiftless 
fellow :— a hut. 

Shac'kle, v. a. [A.-S. scacul, sceaad, a bond ; Icel. 
skokull, a carriage-pole; Sw. shikel, a carriage- 
shaft; Dan. shagle, a trace: root of A.-S. sceacan, 
to shake (q. v.) : Local Sw. skak, a link.] [pp. 
shackling, shackled.] To chain ; to fetter. 

Shac'kles (shak'klz), n. pi. Fetters ; gyves. 

Shad, n. [A.-S. sceadd, Ger. schade, a shad ; Irish 
sgadan, a herring. — Cf. Gr. o-Kia8evs, a fish, — 
perhaps a grayling.] An anadromous fish, val- 
ued as food. 

Shad'dock, n. [From Captain SJiaddock, who in- 
troduced it into the West Indies.] A tree and 
its orange-like fruit. 

Shade, n. [A.-S. scued; Ger. schatten; Irish, sgath; 
Gr. o-Kia. — See Shadow.] An interception of 
light ; shadow : — obscurity ; a screen : — color : — 
a ghost. — 2, v. a. [pp. shading, shaded.] To 
cover from light or heat ; to darken. 

Sha'di-ness, n. The state of being shady. 

Shad'ing, n. Gradation of light or color. 

Shad'ow (shad'o), v. [A.-S. sceudu; Dut. schadnw ; 
Goth, skadus; 0. Ger. scalo: a collateral form of 
Shade ; root ska, to cover.] A faint representa- 
tion; a shade; a shelter: — a ghost; a spirit. — 
2, v. a. [A.-S. sceadwian.] [pp. shadowing, 
shadowed.] To cloud ; to darken ; to shade ; to 
represent imperfectly ; to typify : — to watch se- 

Shad'ow-Xi «• Full of shade ; dark. [cretly. 

Sha'dy, a. Having shade ; shaded ; cool. 

Shaft, n. [A.-S. sceaft, Ger. schaft, Icel., Dan., & 
Sw. skaft, — properly, a shaved' stick : root of 
Shave.] An arrow : — a long, deep pit :— an axle : 
— a spire or steeple :— the trunk of a column : — 
a handle :— a pole or thill of a carriage. 

Shaft'ing, n. A system of shafts, as in a workshop. 

Shag, n. [A.-S." sceacga, hair; Dan. sJgseg, Sw. 
skiigg, a beard.] Rough, woolly hair :— a kind 
of cloth : — the green cormorant. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
shagging, shagged.] To make shaggy; 

Shag'fed, \a. Rough with long hair; rugged; 

Shag'fx, J hairy; rough. 

Shag'fi-ness, n. State of being shaggy. 

Sha-grgen', n. [Fr. chagrin; Turk. & Per. sagliri.] 
A leather prepared from skins of horses, camels, 
sharks, seals, &c. 

Shah, n. [Per.— Cf. Skr. kshatra, dominion.] The 
title of the Persian monarch. 

Shake, v. a. [A.-S. sceacan; Icel. & Sw. skaka.] 
[i. shook; pp. shaking, shaken.] To agitate; to 
make to totter.— 2, v. n. To be agitated ; to tot- 
ter ; to tremble.— 3, n. A concussion ; a vibra' 
tory motion. 

Shak'ing, n. A vibratory motion ; concussion. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



SHAKO 



489 



SHEATH 



Sha'ko, or Shak'o, n. [Fr. ; Magyar, csako (pron. 
nearly chako).] A military head-dress. 

Sha'ky, a. Tr. mulous :— in a tottering condition ; 
insecure; uns aiud; likely to fall: — doubtful in 
regard to tlie issue; not confident; timorous. 

Shale, a. [Ger. schale, a shell (q. v.).— See Scale. J 
A husk ; a pod : — a kind of cla.v slate. 

Shall, v. auxiliary & defective. [A.-S. sceal ; Dut. 
zul; Goth., Icel., & Pan. skal; Ger. soil: base 
shal, to be liable, to owe] [i. should.] It is used 
to form the future tense. 

Shal-loon', n. [Named from C7iaZo>is-sur-Marne, 
in France.] A slight woollen stuff. 

Shal'lop, n. [Fr. chaloupe; Sp. chalupa; Ger. 
shalluppe; It. sciub'ppa.— See Sloop.] A large 
boat. 

Shal-lot', n. [Fr. cehalote ; 0. Fr. escalogne; L. 
asadonia: named from the Philistine town of 
Ascalon.] A sort of onion ; an eschalot. 

Shal'low (shal'lo), a. [A variant of Shoal.] Not 
deep; superficial; slight: — foolish; futile; silly. 
— 2, n. A sand-bank ; a fiat ; a shoal.— 3, r. a. 
& i'. n. [pp. shallowing, shallowed.] To make 
or grow shallow. 

Shal'low-ness, n. Want of depth or thought. 

Sha.lt, v. A second person singular of shall. 

Sham, v. a. [Local Eng. sham, to shame, — hence, 
to trick.] [pp. shamming, shammed.] To trick ; 
to cheat ; to delude. — 2, v. u. To make pretences. 
— 3, u. A false pretence; trick; fraud.— 4, a. 
False; counterfeit; fictitious. 

Sham'ble, v. ». [0. Dut. schampelen, to stumble, 
to slip aside; a frequentative of scMmpen, to 
scamper (q. v.).] [pp. shambling, shamble 1.] 
To walk or move awkwardly. 

Sham'bles. u. pi. [A.-S. scam el, a stool ; L. sca- 
mellum, dim. of scamnum, a bench.] A flesh- 
market: — an abattoir. 

Sham'bling, »• The act of moving awkwardly. — 
2, «. Moving awkwardly ; clumsy. 

Shame, n. [A.-S. sceamu, scamu, D&n.skam; Ger. 
scham, shame; A.-S. sceamian, to shame.] Dis- 
grace ; ignominy ; reproach : — a sense of disgrace : 
— modesty. — 2, v. a. [pp. shaming, shamed.] To 
make ashamed; to disgrace. 

Shame'faced (sham'fast), a. [A corruption of 
Shamkfast; A.-S. scamfsest; scamu, shame, and 
fsest, fast, fixed.] Modest; bashful. 

Shame'faced-ness (sham'fust-nes), n. Modesty; 
bashfulness. 

Shame'ful. a. Disgraceful; scandalous; base. 

Shame'ful-ly., ad. Disgracefully. 

Shame'less, "• [A.-S. scam-leas.] Wanting mod- 
esty ; impudent. 

Shame' less-ly, ad. Impudently. 

Shame'less-ness, n. Impudence; immodesty. 

Sham'my., n. A kind of soft leather: — written 
also shamois. See Chamois. 

Sham-poo', v. a. [Urdu champna, to join, to press, 
to thrust, to shampoo.] [pp. shampooing, sham- 
pooed.] To rub and press the head, or the limbs 
and muscles, alter warm bathing, • Ac. — 2, n. 
The process of shampooing. 

Sham'rock. )/. [Irish seamrog, dim. of seamar, tre- 
foil.] A three-leaved Irish plant. — It is the em- 
blem of Ireland. 

Shank (shfingk), n. [A.-S. sceanca ; Dut. schonh ; 
Dan. & Sw. skunk; Ger. schenkd: root of A.-S. 
sceacan, to shake (q. v.), to run, to escape.] The 
part of the leg from the knee to the ankle :— the 
large bone of the leg : — the long part of a thine. 

Shan'ty, n. [Irish sean, old, or sion, weather, and 
Ugh, house ; or Canadian Fr. chnntier, a hut ; Fr. 
chantier, a work-yard, — also a plank or board.] 
A temporary building or cabin ; a mean shelter : 
[Fr. chanter, to sing] — a sailor's song. 

Shape, v. a. [A.-S. sceapan, scapan ; Icel. shapn ; 
Dan. skabe; Ger. schaffen: akin to Shave.] [i. 
shaped; pp. shaping, shaped or shapen.] To 
give a figure to ; to fashion ; to form ; to mould ; , 
to adjust; to make. — 2, v. n. To square; to suit. I 



— 3, n. External appearance, as of the body; 
form ; figure ; make; idea: — a model: — manner. 

Shape'less, a. Wanting shape or regular form. 

Shape'li-ness, n. State or quality of being well 
formed ; symmetry ; beauty. 

Shape'ly., a. Symmetrical ; well formed. 

Shard, n. [A.-S. sceard, a piece ; sceran, to shear 
(q. v.).] A fragment of an earthen vessel ; a 
potsherd; a shell : — the outer wing of a beetle. 

Share, v- a. [A.-S. scearu, scam, a part; sceran, to 
shear (q. v.).] [p>p. sharing, shared.] To par- 
take with others ; to part. — 2, v. n. To have part 
or a dividend. — 3, n. A part belonging to one 
individual; part; allotment: — [A.-S. scear, from 
sceran, to shear (q. v.)] a ploughshare. 

Sharker, n. One who shares ; a partaker. 

Shark, n. [Cf. L. carcharus, a dog-fish ; Gr. xap- 
^apias, a shark; Kdp\apo<;, sharp-pointed.] A 
voracious sea-fish : — a sharper. — 2, c. a. [pp. 
sharking, sharked.] To pick up hastily or slyly. 
— 3, v. n. To cheat : — to shift ; to shirk. 

Sharp, a. [A.-S. scearp ; Dut. scherp; Dan. sharp; 
Ger. scharf: akin to Shear, and L. scalpers, to 
cut.] Having a keen edge; acute; keen; cutting; 
not blunt; not obtuse :— shrill ; piercing.— 2, n. 
(Jtftu.) A note raised a half-tone : — a trickster. 
— 3, v. a. [pp. sharping, sharped.] To make 
keen; to render quick. 

Sharp'en (shar'pn), v. a. & v. n. [pp. sharpening, 
sharpened.] To make or grow sharp. 

Sharp'er, n. A tricking fellow ; a cheat. 

Sharp'iy, ad. Severely; keenly; painfully. 

Sharp'ness, n. Keenness; severity; acuteness. 

Sharp'-set, a. Hungry; ravenous; eager. 

Sharp'-shoot-er, n. A good marksman. 

Shas ter, or Shas'tra, n. [Skr. shastra; shas, to 
teach'.] A sacred book of the Hindoos, contain- 
ing the doctrines of their religion. 

Shat'ter, v. a. [A variant of Scattkr.] [pp. shat- 
tering, shattered.] To break into pieces.— 2, ». u. 
To be broken into fragments. — 3, n. A frag- 
ment; a piece of any thing that is shattered. 

Shave, c. a. [A.-S. sceafan, scafan; I>nt. schaven; 
Dan. shave; Ger. schaben: akin to Siiapf, and L. 
scabere, to scratch; Gr. o-Ka^reiv, to dig.] [i. 
shaved: pp. shaving, shaved or shaven. J To 
cut with a razor: — to pare off; to smooth: — to 
strip; to oppress by extortion. — 2, n. A tool 
used for shaving wood: — the operation of shav- 
ing : — a narrow escape. 

Shave'ling, ». A man shaved : — a friar. 

Shav'er, n. One who shaves : a sharper : — a boy. 

Shav'ing, ». A thin slice pared off. 

Shaw, n. [A.-S. scaga: root of Shade.] A thicket; 
a grove. 

Shawl, )/. [Fr. chdle ; Per. shah] A part of mod- 
ern female dress. 

Shawm, or Shalm (shawm), n. [Ger. schalmei, 
0. Fr. chaulme, Fr. chatumeau, a pipe or reed ; L. 
calamus, a reed. — See Calamus.] A hautboy. 

She, pron. pers. fern. [A.-S. seo, the, that (fern.) ; 
Dut. zij, Ger. me, Gr. r;. Skr. sa, she; sya, that 
(feni.). 1 ] The woman ; the female. 

Sheaf (shef), n. ; pi. Sheaves. [A.-S. sceaf, sceab ; 
Dut. schoof, Ger. schaub, a sheaf; A.-S. ecu/an 
(part, sceaf), to shove (g. v.).] A bundle of grain 
in stalks bound together : — any bundle. — 2, v. u. 
[pp. sheafing, sheafed.] To make sheaves. 

Shear, v. a. [A.-S. sceran, sciran ; Dut. schcren ; 
Dan. sksere; Ger. scheren : root shear and <sha, to 
cut : akin to Share, Shore, and to a vast num- 
ber of Teutonic words.] [i. sheared (formerly 
sometimes shore) ; pp. shearing, shorn or sheared.] 
To cut off with shears. — 2, v. n. To turn aside. 
See Sheee. [time of shearing. 

Shear' ing, n. A clipping or cutting; the act or 

Shears, »• pi- An instrument with two blades 
which move on a pivot. 

Sheath, n. ; pi. Sheaths. [A.-S. scsed, seead; Dut. 
scheede; Dan. skede ; Ger. scheide : root skid, to 
separate.] A case; a scabbard. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, Q } 9, £, soft; p, 0, e, g, hard; § us z ; x as gz ; this. 



SHEATHE 



490 



SHIMMEE 



Sheathe, v. a. [See Sheath.] [pp. sheathing, 
sheathed.] To put into a sheath or scabbard ; to 
enclose in a case : — to cover with boards, &c. 

Sheath'ing, n. Act of enclosing ; a covering : — 
material used in covering. 

Sheave, n. [Ger. scheibe, a slice ; Dut. schiif, Dan. 
skive, a disk, a slice ; Aryan root ska, to cut.] 
(Naut.) A wheel on which a rope works in a 
block : — called also a shiver. 

Sheph'i-nah, or She-phi'nah, n. [Heb. shekinah, 
dwelling; shakan, to dwell.] The Jewish name 
for the divine presence, which rested in the 
shape of a cloud over the mercy-seat. 

Shed, v. a. [A.-S. sceadan, scadan, to part; Ger. 
scheiden; Goth, skaidan.] [i. shed; pp. shedding, 
shed.] To pour out; to spill; to scatter; to let 
fall.— 2, n. [A form of Shade.— Cf. Sw. skydd, 
protection : root sku, to cover.] A slight build- 
ing or covering. 

Sheen, n. [Properly an adjective; A.-S. scene, 
scyue, Ger. schb'n, beautiful: its meaning as a 
noun was acquired from its supposed relation to 
Shine.] Brightness; splendor. — 2, a. Glittering. 

Sheep, n. sing. & pi. [A.-S. sceap, seep, Dut. scliuap, 
Ger. schaf, a sheep. — Cf. Polish skop, Czech sko- 
pec, a wether : root scap, to castrate, to cut; per- 
haps also with a reference to shearing.] An 
animal bearing wool. 

Sheep'cot, n. Sheepfold. 

Sheep'fdld, n. A place where sheep are enclosed. 

Sheep'hook (shep'huk), n. A hook by which shep- 
herds lay hold of sheep ; a shepherd's crook. 

Sheep'ish, a. Bashful; meanly diffident. 

Sheep'ish-ness, n. The state of being sheepish. 

Sheep's'-head, n. A kind of fish :— a dunce. 

Sheep'skin, v. The skin of a sheep. 

Sheep'walk (-wawk), n. A sheep-pasture. 

Sheer, n. [See the verb.] The longitudinal curve 
of a ship's deck or sides. — 2, a. [Icel. skserr, Dan. 
skier, A.-S. scir, Ger. schier, bright; Icel. skim, 
to cleanse: akin to Shine.] Pure; clear; mere; 
unmingled. — 3, ad. Clean; quick; at once. — 
4, v. n. [A variant of Shear ; Dut. & Ger. 
scheren, to shear, to cut,— also to warp, to with- 
draw.] [pp. sheering, sheered.] To deviate; 
to steal away. 

Sheet, n. [A.-*S. scete, scifte, Icel. slant, Dut. school, 
a sheet; A.-S. sceuta, Sw. skot, the foot, or sheet, 
of a sail ; properly a shoot or corner of a cloth or 
garment; next, a whole cloth: akin to Shoot.] 
A piece of linen or cotton cloth for a bed :— any 
thing expanded : — a piece of paper. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. sheeting, sheeted.] To cover, as with a 
sheet. 

Sheet'-an'ehor, n. [0. E. shoot-anchor.] The 
largest anchor in a ship : — chief support. 

Sheet'ing, n. Cloth for making sheets. 

Sheik,' n. [Arab, sheikh, an elder, a chief.] One 
who has the care of a Mohammedan mosque: — 
a chief of a tr be of Arabs. 

Shek'el (shek'kl) [she'kl, S. J. F. Ja.\ n. [Heb. 
sheqel; shagal, to weigh.] An ancient Jewish 
silver coin, value about 2s. 7(7. sterling:— a 
weight equal to about half an ounce avoirdupois. 

Shek'i-nah, n. See Shechinah. 

Shel'drake, n. [A.-S. sheld, party-colored, and 
Drake : sheld originally meant a shield, and 
seems to have a reference to the ornamentation 
of a shield.] A kind of wild duck. 

Shelf, u. ; pi. Shelves^ [A.-S. scylfe, a plank, a 
shelf; Low Ger. schelfe, a shelf; Ger. schelfe, a 
scale, a shell.— See Shelve.] A board fixed 
against a supporter : — a bank or a rock in the 
sea.— 2, v. a. [pp. shelfing, shelfed.] To lay on 
the shelf; to shelve. 

Shell, n. [A.-S. scell, scyll; Dut. schel; Icel. skel. 
— Cf. Goth, skalja, a tile :— root skal, to peel.] 
The hard covering of any thing, as of a nut or 
an animal ; a crust : — a bomb ; an explosive mis- 
sile (pi. shell or shells) :— a light row-boat for 
racing. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. shelling, shelled.] 



To strip off or cast the shell.— 3, v. a. To bom- 
bard ; to attack with shells. 

Shel'lac, n. [Shell and Lac] Melted lac in 
plates, used in making sealing-wax, stain, &c. 

Shell'-bark, n. A kind of hickory and its nut. 

Shell'-flsh, n. A mollusk ; a crustacean; an 
aquatic animal having a shell. 

Shel'iy., a. Abounding with or having shells. 

SheTter, n. [0. E. sheldtrun, sheltrume ; A.-S. scild- 
truma, shield-troop, a body-guard, or men with 
shields. — See Shield and Trim.] A protection ; 
asylum; harbor. — 2, v. a. [pp. sheltering, shel- 
tered.] To cover ; to defend ; to protect.— 3, v. n. 
To take or give shelter. 

Shel'ter-less, a. Destitute of shelter. 

Shelve, v. a. [See Shelf.] [pp. shelving, shelved.] 
To place on a shelf; to shelf.— 2, v. n. [Cf. Shal- 
low; Icel. skelgjask, to go askew; skjalgr, slop- 
ing, awry, oblique; Local Sw. skjalg, crooked; 
0. Ger. schelch, awry.] To overhang, as a shelf: 
— to slope downward. 

Shelv'ing, a. Sloping ; having declivity. — 2, n. A 
shelf or shelves. 

Shelv'v, a. Shallow; full of banks; shelfy. 

She-mit'ic, a. Relating to Shem; Semitic. 

Shl'ol, n. [Heb.] Hades; the world of the dead: 
— the grave. 

Shep'herd (shep'erd), n. [A.-S. sceaphyrde; sceap, 
a she'ep, and heorde, a herd, a guardian.] One 
who tends sheep. 

Shep'herd-ess (-erd-), n. A female shepherd. 

Sher'bet, or Sher-bet', n. [Arab, sharbat, a drink; 
shariba, he drank.] An Oriental drink, composed 
of water, lemon-juice, sugar, rose-water, &c. 

Sher'iff, n. [A.-S. seir-gerefu; scir, a shire, and 
ge-refa, a reeve, an officer.] The chief executive 
officer of a county ; a peace-officer. 

Sher' iff-al-ty, n. The office of a sheriff. 

Sher'ry, n. [From Xeres, a town in Spain; L. Cse- 
sai'is, of Cassar.] A kind of Spanish wine. 

Shew (sho), v. a. [See Show.] [/. shewed ; pp. 
shewing, shewn.] To exhibit ; to prove. 

Shew'er (sho'er), n. One who shews. 

Shewn (shon), p. from shev:. 

Shib'bo-leth, n. [Heb. for "an ear of corn," or 
for "a river:" root shabal, to grow, to flow. — 
Cf. Judges xii. 6.1 Criterion or test of a party. 

Shield (sheld), n. [A.-S. scild; Dut. & Ger. schttd; 
Dan. skiold: probably related to Shell and 
Scale.] A buckler; protection. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
shielding, shielded.] To defend; to protect; to 
secure. 

Shift, v. n. [A.-S. sciftan, scyftan, Dut. schiflev, Sw. 
skifta, Dan. skifte, to divide or part ; Icel. skipH, 
an exchange, a shift.] [pp. shifting, shifted.] 
To change ; to find means. — 2, v. a. To change ; 
to alter; to transfer. — 3, n. An expedient; 
mean refuge ; last resource : — fraud ; artifice ; 
evasion: — a woman's under linen or garment; a 
chemise. [practices. 

Shift' i-ness, n. Fertility in shifts, or dishonest 

Shift'iess, a. Inefficient ; thriftless. 

Shlft'y, a. Tricky; fertile in artifice. 

Shil-la'lah, n. [Said to be named from Shillelagh, 
a place in the county of Wicklow, once noted for 
its oaks.] An oak sapling; a cudgel or club : — 
written also shillelah. [Ireland.] 

Shil'ling, n. [A.-S. scilling ; Dut. schelling ; Ger. 
schilling; Dan. skill htg : perhaps akin to Ger. 
schellen, to ring ; schelle, a bell ; Icel. skella, to rat- 
tle, to tinkle ; perhaps from base skil, to divide : 
root of Scale.] A silver coin ; twelve pence. 

Shil'ly-shal-ly, n. [Said to be a reduplication of 
"shall I?"] Indecision; irresolution. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. shilly-shallying, shilly-shallied.] To act 
irresolutely. 

Shim'mer, n. [A.-S. scimrian, a frequentative of 
sciman', to shine; scima, light; Dut. scheweren, 
Ger. schimmern, Sw. skimra, to glimmer.] A 
quivering light; a glimmer. — 2, v. n. [pp. shim- 
mering, shimmered.] To gleam; to glisten. 



a, e, x, o, u, y, long; a, e, l, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y,, obsmre.— Fare, far, fast, fill; h§ir, her; 



SH1X 



491 



SHOT 



Shin, n. [A.-S. scitia ; Dut. scheeii ; Ger. schiene.] 
The fore part of the leg, above the ankle. 

Shine, v. n. [A.-S. scituin; Dut. schijiten; Dan. 
skinne; Gei - . scheinen; base sfct, to shine.] [j. 
shone or shined ; shining, shone or shined.] To 
glisten; to be bright, glossy, gay, splendid, or 
conspicuous. — 2, n. Fair weather; brightness; 
lustre. 

Shin'er, n. One that shines : — a small fish. 

Shin'gle (shing'gl), n. [Norw. singl, singling; from 
singla, to rattle, to jingle; frequentative of Icel. 
syngja, to sing : referring to the rattling of stones 
by the surf.] Loose stones and gravel : — [Ger. 
schindel, L. scindulu, or scandula, a shingle ; sein- 
dere, Gr. o-kI&iv, to split] a thin board to cover ! 
houses.— pZ. [L. cingulum, a girdle; cingere, to j 
gird.] A" disease which tends to surround the I 
body. — 2, v. a. - [pp. shingling, shingled.] To 
cover with shingles. 

Shin'ing, a. Bright ; splendid ; conspicuous. 

Shi'ny, a. Bright; splendid; luminous. 

Ship. A termination from the Saxon, noting | 
office, quality, or condition ; as, lordship. — -. n. 
[A.-S. scip ; Dut. schiff; Dan. skib ; Ger. sch'af: 
akin to Scoop. — See Skiff.] A large sea-vessel \ 
with three masts : — a term for all large vessels. 
— 3, v. a. [pp. shipping, shipped.] To put into I 
a ship ; to transport. 

Ship'board, n. A plank of a ship : — the deck. 

Shlp'-chand-ler, n. One who deals in the furni- 
ture and provisions of a ship. 

Ship'mate, n. One serving in the same ship. 

Ship'ment, n. Act of shipping; transportation: 
— the quantity of goods 8 hipped. 

Ship'ping, n. Vessels of navigation; a fleet. 

Ship'-shape, a. & ad. In good order; neat or 
neatly. 

Ship' wreck (-rek), n. The loss of a ship at sea :— 
ruin; disaster.— 2, v. a. [pp. shipwrecking, ship- 
wrecked.] To sink or destroy by dashing on 
rocks or shallows. 

Ship'wright (ship'rlt), n. A builder of ships. 

Shire, or Shire, n. [A.-S. scir: akin to Shahe.] 
A territorial division ; a county. — Sfiire town, the 
chief town of a county. 

Shirk, ii. [Said to be a form of Shark. — See Ger. 
schur, a cheat, a shearing or fleecing; schurke, a 
rascal.] A sharper; a shark. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
shirking, shirked.] To evade one's duty: — to 
practise mean tricks: — to shark. — 3, v. a. To 
procure by mean tricks; to shark :— to evade. 

Shirk'ing, n. The practice of mean tricks. 

Shirr. ». a. [Cf. Ger. echurren, to scrape.] [pp. 
shirring, shirred.] To insert cord in. — 2, ». A 
cord inserted; fabric in wh ch cord is inserted. 

Shirt, n. [Icel. skyrta, Sw. skjorta, Dan. skiorte, a 
shirt, a skirt ; Ger. schurz, an apron: root of 
Shokt.] The under garment of a man. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. shirting, shirted.] To cover; to clothe, as 
in a shirt. 

Shirt'ing, n. Goods of which shirts are made. 

Shive.n. [A form of Sheave,] A splinter or lamina. 

Shiv'er, v. a. & v. u. [A diminutive of Shite or 
Sheave; Icel. skifa, Dan. skive, Ger. scheibe, a 
slice.] [pp. shivering, shivered.] To break 
into many parts. — 2, v. ». [A variant of Quiver ; 
0. Dut. schoeveren, huiveren, to hover, to quiver.] 
To quake; to tremble; to shudder. — 3, n. A 
little piece : — a shaking-fit. 

Shiv'er-ing, n. Act of trembling; division. 

Shiv'er-x, a. Loose of coherence; incompact. 

Shoal", n. [Dut. & Eng. school, a school, a drove i 
of fishes: Irish sgol, a school, — also, a shoal of 
fishes. — See School.] A crowd ; a multitude, j 
as of fish : — [a variant of Shallow ; Icel. skjalgr, 
oblique, sloping, as a shore ; Ger. schvl, oblique; 
Gr. (tkoAios, -crooked] a shallow : a sand-bank. — 
2, v. n. [pp. shoaling, shoaled.] To crowd; to 
throng: — to be or grow shallow. — 3, a. Shal- 
low ; obstructed by banks. 

Shoal' y., a. Full of shoals or shallows; shoal. 



Shock, n. [Fr. choc, Dut. schok, a shock ; Fr. cho- 
quer, Dut. schokken, to shock, to jolt: — root of 
Shake.] A violent shake; concussion; a blow; 
an assault : — offence ; impression of disgust or 
astonishment :— [0. Dut. schocke, Sw. slock, a 
heap : akin to Shake] a pile of sheaves of corn ; 
a stook : — [probably akin to Shag] a shaggy dog. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. shocking, shocked.] To shake : 
— to offend; to disgust. — 3, v. u. To come to- 
gether with a crash. 

Shock'ing, a. That shocks : dreadful ; frightful. 

Shock'ing-ly., ad. So as to disgust or shock. 

Shod'dy, n. [A.-S. sceadan, to scatter, to shed 
(q. ».).] Waste wool, or wool of old fabrics torn 
into fibres and respun into eluth ; the cloth so 
made. — 2, a. Of or pertaining to, or made of, 
shoddy: — not genuine; counterfeit; sham. 

Sh6e (sho), n. [A.-S. sceo ; Sw. & Dan. sko ; Ger. 
schuh. — Cf. Skr. sku, to cover.] A cover for the 
foot. — 2, v. a. [i. shod ; pp. shoeing, shod.] To 
furnish with shoes ; to cover the foot. 

Shoe' black, u. One who cleans shoes. 

Shoe'mak-er, n. One who makes shoes. 

Sho'er, u. One who fits the foot with a shoe. 

Shone, or Shone, i- & p. from shine. 

Shoo, interj. Begone; away. 

Shook (shuk) [shok, W. Ja. K.], i. & p. from shake. 

Shook (shuk), n. [A variant of Shock, in the 
sense of a pile.] A bundle of staves or short 
boards. 

Shoot, v. a. [A.-S. scotian, sceotun, participle scolen; 
Dut. schieteu, part, school; Ger. schiesseu, part. 
geschossen.] [i. shot ; pp. shooting, shot.] To dis- 
charge, as a gun; to let off; to stiike with any 
thing shot: — to push; to emit. — 2, v. u. To 
perform the act of shooting : — to germinate : — to 
jet out : — to pass. — 3, n. A discharge : — a young 
branch : — a sloping trough or spout. 

Shoot'ing-star, n. A glowing meteor. 

Shop, n. [A.-S. sceoppa, a stall ; Low Ger. schup, 
A.-S. set/pen, Ger. schuppen, a shed. — Cf. Gr. 
o-Kends, a cover.] A place or room for retailing 
goods :— a place for work or for manufacturing; 
a workshop.— 2, o. >i. [pp. shopping, shopped.] 
To frequent shops. 

Shop'keep-er, «. One who sells in a shop. 

Shop'lift-er, n. One who steals out of a shop. 

Shop'lift-ing, it. The crime of a shoplifter. 

Shop'man, n. A petty trader or shopkeeper. 

Shop'ping, n. The act of frequenting shops. 

Shore, n. [A.-S. scoren, cut off; sceran, to shear 
(q. c.).] The border or coast of the sea or other 
water : — [Dut. schoor, Norw. shorn, a prop ; Local 
Sw. share, a piece of wood : root of Siirar, to 
cut] a support : a buttress. — 2, v. a. [pp. shoring, 
shored.] To prop; to support. — 3, i. from shear. 

Shored (shord), a. Having a bank or shore. 

Shorn, p. from shear. 

Short, <(• [A.-S. 8ceort, 0. Ger. scurz, short; Icel. 
skorta, to be short, to lack ; L. curtns, curt, short : 
root skar, to cut.] Not long; brief; laconic; 
concise : — defective ; scanty : — brittle ; friable. 

Shbrt'com-ing. ». Defective performance. 

Short'en (shbr'tn), r. a. [A.-S. sceortian.] [pp. 
shortening, shortened.] To make short. 

Short' en-ing, n. The act of making short : — any 
thing that shortens paste, as butter or lard. 

Short' -hand, n. Short writing; stenography. 

Shbrt'-hbrns, »• pt A breed of cattle originating 
in the north-east of England. 

Shbrt'-lived (-livd), a. Isot living long. 

Shbrt'ly, ad. [A.-S. sceortlice.] Quickly ; soon ; 
concisely. 

Short'ness, n. The quality of being short. 

Shorts, n. ph Coarse flour or meal ; bran. 

Shot, i- & p. from shooi. — 2, n. [A.-S. sceotan, to 
shoot (q. v.); 0. Fris. & Icel. skol; Sw. skott; 
Dut. schot; Ger. schoss, a shot.] The act of 
shooting : — one who shoots : — [see Scot] a reck- 
oning:— (pi. Shot and Shots) a smail, granular 
bullet ; a bullet :— balls. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.— -p, 9, c, £, soft; p, ja, p, § , hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



SHOTE 



492 



SHUN 



Shote, m. [From Shoot, to grow up.] A young 
hog ; a pig : — written .also shout. 

Shot'-gun, n. A gun for sporting purposes, &c. 

Should (shud), v. auxiliary and defective. [A.-S. 
sceolde, scolde, pi. sceoldon. — See Shall.] Usually 
denoting obligation, duty, or possibility, and 
regarded as the preterite of shall. 

Shoul'der, n. [A.-S. sculder ; Dut. schouder ; Dan. 
skulder; Ger. schuller.] The joint which connects 
the arms to the body : — a prominence. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. shouldering, shouldered.] To push; to put 
on the shoulder. 

Shoul'der-belt, n. A belt crossing the shoulder. 

Shoul'der-blade, n. The scapula. 

Shoul'der-strap (shol'der-), n. {Mil. & Nav.) A 
strap worn on the shoulder of a commissioned 
officer, bearing a device indicating his rank. 

Shout, n. [Etymology doubtful.— Cf. Icel. skuta, 
skuti, a taunt.] A loud cry of triumph or exul- 
tation. — 2, v. n. [pp. shouting, shouted.] To 
cry in triumph or exultation. 

Shove (shuv), v. a. [A.-S. scofian, scvfan; Dut. 
schuiven; Dan. skuffe; Ger. schieben, part, gescho- 
ben.] [pp. shoving, shoved.] To push; to rush 
against. — 2, «. The act of shoving ; a push. 

Shov'el (shuv'vl), n. [A.-S. scofl; Ger. schanfel : 
root of Shove.] A tool for digging, &c. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. shovelling, shovelled.] To throw with a 
shovel. 

Shov'el-hat, n. A broad-brimmed hat worn by 
clergymen. 

Shov'el-ler, n. One who shovels : — a duck. 

Show (sho), v. a. [A.-S. sceaivian, to see ; Dut. 
schouwen, Dan. skue, Ger. schauen, to view.] 
[i. showed ; pp. showing, shown.] To present 
to the view ; to exhibit ; to prove ; to direct :— 
written also shew.— 2, v. n. To appear ; to look, 
— 3, n. Exhibition ; a spectacle ; display. 

Show'bread (sho'bred), u. Twelve loaves of un- 
leavened bread, representing the twelve tribes 
of Israel : — written also shewbread. 

Show'er (shou'er), v. [A.-S. scur ; Dut. schoer ; 
Ger. 'schaner.] A short fall of rain or hail : — any 
very liberal distribution.— 2, v. n. [pp. shower- 
ing, showered.] To rain in showers. — 3, v. a. 
To pour down. 

Show'er-y, a. Raining in showers; rainy. 

Show'i'-ly (sho'e-le), a d. In a showy way. 

Show' j-ness, n. State of being showy. 

Show'y (sho'e), a. Splendid; magnificent; gay; 
finical ; gaudy ; foppish ; ostentatious. 

Shrank, i. from shrink. Shrunk. 

Shrap'nel, n. ; pi. Shrap'nel. [Named from the 
inventor.] A shell filled with balls, which, when 
fired, explodes, projecting the balls; spherical 
case-shot. 

Shred, v. a. [A.-S. screade, a strip; screadian, to 
shred; Ger. schrot, a piece; schroten, to cut.] 
[i. shred; pp. shredding, shred.] To cut into 
small pieces. — 2, n. A small piece cut off; a 
fragment. 

Shrew (shru), «. [A.-S. screawa, a shrew-mouse; 
Ger. scher, schermaus: related to Shear and to 
Shred. In many countries the shrew is con- 
sidered a venomous animal : hence the extension 
of the term to a scold.] A brawling woman; a 
termagant :— a small animal, the shrew-mouse. 

Shrewd (shrud), a. [From 0. E. shrew, to curse, 
to beshrew : shrewd meant accursed, then mali- 
cious, then cunning.] Sly; cunning; sensible. 

Shrewd'ly. (shrud'le), ad. Cunningly; slyly. 

Shrewd'ness (shriid'nes), n. Sly cunning. 

Shrew'isti (shru'ish), a. Froward ; clamorous. 

Shrew'ish-ly (shru'ish-le), ad. Frowardly. 

Shrew'ish-ness (shru'ish-nes), n. Petulance. 

Shrew'-mouse (shru'mbtis), n. A small animal. 

Shriek (shrek), v. n. [Sw. skrik. Dan. skrig, Irish 
sgreach, a cry. — See Screech.] [pp. shrieking, 
shrieked.] To cry out in anguish.— 2, n. A cry 
of anguish or horror; a scream. 

Shriev'al-ty (shrev'al-te), n. Office of a sheriff. 



Shrift, n. [A.-S. serif t ; Dan. skrifte ; Sw. skrift.— 
See Shrive.] Absolution by a priest. 

Shrike, n. [From its shriek.] The butcher-bird. 

Shrill, a. [Local Ger. schrell, schriU, shrill ; schril- 
len, to sound shrill ; Norw. skreela, slrijhi, to cry 
aloud; skreel, Scot, skirl, a loud cry.] Piercing, 
or tremulous, as sound. — 2, v. n. [pp. shrilling, 
shrilled.] To utter a shrill sound. — 3, v. a. To 
utter hi a shrill voice. 

Shrill'ness, n. The quality of being shrill. 

Shril'ly, ad. With a shrill noise. 

Shrimp, n. [Allied to Scrimp and Shrink : named 
from its wrinkled appearance.] A small crusta- 
cean : — a dwarf. 

Shrine, n. [A.-S. serin; Ger. schrein; Fr. ecrin; L. 
scrinium, a desk.] A case to hold things sacred. 

Shrink, v. n. [A.-S. scrincan, 0. Dut. schrinken, to 
shrink; Sw. skrynkla, to wrinkle.] [i. shrunk; 
pp. shrinking, shrunk.] To contract itself; to 
shrivel ; to fall back or withdraw, as from dan- 
ger. — 2, n. A corrugation ; a contraction. 

Shrink' a£e, n. The act of shrinking; contrac- 
tion. 

Shrive, v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. scrifan, to shrive, to 
impose a penance on : probably from L. seribere, 
to write, to bring a legal action against.] [i. 
shrove or shrived ; pp. shriving, shriven.] To 
hear and absolve at confession. 

Shriv'el (shriv'vl), v. a. & v. n. [0. Northum- 
brian screpa, to pine; Norw. skripa, to waste; 
skryp, Dan. skrobelig, weak : akin to Eivei. and to 
Shrink.] [pp. shrivelling, shrivelled.] To con- 
tract or be contracted into wrinkles ; to shrink. 

Shroud, n. [A.-S. scrud, Dan. ekrud, attire ; Icel. 
skrud, equipment, a ship's shrouds : closely akin 
to Shred.] Dress of the dead ; a winding-sheet. 
—2, v. a. [pp. shrouding, , ,.,..., 
shrouded.] To shelter; to 
cover ; to dress. 

Shrouds, n. pi. (Naut.) Large 
ropes of a ship. 

Shrove'tide, n. [See Shrive.] 
The time immediately pre- 
ceding Lent. 

Shrub, n. [A.-S. scrob, a shrub. 
— See Scrub.] A dwarfish 
tree or plant ; a bush : — 
[Arab, slurb, a drink.— See Sherbet] a beverage 
composed of spirit with acid and sugar. 

Shrub'ber-y, n. A plantation of shrubs. 

Shrub'b^, a. Full of, or like, shrubs ; bushy. 

Shrug, v'. a. & v. n. [Cf. Local Sw. skrukka, to 
shrink up ; skmgeg, wrinkled ; Norw. skrukken, 
wrinkled; skrekka, to wrinkle; Gael, scjreag, to 
shrivel.] [pp. shrugging, shrugged.] To draw 
up the shoulders, &c. — 2, n. A contraction of 
the shoulders. 

Shrunk, i. & p. from shrink. 

Shrunk'en (shrunk'kn), p. from shrink. 

Shuck, n. [Cf. Ger. schote, a husk.] Husk or shell : 
— a shock. — 2, v. a. [pp. shucking, shucked.] 
To peel the husk or shell from ; to husk. 

Shud'der, v. n. [A frequentative verb ; 0. Saxon 
skuddlan, 0. Dut. sclnulden, to shake ; Ger. schut- 
tern, schutlehi, schuttvn, to shake : akin to Shed 
and Shoot.] [pp. shuddering, shuddered.] To 
quake with fear; to quiver.— 2, n. A tremor; 
state of trembling. 

Shud'der-ing, n. The act of trembling; tremor. 

Shuffle, v. a. [A frequentative of Shove.] [pp. 
shuffling, shuffled.] To throw into disorder; to 
confuse ; to change the position of. — 2, v. n. To 
throw cards into a new order: — to play mean 
tricks: — to shove the feet. — 3, n. The act of 
shuffling ; a trick. 

Shuffler, n. One whe shuffles or plays tricks. 

Shuffling, n. Disorder; trick; a shuffle. 

Shun, v. a. [A.-S. scunian, to reject, to flee ; Norw. 
skurma, to hurry.] [pp. shunning, shunned.] 
To keep clear of; not to associate with; to ab- 
stain from ; to avoid; to decline. 




Shrouds. 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



SHUNT 



493 



SIGNIFICANCY 



Shunt, n. [0. E. shunten, to start aside, to flee; 
Icel. slautda, to hurry : a variant of Sudn.] A 
turning on" to a short siding; a railway switch : 
— a telegraph switch. — 2, v. a. [pp. shunting, 
shunted.] To move off or change ; to switch off. 

Shut, v. a. [A.-S. scyltan, to fasten ; from scutian, 
Bceotan, to shoot, as a holt; Dut. schutteu, to shut, 
to lock. — See Shoot.] [i. shut; pp. shutting, 
shut.] To make close or tight ; to close; to con- 
fine; to imprison; to bar; to exclude; to con- 
tract. — 2, v. n. To he closed ; to close itself. — 
3, n. A close ; a small door or cover. 

Shut'ter, n. One that shuts ; a cover. 

Shut' tie (shut/tl), n. [A.-S. scyttels, a bar, a holt ; 
Dan. skylle, skyttel, a shuttle; from the root of 
Shoot.] An instrument which guides the thread 
in weaving. 

Shut' tie-cock, n. [Shuttle, from its motion, and 
Cock, from its feathers.] A cork stuck with 
feathers, and beaten backward and forward. 

Shy, a. [A.-S. sceoh, Ger. scheu, timid; Dan. sky, 
Sw. slcygg, skittish.] Eeserved ; coy; cautious; 
suspicious. — 2, v. a. [pp. shying, shied.] To 
fling; to throw. — 3, v. n. [Sw. shy, to shun.] 
To start aside. 

Shy'ly, ad. With shyness; not familiarly. 

Shy'ness, n. State of being shy ; coyness. 

Si-al'a-gogue (-gog), n. [Gr. aiakov, spittle, and 
d-ytoyo?, leading; ayeiv, to lead.] (Med.) A 
medicine that causes the flow of saliva. 

Sib'i-lance, or Sib'i-lan-cy, >/. Hissing sound. 

Sib'i-lant, a. [L. sibilans. — See Sibilate.] Sound- 
ing like the letter s. — 2, n. A hissing letter, as s. 

Sib'j-late, v. a. [L. sibilare, sibilatum, to hiss; sibi- 
lus, a hiss, hissing.] [pp. sibilating, sibilated.] 
To pronounce with a hissing sound ; to mark 
with a cedilla in order to indicate a hissing 
sound. [ing sound. 

Sib-i-la'tion, «. [L. sibilntio.] A hissing; a hiss- 

Sib'y.l, n. [L. Sibylla; Gr. aiflvWa.] A prophetess 
among the pagans. 

Sib'yl-line, a. [L. sibylliuus.] Of or belonging to 
a sibyl. < 

Sic, ad. [L. for "so."] So ; thus : — often introduced 
in brackets after a word or quotation, to signify 
that, though it may seem strange, it is given 
precisely as the author used it. 

Sic [for such], or Sic' can [for such an or such one], a. 
Such. [Lowland Scotch.] 

Sick, a. [A.-S. seoc, Dut. ziek, Dan. syg, Ger. siech, 
Goth, sinks, sick; smkan, to be ill.] Afflicted 
with disease; ill in health; sickly :— affected 
with nausea. 

Sick'en (slk'kn), v. n. [pp. sickening, sickened.] 
To become sick. — 2, v. a. To make sick. 

Sick'ish, a. Somewhat sick ; nauseating. 

Sick'ish-ness, n. State of being sickish.; 

Sic'kie (sik'kl), n. [A.-S. sicol ; Ger. sichel; Cam- 
panian Latin secula; L. secare, to cut.] A hook 
with which grain is reaped. 

Sick'li-ness, n. The state of being sickly. 

Slck'ly, a. Not healthy ; not sound ; visited with 
sickness ; diseased ; faint ; weak. [nausea. 

Sick'ness, ». [A.-S. seocnes.] Disease; illness :— 

Side, n! [A.-S. & Dan. side; Dut. zijde ; Icel. sida; 
Ger. seite.] The part of an animal fortified by 
ribs : — a part; margin; edge: — party. — 2, a. 
Lateral; oblique; indirect; long. — 3, v. n. [pp. 
siding, sided.] To take sides; to join a party. 

Side'board, n. A side-table with drawers. 

Side'ling, <t. Inclined; sloping; oblique. 

Side' long, a. [Cf. Headlong.] Lateral ; oblique ; 
not direct. — 2, ad. Laterally ; on the side ; side- 
wise. 

Si-de're-al, a. [L. sideralis, or sidereus ; sidus, si- 
deris,'n constellation, a star.] Relating to the 
stars; starry. . 

Sid'er-ite, w. [Gr. atS^ptVi)?, of iron ; o-i'S^pos, 
iron.] (Min.) A carbonate of iron : — an in- 
digo-blue variety of quartz. 

Side'-sad-dle, n. A woman's saddle. 



Side'walk (-wak), n. A walk for foot-passengers 
by the side of a street. 

Side'ways, or Side'wise, ad. On one side. 

Sid'ing, n. A side-track of a railway : — material 
for sides, as of buildings. 

Si'dle (sl'dl), v. n. [From Side.] [pp. sidling, 
sidled.] To go sidewise or with one side fore- 
most. 

Siege (sej). n. [Fr. siege, a seat, a siege ; It. seggio, 
for sedio, a seat ; assedio, assegio, a siege ; Late L. 
assediuru, a siege; ad, at, and sedere, to sit down; 
L. obsidium ; ob, against, and sedere, to sit down ; 
sedes, a seat (q. ».).] The act of besetting a 
fortified place with an army ; act of besieging. 

Si'e-nite, u. [Named from Syene, in Egypt.] A 
rock resembling granite. 

Si-en'na, u. [From Siena, a city of Italy.] An 
earth used as a pigment. 

Si-er'ra, n. [Sp. for "a mountain-range," — also 
for ''a saw:" named from tiie saw-tooth-like 
succession of peaks ; or, as some say, from Arab. 
fahra, a waste, a desert.] A mountain-range. 

Si-es'ta, n. [Sp. for "afternoon :" said to be for 
sexta, sixth (hour).] Rest; an afternoon nap. 

Sieve (siv), n. [A.-S. sife ; Dut. see/, sift; Ger. 
sieb : perhaps akin to Local Eng. seave, Icel. sef, 
Sw. siif, Dan. sir, a rush.] A vessel with a bot- 
tom of net-work, by which flour is separated 
from bran, or fine powder from coarse ; a scarce ; 
a bolter : — a basket of a certain measure. 

Sift, v. a. [A.-S. siftau; Dut. ziften.— See Sieve.] 
[■pp. sifting, sifted.] To separate by a sieve : — 
to examine. 

Sigh (si), v. n. [A.-S. sican, Sw. sucl-a, Dan. sukke, 
to sigh.] [pp. sighing, sighed.] To emit the 
breath audibly. — 2, n. A violent emission of 
the breath. 

Sight (sit), n. [A.-S. siht, gesiht; seon, gesegn, to 
see (q. v.); Dut. yezigt ; Dan. sigte ; Ger. sieht] 
The sense of seeing ; act of seeing ; vision ; view ; 
Bpectacle; a show. — 2, v. n. [pp. sighting, 
sighted.] To get a view of; to look at. 

Sight'less (sit'hs), «. Wanting sight ; blind. 

Sight'li'-ness (sit'li-nes), n. Comeliness. 

Sight'ly. (sit'le), a. Pleasing to the eye. 

Sig'mbid, ) <(. [Gr. o-i-y/aoetSjj?, shaped like the 

Sig-mbid'al, j letter aigma.] Curved like the Greek 
letter surma or the English letter s or c. 

Sign (sin), n. [L. signum, Fr. signe, a sign.] A 
token of one's occupation; an indication ; a sig- 
nal; a mark; a device: — a wonder; a miracle: 
— a monument; a memorial: — a symbol: — a 
constellation in the zodiac. — 2. r. a. [Fr. signer, 
L. signare, to sign.] [/.p. signing, signed.] To 
mark ; to show ; to ratify. — 3, v. n. To make 
signs or signals. 

Sig'nal, n. "[Late L. signale, a signal ; signalis, be- 
longing to a sign; Fr. signal, a signal ; signaler, 
to signal.] A sign that gives notice ; a mark. — 

2, a. Eminent ; memorable ; remarkable. — 

3, v. a. [pp. signalling, signalled.] To make 
known by signals : — to communicate with by 
signals. 

Sig'nal-ize, v. a. [pp. signalizing, signalized.] 
To make signal ; to celebrate ; to give signals to. 

Sig'nal-ly, ad. Remarkably; memorably. 

Sig'na-to-ry, n. One who affixes one's signature ; 
a signer.— 2, a. Of or relating to signature ; af- 
fixing, or having affixed, one's signature; sign- 
ing : — used in signing or in sealing. 

Sig'na-ture, n. [L. signatura. — See Sign.] A per- 
son's name signed: — mark; stamp. — (Printing.) 
A letter or figure to distinguish sheets or half- 
sheets ; a printed sheet or half-sheet. 

Sign'er (sin'er), n. One who signs. 

Sig'net, «• [Fr. ; dim. of signe, a sign.] A seal, 
particularly a king's seal. 

Sig-nif i-cance, )n. [L. significantia.] Power 

Sig-nif j-can-cy, J of signifying ; meaning ; force ; 
expressiveness; energy; importance; moment; 
consequence. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.- 



42 



5, £, soft; p, JS, p, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



SIGNIFICANT 



494 



SIMULTANEOUS 



Sigr-nif i-cant, a. [L. significans, a pres. part. — 
See Signify.] Expressive; important. 

Sig-nif'i-c^nt-ly, ad. With significance. 

Sig-ni-fj-ca'tion, n. [L. significalio.] The act of 
signifying; meaning; import; significance. 

Sjg-nif'i-ca-tive, a. [L. significativus.] Strongly 
expressive. 

Sig'ni-fy, v. a. [Fr. signifier ; L. significare; sig- 
titim, a sign, and facere, to make.] [pp. signify- 
ing, signified.] To make known; to declare; 
to mean ; to import. — 2, v. «. To express mean- 
ing with force ; to mean : — to he of use. 

Sign'ior (sen'yur), n. A title. See Seignior. 

Sign'-man'u-al (sin'man'yu-al), n. The signature 
of a king, written with his "own hand. 

Signor (sen'yor), n. [It. ; L. senior, older, an 
elder.] The title by which gentlemen are ad- 
dressed in Italy : — equivalent to our Mr. or Sir. 

Signora (sen-yo'ra), n. [It.] The feminine of 
Signor: — equivalent to our Mrs., Madame. 

Slgn'-post (sin'post), n. A post on which a sign 
hangs or is fixed. 

Si'ience, n. [L. silentia; silere, to be silent.] State 
of being silent ; taciturnity; quiet; secrecy; still- 
ness ; obscurity. — 2, iuteij. Be silent; l>e still. 
— 3, v. a. [pp. silencing, silenced.] To forbid 
to speak ; to still. 

Si'lent, a. [L. silens, pres. part, of silere, to be 
still.] Not speaking; mute; dumb; taciturn. 

Si'lent-ly, ad. Without speech or noise. 

Si'lex, n.' [L. silex, silicis, flint.] (Min.) Flint; 
silica. 

Silhouette (sil'o-et'), n. [From Etienne de Silhou- 
ette, French minister of finance in 1759, who was 
considered unduly parsimonious : named from 
tlie cheapness of this kind of likeness.] A por- 
trait or profile, represented in black. 

Sil'i-ca, ii. [From L. silex, flint.] (Min.) An 
earth found in rock crystal, quartz, sand, flint, &c. 

Si-lic'i-fy, v. n. [L. silex, silicis, flint, and fieri, to 
become.] [pp. silicifying, sil> *ied.] To enter 
into combination with silica- >ecome impreg- 
nated with silica. — 2, v. a. x'o petrify by means 
of silica. 

Si-H"cious (se-lTsh'us), a. [L. silicevs.] Relating 
to, or containing, 'silex or silica; flinty: — writ- 
ten also siliceous. 

Sil'i-cle, n. [L. silicula, dim. of siliqua, a pod.] A 
two-leaved pod ; siliqua. 

Sil'i-con, n. The chemical base of silica. 

Sil'i-qua, n. [L. for "a pod;" Fr. siligue.) A 
pod; a seed-vessel. 

Sil-i-quose', or Sil'i-quous, a. Having pods. 

Silk, n. [A.-S. seolc; Icel. silki; Dan. silke ; from 
L. sericum, silk, through Slavic derivatives; the 
L. is from .Seres, the name of a far Oriental peo- 
ple. — Cf. Gr. o-ijp, Chinese si, Corean soi, the silk- 
worm.] A fine, soft thread or filament spun by 
silk-worms: stuff made of the thread. 

Silk'en (silk'kn), a. Made of silk ; soft. 

STlk'i-ness, n. State of being silky ; softness. 

Silk'-worm (-wiirm), «. A larva that spins silk. 

Silk's, «. Made of silk; soft; tender; silken. 

Sill, w. [A.-S. si/l; Dan. syld; Icel. sytt or svill ; 
Ger. schicelle: it is a rise or swell above the 
ground.] A bottom-piece of timber ; ground-sill. 

Sil'la-bub, n. [Said to be for slap-up. — Cf. Low 
Ger. slabb'ul, Swiss schlabutz, 0. E. sillabouk, mer- 
rybouk, a sillabub.] A liquor made of milk and 
wine or milk and cider and sugar. 

Sil'li-ness, a. State of being silly ; folly. 

Sil'ly, a. [A.-S. sselig, timely, happy; sxl, time, 
opportunity, happiness ; Dut. zalig, blessed ; Ger. 
selig, pood, happy. — Cf. 0. L. sollus. complete; 
L. salvus, safe.] Senseless ; weak ; foolish ; simple. 

Si'lo, n. [Fr. ; L. sirus, Gr. o-ipos, a pit.] (Agric.) 
The pit or ditch in which ensilage is stored. 

Silt, n. [Sw. sila, Local Eng. site, to filter : akin 
to A.-S. sihan, Ger. seihen, to filter.] Sand, clay, 
and earth deposited by running water. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. silting, silted.] To become choked. 



Si-lu'ri-an, a. [L. Siluria, South Wales : named 
from' the ancient British tribe called Silures.] 
Noting rocks below the old red sandstone. 

Sil'vari, a. Woody. See Sylvan. 

Sil'ver, n. [A.-S. seolfor ; Dut. zilver ; Ger. silber ; 
Russ. serebro ; Lith. sidabras. — Cf. L. sidtis, a star; 
Lith. swidus, bright.] A white precious metal ; 
money. — 2, a. Made of or like silver; white. — 
3, v. a. [pp. silvering, silvered.] To cover 
with silver. — 4, v. n. To assume a silvery ap- 
pearance. 

Sil'ver-ing, n. Art of covering with silver. 

Sil'ver-smith, n. One who works in silver. 

Sil'ver-y, a. Besprinkled with or like silver. 

Sim'i-an, a. [L. simia, an ape: perhaps akin to 
simills, like ; perhaps to siums, Gr. cri/u.6?. flat- 
nosed.] Of or relating to, or resembling, an ape. 

Sim'j-lar, a. [Fr. sirnilaire, L. similis, like; siund, 
at once. — See Same.] Having resemblance ; like. 

Sim-i-lar'i-ty, n. Likeness; resemblance. 

Sim'i-lar-iy, ad. With resemblance. 

Sim'i-le", n. [L. simile, a like thing. — See Simi- 
lar.] (filet.) A resemblance in things dissim- 
ilar ; a comparison ; similitude. 

Si-mil'j-tude, n. [L. similitudo, likeness. — See 
Similar.] Resemblance ; comparison. 

Sim'mer, v. a. & v. n. [Cf. Dan. swnme, Ger. sum- 
men, Local Sw. summa, to hum.] f pp. simmer- 
ing, simmered.] To boil gently with a hissing 
sound. — 2, n. A gentle boiling. 

Sim'nel, n. [Late L. siminellns, a kind of cake; 
simel'la, L. simila, fine flour; Ger. sentinel, wheat 
bread.] A kind of rich cake. 

Si-mo'ni-ac, n. [Late L. simoniac.us. — See Simony.] 
One who practises simony. 

Sim-o-ni'a-cal, a. Relating to simony. 

Sim'o-ny, n. [Late L. simonia; from Simon Magus, 
who desired to purchase spiritual gifts.] The 
crime of buying or selling church preferment. 

Si-m66m', n. [Arab, sammn; samm, poisoned; or 
Coptic psmom.] A hot, dry wind in Africa and 
Arabia : — called also simoon and samiel. 

Sim'per, v. n. [Norw. semper, fine ; Local Dan. 
semper, simper, prudish ; Local Ger. zimpern, to 
be coy; nasalized from the root of Sw. & Low 
Ger. sipp, prim, finical : from the root of the 
verb sip, to drink finically.] [pp. simpering, 

3 simpered.] To smile foolishly; to smile. — 2, n. 

%A foolish or affected smile. 

Sam'per-ing-ly, ad. AVith a foolish smile. 

Sfm'ple (sini'pl), a. [Fr. ; L. simplus, or simplex, 
plain, — literally, one-fold: root of singuli, one by 
one, and plicare, to fold.— See Doublk.] Plain ; 
artless ; natural : — single ; unmingled ; not com- 
plex : — silly ; foolish.— 2, n. A single ingredient ; 
a drug; an herb: — used collectively for persons 
of ignoble birth; plebeians. In this sense used 
also in the plural. [herb-doctor. 

Sim'pler, n. A collector of herbs or simples; an 

Sim'ple-ton. w. [Probably from 0. Fr. simpleton, 
an augmented form of simple!, a simple-minded 
person.] A silly person ; a trifler. 

Sim-pHs'i-ty., n. [L. siwplUMas; Fr. simplicity.} 
'Folly :— state of being simple; plainness; art- 
lessness. 

Sim-pli-fi-ca'tion, v. The act of simplifying. 

Sim'pli-fy, v. a.' [Fr. simplifier: L. simplex, sim- 
ple, and facere, to make.] [pp. simplifying, 
simplified.] To render simple or plain. 

Sim'ply, ad. In a simple manner; plainly. 

Sim-u-la'crum, n. [L. for "a likeness," "an un- 
real appearance ;" simulare, to feign.] An image 
or representation merely, as distinguished from 
the reality ; a semblance. 

Sim'u-late, v. a. [L. simulare, simulation, to feign ; 
similis, like; simnl, with.] [pp. simulating, sim- 
ulated.] To feign ; to counterfeit. [pretence. 

Sim-u-la'tion, v. [L. simululio.) A feigning; false 

Si-mul-ta'n'e-ous, a. [Fr. simuUane; L. (Active) 
simvltanens ; Late L. simultim, at the same time; 
L. simul, together.] Being at the same time. 



5, y, long; a, e, 1, o, u, y, short; a, §, i, 0, u, y,, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



SIMULTANEOUSLY 



495 



SIROCCO 



Sl-mul-ta'ne-oiis-ly, ad. At the same time. 

Sin, 11- [A.-S. s/jii ; Dan. synd; Dut. sonde; Ger. 
sunde. — Cf. L. sous, sontis, sinful : probably from 
the root of Skr. sant, asant, being; L. esse, to he ; 
the guilty person being spoken of as the one 
who was it, or who it was.] A violation of the 
laws of God; iniquity; wickedness; evil. — 
2, v. n. [pp. sinning, sinned.] To violate the 
laws of God ; to offend. 

Sin'a-pism, n. [L. sinapis, Gr. aLvam, mustard ; 
<ri^a7rio-jud5, a mustard plaster.] A mustard 
poultice. 

Since, conj. [0. E. sithens, sitlieyi ; A.-S. siddan; 
sid, after, and dan, then. — Of. Ger. sett, after; 
seitdem, since.] Because that; seeing that. — 

2, ad. Ago ; before this ; from that time. — 

3, prep. After; from some time past. 
Sin-cere', a. [L. sincerus, pure, true; origin not 

certain: the old derivation from sine, without, 
and cera, wax, is now generall}' rejected.] Hon- 
est; not feigned; hearty ; cordial ; earnest; real: 
nncorrupt; genuine; candid. 

Sin-cere'ly, ad. Honestly; cordially. 

Sin-cer'i-ty, i/. [L. sinceritas.] State of being 
sincere; honesty; purity; frankness; candor. 

Sinch, n. [Sp. eincha, or cinch-o; L. ductus, a gir- 
dle.] A saddle-girth for a horse. — 2, v. a. [}p. 
sinching, sinched.] To saddle, as a horse. 

Sin'ci-put, n. [L. ; semi, half, and caput, a head.] 
(Anat.) The lore part of the head. 

Sine, n. [L. slims, a fold, a gulf, the bosom: ap- 
plied incorrectly or fancifully to a straight line.] 
(Geoni.) A straight line drawn from one end of 
the arc of a circle perpendicularly to the radius, 
passing through the other end. 

Si'ne, prep. [L. | Without. 

Si'ne-ciire, ii. [L. sine, without, and cura, care.] 
An' office which has revenue without any duties 
or employment. 

Sin'ew (sin'yu), n. [A.-S. sinu, Dut. zenuw, Ger. 
sehne, 0. Ger. senmva, Icel. sin, a sinew; Skr. 
suara, a tendon. — Cf. Lettish simi, Skr. si, to 
hind.] A tendon; muscle. — 2, v. a. [pp. sink- 
ing, sinewed.] To knit as by sinews. 

Sin'ew-less (sin'yu-), a. Having no sinews ; weak. 

Sin'ew-y (sin'vu-e), a. Strong; nervous. 

Sin'ful, a. [A.-SJ synfull.] Partaking of sin; ad- 
dicted to sin; unholy; iniquitous; impious; 
w icked ; evil. 

STn'fuT-ly, ad. In a sinful manner. 

Sin'ful-ness, n. Iniquity; wickedness; sin. 

Sing, v. n. [A.-S. siugaii, Dut. zingen; Dan. sijnae ; 
Ger. singen.] [i. sung or sang; pp. sinking, 
sung.] To form the voice to melody ; to carol. 
— 2, v. a. To relate or celebrate in poetry or 
song; to utter harmoniously ; to chant ; to hymn. 

Sinfe (sinj), v. a. [A.-S. sengan, to singe, — liter- 
ally, to cause to sing (like burning hair) ; Dut. 
zengen; Ger. sengen/} [pp- singeing, singed.] 
To scorch; t'> burn slightly. — 2, n. A 6light 
burn on the surface*. 

Singe'ing, n. The act of one who singes. 

Slng'er, n. One who is skilled in singing. 

Singling, n. Utterance of melodious sounds. 

Sin'gie (slng'gl), a. [Late L. singultus, single; L. 
singulis one by one.— See Singular.] One; not 
double; only; alone; solitary; sole; particular; 
individual; pure; uncompounded; simple: — 
unarmed.— 2, v. ». [pp. singling, singled.] To 
move at a gait between a pace and a trot (said 
of a horse). — :», ». a. To select; to choose from. 

Siii'gle-hand'ed, a. & ad. Alone; unaided. 

Sin'gle-ness, n. State of being single. 

Sin'gle-stick, n. [Because used with one hand.] 
A cudgel; a game with cudgels. 

Sin'gle-tree, ». A whipple-tree. 

Sin'gly, ad. Individually; only; by himself. 

Sing' song, ". A drawling, half-singing tone. 

Sin'gu-lar (sTng'gyu-lar), a. [L. singtdaris, single ; 
singuli, one by one.] Single ; not plural ; unique : 
— particular; rare; unusual; odd. 



Sm-gu-lar'i-ty, n. [Fr. singidarite ; L. singidari- 
tas.\ State of being singular ; strangeness; odd- 
ity; peculiarity; a curiosity. 

Sin'gu-lar-ly., ad. In a singular manner. 

Sin'is-ter, or Si-nis'ter, a. [L. sinister, left-hand, 
inauspicious; but in more ancient times the Ro- 
mans considered the left hand highly auspi- 
cious.] Being on the left hand ; left^ not right ; 
unlucky : — malicious ; wicked. 

Sink (singk), v. n. [A.-S. sinewn; Dut. zinl-en ; 
Dan. synke, ssenke ; Ger. sinlcen, senken.] [i. sunk 
or sank ; pp. sinking, sunk.] To fall gradually ; 
to go or tend to the bottom ; not to swim ; to 
decline. — 2, v. a. To immerse; to delve; to de- 
press. — 3, n. A drain ; a place of filth. 

Sink'ing-fund, n. A portion of revenue set apart 
for the reduction of a public debt. 

Sin'less, «. [A.-S. synleas.] Exempt from sin; 
innocent. 

Sin'less-ness, n. Exemption from sin. 

Sin'ner, n. One who sins; an offender. 

Sin'o-ple, n. [Fr. siiwple (Her.), green; Late L. 
sinopis, reddish green ; Gr. <rwioTri<;, a colored 
earth from Sinope, on the Euxine.] (Min.) A 
species of quartz. — (Her.) A green color. 

Sin'ter, n. [Ger. for "cinder" (g. ».).] A mineral, 
carbonate of lime. 

Sin'u-ate, v. a. [L. sinuare, sinuatum, to wind; 
sinus, a curve.] [pp. sinuating, sinuated.] To 
bend in and out. — (Bot.) Having a wavy margin. 

Sin-ii-a'tion, n. [L. sinualio.] A ben. ling in and 
out. 

Sin-u-ose', a. Turning in and out; sinuous. 

Sin-u-os'i-ty, n. [Fr. sinuosiU. — See Sinuous.] 
Quality' of being sinuous; a turn or curve; a se- 
ries of curves. 

Sm'u-ous, a. [L. sinuosus.— See Sinus.] Bending 
in and out; sinuose. 

Si'nus, b. [L. sinus, a curve, a gulf, a bend, a 
bosom.] A bay of the sea : — a fold. 

Sip, r. a. & v. • [0. Dut. sippev, to 6ip: closely 
related to z n, to sup (7. v.).} [pp. sipping, 
sipped.] To drink by small draughts. — 2, n. A 
very small draught. 

Si'phon, n. [Gr. <ri<i>wv, L. sipho, a pipe.] A bent . 
pipe or tube used for 
drawing liquor from a 
cask. &35^\ &~ 

Sir, n. [A form of Sihe.] 
A word of respect in ad- 
dressing a man in con- 
versation : — the title of a Siphons, 
baronet or knight. 

Sire, n. [Fr. aire, sieur, It. ser, 0. Fr. senre, sir, 
master, lord; L. senior, an elder, older. — See Se- 
nior.] A father :— a word of respect to a king. 
— 2, v. a. [pp- siring, sired.] To generate or 
beget. 

Si'ren, n. [L. siren; Gr. o-eipiji- : probably at first 
a bird-name ; Aryan root strar, to sound.] A 
goddess or sea-monster, fabled to have enticed 
men by singing, and to have devoured them : — 
an enticing woman : — an instrument for deter- 
mining the number of vibrations produced in 
musical sounds of different pitch : — an instru- 
ment emitting an exceedingly shrill sound, 
used for signalling during fogs, <fcc. :— an amphi- 
bian with both lungs and gills. 

Si-re'ni-a, n. pi. [So called because the manatee 
'was formerly thought to have suggested the fable 
of the mermaids, which seem to be identical with 
the sirens.] An order of mammals comprising 
the dugongs and manatees or sea-cows. 

Si-re'ni-an, w. One of the Sirenia; a dugong or 
manatee. 

Sir'i-us, n. [L. ; Gr. o-ei'ptos.] (Astron.) The great 
dog-star; the brightest star visible. 

Si'r'loin, n. The loin of beef. See Suri.oin. 

Si-roc'c5, n. [It.; Sp. siroco ; Arab, sharq, the 
east; shuruq, rising.] A warm, relaxing south 
wind in the south of Europe, &c. 




mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, ftse.— 9, 9, 5, £, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; s «s z ; ? as gz ; this. 



SIKKAH 



496 



SKIPPEK 



Sir'rah (sSr'ra or sir'ra), n. or interj. [A form of 
Sir ; Icel. sira, sirrah ; Prov. sira, sir (q. v.).] A 
term of contemptuous address. 

Sir'up (sir'up or sur'ryp), n. [Fr. sirop, 0. Fr. 



ysserop, Sp. xarope, axarope, Arab, sharab, a syrup, 
a drink. — S 
with sugar. 



a drink. — See Sherbet.] Vegetable juice boiled 



Sis'kin, n. [Dan. sisgen; S\v. sislca: imitative of 

its note.] A small song-bird. 
Sis'ter, «. [Icel. systir ; Dan. sb'ster ; Dut. zuster ; 

Russ. sestra; A.-S. siceoslor ; Goth, sivistar ; Ger. 

schwester ; Skr. siasrj'.] A female born of the 

same parents. 
Sis'ter-hood (-hud), ??. State or duty of a sister : 

— a' society of women. 
Sis'ter-in-lSw, n. A sister of a husband or wife ; 

a brother's wife. 
Sis'ter-ly, a. Like or becoming a sister. 
Sit, v. n.' [A.-S. sittan; Dut. zitten; Dan. sickle; 

Ger. sitzen; Skr. s«d, L. seclere, to sit.] [i. sat; 

pp. sitting, sat or sitten : — sitten is obsolete.] To 

repose on a seat ; to rest ; to stay : — to hold a 

session : — to incubate. 
Site, n. [L. situs, a site, — properly, a manner of 

lying; sinere, situm, to permit, — originally, to 

place, to put, to lay.] Situation; position; 

ground-plot. 
Sit'fast, a. [Sit and Fast.] Maintaining the 

same site; stable. — 2, n. A hard, persistent 

tumor. 
Sitne, n. [See Scythe.] An instrument for mow- 
ing; a scythe. 
Sit' ting, n. Act of resting ; session : — a seat, as in 

a church : — incubation. 
Sit'u-ate, Sit'u-at-ed, a. [Late L. sitnare, silua- 

tum, to place ; L. sinere, situm, to permit, — also 

to place.] Having a situation; seated. 
Sit-u-a'tion, n. [Fr. ; Late L. situatio.] Location 

in respect to something else; place; station; 

post; a position ; a site: — condition; state. 
Sitz'-bath, n. [Ger. sitz, a seat.] A bath taken in 

a sitting posture :— the tub or vessel in which 

such a bath is taken. 
Six, a. &r>. [A.-S. six; Dut. zes ; Dan., Icel., & 

L. sex; Ger. seeks; Gr. e£; Per. & Skr. shaslt.] 

Twice three ; one more than five. 
Six'fold, a. [Sixth and Fold.] Six times told. 
Six'pence, n. An English coin; half a shilling. 
Six'pen-ny, a. Worth sixpence. 
Six' teen (s'rks'ten), a. & n. [A.-S. six-line: Six and 

Ten.] Six and ten. 
Six'teenth. a. The ordinal of sixteen. 
Sixth, a. [A.-S. sixta ; Ger. sechst; L. sexlus.] Next 

after the fifth.— 2, n. A sixth part. 
Sixth'ly. ad. In the sixth place. 
Six'ti-eth, a. The tenth six times repeated. 
Six'ty, a. & n. [A.-S. sixtig ; Ger. seclizig.] Six 

times ten. 
Siz'a-ble, a. Of considerable or of proper bulk. 
Si'zar, n. [From Size, an allowance (of bread). — 

See Size.] A poor student 
SI'zar-ship. n. Rank or station of a sizar. 
Size, n. [0. E. size, an allowance; for assize.] 

Bulk ; bigness : — [It. sisa, for assisa, an assize 

(7. v.), — formerly also a plue or size, that which 

adjusts or makes to sit or suit, as glue prepares 

a surface for paint; L. ad, to, and sedere, to sit] 

a viscous substance. — 2, v. a. [pp. sizing, sized.] 

To adjust : — to cover with size. 
Siz'ing, n. Food for students :— a covering with 

size : — a viscous, glutinous substance. 
Siz'zle, v. n. [Imitative. — Cf. Local E. si's.?, Dut. 

sissen, Gr. o-t£eiv, to hiss.] [pp. sizzling, sizzled.] 

To hiss from the action of fire. 
Skate, n. [Dut. schaatsen, Dan. skoite, a skate ; Sw. 

skid, a snow-shoe or skate ; A.-S. scide, a billet, a 

skid (q. v.).] An iron to slide with on ice : — 

[Icel. skata; L. sguatns, squatina; Celt, sgat] a flat 

fish like the ray. — 2, v. n. [pp. skating, skated.] 

To slide with skates. 
Skat'er, n. One who skates. 



Skein (skan), n. [0. Fr. escaigne ; Irish sgainne, a 
skein, — also a break or flow; Gael, sgeinnidh, 
flax, a thread.] A knot of thread, silk, or yarn. 

Skel'e-ton, n. [Gr. vicekeTov, a mummy, any thing 
dried ;'o-/ce'AAet«/, to dry.] (Anat.) All the bones 
of a human or animal body, dried, cleaned, and 
disposed in their natural situation : — an outline. 

Skep'tic, n. A doubter. See Sckptic. 

Skep'ti-cal, a. Doubting. See Sceptical. 

Skep'ti-cism, n. Doubt. See Scepticism. 

Sketch, v. a. [Dut. schets, Ger. skizze, It. schizzo, a 
sketch ; L. schedium, an extemporaneous poem ; 
schedius, Gr. cr^eStos, sudden ; <tx^86p, near, close ; 
root crxe-, to hold.] [pp. sketching, sketched.] 
To trace the outlines of; to plan. — 2, n. An 
outliue ; a rough draft ; a delineation ; design ; 
a first or imperfect plan. - 

Sketch's:, a. Like a sketch ; hasty or slight. 

Skew, a. [Icel. skei/r, Dan. skier, Sw. skef, Dut. 
scheef, Ger. schief, oblique ; root of Ger. scheu, 
shy; Gr. ovcaios, L. scsevus, left, left-hand.] Ob- 
lique; twisted. — 2, n. A twist: — an oblique 
arch. — 3, v. a. & v. n. [pp. skewing, skewed.] 
To twist ; to move obliquely. 

Skew'er, n. [Local E. skiver, It. skifa, Sw. skifva, 
a splinter, a shiver (q. v.).] A small wooden or 
iron pin. — 2, v. a. [pp. skewering, skewered.] 
To fasten with skewers. 

Skid, n. [Icel. skid, A.-S. scide, a billet of wood; 
Ger. seheit, a log, a stick ; Local E. sliide, a split 
or thin piece of wood.] A timber that preserves 
a ship's side : — a short piece of timber ; a slider. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. skidding, skidded.] To check, 
as a wheel, with a skid, in descending a hill. 

Skiff, n. [Ger. schiff, a ship. — Cf. L. scapha, a boat. 
— See Ship.] A small, light boat. 

Skil'ful, a. Able to perform; experienced in;' 
skilled; well versed ; dexterous; clever. 

Skil'ful-ly., ad. Dexterously; with skill. 

Skil'ful-ngss, n. Dexterity; art; ability. 

Skill, n. [Icel. skil, discernment; Dan. skiel, a 
limit, a boundary ; Sw. skill, reason ; Icl. skilja, 
to divide, to distinguish ; root skat, to cleave.] 
Knowledge; experience; dexterity. 

Skilled (skild), a. Knowing; skilful. 

Skil'let, n. [0. Fr. escuellette, dim. of escuelle, Fr. 
ecuelle, a dish ; L. scntella, a salver; sevta, scutra, 
a dish.— See Scuttle.] A small kettle or boiler. 

Skim, v. a. [From Scum.— Cf. Ger. schawmen, to 
skim ; sckaum, scum.] [pp. skimming, skimmed.] 
To clear off, as the cream or scum : — to pass near 
the surface of. — 2, v. n. To pass lightly ; to glide 
along. [vessel. 

Skim'mer, n. One who or that which skims : — a 

Skim'-milk, n. Milk deprived of the cream. 

Sklm'ming, n. The act of one that skims : — that 
which is skimmed off. 

Skin, n. [A.-S. scinn; Icel. sleimi ; Dan. skind. — 
Cf. Ger. schinden, to flay.] The natural covering 
of the flesh. — 2, v. a. [pp. skinning, skinned.] 
To flay : — to cover with skin. — 3, v. n. To be- 
come covered with skin. 

Skin'-deep, a. Slight; superficial. 

Skin'flint, n. A niggard ; a miser. 

Skink, n. [L. scincus ; Gr. a-xiy/co?.] A lizard of 
various species. 

Skin'ner, n. One who skins ; a dealer in skins. 

Skin'ni-ness, n. Quality of being skinny. 

Skin'ny, a. Consisting of skin ; wanting flesh. 

Skip, v.'n. [Cf. Irish sgiob, to snatch, a snatch ; 
Gael, sgiab, to start quickly ; Welsh ysgipio, to 
snatch away; ysgip, a quick snatch; Skr. kship, 
kshap, to throw.] [pp. skipping, skipped.] To 
pass by leaps ; to leap ; to jump.— 2, r. a. To 
pass by :— to miss ; to omit. — 3, n. A light leap 
or bound ; a spri::g :— a break ; an omission. 

Skip'-jack, n. An upstart :— a child's toy or play : 
—a fish, the stickleback :— a click-beetle. 

Skip'per, n. One who or that which skips : — 
[Dut." schipper, from schip, a ship (q. v.) ; Dan. 
skipper ; Sw. skeppare] a shipmaster. 



a, e, i, 0, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



SKIRMISH 



497 



SLAYER 



Ski'r'mish, n. [0. Fr. escarmouche, 0. Fr. escrimer 
(stem in part, escrimiss-), It. scaramuccia, scher- 
mugio, a skirmish ; schermire, to fence ; sehirmisco, 
I fence ; seherma, fencing, defence ; from the root 
of Ger. schinn, a shield.] A slight fight in war; 
a contest. — 2, v. n. [pp. skirmishing, skir- 
mished.] To fight loosely or in parties. 

Skir'mish-er, n. One who skirmishes. 

Skir'ret, «.' [Said to be for sugar-root] A vege- 
table' and its edible root. 

Skirt, n. [Icel. skyrta, Sw. skjorta, Dan. skiorte, a 
shirt (q. v.).] A garment hanging loose from 
the waist : — a loose edge ; a margin ; a border. — 
2, v. a. [pp. skirting, skirted.] To run along 
the edge of. 

Skit, n. [Sw. skytt, an archer ; Icel. skidi, skida, a 
taunt : akin to Shoot.] A gibe ; a jeer. 

Sklt'tish, a. [Sw. skulta, to leap : akin to Shoot.] 
Shy ; easily frightened ; fickle. 

Skit'tish-ly, ad. Shyly; wantonly; fickly. 

Sklt'tish-ness, n. Shyness; fickleness. 

Skit' ties, (skit'tlz), n. pi. [Dan. skyttel, Norw. sku- 
tel, a shuttle (q. v.): root of Shoot.] The game 
of ninepins. 

Ski'ver, or Skiv'er, n. [Etymologically identical 
with Shiver aiid Skewer.] A split sheepskin 
tanned : — split leather : — a shoemaker's knife. 

Skulk, v. n. [Dan. skulke, Sw. skolka, to skulk.— 
Cf. Icel. skolla, Dut. schuilen, to skulk; Dan. 
gjfcwd, Icel. sJgol, a place of shelter.] [pp. skulk- 
ing, skulked.] To hide; to iurk in fear. 

Skfilk'er, n. One who skulks. 

Skull, n. [Icel. skal, Dan. skoal, a bowl : root of 
Shell and Scale.] The bony case that encloses 
the brain; the cranium or brain-pan : — an oar. 

Skull'-cap, n. A cap fitting closely to the skull. 

Skunk, n. [Abenaki, segankn ; Cree, secawk. — Cf. 
the Checauqua, or Skunk, river, in Iowa. The 
name Chicago, or "wild onion" ('"strong-smell- 
ing"), is from the same Algonkin roots.] A 
fetid animal of North and South America. 

Sky (ski) [skyi, S. J. F. W. K. Sm.], n. [Icel. & 
Dan. sky, a cloud; A.-S. scua, a shade; Skr. skit,' 
to cover.] The apparent arch or vault of heaven ; 
the firmament ; atmosphere. 

Sky'lark, n. A lark that mounts and sings. 

Sky'lark-ing, n. Merriment; rough play. 

Sky'llght (ski'llt), n. A window in a roof. 

Sky'-rock-et, n. A kind of rising firework. 

Slab, n. [Cf! Prov. esclapo, a slab; esclapa, to split; 
Welsh llab, a strip.] A plane of stone :— an out- 
side plank. 

Slab'ber [slobber, S. P. K. ; slab'ber or slob'ber, 
W. Sm.], v. a. & v. n. [Ger. schlubbem, 0. Dut. 
slabben, to slaver (q. v.).— Cf. Irish slab, Gael. 
slaib, mire.] To sup up hastily : — to smear with 
a liquid ; to drivel ; to slaver ; to slobber. 

Slab'by, «. [Irish slab, Gael, slaib, mire; slaibeach, 
miry.— Cf. Ger. labbe, soft.] Thick; viscous; 
wet; muildy. 

Slack, a. [A.-S. sleac, slow ; Icel. slak-r, Local Ger. 
schlack, Dan. slak, slack.] Not tense ; loos« : — 
remiss; not diligent.— 2, v. a. [pp. slacking, 
slacked.] To loosen ; to relax ; to slacken : — [cf. 
Slake] to deprive of cohesion, as lime ; to slake. 
— 3, v. n. To become slack ; to be remiss ; to 
flag; to abate; to slacken.— 4, n. [See Slag.] 
Coal broken in small pieces :— the loose part of 
a rope or sail. 

Slack'en (slak'kn), v. a. [Icel. & Sw. slakua; Ger. 
schlackern; A.-S. sleacian. — See Slack.] [pp. 
slackening, slackened.] To relax; lo slack. — 
2, v. n. To be remiss; to flag; to slack. 

Slack'ly,, ad. Loosely ; negligently ; remissly. 

Slack'ness, n. State of being slack. 

Slag, n. [Sw. slagg, dross ; Icel. shigna, to flow 
over; Ger. schlacke, Low Ger. slalie, slag: per- 
haps from the root of Ger. schlagen, to beat.] 
The dross or recrement of metal. 

Slain (slan), p. from slay. 

Slake, v. a. [A.-S. sleccan, Icel. slokva, Sw. sl'dcka, 



to quench.— See Slacken.] [pp. slaking, slaked.] 
To quench ; to extinguish :— to deprive of co- 
hesion, as lime ; to slack. — 2, v. n. To become 
slaked. 

Slam, v. a. & v. n. [Norw. slamra, slemma ; Icel. 
slamra, imitative, and akin to Slap.] [pp. slam- 
ming, slammed.] To shut hard; to crush; to 
beat. — 2, n. A bang : — a defeat at cards. 

Slan'der, v. a. [0. Fr. esclandre, a slander, a scan- 
dal (q. v.).] [pp. slandering, slandered.] To 
censure falsely ; to defame; to asperse ; to calum- 
niate ; to traduce. — 2, n. The utterance of false 
and malicious reports against another ; defama- 
tion ; reproach ; calumny ; detraction ; aspersion. 

Slan'der-er, n. One who slanders. 

Slan'der-ofls, a. Abusive ; calumnious. 

Slan'der-ous-ly, ad. With false reproach. 

Slang, n. [Norw. sleng, a trick, a siii.ging; slei)g- 
jeord, a slang word, an insulting word : root of 
Sling.] Low, vulgar language ; cant. 

Slang'x, a. Characterized by or consisting of slang. 

Slant, or Slant'ing, a. [Local Sw. slant, slippery; 
sleuta, to cause to slide; Sw. sliida. to slip; slant, 
did slip; Low Ger. slindern, to slide.] Oblique; 
sloping. — 2, v. a. [pp. slanting, slanted.] To 
turn aslant or aside ; to slope. — 3, v. u. To slope. 

Slap, n. [Low Ger. slapp, Ger. svMappe, a slap ; 
schlappen, to slap: imitative.] A blow with the 
hand open. — 2, ad. With a sudden and violent 
blow. — 3, v. a. [pp. slapping, slapped.] To 
strike with the open hand. 

Slap-dash', ad. All at once; with hurry. 

Slash, v. a. [0. Fr. esclecher, esclicer, to cut : a 
variant of Slice.] [pp. slashing, slashed.] To 
cut; to cut with long cuts. — 2, v. n. To cut or 
strike at random.— 3, n. A cut ; a wound ; a cut 
in cloth. 

Slat, »i. [0. E. sclat, 0. Fr. eselai, a slat, lath, or 
6late (q.v.).] A narrow, thin piece of wood in 
the bottom of a cart or a bedstead. 

Slate, n. [0. Fr. esclat, a piece, a slate; Fr. n-hii, 
a splinter (see Eclat): root of Ger. schleissen, to 
slit.] A kind of stone :— a thin plate of stone. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. slating, slated.] To cover with 
slate or slates. 

Slat'er, n. One who covers with slates. 

Slat'ing, «. Act of covering with slates :— a cover- 
ing of slates. 

Slat' tern, n. [Local Eng. slatter, to be untidy ; 
slat, to throw ; Icel. detta, to slap; Norw. gfetfj a 
blow : akin to Slay.] An untidy woman ; a slut. 

Slat'tern-ly, a. Not clean; slovenly. —2, ad. 
Awkwardly ; negligently. 

Sla'ty, a. Resembling slate; laminated. 

Slaugh'ter (slaw'ter), v. [A.-S. sleaht; Dut. & 
Dan. slagt; Ger. schlacht '.; Icel. sbilr, slaughter; 
shdnt, to slaughter. — See Slav.] Great destruc- 
tion of life; carnage; massacre; butchery. — 
2, v. a. [pp. slaughtering, slaughtered.] To 
put to death by a weapon ; to butcher ; to slay. 

Slav, n. [Kuss. slovo, Pol. sloico, a word: thus the 
meaning of Slav is one who speaks: the Poles 
call the Germans Xiemiec, from niemyi, dumb.] 
One of an Aryan race inhabiting tbe greater 
portion of the east of Europe (the Russians, 
Poles, Czechs, and Croats are examples) : — the 
tongue of the Slavs. 

Slave, n. [Fr. esclave, Ger. sklarc, a slave, — origi- 
nally, a Slav: the Germans and French at one 
period held great numbers of Slavs in bondage.] 
One who is the property of another ; a bondman ; 
a servant; a drudge. — 2, v. ». [pp. slaving, 
slaved.] To drudge ; to toil : — to carry on the 
slave-trade ; to procure slaves. 

Slave'-hold'er, n. One who owns slaves. 

Slav'er, w. One who slaves : — a slave-ship. 

Slav'er, n. [Icel. slafr: perhaps akin to L. saliva, 
spittle.] Spittle running from the mouth. — 
2, v. n. & v. a. [Icel. slafra; Low Ger. slabbern ; 
Ger. schlabbern.] [pp. slavering, slavered.] To 
emit spittle ; to slabber. 



mien, sir ; move, nbr, 
99 



bull, biir, rule, use. — C, Q, c, £, soft; p, f},p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz; 

42* 



this. 



SLAVEKY 



498 



SLOP 



Slav'er-y, '«• State of subjection to the will of 
another; condition of a slave; servitude. 

Slave'-trade, 11. The traffic in slaves 

Slav'ic, a. Of or pertaining to the Slavs or their 
tongues: — written also Sclav, Sclavic. 

Slav'ish, a. Servile; mean; base; dependent. 

Slav'ish-ly, ad. In a slavish manner. 

Slaw, n. [Dut. slaa, salad (q. v.) ; kool slaa, cab- 
bage salad.] Sliced cabbage used as a salad. 

Slay (sla), v. a. [A.-S. slean, for slahan; Dut. 
slaan; Icel. slu; Dan. sluae; Ger. schlagen: root 
sluh, to smite.] [i. slew ; pp. slaying, slain.] To 
kill ; to destroy ; to butcher. 

Slay'er (sla'er), n. A killer; a destroyer. 

Sleave, n. [Dan. sloife, a loose knot ; Sw. shjf, a 
knot; Ger. schhife, a loop; schleifen, to slip 
(q. v.).—Ct Ger.' schlaff, loose.] The knotted 
part of silk or thread. — 2, v. a. [pp. sleaving, 
sleaved.] To separate into threads. 

Slea'zy, a. [Of. Ger. schleissig, easily split, thread- 
bare.] Weak; thin; flimsy. 

Sled, n. [Icel. sledi; Dan. slsede; Sw., Norw., & 
Dut. slede; Ger. schlitten; Irish, slaod. — See 
Slide.] A carriage drawn on runners on snow. 
— 2, v.. a. [pp. sledding, sledded.] To carry or 
transport on a sled. 

Sledge, n. [A.-S. slecge ; Dut. slegge, slegel; Icel. 
sleggja; Ger. schliigel; schlag, a blow: root sluh, 
to smite.] A large hammer: — [a corruption of 
Sled] a sled ; a sleigh. 

Sleek, a. [Icel. slikr, E. Fris. slichl, 0. Dut. sleyck, 
smooth. — Cf. Dut. stijk, Ger. schlick, grease, slime. 
— See Slight.] Smooth; glossy; not rough.— 
2, v. a. [pp. sleeking, sleeked.] To render soft, 
smooth, or glossy. 

Sleek'ly, ad. Smoothly; glossily; softly. 

Sleek'ness, n. Smoothness ; glossiness. 

Sleep, v. n. [A.-S. slsepan ; Dut. & Goth, slepan; 
Ger. schlafen.] [i. slept; pp. sleeping, slept.] To 
take rest; to slumber; to repose. — 2, n. [A.-S. 
sleep; Dut. slaap; Goth, sleps ; Ger. schluf: akin 
to Ger. schlaff, lax.] Repose; slumber; a nap. 

Sleep'er, w. One who sleeps : — [cf. Norw. sleip, a 
wood'ii rail, a road-timber : root of Slip] a rail- 
way tie or sill : — a floor-timber. 

Sleep'i-ly, ad. Drowsily; lazily; stupidly. 

Sleep'i-ness, n. Disposition to sleep. 

Sleep' jng, p. a. Being not awake: — inactive. 

Sleep'iess, a. Wanting sleep; awake. 

Sleep'less-ness, n. Want of sleep. 

Sleep'-walk-er (-wawk-er), n. A somnambulist. 

Sleep'y, «. Disposed to sleep; drowsy; dull. 

Sleet, n. [Norw. sletla, sleet; sletla, to fling. — Cf. 
Icel. slydda, Dan. slud, sleet.] Rain mixed with 
hail or snow. — 2, v. n. [pp. sleeting, sleeted.] 
To snow with a mixture of rain. 

Sleet'y., a. Bringing, or consisting of, sleet. 

Sleeve', n. [A.-S. slefe, slyf, a sleeve; slefan, to 
clothe; slipan, slupan, Dan. slibe, 0. E. slive, to 
slip (q. i'.).] The dress that covers the arm. 

Sleeve' less, a. Having no sleeves. 

Sleigh (sla), n. [Fris. sle or slede, Norw. slee or 
slede, a sled (7. v.).] A vehicle for travelling, 
drawn on runners, upon the snow ; a sledge. 

Sleigh'ing (sla'ing), n. The act of travelling or 
transporting with sleighs : — the condition of the 
roads when sleighs can be used. 

Sleight (slit), n. [Icel. slsegd, cunning; Sw. slb'gd, 
dexterity; slog, expert, sly {q. v.).] Art; arti- 
fice ; dexterity. 

Slen'der, a. [6. Dut. slinder; 0. Fr. esclendre. — 
Cf. 0. Dut. slinder, a water-snake, and Ger. 
schlender, a train of a dress : probably akin to 
Slide.] Thin; small; slight; weak. 

Slen'der-ly, ad. Without bulk; slightly. 

Slen'der-ness, n. Quality of being slender. 

Slept, i. & p. from sleep. 

Sleuth (sluth), u. Same as Slot. 

Sleuth'-hound, n. A dog that pursues by follow- 
ing the slot or sleuth :— a bloodhound. 

Slew (slu), i. from sla?/. 



Sley (sla), n. [A.-S. slse, a sley ; Icel. sla, a beam.] 
A weaver's reed.— 2, v. n. [pp. sleying, si eyed. J 
To part or twist. 

Slice, v. a. [0. Fr. esclice, a piece; esclier, to slit; 
Ger. schleise, a splint; schleissen, to slit (q. v.).] 
[pp. slicing, sliced.] To cut into thin pieces; to 
divide. — 2, n. A thin, broad piece cut off: — a 
shovel. 

Slick, a. See Sleek. 

Slide, v. n. & v. a. [A.-S. slidan, Celt, slaod, to 
slide; Lith. slklus, slippery; Skr. m, to flow.] 
[i. s\id; pp. sliding, slidden or slid.] To pass 
along smoothly ; to glide.— 2, n. A smooth pas- 
sage; even course. 

Slight (slit), a. [0. Dut. schliclit, 0. Fris. slivcht, 
slight; Sw. slat, smooth, trifling; Goth, slaights, 
Ger. schliclit, simple, smooth. There are many 
w r ords of this type meaning either slight or 
smooth. — Cf. Sleek.] Small; weak; feeble; 
slim; superficial; negligent; careless; cursory. — 
2, n. Neglect; contempt; scorn. — 3, v. a. [pp. 
slighting, slighted.] To treat as unworthy of 
notice ; to neglect ; to disregard. 

Sllght'ly (sllt'le), ad. In a slight manner. 

Slight'ness (slit'nes), n. Weakness; neglect. 

Slim. a. ' [Dan. & Sw. slem, Ger. scMinim, bad.] 
Weak; slight; slender; thin of shape. 

Slime, n. [A.-S. slim; Dut. slijm; Dun. slum; Ger. 
schleim.] A viscous or glutinous substance. 

SlI'mi-ness, n. Viscosity ; glutinous matter. 

Slim'ness, n. State or quality of being slim. 

Sll'my, a. Overspread with slime ; glutinous. 

Sling, n. [A.-S. slingan, Dan. shjnge, to throw; 
Ger. schlingen, to twist; base slang, to twist.] A 
missive weapon for stones ; a throw : — a bandage 
to sustain a limb : — a drink. — 2, v. a. [i. slung; 
pp. slinging, slung.] To throw by a sling; to 

Sling'er, n. One who slings. [cast. 

Slink, 'v. n. [A.-S. slincan, Low Ger. sliken, Ger. 
schleichen, to sneak.] [i. slunk; pp. slinking, 
slunk.] To sneak ; to steal away. — 2, v. a. & v. u. 
[Cf. Sling, to cast.] To miscarry ; to cast. 

Slip, v. n. [A.-S. slipan, sleopan, Dut. slippen, 
sluipen, Icel. sleppa, to slip; Dan. slippe, to es- 
cape; Ger. schleifen, to glide away; schlupfen, to 
slip : root sarp, to creep.] [pp. slipping, slipped.] 
To slide; to glide; to go : — to err. — l, v. a. To 
convey secretly; to let loose. — 3, n. False step; 
error: — escape: — a twig; a cutting:— an open- 
ing between wharves: — a loose garment; a pil- 
low-case : — [A.-S. slype, a viscid substance; 
slupan, to dissolve] a thin paste of clay and water. 

Slip'knot (-not), n. A knot easily untied. 

Slip'per, n. One who slips : — a thin shoe. 

Slip'per-i-ly, ad. In a slippery manner. 

Slip'per-i-ness, 11. State of being slippery. 

Slip'per-y, a. Smooth like ice ; causing to slip ; 
hard to hold : — uncertain ; changeable. 

Slip'shod, a. Having the shoes not pulled up at 
the heels; wearing slippers. 

Slit, v. a. [A.-S. slitan; Icel. slita ; Dan. slide; 
Dut. slijten; Ger. schleissen; 0. Ger. slizan.} [i. 
slit or slitted; pp. slitting, slit or flitted.] To 
cut lengthwise, to cut. — 2, n. A long cut, or 
narrow opening. 

SH'ver, or Sliv'er, n. [A.-S. slifan, to cleave.] A 
thin piece cut' or split off. — 2, v. a. [?;p. sliver- 
ing, slivered.] To split; to tear off; to slit. 

Slob'ber, v. a. & v. v. [See Slabber and Slaver.] 
[pp. slobbering, slobbered.] To slaver ; to slab- 
ber. 

Sloe (slo), n. [A.-S. sla; Dut. slee; 0. Dut. sleen; 
Ger. schlehe ^Russ sliva: akin to 0. Dut. sleeviv, 
tart or sharp.] Fruit of the blackthorn ; a plum. 

Slo'gan, n. [Gael, sluagh-ghairm ; sluagh, an army, 
and'grairm, a call.] A battle-cry, as of a cfan. 

S166p, n. [Dut. sloep : probably a form of Shal- 
lop.] A small vessel with one mast : — a vessel 
of war smaller than a frigate. 

Slop, v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. sloppe, thin dung; slupan, 
to dissolve ; Icel. slop, offal ; Gael. slail>, mire : 



a, e, 1, 0, u 



y, long; a, e, 1, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



SLOPE 



499 



SMEAK 



allied to Slip.] [pp. slopping, slopped.] To 
dash with water; to spill. — 2, n. Liquid spilt: 
— mean liquor: — dirty water.— p7. [A.-S. slop, a 
frock; Dut. slobbe, loose trousers; Icel. sloppr, a 
loose garment; Dan. slseb, Ger. scldeppe, a train; 
scJduj}', loose.] Ready-made clothes. 

Slope, a. [Akin to Slip.] Oblique; not perpen- 
dicular. — 2, n. An oblique direction ; a decliv- 
ity. — 3, v. a. [pp. sloping, sloped.] To form to 
obliquity or declivity. — 4, v. n. To take an ob- 
lique direction. 

Slop'py, a. Miry and wet; plashy; sloshy. 

Slosh, n. [See Slush.] Snow in a melting state ; 
slush. — 2, v. n. [pp. sloshing, sloshed.] To 
flounder, as in slush or mud. 

Slo-sh'y, a, Plashy; sloppy; slushy. 

Slot, n. [Probably a form of Slit.] A long hole 
or slit in a plate of metal : — [Icel. slod, Norw. 
sloda, a track or trail ; slxda, to trail : akin to 
Slide] the track of a wild animal. 

Sloth, n. [A.-S. slxwd, sloth; slaw, slow (q. v.).] 
Slowness; tardiness; laziness: — a South-Ameri- 
can edentate animal living in trees. 

Sloth'ful, a. Idle ; sluggish ; indolent. 

Sioth'ful-ly, ad. Idly ; lazily ; with sloth. 

Sloth' ful-ness, n. Laziness; torpor. 

Slouch, n. [Icel. slokr, a slouching fellow; slalcr, 
slack (q. v.) ; Sw. sloka, to droop.] A clown : — a 
clownish gait. — 2, v. n. [pp. slouching, slouched.] 
To have a downcast, clownish look, gait, or man- 
ner. — 3, v. a. To depress; to press down. 

Slough (slof), n. [Jutish slug, Norw. slo, Ger. 
schlauch, a skin.] The skin which a serpent 
casts off:— the part that separates from a foul 
sore. — 2, v. n. & v. a. [pp. sloughing, sloughed.] 
To part from the sound flesh. 

Slough (slou) [slQf, Jo. A'.], n. [A.-S. sloh, Trish 
sloe, a pit; Gael, slugaid, a slough; shdg, Ger. 
schluckeu, to swallow.] A deep, miry place. 

Sl'dugh'y (slod'e), a. Miry ; boggy ; muddy : — 
(slul'fe) tending to slough, like a foul sore. 

Slov'en, n. [0. Dut. sloef, slof, a sloven ; slof, 
neglect : akin to Slip.] One carelessly or dirtily 
dressed ; a lazy fellow. 

S15v'en-li-ness, n. Negligence of dress, &c. 

Slov'en-ly, a. Indecently negligent of dress. — 
2. ad. In a coarse, inelegant manner. 

Slow (slo), a. [A.-S. slaw, Dut. slee, Dan. slb'v, 
Sw. slo, dull, blunt,] Not swift; late; dull; 
tardy :— used in composition; as, skw-paced. 

Slow'ly. (slo'Ie), ad. Not swiftly : not rashly. 

Slow'ness, n. Want of velocity; delay. 

S15w'-worm (slo'wurm), n. [A.-S. sla-wyrm ; 
shthait, to strike; Norw. slo; shut, to strike: it 
was supposed to be venomous.] The blind-worm. 

Slab, n. [t'f. Ger. schUppen, to draw : akin to 
Slip.] A roll of wool slightly twisted. — 2, c. a. 
[pp. Blubbing, slabbed.] To form into stubs. 

Sludge, n. [See Slush.] Mire ; soft mud ; slosh ; 
slush. 

Slue (slu), v. a. & v. n. [Derivation uncertain.] 
[pp. sluing, slued.] To turn about its axis; to 
turn ; to slide laterally. 

Slag-, n. [Dan. slug, drooping; Norw. sloka, to 
slouch; Low Ger. slukk, downcast; slakk, loose, 
slack (q. ».).] A drone :— a hinderance: — a snail 
without a shell :— a snail-like larva : — a piece of 
metal shot from a gun. 

Slug'gard, n. [Slug, with the pejorative suffix 
-ardZ] An idler; a lazy fellow. — 2, a. Lazy; 
sluggish. 

Slug'fish, a. Inert; lazy; slothful; idle; slow; 
moving slowly ; inactive ; indolent. 

Slug'jjrish-ly, ud. Dully; lazily; idly. 

S13g'£ish-ness, n. Dulness ; sloth , laziness. 

Sluice (slT.s), n. [Ger. schleuse, 0. Fr. escluse, Fr. 
echtse, Sp. esclusa, L. exclusa, a floodgate ; exclu- 
dere, to shut i-ut, to exclude (q. v.).] A water- 
gate; a floodgate; a vent for water; a stream 
of water. — 2, v. a. [pp. sluicing, sluiced.] To 
emit by floodgates. 



j Slum, n. [Akin to Slump, to sink; Ger. schlamm, 
mire.] A filthy back street or alley. 

Sliim'ber, v. n. [Dut. sluimeren ; Dan. slumme, 
shunre ; Sw. slumra ; Ger. schlummern.] [pp. 
slumbering, slumbered.] To sleep lightly; to 
doze. — 2, n. [A.-S. slurna; Ger. schlummer.] 
Light sleep ; repose ; a doze. 

Slump, v. n. [Cf. Scot, slump, a marsh ; Ger. 
schlamm, mire.] [pp. slumping, slumped.] To 

-sink, go down, or tread through snow, mire, &c. 

Slung, i. & p. from sling. 

SlGng'-shot, n. An offensive weapon consisting 
of a metal ball attached to a strap or cord. 

Slunk, i. & p. from slink. 

Slur, v. a. [Local E. slur, mud, dirt ; Icel. slora, 
slodra, to track ; Norw. store, to sully ; 0. Dut. 
sleuren, slooren, to draggle. — See Slot.] [pp. 
slurring, slurred.] To sully; to soil; to re- 
proach : — to disparage. — 2, n. Slight reproach ; 
a trick ; a mark : — a glide in music. 

Slush, n. [Local Ger. schlotz, mud; Sw. slasia, 
to dabble; slash, dirty water.] Snow in a melt- 
ing state ; slosh : — a pool : — grease. 

Slut, n. [Icel. slotlr, Norw. slolt, Dut. slodder, a 
lazy man ; Dan. slatte, a slut ; slat, loose ; slaiten, 
dangling.] A dirty woman ; a slattern : — a bitch. 

Slut'tish, a. Dirty; not nice ; not cleanly. 

Sly, a. [Icel. slsegr, Dan. slug, sin, Ger. schlau, 
sly; Sw. slog, dexterous, cunning; base slag, to 
strike.] Meanly artful ; insidious; cunning. 

Sly'ly., ad. With secret artifice; insidiously. 

Sly'ness, n. Artful secrecy ; art ; cunning. 

Smack, v. n. [A.-S. smscc, taste: Dut. shaken, 
Dan. smage, to taste; Ger. geschmach, taste; 
schmecken, to taste. — Cf. Ger. schmatzen, to smack 
the lips; schmala, a smack, a kiss.] [pp. smack- 
ing, smacked.] To have a taste. — 2, v. a. To 
move, as the lips: to kiss. — 3, n. Taste: savor: 
— a loud kiss : — [Sw. smacka, Dan. sniazkke, to 
strike; smsek, a blow; Dut. smokken, to throw; 
Ger. schmatzen, to fell] a blow by the hand : — 
[0. Dut. smak ; Dan. smakke : perhaps related to 
A.-S. snacc, Icel. snekka, a snake-like ship, a 
long ship. — See Snake] a small sailing-vessel. 

Small, a. [A.-S. sntsel, small, thin ; Dut. & Dan. 
smul, Ger. schmal, narrow: Goth, srn ds, small. — 
Cf. Dan. smaa, Icel. smar. small.] Little; not 
great; slender; minute. — 2, n. The small or 
narrow part of any thing. 

Small'-arms, n. pi. Muskets, rifles. &c. 

Small'-beer, n. Beer of little strength. 

Small'-pox. n. An eruptive malignant disease. 

Smalt, n. [Dut, smalt ; It. smaito ; Ger. schmelz. — 
See Smelt.] A beautiful blue substance, made 
by fusing glass with oxide of cobalt, &c. 

Smart, n. [Dut. smart; Dan. smerte; Ger. schmerz.'] 
A quick, pungent, lively pain; pain. — 2, v. n. 
[A.-S. smeortan ; Dut, smarten; Dan. smerte; Ger. 
schmerzen, to smart : akin to L. mordere, to bite.] 
[pp. smarting, smarted.] To feel quick, pun- 
gent, lively pain. — 3, a. Pungent; sharp; 
quick; brisk; lively; active; vigorous: — witty; 
acute : — showy. 

Smart'ly, od. Sharply ; briskly ; vigorously. 

Smart'ness, n. Quickness ; vigor. 

Smash, v. a. [Imitative.— Cf. Mash, Crash, and 
Sm\ck.] [pp. smashing, smashed.] To break 
in pieces ; to dash. — 2, ». State of being crushed ; 
a crush ; the act of dashing in pieces. 

Smat'ter, v. n. [0. E. smatter, to prate; Sw. 
smattra, snattra, to cackle. — Cf. Ger. schuacken, 
to prate; schnack, chat.] [pp. smattering, smat- 
tered.] To talk superficially.— 2, n. Superficial 
knowledge. 

Smat'ter-Ing, n. Superficial knowledge. 

Smear, v. a. [A.-S. smerimi, smyrian, Dut. smeren, 
Ger. schmieren, to grease, to smear; A.-S. smeru, 
Dut. smeer, Dan. smo'r, Ger. schmeer, fat. — Cf. 
Gr. o-pativ, <Tp.r\\eiv, to smear.] [pp. smearing, 
smeared.] To besmear; to soil ; to daub. — 2, n. 
An ointment ; any fat liquor. 



mien, sir; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — £, Q, c, § , soft; p, fSt, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz; this. 



SMEAEY 



500 



SNEAK 



Smear's, a. Dauby ; adhesive. 

Smell, v. a. [Dut. smeuleu, Low Ger. smelen, to 
smoulder. — Of. Dan. smul, dust; S\v. smolJc, dust; 
emula, a crumb.] [i. smelt ; pp. smelling, smelt.] 
To perceive by the nose. — 2, v. u. To perceive 
or emit smell. — 3, n. Power of smelling:— 
scent; odof. 

Smell'ing, n. The power of perceiving smells. 

Smelt,' i. & p. from smell— 2, n. [A.-S. & Dan. 
smelt; Norw. smelta: perhaps related to Small, 
or to A.-S. smeoll, smooth. — Cf. Smolt.] A small 
sea-fish. — 3, v. a. [Dan. smelte, Sw. smalta, Ger. 
schmelzen, to melt.] [pp. smelting, smelted.] To 
extract metal from ore. 

Smelt'er, w. One who melts ore. 

Smew, k. [Possibly for sea-mew.] A kind of sea- 
bird ; a salt-water cluck. 

Smi'lax, n. [L. & Gr.] A plant of many species. 

Smile, v. n. [Dan. smile, Sw. smila, 0. Ger. smielen, 
smiren, Skr. smi, to smile. — Cf. L. mirari, to 
wonder.] [pp. smiling, smiled.] To express 
pleasure by the countenance; to look gay ; to lie 
propitious. — 2, n. A look of pleasure or kindness. 

Smil'ing-ly, ad. With a look of pleasure. 

Smirch, v. a. [Softened from smerk, a variant 
of Smear.] [pp. smirching, smirched.] To 
cloud; to soil; to smutch. 

Smirk, v. a. [A.-S. smercian: akin to Smile.] 
[pp. smirking, smirked.] To smile affectedly or 
wantonly. — 2, n. An affected smile. 

Smite, v. a. [A.-S. smitan; Dut. smijten; Sw. 
smida; Ger. schmeissen : the original root of these 
words meant to rub, to stroke, to smear (a. v.).] 
[i. smote; pp. smiting, smitten or emit.] To 
strike; to kill; to afflict; to blast. — 2, v. n. To 
strike ; to collide. 

Smit'er, n. One who smites. 

Smith, n. [A.-S. smid, Dan. smed, Ger. schmied, a 
smith ; Schmieden, to forge : akin to Smooth, but 
not directly related to Smite.] One who works 
in metals. 

Smith's, n. [A.-S. smidde ; Tcel. smidja; Ger. 
schmie'de.] The shop of a smith ; a stithy. 

Smit'ten (smit'tn), p. from smite. Struck. 

Smock, n. [A.-S. smoc ; from smeogan, to creep 
into ; Icel. smokier, from smjnga, to creep through, 
to put on, as a garment. — Cf. Ger. schmuck, attire, 
dress.] A woman's under-garment; a shiJt. 

Smoke, n. [A.-S. synoca, smoke ; smeocan, to smoke ; 
Dut. smook, Ger. schmauch, smoke ; Dan. srnoge, 
to smoke.— Cf. Irish much, Welsh mwg, Gael. 
smuid, smoke; Gr. cr^vx^v, to burn slowly.] A 
sooty exhalation or vapor arising from burning 
wood, &c— 2, v. n. [pp. smoking, smoked.] To 
emit smoke; to inhale and exhale the vapor of 
burning tobacco.— 3, v. a. To scent, drive, or 
dry by smoke. 

Smok'er, n. One who smokes. 

Smo'ki-ly, ad. So as to be full of smoke. 

Smo'ki-nlss, n. State of being smoky. 

Smo'ky, a. Emitting smoke; fumid : — obscure. 

Sm86tn, a. [A.-S. smede, smoede, smooth ; smedian, 
to smooth : akin to Smith.] Even ; glossy ; soft : 
— mild.— 2, v. a. [pp. smoothing, smoothed.] 
To level ; to make easy ; to soften. 

SmSSth'en (smo'tnn), v. a. [pp. smoothening, 
smoothened.] To make smooth. 

Smootft'ly, ad. Not roughly ; evenly ; mildly. 

SmSotn'ness, n. Evenness of surface. 

Smote, i. from smite. 

Smotft'er, v. a. [A.-S. smorian, Scot, smoor, Dut. 
smooren, to smother ; 0. Dut. smoor, fume ; Gael. 
smuid, smoke.] [pp. smothering, smothered.] 
To suffocate by smoke or by excluding air; to 
stifle; to suppress. — 2, v. n. To be suffocated : — 
to smoke. — 3, n. Suppression : — smoke ; dust. 

Smoul'der, v. n. [Dan. smuldre, to moulder, to 
crumble; smul, dust ; Low Ger. smolen, Dut. smeu- 
len, to smoulder: closely related to Smother.] 
[pp. smouldering, smouldered.] To burn and 
smoke without tlame or vent. 



Smudge, n. [A variant of Smoke.— Cf. Gael, smuid, 
smoke.] A dense smoke :— [a variant of Smutch] 
a stain or blot. 

Smug, a. [Dan. & Low Ger. smuk, Ger. schmuck, 
neat, trim ; schmucken, to adorn : akin to Smock.] 
Nice ; spruce ; trim. 

Smfig'gle (smug'gl), v. a. [Dan. smuglc, Dut. 
smokkelen, frequentative of Norse smjuga, to 
creep. — Cf. A.-S. smeogon, to creep.] [pp. smug- 
gling, smuggled.] To import or export secretly, 
or without paying the duties. 

Smflg'gler, n. One who smuggles. 

Smug'gljng, n. A secret importation of goods. 

Smut, n. [Sw. smids, Dan. smuds, Ger. schmutz, 
filth.] A spot with soot or coal: — a fungus or 
mildew in grain; a blight: — obscenity. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. smutting, smutted.] To mark with soot, 
coal, or dirt; to soil; to taint with mildew. — 
3, v. n. To gather smut. 

Smutch, v. a. [An older form of Smut.] [ pp. 
smutching, smutched.] To blacken with smoke 
or soot. — 2, n. A stain, or foul spot. 

Smut'ti-ly, ad. Blackly ; smokily :— obscenely. 

Smut'ti-ness, n. State of being smutty. 

Smut'ty., a. [Dut. smoddig ; Sw. smutsig ; Ger. 
schmuhig.~\ Having smut ; dirty :— obscene. 

Snack, n. [A form of Snatch.] A share ; a part 
taken :— a luncheon. 

Snaffle (snaf fl), n. [Dut. snavel, a muzzle ; Ger. 
schnabel, a bill, a mouth-piece : root of Snap.] 
A bridle which crosses the nose. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
snaffling, snaffled.] To bridle ; to hold in a bridle. 

Snag, n. [Local E. snag, to cut; Gael, snagair, 
snaigh, to cut.] A protuberance; a tooth; a 
branch : — a tree having its- roots fastened at the 
bottom of a river, or a branch of such a tree. 

Snail, n. [A.-S. snsegl, a snail, dim. of snaca, a 
snake; Ger. schnecke, Sw. sn'dcka, Dan. snegl, 
Icel. snigill, a snail.] A slimy animal with a 
spiral shell. 

Snake, n. [A.-S. snaca; Icel. snakr ; Dan. snog; 
Sw. snok: akin to Sneak. — Cf. Skr. naga, a 
serpent.] A serpent. — 2, v. a. [pp. snaking, 
snaked.] (Naut.) To wind a small rope spirally 
round a larger one : — to drag or haul. 

Snake'rSot, n. [From their repute as cures in 
snake-bite.] A medicinal plant of many kinds. 

Sna'ky, a. Serpentine ; belonging to a snake. 

Snap, v. a. [Dut. snappen; Dan. snappe; Ger. 
schnappen.] [i. snapped or snapt; pp. snapping, 
snapped or snapt.] To break short : — to strike : 
— to catch at ; to bite. — 2, v. n. To break short ; 
to crack : — to try to bite ; to snarl. — 3, n. A 
quick breaking or bite ; catch : — a sharp noise. 

Snap'-drag-on, n. A kind of play : — a plant. 

Snap'pish, a'. Eager to bite ; peevish ; tart. 

Snap'pish-ly, ad. Peevishly; tartly. 

Snap'pish-ness, n. Peevishness ; tartness. 

Snare, n. [A.-S. snear, Dut. snaar, a string ; Dan. 
snare, Sw. snara. 0. Ger. snarahha, a noose ; Icel. 
snara, to twist.] A gin ; a net; a noose ; a trap : 
— the string of a drum. — 2, v. a. [pp. snaring, 
snared.] To entrap ; to ensnare. [head. 

Snare'-drum, n. A drum with strings across one 

Snarl, v. n. [Imitative : 0. E. snar, to show the 
teeth ; 0. Dut. snarren, Ger. schvarren, to snarl ; 
Icel. snorgla, to rattle in the thront; sniirgl, a 
rattling sound. — See Snore.] [pp. snariing, 
snarled.] To growl ; to speak roughly.— 2, v. a. 
To entangle : — to embarrass ; to twist. — 3, n. [A 
form of Snare.] Entanglement : — a quarrel. 

Snarl' er, n. One who snarls; a surly fellow. 

Snarl' ing, p. a. Growling; snappish; cross. 

Snatch, v. a. & v. n. [Dut. & Low Ger. snakken, to 
gasp, to move the jaws : a form parallel to Snap.] 
[pp. snatching, snatched.] To seize hastily ; to 
bite. — 2, n. A hasty catch ; a broken part ; a fit. 

Snath, n. [A.-S. snsed, a snath; snithan, to cut.] 
The handle of a scythe. 

Sneak, v. n. [A.-S. snican, to creep ; Dan. snige, 
to sneak; Irish snaigh, to creep.] [pp. sneak- 



a, e, i, o, ii, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; $, §, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Pare, far, f£st, fall; hSir, her; 



SNEAKING 



501 



SOCIABILITY 




Snipe. 



ing, sneaked.] To creep or withdraw slyly or 
meanly ; to skulk ; to truckle. — 2, u. A sneak- 
ing fellow ; a niggard. 

Sneak'jng, p. a. Servile ; mean ; niggardly. 

Sneer, v. w. [0. E. snar, Dan. snserre, to show the 
teeth. — See Snarl.] [pp. sneering, sneered.] 
To show contempt hy looks or actions; to scoff; 
to jeer; to gibe. — 2, n. A look or expression of 
contempt; scorn; jeer. 

Sneer' ing-lx, ad. With a look of scorn. 

Sneeze, p. n. [Dan. snuse, to sniff; fuyse, to snort; 
nyse, to sneeze ; A.-S. fueosau, Icel. fuasa, Dut. 
fniezen, niezen, Ger. niesen, to sneeze.] [pp. 
sneezing, sneezed.] To emit breath or air audi- 
bly and spasmodically through the nose. — 2, n. 
Emission of breath by the nose. 

Sneez'ing, n. The act of sneezing; sternutation. 

Snick'er, v. n. [Imitative.] [pp. snickering, 
snickered.] To laugh slyly ; to giggle. — 2, u. A 
half-suppressed laugh; a giggle. 

Sniff, v. n. [Dan. snive, Icel. snippet, to sniff; Sw. 
myfUi, to sob. — See Snuff.] [pp. sniffing, 
sniffed.] To draw breatb up the nose; to snuff. 
— 2, u. An act of sniffing. 

Snig'ger, v. n. [See Snicker.] [pp. sniggering, 
sniggered.] To giggle ; to snicker. 

Snip, v. a. [Dut. suippen ; Ger. schnippen. — Cf. 
Snap and Nip.] [pp. snipping, snipped.] To 
cut with scissors ; to clip. — 2, n. A chip ; a shred ; 
a share ; a snack. 

Snipe, n. [A.-S. suite; Icel. snipa; Dan. sneppe ; 
Dut. suep ; Ger. schuepfe: akiiilto 
0. Dut. suebbe, Ger. schnabel, a 
bill.] A small feu-fowl with a 
long bill. 

Snlv'el ^ulv'vl). n. [A frequenta- 
tive of Sniff. — See Snuffle.] 
Mucus of the nose. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
snivelling, snivelled.] To run at 
thr nose:— to cry childishly ; to complain. 

Sniv'el-ler (sniv'vl-er), ,>. A weak lamenter. 

Sniv'el-Hng (sniv'vl-Ing), a. Whining. 

Snob. ii. [Icel. snapr, a dolt, an idiot; Local Sw. 
suopp, a boy : related to Snub.] One who during 
a strike Continues to work :— a vulgar upstart. 

Snob'ber-x, n. The characteristics of a preten- 
tious and vulgar person. 

Snob'bish, o. Vulgar and pretentious. 

Snood, n. [A.-S. suod, a fillet; Icel. mvdr, a twist; 
suua, Dan. suoe, to twist.] A fillet; a ribbon : — 
a snare. 

Snooze, v. n. [Litb. musi, to doze; Dan. suuse, 
to sniff. — Cf. Local Ger. pfnauseu, to breathe 
through the nose.— Cf. Sneeze.] [pp. snoozing, 
snoozed.] To slumber. — 2, ». A slumber. 

Snore, v. u. [A.-S. suont, a snoring; 0. Dut. snor- 
ren, to grumble; Ger. schuarreu, to rattle, to 
snail (q. v.). — Cf. Ger. schnarchen, to snore; Dut. 
& Low Ger. snorken, to snort (o. v.).] [pp. snor- 
ing, snored.] To breathe hard and audibly 
through the nose, as in sleep. — 2,. «. A noise 
through the nose in sleep. 

Snort, v. n. [Dan morke, Ger. scknarchen, to snore, to 
snort.] [pp. snorting, snorted.] To blow hard 
through the nose. — 2, n. An act or sound of 
snorting. 

Snout, a. [Sw. sunt; Dan. snude ; Dut. smut; Ger. 
sdmauze.] The nose of a beast ; the nozzle. 

Snow (sno), n. [A.-S. suair, Dut. sneeuw, Dan. 
snee, Ger. schnee, snow. — Cf. Gr. vtyei, L. niugit, 
it snows; L. nlr, nivis, Gr. vi<i>a., snow; Zend 
Cnizh, to snow.] Vapor frozen in flakes : — [Dut. 
suaauic. — Cf. Low Ger. snau. a beak] a kind of 
brig or ship.— 2, v. u. [pp. snowing, snowed.] 
To fall in snow or flakes. 

Snow' ball, ». A ball of snow : — a shrub. 

Snow'-bound, a.. Blockaded with snow. 

Snow'-drift, w. A drift or heap of snow. 

Snow'-drop, n. A plant and its very early flower. 

Snow'-sh6e. k. A shoe, or ligbt machine, or 
racket, used for travelling on deep snow. 



Snow's, a. Full of snow; white like suow. 

Snub, n. [Dan. snibbe, Sw. sttubba, to snub, to 
check : akin to Snip.] A snag; a knot in wood : 
— a check. — 2, v. a. [pp. snubbing, snubbed.] 
To check ; to reprimand ; to nip ; to cut short. 

Snub'-nosed (-nozd), a. [Cf. Sw. snnbba, to cut 
off. — See Snub.] Having a short nose. 

Snuff, n. [Dan. suubbe, to nip, to snub; Local Sw. 
suoppa, to snip (gr. ».).] The burnt wick of a can- 
dle : — [Ger. sdiuupf; Sw. snus] powdered tobacco 
drawn up by the nose.— 2, v. a. [Dut. snuiceu, to 
blow the nose; snnf, a smell; Sw. simfca, Ger. 
schnupfen, to snuff. — See Sniff and Snuffle.] 
[pp. snuffing, snuffed.] To inhale ; to smell ; to 
scent : — to crop the snuff, as of a candle. — 3, c. n. 
To snort ; to draw breath by the nose : — to sniff 
in contempt. 

Snuffbox, n. A box in which snuff is carried. 

Snuffers, n. pi. A utensil to snuff caudles. 

Snuffle (suuf'flh r. u. [Dan. sutidu ; Ger. sd/nvf- 
felu.] [pp. snuffling, snuffled.] To speak through 
the nose. 

Snuffy, a. Soiled with snuff : — sulky. 

Snug, v. n. [Icel. sniiggr, 0. Sw. snygg, Dan. snog, 
trim, neat; Norse snikka, to cut.] [pp. snug- 
ging, snugged.] To lie close; to snuggle. — 2, u. 
Close; concealed; convenient ; comfortable. 

Snug'gle (snug'gl), v. u. [A frequentative of 
Snug.] [pp. snuggling, snuggled.] To lie close, 
snug, or warm. 

Snug'lx, ad. In a snug manner ; closely. 

Snug'ness, n. Retiredness; closeness. 

So, ud. ' [A.-S. A: (ioth. two, Dut. zoo, Dan. sua, 
Ger. so, as, so: akin to Skr. sva, one's self; L. 
suns, one's own.] In like manner ; thus; there- 
fore ; the same ; in the same manner or degree. 

Soak, v. a. [A.-S. mean, to soak, to suck (g. v.).] 
[pp. soaking, soaked.] To steep.— 2, p. n. To 
be steeped. 

Soak'er, n. One who soaks :— a tippler. 

Soap (sop), n. [A.-S. tape; Dut. seep; Dan. ssebe; 
Ger. seife ; Ft. sawn; L. sapo, saponis.] A sul>- 
stance compounded of oil and alkali, used in 
washing and shaving. 

Soap'stone. n. [From its soapy feel.] A magne- 
sian stone ; steatite. 

Soap' suds, n. [See Suds.] Water impregnated 
with soap. 

Soap's, "• Resembling soap ; soft. 

Soar (sor), v. u. [Fr. essorer ; It. sorare ; L. ex, 
out, and anra, the air.] [pp. soaring, soared.] 
To fly aloft; to tower; to mount. — 2, n. A 
towering flight; ascent. 

Soar'ing, n. The act of mounting aloft. 

Sob, V. u. [A.-S. siofan, to sigh, to sough ; Ger. 
seufzen, to sigh.] [pp. sobbing, sobbed.] To sigh 
with sorrow convulsively. — 2, u. A convulsive 
sigh ; audible grief. 

So'ber, a. [Fr. eobre; L. sobrius; so- (forge-) neg- 
ative, and ebrius, drunken.] Temperate ; regu- 
lar; moderate; abstemious: — cool; calm; sedate; 
serious. — 2. v. a. [pp. sobering, sobered.] To 
make sober; to ealm. — 3, v. n. To recover from 
intoxication: — to become more moderate in 
views, character, or conduct. 

So'ber-lj:. ud. Temperately ; calmly. 

So'ber-ness, n. Temperance ; calmness. 
I So-bri'e-tjr, n. [Fr. sobriSti; h. sobrietas.] Quality 
| 'of being sober ; temperance ; soberness ; absti- 
nence : — sedateuess. 

Sobriquet (sob're-ka'), n. [Fr. sobriquet, — formerly 
I soubriquet ; probably from sous, under, and brupiei, 
a tinder-box, — formerly also the throat; hence a 
chuck under the chin, an act of contempt or un- 
due familiarity, an affront.] A nickname. 

Soc'a|-e, n. [0. E. sac, the power of settling dis- 
putes, judicial authority; A.-S. sacau, to con- 
tend ; soch, an inquiry.] (Laic.) An ancient 
tenure of lands by service : — written also soccage. 

So-ci-a-bil'i-tx (so-she-a-bil'e-te), n. State of 
being sociable ; sociableness. 



mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, $, c, §, soft; p, £, p, £, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



SOCIABLE 



502 



SOLEMNLY 



So'ci-a-ble (so'she-a-bl), a. [L. sociabilis ; sociare, 
to accompany; sociiis, a follower, a companion; 
seqni, to follow.] Inclined to company; affable; 
conversable ; social. — 2, ?j. A gathering of people 
for social purposes [Amer.] : — a kind of phaeton. 

So'ci-a-ble-ness (so'she-a-bl-nes), n. State of be- 
ing sociable; inclination to company. 

So'ci-a-bly. (so'she-a-ble), ad. Conversably. 

So'cial (so'shal), a. [L. socialis; socius, a com- 
panion.] Relating to society, to mankiud, or to 
the public interest: — companionable; sociable. 

So'cial-ism, u. A phase of communism involving 
the' abolition of private property and of all effort 
for individual welfare or advantage. 

So'cial-Ist, n. An advocate for socialism, or a 
community of property. — 2, a. Of or relating 
to socialism. 

So-cial-ist'ic, a. Relating to socialism. 

So'cial-ly (so'shal-le), ad. In a social way. 

So-ci'e-ty, n. [Fr. societe, L. societas, association.] 
Union of a number of persons in one general 
interest; a community; a company; partner- 
ship ; an association for the promotion of some 
object, scientific, literary, religious, political, or 
benevolent. 

So-cin'i-an, n. A follower of Socinus, who denied 
"the divinity and preexisteuce of Christ. — 2, a. 
Of or belong, ug to Socinianism. 

So-cin'i-an-ism, n. The doctrines of Socinus. 

S6-ci-oi'o-£-ist, n. One versed in the science of 
sociology. 

So-ci-ol'o-§-y. (so-she-ol'o-je), n. [L. socius, an as- 
sociate, and Gr. Ao-yo?, a discourse.] The science 
of, or a treatise on, society ; political science. 

Sock, n. [A.-S. socc, L. soccus, a low shoe.] A 
short stocking : — the shoe worn by the ancient 
comic actors : — comedy. 

Sock'et, n. [A dim. of Sock.] A hollow; the re- 
ceptacle of the eye. 

Soc'le (sok'kl), b. [it. zoccolo, dim. of zocco, a shoe; 
L. socculus. — See Sock.] A square member or 
piece of masonry, of greater breadth than height, 
used instead of a pedestal. 

So-crat'ic, ) a. Relating to Socrates, or to his 

So-crat'i-cal, J manner of teaching. 

Sod, v. [But. zode, Ger. sode, turf; from its soaked 
or sodden state. — See Seethe.] A turf; a clod. 
— 2, a. Blade of turf. — 3, v. a. [pp. sodding, 
sodded.] To cover with sods or turf. — 4, i. from 
seethe. Seethed. 

So'da, n. [It. soda, soda; sodo (fem. soda), for so- 
lido, solid (q. v.); Fr. sonde, glass-wort, a plant 
which yields soda: the name was probably 
given to the plant from its stiffness.] An alkali, 
oxide of sodium. 

So-dal'i-ty. v. [L. sodalilas ; sodalis, a companion.] 
'A fellowship; a fraternity. 

So'da-wa'ter, u. Water impregnated with car- 
bonic acid gas. 

Sod'den (sod'dn), p. from seethe. Seethed. 

Sod'dy, a. Turfy ; full of sods. [Solder. 

Sod'er, n. & v. a. [pp. sodering, sodered.] See 

So'di'-um, b. (Chem.) The metallic base of soda. 

Sod'om-ite, v. One guilty of sodomy. 

Sod'o-my, n. [From the ancient city of Sodom.] 
An unnatural crime. 

So-ev'er, ad. A word usually joined with a pro- 
noun or an adverb, as whosoever, howsoever. 

So' fa, n. [Arab, suffah or snfat, a couch.] A long, 
soft, easy seat, with a back. 

Sof fit, n. [Fr. soffit e ; It. soffila ; L. suffigere, svf- 
fixum, to fasten beneath. — See Fix.] (Arch.) The 
under part ot a cornice. 

Soft (soft or sawft), a. [A.-S. sofle, sefte; 0. Sax. 
saflo; Ger. sanfl, sacht; Dut. sagte, zaeht.] Not 
hard; yielding; tender; easy; mild; gentle: — 
weak; simple.— 2, inter}. Hold; stop; not so fast. 

Soft'en (sof fn), v. a. [pp. softening, softened.] 
To make soft.— 2, v. n. To grow soft. 

Soft'ly, ad. With softness ; gently. 

Soft'ness, n. Quality of being soft. 



Sog'gyj, a. [Icel. soggr, damp; saggi, dampness. — 
Cf. Sag.] Moist ; damp ; soaked. 

So-ho', iiUerj. A form of calling; halloo. 

Soil, v. a. [Fr. souille, mud; souiller, to defile: 
probably related to L. suillus, swine-like (sus, a 
swine), but not to Soil, earth, nor to Sli.lv.] 
[pp. soiling, soiled.] To foul ; to dirty ; to pol- 
lute ; to sully :— [Fr. soul, one's fill; L. satullus, 
filled ; salur, full ; satis, enough] to feed with 
green fodder, as cattle. — 2, n. [L. solum; Fr. 
sol] Dirt ; ground ; earth : — compost. 

Soil'ing, n. Act of one who soils : — act of feeding 
cattle with green fodder. 

Soiree (swa-ra/), n. [Fr. soir, evening; soiree, 
vening, an evening party ; It. serula, evening ; 



L. strus, late.] An evening party, 
so'journ, v. n. [T 



Sojourn, w. n. [Fr. sojourner; 0. Fr. sojourner; It. 
soggiornare ; L. sub, under, and diurvare, to stay ; 
diurnus, daily.] [pp. sojourning, sojourned.] To 
dwell awhile in a place ; to have a temporary 
abode; to abide. — 2, n. A temporary residence. 

So'journ-er, n. A temporary dweller. 

So'journ-mg, n. The act of one who sojourns; a 
temporary residence ; sojourn. 

Sol, n. [L.] The sun. — [Fr.] A French copper 
coin ; a sou. See Sou. 

Sol, b. [From the same mnemonic verses from 
which the other names on the gamut were 
taken. — See Do.] A note in music. 

Sol'ace, v. a. [L. solatium; solari, to console.] [pp. 
solacing, solaced.] To comfort; to console; to 
cheer. — 2, «. Comfort in grief; consolation; al- 
leviation; relief; recreation; pleasure. 

So'lar, a. [L. Solaris; sol, Skr. sura, the sun; srar, 
the sun, heaven.] Relating to, or proceeding 
from, the sun ; measured by the sun. 

Sold, i. & p. from sell. 

Sol'dan, n. Emperor of Turkey. See Sultan. 

Sol'der (sol'der or saw'der), v. a. [Fr. sovdvre, sol- 
der'; souder, to solder; L. solidare, to make solid 
(q. v.).] [pp. soldering, soldered.] To unite 
or fasten with metallic cement; to cement; to 
soder. — 2, b. A metallic cement ; soder. 

Sol'dier (sol'jer), n. [b'r.soldat; Late L. soldare, 
soldatus, to pay ; 0. Fr. soldier, Late L. soldarius, 
a soldier; soldum, pay; L. solidus, solid, — also a 
coin (whence the Fr. son). Some have assigned 
it to the root of Sell, as if a soldier were one 
who has sold his services ; others to-th'e Latin- 
ized Aquitanian soldarius, a retainer, — a word 
used by Caesar.] A man in iuiHfafy service; a 
fighting man ; a warrior. 

Sol'dier-ly (sol'jer-le), a. Martial ; warlike. 

Sol'dier-y (sol'jer-e), b. A body of soldiers. 

Sole, n. [A.-S. sole; L. solea.] The bottom of the 
foot or shoe :— [L. solea : so called from its re- 
semblance in shape to the sole of the foot] a flat 
sea-fish.— 2, v. a. [pp. soling, soled.] To furnish 
with soles. — 3, a. [Fr. seul, L. solus, alone.] Sin- 
gle; alone; only; solitary. 

Sol'e-cism, n. [Gr. aokoucio-pos, incorrect speech, 
— literally, speech like that of the people of tali, 
in Cilicia, who were proverbial for their incorrect 
use of the Greek language.] Impropriety in lan- 
guage ; an offence against the rules of grammar 
or syntax. 

Sole'ly, ad. Singly; only; separately. 

Sol'emn (sol'em), a. [L. sollennis or solemnis, an- 
nual, habitual, customary, festive, — also solemn ; 
sollus, entire, and annus, a year. — Cf. L. solus, 
only; Gr. 6Ao?, entire; Skr. sarva, all.] Anni- 
versary: — religiously grave; awful; formal; rit- 
ual ; serious. 

So-lem'ni-ty, n. [L. sollennitas or solenmilas.] _ An 
annual or religious ceremony ; a rite : — serious- 
ness ; gravity. 

Sol-em-ni-za'tion, n. The act of solemnizing. 

Sol'em-nize, v. a. [}yp- solemnizing, solemnized.] 
To" celebrate in due form ; to perform religiously : 
— 'to make solemn. 

Sol'emn-ly (sol'em-le), ad. In a solemn manner. 



e, i, o, u, 



y, long; a, e, l, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



SOLFA 



503 



SOOTHSAYER 



Sol-fa', v. n. & v. a. [pp. solfaing, solfaed.] To 
pronounce the musical notes. — 2, n. A system 
of writing, teaching, or reading music. 

Sol-feg'£-io (sol-fed'jo), n. [It.; from sol/a, the 
gamut; sol and fa, notes ot the gamut.] (Mm.) 
An exercise of the voice, through all the various 
intervals, upon the syllables do, re, mi, fa, sol, 
la, si. 

So-lic'it, v. a. [L. soUicitare, to solicit, to arouse ; 
sollns, entire, and cicre, citum, to excite.J [pp. 
soliciting, solicited.] To importune; to entreat; 
to ask ; to request ; to implore ; to beg ; to be- 
seech, [invitation. 

So-lic-i-ta'tion, n. [L. sollicUalio.] Importunity ; 

So-lic'it-or, »*. [Fr. sollicileur ; L. sollicilator.] One 
who solicits : — a lawyer who practises in a court 
of chancery. 

So-lic'i-tous, a. [L. sollicilus.] Anxious; careful; 
concerned. 

So-lic'i-tous-ly, ad. Anxiously; carefully. 

So-lic'i-tous-ness, n. Anxiety; solicitude. 

So lic'i-tress, n. A woman who solicits. 

So-Kc'i-tude, n. [L. sollicitudo.] Anxiety ; con- 
cern '; care. 

Sol'id, a. [L. solidus, solid. — Cf. sollus, entire; so- 
las, alone, single.] Not fluid; compact; dense; 
firm. — 2, n. A firm, compact body or substance. 

Sol-i-dar'i-ty, n. [Fr. solidarite, community of in- 
terest ; solidaire, conjoint, affecting all. — See 
Solid.] State of being bound together; joint 
interest ; fellowship. 

So-li'l-i-fi-ca'tion, n. Act of making solid. 

So-lid'i-fy, v. a.' [Fr. solid ifier ; L. solidus, solid, 
'and fieri, to become.] [pp. solidifying, solidi- 
fied.] To make solid. — 2, v. n. To become solid 
or firm. [ness ; compactness. 

So-lul'i-tx, w. [L. solid iln s ; Fr. solidite.] Firm- 

Sol'id-iy, ad. Firmly; densely; compactly. 

J3o-lil'o-quize, v. v. [pp. soliloquizing, solilo- 
quized.] To utter a soliloquy. 

So-lil'o-quy, n. [L. soliloquium, a monologue; so- 
lus, alone, and loqui, to speak.] A discourse to 
one's self. , 

Sol-i-taire' (sol-e-tar'), n. [Fr.— See Solitary.] 
A hermit: — an ornament for the neck : — a game 
with cards : — a recently extinct bird. 

Sol'i-ta-ri-ly, ad. In solitude. 

Sol'i-ta-ri-ness, n. Solitude; retirement. 

Sol'i-ta-ry, a. [Fr. solitaire; L. solilarius ; solus, 
alone.] 'Living alone :— single.— 2, n. One who 
lives alone. 

Sol'i-tiide, n. [L. sol Undo ; solus, alone.] State of 
being alone; a lonely life or place; loneliness; 
seclusion ; a desert. 

So'15, n. ; pi. So'loes. [It.; L. solus, alone.] An 
air played or sung by one person. 

So'lo-ist, u. (Mil*.) One who performs alone as 
a singer or as a player on an instrument. 

Sol'stice, n. [Fr. ; L. solstiliwm; sol. the sun, and 
sislere (stare), stulum, to halt, to stand.] The 
time when the sun is farthest from the equator, 
either north or south, and the ch»ys are longest 
or shortest. 

Sol-sti"tial (sol-stTsh'al), a. [L. sohtitialis.] Be- 
'longing to or happening at the solstice. 

Sol-u-bil'i-ty, n. State of being soluble. 

Sol'u-ble.'rt. [L. solnbilis.—See Solve.] That may 
be dissolved; solvable; capable of dissolution. 

So-lu'tion, n. The act of solving or of dissolving; 
explanation : — a liquid containing a dissolved 
substance. 

Solv'a-ble, a. That may be solved or paid. 

Solve, v. a. [L. solrere, solution, to solve or dis- 
solve ; so-, apart, and luere, to set free.] [pp. 
solving, solved.] To clear; to explain; to re- 
solve, [pay all debts. 

Solv'en-cy, n. State of being solvent ; ability to 

Solv'ent, a. [L. solvents, dissolving. — See Solve.] 
Having power to dissolve; dissolving: — able to 
pay all debt*.— 2, n. A substance that dissolves. 

Solv'er, n. Whoever or whatever solves. 



I Som'bre (som'ber) [som'ber, C. St. Wh. H. I.], a. 

[Fr. , Sp. sombrio, dark; sornbra, a shade; L. ex 

I intensive, and umbra, a shadow.] Gloomy ; dark. 

I Sombrero (som-bra'ro), ». [Sp. ; sornbra, a shade.] 

A wide-brimmed hat. 
j Some (sum), a. [A.-S. sum.; Icel. sumr; Dan. 
somme.] More or less; certain; any. 

Some- [Ger. -sum; Dut. -zaam ; A.-S. -son:, -sum: 
closely akin to Same.] A suffix expressive of 
cause, quality, or habit. 

S6me'bod-y. (sum'bod-e), n. One; a person inde- 
terminate : — a person of consideration. 

Some'hS-fr, ad. One way or other. 

Som'er-sault, n. [Fr. soubresault, soubresaui; It. 
sopra sallo ; L. supra, over, and sultus, a leap.] A 
somerset. 

Som'er-set, n. A leap with heels over head. 

Some'thing, n. A thing indeterminate ; a part. — 
2, ad. ' In some degree. 

Some'time, ad. Once ; at one time. 

Seme' times, ad. Not never; now and then. 

Some'what (sum'hsvot), n. Something; part. — 
2, ad. Iu some degree. 

Some'where (sum'hwar), ad. In some place. 

Som-nam-bu-la'tion, n. Somnambulism. 

Som-nam'bu-lism, n. The act of walking in 
"sleep; sleep-walking; somnambulation. 

Som-nam'bu-list, n. [L. somnus, sleep, and ambu- 
lare, to walk.] One who walks in sleep. 

Som-mf er-ous, a. [L. somnifer; somnus, sleep, 
'and fer're, to bring.] Causing sleep ; somnific. 

Som-nif'ic, a. [L. somnificus; somnus, sleep, and 
facere, to make.] Causing sleep ; somniferous. 

Som'no-lence, \n. [L. somnuleiUia.] Inclination 

Som'no-len-cy.l to sleep; drowsiness; sleepiness. 

Som'no-lent, a. [L. somnultntus ; somnus. sleep.] 
Inclined to sleep; sleepy. 

Son (sun), n. [A.-S. sunn, Dut. zoon, Dan. sob, Ger. 
sohn, Russ. suin, Or. vios; Skr. eunu, a son; su, 
to beget.] A male child: — native :— descendant. 

So'nant, a. [L. sonare, sonantis, to sound (q. v.).] 
Relating to or giving sound. 

So-na'ta, ». [It. ; L. sonnre, sonalum, to sound 
(q. ».).*] (3f((s.) A composition for a piano, or- 
gan, or other instrument. 

Song [sting, H.], n. [A.-S. sang, song: Dut. sang; 
Dan. & Ger. sanrj. — See Sing.] That which is 
sung ; a hymn ; a ballad ; a poem ; a lay ; a strain. 

Song'ster, n. [A.-S. sangeBfor,— properly a femi- 
nine noun.] A person or a bird that sings. 

Song'stress, n. A female singer. 

Son'-in-law, n. The husband of a daughter. 

Son'net, n. [Fr. ; It. sonetlo ; sono, a sound (q. v.).] 
A short poem; specially a poem consisting of 
fourteen lines, rhymed according to an intricate 
arrangement. [nets:— a small po^t. 

Son-net-eer', ■». [It. sonettiere.] A writer of soa- 

So-no'rous, a. [L. sonorus ; sonor, sonoris, a sound 
'(q. ?<.).]' Loud; shrill; high-sounding. 

So-no'rous-ly, ad. With high sound. 

So-no'rous-nSss, )>. Quality of being sonorous. 

SSn'shipj if. The relation of a son ; filiation. 

Soon, ad. [A.-S. sona ; 0. Fris. & O. Ger. san ; 
Goth, suns.] Before long; shortly; quickly; 
early. 

Soot (sot or sfit), n. [A.-S. & Sw. sot ; Dan. sor] ; 
Lith. sodis; Gael, suilh ; Welsh, sicta.] Con- 
densed smoke. 

S66th, n. [A.-S. sod, for sand, true; Dan. sand ; 
Skr. satya, true ; root of as, to he. - Cf. Ger. sind, 
L. sunt, they are.] Truth; reality: — prognosti- 
cation: — fairness of speech. — 2, a. True: — 
pleasant. 

Soothe, v. a. [A.-S. gesodian, to prove to be true, 
to confirm; qesod, a flatterer: closely related to 
sod, true.] [pp. soothing, soothed.] To flatter; 
to calm; to mollify; to allay; to soften; to 
pacify ; to mitigate. 

Sooth'er, v. One who sooth<s. 

Sooth'say-er, w. [Sooth, truth, and Sayf.r.] A 
foreteller"; a predictor. 



mien, si*r ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, c, §, soft; fS, f&, p, g, hard; § us z ; x as gz ; this. 



SOOTHSAYING 



504 



SOUSE 



SoSth'say-ing, n. Prediction ; a foretelling. 

Soot'i-ness, n. The quality of being sooty. 

Soot'y. (sot'e or siit'e), a. Consisting of, or cov- 
ered with, soot ; fuliginous; black. 

Sop, n. [Icel. soppa; O. Ger. soppe : closely re- 
lated to Sup.] Any thing steeped in gravy or 
liquid : — a gift to pacify. — 2, v. a. [pp. supping, 
sopped.] To steep in gravy or any liquid. 

Soph'ism, n. [Gr. a6(j>io-p.a, a captious argument, 
a fallacy.— See Sophist.] A specious but falla- 
cious argument ; a fallacy or deception in reason- 
ing ; paralogism. 

Soph'ist, n. [Gr. <ro^t<rTJj?, a skilled man ; o-o$i- 
£eii/, to instruct; cro$6?, wise.] A captious or 
fallacious reasoner. 

So-phis'tic, ) a. [Gr. cto^io-tiko?.] Partaking 

So-phis'ti-cal, J of sophistry ; illogical ; fallacious. 

So-phis'tj-cal-ly, ad. With sophistry. 

So-phis'ti-cate, v. a. [Late L. sophMicare, sophis- 
ticatum, to corrupt, — the Sophists being regarded 
as corrupters of the character and judgment.] 
[pp. sophisticating, sophisticated.] To adulter- 
ate ; to corrupt. [adulteration. 

So-phis-ti-ca'tion, n. Act of sophisticating : — 

Soph'is-try, n. [Fr. sojilmterie.] Fallacious reason- 
ing ; a subtle fallacy ; false logic. 

Soph'o-more, n. [Gr. <ro(/>6?, wise, and /mu>p6?, a 
fool.] A student in an American college in his 
second year. 

Soph-o-mor'ic, \a. Eelating to sophomores; 

Soph-o-mor'i-cal, J bombastic ; inflated. 

Sop-o-rif'er-ous, a. [L. soporifer ; sopor, sleep, and 
ferre, to bring.— Cf. Skr. svap, to sleep.] Causing 
sleep; soporific. 

Sop-o-rif'ic, a. [L. sopor, soporis, sleep, anil facere, 
to make.] Causing sleep; narcotic. — 2, n. A 
soporific medicine. 

So-pra'no, n. [It. soprano, highest, — also treble ; 
Late L. superanus, a sovereign (q. v.).] (Mus.) 
The highest female or vocal part of music ; treble. 

SbVcer-er, n. [Fr. sorcier, a wizard ; Late L. sor- 
tiarivs,'& caster of lots; sorliare, L. sortiri, to cast 
lots; sors, sorlis, a lot.] A conjurer; a magician. 

Sbr'cer-ess, n. A female magician. 

Sbr'cer-y, n. [0. Fr. sorcerie ; Fr. sorcellerie. — See 
Sorcerer.] The art of sorcerers; conjuration; 
magic; enchantment; witchcraft. 

Sor'did, a. [L. sordidvs, vile, mean, dirty; sordes, 
filth, blackness.] Tile; base; covetous; nig- 
gardly : — foul; dirty. 

Sbr'did-ly, ad. Meanly ; poorly ; covetously. 

Sbr'did-ness, n. Baseness; niggardliness. 

Sore, n. [A.-S. sar, Put. zeer. It. soro, sore ; Ger. 
versekren, to wound.] A place tender and pain- 
ful; an ulcer. — 2, a. Tender to the touch; 
painful : — easily vexed ; sensitive : — afflictive ; 
grievous. — 3, ad. [Cf. Ger. sehr, very.] In- 
tensely ; in a great degree. 

Sore'ly, ad. With great pain or distress. 

Sore'ness, n. State of being sore. 

S'oVghum, v. [E. Indian, sorghi.] A cane or grass 
which yields sugar. 

So-ri'tes, n. [L. ; Gr. awpetTT}?, heaped; o-iopos, a 
'heap.] (Logic.) An abridged form of stating a 
series of syllogisms. 

Sor'rel, n. [Fr. eurette, dim. of sur, sour (q. v.).] 
A plant having an acid taste. — 2, a. [Fr. savre ; 
It. wmro, soro : root of Sear.] Reddish; inclined 
to redness. 

Sor'ri-ly, ad. In a sorry manner; meanly. 

Sor'ri-ness, n. Meanness; wretchedness. 



Sor row (sor'ro), 



[A.-S. & Dan. sorg, Put. 



7, Ger. sorge, care, grief; Goth, saurga, sor- 
row ; sorgen, to grieve ; Ger. sorgen, to care for : 
originally it was unconnected with Sorry, which 
is now closely associated with it.] [pp. sorrow- 
ing, sorrowed.] To grieve ; to be sad. — 2, n. 
Grief; sadness; affliction; regret. 

Sor'row-ful, a. Full (if sorrow ; sad ; mournful ; 
grieving; melancholy: sorry: dismal. 

Sor'row-ful-ly, ad. In a sorrowful manner. 



Sor'row-ful-ness, n. Grief; sadness. 

Sor'ry, a. [A.-S. sarig, sad ; Put. zeerig, sore 
(g. v.).] Grieved; sorrowful :— mean ; vile. 

Sort, n. [Fr. sorte, fashion, kind; It. sorta, kind, 
fashion, fate; L. sors, sortis, a lot, condition, 
state.] A class or order of persons or things ; a 
kind; species; manner; rank.—/,?. [Printing.) 
The letters, points, marks, quadrats, &c, which 
are contained in separate boxes.— 2, v. a. [pp. 
sorting, sorted.] To distribute into classes: to 
arrange ; to separate ; to conjoin ; to assort.— 
3, v. n. To consort: to join ; to suit. 

Sbrt'a-ble, a. That may be sorted. 

Sbr-tie" (sor-te'j, n. [Fr. sortie, Sp. svrtida, It. sor- 
tita, a sally; Fr. sortir, Sp. surlir, It. sorlire, to 
sally; L. surgere, snrrectum, to rouse up.] A sud- 
den attack made by the inhabitants of a besieged 
place ttpon the besiegers; a sally. 

Sot, ». [A -S. sot, foolish ; Fr. sot, a fool ; Sp. zote, 
a blockhead; Late L. sotns and sothts: origin 
doubtful.] An habitual drunkard; a toper; a 
tippler.— 2, v. a. [pp. sotting, sotted.] To stu- 
pefy ; to besot.— 3, v. n . To tipple. 

Sot'tish, a. Stupid, besotted; drunken. 

Sou (so), n. ; pi. Sous. [0. Fr. sol; Fr. son ; L. soli- 
dus, solid, — also the name of a coin.] A French 
copper coin, the twentieth part of a franc. 

Sough (sfif) [suf, Ja. K. K. Wb. ; sof, P. 8m. ; suf 
or sow, St.), n. [Icel. sngr, A.-S. sweg, a sough ; 
swogan, to rustle: imitative.] A subterranean 
drain ; a murmuring sound. — 2, v. n. [ pp. sough- 
ing, soughed.] To emit a murmuring sound. 

Sought (sawt), i. & p. from seek. 

Soul (sol), n. [A.-S. sawol, sawnl, sa>rl : Icel. sala ; 
Pan. sisel; Put. zeel; Ger. seele ; Goth, saiivafa.] 
The immortal part of man ; mind ; spirit : — life ; 
essence ; energy : — a human being. 

Soul'less (sol'les), a. Without soul; mean. 

Sound,' a. [A.-S. & Pan. svnd; Ger. gesund : Put. 
gezond.] Healthy ; hearty ; whole ; sane :— right ; 
not erroneous; orthodox :— strong; valid; stout: 
— deep; fast; thorough; entire; unbroken. — 2, u. 
[Fr. son, L. sonns, Skr. swava, a sound ; scan, to 
sound.] Any thing audible ; noise ; tone : — [A.-S. 
sund, a swimming, a sound; Pan. & Ger. mud, 
a sound, a strait : akin to Swtm. — Cf. Sp. sonda, a 
sound] a shallow sea : — the air-bladder of a fish : 
— a probe.— 3, r. n. [pp. sounding, sounded.] 
To make or emit a noise :— [Fr. sonrler, to sound ; 
sonde, a plummet : probably from the noun Sound, 
a strait] to use the lead and line. — i, v. a. To 
try the depth of ; to examine :— to cause to make 
a noise ; to play on : — to celebrate by sound. 

Sbund'ing, a. Having sound ; sonorous. — 2, ». 
The act of sounding; sound emitted : — a place 
fathomable at sea. 

Sbund'ly, ad. Heartily: stoutly; rightly. 

Sound'ness, ». State of being sound. 

Scup (sop), n. [Fr. sovpe, 0. Put. sop, zop, soup ; 
soppe, a sop; Sw. soppa, a sop (q. ».). — See also 
Sip and Sup.] A decoction of flesh for food; a 
kind of broth. 

Sour, a. [A.-S. svr ; Put. zunr; Pan. smir ; Ger. 
saver.] Acid ; crabbed ; tart : — shai p ; harsh ; ac- 
rimonious; peevish; morose; severe. — 2, n. A 
sour or acid substance. — 3, v. a. [pp. souring, 
soured.] To make acid or uneasy. — 4, v. n. To 
become acid or peevish. 

Source (sors), n. [Fr. source, a spring; sourdre, L. 
surgere, to rise. — See Surge.] That from which 
any thing proceeds; a spring; a fountain; a 
head ; an origin ; first canse. 

Sbur'-crbut, or Sb'ur'-krbut, n. [Ger. saver-kraut, 
sour cabbagf.] A German dish made of cabbage. 

Sbur'ly, ad. With acidity; with acrimony. 

Sbur'ness, n. Acidity: — asperity. 

Souse (soils), n. [A variant of Sauce.] Food made 
of pigs' feet and ears pickled ; salt pickle :— a 
plunge or dip.— 2, v. a. [pp. sousing, soused.] 
To parboil and steep in pickle : — to strike ; to 
throw or plunge into water. — 3, v. n. [Imita- 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, l, 5, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



SOUTH 



505 



SPARSENESS 



tive.— Cf. Ger. saueen, to rush, to rustle ; sanse, a 
wind ; suus, a buzz, bluster, a storm.] To fall, as 
a bird on its prey. — 4, ad. With a sudden plunge. 

South, w. [A.-S. sud, Dut. zmd, Dan. syd, Ger. 
slid, Icel. sudr, 0. Icel. sunnr, 0. Ger. siuid, the 
south : closely akin to Sun.] One of the cardinal 
ppints; opposed to the north; the point toward 
the sun at noon.— 2, a. Southern ; meridional. 
— 3, ad. Toward, or from, the south. 

Sbfith-east', n. The point of the compass between 
the east and south. — 2, a. Between the south 
and east. [the south-east. 

Sb'uth-east'er-ly, or Sbuth-east'ern, a. Toward 

Soutft'er-ly. '[s uth'er-le or sbuth'er-le, W. J. 8m.], 
a. Lying toward the south ; relating to the 
south ; southern. 

SoSth'ern [s iuth'ern or suth'ern, W. F. Ja. Sm.], a. 
[A.-S! sudan, suderne, Dut. zuider, Dan. sondeu, 
southern ; 0. Ger. mndroiii, southern, — literally, 
south-running.] Belonging to the south; me- 
ridional ; southerly. 

South'ern-er, n. An inhabitant of the south. 

Soiith'ern-mbst, a. Farthest south. 

Sofith'ern-wood (-wild), n. A fragrant plant. 

Sbuth'ing, n. Motion toward the south ; the pass- 
ing of a heavenly body over the meridian : — dis- 
tance to the south. 

South' most, a. Farthest toward the south. 

South'ron, n. An inhabitant of the south. 

South' ward (south'ward or suth'ard), n. The 
southern parts, countries, or regions. — 2, ad. 
Toward the south. 

South-west', «. The point of the compass between 
the south and west. — 2, a. Between the south 
and west. 

Sbuth-west'er, n. A gale from the south-west : — 
a sailor's hat for rough weather. 

Sbuth-west'er-ly, a. Being in or coming from a 
south-west direction. 

Sbuth-west'ern, a. Toward the south-west. 

Souvenir (sGv'ner), n. [Fr. for a "remembrance," 
a "memorial;" souvenir, to remember; L. sub- 
venire, to occur, to come to mind; sub. undtjr, 
and venire, to come.] A remembrancer. 

Sov'er-eign (&iiv'er-jn or sov'er-in), a. [Fr. sourc- 
rain, sovereign; Late L. snperanus, principal, 
chief; L. super, above.] Supreme in power; 
chief; predominant; powerful; efficacious; ef- 
fectual. — 2, n. One invested with absolute 
authority; a supreme ruler; a monarch: — an 
English gold coin of the value of 20s. 

Sov'er-eign-ty. (suv'er-in-te), n. Supreme power; 
high authority ; royalty. 

Sow, n. [A.-S. sm, sugu; Dut. zog ; Dan. so; Ger. 
sau; L. sits; Gr. cru? or vs. — Cf. Hoc] A female 
pig ; the female of a boar. 

Sow (so), v. a. [A.-S. soman; Dut. zaaijen; Ger. 
s'den; L. serere, seal, satum.] [i. sowed; pp. sow- 
ing, sown or sowed.] To scatter, as seed; to 
spread. — 2, v. n. To scatter seed ; to plant. 

Sow'er (so'er), n. One who sows: 

Sown (son), p. from sow. 

Soy, n. [Japanese.] A kind of sauce from Japan : 
— a kind of bean from which soy is made. 

Spa [spaw, H. St. Sm.], n. [From Spa. in Belgium.] 
A mineral spring, as at the town of Spa. 

Space, n. [Fr. espace ; L. spatium. — Cf. Gr. crna- 
eiv, to draw; Skr. sphay, to swell.] Room; ex- 
tension : — a short time. — 2, v. a. [pp. spacing, 
spaced.] To arrange with suitable spaces. 

Spa'cious (spa/shus), a. [Fr. spacieux; L. spatiosus.] 
Wide ; extensive ; roomy. 

Spa'cious-ness (spa/shus-nes), «. Roominess. 

Spade, n. [A.-S. spsedu, spada, Dan. & Dut. spade, 
Ger. spate, a spade ; Gr. a-rrddrj, a blade. — Cf. It. 
spada; a sword.] A sort of shovel : — a suit of 
cards.— 2, v. a. [pp. spading, spaded.] To dig 
up with a spade. [A fleshy spike. 

Spa'dix, n. FL. ; Gr. a-rrdSi^ , a palm-branch.] (Bot.) 

Spahi (spa-e), m. [Fr.— See Sepoy.] A Turkish or 
Algerian cavalryman. 



Spake, v. Did speak; spoke. [Antiq. & Poet.] 

Span, n. [A.-S. spannan, to bind ; Dut. spanuen, 
to stretch, to yoke up, to harness up; A.-S. 
spann, Dut. span, Ger. spanne, a hand-breadth, a 
span ; spann, a team. — Cf. Gr. o-rrdei.v, to stretch.] 
The space from the end of the thumb to the end 
of the little finger, extended ; nine inches : — any 
short duration : — a pair or a team of hoises: — 
extent, as of a bridge. — Span roof, a common 
roof of a house, consisting of two regularly-in- 
clined sides. — 2, v. a. [pp. spanning, spanned.] 
To measure, as by the hand extended. 

Span'drel, n. [Probably from Span.] (Arch.) The 
triangular space included between the curve of 
an arch and the square head or drip-stone over it. 

Spah'gle, n. [Dim. of 0. E. spang, Ger. & A.-S. 
spange, a clasp or brooch. — Cf. Gael, spang, that 
which shines; Lith. spingeti, to glitter.] A small 
plate of shining metal. — 2, v. a. [pp. spangling, 
spangled.] To besprinkle with spangles. 

Span'iard (span'yard), n. A native of Spain. 

Span'iel (span'yel), n. [Fr. espagnoh Sp. espaflol, 
Spanish; Sp. Espafta, L. Hispauia, Spain; O. Fr. 
espagneul, a Spanish dog, a spaniel.] A sporting- 
dog, [lating to Spain. 

Span'ish, n. The language of Spain. — 2, a. Re- 

Span'ish-fly, n. A fly used to raise blisters. 

Spank, v. a. [Imitative, or related to Span.] [pp. 
spanking, spanked.] To strike with the open 
hand.— 2, c. //. To trot smartly. — 3, n. A blow 
with the open hand. 

Spank'er, n. A sail rigged with a gaff and boom. 

Spank'ing, a. Large; line; strong. [Low.] 

Span'-new, a. [Ger. spanneu ; span, a chip, and 
neu, new; like a chip fresh from the block.] 
Quite new ; brand-new. 

Span'-worm (-wiirm), n. An insect larva, or cat- 
erpillar, which moves by loops or spans. 

Spar, n. [A.-S. spser, spier-stan: perhaps related 
to Spur. — Cf. Ger. aparkaik, piaster.] A crystal- 
lized mineral: — a boxing-match :— [Dut. spar; 
Irish sparr ; Dan. sparre ; Ger. sparren : probably 
related to Spear] a rafter : — a round piece of 
timber. — 2, v. n. [Fr. s'eparer, 0. Fr. esparer, to 
kick, to strike. — Cf. It. wparare, to kick, to let 
fly ; Russ. spor, a dispute ; Teutonic root spar, to 
shake.] [pp. sparring, sparred.] To fight; to 
quarrel ; to dispute. [shoes. 

Spar'a-ble, n. [For sparrou-bill.] A small nail for 

Spare, v. a. [A.-S. spartan : Ger. & Dut. sparen : 
Dan. spare; L. parcere.] (pp. sparing, spared.] 
To preserve; to save: — to use frugally: — to 
afford; to grant :— to forbear to inflict ur to pun- 
ish. — 2, v. n. To be frugal, tender, or merciful. 
— 3. a. [A.-S. spser, sperlic ; Ger. sparlich; Dan. 
sparsom; L. parens.] Scanty; frugal: — lean; 
thin : — superfluous; not in use; not wanted. 

Spare'lx, ad. In a spare manner ; sparingly. 

Spare'ness, n. State of being spare. 

Spare'rib, n. [Spare, thin, and Rib.] Ribs of 
pork with little flesh. 

Spar'ing, a. Frugal; saving; forbearing. 

Spar'ing-ly, ad. Not abundantly ; frugally. 

Spark, n. [A.-S. spearca, Low Ger. sparks, a spark ; 
Icel. spraka, Dan. sprage, to crackle.] A particle 
of fire :— [cf. Local E. sprack, Local Sw. spr'dh, 
Norw. sprsek, cheerful, lively] a gallant. — 2, r. n. 
[pp. sparking, sparked.] To play the gallant. 

Spar'kle (spar'kl), n. [A dim. and frequentative 
of Spark.] A spark; a luminous particle. — 
2, v. v. [pp. sparkling, sparkled.] To emit 
sparks; to shine ; to glitter. 

Spar' row, n. [A.-S. spearwa ; Dan. spnrv ; 0. Ger. 
sparo ; Goth, spariua ; Ger. sperling : root spar, to 
shake, to quiver.] A small bird of many species. 

Spar' row-hawk, n. A small kind of hawk. 

Spar'ry, a. Consisting of, or resembling, spar. 

Sparse, a. [L. spargere, sparsum, to scatter.] 
Thinly scattered ; not dense. 

Sparse'ly, ad. In a sparse manner; thinly. 

Sparse'ness, n. State of being sparse. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c, £, soft; p, ja, p, g, 

w 43 



! ; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



SPAKTAN 



506 



SPEECH 



Spar'tan, a. Relating to Sparta: — hardy; brave. 
-=-2, It. A native of Sparta. 

Spasm, n. [Gr. o-rrao-jxo';; airdeLV, to draw.] A 
violent convulsion : — cramp. 

Spas-mod'ic, a. Having spasms; convulsive; vio- 
lent and short-lived. 

Spa§-mod'i-cal-ly, ad. In a spasmodic manner. 

Spat, i. from' spill Did spit. [Nearly obs.] — 2, n. 
[Akin to Spit.] The young, or eggs, of an oys- 
ter: — [see Spit and Spitfire] a slight quarrel. 

Spate, n. [Irish, speid.] A flood; a freshet. 

Spa-tha'ceous (spa-tha'shus), o. [Neo-Latin, spa- 
t'haceus. — See Spathe.] (Hot.) Relating to, or 
enclosed in, a spathe. 

Spathe, n. [L. spatha, a spade. — See Spatula.] 
(Bot.) A bract; a kind of sheath. 

Spath'jc, a. [Ger. spath, spar; spaten, a spade 
(q. v.).] (Min.) Foliated; lamellar. 

Spath'ose, \a. Relating to, or formed like, a 

Spath'ous, J spathe; spatliaceous : — sparry. 

Spat'ter, v. a. [Frequentative: allied to Spot.] 
[pp.' spattering, spattered.] To sprinkle; to 
throw ; to asperse. 

Spat'ter-dash-e§, n. pi. Coverings for the legs. 

Spat'u-la, n. [L., dim. of spathu, a spade (q. v.).] 
An apothecary's knife. 

Spat' u -late, a. Shaped like a spatula. 

Spav'in, n. [0. Fr. esparvain, Fr. epannn, Sp. 
espa'ruvin, a spavin, or a sparrow-hawk : from 
the hopping and sparrow-like gait of a spavined 
horse. — See Sparrow.] A disease or bony ex- 
crescence on the inside of a horse's hock. 

Spav'ined (spav'ind), a. Diseased with spavin. 

Spawn, n. [0. Fr. espandre, It. spandere, to spill ; 
L. expander e, to spread, to expand (q. v.). — Cf. 
Fr. epancher, to spill; epanouir, to blossom, to 
expand.] The eggs of fish or frogs; offspring. — 
2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. spawning, spawned.] To 
deposit spawn ; to produce, as fishes ; to generate. 

Spay, v. a. [L. spudo, Gr. crTraStov, a eunuch.] 
[pp. staying, spayed.] To castrate (said of 
female animals). 

Speak, v. n. [A.-S. sprecan and specan ; Dut. 
spreken ; Ger. sprechen.] [i. spoke {formerly 
spake) ; pp. speaking, spoken (obs. spoke).] To 
express thoughts by words; to utter words; to 
talk; to discourse.— 2, v. a. To utter; to pro- 
nounce; to delirer. 

Speak' er, v. One who speaks :— the presiding 
officer in a deliberative assembly. 

Speak'er-ship, ». The office of speaker. 

Spear, n. [A.-S. spere ; Dut. & Ger. speer ; Dan. 
spser ; L. sparus: akin to Spar.] A long, pointed 
weapon; a lance. — 2, v. a. [pp. spearing, 
speared.] To kill or pierce with a spear. 

Spear'man, n. One who carries a spear. 

Spear'mi'nt, n. A species of mint. 

Spe"cial (spesh'al), a. [L. specialis, belonging to a 
species (/y. r.).] Particular; peculiar ; extraor- 
dinary; uncommon; especial. 

Spe"cial-ist (spesh'al-ist), n. One devoted to a 
special pursuit. 

Spe-ci-al'i-ty. (spesh-e-al'e-te), n. [L. specialitas; 
Fr. ' speciali'te.] The' quality of being special; 
special characteristic :— specialty ; special object 
or pursuit. 

Spe-cial-i-za'tion (spesh-al-e-za'shun), n. [Fr. 
specialisation.]' Application to a special use. 

Spe"cial-ize (spesh'al-iz), v. a. [Fr. spetiidiser.] 
[pp. specializing, specialized.] To devote to 
special uses : — to form in a special way. 

Spe"cial-ly (spesh'al-e), ad. Particularly, chiefly. 

Spe"cial-ty (spesh'al-te), n. Particularity; spe- 
cial pursuit. — {Law.) " A writing or deed under 
the hand and seal of the parties. 

Spe'cie (spe'she), n. [Originally, money paid in 
specie [L.], i.e., in visible coin ; L. species, appear- 
ance. — See Species.] Coin; gold, silver, or other 
metal used as currency. 

Spe'cies (spe'shez), n. [L. species, appearance, 
kind; specere, to see. — See Spy.] A number of 



things comprehended under a genus ; a group ; 
a sort ; a kind ; a subdivision. 

Spe-cific, a. [Fr. speeifique ; Late L. specificus. — 
See Specify.]"" That makes a thing of the spe- 
cies of which it is; distinguishing oue from an- 
other; peculiar:— appropriated to the cure of 
some disease. — 2, n. An efficacious medicine. 

Spe-cif i-cal-ly, ad. In a specific manner. 

Spec-i-fi-ca'tion, n. [Ft. specification. A Act of speci- 
fying;' distinct notation ; particular mention. 

Spec'i-fy, v. a. [Fr. specifier ; L. species, kind, and 
fieri, to become.] [pp. specifying, specified.] To 
mention particularly ; to note distinctly ; to par- 
ticularize. 

Spec'i-men, n. [L. for "example," "proof;" 
specere, to see.] A small portion of any thing 
employed to show the quality of the whole ; a 
part like the rest ; a sample ; model. 

Spe'cious (spe'shus), a. [L. speciosus, good-look- 
ing; species, appearance.] Plausible; colorable: 
— not solidly but apparently good or right. 

Spe'cious-ly. (spe'shus-le), ad. Plausibly. 

Spe'cious-ness, n. State of being specious. 

Speck, n. [A.-S. specca, a spot ; Low Ger. spalcen, 
to spot; spalcig, specked.] A small discoloration ; 
a spot; a stain. — 2, v. a. [pp. specking, specked.] 
To spot ; to stain in spots. 

Speck'le (spek'kl), n. [A dim. of Speck.] A 
speck; a little spot.— 2, v. a. [pp. speckling, 
speckled.] To mark with small spots. 

Spec'ta-cle (-ta-kl), n. [Fr. ; L. spectaculum, a 
show ; spectare, to view ; specere, speetvm, to see. 
— See Spy.] A show; an exhibition; a sight. 
— pi. Glasses to assist the sight. 

Spec'ta-cled (spek'ta-kld), a. Wearing spectacles. 

Spec-tac'u-lar, a. Of the nature of a show. 

Spec-ta'tor, n. [L. for "beholder;" spectare, to 
behold ;' specere, spectum, to see.] A looker-on; 
a beholder. 

Spec-ta'tress, n. A female looker-on. 

SpeVtral, a. Relating to spectres or the spectrum. 

Spec'tre (spek'ter), n. [Fr. specie.— See Spec- 
trum.] An apparition ; a ghost. 

Spec'tro-scope, n. [L. spectrum, a spectrum, and 
Gr. root anon-, to see.] An instrument for ex- 
amining the spectra formed by passing the light- 
rays given forth from luminous bodies through a 
prism or a series of prisms. [to spectroscopy. 

Spec-tro-scop'ic, a. Relating to the spectroscope or 

Spec'tro-sco-pist, or Spec-tros'co-pist, n. One 
versed in the use of the' spectroscope. 

Spec-tros'co-py, n. The art of using the spectro- 
scope ; examination by the spectroscope. 

Spec'trum, n. ; pi. Spec'tra. [L. for "a vision," 
"a sight;" specere, to see.] A representation; 
an image ; a visible form : — a figure of colored 
light formed by the dispersion of a beam of light 
by means of a prism. 

SpeVu-lar, a. [L. sp<?c?<Znris.— See Speculum.] 
Relating to a mirror or glass. 

Spec'u-late, v. n. [L. speculari, specidatum, to be- 
hold; specula, a watch-tower; specere, to see,] 
[pp. speculating, speculated.] To meditate; to 
theorize : — to buy in order to sell again ; to 
traffic ; to make business ventures. 

Spec-u-la'tion, n. [L. speculatio, a view.] The 
act of speculating ; view ; examination ; contem- 
plation ; scheme; theory: — a mercantile transac- 
tion or venture. [five ; theoretical. 

Spee'ii-la-tive, a. [L. specidatiuns.] Contempla- 

Spec'u-la-tive-ly, ad. Ideally ; theoretically. 

Spec'u-la-tor, n. [L. speculator.] One who specu- 
lates. 

Spec'u-la-to-ry, a. Exercising speculation. 

Spec'u-lum", «.'; pi. Spec'u-la. [L. for "a mir- 
ror;" specere, to see.] A mirror; a looking- 
glass : — a surgical instrument. 

Sped, i. & p. from speed. 

Speech, n. [A.-S. spsec— See Speak.] Articulate 
utterance; language; talk: — an address; an ora- 
tion ; a discourse. 



0) u, y, 



r; a., e, I, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



SPEECHLESS 



507 



SPINDLE 



Speech/less, a. Deprived of speech ; unable to 
speak ; 'cfomb ; mute; silent; taciturn. 

Speed, v. u. [A.-S. sped; Dut. spoed; A.-S. spowan, 
to succeed. — Cf. Skr. sphiti, increase, success; 
sphay, to increase.] [i. sped; pp. speeding, sped.] 
To make haste ; to move fast ; to succeed. — 2, v, a. 
To hasten ; to despatch ; to assist : — to test the 
speed of. — 3, n. Quickness; celerity; haste. 

Speed'er, ft. One who speeds : — a machine. 

Speed'i-ly, ad. With haste or speed; quickly. 

Speed'weLl, n. A plant, veronica. 

Speed'x," a. [A.-S. spedig.~\ Quick; swift; not 
slow ;' near at hand ; near in future time. 

Spell, n. [A.-S. snel; Icel. spjal ; A.-S. spellian, to 
tell, to relate.] A charm ; incantation ; en- 
chantment : — [A.-S. spelian, to act as proxy ; Ger. 
spielen, to play] a turn of work :— a short time : 
— [see Spile] a slip of paper or thin wood. 
— 2, v. a. & v. ft. [A.-S. spellian, to relate ; Dut. 
spellen, to spell ; and partly, it may be, from 
O. E. spell, a splint, a pointer. — See Spile.] [i. 
spelled or spelt; pp. spelling;, spelled or spelt.] 
To name or write the letters forming a word : — to 
discover by marks : — to relieve by taking a turn 
at work. 

Spell'bSund, a. Bound by a spell. 

Spell'er, »/. One who spells : — a spelling-book. 

Spell'ing, ft. Act of one who spells; orthography. 

Spell'ing-book (-buk), n. A book teaching or- 
thography ; an elementary school-book. 

Spelt, n. [A.-S. & Dut. spelt; Ger. spelz.] A kind 
of grain or wheat. — 2, i. & p. from spell. 

Spel'ter, n. [Low Ger. spiaUer; Dut. apiauter. — 
Cf. Icel. spilda, a flake; Goth, spilda, a tablet; 
Ger. spallen, to split.] Impure or commercial 
zinc. 

Spence, n. [0. Fr. despense, a store-room. — See 
Dispense.] A pantry : — a living-room. 

Spen'cer, n. [Named from John Charles, third 
earl Spencer, 1782-1845. The family name was 
once despenser, signifying a dispenser, a steward.] 
A short outer garment : — a kind of sail. 

Spend, v. «. [A.-S. spendan; Ital. spendere; from 
L. dispendium, expense ; dis-, apart, ami 
to weigh, to dispense.] [i. spent; pp. spending, 
spent.] To consume ; to exhaust; to waste; to 
expend. — 2, v. n. To make expense ; to be lost, 
expended, or used up. 

Spend' thrift, «. A prodigal ; a lavisher. 

Sperm, n. [Gr. a-rreppa, seed; <rTreipeii>, to sow.] 
Animal seed; spawn : — spermaceti. 

Sper-ma-ce'ti, ». [Late L. spenua eeii, whale's 
sperm; cetus, Gr. kt)tos, a whale.] A substance 
obtained from the oil found in the head of the 
sperm-whale, — used for candles, &c. 

Sper-mat'ic, a. [Gr. o-rreppaTin6<;.— See Sperm.] 
Relating to, or consisting of, sperm; seminal. 

Sp'e'r-ma-to-zo'on, n. ; pi. Sper-ma-to-zo'a. [Gr. 
arreppa, <riripp.a.To<;, seed, and £yov, an animal.] 
A viluatile spermatic cell. 

Sperm'-oil, n. Oil from the sperm-whale. 

Sperm'-whale, n. Spermaceti whale;- cachalot. 

Spew (spu), v. a. [A.-S. spiwan; Dut. spuuwen; 
Dan. spye; Ger. speien; L. spnere. — See Spit.] 
[pp. spewing, spewed.] To vomit; to cast forth" 
— 2, v. n. To vomit; to ease the stomach. 

Sphac'e-late (sfas'e-lat), v. a. & r. n. [Gr. crcjxxKe- 
Ao?, gansrreue.] [pp. sphacelating, sphacelated.] 
To mortify. 

Sphac-e-la'tion, n. Mortification ; gangrene. 

Sphag-'nous, a. [Gr. o-cpdyvos, a kind of moss.] 
Mossy ; boggy. 

Sphe'noid, \a. [Gr. <x^>r)v, a wedge; <r<$>r\- 

Sphe-nbid'al, J ^oetSrjs, wedge-shaped.] Wedge- 
shaped :— applied to a bone in the head. 

Spher'al, a. [L. sphxralis.—See Sphere.] Of or 
pertaining to the spheres or heavenly bodies; 
inhabiting the spheres: — rounded into a sphere : 
— complete; perfect. 

Sphere (sfer), n. [L. sphzera, Gr. a^alpa, a ball: 
akin to o-Treipeiv, to throw, to scatter.] A solid 



body bounded by a surface of which every point 
is equally distant from the centre within ; a 
globe; orb: — circuit; province: — compass of 
knowledge or action. — 2, v. a. [pp. sphering, 
sphered.] To form or place in a sphere. 

Spher'ic, \a. [Gr. o-^cupiKo?.] Relating to, or 

Spher'i-cal, J formed like, a sphere ; globular. 

Spher'i-cal-lj;, ad. In the form of a sphere. 

Sphe-ric'i-tx, n. Quality of being spherical. 

Spher ics, >?. The doctrine and properties of the 
sphere ; spherical trigonometry. 

Sphe'rcfd, n. [Gr. o-t/mipoeiS^s, sphere-like.] A 
body resembling a sphere. [spheroid. 

Sphe-rbid'al, a. Having the form of, or like, a 

Spher'ule, n. [L. sph^erula, a little sphere (q. v.).] 
A little globe or sphere. 

SpMnc'ter, n. [Gr. a^iyKr-qp ; a(plyyeiv, to bind.] 
A constrictory muscle. 

Sphinx, n. [L. ; Gr. a-<piy^; from crcpiyyeiv, to 
bind, to pinch, to choke. j A monster having 
the face of a woman and the body of a lion : — a 
fabulous monster which slew these who could 
not guess the riddles it proposed. 

Spi'cate, a. [L. spicare, spicatum, to furnish with 
a spike (a. v.).] (Bot.) Spiked ; having a spike. 

Spice, ft. [L. species, a kind, — later, a drug.] An 
aromatic substance used in cookery: — a small 
quantity : — a seasoning. — 2, v. a. [pp. spicing, 
spiced.] To season with spice ; to flavor. 

Spi'cer-x, n. [Fr. epkerie. — See Spice.] Spices : — 
a repository of spices. 

Spi'ci-ly, ad. In a pungent manner; piquantly. 

Spic'ii-la, n. ; pi. Spic'u-lae. [L. ; dim. of spied, a 
spike.]' A small spike : a spikelet; a spicule. 

Spic'ule, ft. A small spike; a spicula. 

Spi'cx, a. Aromatic: — pungent; keen; piquant. 

Spi'der, ft. [For spinner; Dut. spin, Dan. spinder, 
Ger'. spinne, a spider.] An insect or animal that 
spins a web for flies :— a sort of iron stewpan. 

Spie'gel-ei-sen (-i-zn), n. [Ger. for ''mirror- 
iron.'"] A form of iron used in making Besse- 
mer steel. [a hole ; a faucet. 

Spig'ot, n. [Dim. of Spike.] A pin or peg to stop 

Spike, n. [L. spica, a spike, an ear of corn ; Dut. 
spijker, Icel. spil;, Dan. spiger, Ger. spieker, a 
nail.] An ear of corn : — a large nail: — a long 
cluster of flowers. —2, v. a. [pp. spiking, 
spiked.] To fasten or set with spikes, &c. 

Spike'let, n. A little spike. 

Spike'nard. n. [Spike and Naj&d.] An aromatic 
plantand its oil or balsam. 

Spi'ky, a. Having spikes ; having a point. 

Spile, n. [A.-S. & Dut. spell, a pin ; spil, an axis; 
root of Ger. spalten, to cleave.] A peg; a wooden 
pin ; a spigot. 

Spill, o. a. [A.-S. spillan, spildan, to destroy; spihl, 
destruction; root of Ger. spalten, to split.] [i. 
spilt or spilled ; pp. spilling, spilt or spilled.] To 
shed; to pour out. — 2, v. n. To waste; to be 
shed.— 3, n. [See Spile.] A plug or spile; a 
spigot : — a twist of paper. 

Spilth, n. [A.-S. spild, destruction, spilling.] 
That which is spilt. 

Spin, v. a. A* v. n. [A.-S. spinnan ; Dut. spinnen ; 
Ger. spinnen ; from the root of Gr. airaeiv, to 
draw out.] [i. spun or span; pp. spinning, 
spun.] To draw out into threads; to form 
threads: — to protract; to draw out: — to move 
or whirl swiftly. — 2, n. A rapid course. 

Spin'ach (or spin'aj), ?*. [Fr. epinard; 0. Fr. es- 
pinace; Sp. espinaca ; Arab, isfanaj, asfanalh.] A 
garden-plant, cultivated for the table' : — written 
also spinage. 

Spin'a-ker, or Spin'na-ker, «. [A variant of 
Spanker; affected by Spin, to race.] | Yachting.) 
A jib-headed racing-sail. [backbone. 

Spi'nal, a. [L. spinalis.] Kelating to the spine or 

Spin'dle (spin'dl), n. [A.-S. spinl; Ger. spin del : 
root of Spin.] A pin used in spinning; a stalk. 
— 2, v. w. [pp. spindling, spindled.] To shoot 
into a small stalk. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, Qr, c, £, soft; p, ja, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



SPINE 



508 



SPOIL 



Spine, n. [L. spina, a thorn, — also the backbone ; 
from its .processes.] The backbone : — a large 
thorn ; a prickle ; a projecting point. 

Spi'nel [spi-nel', I. N.~\, n. [i'r. spinelle ; It. spi- 
nella.] A species of ruby ; a gem. 

Spin'et, or Spi-net', n. [0. Fr. espinetle ; Ital. 
spinetta: from' its inventor, G. Spinetti, who lived 
in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.] A mu- 
sical stringed instrument; a small harpsichord. 

Spi-nif'er-ous, a. [L. spina, a thorn, and /erre, to 

, bear.]" Bearing thorns. 

Spin'ner, n. One who spins : — a 6pider. 

iSpin'ner-et, n. A spider's organ for spinning. 

Spin'ning-wheel, n. A wheel for spinning. 

Spin'ny, Spin'ney, n. [Fr. epinaie, L. spinetum, 
a thicket of thorns; spina, a thorn.] A copse ; 
a grove of trees. 

Spi'nose, a. [L. spinosus.] Spinous; spiny ; thorny. 

Spi-nos'i-ty, n. [L. spinositas.] State of being 
spiny or thorny. 

Spi'nous, a. Thorny; spinose. 

Spin'ster, n. [Dut. spinster, a female spinner. — 
See Spin.] A woman that spins : — a maiden : — 
an unmarried woman. 

Spi'ny, a. Thorny ; briery ; perplexed. 

Spir'a-cle, or Spi'ra-cle, n. [L. spiraculum ; spirare, 
to breathe.] A breathing-hole ; a vent ; a pore. 

Spi-rse'a, n. [L. ; Gr. crneipaia ; crneipa, a coil, a 
wreath.] A genus of shrubs and herbs. 

Spi'ral, a. [L. spiralis.— See Spire.] Winding or 
circular, like a screw. 

Spi'ral-ly, ad. In a spiral form. 

Spire, n. [L. spira, Gr. amelpa, a coil.] A curve 
line ; a wreath : — [A.-S. spir, a stalk ; Dan. spire, 
a sprout; Ger. spiere, a spar. — Cf. Spear] a 
steeple :— a sprout.— 2. v. n. [pp. spiring, spired.] 
To shoot up pyramidally. 

Spir'jt, n. [L. spiritus, a breathing, a spirit; spi- 
rare, to breathe.] An intelligent being imper- 
ceptible to the corporeal senses; an immaterial 
substance; the soul; a ghost: — temper; disposi- 
tion: — excitement; ardor; vigor; life; strong 
liquor. — 2, v. a. [pp. spiriting, spirited.] To 
animate ; to excite ; to inspirit :— to kidnap ; to 
convey secretly and swiftly. 

Spir'it-ed, a. Lively; vivacious; full of fire. 

Spir'it-ed-ly, ad. In a lively manner. 

Spir'it-i§m,'n. [Fr. spiritisme.] A belief in spirit 
independent of the body; a belief in the possi- 
bility of intercourse with spirits. 

Spir'it-ist, n. [Fr. spiritiste.] One who believes 
in the possibility of intercourse with spirits. 

Spir'it-less, a. Wanting spirit ; dejected; low. 

Spir'it-lev'el, n. A levelling instrument formed 
of a glass tube filled with spirit of wine. 

Spir-i-to'§5. [It.] (Mm.) With spirit. 

Spir'its, n. pi. Alcoholic distilled liquor:— vi- 
vacity ; liveliness of manner. 

Spir'it-u-al (spir'jt-yu-al), a. [L. spiritualis. — See 
Spirit.]' Relating to the spirit or soul ; partak- 
ing of spirit ; immaterial ; incorporeal : — relating 
to religion; holy; pure; heavenly :— ecclesias- 
tical ; not temporal. 

Spir'it-u-al-i§m, w. [Fr. spiritualisme.] Spiritual 
nature :— the doctrine that all that is real is 
spiritual : — opposed to materialism : — the doctrine 
that intercourse is held with departed spirits. 

Spir'it-u-al-ist, ». [Fr. spiritual iste.] One who is 
spiritual :— an adherent to spiritualism. 

Spir-it-u-al'i-ty, n. [L. spiritualitas.] State of 
being spiritual ; immateriality :— pure devotion. 

Spir-it-u-al-i-za'tion, v. Act of spiritualizing. 

Spir'it-u-al-ize, v. 'a. [Fr. spiritualiser.] [pp. spir- 
itualizing, spiritualized.] To render spiritual; 
to refine; to purify : — to raise by distillation. 
Spir'it-u-al-ly, ad. In a spiritual manner. 
Spir'it-u-ous (splr'it-yu-us), a. [Fr. spiritueux.] 

Having the quality of spirit; active ; ardent. 
Spi-rom'e-ter, n. [L. spirare, to breathe, and Gr. 
l*eTpov,'a, measure.] An instrument for measur- 
ing the quantity of air concerned in respiration. 



Spirt, v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. sprytlav, to shoot; spreo- 
tan, to sprout.] [pp. spirting, spirted.] To 
stream or throw out, as a fluid ; to throw out ; to 
spurt. — 2, n. An ejection ; a short effort ; a spurt. 
Spit, v. n. & v. a. [A.-S. spittan; Dan. spytte ; Ger. 
spiitzen; L. spuere, sputum.} [i. spit or spat ; pp. 
spitting, spit, spitted or spitten :—spat, spitted, 
and spitten are nearly obsolete.] To throw out 
spittle; to eject.— 2, n. Saliva; spittle :— [A.-S. 
spitu, Dut. spiit, Dan. spid, Ger. spitze, a point; 
Icel. spyta, a spit] a rod or prong used for roast- 
ing meat: — a long sand-bank. — 3, v. a. [i. & p. 
spitted.] To put on a spit. 
Spite, v. [A contraction of Despite.] A sudden 
fit of ill-will ; malice; rancor; hate; malignity: 
—defiance; despite. — In spite of, notwithstand- 
ing; in defiance of. — 2, v. a. [pp. spiting, 
spited.] To vex ; to thwart; to offend. 
Spite' ful, a. Full of spite; malicious. 
Spite'ffil-ly, ad. Maliciously; malignantly. 
Spite'ful-ness, n. Malice; malignity. 
Spit' tie, n. [A dim. of Spit ; A.-S. spatl] Moisture 

of the mouth ; saliva. 
Spit-t68n', n. A vessel or box to spit in. 
Spitz, \ n. [Ger. spitz, sharp, a sharp-nosed 

Spitz'-dog, j dog.] A small variety of dog with 

silky hair, erect ears, and a sharp nose. 
Splash, v. a. [A variant of Plash : imitative.] 
[pp. splashing, splashed.] To spatter with Mater 
or mud. — 2, n. Water and mud thrown ; a stain. 
Splash'y, a. Full of dirty water; wet. 
Splay, v. a. [For display. Display formerly meant 
to carve at table, — hence, to disjoint.] [pp. 
splaying, splayed.] To dislocate or break:— to 
slope. — 2, n. A sloping suriace. — 3, a. Dis- 
played ; turned outward. 
Spleen, n. [L. splen or lien ; Gr. o-aXr\v; Skr. 
plihan.] A spongy viscus; the milt: — the fan- 
cied seat of melancholy and ill-humor : — ill-will ; 
spite; ill-humor: — melancholy. 
Spleen' ful, a. Peevish; fretful; spleeny. 
Spleen'y, a. Peevish ; fretful ; splenetic. 
Splen'did, a. [L. splendidvs ; splendere, to shine.] 
Having splendor or great show ; brilliant ; showy ; 
magnificent; heroic; siublime. 
Splen'did-ly, ad. Magnificently ; showily. 
Splen'dor, n. [L. — See Splendid.] A great show 
or display; great brightness; brilliancy; lustre; 
magnificence; grandeur; pomp. 
Splen'e-tic [sple-net'ik, K. C. Ash, St. I. N.], a. 
[L. splenelicus.) Full of spleen ; fretful ; peevish ; 
irritable. [spleen. 

Splen'ic, a. [Gr. o-ttAijvikos.] Relating to the 
Splice, n. [Dut. splitsen, Dan. splidse, Ger. splissen, 
to splice : root of Split : — ropes are split before 
splicing.] The joining of two ropes without a 
knot; a part added or spliced on. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
splicing, spliced.] To join the ends of a rope. 
Splint, \n. [Ger., Dan., & Sw. splint, a splint; 
Splin'ter, J Dut. splinter: root of Split.] A thin 
piece of wood; a piece of wood split off: — a tu- 
mor. — 2, v. a. [Dut. splinteren, Dan. splinb-e, 
Sw. splinia, to split, to shiver.] [pp. splinting, 
splinted ; splintering, splintered.] To secure 
by splints; to splinter. 
Splin'ter-y, a. Having splinters; scaly. 
Split, v. a. [Dan. spliite ; Dut. splijten ; Ger. spleis- 
sen.] [i. split {rarely splitted) ; pp. splitting, split, 
rarely splitted.] To part asunder; to cleave; to 
divide. — 2, v. n. To burst in sunder; to crack. — 
3, n. [Dan. & Sw. split ; Ger. spleisse ; Dut. spleet.] 
The act of splitting; crack; division. 
Splut'ter, v. [Imitative.— Cf. Sputter.] Bustle ; 
tumuit. [Vulg.]— 2, v. n. [pp. spluttering, splut- 
tered.] To speak confusedly : — to spatter. 
Spod'u-mene, n. [Gr. <nro&ovp.evo<;, burnt to ashes ; 
anoSovv, to consume ; ctttoSo?, ashes, embers.] 
A foliated mineral. 
Spoil, v. a. [Fr. spolier, L. spoliare, to despoil; 
spolium, spoil, booty.] [pp. spoiling, spoiled or 
spoilt.] To plunder ; to rob ; to corrupt. — 2, v. n. 



a, e, i, o, 5, y, long ; a., e, i, 5, Q, y, sJiort; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



SPOILEE 



509 



SPKINGY 



To practise robbery : — to decay. — 3, n. Plunder ; 
pillage; booty; robbery. 

Spoil'er, «. Oue who spoils; a plunderer. 

Spoke, n. [A.-S. spaca; Dut. speek; Ger. speiche : 
akin to Spike.] A bar of a wheel: — a round of 
a ladder. — 2, i. from speak. 

Spo'ken (spo'kn), p. from speak. 

Spokes'man, n. One who speaks for another. 

Spo'li-ate, v. a. [L. spoliare, spoliutum, to spoil.] 
[pp. spoliating, spoliated.] To rob; to plunder. 

Spo-li-a'tion, n. [L. spoliutio.] The act of robbing 
or plundering ; robbery; plunder. 

Spon-da'ic, I <i. [L. spondaicus ; Gr. cnrovb'eia- 

Spon-da'i-cal, J kos.] Belonging to, or contain- 
ing, a spondee. 

Spon'dee, n. [Gr. o-novSeios ; anovSai, a solemn 
treaty ; o-rrov8r), a solemn libation ; o-TrevSetr, to 
pour : so called from its slow and solemn effect 
in verse. — Cf. L. spondere, to pledge.] A foot of 
two long syllables. 

Sponge (spunj), n. [L. spongia; Gr. o-n-oyyta, 
cnroyyos or afyoyyos. — Cf. FUNGUS.] A soft, 
porous marine substance : — a substance for wip- 
ing and cleaning, or for imbibing moisture : — 
solt dough. — 2, v. a. [pp. sponging, sponged.] 
To wipe, as with a sponge ; to blot :— to squeeze ; 
to harass; to oppress. — 3, v. n. To imbibe: — to 
live by mean arts. 

Spon'fi-ness, n. Quality of being spongy. 

Spon'gi-ole, ». [L. spongioid, a dim. of spongia, a 
sponge.] A minute absorbing organ at the end 
of a rootlet; a minute sponge-like organ. 

Spon'gy, a. Soft and full of holes; wet. 

Spon'sion, n. [L. sponsio, a pledge; spondere, sport- 
sum, to pledge ; Gr. o-nevSecv, to pour a libation.] 
, The act of becoming a surety. 

Spon'sor, n. [L.— See Sponsion.] One who is 
surety for an infant in baptism; a godfather or 
a godmother. 

Sp5n'sor-ship, n. State or office of a sponsor. 

Spon-ta-ne'i-ty.,w. [Fr.spontanCitt.] Voluntariness. 

Spon-ta'ne-otis, a. [L. spontaneous; spontt, of one's 
own accord ; related to spondere, to pledge.'] 
Acting of itself; voluntary. 

Spon-ta'ne-ous-ly, ad. Voluntarily. 

Spon-toSn , n. [Fr. sponton, It. spontone, spnntone, 
a half-pike ; spnutare, to break off the point; L. 
ex, off, and punctum, a point (q. v.).] A weapon 
like a halberd. [phantom. 

Spook, n. [Dut. spook; Ger. spuk.~\ A ghost; a 

Sp661, n. [Dut. spoel; Dan. spole ; Ger. spide.] A 
cylinder to wind thread on. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
spooling, spooled.] To wind, as on a spool. 

Spoom, i'. n. [See Spume.] [pp. spooming, spoomed.] 
(Naut.) To be driven by the wind. 

SpSon, n. [A.-S. spon, Dut. & Dun. spaan, Ger. 
span, a chip.] A utensil used in eating soft food. 
— 2, v. n. [iip. spooning, spooned.] To lade with 
a spoon : — to act the lover; to be sentimental. 

Sp66n'-bill, n. A bird of the heron tribe. 

Spoon'drift, n. [Spume and Drift.]' The light 
spray blown off the waves by the wind. 

SpoSn'ey, a. Soft, as if fed on spoon-meat ; weak- 
minded : — weakly or foolishly in love. 

Spoon' fiil, n. ; pi. Sp66n'ful§. As much as a spoon 
can hold. 

Sp66n'meat, n. Food taken with a spoon. 

Sp66r, n. [Dut. — See Spue.] The track of a wild 
animal. 

Spo-rad'ic, a. [Gr. cnropaSiicos ; o-rreipeiv, to sow.] 
Scattered; sporadical; attacking few at a t.me : 
— applied to diseases. 

Spore, n. [Gr. o-nopos, seed, a sowing; aneipeiv, 
to sow.] (Bot.) The reproductive substance of 
a flovverless plant. 

Sport, n. [For disport (q. v.).] Diversion ; frolic ; 
mirth : — diversion of the field, as fowling, hunt- 
ing, &c. : -something of abnormal form. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. sporting, sported.] To divert; to make 
merry. — ?,, r. n. To play ; to frolic : — to game : 
— to assume an unusual form. 



Sport' ful, a. Full of sport ; merry ; sportive. 

Sport' ful-ly, ad. With sport; merrily. 

Sport'ive, a. Gay; merry; playlul ; jocose. 

Sport'ive-ly, ad. In a sportive manner. 

Sports'man, «. ; pi. Sports'men. One who pur- 
sues field-sports, as hunting, '&c. 

Sports'man-ship, n. Practice of sportsmen. 

Spor'ule, n. [Fr. ; dim. of Spore.] A minute spore. 

Spot, n. [Dut. spat; Dan. spsette : probably related 
to Spit.] A blot; taint; a stain; a speck; dis- 
grace : — a small place. —2, v. a. [ pp. spotting, 
spotted.] To mark with spots ; to disgrace. 

Spot'less, a. Free from spots; innocent. 

Spot'less-ness, n. State of being spotless. 

Spot'ty, a. Full of spots; spotted. 

Spou'sal, a. Nuptial; matrimonial; conjugal. — 
2, n. ' Marriage. See Espousals. 

Spouse, n. [Fr. epoux, epouse; 0. Fr. espous ; L. 
sponsus, betrothed; spondere, sponsum, to pledge.] 
A husband or a wife ; a person married. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. spousing, spoused.] To esptusj. 

Spout, n. [Svv. sputa, for spruta, Dut. spuiten, to 
spout ; spuit, a spout : related to Spirt and 
Sprout.] A pipe or projecting mouth of a ves- 
sel; a water-spout; a lalling stream. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. spouting, spouted.] To pour with violence; 
to mouth. — 3, v. n. To issue as from a spout. 

Sprain, v. a. [Fr. ipreindre, 0. Fr. espremdre, to 
press; L. exprimere, to express (q. v.), to squeeze 
out : put by confusion for Strain.] [pp.. sprain- 
ing, sprained.] To overstrain the ligaments. — 
2, n. A strain of ligaments without dislocation ; 
a violent straining; a wrench. 

Sprang, i. from spring. Sprung. 

Sprat, n. [Dut. & Old Low Ger. sprot.— Cf. sprod, 
a young salmon : perhaps related to Sprout.] A 
small sea-fish, allied to the herring. 

Sprawl, v. n. [A frequentative of Spread; Sw. 
sprattla, — locally, spralla.] [pp. sprawling, 
sprawled.] To spread and stretch the body or 
limbs about widely ; to struggle. 

Spray, n. [Cf. Dut. spreidan, to spread ; Low Ger. 
spree, a spreading; Dut. sprei, a bed-spread.] 
Water in fine particles : — [Dan. sprng, a sprig 
{q. v.)] a twig.— 2, v. a. [pp. spraying,' sprayed.] 
To besprinkle with spray. 

SprSad (spred), v. a. [A.-S. sprmdan; Dut. sprei- 
den; Ger. spreiten; Dan. sprede.] [i. spread: gp. 
spreading, spread.] To extend in all directions; 
to expand; to divulge; to disseminate; to dif- 
fuse.— 2, v. n. To extend itself.— 3, u. Extent; 
expansion : — a cloth or cover. 

Spree, n. [Irish spre, a flush, animation ; spraic, 
vigor; Fr. esprit, spirit (</. v.).] A noisy frolic; 
a drinking-bout. 

Sprig, if. [A.-S. spree; Icel. sprek ; Dan. sprag ; 
Low Ger. sprikk; Lith. sproga: root of Sprout 
and Spring.] A small branch ; a twig :— a brad. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. sprigging, sprigged.] To mark 
or adorn with sprigs. 

Spright (sprit), n. [For spirit] A spirit ; a sprite. 

Spright'li-ness_ (sprit'-), n. Vigor; gayety. 

Spright'ly (sprlt'le), a. [See Spirit.] Gay; lively. 

Spring, r.n. [A.-S. springan; Dut. & Get. springen ; 
Dan. spiringe.] [i. sprung or sprang ; pp. springing, 
sprung.] To begin to grow ; to issue ; to arise : 
— to bound ; to leap ; to start. — 2, v. a. To start ; 
to rouse ; to discharge. — 3, n. The vernal season, 
containing the months of March, April, and 
May : — an elastic body or contrivance :— elastic 
force ; a bound ; a leap :— a fountain ; a source. 

Sprinfe, n. [From Spring.] A gin ; a noose to 
catch by a jerk. — 2, v. a. [pp. springeing, 
springed.] To ensnare ; to catch in a trap. 

Sprmg'-halt, n. A lameness or halting, causing a 
horse to twitch up his legs. 

Spring'i-ness, n. Elasticity : — wetness. 

Spring'-tlde, n. The highest tide for the month, 
at new aud full moon : — opposed to neap-tide. 

Spring'y, a. Full of springs and fountains : — that 
springs; elastic. 



mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, (?, 9, §•, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 

43* 



SPKINKLE 



510 



SQUAWK 



Sprin'kle (sprlng'kl), v. a. [A.-S. sprengen, Ger. 
sprenkeln, Dut. sprenkelen, to sprinkle, — origi- 
nally, to cause to spring (q. v.) ; Ger. sprenkel, a 
sprinkle.] [pp. sprinkling, sprinkled.] To scat- 
ter; to besprinkle; to disperse; to bedew; to 
wash. — 2, v. n. To scatter drops ; to rain. — 3, n. 
A small quantity scattered. 

Sprink'ler, u. One who sprinkles. 

Sprink'ling, n. A scattering in small drops. 

Sprint, n. [Cf. Tcel. spretta, base sprant, to spurt, 
to spring.] A short foot-race. 

Sprit, n. [A.-S. spreol, Dut. & Ger. spriet, Dan. 
sprb'd, a pole, a shoot : root of Sprout.] A 
sprout : — a small diagonal boom. 

Sprite, n. [Fr. esprit, a spirit (q. v.).] A spirit; a 
spright; a goblin; an elf. 

Sprit' sail, n. (NauL) A sail attached to a yard 
under the bowsprit : — a sail mounted with a sprit. 

Sprout, v. n. [0. Fris. spruta, Dut. spruiten, Low 
Ger. spruten, Ger. spriessen, to sprout ; Dut. spruit, 
Icel. sproti, Ger. spross, a sprout.] [pp. sprout- 
ing, sprouted.] To germinate ; to shoot. — 2, n. 
The shoot of a vegetable. 

Spruce, «. [0. E. Spruce, Prussia, or Prussian; 
spruce-leather was a fine Prussian leather. The 
costume of the early Prussian gentry was pro- 
verbially rich and costly.] Nice ; trim ; neat 
without elegance. — 2, v. n. [pp- sprucing, 
spruced.] To dress with affected neatness. — 
3, v. a. To trim ; to dress ; to prink. — 4, n. 
[Ger. sprosseu-fichte, spruce, — literally, sprout-fir: 
spruce timber was eurly imported from Prussia 
(0. E. Spruce, or Sprucia), whence came a confu- 
sion of names. — Cf. Ger. sprossen-bier, spruce- 
beer, — literally, sprout-beer.] An evergreen 
tree ; a species of fir. 

Spruce'ly, ad. In a spruce or nice manner. 

Spruce'ness, n. Neatness; trimness. 

Sprung, i. & p. from spring. 

Spry, a. [Local Sw. sprygg, spr'dg, lively ; Norw. 
sprselc, cheerful.] Nimble; active; lively. 

Spud, n. [A form of Spade or Spit.] A short 
knife ; a tool to cut up w 



Spume, v. n. [L. spuma, 



foam : 



spuere, 



to spit.] 



[pp. spuming, spumed.] To foam; to froth. — 
2, n. Foam ; froth ; scum. 

Spu'mous, or Spu'my., a. Frothy ; foamy. 

Spun, i. & p. from spin. 

Spunk, n. [Irish sponc, sponge, tinder ; L. sjyon- 
gia, sponge (7. v.).] Touchwood ; rotten, inflam- 
mable wood; tinder :- spirit; mettle. [Vulgar.] 

Spunk'x, a. Spirited ; fiery ; brisk. 

Spur, n. [A.-S. spura, or spora; Dut. spoor, Dan. 
spore, a spur. — Of. A.-S. spor, Ger. spur, a track : 
related to Spar.] A sharp goad worn on the 
heel by horsemen : — an incitement : — a snag ; a 
branch :— a branch of a mountain-range. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. spurring, spurred.] To prick with a spur; 
to incite ; to urge forward : — to fix a spur to. 

Spurge, n. [0. Fr. spurge, or espurge ; L. ex, out, 
and pnrgare, to purge \q. v.).] A plant violently 
purgative, of many species. 

Spu'ri-oiis, a. [L. spurius, illegitimate, false.] 
Counterfeit; false; illegitimate. 

Spu'ri-ous-ness, 11. State of being spurious. 

Spurn, v. a. [A.-S. speoruan, Icel. sperna, to kick : 
probably related to Spur; in its present mean- 
ing it is related to L. spemere, to despise, which 
seems to be a kindred word.] [pp. spurning, 
spurned.] To kick:— to reject with disdain; to 
scorn ; to despise ; to disdain. — 2, v. n. To mani- 
fest disdain :— to kick.— 3, n. A kick :— con- 
temptuous treatment. 

Spurred (spiird), a. Wearing spurs. 

SpGr'ri-er, n. One who makes spurs. 

Spurt, n. [See Spirt.] A sudden ejection ; a jet : 
— [Icel. sprettr, a leap, or spurt ; spretta, to sfrirt. 
— Cf. Sprint, and Local E. sprunt, a struggle] 
short effort : — written also spirt. — 2, v. u. & v. a. 
[pp. spurting, spurted.] To fly or throw out. 

Sput'ter, v. n. [A frequentative of Spout. — Cf. 



Ger. spiltzen, to spit (q. v.).] [pp. sputtering, 
sputtered.] To emit moisture or drops of water; 
to spit much : — to speak hastily. — 2, v. a. To 
throw out with noise. — 3, n. Moisture thrown 
out in drops : — uproar ; clatter. 

Spy, n. [0. Fr. espier, to espy (q. v.) ; Ger. spahen, 
to spy; L. specere, to see; Skr. spap, to spy.] A 
secret emissary sent to watch the actions of an 
enemy. — 2, v. a. [pp. spying, spied.]. To dis- 
cover at a distance; to search. — 3, v. n. To 
search narrowly ; to act as a spy. 

Spy' -glass, n. A small or short telescope. 

Squab (skwob), a. [Local Sw. sqvabb, loose flesh; 
sqvabbig, flabby ; Norse kveppa, Ger. schwabbelen, 
to shake.] Unfeathered ; thick and stout. — 2, u. 
A kind of sofa; a cushion : — a short, fat person : 
— a young pigeon. 

Squab'ble (skwob'bl), v. n. [Local Sw. slcvabbel, a 
dispute ; skoappa, to chide. — Cf. Scuffle.] [pp. 
squabbling, squabbled.] To quarrel; to fight; 
to struggle in contest; to scuffle. — 2, n. A 
brawl; a quarrel. 

Squad (skwod), n. [Fr. escadre, It. squadra, a 
squadron, a square (q. v.).] A small party or 
company of men. 

Squad'ron (s>kwod'run), n. [Fr. escadron; It. 
squadrone: augmentative of squadra, a square 
(q. v.).] A body of armed men; a part of an 
army : — a part of a fleet. 

Squal'id (skwol'id), a. [L. squalidus; squalere, to 
be foul, rough, or stiff.] Foul ; nasty ; filthy. 

Squa-tfd'i-ty, n. Quality of being squalid. 

Squal'id-ness (skwol'id-nes), n. Squalidity. 

Squall, v. n. [Icel. skvala, to bawl ; shoal, an out- 
cry. — Cf. Squeal; also Ger. schallen, a loud call.] 
[pp. squalling, squalled.] To scream, as a child ; 
to cry. — 2, n. A loud scream : — [Sw. sqval, sqval- 
regv ; sqvala, to gush] a gust of wind. * 

Squ'all'y, a. Windy: gusty; stormy. 

Squa'ISr [skwol'ler, St. L N.], n. [L— See Squalid.] 
Filth ; foulness. [Covered with scales ; scaly. 

Squa'mous, a. [L. squamosum ; squama, a scale.] 

Squan'der (skwon'der), v. a. [Nasalized from root 
of Dan', squatte, to splash, to dissipate ; Sw. sqv'dt- 
tra, to lavish ; sqvatta, to squirt.] [pp. squander- 
ing, squandered.] To spend profusely. 

Square, «. [Fr. carre, 0. Fr. esquarre, square ; es- 
quarre, It. squadra, a square ; L. ex intensive, 
and quadratus, squared. — See Quadrate.] Hav- 
ing four equal sides and four right angles; four- 
cornered: — parallel; equal; exact; well set; 
exactly suitable: — honest; fair; equitable. — 
Square root, the number which multiplied by 
itself produces the square; as, 4 is the square 
root of 10. — 2, n. A figure with four right an- 
gles and four equal sides : — a square space :— an 
open space in a town : — [Fr. equerre, a square, a 
rule] a measuring-rule : — the product of a num- 
ber multiplied into itself. — 3, v. a. [pp- squaring, 
squared.] To form with right angles; to fit. — 
4, v. n. To suit with ; to fit with. [rough. 

Squar-rose', a. [L. squarrosus.] (Bol.) .Jagged ; 

Squash (skwosh), v. a. [Fr. ecacher, to crush ; 
Late L. excoactare, to constrain, to press; ex in- 
tensive, and coactare, to force, to squeeze; co-, 
together, and agere, to drive.] [/^.squashing, 
squashed.] To crush into pulp. — 2, n. Any 
thing softj — [Algonkin, askutasquash ; ask, raw; 
pi. asquash] a garden-vegetable and its fruit. 

Squat (skwot), v. n. [Fr. catir, cvatir, 0. Fr. es- 
quatir, to press; L. ex intensive, and coactare, to 
press together. — S?e Squash ; also It. quatto, 
squatting, cowering.] [pp. squatting, squatted.] 
To sit close to the ground : — to settle on public 
lands without a title.— 2, a. Cowering :— short 
and thick. 

Squat' ter (skwot'ter), n. One who squats. 

Squaw, n. TAlgonkin.] An Indian woman or wife. 

Squawk, v. n. [See Squeak: imitative.] [pp. 
squawking, squawked.] To cry with a harsh 
voice, like a peacock.— 2, n. A loud, harsh cry. 



a, e, 1, 0, u, y, long; a, e, 1, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



SQUEAK 



511 



STALK 



Squeak, v. n. [Sw. sqviika, Norw. skvaka, to cackle, 
to croak: imitative.] [pp. squeaking, squeaked.] 
To make a shrill noise ; to cry. — 2, n. A cry of 
pain ; a shrill, quick noise. 

Squeal, v. [Sw. sqoala; Norw. skvella: imitative.] 
A shrill, sharp cry. — 2, v. n. [pp. squealing, 
squealed.] To cry with a shrill, sharp voice ; to 
cry with pain, or as a pig. 

Squeam'ish, a. [Norw. sveim, a sickness; Icel. 
sivirni, a swimming; A.-S. swima, Dan. srime, a 
faint. — See Swim.] Easily disgusted ; fastidious. 

Squeam'ish-ness, n. fastidiousness. 

Squeeze, v. a. [A.-S. cwisan, cwesan, cwysan, Sw. 
qciisa, Ger. quetschen, to crush.] [pp. squeezing, 
squeezed.] To press; to oppress; to crush. — 
2, v. n. To urge one's way ; to crowd. — 3, n. 
The act of squeezing; a compression ; a hug. 

Squelch, v. a. [Probably a corruption of Quell 
or Quexch.] [pp. squelching, squelched.] To 
crush; to put down. [Colloq.] 

Squib, n. [Icel. svipa, to flash; Ger. schwippe, a 
lash, a switch: akin to Sweep.] A little fire- 
work, or a paper cylinder filled with explosive 
materials :— a skit ; a lampoon. 

Squid, n. [Cf. Icel. skvetta, to squirt.] A cuttle- 
fish : — an artificial bait for fish. 

Squill, n. [Fr. sqnille; L. scilla, squilla ; Gr. ctkiA- 
Aa.] The sea-onion ; a bulbous medicinal root; 
scilla :— a shell-fish :— an insect. 

Squint, «. [Dut. schuinte, a slope : related to 
Skew.] Having an oblique look; awry. — 2, n. 
An oblique look. — 3, v. n. [pp- squinting, 
squinted.] To look obliquely or awry. 

Squire, w. [A contraction of Esquire.] A country 
gentleman. — 2, v. a. [pp. squiring, squired.] To 

. attend; to wait on; to esquire. 

Squirm, v. n. [Dut. swermen, to wander. — Cf. 
Swarm, in the sense of to climb.] [pp. squirm- 
ing, squirmed.] To wind about, as an eel. 

Squir'rel (skwlrrel, skwer'rel, or skwiir'rel), n. 
[Fr. ecureutt; 0. Fr. escitrel; L. sciwus; Late L. 
scurelhis; Gr. o-niovpos, a squirrel; puia, a 
shadow, and ovpd, a tail.] A small, active, ro- 
dent animal, that lives in the woods. 

Squirt, ''. ". & r. it. [Sw. squutta, Icel. skvetta, to 
squirt: the r is intrusive.] [pp. squirting, 
squirted.] To throw out or gush out in a quick 
stream. — 2, n. A pipe to eject liquor ; a stream. 

Stab, ». a. [Irish stobaim, Gael, sfob.tostab; stob, 
a stub, a stake, a weapon.] [pp. stabbing, 
stabbed.] To pierce; to wound mortally.— 
2, v. n. To give a wound ; to offer a stab. — 3, n. 
A wound with a sharp weapon. 

Sta-bil'i-ty., //. [L. stabilUas. — See Stable.] Sta- 
bleness; steadiness; firmness; fixedness; perma- 
nence; constancy. 

Sla'ble, a. [L. stabilis, firm, stable; stare, to stand 
(q. v.).] Fixed; steady; constant; firm. — 2, «.. 
[Fr. ttable, L. stabulum, a stall; stare, to stand.] 
A house for horses and cattle. — 3, v. n. [pp. 
stabling, stabled.] To dwell in a stable, as 
beasts. — 4, v. a. To put into a stable. 

Sta/bling, n. A house or room for beasts. 

Stab'lish, v. a. [For establish.] [pp. stablishing, 
stablished.] To confirm ; to establish. 

Sta/bljr, ad. In a stable manner ; firmly. 

Stac-ca'to. [It. for "detached;" staccare, to de- 
tach, to unhook; stacca, a hook.] (Mits.) De- 
noting a pointed, distinct, and striking manner. 

Stack, n. [Icel. stabler; Sw. slack; Dan. stale. — See 
Stare and Stick.] A large pile of hay or grain : 
[cf. Icel. stakka, a stump, a stake; stack, a high 
rock] a column of chimneys or funnels; a chim- 
ney.— 2, v. a. [Sw. stacka; Dan. stakke.] [pp. 
stacking, stacked.] To pile up regularly in stacks. 

Stad'dle (stad'dl), n. [A.-S. slsethel, a support, a 
prop; Dan. stade, a standing.] A young tree. 

Sta'di-um, n. ; pi. Sta'di-a. [L. ; Gr. o-rdbiov, 
— originally, a fixed measure ; root sta-, to stand 
(q. c.).] A race-ground :— one-eighth of a Roman 
mile ; 607 feet. 



Staff, re. ; pi. Staves, or Staves. [A.-S. stsef; Icel. 
stufr; Dut. slaf; Ger. stab : akin to L. stipes, a 
stock, a post; root sta-, to stand.] A stick used 
in walking ; a prop :— ensign of office :— a stanza 
or series of verses : — lines and spaces in written 
music— See Staves.— 2, n. ; pi. Staffs. A set 
of officers attached to a commander of an army. 

Stag, n. [Icel. steggr, a male; stiga, to mount.] A 
male red deer; male ot the hind : — a bull cas- 
trated when grown up. 

Stage, n. [Fr. etage ; It. staggio, a prop ; L. stare, 
statum, to stand (q. v.).~\ A raised floor or plat- 
form on which any show is exhibited, or on 
which speakers stand, or for other uses : — the 
theatre :— a place in which rest is taken on a 
journey: — a step in progress; a stop: — the dis- 
tance between two resting-places : — a stage-coach. 

Sta£-e'-coach (staj'koch), n. A public coach. 

Stag'er, n. A player :— an old practitioner. 

Stag'ger, ». n. [0. Dut. staggeren ; Icel. stakra, 
frequentative of staka or stja'ka, to push, — origi- 
nally, to push with a stake (</. v.); Scot, stacker, 
to totter.] [pp. staggering, staggered.] To 
reel ; to faint : — to hesitate. — 2, v. a. To make 
to reel :— to alarm. 

Stag'gers, n. pi. A kind of horse apoplexy. 

Staf 'ing, «. A stage ; a scaffolding. 

Stag'nant, «. [L. stagnams, stagnating.— See Stag- 
nate.'] Motionless; still; not flowing. 

Stag'nate, v. n. [L. staguare, stagnatum, to be stag- 
nant; stagnant, a pool ; root sta-, to stand (q. ».).] 
[pp. stagnating, stagnated.] To have no course 
or stream. [motion ; stop. 

Stag-na'tion, n. [L. stagnatio.] A cessation of 

Staid, a. [From Stay (q. *;.), to make steady.] So- 
ber; grave; regular; steady. 

Staid'ness, w. Sobriety; gravity; regularity. 

Stain, v'. a. [For distant.) [pp. staining, stained.] 
To blot; to maculate; to color; to discolor: — to 
tarnish; to disgrace. — 2, n. Discoloration; a 
blot; aspot; a blemish: — a taint of guilt; shame; 
disgrace. 

Stain' less, a. Free from blots or spots. 

Stair, n. [A.-S. stseger; from stigan, to climb, to 
mount.] A step. — pi. A series of steps. 

Stair'case, n. A whole set of stairs, with the 
frame or walls supporting the steps. 

Stair' way, n. A set of stairs ; a passage by stairs. 

Stake, n. [A.-S. staca ; Dan. stage; Sw. & Ger. 
stake; Ger. stechen, to pierce, to stick (q. v.).] A 
post; a wager; a pledge.— 2, v. a. [j,p. staking, 
staked.] To mark with posts or stakes : — to put 
to hazard; to hazard; to wager. 

Sta-lac'tite, n. [Gr. trraAaKTo?, dripping; crraXa- 
£eiv (for a-TaAaeiv), to drip.] (Min.) A concretion 
of carbonate of lime, pendent like an icicle. 

Stal-ac-tit'ic, \a. Relating to, or formed like, 

Stal-ac-tit'i-cal, J stalactites. 

Sta-lag'mite, n. [Gr. ardKayp-a, a drop, some- 
thing dropped ; o-Ta\d£,eiv, to dr* p.] (Mia.) A 
deposit, of carbonate of lime, as on a floor. 

Stal-ag-mit'ic, a. Relating to stalagmites. 

Stale, a. [0. Dut. stel, old, stale: probably it 
meant at first tasting of tl.e stall (q. r.) or sta- 
ble ; Fr. etale, slack ; ttal, a shop or stall.] Stag- 
nant ; old ; not fresh ; vapid ; tasteless from age ; 
worn out; faded; long kept. — 2, n. [A.-S. stsel ; 
Dut. steel; Ger. stiel.—Cf. Gr. trraAt?, a stake; 
o-rekeov, a handle; ctttjAtj, a column; o-reAAeii/, 
to set; L. stilus, a stem.] A long handle : — [Ger. 
stallen, Sw. stfdl, to pass urine; stallning, urine: 
probably kindred to stall, to halt, to stop a horse. 
— Cf. It. stallare, to dung ; stalla, a stall, a stable] 
urine of beasts. — 3, v. ». [pp. staling, staled.] 
To void urine, as a beast. 

Stale'mate. w. [Ger. stellen, to fix, and matt, a 
mate at chess.] The position of the king in che6S 
when he cannot be moved except into check. 

Stalk (stawk), v. n. [A.-S. stselcan. Dan stalke, to 
stalk, to go warily or with lifted feet; A.-S. 
stealc, high. In the sense of to hunt it seems re- 



mien, si*r ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, c, g, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; §asz;xasgz; this. 



STALKING-HOKSE 



512 



STAEE 



lated to Steal. ] [pp. stalking, stalked.] To 
•walk wrth stately steps. — 2, v. a. To hunt by 
stealthy approach. — 3, n. [Dan. stilk, Sw. sijelk, 
diminutives : l'out of Stalk, a handle. — Cf. Gr. 
CTTeAe^os, a stem.] The stem of a plant, of a 
quill. &c. : — a stately step or gait. . 

Stalk' ing-hb'rse (stawk'ing-hbrs), n. A horse 
used by fowlers : — a mask ; a pretence. 

Stalk'x (stawk'e), a. Hard as or like a stalk. 

Stall, n. [A.-S." steal, stsel, Dut. slal, Sw. & Ger. 
stall, Late L. stallion, Fr. ital, 0. Fr. estal, a stall. 
— Cf. Gr. orreAAeiv, to set; root sta-, to stand: 
akin to L. stubvlum, a stable (q. v.), and to Ger. 
stelle, a place.] A crib for horses. &c. : — a bench ; 
a seat: — a place where something is sold. — 
2, v. a. [pp. stalling, stalled.] To place or keep 
in a stall.— 3, v. a. & v. n. [Cf. Ger. stellen, to 
fix, to set; stelle, a place.] To stick fast, as in 
the mire. 

Stall' -fed, a. Fed in a stall with dry feed. 

Stall'ion (stal'yun), n. [It. Stallone; Fr. etalon; 
etal, It. stallo, a stall («. v.), because kept in the 
stall and not lor work.] A horse not castrated. 

Stal'wart, o. [A.-S. stselwyrde, stealwurde, perhaps 
for steal, a stall, a place, and worthy, — i. e., worth 
a place : perhaps for steal and worthy, — i. e., worth 
stealing, or clever at stealing.] Stout; robust; 
lusty ; brave ; bold ; large and strong. 

Sta'men, n. ; pi. Sta'mens. [L. for "that which 
stands;" hence, an upright warp in a loom, — 
also a thread, a fibre; stare, to stand.] (Bot.) 
The fertilizing organ of a flower, consisting of 
filament, anther, and pollen. — pi. Stam'i-na. 
Foundation ; texture.— pi. First principle's of 
any thing :— the solids of the human body. 

Stam'i-na, n. pi. (used also as sing.) [See Stamen.] 
Main strength ; native vigor; endurance. 

Stam'i-nate, a. [L. staminatvs. — See Stamen.] 
Relating to, or furnished with, stamens. 

Sta-min'e-ous, a. [L. stamineus.] Consisting of 
stamens. 

Stam'mer, v. n. [Dut. stameren, stamelen, Ger. 
stammern, stammehi, to stammer; A.-S. starrier, 
stammering ; frequentative of the root sta-, to 
stand.] [p>p. stammering, stammered.] To fal- 
ter or hesitate in speaking; to stutter. — 2, v. a. 
To utter with hesitation. — 3, n. A stutter; a 
broken utterance. 

Stam'mer-er, n. One who stammers. 

Stam'mer-ing, p. a. Hesitating in speech. — 2, n. 
Impediment in speech. 

Stamp, v. a. [A.-S. stempen, Dut. stampen, Dan. 
stampe, Ger. stanipfen, Fr. estamper, (.tamper, Gr. 
<TTifxfieiv, to stamp; Skr. stamblt, to make hard 
or firm.] [pp. stamping, stamped.] To strike 
with the foot : — to mark; to impress with s<>me 
mark or figure. — 2. v. n. To strike the foot 
downward.— 3, n. [Ger. stampfe ; Fr. estumpe, 
etampe; Sp. estampa.] An instrument for making 
an impression : — a mark ; an impression ; a pi int ; 
a cut; a picture : — a cast ; form : — authority. 

Stamp'-act, n. An act imposing a duty by stamps. 

Stam-pede', n. [Sp. estampido, a crash, a break; 
estavipar, to stamp, to make tracks.] A sudden 
fright and scampering, as of wild horses. 

Stanch, v. a. [Fr. etancher, Sp. estancar, Late L. 
stancare, to stanch ; stanca, a dam, from L. stag- 
num, a pond. — See Stank.] [pp. stanching, 
stanched.] To hinder from running; to stop. — 
2, v. n. To cease to flow; to stop. — 3, a. [Fr. 
etanche, Sp. stanco, estanco, stanch, water-tight. 
— See the verb.] Sound; firm; trusiy ; hearty. 

Stan'chion (stan'shun), v. [Fr. etanQon, 0. Fr. 
estanQon, a prop ; Fr. elancer, to prop ; from L. 
stare, to stand, or from the root of Stanch.] A 
prop; a support: — an upright piece of timber; 
an upright bar to which an ox is fastened in the 
stall. . 

Stanch'ness, n. The quality of being stanch. 

Stand, v. n. [A.-S. &. Goth, standan, Icel. standa, 
Dut. staan (imp. stond), Dan. staae (imp. stod), 



Ger. stehen (imp. stand), L. stare, Russ. stoiate, 
Skr. stha, to stand; Gr. earnv, I stood: root sta-, 
to stand, found in all Aryan tongues.] [i. stuud ; 
pp. standing, stood.J To be upon the feet; to 
remain erect :— to halt; to persist; to abide; to 
stay ; to stop.— 2, v. a. To endure ; to abide ; to 
sutler: — to set up. — 3, n. A station; a halt; 
perplexity; a small table; a frame to place 
things on. 

Stand' ard, n. [0. Fr. astandard, estendart; 0. Dut. 
standaert; Ger. slandarte ; It. stendurdo ; Sp. es- 
tandarte; from L. extendere, to extend, to spread : 
much influenced by Stand. The word may be 
said to have a double origin.] An ensign of war ; 
a banner; — that which has been tried by the 
proper test; an established rule or model; a cri- 
terion; a test; a rate : — a standing tree or stem. 
— 2, a. Affording a test to others. 

Stand' ing, p. a. Settled; lasting; stagnant; per- 
manent. — 2, n. Continuance; station; rank. 

Stand'ish, n. [Stand and Dish.] A stand or case 
for pen and ink. 

Stand' -point, n. [Ger. standpunJct : Stand and 
Point.] A point of view. 

Stand'-still, n. A complete halt. 

Stang, n. [A.-S. steng ; Dan. stang ; Ger. slange.] 
A long bar ; a pole ; a shaft of a cart. 

Stan'hope, n. [The inventor's name.] A kind of 
chaise. 

Stank, n. [Walloon stank or estank, a ditch ; Prov. 
estanc, Fr. etang, Sp. estanqne, L. stagnant, a pond. 
— See Stagnant and Tank.] A dam to stop wa- 
ter : — a pool or pond. — 2, i. from stink. Stunk. 

Stan'na-ry, n. [Late L. stannaria, a tin-mine ; L. 
stannvm or stagnum, tin, which may be a special 
use of stagnum, a pool, — hence a vessel of fused 
metal : the cognate names of tin in the Celtic 
languages are referred to the Latin.] A tin- 
mine ; tin-works. — 2, a. Relating to tin-mines. 

Stan'nic, a. Relating to tin. 

Stan-nif er-ous, a. [L. etannum, tin, and ferre, to 
bear.] "Producing tin. 

Stan'za, n. [It. for "a room," "a stanza;" Late 
L. siantia, an abode, a lodging, — properly, a 
halting; L. stare, to stand; stans, standing: so 
called from the pause at the end.] A set or 
series of lines adjusted to each other in a poem 
or hymn ; a strophe. 

Sta'ple (sta'pl), n. [Fr. etape, 0. Fr. estape, es- 
taple, mart ; Ger. stapel, a storehouse, — originally 
a prop, and then a heap, a store ; A.-S. stapul, a 
support; Dut. stapel, a support, a pile; Dan. sta- 
bel, a hinge, a pile.] A mart ; an emporium : — 
an original material of a manufacture : — a fibre : 
— a chief article of produce :— a loop of iron. — 
2, a. Settled ; established ; principal. 

Star, n. [A.-S. steorra; Dut. sler ; Dan. stjarne ; 
Ger. stern ; L. stella or aster ; Gr. acrriqp ; Skr. 
tara, stara, or sh-i ; root of Skr. stri, L. sternere, to 
strew (q. v.).] An apparently small, luminous 
heavenly body : — mark of honor : — a distin- 
guished performer on the stage :— an asterisk.^ — 
2, v. a. [pp. starring, starred.] To bedeck with 
stars. — 3, v. n. To act like, or to shine as, a star. 

Star'board, n. [A.-S. steorbord, steer-side ; Dut. 
stnurbord ; Dan. slyrbord.] The right-hand side 
of a ship. 

Starch, n. [A.-S. stearc, stare, stiff, stark (q. v.) ; 
Ger. starke, strength, — also starch.] A substance 
to stiffen linen with. — 2, v. a. [pp. starching, 
starched.] To stiffen with starch. 

Star'-cham'ber, n. [Said to be from the stars 
painted upon the ceiling, or from Heb. shetar or 
shtar, a contract, an obligation.] An English 
criminal court, abolished in the time of Charles 
I. ; also the room where the court was held. 

Starch'y,, a. Partaking of, or like, starch ; stiff. 

Stare, v. n. [A.-S. starian, Icel. stara, slira, Dan. 
stirre, Ger. stieren, to stare. — Cf. Ger. starr, stiff, 
fixed; root sta-, to stand.] [pp. staring, stared.] 
To look with fixed eyes; to gaze : — to glitter. — 



e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, jji obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



STARFISH 



513 



STEALTH 



2, v. a. To affect or influence by stares. — 3, n. 
A fixed look :— [see Staelixg] a bird, the star- 
ling, [shape. 

Star'fish, n. A marine animal of a star-like 

Star'-gaz-er, n. An astronomer; an astrologer. 

Star'ing, p. a. Gazing : — bristling : — bold : — very 
bright or glaring. 

Stark, a. [A.-S. stearc, Dan. stserk, Ger. start; stiff, 
strong: root of Stretch. The expression shirk 
naked represents 0. E. start-naked, tail-naked; 
0. E. start, stert, A.-S. steort, Dut. stert, Ban. stiert, 
Ger. sterz, a tail.] Mere; simple; plain; gross; 
sheer : — rigid ; stiff. — 2, ad. Wholly ; entirely. 

Star'less, a. Having no light of stars. 

Star'light (star'llt), n. The light of the stars. — 
2, a. Lighted by the stars. 

Star'ling, n. [A.-S. steer, steam; Dan. steer; Ger. 
staar; L. sturuus ; Gr. \j/ap.] A song-bird : — [cf. 
Ger. starrer to stiffen ; starr, stiff] a defence to 

Star'llt, a. Lighted by stars. [piers. 

Starred (stard), a. Decorated with stars. 

Star'ry, a. Consisting of, or like, stars ; stellar. 

Star'-span-gled (-spang-gld), a. Spotted with stars. 

Start, v. n. [0. Dut. steerten, to flee, to turn tail ; 
steert, a tail ; Ger. stiirzen, to throw, to hurl ; 
sturz, a plunge, a fall ; probably akin to sterz, a 
tail.] [pp. starting, started.] To rise or move 
suddenly; to set out; to begin a journey : — to 
wince ; to shrink. — 2, v. a. To alarm ; to startle ; 
to rouse; to put in motion: — to call forth; to 
produce. — 3, n. A motion of terror; a quick 
spring : — the outset. 

Star' tie, v. n. [A frequentative of Start.] [pp. 
startling, startled.] To shrink with sudden fear. 
•—2, v. a. To fright; to shock; to deter. — 3, n. 
Sudden alarm ; a shock ; terror. 

Star'tling, p. a. That startles ; astonishing. 

Star-va'tion, n. The act of starving ; the state of 
being starved ; famishment. 

Starve, v. n. [A.-S. steorfan, to die; sterfan, to 
kill; Dut. sterven, Ger. sterben, to die.] [pp. 
starving, starved.] To perish with hunger; to 
suffer hunger : — to perish with cold. — 2, v. a. To 
kill or oppress with hunger. 

Starve'ling, n. A lean, meagre animal.— 2, a. 
Hungry; lean; pining. 

State, n. [L. status, condition, standing, a state, 
dignity; stare, statum, to stand (q. ».).] Condi- 
tion; situation: — rank; degree: — crisis: — pomp; 
dignity; grandeur : — estate :— civil power, not 
ecclesiastical; a body politic ; a commonwealth ; 
a kingdom or republic. — pi. Nobility ; a legis- 
lative body.— 2, v. a. [From the noun, in the 
sense of dignity, blazonry.] [pp. stating, stated.] 
To specify ; to tell formally ; to represent. 

Stat'ed, p. a. Regular; fixed; established. 

Stlt'ed-ly, ad. Regularly ; not occasionally. 

State'li-ness, n. Grandeur; pomp; majesty. 

State'ly, a. Grand; lofty; majestic; august. 

State'ment, n. The act of stating ; a recital. 

Sta'ter, n. [Gr. o-rarvp, — originally, a weight; 
root sta-, to stand (q. v.).] An ancient Greek coin. 

State'-r66m, n. A magnificent apartment :— a 
room in a packet or steam-vessel. 

States'man, n. One versed in government or po- 
litical science ; a politician. 

Stat'ic, ) a. [Gr. o-toltik.6<;, at rest, standing; 

Stat'i-cal, J iottj/ui, I stand.] Relating to statics : 
— acting in equilibrium : — not dynamic. 

Stat'ics, n. Science of forces in equilibrium. 

Sta'tion, n. [L. statio, a standing; stare, statum, 
to stand (</. v.).] A fixed place : — a place of 
stopping, as on a railroad :— situation ; condition 
of life; post; office; state; rank. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
stationing, stationed.] To place in a certain post 
or rank; to set; to fix; to establish. 

Sta'tion-a-ry, a. [L. stationarius.] Fixed; not pro- 
gressive ; standing ; motionless ; permanent. 
Sta'tion-er, n. [Originally, one who had a station 
or stand for selling wares.] A dealer in paper, &c. 
Sta'tion-er-y, n. The wares of a stationer. 



Sta'tist, n. A statesman : — a statistician. 

Sta-tis'tic, ) a. Relating to statistics, or to the 

Sta-tls'ti-cal, J resources of a country. 

Sta-tis'ti-cal-ly, ad. In a statistical manner. 

Stat-is-ti"cian (stat-is-tish'an), n. [Fr. statisti- 
cien.] One who is versed in statistics. 

Sta-tis'tics, n. [Fr. statHique ; Ger. statistik. — See 
State.] A collection of facts relating to a coun- 
try or its inhabitants ; the science which treats 
of the population, strength, and resources of 
nations. 

Stat'u-a-ry, n. [L. statuarius. — See Statue ] The 
art of carving or casting statues ; sculpture : — a 
statue, or collection of statues; statues collec- 
tively): — a sculptor; a carver. 

Stat'ue (stat'yu), n. [L. stalua ; stare, statum, to 
stand (q. v.).] An image of marble, bronze, or 
other substance. 

Stat-u-esque' (stat-yu-esk'), a. [From Statue : 
on type of picturesque.] Like a statue. 

Stat-u-ette', n. [Fr. ; It. slatuetta; dim. of statua, a 
statue.] A small statue. 

Stat'ure (stat'yur), n. [L. statura ; stare, statum, 
to stand (q. v.).] Height of any animal. 

Sta'tus. n. [L. for "condition," "state" (q. v.).] 
Standing; situation; rank. 

Stat'iite (stat'yut), «. [L. statutum, a law; statuere, 
to establish; status, position, state (//. v.); stare, 
statum, to stand.] A law enacted by a legislative 
body; a positive law; an edict. 

Stat'ii-to-ry, a. Enacted by statute. 

Staunch' (stanch), v. a., v. n., & a. See Stanch. 

Stave, v. a. [See Staff.] [/. &■ pp. stove or staved.] 
To break in pieces; to push. — 2. n. A thin piece 
of timber in a barrel or other cask :— a metrical 
portion ; a staff. 

Staves, or Staves, «. ; pi. of stutf. 

Stay, v. n. [Fr. itai, 0. Fr. es'haje, 0. Dut. staet/e 
or s/ade, a prop; A.-S. etede, stead, place; stxd, 
a shore, a bank; Icel. stod, a haven, refuge, 
roadstead: root sta-, to stand. — See Stead.) 
[i. staid or stayed; pp. staving, staid or stayed. j 
To continue in a place; to remain; to wait; to 
stop; to sojourn; to abide. — 2, v. a. [pp. stay- 
ing, stayed.] To stop; to restrain :— to support. 
— 3, n. Continuance; a stop: — a support: — 
[A.-S. stseg ; Dut., Dan., & Ger. stag; root stiff, 
to climb. — See Stair] a rope to support a mast. 

Stay'lace, n, A lace to fasten stays with. 

Stays, it. pi. A bodice, or a waistcoat for women : 
— large ropes to support a ship's mast. 

Stay'-sail, ». A sail supported by a stay. 

Stead, )i. [A.-S. stede, Dan. sted, a place; Ger. 
stadt, a town ; statt, a place ; L. staiio, a station 
(q. v.).] Room ; place (preceded by in ; as, in 
stead, in his stead) : — the frame of a bed. 

Stead'fast (sted'fast), a. [A.-S. stedefsast; stede, a 
place (stead), and feest, firm, fast; Dan. stadfasl.] 
Established or fast in place; steady ; firm; fixed; 
constant : — determined. 

Stead'fast-ly, ad. Firmly; steadily. 

Stead'fast-ness. n. Firmness; constancy. 

Stead'i-ly (sted'e-le), ad. With steadiness. 

Stead'i-ness, n. Stability ; constancy. 

Stead'y (sted'e), a. [A.-S. stseddig; from steed, 
stede, a place; Din. stadig, steady; Ger. stiitig, 
continual.] Firm; regular; constant; uniform; 
not fickle. — 2, v. a. [pp. steadying, steadied.] 
To make or keep steady. 

Steak (stak), v. [Icel. steik, a steak; steilja, to 
roast on a spit or stick (q. v.); Sw. stek, Dan. 
steg, a roast. — Cf. Ger. anstechen, to put on a 
spit.] A slice of beef, &c. ; a collop. 

Steal, v. a. [A.-S. stelun; Dut. stelen ; Dan. stisele ; 
Ger. stehlen.] [i. stole; pp. stealing, stolen.] To 
take what is another's unlawfully; to take by 
theft ; to withdraw privily. — 2, v. n. To prac- 
tise theft; to withdraw privily. 
Stealth (steltb), if. [From Steal; Icel. stuldr, 
Dan. styld, Sw. staid, theft.] Theft; a secret 
act; privacy; secrecy. — By stealth, secretly. 



£•, soft ; p, p, p, §, hard; § r.s z ', ? as gz ; 



mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.— 5, 
hh 



9,9 



this. 



STEALTHILY 



514 



STERLET 




Stealth' i-ly, ad. In a stealthy manner. 

Stealth'y, a. Performed by stealth ; sly. 

Steam, n. [A.-S. steam, Dut. stoom, steam; A.-S. 
sleman, to steam.] An elastic fluid, into which 
water is converted by heat; vapor. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. steaming, steamed.] To send up vapors; 
to fume : — to travel or move forward by steam. 
— 3, v. a. To heat with, or expose to, steam ; 
to apply steam to; to concoct with steam. 

Steam' -boat, n. A vessel propelled by steam. 

Steam'-en-|ine, n. An engine acted on by the 
expansive force of steam. 

Steam'er, n. One who steams : — a vessel or ship 
propelled by steam ; a steam-ship. 

Steam'-ship, n. A ship propelled by steam. 

Steam' -tug, n. A steam tow-boat. 

Ste'a-rine, n. [Gr. crreap, fat, tallow.] A hard 
fatty substance. 

Ste'a-tite, n. [L. steatitis, a kind of stone; Gr. 
(rreartTTj?, fatty, or doughy ; areap, fat, or 
dough.] Soapstone ; a species of talc. 

Steed, n. [A.-S. steda, a stallion ; Icel. stedda, Ger. 
slute, a mare : root of Stud.— Cf. Irish stead, Gael. 
steud, a horse.] A horse for state or for war. 

Steel, n. [A.-S. styte; Dut. staal; Icel. stal; Ger. 
stahl.] Iron combined with carbon; any thing 
made of steel, as weapons : — armor. — 2, «. Made 
of steel. — 3, v. a. [A.-S. stijlau; Icel. stmla; Ger. 
slahlen.] [pp. steeling, steeled.] To edge with 
steel ; to harden. 

Steel'yard [stil'yard, J. F. H. St.; 
stel'yard or Stel'yard, $m.], n. 
[Steel and Yard: probably 
named from the Steelyard, a 
market-place in London where 
steel and other goods wei'e 
sold.] A kind of balance for weighing. 

Steep, a. [A.-S. steap, 0. Fris. stop, steep; Norw. 
stitp, a cliff; stuppa, to fall, to stoop (q. v.).] 
Kising or descending with great inclination ; 
precipitous. — 2, n. A precipice ; a steep ascent 
or descent : — a liquid used in steeping. — 3, v. a. 
[Icel. steypa, to pour ; Dan. sib'be, Sw. sfb'pa, to 
cast (as metals), to steep : a causal extension of 
meaning from Stoop (q. v.).] [pp. steeping, 
steeped.] To soak ; to macerate ; to dip. 

Stee'ple, a. [A:-S. sti/pel, slepel; from steap, high, 
steep (q. v.).] A turret or tower of various 
forms, usually attached to a church ; a spire. 

Steep'ly, ad. With precipitous declivity. 

Steep'ness, n. State of being steep. 

Steer, n. [A.-S. steor ; Ger. stier ; Goth, stiur. — Cf. 
L. tawrus, Gr. Tavpo?. a bull ; Zend ptuora, a 
beast of burden ; Skr. sthurin, a pack-horse ; 
from root of A.-S. & Dan. sior, large; Skr. sthula 
or stfwra, great, coarse.] A young bullock or 
ox. — 2, v. a. [A.-S. sleoran, Dut. sturen, Dan. 
stijre, Ger. steneru, to steer; Dut. stmir, Dan. styr, 
Ger. steuer, a rudder. — Cf. Gr. o-ravpos, a stake.] 
[pp. steering, steered.] To direct; to guide in a 
passage. — 3, v. n. To direct a course. 

Steer'age, n. Act of steering a ship; direction : 
— an' apartment in the fore part of a ship for the 
crew and for poorer passengers. — Steerage pas- 
senger, ono who occupies the steerage. 

Steers/man, n. One who steers a ship; a pilot. 

Ste'la [L.'], or Ste'le [Gr. ; root o-ra.-, to stand], n. 
A small column in a building. 

Stel'lar, a. [L. stellaris; stella, a star (q. v.).] Re- 
lating to the stars ; starry ; astral. 

Stel'late, a. Radiated or pointed, as a star; starred. 

Stel'li-fdrm, a. [L. stella, a star, and forma, shape.] 
Star-shaped. 

Stel'lu-lar, a. [L. slelhda, dim. of stella, a star.] 
Star-like; stellar; starry. 

Stem, n. [A.-S. stsefn, stemn, stefna; closely related 
to eta&f, a staff (q. v.) ; Ger. & Dan. stamme, Dut. 
stam, a stem, a post.] The stalk of a plant or 
tree; a stalk; a twig: — a family; race :— [a spe- 
cial use of the above ; it means simply a post] 
the prow of a ship.— 2, v. a. [Icel. stemma, Dan. 



slemnie, Ger. slemmen, to dam, — properly, to stop 
with logs or stems.] [pp. stemming, stemmed.] 
To oppose, as a current; to stop; to check: — to 
make headway against. 

Stem'-wind-er, n. A watch wound up by turning 
the stem, and not by a key. 

Stench, n. [Related to Stink, as drench to drink: 
A.-S. stenc, a smell ; stanc, past tense of slincan, 
to smell.— See Stink.] A fetid or bad smell ; a 
stink. 

Sten'cil, n. [Fr. etinceler, 0. Fr. estinceler, to 
sparkle; in heraldry, to set with stars. — See 
Tinsel.] A thin piece of leather or metal, per- 
forated, used in painting and marking. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. stencilling, stencilled.] To paint or form 
with a stencil. 

Ste-nog'ra-pher, n. One versed in stenography. 

Sten-o-graph'ic, a. Relating to stenography. 

Ste-nog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. o-revos, close, narrow, and 
Ypdcjbeii/,' to write.] Short-hand writing. 

Stent, n. [See Stint and Stunt.] A task ; an al- 
lotted piece of work. — 2, v. a. [pp. stenting, 
stented.] To assign a task to; to stint, 

Sten-to'ri-an, a. [Related to Gr. a-reveiv, to groan, 
to make a noise.] Relating to Stentoi- (Homer's 
loud-voiced herald) : — loud ; vociferous. 

Step, v. n. [A.-S. stapan, to go.— Cf. Stamp.] [pp. 
stepping, stepped.] To move with the feet; to 
go ; to walk ; to proceed. — 2, n. [A.-S. sUepe, a 
pace.] A pace; a footstep: — a stair: — a round 
of a ladder : — a degree : — an action ; a proceed- 
ing. — Step, used as a prefix in composition [A.-S. 
steop- ; Dut. & Ger. stief- ; Dan. sted- ; root of 
0. Ger. stiufan, to deprive], denotes relationship 
by marriage ; as, step-father, stejp-mother, step- 
son, step-daughter. 

Steppe, n. [Russ. slepe.] A vast uncultivated plain 
or prairie. 

Step'ping-stone, n. A stone to step on in cross- 
ing mud or water: — any aid or means to ad- 
vancement. 

Ster-co-ra'ceous (-shus), a. [L. slercus, stercoris, 
dung.] Relating to dung. 

Stere, n. [Fr. stere ; Gr. arepeos, hard, stiff, solid. 
— Cf. Ger. starr, stiff.] The metric unit of solid 
measure, 35.3171 cubic feet; a cubic metre; a 
kilolitre. 

Ster-e-o-graph'ic, a. Relating to stereography. 

Ster-e-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. o-Tepeo?, solid, and 
ypa.'4>et.v, to write.] The art of drawing the 
forms of solid bodies upon a plane. 

Ster-e-om'e-try, n. Art of measuring solid bodies. 

Ster-e-op'ti-con, n. [Gr. o-repeos, solid, and 07rrt.- 
kos,' belonging to sight. — See Optic] An optical 
instrument which throws the reflection of pho- 
tographic views on a screen, so that they stand 
out in relief. 

Ster'e-o-scope, n. [Gr. crrepeo?, solid, and <tko- 
Trelv, to see.] An optical instrument which 
causes the images of two pictures of the same 
object to combine so as to appear a solid body. 

Ster-e-o-scop'ic, a. Relating to the stereoscope. 

Ster'e-o-type [ste're-o-tlp, N. W. G. H.], n. [Gr. 
crepeo?, solid, and Tun-os, a type.] A plate of 
fixed metallic type for printing : — the art of 
forming metallic plates for printing. —2, v. a. 
[pp. stereotyping, stereotyped.] To make ster- 
eotype plates: to print by the use of stereotype 
plates.— 3, a. Pertaining to stereotype. 

Ster'e-o-typ-er, n. One who stereotypes. 

Ster-e-ot'y-py, n. [See Stf.rkotype.] The art or 
occupation of producing stereotype plates, or of 
stereotype printing. 

Ster'ile, a. [L. sterilis, barren.— Cf. Gr. aTepeos, 
hard, solid, dry, barren.] Barren; unfruitful; 
not fertile. [renness; unfruitfulness. 

Ste-ril'i-ty., »■ [ Fr - sterilile ; L. sterilitas.] Bar- 

Ster'il-izc'fl. a.' [Fr. steriliser.] [pp. sterilizing, 
sterilized.] To make barren. 

Ster'let, n. [Fr. sterlet; Russ. sterliadj.— See Stur- 
geon.] A kind of sturgeon. 



e, i, o, u, y, long ; a, e, l, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



STEELING 



515 



STIPENDIARY 



Ster'ling, a. [Properly, the money of the Easter- 
ling's, or Eastern (German or Baltic) merchants: 
60 culled in England in early times.] Genuine ; 
standard; pure; real; substantial: — applied to 
English money. 
Stern, a. [A.-S. styrne, severe; styrnan, to be se- 
vere ; Icel. stura, gloom ; storr, large. — Cf. Ger. 
slan; stiff.] Severe of look; harsh; rigid. — t, n. 
[Icel. stjorn, steerage.— See Steer.] The hind 
part of a ship, Ac. 

Ster'nal, a. delating to the steruum. 

Ste'rn'ix, ad. In a stern manner ; severely. 

Stern'ness, ■». Severity of look ; harshness; rigor; 
inflexibility; severity; austerity. [stern. 

Stern-sheets', w. pi. A part of a boat near the 

Ster'num, n. [Neo-Latin ; Gr. o-ripvov, the breast.] 
{Anal.) The breast-bone. 

Ster-nu-ta'tion, n. [L. sternutatio ; sternutare, fre- 
quentative "of sternuere, to sneeze.] The act of 
sneezing. [Causing sneezing. 

Ster-nu'ta-to-ry, n. Medicine for sneezing. — 2, a. 

Ster'to-rous,' a. ' [L. sterlere, to snore.] Respiring 
deeply; snoring. [tion to compositors.] 

Stet, v. imperative. [L.] Let it stand. [A direc- 

Steth'o-scope, n. [Gr. o-ttj0o?, the chest, and <jko- 
7reiv,'to exarnine,"to see.] (Med.) An instrument 
used in auscultation, for exploring the chest. 

Ste've-dore, n. [Sp. estivador, a packer; estivar, to 
stow; L. stipare, to pack; Gr. o-reifieiv, to stamp 
(q. v.).] A man employed in loading and un- 
loading vessels. 

Stew (stu), v. a. [0. E. sluwyn, to bathe; stw, a 
bath, a hot-house; It. stufa, Sp. eslufa, Fr. Hume, 
a stove, a sweating-room. — See Stove.] [pp. 
'stewing, stewed.] To boil or seethe slowly. — 
2, v. n. To be seethed slowly. — 3, n. Meat 
stewed : — a hot-house ; a brothel :— confusion. 

Stew'ard, n. [A.-S. gtiweard, a steward ; from stigo, 
a sty, and weard, a guardian.] A manager of 
another's affairs. [on shipboard. 

Stew'ard-ess, ». A woman who attends to ladies 

Stew'ard-ship, n. Tlie office of a steward. 

Stew'ish, a. Suiting the brothel or stews. 

Stew'pan, n. A pan used for stewing. 

Stick, n. [A.-S. st icon ; Ger. stecken ; Icel. stika: 
akin to Stake.] A small piece of wood ; a club ; 
a cane; a staff: — [A.-S. stecan, Ger. stechen, Dut. 
steken, Dan. stikhe, Sw. stikka, to stab, to prick] a 
stab; a thrust. — 2, v. a. [i. stuck; pp. sticking, 
stuck.] [A.-S. stician, Put. steken, Ger. steclieti, 
to adhere.] To fasten on ; to attach ; to affix ; to 
set : — to stab ; to pierce with a pointed weapon. 
— 3, v. n. To adhere ; to cleave : — to stop ; to re- 
main ; to be constant : — to hesitate. 

Stick'i-ness, n. Adhesive quality; viscosity. 

Stlck'-lac, n. Lac in its natural state. 

Stic'kle (stik'kl), v. ». [A frequentative of Stick, 
to adhere. — But see Stickler.] [pp. stickling, 
stickled.] To contest; to altercate :— an arbi- 
trator; an umpire. 

Stic'kle-back, ». [A.-S. sf.icel, a sting.— Cf. Stick, 
to prick.] A fish with a spiny back. 

Stic'kler, n. [A.-S. stihlan, etihtian, to govern, to 
dispose; Put. stichteu, Ger. stiften, to institute, to 
establish : root of Stop.] A contender for trifles : 
— a second in a contest ; an umpire. 

Stick'y, o. Viscous ; adhesive ; glutinous. 

Stiff, a. [A.-S. stif; Put. stijf; Pan. stiv ; Ger. 
steif.] Rigid; inflexible; stubborn; formal. 

Stiffen (stif'fn), v. a. [Sw. stifna ; Pan. stivne.— 
See Stiff.] [pp. stiffening, stiffened.] To make 
stiff. — 2, v. n. To grow or become stiff. 

Stiffly, ad. Rigidly; inflexibly; stubbornly. 

Stiff-necked (stif'nekt), a. Having a stiff neck ; 
stubborn; obstinate; headstrong. 

Stiffness, n. State of being stiff. 

Sti'fle "(Stf'fl), v. a. [Icel. stijla, to dam, to choke ; 
Niirw. stivla, to check; a frequentative of stica, 
to stiffen (q. v.) ; confused also with Stive.] [pp. 
stifling, stifled.] To suffocate; to smother; to 
choke; to suppress. 



Stig'ma, w. ; pi. Stlg'mas, or Stlg'ma-ta. [Gr. 
o-Tiyixa, a prick, a brand ; crrt'^etv, to prick : root 
of Stick.] A brand ; a mark of infamy; a blot; 
disgrace :— a wound or scar.— (Bot.) The top of 
the pistil. 

Stig-ma-ti-za'tion, n. A marking, as with 
wounds. 

Stig'ma-tize, v. a. [Gr. <TTiyiJ.aTi£eiv, to mark or 
brand.— See Stigma.] [pp. stigmatizing, stig- 
matized.] To mark, as with infamy ; to fix a 
stigma upon ; to brand ; to reproach. 

Stile, n. [A.-S. stigel; stigan, to mount.] A set 
of steps to pass over a fence :— [Fr. stile ; L. stilus, 
for slights, a writing point or tool ; root of Stig- 
ma] pin of a sundial : — a sharp point or style. 

Sti-let'to, n. [It. ; dim. of stilo, L. stilus, a point, 
a stile (q. v.).] A small, round dagger: — an 
instrument to make eyelet-holes. 

Still, v. a. [A.-S. eme, Ger. still, Put. stil, Dan. 
slille, still, quiet ; root of A.-S. steal, a place. — See 
Stall.] [pp. stilling, stilled.] To make silent; 
to quiet. — 2, a. Silent; quiet; calm: — motion- 
less. — 3, ad. Till now; nevertheless; always. — 
4, n. [L. slillure, to distil (q. v.); stilla, a drop.] 
A vessel for distillation ; au alembic. 

Still'-bbrn, a. Born lifeless; dead-born. 

Stlll'-life, n. {Painting.) A representation of 
such things as are without animal life. 

Still'ness, n. Quiet; silence; taciturnity. 

Stil'ly, ad. Silently; not loudly; calmly. — 2, a. 
Still'; calm ; quiet. [Poet.] 

Stilt'ed, a. Elevated and artificial; pompous. 

Stilt, "w. [Sw. stylhi, Pan. stylte, Dut. stelt, Ger. 
stelze, a stilt.— Cf. Dan. stylte, to stalk ; stolt, 
proud. — See Stalk.] A walking support used 
by boys :— a plough-handle. 

Stlm'u-lant, a. [L. stimulana. — See Stimulate.] / 
Stimulating; exciting.— 2, n. A stimulating 
medicine; any thing that stimulates; excite- 
ment; stimulus. 

Stim'u-late, v. a. [L. sthmdare, stimnlatum, to 
goad; stinnrfitx, a goad; root of Stigma (q. v.).] 
[pp. stimulating, stimulated.] To goad ; to prick 
forward; to excite ; to spur on ; to quicken. 

Stim-u-la'tion, n. [L. stimviatio.] The act of 
stimulating; excitement :— action of stimulants. 

Stlm'u-la-tive, a. Stimulating. — 2, n. That which 
stimulates. 

Stim'u-lus, n. ; pi. Stlm'i-ll. [L. for "a goad." 
— See Stimulate.] A spur; that which stimu- 
lates ; a stimulant. 

Sting, v. a. [A.-S. stingav, Dan. stinge, to sting; 
forms parallel to Stick (q. ».).] [i. stung; pp. 
stinging, stung.] To pierce or wound with a 
point or sting. — I, n. A sharp point : — any thing 
that gives pain :— remorse of conscience. 

Stin'i-i-ness, n. Niggardliness; covetousness. 

Sting-ray', ». A large fish with a sharp spine in 
its tail ; a ray of several spei ies. 

Stm'|-y. "• [Cf. Local & Colloquial clinch, skimp, 
to be close ; A.-S. scencan, to deal out, to pour 
out; from sceanc, a shank, a hollow bone, — 
hence, a pipe. From the same source conies 
Ger. schenken, to send, to give, to pour out.] 
Covetous; niggardly; avaricious. 

Stink, v. n. [A.-S. stincan; Dut. & Ger. stinken.] 
[i. stunk or stank; pp. stinking, stunk.] To 
emit an offensive smell. — 2, ». An offensive 
smell; stench. 

Stint, v. a. [A.-S. styntan, Icel. slytta, for stynta, to 
shorten, to limit. — See Stunt.] [pp. stintinar, 
stinted.] To bound; to limit; to confine: — to 
assign. — 2, n. A limit; a quantity assigned. 

Stipe, n. [L„ stipes, a stem.] The stalk of a fern- 
leaf; a stem. 

Sti'pend, «. [L. slipenditim ; stips, a small coin, a 
payment, and pendere, to weigh out, to pay.] 
Wages ; a settled pay ; salary. 

Sti-pen'di-a-ry, a. [L. stipendiariiis.] Relating 
to a stipend ; receiving a stipend or pay. — 2, n. 
One who receives a stipend. 



mien, sir; move, nor, 



bull, bur, rule, use.— g, Q, 5, £, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tfiis. 



STIPPLE 



516 



STOPPLE 



Stip'ple (stlp'pl), v. a. [Dut. slippel, a dot; stip- 
pelen, to speckle; stippen, to prick: a dim. of 
Stab.] [pp. stippling, stippled.] To engrave 
by means of dots. — 2, n. A mode of engraving 
by dots. [of dots. 

Stip'pling, n. The act of engraving by the use 

Stip'u-late, v. n. [D. stipulari, stipnlatus, to bar- 
gain, to arrange ; 0. L. stipulus, firm. The deri- 
vation from stipula, a straw (as a pledge), is dis- 
credited.] [pp. stipulating, stipulated.] To 
contract ; to engage. 

Stip'u-lg.te, a. (Bot.) Having stipules. 

Stip-u-la'tion, n. [L. stipulutio.] The act of stip- 
ulating ; a contract ; a bargain ; terms ; condi- 
tion ; article. 

Stip'u-la-tor, n. [L.] One who contracts. 

Stip'ule, n. (Bot.) [L. stipula, a diminutive of 
stips or stipes, a stalk. — Cf. Stubble.] A scale at 
the base of a petiole or a leaf-stalk. 

Stir, v. a. [A.-S. styrian, to move ; Ger. storen, to 
disturb; Icel. styrr, a stir.— Cf. if. sternere, to 
scatter.] [pp. stirring, stirred.] To put in 
motion; to instigate; to move; to agitate; to 
incite; to rouse; to raise. — 2, v. n. To move; 
to be in motion. — 3, n. Tumult ; commotion ; 
disturbance. 

Stir'rup (stir'rup or stur'rup) [ster'rup, F. Ja. Sw,. 
St. J.J, n. [A.-S. stirap ; stigan, to mount, and 
rap, a rope; Ger. slegreif, a stirrup.] An iron 
for a horseman's foot to rest in. 

Stitch, v. a. [A.-S. stice, a pricking ; stician, to 
stick ; Ger. stick, a stitch ; stichen, to stitch : a 
softened form of Stick.] [ pp. stitching, stitcbed.] 
To sew ; to join ; to unite. — 2, v. n. To work 
with a needle.— 3, n. A pass of a needle :— a 
sharp pain. 

Stith'y, n. [Icel. stedi, Sw. st'dd, an anvil ; from 
its firmness : akin to Steady.] An anvil; a 
smithy : — a disease in oxen. 

Stive, v. a. [L. stipare, to pack : akin to Stove and 
Stew.] [pp. stiving, stived.] To stuff up ; to 
stow : — to heat. [copper coin, worth two cents. 

Sti'ver, n. [Dut. stuiver ; Ger. stiiber.] A Dutch 

Stoat, n. [Perhaps 0. E. slot, a male animal. — Cf. 
Sw. stut, a bull.] An animal, the ermine. 

Stock, n. [A.-S. stocc; Dut. & Dan. stole: Ger. 
stock; Fr. estoc: akin to Stick and Stake.] The 
trunk, stem, or body of a plant or tree :— a post : 
— a dunce ; a dolt : — a close neck -cloth ; a cra- 
vat : — lineage ; race : — cattle in general :— a 
store ; a capital ; capital in shares ; a fund of 
money: — the frame of a gun: — a handle. — 
2, v. a. [pp. stocking, stocked.] To store; to 
fill sufficiently. 

Stock-ade', n. [From Stock, a stake or post; 
formed in imitation of Sp. estocada, It. stoccata, a 
defence, a thrust in fencing; slocco, a short 
sword : cognate with Stock.] An enclosure of 
pointed stakes. — 2, v. a. [pp, stockading, stock- 
aded.] To fortify with pointed stakes. 

Stock'f ish, n. Codfish dried hard, without salt. 

Stock'hold-er, n. An owner of stock. 

Stocking, n. [From Stock, a trunk, a post.] A 
covering for the leg and foot. 

Stocks, n. pi. A structure for confining the legs 
of offenders:— a frame :— public or other funds. 

Stock'-still, a. Motionless; quite still. 

Stock'y, a. Stout ; short and thick. 

Sto'ic, n. [Gr. cttuukos, a stoic; o-roa, or o-raxx, a 
colonnade ; since Zeno taught under a colonnade 
at Athens.] A philosopher of the sect of Zeno : 
— one who is stoical or unfeeling. 

Sto'ic, \ a. Relating to the Stoics :— cold ; want- 

Sto'i-cal, J ing feeling or sensibility. 

Sto'i-cal-ly, ad. In a stoical manner. 

Sto'i-ci§m, n. The system, doctrines, or manners 
of'the Stoics: — insensibility; apathy. 

Stok'er, n. [Dut. stoker, a kindler; sloken, to kin- 
dle :' akin to Stick; from the use of a poker in 
stirring fires.] One who attends to a fire in a 
brew-house or steam-engine. 



Stole, n. [A.-S. stole, L. stola, Gr. cttoAt;, a robe; 
o-TeWeiv, to set, to array, to equip.] A long 
vest ; a robe ; a vestment of a priest or of a 
matron.— 2, i. from steal. [thetic. 

Stol'jd, a. [L. stolidus.] Very dull ; stupid ; apa- 

Sto-lid i-ty, n. [L, stolidilas.] Stupidity ; apathy ; 
heaviness. 

Sto'lon, n. [Fr. ; L. stolo, stolonis, a shoot.] (Bot.) 
A rooted creeping shoot or runner. 

Stol-o-nif'er-ous, a. [L. stolo, a shoot, and ferre, 
to bear.] Putting forth stolons. 

Sto'ma, n. ; pi. Stom'a-ta. [Gr. o-T6>a, a mouth. 
— Cf. Zend gtaman, a mouth.] A breathing-pore ; 
a leaf-pore. 

Stom'aph, n. [L. stomachus, Gr. o-toV<xkos, a mouth, 
gullet, stomach ; dim. of ar6p.a, a mouth.] The 
organ in which food is digested :— appetite :— 
temper: — pride.— 2, v. a, [pp. stomaching, 
stomached.] To receive or hold in the stomach : 
— to resent : — to put up with. 

St6m'a-cher, n. An ornament for the breast. 

Sto-mach'ic, n. A medicine for the stomach. — 
2, a. [Gr. o-rojuaxiKo?, relating to the htomach.] 
Relating to, or good for, the stomai h. 

Stone, w. [A.-S. stan; Dut. steen; Dan. sten ; Ger. 
stein. — Cf. Gr. aria, a stone.] A concretion of 
some species of earth, as lime, clay, silex, &c, 
smaller than a rock, and larger than gravel; a 
mineral not ductile or malleable :— a gem :— a 
concretion in the kidneys or bladder :— a weight 
of fourteen pounds : — a monument : — a case con- 
taining a kernel or seed. — 2, a. Made or con- 
sisting of stone.— 3, v. a. [pp. stoning, stoned.] 
To beat or kill with stones. 

Stone'-blind, a. Completely blind. 

Stone' -fruit, n. Peaches, plums, apricots, &c. 

Stone-ma'son (-mfi'sn), n. A mason who works in 
stone. 

Stone'-ware, n. Ware made of flint and clay. 

Ston'i-ly, ad. With stony coldness or hardness; 
hardly; unfeelingly; unrelentingly. 

Ston'i-ness, a. The state of being stony. 

Ston'y, a. Made of or full of stones ; hard. 

Stood (stud), i. & p. from stand. 

Stook (stuk) [stok, Ja. K. N. C. St.~\, n. [Low Ger. 
stuke, Ger. stanch, a stack : root of Stow.] A 
shock of corn containing twelve sheaves. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. stooking, stooked.] To set up in stooks. 

Stool, n. [A.-S. & Dan. stol : Dut. stoel; Ger. stithl. 
— Cf. Russ. stol, Lith. stalas, a table ; Gr. ctttjAt?, 
a pillar; uto.-, to stand.] A seat without a back; 
a bench .-—evacuation from the bowels. — [L. 
stolo, a shoot.] (Bot.) A plant ; a shoot. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. stooling, stooled.] To send out shoots. 

Stool'-pig-eon, w. [Local E. stale, a decoy : — akin 
to stall, to halt, to stop.] A decoy pigeon : — a 
person used as a decoy. 

Stoop, v. n. [A.-S. shqnan, 0. Dut. slvypen, to 
stoop; Sw. slupa, to fall.] [pp. stooping, stooped.] 
To bend down ; to bend forward : — to yield ; to 
submit; to condescend. — 2, n. The act of stoop- 
ing : — [see Stoup] a vessel of liquor: — [Dut. 
stoep. — See Step] a porch with steps ; door-steps. 

Stop, v. a. [A.-S. stoppian, Dut. stoppen, Dan. 
stoppe, Ger. stnpfen, to stop ; It. stoppare, to stop, 
to cram with tow ; L. stupa, Gr. crr-uny, tow. — 
Cf. Fr. ctouper, 0. Fr. estuper, to stop, to stuff 
(-7- »•)•] LPP- stopping, stopped.] To hinder 
from proceeding; to check; to hinder; to ob- 
struct; to close up. — 2, v. n. To cease to pro- 
ceed; to pause. — 3, n. A pause; a cessation: — 
obstruction; obstacle: — a mark or point in 
writing or printing: — regulation in music; a set 
of organ-pipes. [off. 

Stop'-cock, n. A pipe made to turn water on or 

Stope, v. a. [Root of Step.] [pp. stoping, stoped.] 
To cut away in steps. — 2, n. One of a series of 
steps or shelves in a mine. 

Stop'pa§-e. n. Act of stopping; obstruction. 

Stop'per, \n. [Cf. Estoppel.] That by which any 

Stop'ple, J hole of any vessel is filled up ; a plug. 



e, l, o, u, y, 



a, e, 5, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



STORAGE 



517 



STRAY 



Stor'afe, n. Act of, or pay for, storing. 
Sto'rax, ». [L. storax or styrax; Gr. o-rupa£-] A 
plant : — a fragrant resin ; styrax. 

Store. u. [Late L. stain-urn. or imtanrum, a store ; 
L. uutaurare, to build : cognate with Gr. trrav- 
pos, a stake, — also upright ; Skr. sthavara, fixed, 
sttil ile ; stha, to stand (q. v.).] A large quantity ; 
plenty; a stock accumulated :— a magazine : — a 
storehouse : — a warehouse : — a retailer's shop. — 
Military stores, provisions, clothing, arms, ammu- 
nition, &c. — 2, v. a. [ pp. storing, stored.] To 
furnish ; to lay up ; to hoard. 

StSre'house, n. A magazine ; a warehouse. 

Stork, n. [A.-S. store; Dut., Dan., & Ger. stork.] 
A large bird of passage. 

St'drm, n. [A.-S., Dut., & Dan. storm; Ger. storm; 
Gael. & Irish, stoirm: root of Strew; L. stern/ere, 
to overthrow.] A violent wind accompanied by 
rain, hail, or snow ; a tempest ; a high wind : — 
violent assault : — tumult; bustle. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
storming, stormed.] To attack by force or vio- 
lence. — 3, v. >u To raise tempests; to rage. 

Storm'i-ness. n. State of being stormy. 

Storm'y, a. Tempestuous; windy; violent. 

Sto'ry, n. [From L. historia, history (q. v.).] A 
narration either true or false; a narrative; a 
tale ; a fable ; a fiction : — [probably from 0. Fr. 
estarer, to build, to store (q. «.); estorce, built] a 
stage or floor of a building; aloft; a set of rooms. 

Stoup [stoup, X. ; stoup or stoup, St.], v. [A.-S. 
steap, Dut. stoop, Ger. slauf, a cup.] A basin for 
holy water in a church :— ^a bucket; a pitcher. 

Stout, a. [A.-S. stolt, bold; Ger. stoh; 0. Dut. 
stolt, bold ; 0. Fr. estout, stout : probably related 
«to Stolid.] Strong; fleshy; robust: — valiant; 
brave : — obstinate; stubborn. — 2, n. Strong beer. 

Stbut'ly, ad. Lustily; boldly; obstinately. 

Stout'ness, n. Strength; valor; boldness. 

Stove, n. [0. Dut. & Low Ger. stove, a stew (q. v.), 
a hot-house; Ger. slube, a room; It. ettifa, Sp. 
eslufa, Fr. clave, a stove ; 0. Ger. stupa, a bath- 
room.] A hot-house :— a place for a fire. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. stoving, stoved.J To keep warm in a house i 
heated. — 3, i. & p. from stave. 

Sto'ver, n. [0. Fr. estover, provisions : probably 
akin to Stow.] Fodder for cattle ; hay ; straw. 

Stow (sto), v. a. [A.-S. stou; 0. Fris. sto, a ])lace.] 
[pp. stowing, stowed.] To lay up; to reposit in 
order. 

Stow'age, n. Act of stowing : — room ; deposit. 

Stra-bis'mus, ». [Neo- Latin; Gr. o-rpd^tcr/xo?, a 
squint; o-rpajSo?, L. strabus, squinting: root of 
Gr. o-rpefyeiv, to turn.] {Med.) An obliquity of 
the axis of the eye; a squinting; cross-eye. 

Strad'dle, v. n. [A frequentative of Stride.] 
[pp. straddling, straddled.] To separate the legs 
widely; to walk awkwardly; to stride. — 2, u. 
Divarication ; stride. 

Strag'gle, v. n. [0. E. straclle, frequentative of 
stroke)/, A.-S. strican, to go, to strike (q. v.).] [pp. 
straggling, straggled.] To wander; to rove: to 
rami ile ; — to be dispersed. 

Strag'gler, n. A wanderer; a rover. 

Straight' (strut), a. [A.-S. streht, stretched; strec- 
can, to stretch (q. v.).] Not crooked; direct. — 
2, ad. Immediately; directly. 

Straight'en (stra'tn), v. a. [pp. straightening, 
straightened.] To make straight. 

Straight-fdr'ward, a. Direct; upright. 

Straight'ly. (strat'le), ad. In a right line:— strictly. 

Straight'ness (str&Vues), n. Rectitude. 

Straight'way (strat'wa), ad. Immediately. 

Strain, v. a. [L. stringere, to stretch (q. v.) ; 0. Fr. 
estraindre.] [pp. straining, strained.] To force 
through some porous substance, or through in- 
terstices; to filter :— to sprain : — to make tense; 
to force ; to constrain. — 2, v. n. To make violent 
efforts. — 3, ».. A violent effort; sprain: — a style 
of speaking: — a song; a note:— turn: — stock or 
breed. [instrument of filtration ; a filter. 

Strain'er, n. He who or that which strains : — an 



Strait, a, [0. Fr. estreil; Fr. elroil; L. stringere^ 
slrictum, to stretch ; strictus, strict, stretched.] 
Narrow; close; strict; difficult.— 2, n. A nar- 
row pass or channel, as between two seas :— state 
of distress ; difficulty. 

Strait' en (stra'tn), v. a. [pp. straitening, strait- 
ened.] To. make narrow ; to contract : — to con- 
fine ; to distress. 

Strait'laced (-last), a. Stiff; strict; rigid. 

Strait'ly, ad. Narrowly; strictly; closely. 

Strait'ness, n. Narrowness; rigor; distress. 

Strake, n. [A form of Streak.] An iron plate by 
which the joints in the fellies of a wheel are 
defended ; the rim or tire of a wheel/ — a seam 
between two planks in a ship. 

Stra-mo'ni-um, n. [Neo-Latin ; perhaps from the 
root of sierriere, stravi, stratum, to overthrow ; 
from its narcotic qualities.] The thorn-apple; a 
narcotic plant used in medicine. 

Strand, n. [A.-S., Dut., Dan., & Ger. strand; Icel. 
strond.] Verge of the sea or a river; shore: — 
[Dut. streen, streng, Ger. slrahne, a skein ; strong, 
a string (g. v.); Gr. arpayyog, twisted] a lesser 
cord in a rope or twist. — 2, v. a. [pp. stranding, 
stranded.] To force on the strand or shallows. — 
3, v. n. To run aground. 

Strange, a. [Fr. ttrange ; 0. Fr. estrange; L. ex~ 
tranens, foreign, extraneous (q. v.).] Foreign; 
unknown ; odd. 

Stranf-e'ly, ad. In a strange manner; oddly. 

Strange'ness, ". Quality of being strange. 

Stran'ger, ». [Fr. etranger; 0. Fr. estrungier. — See 
Strange.] One unknown ; a foreigner. 

Stran'gle (strang'gl), v. a. [L. strangulate; Gr. 
(TTpayyaXoeiv ; crrpayyaXr), a halter: crrpavyo?, 
twisted.] [pp. strangling, strangled.] To kill 
by intercepting the breath ; to choke. 

Stran'gu-la-ted, a. Strangled ; compressed. 

Stran-gu-la'tion, u. [L. strangulatio. — See Stran- 
gle.] The act of strangling. 

Strah'gu-ry, n. [L. stranguria; Gr. arpayyovpia ; 
o-Tpdyf, a drop, and ovpot-, urine (q. v.).] A dif- 
ficulty in voiding urine. 

Strap, n. [A.-S. strop; L. struppus or stroppus, a 
thong; Gr. o-Tp6(po?, a cord; o-rpefyeiv, to twist.] 
A strip of leather ; a strop. — 2, v. a. [pp. strap- 
ping, strapped.] To beat or sharpen with a strap. 

Strap'ping, a. Vast ; large ; vigorous. [Low.] 

Strass, n. [Its inventor's name.] A kind of glass 
for artificial gems. 

Stra'ta, n. pi. [L.] Layers. Sec Stratum. 

Strat'a-gem, ». [Gr. 0-rparriyrip.a, a military act; 
<TTpa.Tr)y6<;, a general, o-TpaTo?, an army, and 
ayeiv, to lead.] A plan or scheme to obtain some 
advantage ; a manoeuvre ; a trick ; a ruse. 

Stra-te£'ic, \ a. [Gr. o-TpaT-qyiicos.] Pertaining 

Stra-te|-'i-cal, / to or performed by strategy. 

Strat'e-fist, n. One versed in strategy. 

Strat'e-gy, n. [Gr. a-Tparrryia. ; o-Tparrjyos, a gen- 
eral.— Cf. Stratagem.] Military science ; tactics. 

Strat-i-fi-ca'tion. n. Arrangement in layers. 

Strat'i-fy, v. a.' [L. stratum, a layer, and fieri, to 
become.] [pp. stratifying, stratified.] To range 
in beds or layers; to form into strata. 

Stra'tum, n.; pi. Stra'ta. [L. for "a layer;" 
stervere, stratum, to spread, to lay flat.] A layer; 
a layer of gravel, earth, stone, or rocks. 

Straw, n. [A.-S. stream; Icel. stra ; Dut. stroo ; 
Ger. stroh; Dan. straa: akin to Strew.] The 
stalk of grain, as wheat, rye, &c. 

Straw'ber-ry, v. [A.-S. streaberige: probably from 
the strawy look of its runners.J A plant and its 

Straw'-col-or, n. The color of straw. [fruit. 

Straw'-col-ored (straw'kul-urd), a. Of the color 
of straw ; light yellow. 

Straw'y, a. Made of straw; like straw; light. 

Stray, v. n. [0. Fr. estraier, from estree, a street 
(q. v.). — Cf. Prov. estradier, a rover; estrada, a 
6treet.] [pp. straying, strayed.] To wander; to 
rove; to err. — 2, n. An animal lost by wan- 
dering. — 3, a. Gone astray ; wandering. 



mien, sir; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, 9, c, g, soft; 0, 0, ft, §, hard; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 

44 



STREAK 



518 



STRONTIUM 



Streak, n. [A.-S. Mrica, Dan. streg, Dut. sfreek, a 
stroke. — See Strike.] A line of color ; a stripe ; 
a mark. — 2, v. a. [pp. streaking, streaked.] To 
stripe ; to variegate ; to dapple. 

Stream, n. [A.-S. stream, Dut. stroom, Dan. strum, 
Ger. strom, a stream. — Cf. Skr. sru, Gr. peeiv, to 
flow.] A running water; a current. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. streaming, streamed.] To flow ; to run ; to 
issue forth. 

Stream'er, n. An ensign; a flag; a pennon. 

Stream'let (strem'let), n. A small stream. 

Street, n.' [A.-S. street; L. strata via, a paved way ; 
steruere, stratum, to throw down, to scatter, to 
pave.] A public way in a town or city ; a way ; 
a paved way between houses. 

Strength, «. [From Strong, as length from long.] 
The active power of an animal body ; power of 
endurance or resistance: — intellectual power; 
power of any kind ; force ; vigor ; energy ; po- 
tency : — a fortress : — support. 

Strengthen (streng'thn), v. a. [pp. strengthen- 
ing, strengthened.] To make strong. — 2, v. n. 
To grow strong. 

Stren'u-oiis, a. [L. strenuus ; Gr. o-Tpnvrig, strong.] 
Bold ; active ; ardent ; zealous; earnest; urgent; 
spirited ; energetic ; vehement. 

Stren'u-ous-ly, ad. In a strenuous manner. 

Stren'u-ous-niss. n. State of being strenuous. 

Stress, n. [Sometimes equivalent to Distress ; 
0. Fr. estrecir, Active L. strictiare, to pinch, to 
straiten; L. ex, out, and stringere, striatum, to 
strain (q. v.).] Importance; weight; violence; 
force; strain; emphasis; accent. 

Stretch, v. a. [A.-S. streccan, Dut. strekken, Ger. 
strecken, to stretch. — Cf. A.-S. strsec, strong (q. v.); 
stearc, stark; L. stringere, striatum, to strain; 
Gr. arpayyo?, twisted : akin to String and 
Straight.] [pp. stretching, stretched.] To ex- 
tend ; to expand ; to draw out. — 2, v. n. To be 
extended or drawn out. — 3, n. Extension ; reach ; 
effort; strain. 

Stretch'er, n. He who or that which stretches : — 
a litter for carrying wounded men. 

Strew (stru or stro), v. a. [A.-S. streoivian, from 
streaiv, straw (q. v.) ; Dut. strooijen, from stroo, 
straw. — Cf. Ger. streuen, Dan. strb'e, to strew.] 
[i. strewed; pp. strewing, strewed or strewn.] 
To spread ; to scatter ; to strow. 

Stri'se, n. pi. [L.] Minute channels, lines, or 
flutings. — (Arch.) Fillets in fluted columns. 

Stri'ate, or Stri'at-ed, a. [L. striare, striatum, to 
furrow ; stria or s'trix, a furrow.] Formed in 
striae; furrowed; channelled. 

Stri-a'tion, n. The state of being striated : — a mi- 
nute line or channel ; the arrangement of strife. 

Strick'en (strikTm), p. from strike. Afflicted; 
smitten : — far gone ; advanced in years. 

Strict, a. [L. stringere, striatum, to strain (q. v.).] 
Exact ; severe ; rigorous ; rigid. 

Strict'ly, ad. Exactly ; precisely ; rigorously. 

Strict'ness, n. Quality of being strict ; exactness ; 
severity ; rigor ; austerity. 

Strict' ure (strikt'yur), n. [L. strictnra, a contrac- 
tion; stringere, strictum, to strain.] A stroke : — 
contraction : — a touch of criticism ; a critical re- 
mark ; a censure ; animadversion. 

Stride, tis [A.-S. stridan, Low Ger. striden, streren, 
to stride, to walk with effort, — properly, to strive 
(//. ».).] A long step; a straddle. — 2, v. n. \i. 
strode or strid ; pp. striding, stridden or strid.] 
To walk with strides or long steps ; to straddle. 

Stri'dent, a. [L. stridere, to creak ; part, stridentis.] 
Harsh and shrill ; grating. 

Stri'dbr, n. [L.] A shrill, grating sound. 

Strid-u-la'tion, n. The act of stridulating, or 
making a shrill, grating noise. 

Strid'u-lous, a. [L. stridvlosus, stridulus. — See Stri- 
dent.] Making a small noise ; creaking. 

Strife, n. [From Strive (g. v.) ; 0. Fr. eslrif, Fris. 
strid, Dut. strijd, Ger. streit, strife.] Contention; 
contest; discord. 



Strig'il, n. [L. strigilis. — Cf. strhgere, to strain, 
to drawj to rub.] A flesh-scraper. 

Strike, v. a. [Dut. strijken, Dan. stryge, Ger. 
streichen, to stroke, — also to rove; A.-S. strican, 
to go, to touch lightly.] [i. sti-uck ; pp. striking, 
struck or stricken.] To hit with a blow; to 
smite: — to contract: — to lower, as colors. — 

2, v. n. To hit ; to collide ; to dash :— [A.-S. siri- 
can, to go] to go; to move swiftly: — to cease 
from work in order to obtain higher wages. — 

3, n. A dry measure : — strickle : — a sudden re- 
volt, as of workmen, to obtain higher wages. 

Strik'er, n. A person or thing that strikes. 

Strik'jng, p. a. , Surprising ; wonderful. 

Strik'ing-ly. ad. So as to affect or surprise. 

String, n. [A.-S. strenge; Dut. streng ; Ger. Strang: 
akin to Strain.— Cf. Gr. arpayydKr], a halter; 
arpayyos, twisted ; L. stringere, to draw.] A 
cord : line ; tendon ; fibre : — series. — 2, v. a. [i. 
strung; pp. stringing, strung or stringed.] To 
furnish with strings ; to put in tune :— to deprive 
of strings :— to file or put on a string; to file. 

Stringed (stringd), a. Having strings. 

Strin'§en-cy, n. The state or quality of being 
stringent ; severity ; rigor. 

Strin'gent, a. [L. stringere, strictum, to draw, to 
bind ;' part, stringentis.] Binding; strict; severe; 
rigid. 

String'er, n. One who strings :— a long beam. 

String'-halt, n. A disorder or convulsive action 
in the hind leg of a horse ; spring-halt. 

String'i-ness, n. Quality of being stringy. 

String'y., a. Fibrous; filamentous; ropy. 

Strip, v. a. [A.-S. strypan, Dut. stroopen, to plun- 
der, to strip, — formerly, to flay.] \i. stripped; 
pp. stripping, stripped, sometimes stript.] To de- 
prive of covering; to make naked; to divest; to 
rob. — 2, v. n. To undress ; to disrobe. — 3, n. A 
long narrow shred or piece ; a slip. 

Stripe, v. a. [Dut. streep, Low Ger. stripe, Ger. 
streif, a stripe, a strip : akin to Strip in the 
sense of to flay.] [pp. striping, striped.] To va- 
riegate with lines : — to beat. — 2, n. A colored 
streak : — a blow ; a lash ;— a mark made by a lash. 

Stri'ped [stript, I. St. Wb. ; strip'ed, if.], a. Hav- 
ing stripes or colored streaks. 

Strip'ling, n. [A dim. of Strip, — meaning one as 
thin as a strip or streak.] A young person ; a 
youth ; a tall or growing lad. 

Strive, v. n. [0. Fr. estriver ; Low Ger. streven, to 
strive,— also to stride (q. ?•.).] [L strove ; pp. 
striving, striven.] To struggle ; to labor ; to 
contend ; to aim. 

Strob'ile, n. [L. slrobilus ; Gr. <rrp6i3iAos; from 
<TTpe'4>etv, to twist.] (Bot.) The fruit or cone of 
the fir-tree or of other similar trees. 

Strode, v. Did stride. 

Stroke, ». [From Strike.] A blow ; a knock : — 
a gentle rubbing movement : — an effort :— afflic- 
tion : — touch of a pencil : — the man who rows 
the aftmost oar, and who gives time to the others. 
—2, v. a. [A.-S. stracian ; Ger. streichen. — See 
Strike.] [pp. stroking, stroked.] To rub gen- 
tly ; to soothe. 

Stroll, v. n. [A parallel form of Straggle.— Cf. 
Swiss slrolchen, root of Ger. streichen, to strike, to 
ramble. — See Strike and Struggle.] [pp. 
strolling, strolled.] To wander; to ramble; to 
rove. — 2, n. A ramble; a wandering. 

Stroll'er, n. A vagrant ; a wanderer. 

Strong! a. [A.-S. strong, Dut., Ger., & Dan. atrertg, 
strict.] Having strength; powerful; cogent; 
mighty; hale; robust: — intoxicating. 

Strong'hold, ». A fortified place; a fastness. 

Strong' ly, ad. With strength ; powerfully. 

Stron'ti-a (stron'she-a), n. [Named from the min- 
eral slrontia)!.} Oxide of strontium. 

Stron'ti-an (strf-n'she-an), n. [From the parish of 
Stroutiah (stron-te'an), in Scotland. J A mineral 
containing strontia. 

Stron'ti-um (stron'she-um), n. A rare metal. 



ii, y, long ; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



STROP 



519 



STURDY 



Strop, n. [See Strap.] A piece of rope : — a strap ; 
a razor-strop. — 2, v. a. [pp. stropping, stropped.] 
To apply a strop to ; to strap. 

Stro'phe, n. [Gr. o-rpoc^r/, a turning; o-rpecfreLv, to 
turn.]' (Poetry.) A division of a Greek choral 
poem or ode ; a stanza. 

Strove, i. from strive. 

Strow (stro), v. a. [See Strew.] [i. strowed ; pp. 
stro wing, strewed or strown.J To spread by scat- 
tering; to scatter; to strew. 

Struck, i. & p. from strike. 

Struct' li-ral, a. delating to structure. 

Struct' lire' (strukt'yur), n. [L. structura; struere, 
atructum, to heap up, to build.] Form; construc- 
tion : — an edifice. 

Strug' gle (striig'gl), v. n. [A frequentative form 
of Strike. — Cf. Ger. straucheln, Dut. struikelen, 
to stumble.] [pp. struggling, struggled.] To 
labor ; to strive ; to contest. — 2, n. Labor ; ef- 
fort; contest; conflict. 

Strum, v. a. & v. n. [Imitative.— Cf. Drum and 
Thrum.] [pp. strumming, strummed.] To play, 
as a piano, coarsely and without expression. 

Stru'ma, v. [L. : akin to struere, to build.] Scrof- 
ula ; — goitre ; a swelling. 

Stru-mose', ]«. [L. strumosus. — See Struma.] 

Stru'mous, J Scrofulous. 

Strum'pet, /;. [It. strupare, Sp. estrupar, L. slu- 
prare, to ravish ; stnprum, ravishment.] A lewd 
woman ; a prostitute. 

Strung, i. & p. from siring. 

Strut, v. n. [Dan. strude, strutle, Low Ger. stroteetu 
to strut; stmtt, stiff.] [pp. strutting, strutted.] 
To walk with affected dignity. — 2, n. An af- 
fected, stately walk :— a support ; a prop. 

Stryph'ni-a, \ n. [Gr. o-rpvxvos, nightshade.] A 

Strych'nine, J poisonous, alkaloidal substance, 
used in medicine. 

Stub, n. [A.-S. slijb; Dan. stub; Dut. stobbe.—CA. 
Gr. o-tvtto?, a stump; L. stipes, a stem; Skr. 
stamba, a post : akin to Stand.] A thick, short 
stock; a log; a stump: — the part of a leaf left 
in a check-book after a check is removed. — 
2, v. a. [pp. stubbing, stubbed.] To grub up; 
to clear off. 

Stub'bed, a. 'Truncated ; short and thick. 

Stub'ble (stub'bl), n. [Ger. & Dut. stop pel ; 0. Fr. 
estouble ; L. stipula, dim. of stipes, a stalk.] Stalks 
of grain after reaping. 

Stub'born, a. [0. E. styburne, stiff, austere ; A.-S. 
styb, a stub (q. v.).] Obstinate; inflexible; stiff. 

Stub'born-ly, ad. Obstinately; inflexibly. 

Stub'born-ness, n. Obstinacy ; contumacy. 

Stuc'co, n. [It. ; Ger. stuck, plaster: akin to Ger. 
stuck, a patch, a piece.] A fine plaster for walls. 
— 2, w. a. [pp. stuccoing, stuccoed.] To plaster 
walls with stucco. 

Stuck, i. & p. from stick. 

Stud, n. [A.-S. sludu, Sw. & Dan. stbd, Icel. slod, 
a post; root sta-, to stand.] A piece of timber 
for a support ; a post : — a knob ; a nail : — [A.-S., 
Icel., & Dan. stod; Ger. gestiit, a stud; Lith. 
slodas, a drove of horses ; root sta-, to stand : this 
word is related to Steed] a set of horses. — 2, v. a, 
\pp. studding, studded.] To adorn: to set with. 

Stud'ding-sail, n. (Xaut.) A narrow sail set at 

the outer edge of the square-sail. 
Stu' dent, ». [L. studere, part, sludentis, to study, 
to be zealous.] One devoted to study; a scholar. 

Stud'-hbrse, v. A breeding horse : a stallion. 

Stfid'ied (stud'id), or. Learned; versed in study: 

— premeditated ; precise ; formal. 
Stu'di-o, w. ; pi. Stu'di-os. [It. for a "study" 

(7. r.), a "school."] An artist's workshop. 
Stu'di-ous, a. [L. studiosus.] Devoted to study; 

diligent; careful. 
Stu'di-ous-ly, ad. With study ; diligently. 
Stu'di-ous-ness, w. Addiction to study. 
Stud'y, n. [O.'Fr. estudie ; Fr. etude; L. studium, 
study, zeal.] Application to books and learn- 
ing; attention; meditation: — a room for study. 



— 2, v. n. [pp. studying, studied.] To think 
closely ; to muse.— 3, v. a. To search into ; to 
learn ; to strive zealously. 

Stuff, n. [Fr. ttoffe, It. stoffa, Ger. sloff, stuff; L. 
stupa, tow, matter used in stuffing.] Any mat- 
ter ; materials ; worthless matter :— -cloth ; fabric : 
—furniture ; goods.— 2, v. a. [Ger. stopfen, Fr. 
etoffer, to stuff ; Late L. stupare, to stuff or stop 
{q. v.) with tow.] [pp. stuffing, stuffed.] To 
fill very full; to swell out: — to stifle. — 3, v. n. 
To feed gluttonously ; to cram. 

Stuff/ing, n. The act of filling:— stuff; that by 
which any thing is filled ; ingredient. 

Stuffy, a. [Fr. etouffer, 0. Fr. estouffer, to suffo- 
cate : it seems to represent etoffer, to stuff, but to 
come from a word parallel to Sp. tufo, Gr. tuc^o?, 
vapor.] Close; musty: — obstinate": — resolute. 

Stul-ti-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of stultifying. 

Stfil'ti-fy, v. a. [L. stultus, a fool, and facere, to 
make.] [pp. stultifying, stultified.] To make 
or prove foolish. 

Stum'ble (stum'bl), v. n. [Icel. & Norw. stwmra ; 
Local Sw. slainbla, stammra* It is identical in 
origin, and, as sometimes used, in meaning, 
with Stammer.] [pp. stumbling, stumbled.] 
To trip in walking or runuing; to slip; to err; 
to strike against something. — 2, n. A trip in 
walking ; a failure. 

Stump, n. [Dan. stump, Dut, stomp, Ger. stumpf, 
a stump, a stub (o. v.). — Cf. Norw. slunime, Ger. 
stummel, a stump.] The part of a body left after 
amputation ; the stub of a tree, &c. — Stump is 
used in relation to electioneering or canvassing; 
as, & stump speech, <&c. — 2, r. a. [pp. stumping, 
stumped.] To lop: — to canvass : — to puzzle; to 
challenge. [Low.] — 3, r. n. To walk clumsily. 

Stump'y, a. Full of stumps ; short. 

Stun, v. a. [A.-S. stunian, to make a din ; stun, a 
din: related to Ger. stohneu, Or. areveiv, to 
groan; Skr. stan, to resound.] [pp. stunning, 
stunned.] To confound with noise or a blow. 

Stung, i. & p. from sting. 

Stunk, i. & p. from stink. 

Stunt, v. a. [A form of Stixt ; 0. Sw. stunt, Icel. 
stuitr, for stunlr, Ihort.] [pp. stunting, stunted.] 
To hinder from growth; to stint. — 2. n. A 
check in growth :— an animal or plant that is 
stunted. 

Stupe, »». [L. stupa or stuppa, tow of flax.] Medi- 
cated cloth, &c, for a sore. — 2. v. a. [ pp. stuping, 
stuped.] To foment; to dress with stupes. 

Stu-pe-fac'tion, u. [L. stupefactio.—See Stupefy.] 
Insensibility; stupidity. 

Stu-pe-fac'tive, a. Causing insensibility. 

Stu'pe-fy, v. a. [Fr. stupSfier; L. stupefacere; stu- 
pere, to be amazed, and facere, to make.] [pp. 
stupefying, stupefied.] to make stupid; to be- 
numb; to deprive of sensibility. 

Stu-pen'dous. «• [L. stupendus, amazing, to be 
wondered at; stupere. to be struck with wonder. 
— See Stupid.] Wonderful : astonishing. 

Stu-pen'dous-ly, ad. Wonderfully. 

Stu-pen'dous-ness. n. State or quality of being 
stupendous ; wonderf illness. 

Stu'pid, a. [L. stupidus, senseless ; stupere, to be 
struck dumb with wonder. — Cf. Skr. stubh, 
stumbh, stambh, to stupefy; root sta-, to stand.] 
Dull; insensible; sluggish. 

Stu-pid'i-ty, n. [L. stupiditas; Fr. slupidite.] State 
of being stupid ; dulness. 

Stu'pid-ly, ad. In a stupid manner; dully. 

Stu'pid-ness, n. Dulness; stupidity. 

Stu'por, n. [L. for "amazement," "stupidity." — 
See Stupid.] Numbness; insensibility. 

Stiir'di-ly, ad. Stoutly; resolutely. 

Stiir'di-ness, ». Stoutness ; hardiness. 

Stiir'dy, a. [0. Fr. estourdi, amazed, senseless, 
rash, brave ; Fr. ctourdir, It. stordire, to stun : 
perhaps from L. ex intensive, and torpidvs, dull. 
— See Torpid.] Hardy ; stout; obstinate ; strong; 
sinewy; robust; firm; importunate. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son; bull, biir, rule, use. — 5, Q, c, £, soft; p, p, p, g\ hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



STUEGEON 



520 



SUBOKDINATE 



Stiir'feon (stlir'jun), n. [A.-S. styria, stiiiga ; Late 
L. slurio ; Ger. & Dan. star; Fr. esturg'eon; Sp. 
eshtrion: root of Stir; from the sturgeon's habit 
of floundering in tin- mud.] A large fish. 

Stut'ter, n. [Ger. slattern, to stutter : imitative. — 
Of. Icel. stauta, to beat,— also, to read with a 
stutter; Dan. stode, to jog, to push, to stumble 
on, to trip against.] Hesitation in speech ; stam- 
mer. — 2, v. n. [pp. stuttering, stuttered.] To 
speak badly ; to stammer. 

Stut'ter-er, n. One who stutters. 

Sty, n. [A.-S. sliyo, Icel. stia, sti, Dan. sti, 0. Ger. 
stiga, a pen ; Ger. steige, a coop.] A pen for 
swine. — [Low Ger. sti'eg, Norw. slig, sti, A.-S. 
stigen, rising; from stiga n, to climb.] (Med.) 
A little tumor on the eyelid :— written also stye. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. stying, styed.] To shut in a sty. 

Sty£'i-an, a. Relating to the river Styx ; infernal. 

Style," n*. [An incorrect spelling of Stile ; L. stilus, 
a writing instrument, — also, a manner of writ- 
ing.] A pencil used by the Romans for writing 
on waxed tablets :— manner of writing or speak- 
ing; diction: — mode of painting: — method; 
mode; manner: — fine or fashionable manner; 
fashion: — appellation; title: — a graver: — [Gr. 
o-tuAo?, a pillar] the pin or gnomon of a dial : — 
the stalk of a stigma ; a filament : — mode of 
reckoning time. — 2, v. a. [pp. styling, styled.] 
To dignify or address by a title ; to term ; to call ; 
to name; to entitle. 

Sty'lish, «. Showy; modish; finical. 

Sty'lish-ness, n. State or quality of being stylish. 

Sty'list, n. A master of style. 

Styp'tic, n. [Gr. o-tvtttiko<; ; from arv^eiv, to con- 
tract.] An astringent medicine or lotion. — 2, a. 
Checking hemorrhage or bleeding; astringent. 

Sty'rax, n. [L.] Same as Storax. 

Sua'sion (swFi/zhun), n. [L. suasio ; suadere, s-ua- 
snm, to persuade; suadus, pleasant, persuasive; 
suavis, sweet.] Act of persuading. 

Sua'so-ry, a. [L. suasorius.] Tending to persuade. 

Suave, or Suave, a. [Fr. ; L. suavis, sweet.] 
Pleasing; agreeable. 

Suav'i-ty (swav'e-te), n. [L. suavitas ; Fr. suavit£.~\ 
Mildness ; softness. 

Sub-. A Latin prefix signifying under or below. In 
composition it denotes a subordinate degree. 

Sub-ac'id, a. [L. subacidus.] Sour or acid in a 
smal 1 degree. 

Sub'al-tern, or Sub-al'tern, a. [L. subaltermis, 
inferior; sub, under, and alter, another.] Infe- 
rior; subordinate; lower. — 2, n. A subaltern 
officer, or one under the rank of captain. 

Sub-&u-di"tion, v. [L. subaitditio; sub, under, 
and audire, to hear.] An implied meaning. 

SGb-com-mit'tee, ». A subordinate committee. 

Sub-con' tra-ry, «. [Sub- and Contrary.] Contrary 
in an inferior degree : — having a contrary order. 

Sub-cu-ta'ne-ous, «. [Sub- and Cutaneous.] Situ- 
ated just below the skin; pertaining to tissues 
just below the skin. 

Sub-dea'con (sub-de'kn), n. [Sub- and Deacon.] 
An under-deacon. 

Sub-dj-vide', v. a. [L. subdividere.— See Divibe.] 
[pp. subdividing, subdivided.] To divide again ; 
to divide what has been already divided. 

Sub-di-vi"sion (sub-de-vlzh'un), n. [L. subdivisio. 
— See Division.] Act of subdividing; division 
of a part. 

Sub-du'a-ble, a. That may be subdued. 

Sub-due', *'. a. [L. subducere; sub, under, and 
ducere, to draw; 0. Fr. souduire.] [pp. sub- 
duing, subdued.] To make subject; to subju- 
gate; to vanquish ; to conquer ; to crush. 

Sub-du'er, n. One who subdues ; a conqueror. 

Sub-ed'i'-tor, n. [Sub- and Editor.] A subordi- 
nate or assistant editor. [of a genus. 

Sub-fe'nus, n. [Sub- and Genus.] A subdivision 

Sub-ja'cent, a. [L. subjaeere, subjacentis, to lie 
under; sub, under, and jaeere, to lie.] Lying 
under or beneath. 



Sub-ject', v. a. [L. subicere, subjectum; sub, under, 
and jaeere, to throw.] [pp. subjecting, sub- 
jected.] To put under; to enslave; to subju- 
gate : — to make liable ; to expose. 

Sub'ject, a. Placed under the power of: — exposed ; 
liable; obnoxious. — 2, n. One who lives under 
the dominion of another; opposed to rider: — any 
topic or thing to be treated of; matter; a theme. 
— (Gram.) The nominative of a verb. — (Logic.) 
The term or thing about which something is 
affirmed or denied. See Object. 

Sub-jec'tion, n. [L. subjeclio.] The act of sub- 
jecting; ' state of being subject; submission; 
subjugation. 

Sub-jec'tive, a. [L. subjectivus.] Relating to the 
subject or the conscious subject. See Objective. 

Sub-jec'tive-ly, ad. In relation to the subject. 

Sub-jec-tiv'j-ty, u. State of being subjective. 

Sub-join', v. a. [L. subjungere. — See Join.] [pp. 
subjoining, subjoined.] To add to the end; to 
annex ; to affix. 

Sub'ju-g-ate, v. a. [L. subjugate, eubjugatum ; sub, 
under, and jugum, a yoke.] [pp. subjugating, 
subjugated.]' To conquer; to subdue. 

Sub-ju-ga'tion, n. The act of subduing ; conquest. 

Siib-jGnc'tive, «. [L. subjunctivus. — See Subjoin.] 
Subjoined to something. — (Gram.) Noting a 
mood of verbs which implies doubt, condition, 
or contingency. 

Sub-lease', n. [Sub- and Lease.] A lease by a 
tenant to another tenant; an under-lease. — 

2, v. a. [pp. subleasing, subleased.] To sublet. 
Sub-let', v. a. [Sub- and Let.] [i. sublet; pp. 

subletting, sublet.] To under-let, as land. 

Sub'li-mate, v. a. [L. sublimare, mblimatum, to 
raise; sublimis, high.] [pp. sublimating, sub- 
limated.] To raise into vapor in a chemical 
vessel by heat; to sublime : — to exalt. 

Sub'li-mate, n. A substance sublimated. — 2, a. 
Raised by sublimation or heat. 

Sub-li-ma'tion, n. [L. sublimatio.] Exaltation: — a 
chemical process of converting solids into vapor. 

Sub-lime', a. [L. sublimis, lofty.] Partaking of 
sublimity ; high in place or style ; lofty ; grand ; 
great; magnificent; splendid; superb; heroic. 
—2, n. A grand or lofty style ; sublimity. — 

3, v. a. [See Sublimate.] [pp. subliming, sub- 
limed.] To raise; to exalt :— to sublimate; to 
raise into vapor by heat. 

Sub-lime'ly, ad. In a sublime manner. 

Sub-Hm'i-ty, n. [L. sublimMas.] State of being sub- 
lime ; grandeur ; loftiness of style or sentiment. 

Sub-lm'gual, a. [L. sub, under, and lingua, the 
tongue.] " Being under the tongue. 

Sub-lu'nar, 1«. [L. sub, under, and luna, the 

Sub'lu-na-ry, J moon.] Situated beneath the 
moon ; terrestrial ; worldly. 

SQb-ma-rine', a. [Sub- and Marine.] Being, or 
acting, under the sea. 

Sub-merge', v. a. [L. submergere, submersum. — See 
'Merge.] [pp. submerging, submerged.] To 
drown; to put under water; to immerse. — 
2, v. u. To go under water. 

Sub-mer' fence, n. The act of submerging; state 
of being submerged. 

Sub-mer'sion, n. [L. submersio. — See Submerge.] 
Submergence. 

Sub-mis'sion (sub-mish'un), n. [L. submissio. — 
See Submit.] The act'of submitting; compli- 
ance; resignation; obedience. 

Sub-mis' sive, a. Ready to yield submission ; com- 
pliant; yielding; obedient; humble. 

Sub-mis' sive-ly, ad. With submission. 

Sub-mis' sive-ness, n. Submissive disposition. 

Sub-nut' , v. a. [L. submittere, to let down, to 
yield; sub, under, and mittere, to send.] [pp. 
submitting, submitted.] To resign; to yield; 
to refer.— 2, v. n. To be subject; to surrender. 

Sub-or'di-nate, a. [L. sub, under, and ordo, ordi- 
'ni% a rank.] Inferior in order, authority, rank, 
nature, or power; subject; subaltern.— 2, n. 



e, I, o, ii, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



SUBOEDINATE 



521 



SUCCESS 



One who is subordinate or inferior in rank or 
authority ; a subject. 

Sub-or'di-nate, v. a. [pp. subordinating, subor- 
dinated.] To make subordinate. 

Sub-or-di-na'tion, n. Inferiority ; subjection. 

Sub-orn', v. a. [L. snbornare ; sub, under, secretly, 
"and ornare, to furnish. — See Adokn.] [pp. sub- 
orning, suborned.] To procure by improper 
means : — to bribe : — to induce to commit per- 

Sub-or-na'tion, n. The act of suborning. [jury. 

Sub-pce'na, v. [L. sub, under, andpcejirt, penalty.] 
(Law.) A writ or process to cause the attend- 
ance of a witness. — 2, v. a. [pp. subpoenaing, 
subpoenaed.] To serve with a subpoena. 

Sub-scribe', v. a. [L. subscribere, subscription ; sub, 
'under, and scribere, to write.] [pp. subscribing, 
subscribed.] To write or annex one's name to; 
to sign: — to consent to; to attest. — 2, v. n. To 
give consent ; to agree. 

Sub-scrib'er, n. One who subscribes. 

Sub' script," a. [See Subscribe.] Underwritten; 
subscribed. 

Sub-scrip'tion, n. [L. subscriptio.] The act of 
"subscribing; that which is subscribed; a signa- 
ture; attestation. [sequent ; consequence. 

Sub'se-quence, n. State of following or being sub- 

Sub'se-quent, a. [L. subsequi, subsccutum, to follow 
closely; sub, under, and sequi, to follow; subse- 
quens, following.] Following; not preceding ; 
being later; posterior; consequent. 

Sub'se-quent-ly,, ad. At a later time. 

Sub-serve', v. a. [L. subsenn7-e ; sub, under, and 
servire, to serve (q. v.).] [pp. subserving, sub- 
served.] To be subservient to; to promote; to 
serve instrumentally. 

Sub-ser'vi-ence, \n. State of being subservient ; 

Sub-ser'vi-en-cy., J fitness ; use. 

Sub-ser'vi-ent, a. [L. subserviens, part, from snb- 
servire, to subserve (q. v.).] Useful as an instru- 
ment ; subsidiary ; instrumental ; serviceable. 

Sub-side', v. n. [L. mbsidere; sub, under, and 
'sedere, to sit.] [pp. subsiding, subsided.] To 
sink down or to the bottom; to become lower; 
to settle ; to abate. 

Sub-sid'ence, In. [L. subsidenHa.] The act of 

Sub-sid'en-cy, J subsiding or sinking. 

Kub-sid'i-a-ry, a. [L. subsidiarius, in reserve. — 
See Subsidy.] Assistant; aiding; helpful, 

Sub'si-dize, v. a. [pp. subsidizing, subsidized.] 
To furnish with a subsidy. 

Sub'si-dy, n. [L. subsidium, aid, reserve force; 
sub, under, and sedere, to sit.] Aid in money to 
a foreign power to enable it to carry on war ; a 
subvention. 

Sub-sist', v. n. [L. subsistere, to exist; sitb, under, 
and sistere, to stand, to cause to stand (</. v.).) 
[pp. subsisting, subsisted.] To continue; to 
have existence ; to live ; to remain ; to inhere. — 
2, v. a. To feed ; to maintain. 

Sub-slst'ence, n. [L. subsistentia, substance, ex- 
istence.] The act of subsisting; real being: — 
means of support; maintenance. 

Sub'soil, u. [Sub- and Soil.] A layer of soil under 
the surface. 

Sub' stance, »■ [In substantia, material ; sub, under, 
arid stare, to stand.] Something existing; essen- 
tial part; something real : — goods; estate. 

Sub-stan'tial (sub-st;in'shal), a. [L. substantial is.] 
Relating to substance; having substance; real; 
not imaginary ; material ; solid. 

Sub-stan-ti-al'i-ty (sub-stan-she-al'e-te), n. State 
of being substantial"; reality. 

Sub-stan' tial-ly, ad. In substance; truly. 

Sub- stan' ti -ate (sub-stan'she-at), v. a. [pp. sub- 
stantiating, substantiated."] To establish by 
proof; to prove ; to verify. 

Sub'stan-tive, n. [L. substantivus.] Whatever ex- 
ists ; a noun. — 2, a. Betokening existence. 

Sub'stan-tive-ly, ad. As a substantive. 

Sub'sti-tute, v. a. [L. substittiere, substilntum ; sub, 
under, and sbduere, statutum, to place. — See 



Statute.] [pp. substituting, substituted.] To 
put in the place of another ; to exchange one for 
another. — 2, n. One put or acting in place of 
another; a person or thing substituted. 

Sub-sti-tu'tion, n. [L. substantia.) The act of 
substituting; state of being substituted; thing 
substituted. 

Siib-stra'tum, n. ; pi. Sub-stra'ta. [L. — See Stra- 
tum.] A stratum lying under another stratum. 

Sub-struct'ure (sub-strdkt'yur), n. [Sub- and 
Structure.] A structure or building under an- 
other ; a foundation. 

Sub-tan'gent, n. [Sub- and Tangent.] Part of a 
produced axis, between a tangent and an ordi- 
nate both drawn to the same point in a curve. 

Sub-tend', v. a. [L. sub, under, and teudere, to 
stretch.] [pp. subtending, subtended.] To be 
extended under. 

Sub'ter. [L.] A Latin preposition, signifying 
under ; as a prefix, equivalent to sub. 

Sub'ter-fuge, n. [Fr. ; Late L. subterfugium ; L. 
subter, secretly, and fugiuui, flight.]" A shift; 
evasion; trick. 

Sub-ter-ra'ne-an, la. [L. subterruneus ; sub. un- 

Sub-ter-ra'ne-ous, J der, and terra, the earth.] 
Lying under the surface of the earth. 

Sub'tile [sub'til or si.t'tl, I. St. P. K.], a. [L. sub- 
tills', fine, — perhaps, at first, finely woven ; tela, a 
web.] Thin ; rare ; fine : — acute : — subtle. 

Sub-til-i-za'tion, n. The act of subtilizing or 
making subtile; rarefaction; refinement. 

Sub'til-ize, v. a. [pp. subtilizing, subtilized,] To 
make thin or less coarse ; to refine. — 2, v. u. To 
refine in argument. 

Sub-til'i-ty, or Sub'til-ty, n. [L. subtilitas.] State 
"of being subtile ; thinness; fineness: — cunning; 
subtlety; slyness; artifice. 

Subt'le (sut'tl), a. [comp. subtler; sup. subtlest.] 
[A variant of Subtile; 0. Fr. sontil^] Sly; art- 
ful; cunning; crafty; keen; acute. 

Subt'le-ness (siit'tl-nes), n. Quality of being 
subtle ; subtlety. 

Subt'le-ty. (sut'tl-te), ». State of being subtle ; 
artfulness; evasion; cunning: acuteness. 

Subt'ly. (sut'tle), ad. Slyly ; artfully. 

Sub-tract', v. a. [L. subtrahere, subtraction; sub, 
"under, and trahere, to draw.] [pp. subtracting, 
subtracted.] To take a smaller number from a 
greater; to deduct; to withdraw. 

Sub-trac'tion, )/. [L. subtractio.] The act of sub- 
tracting : 'deduction. 

Snb-trac'tive, a. Tending to subtract. 

SuVtra-hend, ». [L. subtrahendus, that ought to 
be subtracted.] The number to be subtracted. 

Sub'virb, ji- [L. euburbium; sub, near, and urba, 
urbis, a town.] The outer part or confines of a 
city. [lating to a suburb. 

Sub-iirb'an, a. [L. suburbonus. — See Urban.] Re- 

Sub-ven'tion, n. [In subvenMo, a' coming to one's 
assistance; sub, under, and venire, to come] 
The act of coming under ; aid ; a grant of money. 

Sub-ver'sion, ». [L. subversio.] The act of sub- 
verting; ruin. 

Sub-ver'sive, a. That subverts ; destructive. 

Sub- vert', v. a. [L. mbvertere, subversion, to over- 
throw; sub, to or from beneath, and vertere, to 
turn.] [pp. subverting, subverted.] To over- 
throw; to overturn; to invert; to upset; to de- 
stroy ; to ruin. 

Sub-vert' er, n. One who subverts. 

Suc-ce-da'ne-ous, a. [L. succedaneus. — See Suc- 
ceed.] Acting as a substitute. [statute. 

Suc-ce-da'ne-um, n. [L. — See Succeed.] A sub- 

Suc-ceed', v. n. [L. succedere, to follow; sub, near, 
under, and cedere, cessum, to go.] [pp. succeed- 
ing, succeeded.] To follow' : — to prosper. — 2, v. a. 
To follow ; to be subsequent to : — to prosper ; to 
make successful. 

Suc-cess', n. [L. suceessus, result. — See Succeed.] 
The happy termination of any affair ; prosperity ; 
good fortune ; luck. 



mien, s'ir ; move, nor, son ; bfill, biir, rule, use. — Q, f>, s, £, soft; p, )S, e, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 

44* 



SUCCESSFUL 



522 



SULKLNESS 



Suc-cess'ful, a. Prosperous ; fortunate. 

Suc-cess'ful-ly, ad. Prosperously. 

Sijc-ces'sion (suk-sesb/un), n. [L. successio.] The 
act of succeeding or following in order; order 
of events ; a series; a lineage; order of descend- 
ants, [order. 

Suc-ces'sive, a. [L. successivus.] Following in 

Suc-ces'sive-ly, ad. In succession or order. 

Suc-ces'sor [siik'ses-er, S. E. F.], n. [L. — See 
Succeed.] One who follows another. 

Suc-cinct' (suk-slngkf), a. [L. succingere, suc- 
'cinctum, to gird ; sub, under, and cingere, to gird.] 
Short; concise; summary. 

Suc-cinct'ly, ad. Briefly ; concisely. 

Suc-cinct'ness, n. Brevity ; conciseness. 

Suc-cin'ic (suk-sin'ik), a. [L. succmum, amber. — 
Cf. suc'ms, juice.] Derived from amber. 

Sue' cor, v. a. [Fr. secours, L. succursus, aid; sub, 
under, up to, and currere, to run.] [pp. succor- 
ing, succored.] To help; to assist; to relieve. — 
2, n. Aid; assistance; relief; help. 

Sfic'co-ry, n. [See Chiccoey.] A plant, the root 
of w : hich is used in adulterating coffee ; chiccory. 

Sfic'co-tash, n. [Algonkin.] Food made of unripe 
maize and beans boiled. 

Suc'cu-lence, "I n. Quality of being succulent ; 

Sfic'cu-len-cy, J juice ; juiciness. 

SGc'cu-lent, a. [L. succulentus, juicy; succus, juice. 
— See Suck.] Full of juice ; juicy ; moist. 

Suc-cumb', v. n. [L. succumbere; sub, down, and 
'cumbere, for cubare, to lie.] [pp. succumbing, 
succumbed.] To yield; to submit ; to sink. 

Suc-cfis'sion, n. [L. succussio ; sucevtere, succussum, 
to shake'; sub, and quatere, to shake.] The act 
of shaking ; a shaking. 

Such, a. & pron. [A.-S. swyle; Dut. zulk; Dan. 
slig ; Ger. soldi ; Goth, swaleiks ; swa, so, and 
leiks, like.] Of that kind ; of the like kind : — 
the same ; noting a person or thing. 

Suck, v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. sucan, Dan. sage, Ger. 
saugen, Gael, sug, L. sugere, suctum, to suck ; suc- 
cus or sucus, juice.] [pp. sucking, sucked.] To 
draw with the mouth ; to imbibe ; to draw the 
breast ; to inhale.— 2, n. The act of sucking ; 
milk from the breast. 

Sfick'er, n. One that sucks:— the embolus of a 
pump, &c. : — a shoot of a plant : — a fish. 

Sfick'le (suk'kl), v. a. [pp. suckling, suckled.] 
To nurse at the breast. 

Sfick'ling, n. A young child still suckled. 

Sfic'tion, n. [L. sugere, suctum, to suck.] The act 
of sucking; a drawing in. 

Sfi'da-to-ry, n. [L. sudatorium ; sudator, a sweater ; 
sudare, to' sweat.] A hot-house; sweating-bath. 

Sud'den, a. [Fr. souduin, It. subitano, L. subitaneus, 
sudden; subitus, quick; sub, under, stealthily, 
and ire, to go.] Happening without notice ; un- 
expected ; abrupt ; hasty ; precipitate. — 2, n. An 
unexpected time or occurrence ; as, on a sudden, 
— i.e., suddenly. 

Sfid'den-ly, ad. Without notice ; hastily. 

Sud'den-ne"ss, n. State of being sudden. 

Su-do-rif ic, a. [L. sudor, sweat (q. v.), and facere, 
to hvtke.] Provoking or causing sweat. — 2, n. 
A medicine promoting sweat. 

Sii'dra, n. [Hind.] The lowest of the four great 
castes of India : — a member of that caste. 

Sfid§, n. pi. [See Seethe, Sod.] Water impreg- 
nated with soap. 

Sue, v. a. [Fr. suivre, L. sequi, to follow.] [pp. 
suing, sued.] To prosecute by law : — to follow. 
— 2, v. n. To beg; to entreat; to petition. 

Sfi'et, n. [L. sevum, sebum; Sp. sebo; It. sevo ; Fr. 
sxiif; 0. Fr. sew.] Fat; fat about the kidneys. 

Su'et-y, a. Consisting of, or like, suet. 

Suffer, v. a. [Fr. souffrir ; L. sufferre; sub, under, 
and/erre, to bear.] [pp. suffering, suffered.] To 
feel with a sense of pain; to bear; to undergo ; 
to endure ; to sustain: — to tolerate; to allow; to 
permit. — 2, v. n. To endure pain of body or 
mind. 



Sfif fer-a-ble, a. That may be borne. 

Sfif fer-a-bly, ad. So as to be endured. 

Sfiffer-ance, n. [Fr. soujfrance.— See Suffek.] 
Pain ; patience ; permission. 

Suf'fer-er, n. One who suffers or endures. 

Sfif fer-ing, n. Pain suffered ; distress. 

Suf-f'zce' (suf-flz'), v. n. [L. sufficere, to provide; 
sub, and facere, to make.] [pp. sufficing, suf- 
ficed.] To be enough; to be sufficient; to be 
equal to the purpose. — 2, v. a. To supply; to 
satisfy ; to be enough for. 

Suf-fi"cien-cy (suf-fish'en-se), n. [L. sufficientia.\ 
State of being sufficient; enough; competence. 

Suf-f f'cient (suf-f ish'ent), a. [L. snfficiens, pres. 
part, of 'sufficere, to suffice (q. v.).] Equal to an 
end; adequate; competent; enough. 

Suf-f i"cient-ly, ad. In a sufficient degree. 

Sfif fix, n. A syllable annexed. 

Suf-f ix', v. a. [L. suffigere, suffizum; sub, beneath, 
and figere, to fix.] [pp. suffixing, suffixed.] To 
add or annex a letter, syllable, or word. 

Sfif fo-cate, v. a. [L. suffocare, suffocalum, to 
choke ; sub, under, and fauces, the throat.] [j>p. 
suffocating, suffocated.] To kill by stopping 
respiration ; to smother ; to stifle ; to choke. 

Sfif-fo-ca'tion, n. [L. suffiocatio.] The act of suf- 
focating. 

Sfif fo-ca-tjve, a. Tending to choke. 

Sfif fra-gan, n. [Late L. sujfraganens, an assist- 
ant.— See Suffrage.] A bishop, as subject to 
his metropolitan or archbishop. — 2, a. Subor- 
dinate ; assisting. 

Sfif fraf-e, n. [L. suffragiam,, a vote, assistance, 
recommendation ; suffragan, to vote for ; perhaps 
sub, and -fragium, a fragment : the ancients voted 
with potsherds.] A vote; voice given in a con- 
test :— a petition or prayer. 

Suf-fu§e', v. a. [L. suffundere, suffusum; sub, at>d 
fundere, to pour.] [pp. suffusing, suffused.] To 
spread over. [overspreading. 

Suf-fu'§ion (suf-fu'zhun), n. [L. suffusio.] An 

Sug'ar (shiig'ar), n. [Fr. mere; Sp. azucar ; Arab. 
sakkar ; Per. shakar ; L. saccharum. — Cf. Skr. 
farkara, gravel, candied su^ar.] A sweet sub- 
stance; the concrete juice of the sngar-cane, &c. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. sugaring, sugared.] To sweeten 
with sugar. 

Sug'ar-cane (shug'ar-kan), n. A cane from the 
juice of which sugar is made. 

Sug'ar-loaf (snug'-), n. A conical mass of sugar. 

Sug-'ar-plum (shug'-), n. A sweetmeat. 

Sug'ar-y (shug'-), a. Sweet; tasting of sugar. 

Suggest' (sug-jesf or sud-jest'), v. a. [L. sua- 
ger ere, suggestum; sub, under, and ger ere, to 
carry.] [pp. suggesting, suggested.] To hint; 
to intimate. [timation. 

Sug-iest'ion, n. [L. suggestio.] Private hint ; in- 

Sug-fes'tive, a. Making suggestions. 

Su'i-ci-dal, a. Relating to suicide. 

Su'i-cide,' n. [Fr. ; L. sui, of himself: on type of 
homicide.] Self-murder :— a self-murderer. 

Suit (sut), n. [Fr. suite, a chase, pursuit, train; 
L. secta, a following; sequi, to follow. — See Sue.] 
A set of the same kind :— a petition ; courtship : 
— prosecution : — retinue. See Suite. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. suiting, suited.] To agree ; to accord. — 
3, -<;. a. To fit ; to adapt to ; to agree with. 

Suit'a-ble (su'ta-bl), a. Fit; apt; meet; proper; 
appropriate ; agreeable ; answerable ; concetdeut. 

Suit'a-ble-ness, n. Fitness; agreeableness. 

Suit'a-bly, ad. Agreeably; according to. 

Suite' (swet), n. [Fr.— See Suit.] Retinue; a 
train of followers ; a suit. 

Suit'or, n. One who sues :— a wooer ; a lover. 

Sul'cate, \a. [L. sulcare, sulcatum, to furrow; 

Sul'cat-ed, J sulcus, Gr. oAko?, a furrow ; e'A/cetv, to 
draw.]' Grooved; furrowed; having furrows. 

Sfilk, v. n. [From Sulky.] [pp. sulking, sulked.] 
To indulge in a fit of sulks. 

Sul'ki-ly, ad. In the sulks ; morosely. 

Sfil'ki-nlss, n. Sullenness ; moroseness. 



a, e, i, o, u 



y, long ; a, e, 1, 5, fi, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



SULKS 



523 



SUPEKANNUATE 



Sulks, n. pi A state or fit of sullenness. 
Sul'ky, «• [A.-S. solcen, remiss, slothful, disgusted.] 
Silently sullen; morose; sour. — 2, n. [So called 
from the supposed sulky disposition of a solitary 
rider.] A wheel-carriage for one person. 

SHl'len, a. [0. Fr. solaiu, Prov. solan, solitary ; L. 
soltis, alone.] Morose; sour; gloomy; ohstinate. 

SHl'len-ly, ad. In a sullen manner; gloomily. 

Sul'len-nSss, n. Moroseness ; sulkiness. 

Sul'ly, v. a. [A.-S. sylian, Ger. siihlen, to defile; 
svhl'e, mire.— See Soil.] [pp. sullying, sullied.] 
To soil; to tarnish; to spot; to foul; to stain; 
to mar; to spoil. — 2, v. n. To become soiled or 
spotted. — 3, n. Blemish ; stain. 

Sul'phate, n. (Chem.) A salt or substance formed 
of sulphuric acid and a base. 

Sul'phide, u. A compound of sulphur and another 
element or equivalent body. 

Sul'phite, n. A salt of sulphurous acid. 

Sul'phur, n. [L. sulfur; Skr. fulvarl] A mineral 
substance ; brimstone. 

Sul-phu're-ous, a. [L. sidfureus.] Containing, or 
impregnated with, sulphur. 

Sul'phu-ret, n. {Chem.) A combination of sul- 
phur with an alkali, an earth, or a metal. 

Sul-phu'ric, a. Kelating to, or derived from, sul- 
phur.— Sulphuric acid, a combination of sulphur 
and oxygen ; oil of vitriol. 

SHl'phu-rous, a. [L. sulfurosus.] Noting an acid 
formed of sulphur dioxide and water. 

Sfll'phur-y., «• Partaking of sulphur. 

Sul'tan (or sul-tan'), n. [Arab, for "a prince," or 
"victorious."] The Turkish emperor, called the 
'Grand Sultan ; a Moslem ruler. 

Sul-ta'na. or Sul-ta'na, n. [It.] A sultan's con- 
sort'; the empress of 'the Turks. 

SHI' tan-ate, n. Rule or dominions of a sultan. 

Sul'tri-n'ess, n. The state of being sultry. 

Sul'try, «• [See Swklter.] Hot and close ; warm 
and moist ; oppressively hot. 

Sum, n. [L. gumma, a sum, the chief part; sum- 
mits, the highest; Fr. somme.] Whole amount; 
a quantity of money : — a problem or question in 
arithmetic. — 2, v. a. [L. summare.] [pp. sum- 
ming, summed.] To compute ; to cast up ; to add. 

Su'maph (shu'mak or su'inak), n. [Fr. sumac ; Sp. 
zumaque ; Arab, summaq.'] A tree or shrub used 
in medicine, dyeing, and tanning. 

Sum'ma-ri-ly., ad. In a summary manner. 

Sfim'ma-rlze, v. a. [pp. summarizing, summa- 
rized.] To present in a summary; to sum up. 

Sum'ma-rj;, a. [Fv. sommaire.] Short; brief; com- 
pendious :— swift. — 2, n. [h. summarium, a sum, 
a summation.] A compendium ; abridgment. 

Sum-ma'tion, n. [L. summare, snmmatuin, to add. 
" — See Sum.] Computation; addition. 

Sfim'mer, n. [A.-S. sumer; Dut. zomer; Dan. & 
Ger. 'sommer. — Cf. Zend hama, summer ; Skr. 
sarna, a year.] The warm season of the year, 
comprising June, July, and August. — [Fr. som- 
mier, Late L. sagmarius, salmarms, a pack-horse; 
Gr. o-ayna, a pack-saddle ; crai-reu*, to pack. — 
See Sumpter.] (Arch.) A large piece of timber; 
a beam. — 2, v. n. [pp. summering, summered. | 
To pass the summer. — 3, v. a. To carry through 
the summer. 

SHm'mer-set, n. See Somerset. [mer-like. 

Sfim'mer-y, a. Of or relating to summer; sum- 

Sum'mit, w. [Fr. sommet or sommitc; L. summus, 
the highest.] The highest point ; the top. 

Sum'mon, v. a. [Fr. semondre, semoncer, to call; 
L. summonere, to remind privately ; sub, under, 
and monere, to admonish : it may in part stand 
for A.-S. samanan, to collect; simian or sam, to- 
gether. — See Same. — Cf. Prov. somonre, to sum- 
mon.] [pp. sumnmning, summoned.] To call 
with authority ; to cite. [cites or summons. 

Sum'mon-er, n.- [0. Fr. semonueur.] One who 

Sum'mon§, n.; pi. Sflm'mon§-e§. [Fr. semonce, a 
warning. — See Summons.'] A call of authority. 
-(Law.) A writ; a citatiou. — 2, v. a. [Fr 



moncer, to call.] [pp. summonsing, summonsed.] 
To serve with a summons. 

Sump, ii. [Dan. & Sw. sump, Ger. sumpf, a swamp 
(g. v.).] A drainage-well in a mine :— a salt-vat. 

Sump'ter (sum'ter), n. [O. Fr. sommetier, a pack- 
horse driver; Fr. sommier, a beast of bur Jen. — 
See Summer, a beam.] A pack-horse or mule : — 
a muleteer. 

Sfimpt'u-a-ry (sumt'yu-a-re), a. [L. sumpluarins; 
sumptus, expense.] Relating to expense; regu- 
lating the cost of living.— Sumptuary laws, la\vs 
regulating expense. 

Sumpt'u-ous (sumt'yu-us), a. [L. sumptuosus, 
costly ; sumptus, expense ; sumere, sumptum, to 
expend; sub, secretly, aud ernere, to take, to 
buy.] Costly; expensive; splendid; luxurious. 

Sumpt'u-ous-ly, ad. Expensively; splendidly. 

Sumpt'u-ous-ness, w. Expensiveness. 

Sfln, n. [A.-S. sunne; Dut. zon ; Ger. sonne ; Goth. 
sunna; L. sol ; Skr. sunu, surya; su, to generate.] 
The luminary that enlightens and warms the 
earth : — a sunny place. — 2, v. a. [pp. sunning, 
sunned.] To expose to, or warm in, the sun. 

Sun'beam (sun'bem), n. A ray of the sun. 

Sfin'burn, n. A tawniness produced by the sun. 

Sun'biirnt, a. Scorched by the sun; tanned. 

Sun'day (sun'da), n. [A.-S. eunnan dseg, the day 
of the sun.] The Christian Sabbath. 

Sfin'der, v. a. [A.-S. sundrinn, Dan. v'hidre, Ger. 
sond'ern, to separate ; A.-S. suudor, Dan. sonder, 
Ger. sonder, to separate.] [pp. sundering, sun- 
dered.] To part; to separate; to divide, — 2, u. 
Two parts, or a severance into two parts : as, to 
cut in sunder. 

Sun'dew, n. A plant of the genus drosera. 

Sun'di-al, n. A plate which shows the hour. 

Sun'dS-tfhi, n. Sunset; sunsetting. 

Sun'dries, n. pi. Several things; various things. 

Sun'dry, a. [A.-S. syndrig ; from similar, separate.] 
Several ; various ; more than one. 

Sun'fish, n. A species of fish :— a jelly-fish. 

Sfin'flo<v-er, n. A large plant and its flower. 

Sung:, i- &'p- from sing. 

Sunk, i. & p. from sinft. 

Sunk'en (-kn), p. a. from sink. Low; sunk. 

Sun'less, a. Wanting sun ; wanting warmth. 

Sfin'lig-ht (sun'lTt), a. The light of the sun. 

Sun'ny, «. Bright; clear; exposed to the sun. 

Sfln'rise, In. The time of the rising of the 

Sun'ris-ing, j sun ; morning : — the east. 

Sun'set, n. The time of the setting of the sun; 
close of the day ; evening :— the west. 

Sun'shade, n. A small parasol. 

Sun' shine, n. The radiant light of the sun. 

Sun'shin-y, a. Bright with the sun. 

SHn'stroke, n. A stroke or injury produced by 
the violent heat of the sun ; insolation. 

Sup, v. a. [A.-S. supan ; Dut. mipen : Low Ger. 
supen. — Cf. Soup.] [pp. supping, supped.] To 
sip. — 2, v. 11. To eat supper. — 3, n. A small 
draught or quantity of liquor. 

Su'per. [Gr. virep, above ; Skr. vpari, above ; 
upara, nearer; upa, near. — See Up.] A Latin 
preposition signifying above, over, or excess: — 
much used in composition. 

Su'per-a-ble, «. [L. superabilis; superare, to over- 
come ;' super, over.] That may be overcome. 

Su-per-a-bbund', ''. ». [L. svperabundare. — See 
Abound.] [pp. superabounding, superabounded.] 
To abound exceedingly ; to be exuberant or very 
abundant. 

Su-per-a-bun' dance, n. [L. mperabundantia. — See 
Abundance.] More than enough. 

Su-per-a-bun'dant, «. More than enough. 

Su-per-a-bim'dant-ly, ad. Excessively. 

Su-per-add', v. a. [L. superaddere. — See Add.] 
[pp. superadding, superadded.] To add over 
and above. 

Su-per-an'nu-ate, v. a. [L. super, ahove, and an- 
nus, the year.] [pp. superannuating, superan- 
nuated.] To impair by age. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, Q, 5, g\ soft; p, fr, p, §, hard; § ;ts z ; 5 as gz ; tnis. 



SUPEKANNUATION 



524 



SUPPLE 



Su-per-an-nu-a'tion, n. Disqualification by age: 
— retirement by reason of age. 

Su-perb', a. [L. superbus, proud; super, above.] 
"Grand; magnificent; splendid; majestic; au- 
gust; stately. 

Su-perb'ly, ad- 1° a superb manner. 

Su-per-car'go, ft. [Sp. sobrecurgo. — Super and 
Cargo.] An officer in a mercbant-sbip who 
superintends the commercial transactions of the 
voyage. 

Su-per-cil'i-ous, or Su-per-cil'ious, a. [L. super- 
cilium, an eyebrow,— also disdaiu, pride, as ex- 
pressed by lifting the brows ; super, above, and 
cilium, the eyelid.] Haughty; arrogant; dicta- 
torial. 

Sfi-per-cil'i-ous-ness, n. Haughtiness. 

Su-per-em'i-nence, n. [L. superemiuenlia. — See 
Eminent.] Superior eminence. 

Su-per-em'i-nent, a. Yery eminent. 

Su-per-em'i-nent-ly., ad. Very eminently. 

Su-per-er'o-gate, v. n. [L. supererogare, superero- 
gation, to pay more than was expected; super, 
above, e, out, and rogare, to ask.] [pp. superero- 
gating, supererogated.] To do more than duty 
requires. 

Su-per-er-o-ga'tion, n. [Late L. supererogatio.'] 
Performance of more than duty requires. 

Su-per-er'o-ga-to-ry. [su-per-e-rog'a-to-re, N. St. 
H. WbXa.' Exceeding duty. 

Su-per-ex'cel-lence, w. High excellence. 

Su-per-ex'cel-lent, a. [Super and Excellent.] 
Vefy excellent. 

Su-per-f i"cial (su-per-f Tsh'al), a. [L. svperficialis. 
— See Superficies."] Being on or covering the 
surface ; shallow ; slight. 

Su-per-fi"cial-ly (su-per-flsh'al-le), ad. In a 
superficial manner ; on the surface. 

Su-per-f i"cies (su-per-f ish'ez or su-per-fish'e-ez), 
n. [L. ; super, above, and fades, the face.] The 
exterior face of a body ; outside ; surface. 

Su-per-f Ine', a. [Super and Fine.] Eminently 
fine; very fine. 

Su-per-flu'i-ty., ft. [L. superfuilas ; Fr. superfliiilc.] 
More than enough ; plenty beyond use ; super- 
abundance ; excess. 

Su-per'flu-ous, a. [L. superfluus; super, over, and 
'fluere, to flow.] Exuberant; unnecessary. 

Sy-per'flu-ous-ness, n. The state of being super- 
fluous ; 'superfluity. [what is human. 

Su-per-hu'man, a. [Super and Human.] Above 

Su-per-im-pose', v. a. [Super and Impose.] [pp. 
superimposing, superimposed.] To lay on some- 
thing ; to lay above. 

Su-per-in-cum'bent, a. [Super and Incumbent.] 
Lying' or resting on. 

Su-per-in-duce', v. a. [L. superinducere ; super, 
upon, "and ducere, to draw. — See Induce.] [pp. 
superinducing, superinduced.] To bring in as 
an addition. 

Su-per-in-tend', v. a. [L. superintended; super, 
over, 'and intendere, to apply the mind. — See 
Intend.] [pp. superintending, superintended.] 
To oversee ; to manage. 

Su-per-in-tend' ence, ) w. The act of superin- 

Su-per-in-tend'en-cy, j tending; care. 

Su-per-in-tend' ent, n. [L. superiutendens, super- 
intending.] A" director ; an overseer. — 2, a. Di- 
recting ; overseeing. 

Su-pe'ri-or, a. [L. ; comparative of superus, high ; 
super, above.] Higher; greater; preferable. — 
2, n. One who is above another: — the head- 
officer of a convent. 

Su-pe-ri-or'i-ty, ft. [L. superioritas ; Fr. supcrio- 
'rite.] ' Higher rank or quality. 

Su-per'la-tive, a. [L. superlativus ; superlatus, ex- 
cessive"; super, beyond, and ferre, latum, to 
carry.] Noting the highest degree. — 2, n. The 
highest degree or state. 

Su-per'la-tive-ly.. ad. In the highest degree. 

Su-per'nal, a. [Fr. supernel, L. snpernus, upper ; 
super, above.] Placed above ; celestial. 



Su-per-na'tant, a. [L. mpcrnatare, supernatantk, 
to float; super, above, and nature, frequentative 
of nure, to swim.] Swimming on the top. 
Su-per-nat'u-ral,o. [Super and Natural.] Above 

the' powers of nature ; miraculous. 
Su-per-nat'u-ral-i§m, n. The doctrine of super- 
natural influence, agency, or power. 
Su-per-nat'u-ral-ly, ud. Above nature's power. 

Su-per-nu'mer-a-ry,a. [L. supernumerariits ; super, 
above, and numerus, a number.] Above a slated 
number. — 2, n. A person or thing above the 
stated or required number. 

Su-per-phos'phate. n. [Super and Phosphate.] A 
phosphate containing free phosphoric acid. 

Su-per-sat'u-rate, v. a. [Super and Saturate.] 
[pp. supersaturating, supersaturated.] To sat- 
urate to excess. 

Su-per-scrlbe', v. a. [L. superscribere, superscrip- 
tum; super, above, and scribere, to write.] [pp. 
superscribing, superscribed.] To write or sub- 
scribe on the outside ; to direct, as a letter. 

Su-per-scrip'tion, n. [L. superscription A writing 
on the outside of a letter, or upon something; 
direction. 

Su-per-sede', v. a. [L. supersedere, to sit above, to 
be 'superior to, — hence, to pass over, to omit ; 
super, above, and sedere, to sit (q. v.).] [pip- su- 
perseding, superseded.] To make void; to set 
aside; to annul; to overrule; to take the place 

Su-per-sed'ure, n. The act of superseding. [of. 

Su-per-se'r'vice-a-ble, a. [Super and Servicea- 
ble".] Too'officious. 

Su-per-sti"tion (su-per-stish'un), n. [L. svper- 
stitio, wonder, dread, scruple; superstes, one who 
stands near; super, near, and sistere (stare), Star 
turn, to stand still.] A false or spurious religion 
or belief; excessive exactness in religious opin- 
ions or practice. 

Su-per-sti"tious (su-per-stish'us), a. [L. super- 
stitiosus.] Addicted to, or full of, superstition ; 
weakly scrupulous. 

Su-per-sti"tious-ly, ad. With superstition. 

Su-per-sti"tious-ness, n. Superstition. 

Su-per-struct'ure (-strukt'yur), n. [Super and 
Structure.] That which is built on a founda- 
tion ; an edifice. 

Su-per-vene', v. n. [L. mpervenire, super centum ; 
super, upon, and venire, to come.] [pip. super- 
vening, supervened.] To come in unexpectedly. 

Su-per-ven'tion, n. [L. superventio.] The act of 
supervening'. 

Su-per-vi'§al, n. Inspection ; supervision. 

Sii-per-vise', v. a. [L. super, over, and videre, 
visum, to look.] [pp. supervising, supervised.] 
To overlook; to oversee. 

Su-per-vi"sion (-vizh'un), n. [See Supervise.] 
Inspection.' 

Su-per-vi'§or, n. An overseer; an inspector. 

Su-per-vI'§o-r£, a. Practising supervision. 

Su-pi-na'tion, w. [L. supinare, supinatum, to lay 
backward". — See Supine.] State of being supine : 
— position of the hand with the palm upward.. 

Su-pine', a- [L. supimts, backward, one's back; 
from sub, under. — Cf. Gr. v7ttio<;, supine; from 
v7to, under; also L. supptte, head downward.] 
Lying with the face upward: — negligent; care- 
less; indolent; stupid. 

Su'pine, «. [L. supimvm : perhaps so called because 
it falls back to the functions of the verb, though 
in' form it is a verbal noun.] (L. Gram.) A kind 
of verbal noun. 

Su-pine'ly, ad. With the face upward ; stupidly. 

Su-pine'ness, «• State of being supine. 

Sup'per, m. [Fr. soupier, supper,— also to sup.] 
The last meal of the day; the evening repast. 

Sup-plant', v. a. [L. supplantare, to trip up; sub, 
'under, and planta, the sole of the foot.] [pp. 
supplanting, supplanted.] To displace by strat- 
agem ; to take the place of; to turn out. 

Siip'ple (siip'pl), a. [Fr. souple, pliant; L. supplest, 
bending; sub, under, and plicare, to bend.] Easily 



a, e, I, o, ii, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



SUPPLEMENT 



525 



SUKPASS 



bent; pliant; flexible; yielding; soft; submis- 
sive; suppliant; fawning. — 2, v. n. [pp. sup- 
pling, sup] .led.] To grow soft; to grow pliant. 
— 3, v. a. To make pliant. 
SGp'ple-ment, n. [L. supplementwn ; supplere, to 
nil up; sub, up, and plere, to fill.] An addition 
to supply defects. — 2, v. a. [pp. supplementing, 
supplemented.] To supply ; to add. 
Sup-ple-ment'al, \a. Belating to a supple- 
Sup-ple-ment'a-ry, j ment ; additional. 
Sfip'ple-ness, //'. Pliantness; flexibility. 
Sup'pli-ant, a. [Fr. : pres. part, of supplier, to ' 
pray.— See Sitplicate.] Entreating; beseech- 
ing. — 2, n. A petitioner; a supplicant. 
Sup'pli-cant, n. [L. supplicmis, supplicating.] One j 

who supplicates. — 2, a. Entreating; petitioning. 
Sup'pli-cate, v. u. [L. svpplicare, supplicatum, to j 
beg ;'svtpplex, bending, — bence, beseeching; sub, 
under, and plicare, to bend.] [pp. supplicating, 
supi 'Heated.] To make a supplication; to im- 
plore ; to entreat. [entreaty. I 
Sup-pli-ca'tion, n. [L. supplio.dio.] A petition ; | 
Sfip'pli-ca-to-ry, «• Petitionary ; entreating. 
Sup-ply', v. a. [Fr. supplier, L. supplere, to fill ; 
sub, up, and plere, to fill.] [pp. supplying, sup- 
plied.] To fill up; to afford; to furnish.— 2, n. 
Belief of want; sufficiency; stock; store; fund: 
— a sum or something granted or furnished. 
Sup-port', v. a. [L. supportare, to carry; sub, 
under, and portare, to carry.] [pp. supporting, 
supported.] To sustain; to bear ; to bear up; to 
endure; to uphold; to favor ; to maintain. — 2, n. 
A prop : — a mainlenance. 
Sup-port' a-ble, a. Endurable; tolerable. 
Sup-port'er, n. One who supports. 
Sup-pos'a-ble, a. That may be supposed. 
Sup-pose', v. a. [Fr. supposer: in form it repre- 
sents L. sub, under, and pausare, to halt; in 
meaning it represents L. supponere, nq 
to place under; sub, under, and ponere, to place.] 
[pp. supposing, supposed.] To assume or admit 
without proof ; to imagine ; to believe ; to think. 
Sup-po-si"tion (siip-po-zish'un), n. [L. supposi- 
lio ; supponere, to suppose (</. v.), to substitute, to 
place under.] Act of supposing ; that which is 
supposed ; conjecture ; a guess ; a surmise ; hy- 
pothesis; opinion. 
Sup-pos-i-ti"tious (sup-poz-e-tlsh'us), a. [L. sup- 
positiciu8.] Not genuine; counterfeit: — supposed; 
not real. 
Sup-pos'i-tive, a. Supposed ; suppositional. 
Sup-pos/i-tlve-ly., ad. Upon supposition. 
Sup-pos/i-to-ry, n. [L. sub, under, and ponere, 
positum, to place.] A medicated mass to be in- 
troduced into the rectum or the vagina. 
Sup-press', v. a. [L. mpprimere, suppression; sab, 
under, and primere, to press.] [pp. suppressing, 
suppressed.] To overpower and crush; to sub- 
due: — to restrain; to stifle; to conceal. 
Sup-pres'sion (sup-presh'un), n. [L. ,suppressio.] 
Act of suppressing ; the thing suppressed : — con- 
cealment. 
Siip'pu-rate, v. a. [L. snppnrare, mppnratum ; sub, 
under, and pus, puris, pus 0/. v.).] [pp. suppu- 
rating, suppurated.] To generate pus in. — 2, v. u. 
To generate or form pus. rating ; pus. 
Sup-pu-ra'tion, n. [L. suppuralio.] Actofsuppu-| 
Sup'pu-ra-tive, a. Digestive; generating pus. — | 

2, n. A suppurating medicine. 

Su'pra. [L. — Cf. snperus, high.] A Latin prepo- ! 

sitio'n, used in composition, and signifying above 

or before. [the orbit. \ 

Su-pra-b'r'bi-tal, a. [Supra and Orbit.] Above 

Su-prem'a-cy, n. [Fr. supre'matie.] State of being 

supreme'; highest place ; highest authority. 
Su-preme', a. [L. supremws, highest ; sujjerus, 

high.] Highest in dignity and power. 
Su-preme'ly, ad. In the highest degree. [over, j 
Sur-. A prefix, from the French, denoting more, or 
Sii'ral, a. [L. sura, the calf.] Being in the calf I 
of the leg. 



Sur'base, n. [Sur- and Base.] {Arch.) A cornice 

or moulding above a pedestal ; upper base. 
Sur-cease', v. n. [Fr. sursis, suspension ; surseoir, 
to suspend, to supersede (q. v.). It has no 
connection whatever, except in meaning, with 
Cease.] [pp. surceasing, surceased.] To cease. 
— 2, v. a. To cause to cease. — 3, a. A cessation. 

Sur-charge', v. a. [Fr. surcharge)-; sur, over, 
and Charge.] [pp. surcharging, surcharged.] 
To overload; to overburden. —2, n. [Fr. sur- 
charge.] An excessive load or charge. 

Siir'cin-gle (sur'sing-gl), n. [0. Fr. ; L. super, 
over, and ciugnlum, a girdle.] A girth : — a gir- 
dle of a cassock. 

Siir'coat, n. [Fr. svrcot. — See Sur- and Coat.] A 
short coat worn over the dress. 

Surd, a. [L. surdus, deaf, indistinct.] (Arith.) In- 
commensurable. — 2, n. An incommensurable or 
irrational number or quantity. 

Sure (shur or shur), a. [Fr. sur, 0. Fr. seur, L. 
8ecurus, secure (g. v.).] Certain ; unlading; in- 
fallible; confident; undoubting; sate ; firm; sta- 
ble. — 2, ad. Certainly ; without doubt. 

Sure'ly. (shur'le), ad. Certainly; doubtless. 

Sure'ty (shur'te), n. [Fr. surtti, security (q. v.).] 
State of being sure ; certainty; safety: — security 
against loss or damage ; a hostage ; a bail ; guar- 
antee ; a pledge : — one who gives security or is 
bound for another. 

Surf, n. [Probably a corruption of Sough.] The 
swell of the sea that breaks on the shore ; a wave 
cresting into foam ; breakers. 

Sur' face, n. [Fr. ; sur, L. super, above, and face, 
face' (q. v.).} The superficies; the outside. 

Siir'feit (sUr'fjt), ps, a. [0. Fr. Borfait, excess; sor- 
faire, surfaire, to overdo; Fr. $nr, L. super, and 
/"ire, li.facere, to do.] [pp. surfeiting, surfeited.] 
To feed to excess ; to cloy. — 2. v. v. To be fed 
to satiety. — 3, n. Excess in eating; satiety. 

SUrf y, a. Abounding with surf. 

Surge, n. [L. surgere, to rise ; sub, under, upward, 
and regere, to rule, to direct.] A swelling sea; 
a wave ; a billow. — 2, v. ft, [pp. surging, surged.] 
To swell ; to rise high. 

Siir'geon (sur'jun), n. [See Chirurgeon.] A pro- 
fessor of surgery ; one who practises surgery. 

Sur'ger-y, n. [See Chiuvrgy.] Thar part of the 
healing art which relates to external diseases 
and their treatment: ait of curing by hand, by 
instruments, or external applications. 

Sur'gi-cal, a. [See Chirurgical.] Pertaining to 
surgery. 

Siir'li-ness, n. Moroseness; sour anger. 

Sur'loin, n. [Fr. surlonge; sur. over, and longe, a 
loin (q. v.).] Loin of beef: — written also sirloin. 

Sur'ly, a. [Either for sourly, or probably for sir- 
lil-e, lordly, magisterial.] 'Morose; rough; un- 
civil; sulky. 

Sur-mise', v. a. [0. Fr. surmettre (part, surrnis), to 
accuse; sur, upon, and wettre, to put: L. mittere, 
to send.] [pp. surmising, surmised.] To suspect; 
to conjecture ; to fancy; to imagine: — to hint; 
to intimate. — 2, n. An imperfect notion ; suspi- 
cion; conjecture. 

Sur-mount', v. a. [Fr. surmonter ; sur, upon, and 
monter, to mount (g. v.).] [pp. surmounting, 
surmounted.] To rise above ; to conquer; to over- 
come ; to surpass ; to exceed. 

Sur-mbunt'a-ble, a. Conquerable ; superable. 

Sur-mul'let, n. [Fr. swmulet: perhaps saur, brown 
'or red, and midet, a mullet.] A marine fish, es- 
teemed a delicacy. 

Sur'name, n. [Fr. sumom ; Sp. sobrenombre; It. 
soprannome ; L. super, over, and Name.] The 
family name of a person. 

Sur-name', v. a. [pp. surnaming, surnamed.] To 
name by an appellation. 

Sur-pass'. v. a. [Fr. surpasser ; sur, over, and pas- 
ser, to pass (g. v.).] [pp. surpassing, surpassed.] 
To excel ; to exceed ; to go beyond ; to transcend ; 
to outdo. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, <?, c, £, soft; p, fj, g, §, hard; s as z ; 5 as gz ; tfiis. 



SUKPASSABLE 



526 



SWADDLING-CLOTH 



Sur-pass'a-ble, a. That may be excelled. 

Sur-pass'ing, p. a. Excellent in a high degree. 

Sur-pass'ing-ly, ad. In an excellent manner. 

Siir'plice, n. [Fr. surplis ; Sp. sobrepelliz ; Late L. 
superpeUiceum ; super, above, and pelliceum, a pe- 
lisse (q. ».).] A clergyman's white garment. 

Sur' plus, n. [Fr. ; sur, L. super, over, and plus, 
more.] An overplus ; remaining part. 

Sur'plus-age, n. Overplus ; surplus. 

Sur-prl'sal, n. Act of surprising; surprise. 

Sur-prlse', n. [Fr. surprise.] Act of surprising; 
act of taking unawares ; state of being surprised : 
— wonder; sudden confusion; astonishment; 
amazement. — 2, v. a. [Fr. surprendre, part, sur- 
pris ; sur, over, upon, and prendre, L. prehendere, 
to seize. — See Prehensile.] [pp. surprising, 
surprised.] To take unawares :— to astonish ; to 
impress with wonder. 

Sur-pris/ing, p. a. Wonderful; astonishing. 

Sur-prls'ing-ly, ad. In a surprising manner. 

Sur-re-biit', v. n. [Fr. sur, L. super, over, and 
Rebut.] [pip. surrebutting, surrebutted.] (Law.) 
To reply, as a plaintiff to a defendant's re- 
butter, [ting. 

Sur-re-but'tal, n. The act or process of surrebut- 

Sur-re-biit'ter, n. (Law.) Answer to a rebutter. 

Sur-re-jbin', v. n. [Fr. sur, L. super, over, and 
Rejoin.] [pp. surrejoining, surrejoined.] (Law.) 
To reply to a defendant's rejoinder. 

Sur-re-jbln'der, n. An answer to a rejoinder. 

Sur-ren'der, v. a. [0. Fr. surrendre; Fr. sur, over, 
and renclre, to give. — See Render.] [pp. sur- 
rendering, surrendered.] To render or give up ; 
to deliver up ; to relinquish ; to abandon. — 2, v. n. 
To lay down arms ; to yield.— 3, n. The act of 
surrendering. 

Sur-rep-ti"tious (sur-rep-tish'us), a. [L. surrep- 
ticius; surrepere, to steal up to; sub, under, and 
repere, reptuni, to creep.] Done by stealth ; got 
c '-oduced fraudulently. 

Svu VP-ti"tious-ly, ad. By stealth. 

SuVfc-gate, v. a. [L. surrogate, surrogatum, to 
substitute; s?<&, under, in place of, and rogare, 
to ask, to choose.] [pp. surrogating, surro- 
gated.] To nut in the place of. — 2, n. A deputy : 
— a substitute : — an officer of a probate court. 

Sur-rbund', v. a. [0. Fr. suronder, to overflow; 
L. super, over, and unda, a wave. The mean- 
ing has been much affected by confusion with 
Round.] [pp. surrounding, surrounded.] To 
encompass ; to enclose. 

Siir-sol'id, n. [Fr. mrsolide; sur, above, and 
Solid.] The fifth power of any number. 

Sur-t6ut' (sur-tof), n. [Fr. ; sur, over, and tout, 
all ; L. super lotum, over all.] An outside coat. 

Surveillance (sur'val'yiins'), n. [Fr. ; surveiller, to 
oversee ; L. super, over, and vigilare, to watch ; 
vigilantia, watchfulness.] Supervision ; over- 
sight ; superintendence. 

Sur-vey' (sur-va/), v. a. [0. Fr. surveer, surveier, 
sorvoir, to survey, to look over; L. super, over, 
and videre, to see.] [pp. surveying, surveyed.] 
To view; to oversee : — to measure and estimate. 

Sur'vey (siir'va, or sur-va'), n. An attentive view; 
sight ; prospect ; retrospect : — result of surveying ; 
mensuration. 

Sur-vey'ing (sur-va/ing), n. The art or act of 
measuring land ; survey. 

Sur-vey'or (sur-va/or), n. One who surveys :— a 
measurer of land." — Surveyor-general, a principal 
surveyor; a public officer. 

Sur-vI'val, \n. [Fr. survivance, survie.] State 

Sur-vi'vance, j or act of outliving another; sur- 
vivorship. 

Sur- vive', v. a. &v. n. [Fr. survivre, L. svpervivere, 
to outlive ; super, over, and vivere, to live.] [pp. 
surviving, survived.] To outlive ; to live longer 
than ; to remain alive. 

Sur-viv'or, n. One who outlives or survives. 

Sus-cep-ti-bil'i-ty, n. State of being susceptible ; 
sensibility ; feeling. 



Sus-cep ti-ble, a. [L. susceptibilis ; suscipere, sus- 
ceptum, to undertake; sub, under, and capere, to 
take.] Capable of admitting; feeling; tender; 
sensitive; sensible. 

Sus-cep' tive, a. Susceptible; admitting. 

Sus-cep-tiv'i-ty, n. Susceptibility. 

Sus-pect', v. a. [L. suspicere, suspectum ; sub, under, 
and specerc, to look.] [ pp. suspecting, suspected.] 
To have suspicion of; to mistrust; to apprehend ; 
to doubt. — 2, v. n. To imagine guilt; to lear. — 
3, n. [Fr. suspect, suspected.] A suspicious char- 
acter :— one suspected of belonging to the crimi- 
nal class. 

Sus-pend', v. a. [L. suspendere, to hang up; sul, 
under, and pendere, to hang.] [pp. suspending, 
suspended.] To hang; to interrupt; to delay; 
to hinder; to withhold :— to keep in suspense or 
uncertainty :— to deprive of office for a time. 

Sus-pend'er, n. One who suspends or delays.— pi. 
Straps to' sustain a garment. 

Sus-pense', n. [L. suspensus. — See Suspend.] Un- 
certainty ; indecision ; doubt. 

Sxis-pen'sion, n. [L. suspensio. — See Suspend.] 
Act of suspending; state of being suspended; a 
cessation ; delay ; suspense : — a temporary priva- 
tion of an office. 

Sus-pen'so-ry, a. Suspending :— doubtful. 

Sus-pi"cion (sus-pish'uu), n. [L. suspicio. — See 
Suspect.] Act of suspecting; want of confi- 
dence ; jealousy ; mistrust. 

Sus-pi"cious (sus-pish'us), a. [L. suspiciosus.] In- 
clined to suspect : — liable to suspicion ; causing 
suspicion. 

Sus-pi"cious-ly, ad. In a suspicious manner. 

Sus-pi"cious-ness, n. Tendency to suspicion ; 
liability to be suspected. [iug; a sigh. 

Sus-pi-ra/tion, n. [L. suspiratio.] The act of sigh- 

Sus-pire', v. n. [L. suspirare; sub, under, and spi~ 
rare, to breathe.] [pp. suspiring, suspired.] To 
sigh ; to breathe hard. 

Sus-tain' (sus-tan'), v. a. [L. sustlnere ; sub, under, 
and tenere, to hold.] [pp. sustaining, sustained.] 
To bear; to hold up; to uphold ;. to support; to 
maintain; to endure: — to make good; to con- 
firm; to corroborate. 

Sus-tain'er, n. One who sustains. 

Sus'te-nance, n. [0. Fr. ; L. sustinentia. — See Sus- 
tain.] ' That which sustains lile ; subsistence; 
maintenance; food; victuals. 

Siis-ten-ta'tion, n. [L. sustentatio ; sustentare, fre- 
quentative of sustlnere, to sustain.] Support; 
maintenance. 

Su-sur'rus, n. [L.] A low, gentle, humming or 
murmuring sound. 

Sut'ler, n. [l'ut. zoetelaar, a sutler, a scullion ; 
Ger. sudelkoch, or sudler, a dauber, a scullion, a bad 
cook; sudelv, to dabble: root of Seethf..] One 
who follows an army as a seller of provisions. 

Sut-tee', n. [Hind suti; Skr. sail, a true wife; sunt, 
true, real, virtuous; as, to be.] A widow who 
is burnt on the funeral pile of her deceased hus- 
band : — the self-immo'ation of a widow. [India.] 

Sut'ure (sut'yur), n. [L. sutura ; snere, sutum, to 
sew (q. v.).] A sewing up of wounds; a stitch- 
ing; seam: — a junction ot bones. 

Su'ze-rain, n. (Fr. suzerain; Active L. suseranus 
or surseranus ; L. susum or sursum, above ; sub, up, 
and versum, vorsum, turned; vertere, to turn.] A 
feudal lord or baron. 

Su'ze-rain-ty, n. [Fr. suzerainete.] Feudal au- 
thority or sovereignty ; lordship. 

Swab (swob), n. [Sw. scab, a fire-brush ; Dut. 
zwabber, a drudge on a ship.] A kind of mop. — 
2, v. a. [Sw. svabla; Dan. svabre ; Ger. sdm-ab- 
bern. — See Sweep.] [pp. swabbing, swabbed.] 
To clean with a mop. 

Swad'dle (swod'dl), v. a. [A frequentative of 
Swathe; A.-S. swedil, a swaddling-band.] [pip. 
swaddling, swaddled.] To swathe; to bind. 

Swad'dling-band, \ (swod'-), n. A cloth wrapped 

Swad'dlingr-cloth j round an infant. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a., e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



SWAG 



527 



SWELTER 



Swag-, v. n. [A variant of Swat.] [pp. swagging, 
swagged.] To sink down by its own weight : to 
bang heavy; to sag. —2, w. [Slang.] Booty; 
stolen goods. 

Swage, n. [Icel. sveigja, to bend ; sveggja, to sway 
(q. o.).] A tool for shaping metal. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
swaging, swaged.] To shape by means of a swage. 

Swag'ger, n. |0. E. swag, Norw. scaga, to sway 

(q. v.).'] An empty boast; bluster. — 2, v. n. [pp. 

swaggering, swaggered.] To bluster; to bully ; 

.Swag'§er-er, n. A blusterer; a bully. [to brag. 

Swain. '»(. [A.-S. swan, Icel. sceinn, Dan. svend, 
0. Gfer. siiein, a servant.] A young man ; a pas- 
toral youth; a rustic; a country laborer: — a 
lover ; a wooer. 

Swale, n. [Probably related to Swill, to wash.] 
A low, wet tract of laud; a vale; a valley.— 

2, v. n. & r. a. [pp. swaling, swaled.] To waste; 
to melt, as a candle ; to consume. 

Swal'low (swol'lo), a. [A.-S. su-alewe; Dut. zwaluw; 
Dan. scale ; Ger. schwalbe. — Cf. Gr. aaAeveiv, to 
shake, to toss; 0. Dut. swalpen, to toss; swalpe, 
a tossing.] A small bird of passage : — the throat : 
— voracity: — a gulp. — 2, v. a. [A.-S. swelgan; 
Dut. zwehjen; Dan. srseJge ; Ger. schwelgcn.] [pp. 
swallowing, swallowed.] To take down the 
throat ; to absorb ; to take in ; to engross. 

Swam, i. & p. {torn swim. 

Swamp (swomp), n. [Dan. & Sw. svamp, Ger. 
8chwamm, Goth, swamms, a sponge; Goth, sicmnd, 
a swamp: akin to Swim.] A marsh; a bog; a 
fen. — i, v. a. [pp. swamping, swamped.] To 
whelm or sink : — to embarrass ; to entangle with 
difficulties. 

Swamp'y. (swCm'pe), a. Boggy; fenny; marshy. 

Swan (swcn), n. [A.-S. swan ; Dut. zwaan; Dan. 
sr<(ne; Ger. schwan.] A large water-fowl. 

Swan's/-down (swonz'-dliwn), «. The down of 
the swan :— a fine, soft, thin, woollen cloth. 

Swap (swop), v. a. [Ger. schwappen, to strike (imi- 
tative), — also, to exchange; probably meaning 
to strike a bargain.] [pp. swapping, swapped.] 
To barter. — 2, it. A blow : — exchange; swop. — 

3, ad. Hastily ; with hasty violence. 

Sward, n. [Icel. svb'rdr, skin, sward ; Ger. schicartc, 
a rind, bark; Dan. gronsvserd, greensward.— Cf. 
A.-S. sweard, Dut. zwoord, a bacon-skin. ] The 
grassy surface of land; turf. 

Sware, v. Did swear. See Swear. 

Swarm, n. [A.-S. swearm ; Dut. zwerrn ; Dan. 
svserm ; Ger. schwarm. — Cf. Ger. schwirren, to whir, 
to buzz; L. susurrus, a buzzing.] A multitude 
of bees : — a crowd. — 2, <•. n. & v. a. [A.-S. swir- 
ivmi.} [ pji. swarming, swarmed.] To rise, as 
bees :— to appear in multitudes :— to crowd; to 
press; to throng: — [akin to Squirm. — Cf. 0. Fris. 
etverva, to creep; Local E. swarve, to climb; Ger. 
schwarmen, to move wildly] to climb by clasping. 

Swart, a. [A.-S. sireart, Dut. zwart, Dan. sort, Ger. 
schwarz, black.] Swarthy. 

Swarth, a. Black ; brown ; swarthy. 

Swarth'i-ly;, ad. Blackly ; duskily ; tawnily. 

Swarth'y, a. Dark of complexion ; black ; dusky. 

Swash (swdsh), n. [Imitative.— -Cf. Wash.] (Arch.) 
An oval figure :— a swasher; a violent impulse 
of water : — aside-channel. — 2, v. n. [pp. swash- 
ing, swashed.] To bluster : — to splash ; to dash. 

Swash'buck-ler (swOsh'-), n. A bully ; a braggart. 

Swath (swoth)' [swath, N. I. H.], n. [A.-S madn ; 
Dut. zwad; Ger. schwad.] A line of grass cut 
down with a scythe : — a band ; a fillet. 

Swathe, n. [A.-S. swedian, to enwrap; swadu, a 
shred.] A bandage; a band; a fillet. — 2, v. a. 
[l>j>. swathing, swathed.] To bind with bands; 
to confine. 

Sway, v. a. [Icel. sveigja, to bend ; svig, a bend ; 
Sw. sviga, to bend; Dan. svaie, to swing; Dut. 
zwaaijen, to -wing, to turn; Norw. sveigja. to 
bend; svagn, to sway.] [pp. swaying, swayed.] 
To wield: — to influence; to bias :— to govern; 
to rule; to control ; to direct.— 2, v. n. To have 



weight ; to bear rule : — to swing ; to wave. — 3, n. 
Power; rule; influence; direction: — swinging 
motion. 

Swear (swar) [swar, H. St. I.], v. n. [A.-S. swerian, 
to speak (see Answer), to declare, to swear ; 
Dut. zweren ; Dan. scierge ; Ger. schwbren. — Cf. 
Goth, swaran, Dan. scare, Icel. scara, to answer.] 
[i. swore ( formerly sware) \pp. swearing, sworn.] 
To declare or promise upen oath : — to use pro- 
fane language.— 2, a. To bind by an oath. 

Swear' er (swar'er), n. One who swears. 

Swear'ing, n. The act of declaring upon oath. 

Sweat '(swet), n. [A.-S. swat; Dut. zweet; Dan. 
seed; Ger. schweiss, schwitze ; Skr. sceda; L. sudor ; 
Gr. iSpuis.] Perspiration ; a fluid : — labor; toil. — 
2, v. n. [A.-S. saselan ; Ger. schweissen, sehwitzen; 
Skr. siid ; L. sudare.] [i. sweat, swet, or sweated ; 
pp. sweating, sweat, swet, or sweated.] To emit 
moisture; to perspire; to swelter: — to toil; to 
labor; to drudge. — 3, v. a. To emit as sweat : — 
to make to sweat or perspire : — to exude. 

Sweat'y., a. Covered ur moist with sweat. 

Swede, n. A native of Sweden : — a ruta-baga. 

Swed'ish, n. The language of the Swedes.— 2, a. 
Relating to Sweden or Swedes. 

Sweep, v. a. [A.-S. swapan. — See Swift and 
Swoop. — Cf. Ger. schweif en, to sweep along, to 
rove; schweif, a train, a tail.] [i. swept; pp. 
sweeping, swept.] To move, clear, or clean with 
a broom ; to brush : — to drive oft at once. — 2, v. n. 
To pass with violence or pomp. — 3, n. The act 
of sweeping; a dash:— an engine for drawing 
water : — a chimney-sweeper : — a large oar. 

Sweep'er, it. One who sweeps. 

Sweeping, p. a. Driving or brushing away:— 
involving great Dumber or extent; unqualified. 

Sweepings, n. pi Things swept away. 

Sweep'stakes, u. (Gaming.) One who wins all: — 
a prize in a horse-race, made up of several stakes. 

Sweet, «• [A.-S. swete; Dut. zoet; Dan. soV 1 Ger. 
siiss. — Cf. Skr. svadu, sweet; scad, to pi to 

taste; L. mavis, pleasant; svadere, to persuade.] 
Pleasing to any sense; not sour; saccharine; 
fragrant: — mild; soft; grateful.- -2, n. Sweet- 
ness; something pleasing. [calf. 

Sweet' bread, n. The pancreas : — tne thymus of a 

Sweet'bri-er, n. A fragrant shrub, eglantine. 

Sweet'-cic'e-ly, v. A flagrant plant. 

Sweet'en (swe'tn), v. a. [pp. sweetening, sweet- 
ened.] To make sweet.— 2, v. »■ To grow sweet. 

Sweet'en-ing (swe'tn-ing), n. The act of making 
sweet: — that which sweetens. 

Sweet'heart, n. A lover or mistress. 

Sweet'ing, n. A sweet, luscious apiple. 

Sweet'ish, a. Somewhat sweet. 

Sweet'ly, ad. In a sweet manner; gently. 

Sweet'm'eat. ». Fruit preserved with sugar:— a 
confection or conserve. 

Sweet'ness. n. Quality of being sweet. 

Sweet'-bil, n. Olive-oil. 

Sweet' -po-ta'to, ». An esculent root. 

Swell, c.'n. [A.-S. swellan; Dut. zwellen; Icel. 
svella ; Ger. schwelkn.] [i. swelled : pp. swelling, 
swelled, swollen, or swoln.] To grow large or 
turgid; to tumefy ; to look big; to be inflated, 
puffed up, or elated. — 2, v. a. To make tumid; 
to heighten ; to inflate. — 3, n. An extension of 
bulk ; an increase : — a person ol high rank, fash- 
ion, or importance; an aristocrat: — a fop. 
[Slang.] — 4, o. Stylish; fashionable; aristo- 
cratic. [Slang.] 

Swell'ing, n. The act of enlarging in bulk; in- 
flation : — a morbid tumor; a protuberance. 

Swell'-mob, n. A collective name for thieves 
who affect the dress and manners of gentlemen. 

Swel'ter, v. n. [Cf. A.-S. sweltan, Icel. sieelta, 
Goth.' Sicilian, to die : perhaps affected by confu- 
sion with A.-S. swelan, Ger. schwelen, to burn; 
schtciil, sultry (q. v.) : confused with Welter.] 
[pp. sweltering, sweltered.] To suffer heat; to 
sweat. — 2, v. a. To oppress witli heat. 






mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — £, Q, c, £, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



SWEPT 



528 



SYLLABUS 



Swept, i. & p- from sioeep. 

Swerve, v. v. [Dut. ziverven, to swerve, to rove, 
to revel; Dan. svire, to revel; soirre, to turn, to 
whirl; svarre, svarbe, Sw. scarf va, to turn in a 
lathe; A.-S. sweorfan, to polish.] [_p^>. swerving, 
swerved.] To wander; to deviate ; to bend. 

Swet, i. & p. from sweat. 

Swift, a. [A.-S. swift; swifan, to move quickly. 
— Cf. Sweep.] Quick; fleet; nimble; rapid I; 
fast. — 2, n. A bird like a swallow : — a species of 
newt, eft, or salamander.— pi. A reel for yarn. 

Swift' -foot-ed (-fut-ed), a. Swift of foot. 

Swift'ly, ad.' Fleetly ; rapidly ; nimbly. 

Swift' ness, n. Quickness of motion ; speed ; nim- 
blenes's ; celerity ; rapidity ; velocity. 

Swig, v. n. & v. a. [Cf. A.-S. swegan, to swallow.] 
[pp. swigging, swigged.] To drink greedily. — 
2, n. A large draught. [Vulg.] 

Swill, v. a. [A.-S. swilian, to wash. — Cf. Ger. 
schwelgen, to guzzle. The connection of swill 
with swallow is very doubtful; and the old deri- 
vation of the noun from L. suillus, pertaining to 
swine (sus, a swine), is generally rejected.] [pp. 
swilling, swilled.] To drink grossly ; to drench. 
— 2, n. Swine's food. 

Swim, v. n. [A.-S. swimman; Dut. zwemmen; Icel. 
svimma; Ger. sehwimmen.) [i. swam or swum; 
pp. swimming, swum.] To float on the water; 
to move in the water; to glide along: — [A.-S. 
swima, a swimming, a faint; Icel. svimi. — Cf. 
Ger. schwiudel, dizziness] to be dizzy. — 2, v. a. 
To pass by swimming. — 3, n. A motion in 
liquid ; a sliding motion. 

Swim'mer, n. One who swims. [water. 

Swim'mi'ng, n. The act of floating on or in 

Swim'ming-ly, ad. With great success. 

Swm'dle (swin'dl), v. a. [Ger. schwindel, dizzi- 
ness; schwindeln, to be busy, to cheat; schvind- 
ler, a rash, giddy speculator, a cheat. — Cf. Ger. 
schwinden, to vanish, to die away ; A.-S. swindan, 
to languish.] [pp. swindling, swindled.] To 
cheat in trade ; to defraud. — 2, n. A fraudulent 
act ; a fraudulent scheme. 

Swin'dler, n. One who swindles; a cheat. 

Swine, n. sing. & pi. [A.-S. siein, Dut. zwijn, Dan. 
sviin, Ger. schwein, Russ. svineya, a swine ; L. sus, 
a swine; suinus, swine-like ; Gr. Ss, a swine.] A 
hog; a pig : — hogs collectively. 

Swine' -herd, u. A keeper of hogs. 

Swing, v. n. [A.-S. swingan, to scourge, to flap; 
swengan, to shake; Dan. svinge, to swing; Ger. 
schwingen, schwenken, to swing.] [i. swung; pp. 
swinging, swung.] To move or wave to and fro, 
hanging loosely ; to vibrate ; to oscillate. — 2, v. o. 
To make to play loosely ; to wave. — 3, n. The 
act of swinging; a waving motion; free course: 
— an apparatus for swinging. 

Swinge, v. a. [A.-S. swengan, to toss, to shake ; 
swingan, to whip. — See Swing.] [pp. swinge- 
ing, swinged.] To whip; to bastinade; to pun- 
ish : — to swing. 

SwingVing (swinj'ing), a. Great; huge. 

Swing'ing, a. Vibrating; waving to and fro. 

Swin'gle (swlng'gl), n. [Dut. zwingelen, to swin- 
gle ; Ger. schwinge, a swingle ; schwenkel, a pen- 
dulum. — See Swing.] A wooden knife by which 
flax is beaten or swingled : — called also swingling- 
knife, &c. — 2, v. a. [pp. swingling, swingled.] 
To beat and dress, as flax. 

SwTn'ish, a. Befitting swine; gross; brutal. 

Swink, v. a. [A.-S. swincan, to toil : closely re- 
lated to Swing.] [pp. swinking, swinked.] To 
labor; to drudge. 

Swipe, n. [See Swerp.] An engine or pole for draw- 
ing water ; a sweep. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [ pp. swiping, 
swiped.] To strike with a sweeping stroke. 

Swirl, v. n. [Norw. scirla, to whirl; sverra, to 
turn.] [pp. swirling, swirled.] To whirl.— 2, n. 
A Avhirling motion. 

Swiss, n. A native of Switzerland.— 2, a. Be- 
longing to Switzerland. 



Switch, n. [0. Dut. swiclc; Sw. siveg ; Norw. svige; 
Icel. svigi: closely related to Sway.] A small, 
flexible twig: — a movable rail or contrivance 
for transferring cars from one track of a railroad 
to another ; the shunt of an electrical apparatus, 
as a telegraph :— a quantity of false hair fastened 
together at one end, worn by ladies. —2, v. a. 
[pp. switching, switched.] To lash; to whip; 
to jerk: — to turn from one track to another; to 
shunt. 

Switch'man, w. One who manages a switch. 

Swiv'el (swlv'vl), n. [A.-S. 
swifan, to move quickly, 
to "turn ; Icel. sveifla, to 
turn. — See Swift.] A 

ring which turns on a staple : — a small cannon, 
turning on a staple. 

Swob, n. & v. See Swab. 

Swol'len (swo'ln), p. from swell. 

SwoSn, v. n. [A.-S. swogan, to sough (g. v.), to 
sigh ; geswogen, fainting ; geswownung, a faint ; 
Low Ger. swugten, to sigh, to faint.] [pp. swoon- 
ing, swooned.] To faint. — 2, n. A fainting-fit. 

SwSSp, v. a. [A.-S. swapan, to swoop, rush, or 
sweep; Icel. sveipa, to sweep or swoop; Ger. 
schweifen, to move along, to rove; A.-S. swifan, 
to move swiftly; Skr. su, Gr. o-eveiv, to drive.] 
[pp. swooping, swooped.] To seize at once; to 
catch up. — 2, v. n. To sweep downward; to 
stoop. — 3, n. A seizing upon, as a bird of prey. 

Swop, n. & v. See Swap. 

Sword (sord), n. [A.-S. sweord ; Dut. zwaard ; Dan. 
svsercl; Ger. schwert: root of Skr. stri, to kill; 
whence svarn, an arrow, a thunderbolt.] A mili- 
tary weapon : — warfare ; destruction. 

Sword' -belt, n. A belt for suspending a sword. 

Sword'-f ish (sord'f ish). n. A fish with a long, 
sharp bone issuing from its head. 

Swords/man (sordz'man), n. One who carries a 
sword; a soldier* a fighting man : — a fencer. 

Swore, i. from swear. 

Sworn, p. from swear. 

Swound, n. A swoon. [Poet.] 

Swum, i. & p. from swim. 

Swung, i. & p. from sioing. 

Syb'a-rite, n. [Gr. 2v/3aptTi75, an inhabitant of 
Sybaris, an ancient Greek city in Italy, whose 
people were noted for luxurious living.] A per- 
son devoted to luxury. 

Syb-a-rit'ic, o. Relating to Sybaris; luxurious; 
wanton. ' 

Syc'a-mine, n. [Gr. cruKdjaivos.] The mulberry. 

Syc'a-more, n. [Gr. o-u/c6ju.opos ; o-vkov, a fig, and 
fxo'pov. a mulberry ; but perhaps in reality from 
Heb. shiqmah (pi. shiqmoth), a sycamore.] The 
plane-tree ; button-wood : — a species of fig-tree : 
— a kind of maple. 

Syc'o-phan-cy,, n . Mean flattery ; servility. 

Syc'o-phant, n. [Gr. a-vKo<f>a.vTrjg, an informer, — 
literally, a fig-shower; <tvkov, a fig, and </>aiVeiv, 
to show : conjectured to mean one who reported 
the unlawful exportation of figs.] A mean flat- 
terer ; a parasite. 

Syc-o-phan'tic, \a. Relating to, or like, a 

Syc-o-phan'ti-cal, J sycophant ; fawning. 

Sy'e-'nite, n. ' [From Si/ene, in Upper Egypt.] A 
stone much like granite. 

Sy-e-nit'ic, a. Like, or composed of, syenite. 

Syl'la-ba-ry, n. An alphabet of syllables. 

Syl-lib'i'c, ' la. [Gr. a-uAAa^i/cds.] Relating to, 

Syl-lab'i-cal, J or consisting of, syllables. 

Syl-lab-i-fi'-ca'tion, n. Formation of syllables. 

Syl'la-ble,'n. [L. syllaba; Gr. avWafiri; <rvv, to- 
gether, and Aaju-jSavetv (root Aa/3-), to hold : the 
I in the last syllable is intrusive.] As much of 
a word as is uttered by the help of one vowel or 
one articulation. 

Syl'la-bub, n. See Sillabub. 

Syl'la-biis, n. [L. ; Late Gr. o-v'AAa/3o?.— See Syl- 
lable.] A compendium containing the heads 
of a discourse ; an abstract. 



a, e, 



l, o, u, y, 



a, e, i, 



y, short;, a, e, 



u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 



SYLLOGISM 



529 



SYNTAX 



Syl'lo-§ism, n. [Gr. o-v\\oyLo-p.6<; ; crvv, together, 
and \oyi^op.ai, to reckon ; Aoyo?, a word or 
reason.] (Logic.) An argument stated in the 
correct logical form, and consisting of three prop- 
ositions, the first two called the premises (major 
and minor), the third, the conclusion. 

Syl-lo-fis'tic, |«. [Gr. o-vAAo-yio-TiKos.] Re- 

Syl-lo-gis'ti-cal, J lating to or consisting of a syl- 
logism. 

Syl-lo-Hs'ti-cal-ly. ad. By means of a syllogism. 

Syl'lo-gize, v. a. [Gr. crvAAo-yc£oju.ai. — See Syllo- 
gism.] [pp. syllogizing, syllogized.] To express 
in the form of a syllogism; to formulate into a 
syllogism or syllogisms. — 2, v. n. To reason by 
syllogism. 

Syiph, n. [Fr. sylphe; referred to Gr. criA^ry. a 
beetle ; by others to Late L. suleva, sidfi, sylphi, a 
spirit : thought to be a Celtic word.] A fabled 
being of the air: — a moth. 

Syl'phid, n. [Fr. sylphide.] A little sylph. 

Syl'va, n. [L. sylva (better silva), a forest.] The 
trees of a country collectively. 

Syl'van, a. [L. silrmms.] Relating to woods; 
woody. — 2, n. A fabled deity of the woods. 

SyTvi-eult-ure, n. [L. silca, a forest, and cuttura, 
culture (q. ».).] Culture of trees; arboricult- 
ure ; forestry. 

Sym'bol, n. [L. symbolum, Gr. crv>/3oAov, a pledge, 
a sign ; crv/u.£dAA€iv, to compare, to infer; crvv, 
together, and /3<iAAeiv (root 0oA-), to throw.] 
Type ; emblem ; sign : — a compendium :— a re- 
ligious creed or confession. 

Sym-bol'ic, ) a. [Gr. o-vvj3oAik6?.] Relating to 

Sym-bol'i-cal, /symbols; emblematical. 

Sym-bSl'i-cal-ly, ad. In a symbolic manner. 

Sym'bol-isni, ». An ascription of meaning to 
symbols or emblems : — the meaning of a type or 
ceremony : — a system of emblems. 

Sym-bol-i-za'tion, n. The act of symbolizing. 

Sym'bol-Ize, v. n. [Fr. symbolUer.] [pp. symbol- 
izing, symbolized.] To have a resemblance. — 
2, o. a. To represent or set forth by emblems. 

Sym-met'ri-cal, a. Having symmetry ; harmoni- 
ous; proportional in the parts. 

Sym'me-try, n. [Gr. 0-v/ip.eTpia ; crvv, with, and 
txeTpo'v, measure.] A due proportion ; harmony. 

Sym-pa-thet'ic, ) a. Having sympathy, or a 

Sym-pa-thet'i-cal, /feeling in common. 

Sym-pa-thet'i-cal-ly, ad. With sympathy. 

Sym'pa-thize, /•.' n. [pp. sympathizing, sympa- 
thized.] To feel with or for another ; to feel 
sympathy; to feel mutually. 

Sym'pa-thy, n. [Gr. a-vixnddeia ; crvv, with, and 
naQelv, to feel.] Fellow-feeling; mutual sensi- 
bility or affection ; tenderness; pity. 

Sym-pho'ni-ous, a. [Gr. crv/u.c/>u>vos.] Harmoni- 
ous; musical. 

Sym'pho-ny, «. [Gr. <rv/x<f>tovi'a, harmony: o-vv, 
together, and c&covjj, sound.] Harmony of min- 
gled sounds : — an elaborate musical composition. 

Sym'phy-sis, n. [Gr. <rvp.<pv<n.s ; crvv, together, 
and <j)v€Lv, to grow.] A growing together, as of 
bones. 

Sym-po'si-um, «. [L. ; Gr. <Tvp.ir6<riov, a drink- 
ing-party; crvv, together, and 7760-15, a drinking; 
verbal root no-, to drink.] The act of drinking 
or feasting together ; a banquet ; a merry- 
making. 

Symp'tom (slni'tum), >?. [L. symploma ; Gr. o-u/u- 
nTu>u.a, a casualty; cru/u7rt7rTeiv, to meet; crvv, 
with, and irt7rTeiv, to fall.] An indication of 
the state of health or disease; sign ; token. 

Symp-to-mat'ic, ) «. Relating to symptoms ; 

Symp-to-mat'i-cal. / indicative. 

Symp-to-mat'i-cal-ly, ad. By symptom. 

Syn-, a prefix denoting union, is the Greek 
preposition cniv (L. cum), with, together. It is 
variously modified into sy-, syl-, and sym-. 

Syn'a-gogue, n. [L. synagoga, Gr. crwayuiyri, an 
assembly; crvv, together, and a-yio-yTj, a bringing 
or driving; dyetv, to drive.] An assembly of 



the Jews for worship : — a Jewish house of wor- 
ship. 

Syn-ar-thro'sis, n. [Gr. crvv, together, and dpOpov, 
a joint.] A conjunction of two bones. 

Syn'phro-nal, \ a. Happening at the same 

Syn-phron'i-cal, J time; synchronous. 

Syn'phro-nism, n. [Gr. crvyxpovio>t.6?. — See Syn- 
chronous. 1 Concurrence in time of two or more 
events ; a happening together. 

Syn'phro-nize, v. n. [Gr. crvyxpovi'^eiv.] [pi>. 
synchronizing, synchronized.] To agree in re- 
gard to time. 

Syn'phro-nous, a. [Gr. o-vyxpovo<; ; crvv, together, 
and xpovo<;, time.] Happening at the same time ; 
synchronal ; synchronical. 

Syn-cll'nal, a. [Gr. crvv, together, and *Aiveiv, 
to incline.] (Geol.) Noting the line of depres- 
sion between two anticlinal axes. 

Syn'co-pate, v. a. [L. syncopare, eynmpahim, to 
faint, — strictly, to cut short. — See Syncope.] [pp. 
syncopating, syncopated.] To contract, as a word. 

Syn-co-pa'tion, n. Contraction of a word by syn- 
cope. — (Mue.) Interruption of the regular 'meas- 
ure ; inversion of the order of notes. 

Syn'co-pe, ti. [L. ; Gr. o-vyKomf), a cutting short, 
a faint; o-vv, together, and kotttciv (base *o--), 
to cut.] The omission of one or more letters in 
the middle of a word. — (Med.) A fainting-fit. 

Syn'cre-tism, n. [Gr. <rvyKpriTio-p.6g, Cretan be- 
havior; crvv, together, and Kp^ri^iv, to behave 
like a Cretan, to lie.] The blending of the tenets 
of different scholars or sects into one system. 

Syn'dic, «. [Gr. o-vv5iko?, a magistrate; o-vv, 
with, and 81x17, justice.] A magistrate; a cu- 
rator ; a government official. 

Syn'di-cate, n. [Fr. syndtcaL] A council of syn- 
dics: — a body of persons organized fur business 
purposes. — 2, r. a. [pp. syndicating, syndicated.] 
To pass sentence ; to judge. 

Sy-nec'do-che, n. [Gr. ctwckSoxj? ; o-vv, together, 
e*, out,' and' 6e'xoju.ai, I receive.] (RheL) A fig- 
ure by which a part is put for the whole, or the 
whole for a part, a genus for a species, or a spe- 
cies for a genus. 

Syn-ec-doph'i-cal, a. Implying a synecdoche. 

Syn'od, n. [L. synodus, Gr. crvvoSo?, a meeting ; crvv, 
together, and 6665, a way, a coming.] An eccle- 
siastical assembly; a convention; a council : — an 
assembly composed of two or more presbyteries. 

Syn'o-dal, a. Relating to a synod ; synodic. 

Sy-nod'ic, \a. [Gr. crvvocu/co?.] Reiating to a 

Sy-nod'i-cal, / synod; transacted in a synod. 

Syn'o-nyme, n. [Fr. synomme. — See Synonymous. ] 
One of two or more words of the same language 
which have the same or similar signification : — 
written also synonym. 

Sy-non'y-mofis, a. [Gr. crvvt6vv|uos : crvv, with, and 
ovofAaorbvvfxa, a name (q. v.).] Relating to syno- 
nymes : — having the same or similar meaning. 

Sy-non'y-mous-ly, ad. In a synonymous manner. 

Sy-non'y-my, n. [Gr. o-vvujwp.ia.] The quality 
of expressing by different words the same thing : 
— the use of synonymous words. 

Sy-nop'sis, n. ; pi. Sy-nop'se?. [L. ; Gr. crvVo^i?, 
a complete view ; o-vv, together, and 6\jji<;, a see- 
ing; verbal root 6--. to see.] A collective view 
of a subject; general view; abridgment. 

Sy-nop'tic, a. [Gr. o-wotttikos— See Synopsis.] 
Taking the same general view. 

Sy-nop'ti-cal-ly, ad. In a synoptic manner. 

Sy-nop'tjst, n. An author of synoptic writings. 

Sy-no'vi-a, n. [Gr. crvv, with, and tiof, L. cu-ian, 
an egg: it resembles the white of egg.] A fluid 
secreted in the joints. 

Syn-tac'ti-cal, a. Pertaining to syntax. 

Syn-tac'ti-cal-ly, ad. Conformably to syntax. 

Syn' tax, n. [L. syntaxis, Gr. crvvTa£i<;, an arrange- 
ment; crvv, with, and ra£is, order; rdcrcretv 
(root raze-), to arrange.] That part of grammar 
which teaches th« proper construction of sen- 
tences:— arrangement of words in sentences. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, c>, 5, £, soft; p, ja, p, §, hard; s as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 
X ii 45 



SYNTHESIS 



530 



TACTILE 



Syn'the-sis, w. ; pi. Syn'the-ses. [Gr. avvQeois; 
avv, together, and fleeris, a putting. — See The- 
sis.] The act of putting together different in- 
gredients to form a compound ; composition : — 
opposed to analysis. 

Sy.n-thet'ie, 1 a. [Gr. avvOeTtKo^.— See Syn- 

Syn-thet'i-cal, J thesis.] Relating to synthesis; 
compounding: not analytic. 

Syn-thet'i-cal-ly, ad. By synthesis. 

Syph'i-Hs, n. [From Syphilus, a personage in a 
poem of 1530, by Frascatoro; Gr. trus, a swine, 
and <£i'Aos, loving.] (Med.) The venereal disease. 

Syph-i-lit'ic, «. Contaminated with syphilis. 

Sy'phon, n. See Siphon. 

Sy'ren, n. See Siren. 

Syr'i-ac, n. The language of ancient Syria. — 2, a. 
Relating to Syria or its language. 

Sy.-rin'ga, n, [Neo-Latin ; Gr. avpiyg, a pipe.] A 
genus of shrubs, the lilac. 

Syr'in£e, n. [Fr. siringue ; L. syrinx, syringis, a 
pipe; Gr. ovpiyi;, a reed.] A pipe to squirt or 
inject a liquid with. — 2, v. a, [pp. syringing, 
syringed.] To cleanse with a syringe : — to inject 
through a syringe. 



Syr'up, n. Same as Sirup. 

Sys'tem, n. [L. syslema; Gr. avarrnxa ; avv, to- 
gether, and the base arr\-, to stand' (q. ».).] A 
combination of parts into a whole ; a complete 
body ; a method ; a scheme. 

Sys-tem-at'ic, \a. [Gr. avaTr)p.aTiKo<;.] Re- 

Sys-tem-at'i-cal, J lating to a system ; methodical. 

Sys-tem-at'i-cal-ly, ad. Methodically. 

Sys'tem-a-tist, \n. One who reduces things to 

Sys' tem-a-tiz-er, J a system. 

Sys'tem-a-tize'tsjs-tem'a-tiz, W.], v. a. [Fr. .sys- 
tematise*-.] [pp. systematizing, systematized.] 
To reduce to a system; to methodize; to regu- 
late ; to harmonize. [general system. 

Sy.s-tem'ic, a. Pertaining to a system, or to the 

Sys'to-le, n. [Gr. avaroX-q, a contraction ; avv, 
together, and oreWeiv, to send.] (Anal.) Con- 
traction of the heart.— (Rhel.) The shortening 
of a long syllable. 

Syz'y.-§y. (siz'e-je), w. [Gr. avfryta, a conjunc- 
tion, a union; av^vyos, conjoined; avv, with, 
and ^evyvvfjn, I join ; ^vyo^, a yoke.] The place 
of the moon, or of a planet, when it is either in 
apposition with, or in opposition to, the sun. 



Ta mute consonant, has always, at the begin- 
5 ning and end of words, the same sound, ex- 
cept when placed before h. 

Tab, n. [Of. Dut. top, Ger. zopfi, a tuft.] An orna- 
mental pendant :— a tag. 

Tab'ard, n. [Fr. ; Sp. tabardo, L. tapete, hangings. 
— See Tapestry.] A short gown; a coat with- 
out sleeves ; a herald's coat. 

Tab'by, n. [Fr. talis; Sp. tubi,— formerly attabi; 
Arab, utabi; named from a quarter of Bagdad, 
•which was so called in honor of the Omeyyad 
prince Attab.] A kind of rich, waved silk. — 
2, v. a. [pp. tabbying, tabbied.] To give a 
wavy appearance to.— 3, a. Brinded ; brindled ; 
varied in color. 

Tab'e-fy, v. n. [Fr. tabefier; L. labefieri; tabere, 
to waste, and fieri, to become.] [pp. tabefying, 
tabefied.] To waste away ; to emaciate. — 2, v. a. 
To make lean. 

Tab'er-na-cle, u. [Fr. ; L. tabernacnlum, dim. of 
labenia,'a shed.— See Tavern.] A tent or pavil- 
ion : — a place of worship ; a box ; a pyx. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. tabernacling, tabernacled.] To dwell; to 
sojourn. 

Ta'bes, n. [L.] (Med.) Emaciation ; atrophy. 

Tab'id, a. [L. tabidus, wasting ; tabes, decay ; ta- 
bere, to waste.] Wasted or wasting by disease ; 
consumptive. 

Ta'ble, n. [Fr.; L. tabula; Dut. & Ger. tafel; root 
ta, to stretch.] Any flat or level surface: — a 
piece of furniture used for bearing food, &c. : — 
fare ; entertainment : — a board : — a tablet :— an 
index ; a collection of heads or numbers ; a cata- 
logue; a li-t; a syllabus; a synopsis. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. tabling, tabled.] To board.— 3, v. a. To 
set down : — to reject ; to postpone. 

Tableau (tiib-lo 7 ), w. ; pi. Tableaux (tab-loz'). 
[Fr. ; dim. of table.] A picture :— a list ; a table. 

Ta'ble-cloth, n. Linen spread on a table. 

Table-d note (ta'bl-dof), n. [Fr.] An ordinary; 
a public table at a hotel. 

Ta'ble-land, n. Level, elevated land; a plateau. 

Ta'ble-spSon', n. A large spoon. 

Ta-ble-sp66n'ful, n. ; pi. Ta-ble-sp88n'ful§. 
Enough to fill a table-spoon. 

Tab'let, «. [Fr. lablette, dim. of table, a table.] A 
small table ; a level surface : — a memorandum- 
book : — a form of medicine. 

Ta'ble-talk (ta'bl-tawk), n. Discourse at table. 



Ta-b88', n. [Polynesian, tabu.] A strict or re- 
ligious interdict. — 2, v. a. [pp. tabooing, ta- 
booed.] To interdict; to prohibit. 

Ta'bor, n. [Per. tabir ; 0. Fr. tubour.— See Tam- 
bot'tr.] A drum beaten with one stick. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. taboring, tabored.] To beat lightly and 
frequently. [taboret. 

Tab' ret, n. [Dim. of Tabor.] A small tabor; a 

Tab'u'-lar, a. [L. tabularis.— See Table.] Relating 
to a ta'ble ; being in the form of tables or synop- 
ses : — laminated. 

Tab'u-late, v. a. [L. tabula, a table.] [pp. tabu- 
lating, tabulated.] To reduce to tables. 

Tab-u-la'tion, n. The process or result of tabu- 
lating. 

Tac-a-ma-hac', n. [Probably a South- American 
name.] A tree : — a resin of various kinds, 

Ta-phyg'ra-phy, n. [Gr. Ta\v<;, swift, and ypd- 
'4>eiv, to write.] The art of quick writing. 

Tac'it, a. [L. lacitus, silent; tacere, to be silent.] 
Silent; implied; not expressed. 

Tac'it-ly, ad. Without words; by implication. 

Tac'i-tiirn, or. [L. tacilurnus.— See Tacit.] HaMt- 
uaily silent; reserved. [silence. 

Tac-i-tiirn'i-ty, n. [L. tacitnrnitas.] Habitual 

Tack, v. a. [Irish, laca ; Gael, tacaid ; Breton, tach ; 
Low Ger. lakk: akin to Take and Tag.] [pp. 
tacking, tacked.] To join ; to unite; to fasten. 
— 2, v. n. To turn about, as a ship. — 3, »?. A 
small nail : — the course of a ship: — a rope; a 
weather-clew or corner of a sail : — a lease. 

Tack'le, n. [Sw. iackel, Dan. tukkel, Dut. takel, 
tackle; Sw. tackla, Dan. table, Dut. takelen, to 
rig: root of Take. Tackle is that which holds.] 
Rigging; instruments of action; a pulley or 
system of pulleys; tackling.— 2, r. a. [}ip. 
tackling, tackled.] To supply with tackle; to 
harness :— [Colloq.] to attack. 

Tack'lingr, n. Sailing-apparatus; tackle. 

Tact, n. [L. lactus, touch; tangere, tactum, to 
touch.] Skill; nice discernment ; expertness. 

Tac'ti-cal, o. [Gr.. tcuctiko?.] Relating to tactics. 

Tac-ti"cian (-tlsh'an), n. One skilled in tactics. 

Tac'tics, n. pi. [Gr*. rouci-i/ca ; T&aaeiv, to arrange ; 
TaKTos, arranged.] The science of disposing 
military and naval armaments for battle; mili- 
tary and naval preparations and manoeuvres. 

Tac'tile, a. [L. taclilis.— See Tact.] Tangible:— 
pertaining to touch. 



O) u, y. 



long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, X. obscure,— Tare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



TACTILITY 



531 



TAMPER 



Tac-til'i-ty, n. Perceptibility by the touch. 

Tact'u-al, <*. Relating to touch. 

Tad'pole, n. [Referred to Toad, and Poll, the 
head.] A young larval frog or toad. 

Ta'en (tan). A contraction of taken. 

Taf'fe-ta, \n. [Fr. taffetas, It. taffeta, Per. tdf- 

Taf'fe-ty, f toft, taffety, — woven, twisted ; taftan, to 
twist.]' A thin, smooth, glossy, silk stuff, check- 
ered, flowered, or striped. 

Taff'rail, n. [Dut. tafereel, a panel ; dim. of tafel, 
a table (7. v.).] A rail round, or carved work 
on, a ship's stern: — written also tafferel. 

Taffy, n. [See Duff.] A sort of candy ; toffy. 

Tag-,**. [Svv. lagg, Low Ger. takk, a point; Ger. 
zacke, a tooth.— See Tack.] A point of metal at 
the end of a string : — a touch or blow : — a play 
of children; tig.— 2, v. a. [pp. tagging, tagged.] 
To fit with a tag; to join :— to follow. 

Tag'-ragr, n. The lowest people; the rabble. 

Tail, n. [A.-S. tsegl, tsegel; Icel. tagel; Ger. zagel] 
The hinder part or appendage of an animal; 
end.— [See Entail.] (Law.) Limitation. 

Tailed (t.lld), a. Furnished with a tail or tails. 

Tail'ings, v. pi. The refuse part of ore. 

Tai'lor (tr/lur), n. [Fr. tailleur ; tailler, to cut; 
tattle, a tally, a cutting; L. tdlea, a stick, a cut- 
ting.,] One who makes clothes. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
tailoring, tailored.] To perform the work of a 

Tai'lor-ess, n. A female tailor. [tailor. 

Tai'lor-ing-, n. The business or work of a tailor. 

Tail'-piece, n. A piece added; an appendage. 

Taint, v. a. [Fr. teint; teindre, to stain; L. tin- 
gere, tinctum, to tinge (q. v.).] [pp. tainting, 
tainted.] To sully; to infect; to corrupt; to 
defile; to pollute'; to contaminate. — 2, n. A 
stain ; infection ; corruption. 

Take, v. a. [Icel. laka ; Sw. taga; Dan. tage ; 
Goth, tekan : akin to L. tangere, lactam, to touch.] 
[i. took; pp. taking, taken.] To receive : — to 
seize; to catch; to accept what is offered; cor- 
relative of give, and opposed to refuse: — to hold: 
— to copy : — to endure; to bear:' — to admit; to 
suppose : — to hire : — to use, as an oath. — 2, v. n. 
To incline; to gain reception. 

Ta/ken (ta'kn), p. from take. 

Ta'ker, n. One who takes. 

Tak'ing;, n. A seizure : — a portrait : — distress. — 
2, p. a. Pleasing; alluring: — infectious. 

Talc [tlwk, S. P.], n. [Fr. ; Sp. talco; Arab, talq.] 
A foliated niagnesian mineral of pearly lustre. 

Talck'y, «. Of the nature of talc ; talcose. 

Tal-cose', ) a. (Min.) Relating to, or resembling, 

Tafcous, j talc; talcky. 

Tale, h. [A.-S. tain, Sw. tal, a number or narra- 
tive; Dut. taal, language; Icel. tal, talk; Ger. 
zahl, number.-— See T.cll.] A narrative; a story; 
a fable ; a novel; a legend : — a numeral account; 
a reckoning. 

Tale'-bear-er, n. An officious, malignant, or tri- 
fling informer; a telltale. 

Tala'-bear-ing;, w. The act of informing. 

Tal'ent, n. [L. talentum, Gr. r6.\avTov, a balance, 
a weight, a sum of money ; root of L. tollere, to 
lift.] A weigiit anciently used for money : — a 
faculty; endowment: abiiity; gift; genius. 

Tal'ent-ed, «. Possessing talents;' gifted. 

Ta'les, )i. pi. [L.] (Law.) Persons summoned to 
serve on a jury from by-standers or persons pres- 
ent in curt; talesmen. 

Tales/man, v. (Lair.) A person among the by- 
standers summoned to serve on a jury. 

Tal'i-pat, \ n. [Singhalese.] A fine tall palm 

T"\l'i-pot, ) crowned with large, fan-like leaves. 

Tal'is-man, n. [Fr. & Sp. ; Arab, lilsam, pi. tilsa- 
man, a talisman; from Gr. TeAecr/aa, a payment, 
— later, an initiation, a mystery; reAeeiv, to 
complete; re'Ao?, an end.] A magical character 
or figure; a spell. 

Tal-is-man'ic, a. Relating to talismans. 

Talk (tawk)', r . n. [Icel. tnlka, Sw. tolka, Dan. 
tolke, to interpret, to explain; Icel. tulkr, Dan., 



Dut., & Sw. lolJc, an interpreter; from the Lith. 
lulkus, an interpreter. — Cf. Skr. tark, to suppose, 
to talk; Russ. talk, sense, interpretation, report.] 
[pp. talking, talked.] To speak ; to converse. — 
2, m. Oral conversation ; speech ; familiar dis- 
course ; chat : report ; rumor. 

Talk'a-tive (tawk'a-tiv), a. Loquacious. 

Talk'a-tive-ness (tawk'a-tiv-nes), n. Loquacity. 

Talk'er (tawk'er), n. One "who talks. 

Tail, a. [Welsh & Cornish tal, high; Irish talla, 
fit, right, just; A.-S, til, fit, good, excellent; 
tela, leala, well, excellently.] High in stature; 
lofty; elevated. 

Tall'ness, n. Height of stature. 

Tal'15w (tal'lo), n. [Dan. & Ger. talg ; Dut. talk; 
0. Dut. talgh.] A sort of animal fat or suet. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. tallowing, tallowed.] To smear 
with tallow. [tallow candles. 

Tal'low-chand-ler, n. A maker of, or dealer in, 

Tal'low-y, a. Resembling tallow; greasy. 

Tal'ly, v. a. [Fr. taille, a notch, a tally ; L. talea, 
a stick ; Fr. taille, notched. — See Tailor, j [gp. 
tallying, tallied.] To make to fit; to fit; to 
suit. — 2, v. n. To be fitted; to conform.— 3, u. 
Any thing made to suit another: — a stick 
notched to keep accounts. 

Tal-ly-ho', u. & mtetj. [Fr. taiattl; from au taillis, 
to the copse-wood : this call on repetition be- 
comes almost like taiuul in its pronunciation.] 
The huntsman's cry to his dogs. 

Tal' mud, n. [Ohaldee for "instruction;" Heb. 
tabni'd, a scholar ; lamad, to learn.] A book con- 
taining the traditions or unwritten laws of the 
Jews. [Talmud; Talmudical. 

Tal-mud'ic, or Tal'mud-ic, a. Belonging to the 

Tal-mud'i-cal, a. Belonging to the Talmud. 

Tal'mud-ist," n. One versed in the Talmud. 

Tal'on, n. [Fr. talon ; L. talus, later lalo, the heel.] 
The claw of a bird of prey. 

Ta'lus, n. [L.] (Anal.) The ankle-bone.— (Fort.) 
A slope in a rampart or wall. — (Min.) A heap 
of fragments at the foot of a great rock. 

Tam'a-ble, a. That may be tamed. 

Tam'a-rack, n. [Fr. tamarae; probably of Algon- 
kin origin] The larch-tree ; hackmatack. 

Tam'a-rmd, n. [Fr. tamarin; Sp. & It. tamarindn; 
Arab, lamr, a date ; Heb. tamar, a palm; Arab. 
Hind, India; tamr 'id Hind, the Indian date.] A 
tree hearing an acid fruit. — pi. A preserve made 
of the fruit. 

Tam'a-risk, n. [Fr. tamaris; L. tamarur. or tama- 
risens; Skr. tamalaka, the black tree; tamos, 
darkness.] A flowering tree or shrub. 

Tam'bour (tam'bor) [tam'bur, Sm. C. St.], n. [Fr.; 
Sp. lambor ; It. tamburo; Arab, tambur. — See 
Tabor.] A musical instrument ; a tambourine ; 
a little drum:— a drum-like frame to stretch 
cloth to be embroidered. 

Tam-bou-rine' (tam-bo-ren'), n. [Fr. tambourin. 
— See Tambour.] A kind of drum. 

Tame, a. [A.-S., Dut., & Dan. (am; Ger. zalim. — 
Cf. Skr. dam, Gr. dafxaeiv, L. domare, to tame.] 
Not wild; accustomed to domestic life; gentle; 
subdued :— spiritless ; dull. — 2, v. a. [pp. taming, 
tamed.] To make tame ; to reclaim. 

Tame'ly, ad. Not wildly : — spiritlessly. 

Tame'ness, n. Quality of being tame. 

Ta-mil' - [tam'Tl, N. 1.], n. [Its native name.] 
The most cultivated of the Dravidian family of 
tongues, spoken in India and the north of ( 'ey'lon. 

Tam'my, «• [Fr. tamis or ttamine ; 0. Fr. estamine ; 
L. stamineus; from stamen, a thread (g. v.).] A 
thin woollen stuff highly glazed: — a bolter or 
strainer. 

Tamp, v. a. [Fr. etawper, to stamp ; Prov. tampir, 
to tap, to strike.] [pp. tamping, tamped.] To 
fill, as a hole bored in a rock for blasting, with 
brickdust, &c. 

Tam'per, v. «. [A modification of Temper in the 
sense of to moderate.] [pp. tampering, tam- 
pered.] To meddle ; to practise secretly. 






mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — C, Q, 5, £, soft; JD, fSr, e, g;, hard; § as z ; ? as g;z ; this. 



TAMPION 



532 



TAERAGON 



Tam'pi-on, n. See Tompion and Tampon. 

Tam'pon, n. [Fr. ; also tapon or tape, a plug or 
tap (<}. v.).] A plug; a wad. 

Tan, v. a. [Bret, tann, an oak ; Ger. tanne, a fir- 
tree; Fr. tan, oak bark.] [pp. tanning, tanned.] 
To convert skins into leather : — to make tawny ; 
to embrown by the sun. — 2, n. Bark of tbe 
oak, &c, bruised ; ooze. 

Tan'a-ger, n. [From a Brazilian name.] A genus 
of handsome birds. 

Tan'dem, ad. [L. tandem, at length.] A term 
denoting a method of driving two horses, one 
before the other. 

Tang, n. [But. tang, tongs (q. v.), pincers; 0. But. 
tanger, tart, nipping.] A strong taste : — [equiva- 
lent to Tinkle] a clang ; a ringing sound : — [sea 
Tangle] a sea-weed: — [Icel. tangi, a spit or 
point. — See Tongs] the projecting' part of any 
thing securing it to a handle. 

Tan'gen-cy, n. The act of touching; taction. 

Tan'gent, n. [L. tangere, part, tangentis: Gr. ver- 
bal root ray-, to touch.] A right line touching 
a curve line. 

Tan'£-er-ine, n. [From the town of Tangier.] A 
variety of orange. 

Tan'gi-ble, o. [Fr. ; L. langibilis ; tangere, to 
touch.] That may be touched. 

Tan'gle (tang'gl), v. a. [Icel. thb'ngull, sea-weed; 
thang, kelp or tang.] [pp. tangling, tangled.] To 
implicate ; to entrap. — 2, v. n. To be entangled. 
— 3, n. A knot of things interwoven : — sea-weed. 

Tan'ist, n. [Irish tanaiste, second,— hence, a lord, 
one of second rank.] {Irish Hist.) An elective 
lord or landed proprietor. 

Tan'jst-ry, n. [Ireland.] A tenure of land by 
election for life. 

Tank, n. [Port. tanque, Sp. estanque, Fr. etang, L. 
stagnum, a pool (Marathi tanken, Guzerati tanki, 
a reservoir, are probably from the Portuguese).] 
A cistern of water ; a reservoir. 

Tank'ard, n. [O. But. tanckaert; 0. Fr. tanquard; 
corrupted from L. canthariis, Gr. xavtfapos, a pot, 
a cup.] A drinking-vessel with a cover. 

Tan'ner, n. One who tans leather. 

Tan'ner-y, n. [Fr. tannerie.— See Tan.] A place 
for tanning; a tanyard. 

Tan'nic, a. Noting an acid which tans leather. 

Tan'nin, n. [Fr. tannin or tanin.— See Tan.] Tan- 
nic acid. 

Tan' -pit, n. A pit in which leather is tanned. 

Tan'sy, n. [Fr. tanaisie ; Sp. tanaceto ; Late L. 
tanacetum, tansetum (which originally meant a 
tansy-bed) ; all corrupted from Gr. aOavaaia, 
immortality; a privative, and Odvaros, death. — 
Cf. Immortelle, Amaranth, Life Everlasting, 
and other similar plant-names : probably sug- 
gested by the enduring nature of the plant.] 
An odorous plant or herb. 

Tan'ta-lize, v. a. [From Tantalus, who was fabled 
to be placed up to his chin in water of which he 
was not allowed to drink.] [pp. tantalizing, 
tantalized.] To torment with false hopes; to 
tease ; to provoke. 

Tan'ta-mount, a. [Old Law Fr. tant amnnte, 
amounts to as much; Fr. tant, L. tardus, so 
much, and 0. Fr. amonter, to amount.] Equiva- 
lent; equal. 

Tan-trv'y, or Tan'ti-vy, ad. [Imitative of the 
sound of a hunting'horn.] At full speed. 

Tan'trums, n. pi. [Cf. Welsh tant, a start, an im- 
pulse'.] High airs or freaks; bursts of passion 
or ill-humor. [Vulgar.] 

Tan'yard, n. A place for tanning; tannery. 

Tap, v. a. [Fr. taper or tapoter. — Cf. Ger. tap, the 
paw, — also, a kick or blow ; Icel. tapsa, to tap. 
Similar imitative words of like meaning are 
found in Arabic, Malay, and other languages.] 
[pp. tapping, tapped.] To touch lightly : — [A.-S. 
tieppan ; But. tappen; Icel. tappa] to broach; to 
draw off. — 2, n. A gentle blow: — [A.-S. tseppc ; 
But. & Ban. tap ; Ger. zapfen] a pipe ; a spile. 



Tape, n. [A.-S. tseppe, a fillet; L. tapete. hang- 
ings, cloth.— See Tapestry.] A narrow fillet or 
band of linen. 

Ta'per, n. [A.-S. taper, tapor ; Irish, tapar ; Welsh, 
tampr.] A wax candle ; a small light :— gradual 
contraction.— 2, a. [For faper-like : candles are 
usually smaller toward the top.] Growing gradu- 
ally smaller toward the end; pvramidal; coni- 
cal; tapering.— 3, v. n. [pp. tapering, tapered.] 
To grow gradually smaller.— 4, v. u. To make 
gradually smaller. 

Ta'per-ing, p. a. Growing gradually smaller. 

Ta'per-ness, n. The state of being taper. 

Tap'es-try, n. [Fr. tapisserie; tapis, Ger. teppich, 
a carpet; L. tapete, hangings; Gr. ranr)?, a rug; 
Per. tabastah, a carpet or cushion.] Ornamental, 
figured cloth for lining walls of apartments. — 
2, v. a. [pp. tapestrying, tapestried.] To adorn 
with tapestry. 

Tape'-worm (-wiirm), n. Along intestinal worm. 

Tap-i-o'ca, n. [Brazilian (Tupi) tipioka, the juice 
of the manioc] A nutritious substance from the 
root of the manioc plant. [sembling the hog. 

Ta'pir, n. [Brazilian (Tupi), aprfra.] An animal re- 
Tapis (tap'e or ta/pis), n. [Fr.J A carpet ; a cloth 
for a table. — On the tapis, under consideration. 

Tap'pet, n. [From the verb Tap.] A small lever 
or cam. 

Tap'-r68t, n. The principal stem of a root. 

Tap'ster, n. [A.-S. tseppeslere (fern.).— See Tap.] 
One who draws beer, &c. 

Tar, n. [A.-S. teoru, teru, taw.; But. leer; Ban. 
tiuere; Ger. theer.] A dark, liquid pitch: — a 
sailor. — 2, v. a. [pp. tarring, tarred.] To smear 
over with tar. 

Tar-an-tel'la, n. [It. ; named from the belief that 
the bite of the tarantula was followed by fits of 
dancing, or that its ill effects would be cured 
by dancing.] An Italian dance. 

Ta-ran'tu-la, n. [Neo-Latin ; It. tarautola; from 
Taranto or Tarentmn, a town of Italy.] A ven- 
omous sort of spider. [Moving slowly. 

Tar'di-grade, a. [L. tardus, slow, and gradi, to go.] 

Tiir'di-ly, ad. In a tardy manner; slowly. 

Tar'dj-ness, n. Slowness; lateness. 

Tar'dy, a. [Fr. tardif, slow; iard, late; L. tardus, 
slow.] Slow ; sluggish ; dilatory ; late. 

Tare, n. [Probably that which tears or destroys.] 
A weed : — the vetch :— [Sp. & It. tara, Arab. 
tarha, allowance ; tarh, throwing ; taruha, he 
threw] an allowance in weight for tbe cask, 
bag, &c. — 2, i. from tear. Tore. 

Targe, n. [See Target.] A buckler or shield. 

Tar'get, n. [A.-S. targe; Fr. targe; Sp. taija ; It. 
targa; Ger. tartsche : probaMy from root of Ger. 
zarge, a frame ; but cf. Arab, durkat, darakat, a 
shield.] A kind of buckler or shield worn on 
the left arm : — a mark to be shot at. 

Tar' gum, n. [Chaldee; largem, to interpret. — See 
Bragoman.] A Jewish paraphrase on some por- 
tion of Scripture in Cbaldee. 

Tar'gum-ist, n. A writer in the Targums. 

Tar' iff, n. [Sp. larifa, Arab, tar if, giving informa- 
tion ; arf, knowledge ; arafa, he knew.] A table 
or schedule of duties payable to government on 
merchandise : — a list of charges or prices. 

Tar'la-tan, n. [Fr. tarlalane ; It. tarlato, moth- 
eaten ; tarh, a moth.] A very thin dress stuff. 

Tarn, n. [Icel. tjorn; Local Sw. tarn, tjiirn.] A 
mountain lake ; a fen ; a pool. 

Tar'nish, «. a. [Fr. ternir, part, ternissant, to tar- 
nish; terne, dim. — Cf. A.-S. dernan, to hide; 
derne, secret, hidden.] [pp. tarnishing, tar- 
nished.] To sully; to soil; to stain. — 2, v. n. 
To lose brightness. 

Tar-paul'ing, n. [Tar and Local E. palling, a 
pall, a covering. — See Pall.] Tarred canvas: — 
a sailor : — written also tarpawling and tarpaulin. 

Tar'ra-gon, n. [Sp. tarragona, tarragontia; Arab. 
& Per. tarkhun, dragon-wort; from Gr. opatcutv, 
a dragon (//. v.).] A plant, called herb-dragon. 



a, e, I, 5, u, y, long ; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



TARRY 



533 



TEAMSTER 



Tar'ry, v. n. [0. Fr. larger, Late L. (fictive) tardl- 
cure, L. tardare, to delay. — See Tardy.] [pp. 
tarrying, tarried.] To stay ; to delay ; to wait. — 
2, n. A delay ; a stay. 

Tar'ry., a. Consisting of tar; resembliug tar. 

Tar'sus, n. ; pi. Tar' si. [L.] The ankle. 

Tart, a. [A.-S. teart, sharp; from tier, to tear 
(q. v.).] Sour; acid; sharp; keen; severe. — 
2, n. [Fr. turle or tourte ; It. tartara or torta ; L. 
torquere, tortum, to twist.] A small pie. 

Tar'tan, n. [Fr. tartan; 0. Fr. tiretaiue, linsey- 
woolsey ; Sp. tiritafta, thin cloth ; tiritar, to 
shiver.] A kind of checked woollen stuff: — 
[Fr. tartane; Sp. & It. tartana. — Cf. Arab, larrnd, 
a kind of ship: similar words are found in San- 
skrit and in Slavic languages] a small coasting- 
vessel with one mast. 

Tar' tar, n. [Fr. tarlre; Late L. tartarum; Per. 
durdi, Arab, durd, durdiij, sediment.] A con- 
crete salt : — a person of irritable temper : — [Per. 
Tatar] a native of Tartary. 

Tar-ta're-an, a. [L. Tartarus; Gr. Taprapos, the 
lower world.] Infernal. 

Tar-tar'ic, a. (Cheni.) Noting an acid from tartar. 

Tar'tar-ous, a. Consisting of, or like, tartar. 

Tart'ly, ad. Sharply ; sourly ; with acidity. 

Tart'ness, n. Sharpness ; sourness ; severity. 

Tar'trite, n. (Ohem.) A salt composed of tar- 
taric'acid and a base. 

Task, n. [0. Fr. tasqne ; Fr. tdche ; Late L. tnsca, 
by metathesis for taxa. a tax (q. v.).] Employ- 
ment ; business imposed ; something to be done ; 
labor; work; a lesson. — 2, v. a. [pp. tasking, 
tasked.] To impose a task on. 

Task'mas-ter, n. One who imposes tasks. 

Tas'sel (t.is'sel or to>'sl), n. [A.-S. tastil, Fr. las- 
seau, 0. Fr. tassel, a bracket; It. tassello, a collar, 
a square; Late L. tassellus, L. taxdlus, a dim. of 
talus, a die, a knuckle-bone.] An ornamental 
bunch of silk, ribbon, &c. : — the flower or bead 
of some plants, as of maize. — 2, v. n. [pp. tassel- 
ling, tasselled.] To put forth a tassel, as maize. 

Taste, v. a. [Fr. later, 0. Fr. taster, It. taetare, to, 
taste, to feel, to prove; fictive L. taxitare, fre- 
quentative oftaxare, to feel, to handle, intensive 
of taugere, lactam, to touch.] [pp. tasting, tasted,] 
To perceive by the palate; to eat; to eat a little 
of. — 2, v. n. To have a flavor. — 3, n. Act of 
tasting; sense of tasting; a sensation made on 
the tongue and palate; flavor; relish: — intel- 
lectual discernment or relish for the works of 
nature or art. 

Tast'ed, a. Having: a particular relish or taste. 

Taste'ffil, a. Showing or possessing good taste. 

Taste'ffil-ly, ad. In a tasteful manner. 

Taste'less, a. Having no taste; insipid. 

Taste'less-ness, n. Insipidity ; want of taste. 

Tast'i-ly, ad. In a tasty manner. 

Tast'y, a. Having taste; nice; fine; tasteful. 

Tat'ter, v. a. [Icel. toturr, Norw. lotra, a rag, a 
torn garment; Low Ger. taltern, rags.] [pp. 
tattering, tattered.] To tear; to rend. — 2, n. A 
rag.— pi. Rags ; a ragged dress. 

Tat-ter-de-mal'ion, n. A ragged fellow. 

Tat' ting, n. [Hind, tat, a kind of cloth; tatta, a 
screen.] A kind of narrow lace. 

Tat' tie (tat'tl), v. n. [Low Ger. taleln, to tattle ; 
ttik'ler, a tattler : imitative.] [pp. tattling, tat- 
tled.] To prate; to talk idly; to blab.— 2, n. 
Prate ; idle chat ; trifling talk. 

Tat' tier, n. An idle talker; a prater. 

Tat-t86\ n. [0. E. taptoo, Dut. t.aploe, a tattoo; 
tap, a beer-faucet, and toe, closed, put-to, shut : 
it was a signal for closing the drinking- places 
about a camp.] A beat of drum at night: — 
[Polynesian, tatau; ta, a mark, or to strike] a 
puncture, or a figure formed by punctures, on 
the body. — 2, v. a. [pp. tattooing, tattooed.] 
To form figures on the body by puncturing the 
6kin and staining it. [Stretched out ; tense. 

Taught (tiiwt), i. & p. from teach. — 2, a. (Naut.) 



Taunt (ta'nt or tawnt), v. a. [Fr. tenter, 0. Fr. 
tenter, tauter, L. teutare, to try, to assail, to vex, to 
tempt (q. v.) ; possibly influenced in English by 
0. Fr. taunt pour taunt, tit for tat, a full equiva- 
lent ; Fr. tant, L. tardus, so great.] [pp. taunting, 
taunted.] To reproach ; to insult; to revile; to 
jeer. — 2, n. Insult ; sarcastic reproach. 

Taunt'ing-ly, ad. With insult. 

Tau'rus, n. [L. ; Gr. ravpc^. — Cf. Steer.] (Astron.) 
The 'Bull, the second sign in the zodiac. 

Taut, a. [Dan. taet, tight (7. v.).] Tight ; stretched 
tightly. 

Tau-to-lof'ic, \ a. Repeating the same thing ; 

Tau-to-loi'i-cal, J repetitious. 

Tau-tol'o-|-y, n. [Gr. ravToKoyia; ravro for to 
aiiro, the same, and \iyet.v, root A07-, to speak.] 
Repetition of the same words, or of the same 
sense in different words. 

Tav'ern, n. [Fr. taverne, L. taberna, a booth, a hut.] 
A house of entertainment; a public house; an 
inn ; a hotel. 

Taw, v. a. [A.-S. lavnan, to dress, to prepare, to 
scourge ; Hut. touwen, to curry.] [p». tawing, 
tawed.] To dress white or alum leather. — 2, n. 
[A.-S. taw, an instrument; Goth, fawi, work: 
root of Tool.] A marble to play with ; a game. 

Taw'dri-ly, ad. In a tawdry manner. 

Taw'dri-niss, «. Gaudy or tawdry finery. 

Taw'dry, a. [From St. Audry, or Ethel rida, who 
for her youthful addiction to finery was pun- 
ished, it was thought, by a swelling of the 
throat, of which she died.] Showy without 
elegance ; gaudy. 

Taw'ni-ness, n. State of being tawny. 

Taw'nj:, a. [Fr. tanttf, tanned, tawny. — See Tan.] 
Dusky yellow, like things tanned. 

Tax, n. [Fr. taxe, a tax ; taxer, to tax ; L. laxare, 
to handle, to arrange, to appraise, to rate ; inten- 
sive of tangere, factum, to touch.] An impost; 
a rate; duty; tribute. — 2, v. a. [)>p. taxing, 
taxed.] To load with imposts ; to impose a tax 
on ; to charge : — to accuse ; to censure. 

Tax'a-ble, a. That may be taxed. 

Tax-a'tion, n. The act of taxing; impost; tax. 

Tax-i-der'mic, a. Relating to taxidermy. 

Tax'i-der-mist, n. One versed in taxidermy. 

Tax'i-der-my., n. [Gr. ra£is, arrangement; Tao-- 
0-611/, to arrange, and Sepixa, a skin.] The ait of 
arranging and preserving 6kius as specimens of 
natural history. 

Tax-on'o-my, n. [Gr. t<x£i?, arrangement, and 
vojmos, a law.] The systematic classification of 
animals, plants, and minerals. 

Tea, n. [Chinese te, chd, or tea, whence Fr. the", 
Ger. thee, Malay leh, Port, clia, It. cia, tea.] A 
Chinese plant and its dried leaves; liquor made 
of it : — a watery infusion or decoction : — an af- 
ternoon repast. 

Teach (tech), v. a. [A.-S. tecan, to show, to teach; 
Ger. zeigen, Gr. SeUfvfxi, to show. — See Token.] 
[i. taught; pp. teaching, taught.] To instruct ; 
to inform; to show ; to show how to do. — 2, c. n. 
To give instruction. 

Teach'a-ble, a. Willing to learn; docile. 

Teach'a-ble-ness, n. Aptness to learn. 

Teach'er, n. One who teaches; an instructor. 

Teach'ing, n. The act of instructing; instruction. 

Tea'cup, n. A small cup to drink tea from. 

Teak, n. [Malayalim. tekka; Tamil, teklcu.] An 
Asiatic tree valued for its timber. 

Teal, n. [Dut. teleu, to breed ; teling, a generation, 
a brood, teal. — See Till.] An aquatic fowl of 
the duck kind. 

Team, n. [A.-S. team, a family (that which is set 
in order) ; Dut. toom, Dan. tomme, a rein ; Ger. 
zaum, a bridle.] A number of horses or oxen 
harnessed together for drawing a carriage, &c. : 
— a horse and carriage : — a flock of birds : — a 
party of players. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. teaming, 
teamed.] To convey with a team. 

Team'ster, n. A driver of a team. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — (?, Q, c, g, soft; 0, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; 5 as gz ; tnis. 

45* 



TEAPOT 



534 



TEMPERATELY 



Tea'pot, »• A vessel in which tea is made. 

Tear (ter), n. [A.-S. tear; Dan. taar ; Ger. z'dhre. 
— Cf. Gr. &aKpv ; L. dacrima, lacrima.] Water 
from the eyes; moisture : — a drop, as of balsam. 

Tear (tar), v. a. [A.-S. teran; Goth, getairan; Ger. 
zerren. — Cf. Gr. Sepecv, to flay.] ' [i. tore ; pp. 
tearing, torn.] To pull in pieces; to rend; to 
laniate. — 2, v. n. To fume ; to rave ; to rant. — 
3, n. A rent ; fissure ; laceration. 

Tear'ful (ter'ful), a. Full of tears; weeping. 

Tear'less. a. Destitute of tears. 

Tease "(tez), v. a. [A.-S. tsesun. Dan. tsese, Local 
Ger. zaisen, to pull, card, or comb.] [pp. teasing, 
teased.] To comb ; to scratch, as cloth : — to vex 
with importunity ; to annoy ; to harass. 

Tea'sel (te'zl), n. [A.-S. tsesel, from t'sesan, to comb, 
to tease.] A prickly plant and its burr: — writ- 
ten also teazle. 

Teas'er, n. Whoever or whatever teases. 

Tea spoon, n. A spoon used in drinking tea. 

Tea'spoon-ful, n. ; pi. Tea'sp66n-fuls. As much 
as a teaspoon holds. 

Teat [tit, Ke. H. El. Nares], n. [A.-S. tit; Fr. tette, 
teton, tetin ; Sp. tela ; 1 1. tetta ; Ger. zitze, latte, 
tutte; Icel. tata ; Welsh, did, diddi, ieth; Gr. 
ti't0tj : many related words of the same meaning 
might be named.] A dug ; a pap ; a nipple. 

Teph'nic, n. Technical skill ; artistic execution. 

Teph'ni-cal, «. [Gr. Te^fiKos; Te'xvrj, an art.] 
Belonging to an art or a science ; not in common 
or popular use. 

Teph-ni-cal'i-ty, n. A thing peculiar to any art 
or science. 

Teph'ni-cal-ly, ad. In a technical manner. 

Tech'nics, n. pi. Technical terms or arts. 

Teph-nique', w. [Fr.] See Technic. 

Tegh-no-lo|-'ic, a. Same as Technological. 

Tech-no-lo|-'i-cal, a. Relating to the aits. 

Teph-nol'o-ix n. [Gr. Texvq, an art, .and Aoyo?, 
a discourse.] The arts :— a treatise on the arts, 
or on terms used in the arts. 

Tech/y, a. [0. E. teche, a habit, a freak ; Fr. (ache, 
a blemish, a mark ; It. tacca, Sp. tacha, a flaw, a 
defect.] Peevish; irritable; touchy. 

Ted, v. a. [Cf. Icel. tada, hay (from a manured 
field) ; tad, manure ; tedja, to spread manure : 
Norw. tad, manure ; Local Ger. zetten, to strew.] 
[pp. tedding, tedded.] To spread abroad new- 
mown grass. 

Ted'der, n. A machine for spreading hay. 

Te De'nm, n. [L.] A hymn of praise. 

Te'dious (te'dyus), a. [L. tsediosus ; teedium, irk- 
some'ness; tsedet, it irks.] Wearisome; irksome; 
tiresome from length or slowness. 

Te'dioiis-ly, ad. In a tedious manner. 

Te'dious-ness, ■». Wearisome ness ; prolixity. 

Te'di-um, n. [L. teedium.'] Irksomeness; weari- 
someness; weariness. 

Teem, v. ». [A.-S. tyman; team, a family progeny. 
— See Team.] [pp. teeming, teemed.] To be 
pregnant; to be full or prolific. — 2, v. a. To 
bring forth ; to produce. 

Teen, n. [A.-S. teona, injury, accusation ; teon, 
tihan, to accuse; Icel. lion, loss; Ger. zeihen, to 
accuse.] Sorrow; grief; affliction. 

Teens, n.pl. The years between twelve and twenty. 

Teeth, n. The plural of tooth. 

Teeth, v. n. [pp. teething, teethed.] To breed 
teeth. 

Tee-to'tal, a. [A reduplication of Total, in imi- 
tation of Teetotum.] Complete; total. [Colloq.] 

Tee-to'tal-er, n. An advocate of teetotalism. 

Tee-to'tum, n. [So called because the appearance 
of the winning side, marked T (for L. tolnm, all), 
entitles the player to take the whole stake.] A 
small four-sided top made to spin by twirling it 
with the fingers. 

Teg'men, w. [L.] A tegument. 

Teg'u-ment, n. [L. tegumentum, a cover; tegere, 
to cover. — Cf. Gr. crri-yety, to cover.] A natural 
covering; the skin. 



Teg-u-ment'a-ry, a. Relating to teguments. 

Te-hee', v. n.' [Imitative.] [pp. teheeing, teheed.] 
To laugh.— 2, 11. A laugh. 

Teil, n. [Fr. tille, 0. Fr. teil, L. tilia, the linden.] 
The lime-tree, or linden. 

Tel'e-gram, n. [Gr. rfjAe, far off, and ypap.p.a, a 
writing.] A telegraphic despatch. 

Tel'e-graph, n. [Gr. rrjAe, far oft', and ypa^eiv, 
to write.] A contrivance to convey intelligence 
to a distance by signals, styled the electric or 
electro-magnetic telegraph : — a semaphore.— 2, v. a. 
[pp. telegraphiug, telegraphed.] To send by 
telegraph. 

Tel-e-graph'ic, a. Relating to a telegraph. 

Te-leVra-phy, «• Ihe art or practice of commu- 
nicating intelligence by telegraph. 

Te-le-ol'o-fist, n. One who believes or is versed 
in the doctrine of final causes. 

Te-le-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Te'Ao?, re'Aeos, the end, and 
Ao-yos, a discourse.] The doctrine of final caiues. 

Te'le-ost, "I n. [Gr. reAeio?, complete, and 

Te-le-os'te-an, J oo-reoi', a bone.] (Zoo'l.) A fish 
having a bony skeleton. 

Tel'e-phone, n. [Gr. -njAe, far off, and <}>o>vr), a 
sound.] An instrument for the transmission of 
sound to a distance by means of an electric cur- 
rent. — 2, v. n. & v. a. [pp. telephoning, tele- 
phoned.] To transmit a message, <fcc, by tele- 
phonic apparatus. 

Tel-e-phon'ic, a. Pertaining to the telephone. 

Te-leph'o-ny, n. The art of reproducing sounds 
at a distance by the aid of electricity, as by the 
telephone; phonic telegraphy. 

Tel'e-scope, n. [Gr. TijAe, far off, and root <tkott-, 
to see.] An optical instrument for viewing dis- 
tant objects.— 2, v. n. [pp. telescoping, tele- 
scoped.] To run into so that the one encases 
the other, like the sides of a telescope. — 3, v. a. 
To cause to run into each other; to cause to be- 
come encased or overlapped : — to incapsulate. 

Tel-e-scop'ic, \a. Belonging to a telescope; 

Tel-e-scop'i-cal, J seeing at a distance. 

Tell," v. a. '[A.-S. tellan, to tell, to count ;.Dut. 
tellen; Dan. tselle; Ger. z'dhlen.— See Tale.] [L 
told; pp. telling, told.] To make known by 
words; to disclose; to utter; to relate; to in- 
form; to betray; to count. — 2, v. w. To give 
an account; to speak: — to have effect; to be 
useful or effective. 

Tell'er, n. One who tells : — an officer of a bank 
who receives or pays money. 

Tell'ingyp. a. Th;it tells; producing effect. 

Tell' tale, v. An officious tale-bearer.— 2, a. Blab- 
bing ; telling tales. [rium. 

Tel-lu'ric, a. Relating to the earth or to tellu- 

Tel-lu'ri-tim, n. [L. tellus, telluris, the earth.] A 
rare metal. 

Te-mer'i-ty, n. [Fr. temerite ; L. lemeritas. — Cf. 
temere,' rashly.] Rashness; extreme boldness. 

Tem'per, v. a. [Fr. temperer, L. iemperare, to reg- 
ulate, to qualify ; temperi, seasonably ; temptts, 
temporis, a season, a time.] [pp. tempering, 
tempered.] To mingle; to modify; to soften ; 
.to form to a proper hardness, as metals.— 2, ?;. «. 
To be brought into or acquire a desired state; 
to become soft or pliable.— 3, n. Due mixture 
of contrary qualities; disposition of mind; mod* 
eration ; state of a metal as to hardness :— pas- 
sion ; irritation. 

Tem'per-a-ment, n. [L. temperamenlvm, qualifi- 
cation, admixture.] Constitution ; medium ; due 
mixture ;. disposition ; temper. 

TSm'per-ance, r?. [Fr. temperance, L. temperantia, 
moderation.— See Tkimper.] Moderation, espe- 
cially in drink: sobriety; abstinence: — calmness. 
— 2, a. Enjoining abstinence in the use of 
spirituous liquors. 

Tem'per-ate, «. [L. temperare, temperati:rn, to reg- 
ulate.— See Ttmper.] Moderate in drink and 
food; abstinent; abstemious; not excessive. 

Tgm'per-ate-ly, ad. Moderately ; calmly. 



a, e, i, 0, u, y, long; a, e, 1, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Pare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



TEMPERATURE 



535 



TEPEFY 



Tem'per-a-ture, n. [Fr. temperature ; L. tempera- 
tura.] Constitution of nature; state of the air 
as to heat and cold. 
Tem'pered (teni'perd), a. Disposed; softened. 
Tem'pest, n. [Fr. tempete, a storm ; L. tempestas, 
weather, a storm, a season or time. — See Tem- 
poral.] A very violent wind, often attended 
with rain, hail, or snow; a violent storm; a 
hurricane : — a commotion. 

Tem-pest'ii-ous (tem-pest'yu-us), a. Abounding 
in tempests ; stormy; turbuleut. 

Tem-pest'u-ous-ly, ad. In a stormy manner. 

Tem-pest'u-ous-ness, n. Storminess. 

Tem'plar, n. [L. templaris, belonging to a temple ; 
from the Temple at Jerusalem.] A Knight Tem- 
plar : — a student in the law. [London.] — The 
Knights Templars were a religious military order, 
instituted in the twelfth century for the defence 
of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. 

Tem'plate, n. [L. templum, a small beam; Late 
L. templatus, vaulted.] A thin plate; a long 
beam ; a templet ; a pattern. 

Tem'ple, n. [A.-S. tempel; L. templum. — Cf. Gr. 
ri^evds, a sacred enclosure; TefxveLv, to cut: it 
was ground cut off from the rest.] An edifice 
appropriated to religious worship; a fane. — [L. 
tempus, pi. tempora, a time, a season, — also, the 
side of the head: probably because of the pulsa- 
tion there visible.] (Atiut.) The upper part of 
the side of the head, where the pulse is felt. — 
pi. A device in weaving for stretching the web 
transversely. [in a building. 

Tem'plet, n. [See Template.] A piece of timber 

Tem'po-ral, a. [L. tempus, pi. tempora, time,— 
also, a temple of the head.] Measured by time ; 
not eternal; secular; not spiritual: — placed at 
the temples. [secular possession. 

Tem-po-ral'i-tx, n. [Late L. temporalitae.] A 

Tem'po-ral-iy, ad. With respect to this life. 

Tem'po-ra-ri-ljr, ad. For a limited time. 

Tem'po-ra-ry, a. [L. temporarins.] Lasting only 
for a'limited time; not permanent ; transitory. 

Tem-po-ri-za'tion, n. Act of temporizing. 

Tem'po-rize, v. ■». [Fr. temporiser; from L. tem- 
pus, temporis, time.] [pp. temporizing, tempo- 
rized.] To comply with the times; to yield to 
circumstances; to trim. 

Tempt (temt), v. a. [L. tsmptare, oftener tentare, 
to handle, to touch, to try ; frequentative of 
teuere, tentum, to hold.] [pp. tempting, tempted.] 
To entice to ill ; to allure; to strive to allure: — 
to test; to put to proof. 

Temp-ta'tion (tem-t.Vshun), v.- Act of tempting; 
state of being tempted; enticement. 

Tempt'er (temt'er), n. One who tempts. 

Tempt'ing (temt'ing), p. a. Enticing; attractive. 

Tempt'ing-lv, ad. So as to tempt Or entice. 

Tempt'ress (tem'tres), n. She that tempts. 

Ten, a. & n. [A.-S. ten, ti/n; Dut. tien; Goth, tai- 
hnn ; Ger. zehn ; L. decent ; Skr. dagan.] Twice 
five; the decimal number. 

Ten'a-ble, a. [Fr. ; teuir, L. tenere, to hold.] That 
may be maintained or held ; defensible. 

Te-na'cious (te-na'shus), a. [Fr. lenace ; L. tenor, 
tenacis; tenere, to hold.] Grasping; hard; hold- 
ing fast; retentive: — cohesive; tough. 

Te-na'cious-ly, ad. In a tenacious manner. 

Te-nac'i-ty, n. [Fr. tenacite ; L. tenacitas.] Qual- 
ity of being tenacious. 

Ten'an-cjr, n. |Fr. tenance.] The state of a tenant. 

T"en'ant, n. [Fr. ; tenir, L. tenere, to hold.] One 
who holds lands or tenements belonging to an- 
other ; an occupant. — 2, v. a. [pp. tenanting, 
tenanted.] To hold or occupy as a tenant. 

Ten'ant-a-ble, a. That may be tenanted. 

Ten'ant-ry, »• A body of tenants. [fish. 

Tench, n. [Fr. tanche; L. tinea.] A fresh-water 

Tend, v. a. [L. tendere, to stretch ; Fr. tendre : 
akin to L.' tenere, to hold.] [pp. tending, tended.] 
To watch ; to guard : — [for attend] to attend. — 
2, v. n. To move toward; to incline. 



Ten'den-cjr, n. [Fr. tendance.] State of tending ; 

inclination ; drift ; aim ; direction , course ; scope. 
Ten'der, «. [Fr. tendre; L. tener, teneris, soft. — Cf. 

L. tenuis, thin.] Soft; kind; easily pained. — 

2, v. a. [Fr. tendre, to stretch, to offer. — See 

Tend.] [pp. tendering, tendered.] To offer ; to 

exhibit; to propose.— 3, n. [For attender.] An 

offer ; a proposal : — one who tends :— a small 

vessel or ship :— a car attached to a locomotive. 
Ten'der-heart'ed, a. Compassionate ; gentle. 
Ten'der-loin, n. A tender part of beef ; the under 

part'of the surloin. 
Ten'der-ly, ad. In a tender manner; gently. 
Ten'der-ness, n. Quality or state of being tender; 

delicacy ; susceptibility ; compassion ; soreness. 
Ten'di-nous, a. Containing tendons; sinewy. 
Ten' don. a. [Fr. & Sp. ; Late L. tendu, teudonis or 

tendinis ; L. tendere, to stretch, to bend. — Cf. Gr. 

rivuiv, a tendon ; Tetveiv, to stretch.] A sinew ; 

a cord attaching a muscle to a bone. 
Ten'dril, n. [0. Fr. tendrillon ; Fr. teudron ; from 

tendre, tender.] The clasp or clasper of a vine. 
Ten'e-brous, a. [L. tenebrosus; teuebne, gloom.] 

Dark; gloomy; obscure. 
Ten'e-ment, >'. [Fr. ; L. tenementum, a holding ; 

tenere, to hold.] Any thing held by a tenant, as 

land, &c. :— a house; a habitation. 
Ten-e-ment'a-ry., a. That is or may be leased. 
Te-nes/mus, n. [Gr. reii/ecr/aos ; reivetv, to strain.] 

An inclination to go to stool. 
Ten'et, n. [L. tenet, he holds ; tenere, to hold.] A 

position; a doctrine; an opinion; a dogma. 
Ten'fold, a. Ten times increased. 
Ten'nis, n. [Late L. tenisia or tenilvdium; perhaps 

froni tsenia, Gr. raivia, a fillet or string.] A play 

with a racket and ball. 
Ten'on, n. [Fr. ; from tenir, L. tenere, to hold.] 

The end of a timber fitted into a mortise cut in 

another timber. 
Ten'or, n. [Fr. teneur, L. tenor, a holding, a course ; 

knere, to hold.] Constant mode : purport; drift : 

— the mean or middle part in music. 
Te-not'o-mj:. »• [Gr. revuiv, a tendon (q. v.), and 

root to/jl-, to cut.] The cutting of a tendon. 
Ten'pin§, n. A kind of game; ninepins; skittles. 
Tense, «. [Fr. temps, 0. Fr. tens, L. tempus, time.] 

(Gram.) The distinction of time ; a variation 

of the verb to denote time. — 2, a. [L. tendere, 

teusum, to stretch.] Drawn tight; stretched. 
Ten'sile, a. Ductile; pertaining to tension. 
Ten'sion, n. [L. tensh; tendere, to stretch.] Act 

of stretching :--strain. 
Tent, «. [Fr. tente ; L. tentorium; tendere, tentum, 

to stretch.] A soldier's movable lodge; shelter: 

— [Fr. tente; tenter, L. tentare, to try, to probe.— 

See Tempt] a roll of lint: — [Sp. vino Unto, red 

wine. — See Tint] a species of red wine. — 2, v. n. 

[pp. tenting, tented.] To lodge. — 3, v. a. To 

probe : — to insert a tent or probe into. 
Ten'ta-cle, n. [Late L. tentaculum ; tentare, to feel. 

— See Tempt.] A feeler of an insect. 
Ten-tac'u-lum, ». ; pi. Ten-tac'u-la. [Late L.] 

A feeler of an insect or animal ; tentacle. 
Ten'ta-tive, «• [L. tentativus; tentare. tent (turn, to 

try.— See Tempt.] That tries ; trying; essaying. 
Ten'ter, w. [Fr. tentare, L. tentum, a stretching ; 

tendere, tentum, to stretch.] An iron hook to 
. stretch things on. — 2, v. a. [pp. tentering, ten- 
dered.] To hang or stretch oh hooks. 
Tenth, a. First after the ninth ; or.iinal of ten.— 

2, n. The tenth part ; a tithe. 
Tenth'ly, ad. In the tenth place. [slenderness. 
Te-nu'i-ty., n. [Fr. tenuite ; L. tennitas/] Thinness; 
Ten'u-ous, a. [L. tenuis, thin (q. v.); tenuere, to 

make thin.] Thin; small; minute. 
Ten'ure (ten'yur or te'nur), it. [Fr. tenure, Late L. 

tenura, a holding; L. tenere, to hold.] Manner 

of holding lands, &c. 
Tep'e-fy, v. a. & v. n. [L. tepefacere, to warm; 

tep'ere, to be warm, and facere, to make.] [pp. 

tepefying, tepefied.] To'make or become tepid. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c, £•, soft ; p, ja, p, j|, hard ; § as z ; $ as gz ; tnis. 



TEPID 



536 



TESTY 



Tep'id, a. [L. tepidus ; tepere, Skr. tap, to be 
warm.] Lukewarm; warm in a small degree. 

Ter'a-phim, n. pi. [Heb.] Household idols; am- 

Ter'a-pin, n. See Terrapin. [ulets. 

Ter-a-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. repa?, reparog, a wonder, 
and Aoyo?, a discourse.] Abianch of physiology 
that treats of malformations and monstrosities. 

Terce, n. A vessel. See Tierce. 

Ter' eel, n. [It. terzuolo, a tercel; from terzo, L. 
fortius, third : it is a third part smaller than the 
female, and the old belief was that every third 
hawk hatched was a male.] A male hawk or 
falcon. 

Ter-cen'te-na-ry, a. [L. ter, thrice, and cevtena- 
rius, relating to a hundred.] Relating to three 
hundred years. — 2, n. The three-hundredth an- 
niversary. [The turpentine-tree. 

Ter'e-binth, n. [L. terebinthus ; Gr. Tepe'/3(.v0os.] 

Ter-e-bin' thine, a. Relating to turpentine. 

Te-rl'do, n. ' [L. ; Gr. TeprjSujv, from reipeiv, to 
bore.] The ship-worm, a boring mollusk. 

Te-rete', a. [L. teres, teretis, rubbed smooth ; terere, 
tomb.] Long and round ; tapering; smooth. 

Ter-gi-ver-sa'tion, 11. [L. tergiversatio ; tergum, 
the back, and versatio, a turning ; vertere, versuin, 
to turn.] A shift; evasion; subterfuge; change; 
fickleness of conduct. 

Term, w. [Fr. ter me ; L. terminus; Old L. termo, 
terminis ; Gr. rep/xa, a limit.] A limit; a boun- 
dary : — the time which any thing lasts ; a lim- 
ited time : — a word; an expression. — pi. Condi- 
tions; articles. — 2, v. a. [pp. terming, termed.] 
To name ; to call ; to designate. 

Ter'ma-gant, a. [0. E. Termagant, 0. Fr. Terva- 
gant, It. Trivagante, an imaginary deity of the 
Mohammedans.] Turbulent ; scolding. — 2, n. A 
brawling woman. 

Ter'mes, n. ; pi. Ter'mi-tes. [L.] The termite. 

Ter'mi-na-ble, a. Limitable ; admitting bounds. 

Ter'mi-nal, a. [L. terminulis. — See Terminus.] 
Relating to a term, terminus, or end. 

Ter'mi-nate, v. a. [L. terminare, terminatum, to 
limit.] [^.terminating, terminated.] To limit; 
to put an end to. — 2, v. n. To end ; to cease. 

Ter-mi-na'tion, n. [L. terminatio. — See Term.] A 
limit ; end ;' conclusion. 

Ter'mi-ner, n. {Law.) A final settlement. 

Ter-im-noTo-fy., ra. [L. terminus, the end,— later, 
a limiting expression, a name. — and Gr. A6705, a 
discourse.] An explanation of terms used in tbe 
sciences ; nomenclature. 

Te'r'mi-nus, n. ; pi. Ter'mi-ni. [L.— See Term.] 
A boundary; a limit : — end of a railroad. 

Ter'mite, n. [L. termes or tarrnes (pi. termites or 
tarmiles), a wood-boring insect; Gr. Tei'peij', to 
bore.] A destructive insect ; termes. 

Tern, v. [Dan. terue; Sw. tarna.] A long-winged 
aquatic bird. 

Ter'na-ry, a. [L. temarius, consisting of threes ; 
term, threes; ter, thrice; tres, three (q. v.).] Re- 
lating to three. — 2, n. The number three. 

Terne, n. [Of. Fr. lerne, dull. —See Tarnish.] 
Roofing-tin. 

Ter'race, n. [Fr. terrasse, It. terraccin, augmenta- 
tive' forms; L. terra, earth. — Cf. Irish, Welsh, & 
Gael, tir, land.] A small grassy bank : — a street 
running along a slope : — a balcony. 

Ter'ra-cot'ta, n. [It. for "baked earth;" cotta, L. 
coda, baked, cooked. — See Cook.] Baked earth 
or clay : — a name given to statues, figures, vases, 
&c, modelled in a paste made of pure clay. 

Ter'ra-pin, w. [Fr. terrapene : probably of Algon- 
kin origin.] A species of fresh-water tortoise. 

Ter-ra'que-ous, a. [L. terra, the earth, land, and 
aqua, water.] Composed of land and water. 

Ter-rene', a. [L. terrenus; terra, the earth.] 
Earthly ; terrestrial. 

Ter-res'tri-al, a. [L. terrestris, earthly ; terra, the 
earth.] Consisting of earth ; earthly. 

Ter'ri-ble, a. [Fr. terrible ; L. terribilis; terrere, to 
frighten.] Dreadful; formidable; frightful. 



Ter'ri-bly, ad. Dreadfully ; formidably. 

Ter'ri-er, n. [Fr. for "a burrow," "a burrowing 
dog;" terre, L. terra, the earth.] A dog that fol- 
lows his game into holes : — a survey of land: — 
a register of land surveys: — an auger. 

Ter-rif'ic, a. [L. terrificus; terrijicare, to terrify 
{q. v.)'.] Dreadful; causing terror. 

Ter'ri-fy, v. a. [Fr. terrifier ; L. terrificare; terrere, 
to affright, and facere, to make.] [pp. terrifying, 
terrified.] To fright; to shock with fear. 

Ter-ri-t5'ri-al, a. Belonging to a territory. 

Ter'ri-to-rx, n. [L. territorium, a domain ; terra, 
land.] Land; country: — a district of country 
under a temporary government. 

Ter'ror, n. [L. terror, dread; terrere, to frighten.] 
Great fear ; dread ; alarm ; fright. 

Ter'ror-i§m, n. Government by terror. 

Terse', a. [L. tergere, tersum, to wipe dry, to pol- 
ish.] Concise and graceful; sententious. 

Terse lj., ad. With terseness ; neatly. 

Terse'ness, n. Quality of being terse. 

Ter'tian, a. [L. tertianus, belonging to the third ; 
tertius, the third ; tres, three (q. v.).] Occurring 
every other day. — 2, n. An ague intermitting 
but one day. 

Ter'ti-a-rx (ter'she-a-re), a. [L. tertianus, con- 
taining a' third.— See Tertian.] Third ; of the 
third order. — (Geol.) Noting a series of rocks or 

• strata which lie above the secondary strata. 

Tes'sel-late, v. a. [L. tessella, dim. of tessera, a 
die.— Cf. Gr. re'cro-ape?, four.] [pp. tessellating, 
tessellated.] To form into little squares. 

Tes-sel-la'tion, n. The act of tessellating. 

Test, n. [L. testa, a shell or shard, an earthen ves- 
sel, a skull ; Fr. tet, 0. Fr. test, a shell, a shard, a 
test ; Fr. tete, the head : the Latin is akin to tor- 
rere, tosta, to bake.] Decisive trial; a standard; 
proof: — a shell: — a pot or crucible. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. testing, tested.] To put to a test; to com- 
pare with a standard ; to try by a test ; to prove. 

Tes'ta-ble, a. That may be devised by will. 

Tes-ta'ce-a (tes-tr/she-a), n. pi. [L.] Molluscous 
"or other animals having a shelly covering. 

Tes-ta'cean (tes-ta'shan), n. A mollusk. 

Tes-ta'ceous (tes-ta/shus), a. [L. teslaceus; testa, 
"a shell.— 'See Test.] Having a shell. 

Tes'ta-ment, n. [Fr. ; L. testamentum, a will, a 
declaration; testari, to depose; testis, a witness.] 
A witnessed will; a devise; & will:— the name 
of-each of the two general divisions of the Holy 

Tes-ta-men'tal, o. Testamentary. [Scriptures. 

Tes-ta-men'ta-ry, a. Relating to a testament; 
given by a testament or will. 

Tes'tate, o. [L. testari, testutus, to be a witness. — 
See Testament.] Having made a will. 

Tes-ta'tor, n. [L.] One who makes a will. 

Tes-ta'trix, n. [L.] A woman who makes a will. 

Tlst'er, n. [0. Fr. testiere, a head-piece; Fr. 
tetie're, a kind of cap.— See Test.] The head, top, 
or cover of a bed : — a canopy :— a sixpence : — 
one who tests. 

Tes'ti-cle, n. [L. testiculus, dim. of testis, a testicle : 
perhaps identical with testis, a witness.] An or- 
gan of seed in animals. 

Tes'ti-fy, v. a. [Fr. testifier, L. testificari ; testis, a 
witness, and facere, to "make.] [pp. testifying, 
testified.] To witness; to certify. — 2, v. n. To 
bear witness ; to give proof. 

Tes'ti-ly, ad. Fretfully ; peevishly. 

Tes-ti-mo'ni-al, n. A certificate; attestation.— 
2, a. Containing testimony. 

Tes'ti-mo-ny, n. [L. testimonium, evidence ; testis, 
a witness.] The declaration of a witness; evi- 
dence; proof; attestation. 

Tes'ti-ness, n. Moroseness; peevishness. 

Tes-tii'do, n. [L., from testa, a shell.] A tortoise : 
—a screen for securing troops: — an encysted 
tumor. 

Tes'ty, a. [Fr. tetu, 0. Fr. testu, headstrong; teste, 
a head.— See Test.] Fretful ; peevish ; apt to be 
angry. 



a v e, 1, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 1, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



TETANIC 



537 



THENCE 



Te-tan'ic, a. Pertaining to tetanus. 

Tlt'a-nus, n. [L. ; Gr. re'ravo? ; reiveiv, to stretch.] 

(Med.) Trismus; lockjaw. 
Tetch'xi «■ [^ ee Techy.] Peevish ; techy. 
Te"te-a-tete (tat'a-tat'), ad. [Fr.] Face to face; 

in private ; cheek by jowl. — 2, n. A private 

interview : — a small sofa. 
Teth'er, n. [Gael, teadhair; taod, Irish lead, a 

rope; Welsh lid, a chain ; Low Ger. tider, Norw. 

tjoder, S\v. tjuder, a tether.] A rope or restraint 

for horses, &c. — 2, v. a. [pp. tethering, teth- 
ered.] To confine with a tether. 
Tet'ra. A Greek prefix signifying four. 
Tet'ra-phbrd, n. [Gr. rerpaxopfioi' ; rerpa-, four, 

and'xopSij, a chord (q. v.).] (Mus.) The interval 

of a fourth : — a series of four tones. 
Tet'rad, n. [Gr. rerpas, rerpaSos.] The number 

four; four things. 
Tet'ra-gon, n. [Gr. rerpaywvo?, four-cornered; 

Te'T-fape?, four, and yoivia, an angle.] A square ; 

a four-sided figure. 
Te-trag'o-nal, «. Having four angles. 
Tet-ra-hS'dral, a. Having four sides. 
Tet-ra-he'dron, n. [Gr. reTpa-, for rerrape^, four, 

and eSpov, eSpa, a base.] A solid figure that is 

bounded-by four triangular faces. 
Te-tram'e-ter, n. [Gr. rerpa-, four, and p.erpov, a 

measure.] A verse having four feet. — 2, a. Hav- 
ing four metrical feet. 
Te'trarph [tet'rark, 8m. St. H.], n. [Gr. rerpap- 

Xrjs ; rerpa-, for rerrapeg, four, and ap^eiv, to 

rule.] A Roman governor of the fourth, part of 

a province : — a tributary prince. 
Te-trarph'ate, n. A tetrarchy. 
Tet'rar-phy, n. [Gr. rerpap\ia.] The fourth part 

of a province : — territory or office of a tetrarch. 
Te-tras'tiph, n. [Gr. rerpaa-nxov ; o-n.'xos, a row, 

a verse.] An epigram, stanza, or poem consist- 
ing of four lines. 
Tet'ra-style, n. [Gr. rerpa-, four, and crroAos, a 

pillar.] A building with four pillars in front. 
Tet-ra-syl-lab'ic, \a. Consisting of four syl- 
Tet-ra-sy.l-lab'i-cal, j lables. < 

Tet-ra-syl'la-bie, n. [Gr. rerpao-vWapos, of four 

syllables; rerpa-, for Te'rrape?, four, and crvA- 

Aa/3r7, a syllable.] A word of four syllables. 
Tet'ter, n. [A.-S. teter: akin to Ger. ziitern, to 

shiver.] An eruptive disease of tlie skin; herpes ; 

a scab; a scurf; a ringworm. 
Teu-ton'ic, a. Relating to the Teutones. 
Tew (tu), v. a. [A variant of T.vw.] [pp. tewing, 

tewed.] To tease; to tumble; to pull. 
Tew'el (tii'el), n. [Fr. tuyau, 0. Fr. hied, Dut. 

tail, Ger. zaute, a tube.] An iron pipe in a forge. 
Text, n. [Fr. texte, L. textum, a fabric, style, text; 

texere, textum, to weave.] An original writing : 

— that on which a comment is written : — a sen- 
tence of Scripture. 
Text'-book (tekst'buk), n. A book or manual of 

general principles, used by students. 
Tex' tile, a. [L. textilis; texere, textum, to weave.] 

That may be woven ; woven.— 2, n. A material 

capable of being woven. 
Text'u-al, > «. [Fr. lexluel.] Relating to, con- 
Text' u-a-ry, J tained in, or serving as, a" text. 
Text'u-al-ly, ad. In the text or body of the 

work; according to the text. 
Text'ure (tekBt'yur), n. [L. textura, a weaving.— 

See Textile.] Disposition or combination of 

parts of any body ; manner of weaving :— thing 

woven ; a web. 
Thal'li-um, n. [Gr. AaAAo?, a young shoot; from 

the green color of a line in its'spectrum.] A very 

rare metal. 
Than, conj. [A.-S. thonne, than; Goth, than, then; 

Dut. dan, than, then {q. v.).] A particle used in 

comparison. 
Thane, n. [A.-S. thegen, then, a thane, — literally, 

grown up. strong; thihan, 0. E. thee, to prosper.] 

An old English title of honor. 
Thane'ship, n. Office and dignity of a thane. 



Thank (thangk), v. a. [A.-S. thaneian; Dut. & 
Ger. dunJcen. — See Think.] [pp. thanking, 
thanked.] To express thanks to lor a favor. — 
2, n. [A.-S. thane, thanks, favor; Dut. dank, 
Goth, thagks, Ger. dank: closely allied to Think. J 
An expression of gratitude. 

Thank' ful, a. Full of gratitude ; gratefuL 

Thank'ful-ly, ad. In a thankful manner. 

Thank'ful-ness, n. Grateful acknowledgment of 
benefits; gratitude. 

Thank'less, a. Unthankful; ungrateful: — re- 
ceiving no thanks. 

Thanks, n. pi. Expression of gratitude. 

Thanks'giv-jng, n. A giving of thanks : — a day 
or season of giving thanks. 

Thank' wor-tfiy. (-wiir-the), a. Meritorious. 

That, pron. a. [A.-S. thset.—Cf. Skr. tat, it; L. itte, 
istud, this; Dut. dat, Dan. del, the.] Not this, 
but the other; the former thing; the more dis- 
tant thing. — 2, pron. relative. Used for which, 
ivho, or whom. — 3, conj. Because ; noting a con- 
sequence. 

Thatch, n. [A.-S. thsec; Dut. dak; Dan. tag; Ger. 
dach. — Cf. Gr. Teyos, o-reyo?, a roof; err eyeiv, L. 
tegere, to cover.] Straw, grass, &c., laid upon, 
or forming, the roof of a house. — 2, r. a. [pp. 
thatching, thatched.] To cover, as with thatch. 

Thatch'er, n. One who covers with thatch. 

Thau-ma-tur'S-ic, a. Working worn lers. 

Thau'ma-tiir-gy, u. [Gr. davpa, 6avp.aro<;, a 
wonder, and epyeiv, to work.] The act of doing 
wonders : — the working of miracles. 

Thaw, v. n. & v. a. [A.-S. tliawian; Dut. dooijen ; 
Icel. theyja; Dan. toe.] [pp. thawing, thawed.] 
To grow liquid; to melt. — 2, u. [Dut. dooi; 
Icel. tha, theyr; Dan. to.] Liquefaction; a 
melting; weather in which ice ami snow melt. 

The, or The. [A.-S. the, de: akin to That.] The 
definite article, prefixed to nouns to denote some 
particular person or tiling. 

The'a-tre (thG'a-tur), n. [Fr. ; L. theatrum; Gr. 
Qiarpov; fledo/xai, I see.] A house for the repre- 
sentation of dramatic spectacles, shows, plays, 
&C. ; a play-house ; a stage; a place of action. 

The-at'ric, \a. Relating to a theatre; suited 

The-at'rj-cal, J to the theatre. 

The-at'ri-cal-ly, ad. In a theatrical manner. 

The-at'ri-cals, n. pi. Dramatic performances. 

The'ca, n. ; pi. The'cae. [L. ; Gr. OrJKy, a case; 
nfleVai, to put.] (Bot.) A cell ; a lobe. — (Anal.) 
A case ; a sheath. 

Thee, pron. The objective case sinc;ular of thou. 

Theft, n. [A.-S. Oiiefthe; 0. Fris. fhiuf/hr.—See 
Thief.] The act of taking privately and feloni- 
ously the property of another; act of stealing; 
the thing stolen. 

The'ine, n. [Neo-L. thea, tea {q. v.).] {Chem.) 
The principle of tea. 

Their ( that-), pron. a. [Tcel. theirra, theira, A.-S. 
dxra, of them.] Belonging to them. 

Theirs, (tharz), pron. pos. from then. 

The'ism, n. [Gr. 0eds, God.] The belief in the 
existence of a God ; deism : — opposed to atheism. 

The'ist, n. One who believes in a God. 

The-is'tic, \ a. Belonging to theism or theists ; 

The-is'ti-cal. ) adhering to theism. 

Them, pron. pi. The objective case of the//. 

Theme, n. [Fr. theme ; L. thema ; Gr. 0e/xa ; rifle- 
vai, to place.] An original word; a subject; a 
topic : — a short dissertation. 

Them-selves/, pron. The very persons. 

Then, ad. [A.-S. dsenne, danne ; Ger. dann; Goth. 
than; Dut. dan: L. turn. — See Than.] At that 
time ; afterward.— 2, conj. Therefore ; in that 
case. 

Thence, ad. [A.-S. danan, dananne; diet, that, 
with the adverbial termination -mm, -nanne, de- 
noting source or possession. The favorite ad- 
verbial termination -es replaced it in later years, 
giving the 0. E. thennes, thens.] From that 
place : for that reason. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— c. g. c &. soft • a « * s laqd; § asz; x as gz ; this. 



THENCEFOKTH 



538 



THIN 



Tfcence-f orth', ad. From that time. 

Thence-f or'ward, ad. On from that time. 

The-oc'ra-cy, "• [Gr. Oeonparia ; ©eds; God, and 
-Uparia, government.] The government of a 
nation immediately directed by God. 

The-o-crat'ic, \a. Relating to, or partaking 

The-9-crat'i-cal, jof, a theocracy. 

The-od'i-cy, '»• [Gr. ©eos, God, and Slkt), right.] 
A justification of the Divine providence. 

The-od'o-llte, n. [0. E. theodeliius ; origin un- 
known ; conjectured to be from English and 
Latin the delitus, ; 'the circle effaced," because 
its circle is crossed by many lines.] An instru- 
ment for measuring angles in surveying, and 
mensuration of heights and distances. 

The-6g'o-ny, n. [Gr. Oeoyovia, the origin of the 
g'ods ; "(9eos, a god, and root yev, to beget. — See 
Genus.] The descent of the gods. 

The-o-lo'£i-an, n. One versed in theology ; a 
professor' of theology; a learned divine. 

The-o-log'ic, \a. Relating to theology; di- 

The-o-loi'i-cal, j vine ; sacred. 

The-o-lof'i-cal-ly, ad. According to theology. 

The-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. OeoAoyLa; ®eo?, God, and 
Aoyo?,' a treatise.] The science which treats of 
the existence and attributes of God and of his 
relations to man ; biblical literature ; divinity. 

The-oph'a-ny, n. [Gr. ©eos, God, and <f>aiveiv, to 
show : foot'^av-.] Manifestation of God. 

The-br'bo, n. [Fr. thtorbe; It. tiorba: the latter 
is said to be t lie inventor's name.] A large or 
double-beaded lute. 

The'o-rem, n. [Gr. Oewp-qixa, a spectacle; 0ew- 
pel'v, to view ; fleao/ucu, I see.] A truth or posi- 
tion proposed to be proved; a proposition. — A 
theorem is to be proved, a problem is to be solved. 

The-o-ret'ic, \a. [Gr. 0ea>peTi/c6?.] Relating 

The-o-ret'i-cal, J to, or based upon, theory; spec- 
ulative ; not practical. 

The-o-ret'i-cal-ly, ad. Speculatively. 

The'o-rist, ».' One who forms theories. 

The'o-rize, v. n. [pp- theorizing, theorized.] To 
form theories. 

The'o-ry, n. [Fr. theorie ; Gr. Bewpia. a specula- 
tion, a' seeing ; 6eu>pe~iv, to view.] The abstract 
principles of any science ; hypothesis ; specula- 
tion ; system. 

The-o-soph'ic, \a. Relating to theosophy ; 

The-o-soph'i-cal, j divinely wise. 

The-os'o-phist, n. One who studies theosophy. 

The-os'o-phy, n. [Gr. 0eoo-o4>ia ; ©eds, God, and 
o-'o^ua,' wisdom ; crowds, wise.] Divine illumina- 
tion ; direct knowledge of God. 

Ther-a-peii'tic, \a. [Gr. BepanevriKog, attend- 

Ther-a-peu'ti-cal, j ing; Oepaneveiv, to attend; 
$epanevrris, an attendant ; 9ipa\p, or Oepdirwv, a 
servant.] Relating to therapeutics ; curative. 

Ther-a-p°u'tics. n. Art of curing diseases. 

There '(thar or ther) [thar, I. St.], ad. [A.-S. deer ; 
Dut. daar; Ger. da.— See Here and Where.] 
In that place. — When used as an adverbial pre- 
fix (kean stands for A.-S. Ihsere, dative feminine 
of the definite article. 

There' a-bbut, \ad. Near that place; near that 

There'a-bbuts. j number, quantity, or degree. 

There-after, ad. After that. 

There-at', ad. At that; at that place. 

There-by', ad. By that; near by. 

There-fdr', ad. For that ; for this. 

There' fore ( ther' for or thar'for), ad. & conj. [A.-S. 
dsere, dative fern, of the definite article, and fore, 
for the sake of.] For that; for this; for this 
reason ; consequently ; for that purpose. 

There-from'. ad. From that. 

There-m', ad. In that; in this. 

There-in-to', ad. Into that. 

There-of , ad. Of that; of this. 

There-on', ad. On that; on this. 

There-to', or There-un-to\ ad. To that. 

There-iin'der, ad. Under that. 

There-up-on', ad. Upon that; upon this. 



Tngre-with', ad*. With that; with this. 
There-wjth-al', ad. Over and above ; therewith; 

at the same time. 
The'ri-ac, n. [L. theriaca, an antidote against 

venom; Gr. (fypia/co?, relating to beasts; Orjpc- 

a<a (j>6.pp-aita, antidotes against the venom of 

animals; Or)p, a beast.] (3Ied.) A remedy 

against poisons. 
Ther'mal, a. [Gr. 6epfj.6s, hot.] Relating to heat; 

hot; warm. [tricity. 

Ther'mo-e-lec'tric, a. Relating to thermo-elec- 
Ther'mo-e-lec-trVi-ty, n. [Gr. 6epp.6g, hot, and 

Electricity.] Electricity developed by heat. 
Ther-mom'e-ter, n. [Gr. 6epp.6s, warm, and /u.e- 

rpov, a measure.] An instrunifnt for measuring 

the variations of heat or temperature. 
Ther-mo-met'rie, \ a. Kelating to a thermom- 
Ther-mp-met'rj-cal, j eter. 
The-sau'rus, n. [L. ; Gr. O-qo-avpos, a treasure; 

base 6ri-,' to lay up; 0e-, to place.] A treasury : 

— a repository. 
These, pron. a.; pi. of this. [A.-S. thas, thses.] Op- 
posed to those. 
The'sis, n. ; pi. The'ses. [Gr. ^eo-t?, a thing laid 

down ; base 6e-, to place.] Something laid down 

affirmatively or negatively ; a position ; propo- 
sition; theme. — (Mus.) The depression of the 

hand in marking or beating time. 
Thes'pi-an, a. [From Thespis, traditional founder 

of the Greek drama.] Relating to tragedy or 

acting. 
Thews (thiiz), n. pi. [A.-S. theau; 0. Sax. thav, 

custom, habit, — originally strength ; Skr. tu, to 

be strong.] Muscles; sinews; brawn. 
They (tha), pron. [Dan. & Sw. de; A.-S. tha.] The 

plural of he, she, or it. 
Thi'bet (ti'bet), n. [Named from the country of 

Thibet.] A kind of cloth. 
Thick, a, [A.-S. thicce ; Dut. dik; Dan. tylc; Ger. 

dick.] Not thin; dense; gross: — not clear; 

muddy ; turbid : — frequent ; close ; compact ; 

crowded: — dull: — having depth: as, two feet 

thick. — 2, 7i. The thickest part; a thicket.— 

3, ad. Frequently; fast; closely; thickly. 
Thick'en (thlk'kn), v. a. [A.-S. t.hicciav, to make 

thick; Icel. thtjkkna, to become thick.] [pp. 

thickening, thickened.] To make thick.— 2, v. n 

To grow thick. 
Thick'et, n. [A.-S. th keel.— See. Thick.] A close 

knot or cluster of trees. 
TMck'ly, ad. Densely; deeply; closely. 
Thick'ness, n. State of being thick; density. 
Thick'-set, a. Close planted ; thick as to body. — 

2, n. A thick sort of velvet. 
Thick'-skmned (thik'sklnd), «. ITavin<r a thick 

skin or rind; thick-coated: — not sensitive. 
Thief (thef), n.; pi. Thieves. [A.-S. theof; Dut. 

dief; Dan. tyv ; Ger. dieb.] One guilty of theft; 

one who steals ; a purloiner. 
Thieve, v. n. [A.-S. gctheoJian.—See Thief.] [pp. 

thieving, thieved.] To practise theft; to steal. 
Thiev'er-y, n. Practice of stealing; theft. 
Thiev'ish,'a. Addicted to theft; secret; sly. 
Thiev'ish-ly. (thev'ish-le), ad. Like a thief. 
Thiev'ish-ne'ss. w. A disposition to steal. 
Thigh '(thi), n. [A.-S. theoh; Dut. dij : related to 

Thews and Thick.] A limb or part of the body 

between the knee and the hip-joint or trunk. 
Thill. ». [A.-S. thille, a slip of wood.— Cf. Deal, 

Ger. diele, Dut. deel, a board.] The shaft of a 

carriage or of a cart. 
Thim'ble, n. [A.-S. thymel, from thuma, a thumb.] 

A metal cap for the needle finger. 
Thim'ble-rig, n. A sleight-of-hand trick ; a cheat. 

2, v. a. [pp. thimblerigging, thimblerigged.] 

To cheat by a trick. 
Thin, a. [A.-S. thynne ; Dut. dun ; Ger. diinn ; L. 

tenuis, Gr. Tavaos, slender; Skr. tan, to stretch.] 

Not thick ; rare ; lean ; slim ; slender. — 2, ad. 

Not thickly; thinly.— 3, v. a. [pp. thinning, 

thinned.] To make thin ; to attenuate. 



a, e, I, o, ii, y, long; a., e, I, 5, \\, y, short; g., e, 



9, u, 



y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 



THINE 



539 



THRASHING-FLOOR 



Thine, pron. pos. [A.-S. din; Ger. dein ; Icel. 
thimi ; Dan. din.— See Thou.] Belonging or re- 
lating to thee. 

Thing, re, [A.-S. thing, thine; Dut. & Ger. ding.] 
Whatever is not a person ; any matter ; sub- 
stance; whatever is created. 

Think, v. n. [A.-S. thencan; Dan. tsenke; Ger. 
denken: allied to Thank and Thing.— Cl. 0. L. 
iongere, to think.] [i. thought; pp. thinking, 
thought.] To employ the mind; to have ideas; 
to reason; to cogitate; to meditate; to ponder: 
— to imagine ; to fancy. — 2, v. a. To imagine ; 
to conceive ; to believe. 

Think'a-ble, a. That may be thought. 

Think'er, n. One who thinks. 

Think'ing, n. Thought ; imagination ; idea ; judg- 
ment. — 2, p. a. Having thought ; reflecting. 

Thin'ly, ad. In a thin manner; not thickly. 

Thm'ness, re. State of being thin; tenuity. 

Thm'-skinned (-sklnd), a. Having a thin skin or 
rind : — irritable ; irascible ; sensitive. 

Third, a. [A.-S. thridda; Dut. derde ; Dan. tredie ; 
Ger. drttte ; L. fortius; Gr. Tprro?. — See Three.] 
The next after the second. — 2, «. A third part : 
— the sixtieth part of a second. 

Th'ird'ly, ud. In the third place. 

Thirds, u. pi. (Law ) A widow's portion, or third 
of her deceased husband's estate. 

Thirst, n. [A.-S. (hurst, thirst; Dut, dorsl ; Ger. 
durst; Dan. torsi; Skr. tarsha; Irish, tart. — Cf. 
L. torrere, to dry.] A painful want of drink; 
thirstiness ; dryness : — vehement or eager desire. 
— 2, v. re. [A.-S. thyrstan, Dut. dorsten, Ger. dllr- 
tten, Dan. torste, Skr. trish, to thirst. — Cf. Gr, 
TepcreaOat., to become dry.] [pp. thirsting, 
thirsted.] To feel want of drink ; to be dry. 

Thi'rs'ti-nes3, re. The state of being thirsty. 

Thirs'ty, "• Suffering want of drink; very dry. 

Thir'teen, a. & re. [A.-g. threoteue ; threo, three, 
and ten, ten; Dut. dertien; Dan. tretten; Ger. 
dreizehn.] Ten and three. 

Thir'teenth, a. The third after the tenth. 

Thi'r'ti-eth, a. The ordinal of thirty. 

Tlii'r'ty,' «. & a. [A.-S. thritig ; Dut. dertig; Ger. 
dreizig.] Thrice ten ; ten and twenty. 

This, pro a. a.; pi. These. [A.-S. tlies; Dut. deze; 
Ger. dieser.] The one which is present; not 
that ; the last part. 

This' tie (this'sn, n. [A.-S. Hostel; Dut. & Ger. 
distel; Dan. tidsel.] A prickly weed or plant. 

This'tly (this'le). a. Overgrown with thistles. 

Thith'er, ad. [A.-S. ihirter; Icel. thadru, there; 
Goth. thathro 4 thence; Skr. tatra, there, thither: 
akin to That.] To that place or point. 

Thith'er-ward, ad. Toward that place. 

Thole, 'or Thole'-pin, n. [A.-S. thol; Dut. dol ; 
Sw. tulle, Norw. toll, a thole; Dan. tol, a pin, a 
plug; akin to Scand. toll, a fir-tree.] A pin used 
as a row-lock. 

Thong, n. [A.-S. thwang ; Icel. thvengr ; root of 
0. Fris. thivinga, to compel ; Sw. tvinga, to re- 
strain.] A strap or string of leather. 

Tho-rac'ic, a. Relating to the thorax. 

Tho'rax, n. [L. thorax, the breast or chest; Gr. 
0o6pa£, a breast-plate, the breast. —Cf. Skr. 
dhdraka, a chest.] The breast; the chest. 

Thorn, re. [A.-S. thorn; Dut. doom; Dan. tib'm ; 
Ger. dorn; Pol. tarn; Russ. feme.] A prickly 
tree; a spine : — trouble. 

Thbrn'back, n. A fish with a spiny body. 

Thbrn'y, a. Spiny ; prickly : — difficult, 

Thor'ough (thur'o), a. [A form of Through.] 
Going through ; reaching from side to side ; com- 
plete; full ; entire. — 2, prep. [Antiq.] Through. 

Thor'ough-bass, n. (Mm.) The art by which 
harmony is superadded to a given bass. 

Thor'ough-bred (thur'o-), a. Well brought up ; 
well educated : — of full blood on both sides. 

Thor'ough-fare (thur'o-far), n. [Thorough, 
through, and Fare, to go.] A passage through; 
a place much passed through : — passage. 



Thor'ough-ly. (thur'o-le), ad. Completely. 

Thor'ough- ness, re. Completeness. 

Thor'ough-paced (thur'o-past), a. Complete. 

Thor'ough-wort (-wihi), re. A medicinal plant. 

Thorp, re. [A.-S. thorp; Dut. dorp; Dan. torp; 
Ger. dorf] A small village. 

Tho§e, pron. a. [A.-S. ihas, a plural of ihes, this.] 
The plural of that; not these. 

Thou, pron. [A.-S., D<tn., & Ger. du; Icel. & Goth. 
thu; L., Per. & Irish, ta ; Russ. tui; Gr. rv, av; 
Skr. team.] The second personal pronoun sin- 
gular; the person spoken to; thyself. 

Though (tho), conj. [A.-S. theah. Goth, ihauh; Dut. 
doch, Dan. dog, Ger. doch, yet.] Although; if; 
in case that, 

Thought (thawt), i. & p. from think. — 2, n. 
[A.-S. thohl, theaht; Icel. thutti; Ger. dachte.— 
See Think. J The act of thinking; that which 
is thought; idea; sentiment; opinion; fancy; 
reflection ; meditation ; care ; concern. 

Thought' ful (thawfful), a. Full of thought; re- 
flecting; considerate; attentive; careful. 

Thought' ful-ly (thawt'-), ud. With thought. 

Thought' ful-ness (thawt/-), re. Reflection. 

Thought'less (.thawt'les), a. Gay ; careless. 

Thbught'less-ly (thawt'les-le), ad. Carelessly. 

Thbught'less-ness, ». Want of thought. 

Thousand', o. & n. [A.-S. thusend; Dut, duizend; 
Icel. tlmsund; Ger. tausend; Goth, thusundi.] Ten 
hundred. 

Thbu'sandth, a. The ordinal of a thousand. 

Thraldom, n. Slavery; servitude; bondage. 

Thrall, n. [Icel. thrael; Dan. trael ; Sw. tral; 
0. Ger. drigU, trikil, a slave.— Cf. A.-S. thraegian, 
to run. The old derivation from drill, because 
the ear of a vassal was sometimes pierced with 
an awl, is to be rejected.] A slave ; a bondman ; 
a serf: — thraldom ; slavery. 

Thrash, v. a. [A.-S. Uierscan, thirscun ; Dut. dor- 
schen; Icel. threskja ; Goth, (hriskan; Ger. dre- 
scheit. —CL Russ. tresk, a crash; 0. Slav, troska, 
a lightning-stroke.] [pp. thrashing, thrashed.] 
To beat and clean from chaff, as corn ; to drub : 
— written also thresh. 

Thrash'er, it. One who thrashes; thresher: — [see 
Thrush] a bird ; a kind of thrush. 

Thread (thrSd), n. [A.-S. thrsed, Dut. draad, Ger. 
draht. thread; A.-S. thraioan, to twist, to throw 
(q. v.); Dut. draaijen, Ger. drehen, to twist.] A 
small twist of flax, silk, cotton, or wool ; a small 
line or string; a filament :— any thing continued 
in a course ; tenor. — 2, v. a. [pp. threading, 
threaded.] To pass or go through. 

Thread'bare, a. Deprived of the nap; trite. 

Thread'y (thred'e), «. Like thread; slender. 

Threat, "n. [A.-S. threat, a crowd, a pressure, 
trouble, rebuke, a threat ; threotan, to vex, to 
urge, to press ; Ger. drohen, a threat : akin to 
Throe.] A denunciation of ill ; menace. 

Threat'en (thret'tn), v. a. [See Threat.] [pp. 
threatening, threatened.] To menace; to de- 
nounce evil upon ; to terrify. 

Threat'en-ing, j>. a. Menacing; imminent. 

Three, a. & re. [A.-S. threo; Dut. drie ; Dan. tre ; 
Ger. drei; Irish & Skr. tri; L. tres, tria ; Gr. 
rpei?, rpia.] Two and one. [three. 

Three'fold, a. Thrice repeated; consisting of 

Three'pence (thre'pens or thrip'eus), n. The sum 
of three pennies. [threepence; of little value. 

Three'pen-ny (thrip'en-e or thre'pen-e), a. Worth 

Three' -ply, a. Having three plies or* folds. 

Three' score, a. Thrice twenty ; sixty. 

Thren'o-dy, n. [Gr. Op-qvipSia; Bprivos, a wailing; 
Opeoixai, I cry, and <J<5jj, an ode (q. v.).] A song 
of lamentation. 

Thresh, v. a. [See Thrash.] [pp. threshing, 
threshed.] To beat, as grain or corn, to free it 
from chaff; to beat : — written also thrash. 

Thresh'er, n. One who threshes; a thrasher. 

Thresh'ing-floor, "I re. An area on which corn is 

Thrash'ing-floor, J beaten out. 



mien, sir; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, e, £, soft; p, £, p, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



THKESHOLD 



540 



TIBIA 



Thresb/old, w. [A.-S. therscold, therscwuld ; therscan, 
to thrash (q. v.), to beat, and ivuld, a wood.] The 
ground or step under a door : — a door-sill : — an 
entrance ; beginning. 

Threw (thru), i. from throw. 

Thrice, ad. [0. E. thries, thryes ; A.-S. thriwa; thri, 
three (q. v.).] Three times : — very; much. 

Thrid, v. a. [See Thread.] [pp. thridding, thrid- 
ded.] To slide or pass through ; to thread. 

Thrift, n. [Icel. thrif, thrift, prosperity. — See 
Thrive.] A thriving state ; prosperity; profit; 
frugality ; economy :— a flowering plant. 

Thrift'i-ly, ad. Frugally ; prosperously. 

Thrift' i-ness, n. Frugality ; economy. 

Thrift' less, a. Wanting thrift; extravagant. 

Thrifty/, a. Using good management; economi- 
cal ; frugal; sparing; thriving; prosperous. 

Thrill, v. a. [A.-S. thyrlian, thlrlian, to pierce; 
thyrel, a hole; from thurh, through. — Of. Drill.] 
[pp. thrilling, thrilled.] To pierce; to bore; to 
penetrate. — 2, v. n. To feel a sharp, tingling 
sensation. — 3, n. A breathing-hole ; a sharp 
sound. [iug- 

Thrill' ing, a. Causing a thrill; powerfully affect- 

Thrips," n. ; pi. Thrips'es ; L. pi. Thrl'pes. [L. & 
Gr.] A genus of minute destructive insects. 

Thrive, v. n. [Icel. thrifa, Norw. trica, to seize ; 
Icel. thricask, to thrive, — literally, to seize for 
one's self; Norw. to-leant, Sw. trifros, Dan. trices, 
to thrive.] [i. throve; pp. thriving, thiiven.] 
To prosper; to grow rich ; to flourish. 

Thriv'ing, p. a. Growing; flourishing. 

Throat, n. [A.-S. throte ; 0. Ger. drozze ; Ger. 
drossel. — Cf. Dut. strot, It. strozza, the throat.] 
The forepart of the neck ; pharynx. 

Throb, v. n. [Imitative. — Cf. Russ. trepetate, to 
palpitate, to turn; also Drub.] [pp. throbbing, 
throbbed.] To heave ; to beat ; to palpitate. — 

2, n. A beat ; a strong pulsation. 

Throe, n. [A.-S. threa, threaw, a rebuke, an afflic- 
tion, a pain; threowan, to afflict; Icel. thra, a 
struggle ; thru, to pant after.] The pain of trav- 
ail ; a pang ; agony. 

Throne, n. [Fr. trone, L. thronus, Gr. Bpovos, a 
seat.] The chair of state of a king, emperor, or 
sovereign :— tlie seat of a bishop. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
throning, throned.] To enthrone. 

Throng, n. [A.-S. throng, participle from thringan, 
to crowd; Icel. throng, Ger. drang, a throng; 
dringen, to press.] A multitude pressing against 
each other; a crowd. — 2, v. n. [pp. thronging, 
thronged.] To crowd; to come in crowds. — 

3, v. a. To oppress with crowds. 

Thros'tle (thros'sl), n. [A.-S. throstle, Ger. drossel, 
0. Ger. trosehel, diminutives akin to Thrush.] 
The thrush : — a spindle. 

Throt'tle (throt'tl), n. [A dim. of Throat ; Ger. 
drossel] The windpipe ; the larynx. — 2, v. a. [ pp. 
throttling, throttled.] To choke ; to suffocate. 

Through (thru), prep. [A.-S. thurh; Dut. door; 
Ger. durch; Goth, thairh.] From end to end of; 
throughout ; by means of. — 2, ad. From end to 
end, or from side to side ; to the end ; through- 

Through'ly (thru'le), ad. Thoroughly. [out. 

Through-out' (thru-odf), ad. In every part. — 
2, prep. Quite through. 

Throve, i. from thrice. 

Throw (thro), v. a. [A.-S. thrawan, to twist, to 
whirl; Ger. drehen, to turn, to whirl.— Cf. L. 
torquere, to twist.] [i. threw ; pp. throwing, 
thrown.] To send away by the hand; to fling; 
to cast ; to hurl ; to overturn : — to twist. — 2, v. n. 
To make a cast ; to cast dice. — 3, n. A cast :— a 
pang. See Throe. 

Thrown (thron), p. from throw. 

Throw'ster, re. One who twists or throws silk. 

Thrum, n. [Norw. tr'dm, tinman, edge; 0. Dut. 
drom, Ger. Irwmm, a thrum.] The ends of a 
weaver's threads: — a headland wasted by the 
sea. — 2, v. a. [pp. thrumming, thrummed.] To 
weave; to knot; to fringe :— [Icel. thruma, to 



rattle; Sw. trumma, to drum (q. v.)] to play 
coarsely, as on a harp. 

Thrush, re. [A.-S. ihrysce; Icel. throstr ; Norw. 
trust; Russ. drozd; Ger. drossel; L. turdus.] A 
small singing-bird, the throstle :—[ Dan. trb'ske; 
Sw. torsi:, trosk: akin to Thirst] a disease com- 
mon to infants,— also of a hor»e. 

Thrust, v. a. [Icel. thrysta, to thrust, to press; 
A.-S. thrsestan, to oppress. — Cf. L. trudere, trusum, 
to thrust.] [i. thrust; pp. thrusting, thrust.] 
To push with force ; to drive ; to urge ; to stab ; 
to throw ; to pierce.— 2, v. n. To make a push ; 
to attack with a pointed weapon : — to press for- 
cibly. — 3, n. A hostile attack; an assault; a 
stab : — horizontal outward pressure. 

Thud, n. [Imitative. — Cf. A.-S. tho'den, a strong 
wind.] A dull, heavy blow, or the sound made 
by it. 

Thug (or tug), n. [Hind, thug; Marathi, thak or 
thag ; Hind, thaga, to deceive.] One of a sect 
of murderous fanatics in India. 

Thumb (thum), n. [A.-S. thuma; Dut. duim; Sw. 
tumme; Ger. daumen.] The short, thick finger. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. thumbing, thumbed.] To handle 
awkwardly. 

Thiimb'-screw (-skru), n. A screw to be turned 
by finger and thumb : — an instrument of torture. 

Thump, n. [Icel. dumpa; Local Sw. dompa.] A 
hard, heavy, dull blow ; a knock. — 2, c. a. [pp. 
thumping, thumped.] To beat with dull, heavy 
blows. — 3, v. n. To fall or strike with a heavy 
blow. 

Thiimp'ing, a. Great; huge. [Low.] 

Thiin'der, n. [A.-S. thuuor, Dut. douder, Ger. don- 
ner, 0. Ger. thonar, thunder; L. tonare, to thun- 
der; A.-S. Ionian, thuuriuu, to thunder.] The 
noise produced by the explosion of lightning; a 
loud, rumbling noise. — 2, *,■. v. [pp. thundering, 
thundered.] To discharge the electric fluid in 
the air; to make a loud noise. — 3, v. a. To emit 
with noise and terror. 

Thun'der-bolt, n. Lightning; fulmination. 

Thun'der-clap, n. An explosion of thunder. 

Thun'der-er, n. One that thunders. 

Thun'der-ous. a. Emitting thunder. 

Thun'der-struck, a. Astonished. 

Thu'ri-ble, n. [L. thuribulum; thus or tus, Gr. 9vos, 
incense.] A pan to burn incense in. 

Thiirs'day, n. [A.-S. Thunres dseg ; Ger. Donners- 
tag; Dut. Donderdag ; Icel. Thors-daqr, day of 
Thor, the thunder-god.] The fifth day of the 
week. 

Thus, ad. [A.-S. thus: allied to This; Dut. dus; 
0. Fris. thus.] In this manner; to this degree ; so. 

Thwack, v. a. [A.-S. thaccian; Icel. thj'dklsa.— 
Cf. Whack.] [pp. thwacking, thwacked.] To 
strike; to thresh; to bang. — 2, n. A heavy, 
hard blow ; a thump. 

Thwart, a. [A.-S. thweorh, perverse ; Icel. thcerr, 
ihvert, across; Dan. tcser, tvsert; Ger. zicerch.] 
Transverse; oblique. — 2, v. a. [pp. thwarting, 
thwarted.] To cross; to oppose; to traverse. — 
3, v. n. To be in opposition to. 

Thy (thi or the), pron. [See Thine.] Of thee ; be- 
longing to thee. 

Thyme (tlm), n. [L. thymus; Gr. Ovuos ; akin to 
0uos, incense ; 9vety, to smell, to sacrifice.] An 
aromatic plant. 

Thy'mus, n. [Gr. 0v>o?.] A large gland within 
the- chest, which exists in the fetal and infantile 
6tates. 

Thy'my (ti'me), a. Abounding with thyme. 

Thy'rbid, a. [Gr. 0upeo€(.8rjs, shield shaped ; Bv- 
peo?, a shield, and eUos, form.] Noting a gland 
of the throat. 

Thy-self , pron. reciprocal, used for emphasis. 

Tl-a'ra, or Ti-ar'a, n. [L. ; Gr. riapa.— Cf. Per. 
taj, a" crown ; taj'war, crowned.] A high cap or 
mitre : — a royal or papal crown. 

Tib'i-a, n. [L.'j An ancient musical pips. — (Anat.) 
The large bone of the leg. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, l, 5, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her 



TIBIAL 



541 



TIMOROUSXESS 



Tib'i-al, a. Relating to a pipe, or to the tibia. 

Tic douloureux (tik do-16-ruh), n. [Fr. tic, a 
twitch, a bad habit; It. ticchio, a whim, a freak, 
and Fr. douloureux, painful, dolorous (q. v.).] 
{Med.) A painful neuralgia in the face. 

Tick, n. [From Ticket, a bill.] A score ; trust ; 
credit: — [Fr. tique ; 0. Dut. & Low Ger. teke ; 
Ger. ziicke ; It. zecca: root of Stick] a parasitic 
insect : — [L. theca, Gr. 6r)ni), a ca>e ; TiOrj^i, I 
put] a case for a bed; ticking: — [imitative] a 
noise made by ticking, as by a watch : — a small 
mark. — 2, v. n. [pj). ticking, ticked.] To run 
on score ; to trust :— to make a slight noise, as 
a watch. — 3, v. a. To note by a regular vibra- 
tion : — [Dut. tik, Low Ger. tiki; a touch ; Hkhen, 
to touch. — Cf. Tact] to make a small mark 
against : — to bit lightly. 

Tick'et, n. [Fr. etiquette, 0. Fr. eliquet, estigv.ete, a 
ticket : root of Stick. Originally it was a no- 
tice stuck or set up in a public place.] A token 
of a right, prhilege, or debt; a marked card or 
slip of reaper. — 2, <•. a. [pp. ticketing, ticketed.] 
To distinguish by a ticket. 

Tlck'ing, n. A case for a bed; a tick; cloth for 
a bed or case of a bed. 

Tic'kle (tik'kl), v. a. [Frequentative of Tick, to 
touch; but cf. L. liiillare, Fr. titiller, to tickle.] 
[pp. tickling, tickled.] To cause to laugh; to 
please. — 2, v. n. To feel titillation; to titillate. 

Tick'lish, a. Easily tickled : — difficult to be 
touched; tottering; unfixed. 

Ti'dal, a. Relating to the tides. 

Tid'bit, n. [Tit, a teat, and Bit.] A dainty ; a 
delicate piece; titbit. 

Tide, n. [A.-S. & Dan. tid, Dut. tijd, Ger. zeit, 
time. High and low tide are the high and low 
times of the sea. — See Tidings.] The ebb and flow 
of the sea ; course : — time ; season. — 2, v. n. [ pp. 
tiding, tided.] To pour a flood ; to be agitated. 

Tide'-gate, n. A passage for the tide into a basin. 

Tide'less, a. Having no tide. 

Tide'-'wa-ter, n. Water subject to tides. 

Tide'way, it. That part of a river or channel in< 
which the tide el.hs and flows. 

Ti'di-ly, ad. In a tidy manner; neatly. 

Ti'di-ness, n. State of being tidy ; neatness. 

Ti'dings, n. pi. [Icel. tidindi, tidendu, news, 
events; A.-S. tidun, getidnn, Norse lidha, to hap- 
pen, to betide; Daii. tidende, Dut. tijding, Ger. 
zeitung, tidings, news.] News; inttdiigence. 

Ti'dy, a. [Dut. tijdig, Dan. tidig, Ger. zeitig, timely, 
seasonable, appropriate*] Neat; clean; nice; 
spruce. — 2, n. An apron ; a covering. — 3, r. «. 
<fc v. n. [pp. tidying, tidied.] To put in order. 

Tie (ti), v. a. [A.-S. teah, teag, tige, Icel. tavg, a 
tie : base of Tcg and Tow.] [i. tied ; pp. tying, 
tied ] To fasten with a knot; to bind; to fasten! 
— 2, n. A knot; a fastening; a bond. 

Tier, n. [Fr. tire, a stretch, a row ; tirer, to draw : 
akin to Tear.] A row ; a rank ; a series of things. 

Tierce (ters or ters), n. [Fr. tiers, tierce, third, a 
third; L. tertins, third (</. v.).) A cask contain- 
ing forty-two gallons : — a position in fencing. 

Tiff. n. [Cf. Norw. lev, a sniff, a scent.] Liquor; 
drink : — a fit of peevishness ; a slight quarrel. — 
2, d. n. To be in a pet ; to quarrel. 

Tif fa-nx, n. [Cf. Gr. oiafidveia, transparency. — 
See Diaphanous.] Gauze or very thin silk. 

Tiffin, w. [Cf. Scot. tift, to sip; Local S\v. fur, to 
taste; Norw. tev, a sniff; more probably Hind. 
tiffen, Arab, tafaunun, pastime.] A luncheon. 

Ti'ijer, v. [Fr. tigre ; L. tigris ; Gr. Tiypis. — Cf. 
Zend lighri, an arrow ; tighra, sharp.] A fierce 
animal of the feline genus : — a foot-boy or young 
liveried attendant. 

Tight (tit), a. [Icel. theltr ; Sw. tat; Dan. txt ; 
Ger. dicht ; Dut. dighL — Cf. L. tecbas, covered.] 
Tense ; tenacious ; close : — not loose : — not leaky : 
— hard : — neat ; snug. 

Tight'en (ti'tn), v. a. [pp. tightening, tightened.] 
To make tight. 



Tlght'ness (tit'nes), n. Closeness : — neatness. 

Ti'gress, n. The female of the tiger. [fierce. 

Ti'grine, or Ti'grish, a. Resembling a tiger; 

Tike, n. [Icel. & Sw. tik, a bitch.] A dog; a cur r 
— a clown. 

Tile, n. [0. E. tigel, A.-S. tigele, Fr. (wife, L. tegnla, 
a tile; tegere, tectum, to cover.] A piece of burnt 
clay, or broad thin brick, used to cover houses, 
or for paving :— a drain-pipe of clay :— a hat. — 
2, v. a. [pp. tiling, tiled.] To cover with tiles. 

Til'er, n. One who covers houses with tiles :— 
[conjectured to be Fr. tailieur, a cutter, from his 
drawn sword] a door-keeper in a lodge. 

Til'ing, n. A roof covered with tiles; tiles. 

Till| w. [A.-S. tijUan, to draw; Dut. & Low Ger. 
tillen, to lift.] A money-box in a shop; a tiller: 
— [Scot. ; probably for tile, in the sense of a pan. 
— Cf. Hard-Panj hard pan or tough subsoil. — 
2, prep. [Icel. & Dan. til, Sw. till, to, up to : akin 
to A.-S. til, suitable, toward, fit, good, and to 
Ger. ziel, aim, purpose.] To the time of: to; un- 
til. — 3, ad. or conj. To the time when ; until. 
— 4, v. a. [A.-S. tillan, to till, to labor, to en- 
deavor, to make fit ; til, good, fit ; Dut. teleu, to 
cultivate; Ger. zielen, to aim at, to endeavor; 
ziel, purpose, aim.] [j>p. tilling, tilled.] To cul- 
tivate ; to plough. 

Till'a-ble, a. That may be tilled ; arable. 

Tilfafe, n. Act of tilling; culture. 

Till'er. n. A cultivator: — [Dut. tillen, to pull up, 
to lift; Low Ger. tillen, to lift, to move] handle 
of a rudder: — the slfoot of a plant. — 2, r. a. 
[pp. tillering, tillered.] To put forth shoots. 

Tilt, n. [A.-S. teld, Dan. telt, Ger. zell, a tent.] A 
cover of a wagon : — a military game. — J. r. a. 
[A.-S. & 0. E. lilleii, to totter, to fall ; Icel. lolta, 
to amble; Sw. ditto, to waddle; Ger. zelt, an 
amble; A.-S. teult, unsteady.] [pp. tilting tilt- 
ed.] To cover; to point; to turn up; to incline 
to one side. — 3, r. n. To fight; to rush, as in 
combat or as in a tournament. 

Tilth, m. [A.-S. did, cultivation.— See Till.] That 
which is tilled ; tillage. 

Tim'ber, n. [A.-S. timber; Dut. & Sw. titnmer; 
Icel. timbr ; Dan. tihnmer; Ger. zimmer t & room, 
timber; Goth. limrjan,to build.] Wood fit for 
building; abeam:* — [Fr. timbre, a bundle of 
furs, a crest, casque, or helmet; Ger. simmer, a 
certain number of skins: possibly from L. tym- 
panum, a drum] a quantity of skins : — a heraldic 
crest; a range or row in heraldry. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
timbering, timbered.] To furnish with timber: 
— to decorate, as in heraldry. 

Tim'bre (tim'ber), ». [Fr. timbre, a small bell, the 
ring of a bell, quality of voice; L. tympanum, a 
drum.] The quality of a sound. 

Tim'brel, n. [Dim. of 0. Fr. tymbre, a drum. — See 
Tympanum. — Cf. Sp. tambonl, a little drum.] A 
kind of musical instrument. 

Time, n. [A.-S. lima; Dan. time; Sw. timme.] The 
measure of duration ; duration ; period of en- 
durance; season; age; interval; a period: — 
measure of sound: — repetition. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
timing, timed.] To adapt to the time ; to reg- 
ulate : — to observe the time of. 

Time'-keep-er, "I n. That which keeps time ; a 

Time'piece, j watch or clock. 

Time'ly, a. Seasonable ; sufficiently early. 

TIme'-serv-er. w. One who meanly complies with 
the times; a temporizer. 

Tim'id. a. [L. timidus : timere, to fear.] "Wanting 
courage; easily frightened; fearful; timorous; 
not bold; afraid. [fulness; fear. 

Ti-mid'i-ty, n. [Fr. timidile ; L. iimiditus.] Fear- 

Tim'id-iy, ad. In a timid manner. 

Tim'ist, n. One who keeps time : — a time-server. 

Tim'or-ous, a. [Fr. timorc ; It. linioroso ; L. timor, 
timoris, fear; timere, to fear.] Fearful; full of 
fear; timid. 

Tim'or-ous-ly. ad. Fearfully ; with fear. 

Tim'or-ous-ness, n. Fearfulness; timiditv. 



mien, sir; m6ve, nor, son; bull, biir, rule, nse. — 5, <?. 9. £. soft; p, £, c, £, hard; sasz; xasgz;this. 

46 



TIMOTHY' 



542 



TITULAKY 



Tim'o-thy, n. [Origin variously stated.] A culti- 
vated grass. 

Tin, n. [A.-S., Dut., Icel., & Dan. tin; Sw. tenn; 
Ger. zinn : probably not related to Fr. etain, L. 
stannum, tin.] A common whitish metal, very 
malleable: — a thin plate of iron covered with 
tin. — 2, v. a. [pip. tinning, tinned.] To cover 
with tin. 

Tin'cal (ting'kal), n. [Malay, tinglcal; Per. & 
Hind, linkar.] A mineral; crude borax. 

Tinct'ure (tingkt'yur), «. [L. tinclura ; tingere, 
tinctum, to stain.] Color or taste superadded : — 
essence; extract of drugs. — 2, v. a. [pp. tinct- 
uring, tinctured.] To imbue ; to tinge. 

Tm'der, n. [0. E. tind, to kindle; A.-S. tijndre, 
tinder; lendan, to kindle; Icel. tundr, Dan. tin- 
der, Ger. zundre, tinder; anzunden, to kindle.] 
Any thing very inflammable. 

Tine, n. [A.-S. find; Icel. tinclr ; Sw. Hnne.—Cf. 
Ger. zinne,, a pinnacle; zinlce, a tine.] Spike or 
tooth of a fork, harrow, &c. 

Tin'-fdil, n. Tin formed into a very thin leaf. 

Tingr, v. n. [Imitative. — See Tinkle.] [pp. ting- 
ing, tinged.] To ring; to sound as a bell. — 2, n. 
A sharp sound : as, the ling of a bell. 

Tinge, v. a. [L. tingere, Gr. reyyeii/, to stain, to 
moisten.] [pp. tingeing, tinged.] To impreg- 
nate ; to imbue ; to dve. — 2, n. A color or shade 
of color; stain; tint. 

Tm'gle (tlng'gl), v. n. [A variant of Tinkle.] 
[pp. tingling, tingled.] < To feel a quick pain. — 
2, n. A tingling. 

Tin'gling, n. A thrilling s^np°tion or noise. 

Tink (tingk), v. n. [Inu . . — See Tinkle.] 
[pp. tinking, tinked.] To make a shrill noise; 
to tinkle. 

Tink'er (tlngk'er), n. [From Tink or Tinkle, to 
make a ringing sound.] A mender of brass or 
metal ware. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. tinkering, 
tinkereil.] To mend, as old brass vessels. 

Tm'kle (tingk'kl), v. n. [L. linnire, Fr. tinier, to 
ring, to tinkle; 0. Dut. tinHen, tingetangen, to 
tinkle : imitative.] To make a sharp, quick 
noise ; to clink ; to tink. — 2, v. a. To cause to 
clink. — 3, n. A clink ; a quick, sharp noise. 

Tink'ling, n. A small, quick, sharp noise. 

Tin'man, n. A manufacturer of, or dealer in, tin. 

Tin'ny, a. Abounding with tin ; like tin. [tin. 

Tin'-plate, n. A thin sheet of iron covered with 

Tin'sel, n. [Fr. etincelle, a flash; L. scintilla, a 
spark.] A kind of shining cloth : — any thing 
showy and of little value. — 2, a. Specious; 
showy; superficial.— 3, v. a. [pp. tinselling, 
tinseiled.] To decorate, as with tinsel. 

Tint, n. [Fr. leint; L. linctvs, a stain.— See Tinct- 
ure.] A dye; a color. — 2, v. a. [pp. tinting, 
tinted.] To dye. 

Tin-tin-nab-u-la'tion, v. [L. tinlinnabulum, a little 
bell'; tintinare, to jingle: imitative.] A tinkling 
sound. [on tin-plate. 

Tin' type, n. [Tin and Type.] A photograph taken 

Ti'ny, a. [Local E. teeny, small, insignificant, — 
also sorry, peevish, irritable ; teen, sorrow, vex- 
ation.] Little; small; puny. 

Tip, n. [Low Ger. & Norw. tipp ; Dut., Sw., & 
Dan. tip ; Ger. zipfel : a modified form of Top.] 
The top; end; point; extremity : — a touch :— a 
tilting motion : —a small present of money. — 
2, v. a. [pp. tipping, tipped.] To to)); to cover 
on the end; to tap:— [Sw. tippa, Ger. lippen, to 
touch, to tap (q. v.). ; tipp, a touch] to give money 
to :— to tilt ; to turn ; to incline ; to cant. 

Tip'pet, n. [A.-S. tseppcs, a tippet ; tsejtpe, a fillet. 
— See Tapestry.] Something worn about the 
neck : — a cape ; the cape of a cloak. 

Tip'ple (tlp'pl), v. n. [Norw. tipla, to tipple, to 
dribble; Local Ger. zipfeln; to sip.— Of. Local E. 
tip, a drink.] [pp. tippling, tippled.] To drink 
to excess. — 2, n. Drink. 

Tip'pler, n. One who tipples; a drunkard. 

Tip'pling, n. The act of drinking to excess. 



Tip'si-ness, n. Drunkenness. 

Tip'staff, n. An officer and his staff of justice; a 
constable : — a staff' tipped with metal. 

Tip'sy, a. [Cf. Local Ger. (Swiss) tipseln, to get 
fuddled; lips, a fuddled state: akin to Tip.] 
Drunk; overpowered with drink. 

Tip' toe (tip'to), n. The end of the toe. 

Tip'-top, n. The highest degree; the summit. — 
2, a. Very excellent. [Colloq.] 

Ti-rade' [te-rad', R. N. St. H.], n. [Fr. tirade, a 
long speech, a pulling out; tirer, to draw: root 
of Tear.] A strain of invective or violent dec- 
lamation. 

Tire, n. [An old word ; sometimes it seems to rep- 
resent tiar, a tiara, sometimes attire.] Furniture ; 
apparatus ; attire : — a head-dress : — [probably 
from Tie; possibly identical with tire, a head- 
band] the hoop of a wheel :— a tier; a row. — 
2, v. a. [A.-S. teorian, from teran, to tear. — Cf. 
also A.-S. tirigan, to irritate; teran, to tear; Fr. 
tirer, to draw.] [pp. tiring, tired.] To fatigue; 
to exhaust; to make weary. — 3, v. n. To become 
weary or fatigued. 

Tired (tird), p. a. Fatigued ; Aveary. [tire. 

Tire'less, a. Untiring; never tired: — having no 

Tire'some (tir'sum), a. Wearisome ; tedious. 

Tire'some-ness, n. Quality of being tiresome. 

Ti'ro, n. A beginner; a novice. See Tyro. 

'Ti§ (tlz). Contracted for it is. 

Tis'sue (tlsh'yu), n. [Fr. tissv, formerly a parti- 
ciple of tistre, now tisser, to weave; L. texere.] 
Cloth interwoven with gold or silver ; texture : — 
membranous organization or structure of parts: 
— a series. — 2, v. a. [pp. tissuing, tissued.] To 
interweave ; to variegate. 

Tit, n. [Norw. tita, Icel. tillr, a bird.] A small 
horse :— a titmouse : — [see Teat] a teat. 

Ti-tan'ic, «. [L. ; Gr. Ttrav, the sun-god, — also 
one of a race of giants or monsters. — Cf. Skr. 
tithu, fire.] Gigantic : — enormous. 

Ti-ta'ni-um, n. [From Titan, a s<m of the Earth. 
—See' Titanic] A rare, hard metal. 

Tit'bit, n. A nice bit ; nice food. See Tidbit. 

Tithe, n. [A.-S. teotha, a tenth (q. v.).] The tenth 
part ; a tenth : — the tenth part of produce, paid 
to the clergy. — 2, v. a. [pp. tithing, tithed.] 
To levy the tenth part. 

Tith'er, n. One who gathers tithes. 

Titft'ing-, n. A decennary ; tithe : — part of a parish. 

Tith'ing-man, n. A petty parish officer. 

Tit'il-late, v. a. [L. titillare, titillatum, to tickle.] 
[pp. titillating, titillated.] To feel titillation ; 
to tickle. [ling; a tickling. 

Tit-il-la'tion, n. [L. tiiillatio.] The act of tick- 

Tit'lark, n.' [Tit and Lark.] A small bird. 

Ti'tle, n. [Fr. litre; 0. Fr. title; L. titulus, a 
superscription.] An appellation of honor; an 
inscription : — a title-page : — a claim of right. — 
2, v. a. [pp. titling, titled.] To entitle ; to name. 

Ti'tled (tT'tid), a. Having a title. [title. 

Ti'tle-page, n. The page of a book containing the 

Tit'mouse, n. ; pi. Tit' mice. [Tit (g. v.), and 
A.-S. mase, Dut. mees, Ger. meise, a titmouse.] 
A small bird ; a tit. 

Ti'trate, v. a. [Fr. titrer ; litre, a title (q. v.), a 
standard.] [pp. titrating, titrated.] To analyze 
by using standard solutions. 

Ti-tra'tion, «. [Fr.] Analysis by the use of stand- 
ard solutions. 

Tit'ter. v. v. [Imitative.] [pp. tittering, tittered.] 
To laugh with restraint; to giggie. — 2, n. A 
restrained laugh. 

Tit'tle, n. [Sp. tilde, Port. 67, Catalan titlta, Rou- 
manian title, all names of diacritical marks on 
letters; L. titulus, a superscription, — later, a sign 
or token; Ger. titlel, a jot.] A small particle; a 
point ; a dot. 

Tit'u-lar, a. [L. tihrtaris.—See Title.] Existing 
only in name or title ; nominal ; titulary. 

Tit'u-la-ry, n. [See Titular.] One who has a 
title or right. — 2, o. Relating to a title; titular. 



a, e, l, o, u, y, 



long; a, e, i, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



TO 



543 



TONTINE 



TS, cr To. prep. [A.-S. to ; Dut. toe ; Ger. zn ; Goth. 
du : Buss, do.] Noting motion toward : — opposed 
to from; in the direction of; as far as. — 2, ad. 
A particle used before a verb in the infinitive 
mood. — To and fro, backward and forward. — To- 
day, on this day. — To-night, on this night. — 
To-morroil, on the morrow. 

Toad (tod), n. [A.-S. tadige, tadie; Dan. tudse.] 
An animal resembling a frog. 

Toad'stool, n. A sort of mushroom. 

Toad'y, n. A base flatterer; a sycophant. 

Toast (tost), v. a. [O. Fr. lostee, Fr. toste, toast; 
tester, to toast ; L. torrere, tostum, to parch.] [pp. 
toasting, toasted.] To scorch : — to drink in honor 
of. — 2, v. a. To give a toast to be drunk. — 3, n. 
Bread toasted : — [so called because toast, as well 
as good wishes, often accompanied the act of 
drinking] a health or sentiment proposed: — a 
lady much complimented. 

To-bi.c'c5, n. [Sp. tabaco, a native American name 
of a tobacco-pipe, and in some places, it is said, 
a name of the plant itself.] A plant and its dried 
leaves, which are used for smoking, chewing, 
anil for making snuff. 

To-bac'co-nist, n. A dealer in tobacco. 

To-bog'gan, n. [Algonkin.] A sledge made of a 
. single board : — a sledge drawn by dogs. 

Tod' sin. n. [Fr. tocsin. 0. Fr. toquesing, an alarm- 
bell'; toquer, to touch (q. v.), and signe, 0. Fr. 
sing, a signal.] A puUic alarm-bell. 

Tod, it. [Icel. toddi, a piece, a tod of wool ; Ger. 
zotle, a tuft : the name was given to the fox from 
his bushy tail. J A fox : — twenty-eight pounds 
of wool :— a bush, or tuft of bushes. 

To-day', n. This d.iy. —2, ad. On this day. 

Tod'dle (tod'dl), v. n. [Sw. tnlta ; Ger. zotteln.—See 
Totter.] [pp. toddling, toddled.] To walk 
feebly ; to to, tie. 

Tod'dy, n. [Hind, tari (pronounced somewhat like 
toddy); Per. & Hind, tor, a kind of palm.] A 
tree : — the sap of the cocoa-nut palm : — a mixture 
of spirits and water. 

To-do', n. Bustle; stir; ado. [Colloq.] < 

Toe (to), n. [A.-S. to; Dut. teen; Dan. laa ; Ger. 
zehe.] An extremity of the foot. 

Tof'fjr, n. [See Taffy.] A sweetmeat ; taffy. 

To'ga, n. [L. — Of. tegere, to cover.] The Koman 
outer garment. 

To-getfc'er, ad. [A.-S. lo-gsedre. — See Gather.] 
In company; not apart. 

Tog'ger-y, or Togs, u. pi. [Said to be from L. 
tog.i, a gown.] Garmencs. [Slang.] 

Tog'gle (trg'gl), n. [Perhaps related to Tack or 
Tackle.] A pin or key to fasten chains or ropes 
together. — 2, v. a. [pp. toggling, toggled.] To 
fasten with a toggle. 

Toil. v. n. [0. E. tnile, struggle; 0. Fr. toviller, to 
entangle; toelle, trouble, torment: in English it 
early became influenced by Till, to cultivate. — 
Of. 0. Dut. tunl, tillage; tuylen, to till.] [pp. 
toiling, toiled.] To labor; to work ; to be busy. 
—2, n. Labor; work; fatigue :— [Fr. toile, cloth : 
toih-s, a net for beasts; L. tela, a^web; texere, to 
weave] a net; a snare. 

Tbil'er, n. One who toils or labors. 

Toi'let. n. [Fr. toilette, attire, a cloth for a dress- 
ing-table; dim. of toile, a cloth.] A dressing- 
table : — the act of dressing :— dress ; attire. 

Toil'some (toil sum), a. Laborious; weary. 

To-kay', w. [Fr<>m the place where it is produced.] 
A rich Hungarian wine. 

To'ken (to'kn), n. [A.-S. tacn, iacen ; ~Dut. teeJcen ; 
Dan. tegn ; Ger. zeichen ; root of Ger. ziegen ; L. 
indicare, to show.] A sign ; a mark ; a memorial. 

Told, i. & p. from tell. 

Tol'er-a-ble, a. [L. tolerabUis.— See Tolerate.] 
That 'may be tolerated; passable; endurable; 
mot excellent. 

ToTer-a-bly., ad. Supportably; passably. 

Tol'er-ance,' n. [L. foferanfta.— See Tolerate.] 
Endurance ; toleration. 



Tol'er-ant, a. [L. tolei-ans, tolerating. — See Tol- 
erate.] Disposed to tolerate ; enduring. 

Tol'er-ate, v. a. [L. tolerare, toleratum : akin to 
toliere, to lift, to bear.] [pp. tolerating, toler- 
ated.] To suffer : to permit ; to allow. 

Tol-er-a'tion, n. [L. toleratio.) The act of toler- 
ating; allowance; sufferance; endurance. 

Toll, n. [A.-S. toll; Dut. tel; Dan. told; Ger. zoll. 
— Cf. Tale, a reckoning.] A tax paid for some 
privilege, as for crossing a bridge, etc. : — an ex- 
cise on goods :— [etymology doubtful; probably 
imitative, like Knoll, Knell] the sound, or 
regular tone, of a bell. — 2, v. n. [pp. tolling, 
tolled.] To pay toll: — to sound, as a bell; to 
ring. — 3, v. a. To cause to sound, as a bell ; to 
ring: — to take toll of: — [cf. Bret. toueUa, to al- 
lure; L. toliere, to carry] to allure ; to coax along. 

Toll'bootn, n. A prison ; a, jail : — a toll-house. 

Toll'-gate, n. A gate where toll is paid. 

Toll'-house. n. A house where toll is paid. 

To-lu', n. [The name of a town in Columbia.] A 
balsam or oleoresin. 

Tom'a-hawk, //. [Algonkin.] An Indian hatchet. 

To-ma'to, or To-ma'to, //. [Sp. tomato; 3Iex. to- 
mad.] A garden-plant and its fruit ; love-apple. 

T6mb (torn), n. [Fr. tombe, L. tumba, Gr. tuju./3o9, 
a tomb, a tumulus.] A monument over a grave 
or in which tbe dead are enclosed; a sepulchre; 
a grave. — 2, v. a. [pp. tombing, tombed.] To 
bury ; to entomb. 

Tom'bac, n. [Malay tombaga, copper.] An alloy 
of copper and zinc. 

Tomb'stone (toir-'ston), n. A monument placed 
over the dead, . r a grave. 

Tome, n. [Fr. ; L. to, mis ; Gr. roao?, a volume, a 
section; Tt/u.i'eii', to cut.] A volume; a book. 

To-mor'row, n. [A.-S. to rm igen. — See Moreow.] 
Tiie day after the present day.— 2, ad.— On the 
next day coming. 

Tom'pi-on, n. [See Tampon.] A stopper; a plug. 

T5m-tit', n. [Tom for Thomas. — Of. jocA-spar- 
row; robin-red lo east ; j'uc/.daw ; //Mi/pie.] A tit- 
mouse ; a small bird. 

Ton, it. [A.-S. Inline; Icel. & Gael, tnunn ; Irish, 
torma; Dut. ton; Dan. tihtde; Ber. tonne.] The 
weight of 20 hundred gross, or 20 cwt., equal to 
2240 pounds avoiruup N. [fashion. 

Ton, n. [Fr. for "tone" [g. v.).] The prevailing 

Tone, n. [L. tonus; Gr. roi-oc, a thing stretched, 
a string, a note; Tesveic, Skr. toi», to stretch.] 
The particular quality; the sound of tbe voice; 
note : — degree of firmi.es- or tension ; elasticity ; 
tension :— prevailing hue ; quality. 

Tongs, n. pi. [A.-S. tange; J>ut. & Pan. tang; Ger. 
ssange. — Of. Tang, to bite.] A utensil to take up 
fire, &c. 

Tongue (tung), n. [A.-S. & Dan. tnnge ; Dut. long; 
Ger. zunge ; Irish, teanga; 0. L. ditupta; L. lin- 
gua.] The organ of speech and of taste : — 
speech; a language; talk: — the catch of a 
buckle : — a point ; a projection. 

Tongue' -tied, a. Having an impediment in speech. 

Ton'ic, >i. [Gr. tovikos, relating to tone or ten- 
sion.] A medicine that strengthens and gives 
tone to the system: — the key-note in music. — 
2, a. Increasing tone or strength : — rela ing to 
tones or sound. [night. 

To-night' (to-nit'), n. & ad. This night :— ou this 

Ton'nage (tiin'aj , n. The number of tous burden ; 
weight :— duty by the ton. 

Ton'sil, n. [Fr. tansille, 1'. tonsilla, properly a 
mooring-stake ; tonsa, an oar.] (Anal.) An ob- 
long, suboval gland, situated at the base of the 
tongue. [barber. 

Ton-so'ri-al, a. Pertaining to shaving or to a 

Ton'sure (ton'shur), ». [L. tonsnra; toudere, ton- 
sum, to clip.] A shaven spot on the head : — the 
act of clipping the hair. 

Ton-tine' (ton-ten'), n. [Fr. ; named from Tonti, 
its inventor.] A loan raised on life annuities 
with the benefit of survivorships. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, <?, c, £, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; $ as gz ; this. 



TOO 



544 



TOTEM 



Too, ad. [A special use of the preposition to.] 
Over; overmuch: — likewise; also. 

Took (tuk^, i. from take. 

T661, n. [A.-S. tol, tohl ; Icel. tol : related to Do.] 
Any instrument; an implement : — a hireling, or 
one used as a tool. 

TSot, v. n. & v. a. [0. Dut. tuyten; S\v. tjuta; Dan. 
tude; A.-S. theotan: imitative.] [pp. tooting, 
tooted.] To make a noise ; to sound ; to blow a 
horn : — to solicit; to tout (q. v.). 

T68th, w. ; pi. Teeth. [A.-S. tod, for tand; Dut. & 
Dan. tand; Ger. zahn; L. dens, dentis; Per. dan- 
dan; Skr. danta; Gr. b&ovs, oSovto?.] One of 
the little bones of the jaw : — a tine ; a prong. — 
2, v. a. [pp. toothing, toothed.] To furnish 
with teeth ; to indent. 

Tooth'aphe (toth'ak), n. Pain in the teeth. 

Tooth'less, a. Wanting teeth. [teeth. 

Tooth'pick, n. An instrument for picking the 

Tooth' some (tOth'sum), a. Palatable. 

Top, n. ' [A.-S., Dan.. & Dut. top; Norw. topp ; 
Ger. zopf: root found also in Celtic, apparently 
of identical origin with Tip and Tap.] The 
highest part or point ; the summit : — surface : — 
[because sharpened to a top or point] a child's 
toy or plaything. — 2, r. n. [pp. lopping, topped.] 
To rise aloft ; to be eminent. — 3, v. a. To cover 
or decorate on the top; to tip: — to rise above; 
to surpass : — to crop. 

To'paz, n. [Fr. topase ; L. topazus ; Gr. to7tg£os.] 
A precious stone ; a yellow gem. 

Tope, ». n. [Perhaps related to Tip or to Tipple, 
or to Fr. toper, to cover a stake in dicing.] 
[pp. toping, toped.] To drink hard; to drink 
to excess. — 2, n. [Hind.] A grove or clump of 
trees : — [Skr. thupa] a monument raised over a 
Buddhist relic ; a dhagoba. 

To'per, n. A drunkard; a tippler. 

Top'-gal-lant, a. (Naut.) Highest : as, lop-gallant- 
sail, — i.e.', the sail above the top-mast. 

Top'-heav-y. (top'hev-e), a. Heavy at the top. 

To'phet, n. [Heb. ; from tuph, to spit.] An un- 
clean place near Jerusalem: — metaphorically 
used for hell. 

Top'i-a-ry, a. [L. tepiarius; topiaria, ornamental 
gardeniug.] Shaped by clipping. 

Top'ic, n. [Gr. to7tik6?, local; T07rog, a place, a 
commonplace.] A general head ; a subject of 
argument or discourse ; a matter. 

Top'i-cal, a. Relating to a place or part; local. 

Top'i-cal-ly, ad. In a topical manner. [head. 

Top'knot (top'not), n. A knot on the top of the 

Top'-mast, n. (Kant.) The second mast aliove the 
deck, at the head or top of the lower mast. 

Top'most, a. Uppermost; highest. 

To-pog'ra-pher, n. One versed in topography. 

Top-o-graph'i'c, \ a. Relating to, or comprising, 

Top-o-graph'i-cal, j topography. 

Top-o-graph'i-cal-ly, ad, By topography. 

To-pog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. roiroypa^La. ; totto<;, a place, 
and ypd<})€Lv, to write, to describe.] A descrip- 
tion of cities, towns, places, roads, bridges, &c. 

Top'ping, a. Fine; gallant; proud. 

Top'ple (top'pl), v. n. [See Top.] [pp. toppling, 
toppled.] To fall down; to totter.— 2, v. a. To 
throw down. 

Top'pling, a. Ready to fall. 

Top' -sail, n. A sail across the top-mast. 

Top'sy.-tiir'vy, ad. [Said to be from top-side t'other 
way ; but various other conjectures have been 
made.] With the bottom upward. 

Torch, n. [Fr. torche ; Sp. antorcha; It. torcia; 
Late L. tortica ; L. torquere, tortum, to twist.] A 
large blazing light ; a flambeau, formerly made 
of twisted tow and pitch. 

Tore, i. from tear. 

Tor-ment', v. a. [Fr. toumient, torture; L. tor- 
inenlum, torture, an instrument of torture ; from 
torqitere, to twist.] [pp. tormenting, tormented.] 
To put to pain ; to excruciate ; to torture ; to 
vex greatly. 



Tbr'ment, n. Pain; agony; anguish; torture. 

Tor-ment' er, or Tor-ment'or, n. One who tor- 
ments; a torturer':— an agricultural instrument. 

Tbr'men-til, n. [Fr. torment-ilk ; It. tormentiUa; 
probably because it was used to alleviate pain. — 
See Torment.] A highly-astringent plant. 

Torn, p. from tear. 

Tor-na'do, n. ; pi. Tor-na'does. [Sp. tomada, a 
tnrning; tornear, to whirl, to turn (</. 17.).] A 
hurricane ; a violent storm and whirlwind. 

Tor-pe'do, n. ; pi. Tor-pe'dbes. [L. ; from torpere, 
to be numb.] An' electric fish, whose touch be- 
numbs : — a machine to blow up ships. 

Tbr'pid, a. [L. torpidns ; torpere, to be numb.] 
Numb: motionless; sluggish. 

Tor-pid'i-ty, ) n. State of being torpid ; torpor; 

Tor'pid-ness, j numbness. 

Tbr'pbr, n. [L.] Numbness ; torpidity. 

Tor-re-fac'tion, n. Act of drying by the fire. 

Tor're-fy, v. a. [L. torrefuccre ; torrere, to parch, 
and fucere, to make.] [pp. torrefying, torrefied.] 
To dry by the fire. 

Tor'rent, n. [L. torrens, burning, boiling, — also, 
a raging stream; torrere, to dry up, to parch.] 
A rapid stream or current. — 2, a. Rolling or 
rushing as a current. 

Tor'rid, a. [L. torridus; torrei-e, to parch.] Hot; 
parched; burning. — Torrid zone, the region of 
the earth included between the tropics of Cancer 
and Capricorn. 

Tbr'sion, n. [L. torsio, a twisting; torquere, torsi, 
to twist.] The act of twisting; a flexure. 

Tbr'sb, n. ; pi. Tbr'sb§. [It.; L. thyrsus; Gr. 
6vpcro<;.] The trunk of a statue deprived of the 
head and limbs. 

Tort, n. (Law.) A wrong; injury; injustice. 

Tor' tile, a. Twisted ; wreathed ; turned aside, [k.] 

Tbr'toise (tbr'tiz or tbr'tis), n. [Fr. lortue ; Sp. 
tortuga; Prov ■/ tortesa ; 0. Fr. tortis ; Late L. tor- 
tuca; from torquere, tortum, to twist; from the 
twisted feet.] A reptile covered with a hard 
shell. 

Tbrt-u-os'i-ty, n. [L. tortuositus.] State of being 
tortuous. 

Tbrt'u-ous, a. [L. tortnosus; torquere, tortum, to 
twist.] Twisted; wreathed; winding. 

Tbrt'ure (tbrt'yur), n. [Fr. ; L. tortura ; torquere, 
tortum, to twist.] Torments judicially inflicted, 
as by the wheel or rack ; torment ; severe pain ; 
agony ; anguish ; pang. — 2, v. a. [pp. torturing, 
tortured.] To vex ; to torment. 

To'rus, n. [L. for a " swelling," also for a "bed," 
or '' cushion."] (Arch.) Ahold convex moulding 
in the base of a column. — (Bot.) The receptacle 
of a flower. 

To'ry, n. [Irish loiridhe, a pursuer; toir, a pur- 
suit. — Cf. also toir, give thou.] One of a party 
in England inclined to support the royal prerog- 
ative and ecclesiastical authority: — opposed to 
Whig: — one who, in the American Revolution, 
supported the British government. — 2, a. Re- 
lating to the Tories. 

Tb'ry-i§m, n. The principles of a Tory. 

Toss,' v. a. [Welsh tos, a toss ; tosio, to toss, to 
jerk. — Cf. Norw. tossa, to spread, to sprinkle.] 
[i. tossed ; pp. tossing, tossed or tost.] To throw ; 
to fling; to agitate. — 2, r. n. To fling; to move; 
to be tossed. — 3, n. Act of tossing ; a cast ; a jerk. 

Toss'pot, n. A toper; a tippler; a drunkard. 

To'tal, a. [Fr. ; Late L. totalis; L. totu*, entire.] 
Whole; entire; complete; full. — 2, n. The 
whole sum ; the whole. 

To-tal'i-ty, n. [Fr. totalite.] The whole quantity 
'or sum ; entirety. 

To'tal-ly, ad. Wholly; fully; completely. 

Tote', v. a. [Origin unknown.] [pp. toting, toted.] 
To carry ; to bear. [Southern States.] 

To'tem, n. [Of Algonkin origin.] Any object 
from which the people of a certain stock believe 
they are descended, and which they reverence 
as a protector. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, i, o, u, y, short ; a, § , i, 9, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 



TOTTER 



545 



TRACTATE 



Tot'ter, v. n. [0. E. tulten, to tilt ; tolter, to floun- 
der'; A.-S. tealtrian, to totter; 0. Dut. touteren, 
to tremble.] [pp. tottering, tottered.] To shake 
so as to threaten a fall ; to reel ; to stagger. 

Tot'ter-ing, a. Shaking ; threatening to fall. 

Tot'tle (tot'tl), v. n. [See Totter.] [pp. tottling, 
tottled.J To totter ; to topple. 

Tbu'can [toTtan, K. Wb. St.], n. [Brazilian : said 
to he from the bird's cry.] A large Brazilian bird. 

Touch (tuch), v. a. [Fr. toucher; It. toccare ; Sp. 
tocar : akin to Ger. zucken, to twitch; ziehen, to 
draw.] [pp. touching, touched.] To perceive 
by the sense of feeling; to handle; to join; to 
affect. — 2, v. n. To be in contact. — 3, n. The 
sense of feeling; contact: — a test; a hint; a 
feature : — a single act of the pencil ; a stroke : — 
a slight essay. 

Touch'i-ness (tuch'e-nes), n. Peevishness. 

Touching (tuch'ing), prep. With respect to.— 
2, a. ' Pathetic ; affecting. 

Touch'ing-ly (tuch'ing-le), ad. With emotion. 

Touch' -ine-not (tuch'me-not), n. A plant. 

Touch' stone (tuch'ston), n. A stone used as a test 
for metals, &c. ; a test ; a criterion. 

Touch'-wood (tuch'wud), n. [Cf. 0. E. tanhe, tin- 
der.] Rotten wood used to catch the fire struck 
from a flint. [table ; techy. 

Tofich'y (tuch'e), a. [See Tetchy.] Peevish ; irri- 

Tough (tuf), a. [A.-S. toh; Scot, teuch ; Dut. taai; 
Ger. zcihe.] Not brittle ; firm; strong. 

Tough'en (tuffn), v. n. [pp. toughening, tough- 
ened.] To grow tough. — 2, v. a. To make tough. 

Tough'ness (tufnes), n. State of being tough. 

T6u-pee', n. [Fr. toupet.] A curl ; a small wig. 

T6u-pet' (to-pa', to-pe', or to-pet'), n. [Fr.] An 
artificial lock of hair ; a curl ; a small wig. 

Tour (tor), n. [Fr. tour, a turn, a round ; tourner, 
to turn (q. v.).] A ramble ; a roving journey. 

TSur'ist (tOr'ist), n. One who makes a tour. 

T6ur'ma-line, n. [Name of Ceylonese origin.] 
A mineral with remarkable electric properties. 

T6ur'na-ment (tor'na-ment or tur'na-ment), n. 
[Fr. toumoiement, tourneuient, a turning, — for- 
merly also a tournament; tournoi, a tourney 
(g. v.)\ toumoyer, to turn (g. v.), — formerly also 
to joust.] A military equestrian sport, or mock 
encounter; a tilt; a joust. 

T6ur'ney, v. n. [Fr. tournoi. — See Tournament.] 
[pp. tourneying, tourneyed.] To tilt in the lists. 
— 2. n. A tournament. 

Toiir'ni-quet (tur'ne-ket), n. [Fr. ; from tourner, 
to turn (q. v.).] (Med.) A bandage used in 
amputations to prevent hemorrhage, tightened 
by a screw. 

Tbu§e, v. a. [Low Ger. tuseln, Ger. zausen, to 
touse, to tease (q. v.).] [pp. tousing, toused.] 
To tousle ; to pull ; to tear ; to haul ; to drag. 

Tbii'sle (tbu/zl), v. a. [Frequentative of Tovse.] 
[pp. tousling, tousled.] To tumble ; to tangle. 

Tout, t*. n. [A.-S. totiau, to project, to stick out, to 
peep out. — Cf. Icel. tuta, apeak; Sw. tut, a point.] 
[pp. touting, touted.] To seek for customers. 

Tow (to), n. [A.-S. toiv, 0. Dut. tome, tow; Dan. 
tare, fibre: root of Goth, taujan, to make; fau/, 
a thing wrought; Low Ger. ionic, implements. — 
See Do and Taw.] The coarse part of flax or 
hemp: — the act of towing: — a vessel towed. — 
2, v. a. [Icel. toga, to pull ; tog, A.-S. toh-line, a 
tow-rope; A.-S. teohan, Goth, tiuhan, Ger. ziehen, 
to draw. — Cf. L. ducere, to draw.] [pp. towing, 
towed.] To draw on the water by a rope. 

T6w'a£e, n. The act of towing : — price of towing. 

Tow'ard, or Tow'ards, prep. [A.-S. toweard, to- 
weardes; to, to, and the suffix -weard, becoming, 
tending to.] In a direction to; in the direction 
of; with respect to ; near to. 

Tow'ard, a. Docile; towardly. 

Tow'ard-ly, a. Ready to do or learn ; apt. 

Tow'ard-ness (to'ard-nes), »?. Docility. 

Tow'-boat, n. A boat used for towing vessels. 

Tb'w'el, n. [Fr. touaiUe ; Sp. toalla ; It. tovaglia ; 



Ger. zwehle; Dut. dwaal, dweil: root of A.-S. 
thewan, thwahan, to wash.] A cloth for wiping 
the hauds, &c. 

Tbw'er, n. [Fr. tour, L. turris, Gr. rvppts, Tupcris, 
A.-S. ton; Welsh twr, a tower ; Gael, tor, a hill.] 
A high building : — a citadel. — 2, v. n. [pp. tow- 
ering, towered.] To soar; to fly or rise high. 

TSw'ered (tou'erd), a. Adorned with towers. 

Tow'er-ing, p. a. Very high ; soaring ; lofty. 

T5w'-line, n. A rope or chain used in towing. 

To'ftn, n. [A.-S. tun, Ger. zaun, a fence, enclosui'e; 
Icel. tun, an enclosure, a dwelling; A.-S. tynan, 
to enclose.— Cf. Irish dun, Welsh din, a fort.] 
Any large collection of houses; a large village ; 
a city ; township : — the metropolis and its in- 
habitants, as opposed to the country. 

Tb-ftn'-clerk (tbuu'klark or -klerk), n. An officer 
who keeps the records of a town. 

Town' -house, n. A hall for public business. 

TbW§'f oik (-fok), n. The people of a town. 

Town' ship, n. The district of a town : — a block 
six miles square of land in the public survey. 

Towns/man, n. One of the same town. 

Town -talk (-tawk), «. The common talk. 

Tow'-path, n. A path for a horse in towing. 

Tox'ic, \a. Having poisonous qualities; poi- 

Tox'i-cal, J sonous : — pertaining to a poison. 

Tox-i-co-lo£'i-cal, a. -Relating to toxicology. 

T6x-i-col'o-£y., n. [Gr. to£<.k6v, poison, — properly, 
arrow-poison ; to£iko?, belonging to archery ; 
ro£ov, a bow.] A treatise on poisons. 

Toy, n. [Dut. tooi, attire ; tuig, utensils, stuff, tri- 
fles, trash; speeltuig, Ger. spieheug, toys. — Cf. 
Ger. 26!^, stuff, trash.] A trifle; a plaything; 
a bawble. — 2, v. n. [pp. toying, toyed.] To 
trifle ; to dally ; to play. 

Tby'shop, n. A shop where toys are sold. 

Trace, n. A mark left by any thing passing; a 
mark; footstep; track.— pi. [Fr. trait, pi- traits, 
a strap, a trace; traire, L. trahere, to draw.] The 
tugs of a harness. — 2, v. a. [pp. tracing, traced.] 
[Fr. trace, It. traccia, Sp. traca, a trace; Fr. 
/racer, It. tracciare, Sp. trazar, to draw, to trace, 
to sketch; L. trahere, traction, to draw.] To fol- 
low by the footsteps ; to follow with exactness : 
— to mark out. 

Trace'a-ble, a. That may be traced. 

Tra'cer, n. One who traces. 

Tra'ce-ry, n. Ornamental stone-work. 

Tra'che a, or Tra-che'a, ». [L. ; Gr. rpaxeia, fem. 
of Tpax'us, rough.] (Anal.) The windpipe. 

Tra-ghe-ot'o-my, n. [Gr. rpaxeia, the trachea, 
and re/jive'tv, to cut.] The operation of making 
an opening into the windpipe, or trachea. 

Tra'phyte, n. [Gr. rpa^vs, rough.] A species of 
volcanic rock. 

Traf'ing, n. A mechanical copy ; a copy traced. 

Track, n. [Fr. trac, a beaten path ; Dut. ink, a 
draught; trekken, to travel, — properly, to pull, 
to draw (q. v.).] A mark left by the foot; foot- 
step: — a path i: — the course of rails on a railroad. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. tracking, tracked.] To follow by 
footsteps left ; to trace. 

Track'age, n. The act or cost of drawing or tow- 
ing a'boat : — the use of a track. 

Track'less, «. Untrodden ; not marked out. 

Tract, n. [L. traclus, from trahere, tractum, to 
draw, to stretch.] A region; a quantity of 
land : — a continuity ; a course : — [L. tractatus, a 
tract; tractare, to treat (q. v.), to handle: fre- 
quentative of trahere, tractum, to drawl a short 
treatise ; essay ; a small book or pamphlet. 

Trac-ta-bil'i-ty, n. State of being tractable. 

Trac'ta-ble. a. [L. IntctabUis ; tractare, to handle: 
frequentative of trahere, tractum, to draw.] Man- 
ageable : docile. 

Trac'ta-ble-ness, n. Docility; tractability. 

Trac'ta-bly, ad. In a tractable manner. 

Trac-ta'ri-an, n. A high-churchman. 

Trac'tate! «'. [L. tractatus. — See Tract.] A short 
dissertation or treatise; a tract; a small book. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q. Q, c, g, soft; p, JS, p, £, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; 
kk 46* 



this. 



J 



TRACTILE 



546 



TRANSCEND 



Trac'tile, a. [L. trahere, tractum, to draw.] Ductile. 

Trac-til'i-ty, n. Quality of being tractile. 

Trac'tioii, n. Tlie act of drawing; attraction. 

Trac'tive, a. That draws; attractive. 

Trade, n. [0. E. trade, a path ; A.-S. tredan, to 
tread (q. v.). The derivations from Fr. traite, 
Sp. trato, traffic, and from L. tradere, to deliver, 
to exchange {trans, across, and dare, to give), are 
discredited.] Exchange of goods for other goods 
or for money; traffic; commerce; the business 
of buying and selling : — occupation or employ- 
ment, as that of a mechanic : — persons engaged 
in trade.— The trade, men engaged collectively 
in any one occupation. — 2, v. n. [pp. trading, 
traded.] To traffic ; to deal ; to barter. 

Trade' -dol-lar, n. A United States silver dollar, 
containing " 420 grains, coined for export to 
China and India. 

Trade' -mark, n. A registered mark for goods. 

Trad'er, n. One engaged in trade. 

Trades' man, n. A shopkeeper : — a mechanic. 

Trades'-un-ion, n. A combination of workmen. 

Trade'-wind, n. A periodical wind between the 
tropics, favorable to commerce ; monsoon. 

Tra-di'tion (tra-dish'un), n. [L. Iraditio ; tradere, 
traditurn, to deliver ; trans, across, and dare, datum, 
to give.] The act of transmitting ; the delivery 
of facts to posterity by oral report ; an oral ac- 
count transmitted from age to age. 

Tra-di"tion-al (tra-dish'un-al), a. Relating to 
tradition; delivered by tradition. 

Tra-di"tion-al-ly;, ad. By tradition. 

Tra-di"tion-a-ry (tra-dish'un-a-re), a. Delivered 
by tradition; traditional. 

Tra-di"tion-ist, n. One who adheres to tradition. 

Trad'i-tive, a. Traditional ; transmitted. 

Tra-duce', v. a. [L. traducere, to lead across, — 
also, to divulge, to prove guilty; trans, across, 
and dncere, to lead.] [pp. traducing, traduced.] 
To censure ; to calumniate ; to vilify ; to decry ; 
to disparage ; to revile. 

Tra-du'cer, n. One who traduces ; a vilifier. 

Traffic, n. [Fr. trafiquer, to trade ; 0. Fr. trafiqne, 
Fr. 'trafic, trade ; It. traffico, Sp. trafico, trade : 
perhaps from L. trans, across, and vicis, a change, 
or vehere, rectum, to carry.] Exchange or sale of 
commodities; commerce; trade; barter.— 2, v. n. 
[i. trafficked; pp. trafficking, trafficked.] To 
practise commerce; to buy and sell; to trade; 
to barter.— 3, v. a. To exchange in traffic. 

Traf'fick-er, n. A trader; a merchant. 

Trag'a-caiith, n. [Gr. rpayos, a goat, and aicavOa, 
a thorn.] A plant and its gum. 

Tra-ge'di-an, n. A writer or actor of tragedy. 

Trafe-dy, n. [Gr. rpayuSia, tragedy, — literally, 
a goat-song; rpayo;, a goat, and (o8ij, an ode 
(q. r.) : perhaps because a goat was slain as a 
sacrifice at the time of the singing.] A species 
of drama in which the catastrophe is melan- 
choly or affecting : — any dreadful event, occur- 
rence, or deed. 

Tragic, \ a. [Gr. rpayiKo?.] Relating to trag- 

Trag'i-cal, J edy ; mournful; calamitous; dreadful. 

Traf'j-cal-ly, ad. In a tragical manner. 

Tra,|--i-com'e-dy., n. [L. tragicomoedia. — See Trag- 
edy and Comedy.] A drama partaking both of 
tragedy and of comedy. 

Trag-i-com'ic, \a. Relating to, or partaking 

Traf-i-com'i-cal, J of, tragicomedy. 

Trail, r. a. [0. Fr. traail, Late L. trahale, a reel, 
a sledge; L. traha, a sledge; trahere, to draw.] 
[pp. ti*ailing, trailed.] To draw; to drag; to 
draw along the ground : — to hunt by track. — 
2, v. n. To be drawn out ; to drag. —3, n. A 
track ; any thing drawn behind. 

Train, v. a. [Fr. train, traine, trainee, a train ; 
trainer, Late L. trahinare, L. trahere, to draw.] 
[pp. training, trained.] To draw ; to allure : — 
to educate; to bring up; to exercise or disci- 
pline. — 2, n. Part of a gown trailing behind; 
any thing drawn after ; a trail :— a tail of a bird : 



— a process; a method: — a company moving in 
order ; a succession of carriages or cars ; a series , 
a retinue; a, procession : — a line of powder. 

Train' ing, n. Act of exercising or shaping ; disci- 
pline : — a military review. 

Train' -oil, n. [Dut. & Low Ger. traan, Ger. thran, 
Dan. Iran, train-oil ; Dut. traan, Ger. throne, a 
tear (q. t>.), an exudation.] Oil from the fat of 
whales. 

Traipse, v. n. [Ger. trepsen, frequentative of trep- 
pen, to tread.] [pp. traipsing, traipsed.] To 
walk carelessly or idly. 

Trait (trat or tra) [tra, S. P. J. K. Sm. R. C. N. 
Co. ; trat, H. Cu. E. Wb. ; trat or tra, W. F. Ja. 

1. St.], n. [Fr. trait, a feature, line, outline; 
from traire, L. trahere, to draw.] A stroke ; a 
touch ; a characteristic ; a feature. 

Trai'tor, n. [Fr. traitre, L. traditor, a betrayer; 
tradere, to deliver, to betray; trans, across, and 
dare, to give.] One who, being trusted, betrays; 
one guilty of perfidy or treachery ; a betrayer. 

Trai'tor-ous, a. Treacherous; perfidious. 

Trai'tor-ous-ly., ad. Treacherously. 

Tra-jec'to-ry, n. [Fr. trajectoire ; L. trajicere, to 
throw across; trans, across, and jacere, to throw.] 
A curve which a moving body describes in space. 

Tram, n. [0. & Local E. tram, a beam, bar, rail, 
or shaft; Local Swl tromm, 0. Ger. dram, 0. Dan. 
drom, a beam or log.] A sort of wagon for a 
tram-road; a coal-wagon : — a tram-way. 

Tram'mel, n. [Fr. tramail, tremail, a net; Late L. 
tramacnla; Low Ger. treemke ; It. tramaglio ; Sp. 
trasmallo: probably from L. trans, across, and 
macida, a net, — meaning a net set across a 
stream.] A net; shackles: — an iron hook for 
suspending pots a,nd kettles. — 2, v. a. [pp. tram- 
melling, trammelled.] To hinder; to shackle. 

Tra-mon'tane, or Tram'on-tane, n. [Fr. tramon- 
tane, northern; It. tramontano ; L. transrnontanus ; 
trans, beyond, and mons, montis, a mountain.] 
A ioreigner; a stranger; an ultramontane. — 

2, a. Foreign ; ultramontane. 

Tramp, v. a. [Ger. trampen; Dan. trarnpe ; Sw. 
trampa; root (rap-, to tread.] [pp. tramping, 
tramped.] To tread. — %v.n. To travel. — 3, n. A 
journey or travel on foot :— a 8troller ; a vagrant. 

Tram'ple (tram'pl), v. a. [A frequentative of 
Tramp; Ger. trampeln.] [pp. trampling, tram- 
pled.] To tread under foot; to tramp. — 2, v. u. 
To tread hard or in contempt. 

Tram'-road, ) n. A road prepared for the transit 

Tram'-way, /of trams or wagons. 

Trance, n. [Fr. transe, fright, fear; transit; to 
chill, to benumb, to quake ; L. transire, to pass 
over, to cease ; trans, across, and ire, to go ; trausi- 
ius, a going across, a transit.] A temporary view 
of the spiritual world ; an ecstasy ; a rapture. 

Tran'quil, o. [L. tranquility; Fr. tranquille.] Quiet; 
peaceful ; undisturbed. 

Tran-quil'li-ty, n. [L. tranqnillitas ; Fr. tranquil- 
lite.] State of being tranquil ; quiet; calmness; 
composure ; peace. 

Tran'quil-llze, v. a. [pp. tranquillizing, tran- 
quillized.] To render calm or tranquil ; to com- 
pose ; to quiet ; to soothe. 

Tran'auil-ly., ad. In a tranquil manner. 

Trans,* prep. ' [L.] Beyond. (Used as a prefix.) 

Trans-act , v. a. [L. transigere, transaetutn. — See 
Trans and Act.] [pp. transacting, transacted.] 
To manage ; to conduct. — 2, v. n. To conduct 
matters. [agement. 

Trans-ac'tion, n. [L. transactio.] Dealing; man- 

Trans-ac'tor, n. One who transacts. 

Trans-al'pine, a. [L. transalpinns, across the Alps. 
— See Trans and Alpine.] Situated beyond the 
Alps. [yund the Atlantic. 

Trans-at-lan'tic, a. [Trans and Atlantic] Be- 

Tran-scend' (tran-send'), v. a. [L. transcendere ; 
trans, across, and scandere, to climb.] [pp. tran- 
scending, transcended.] To pass; to surpass; to 
exceed ; to excel ; to outdo ; to go beyond. 



a, e, i, 5, ii, y, long ; a, e, I, o, u, y, short ; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 



TRANSCENDENCE 



547 



TRANSPIRE 



Trail-seen' dence, \ n. 



Preeminence; superemi- 

Tran-scen'den-cy., / neuce. 

Tran-scen'dent, a. [L. transcendens, surpassing. — 
See Transcend.] Excellent; preeminent. 

Tran-scen-den'tal, a. [See Transcend.] Preemi- 
nent; surpassing ; extraordinary ; transcendent : 
— being beyond the bounds of experience ; not 
derived frum experience. 

Tran-scen-den'tal-ism, n. State of being tran- 
scendental: — transcendental philosophy ; a spe- 
cies of metaphysics. 

Tran-scen-den'tal-ist, «. One who adheres to 
transcendentalism. 

Tran-scen'dent-ly., ad. Supereminently. 

Tran-scribe', v. a. [L. trunscribere, transcriptum ; 
trans, across, over, and scribere, to write.] [pp. 
transcribing, transcribed.] To write over again, 
or in the same words ; to write a copy of; to copy. 

Tran-scrib'er, n. One who transcribes. 

Tran'script,' u. [See Transcribe.] A copy from 
an original. [copying. 

Tran-scrip'tion, n. [L. transcriptio.] Tlie act of 

Tran'sept, n. [L. trans, across, and sseptum, an 
enclosure. — See Septum.] (Arch.) The cross part 
of a cathedral, between the nave and the choir. 

Trans-fer', v. a. [L. tramferre; trans, across, and 
ferre, to carry.J [pp. transferring, transferred.] 
To convey from one person or place to another; 
to make over; to transmit. 

Trans'fer, ». The act of transferring; transfer- 
ence ; removal ; change ; place of change. 

Trans-fer'a-ble [trans'fer-a-bl, Wb. N.], a. That 
may be transferred. 

Trans-fer'ence, or Trans-fer'rence [trans'lV-r-ens, 
Wb. N.],'n. A transfer. 

Trans-f ig-u-ra'tion, n. [L. trans figuratio.] Change 
of form or figure'; change of personal appearance. 

Trans-f Ig'ure (traus-fig'yur), v. a. [L. transfigu- 
rare; trans, across, and figura, figure (q. v.).] 
[pp. transfiguring, transfigured.] To change 
the figure or form of; to transform. 

Trans-fix', v. a. [L. transjigere, transfixum. — See 
Fix.] [pp. transfixing, transfixed.]' To pierce 
through. 

Trans-form', r. a. [L. transformare ; trans, over, 
and forma, form (ij. v.).] [}>p. transforming, 
transformed.] To change the form of; to trans- 
mute; to metamorphose. — 2, v. n. To be meta- 
morphosed, [formed. 

Trans-fbrm'a-ble, a. Capable of being trans- 

Trans-for-ma'tion, n. [L. transformatio.] The 
act of transforming ; change of form ; metamor- 
phosis; transmutation. 

Trans- fuse', b. «. [L. transfundere, transfutnm. — 
See Trans and Fuse.] [pp. transfusing, trans- 
fused.] To pour out of one into another: — to 
inject, as blood into the veins. 

Trans-fu'si-ble, o. That may be transfused. 

Trans-fu'sion, n. [L. transfusio.] The act of 
transfusing. 

Trans-gress', v. a. [L. transgredi, transgreSSUS : 
trans, across, and gradi, to go.] [pp. transgress- 
ing, transgressed.] To pass beyond : — to violate ; 
to break; to infringe. — 2, c. n. To violate a law ; 
to err; to offend by violation of a law. 

Trlns-gres'sion (trans-gresh'un), n. [L. trans- 
gressio.] The act ot transgressing; violation: — 
offence; crime :— violation of law. 

Trans-gress'or, ». [L.] One who transgresses. 

Tran'sient (tran'shgnt), a. [L. transiens, pres. 
part, of trumire, to go across; trans, across, and 
ire, to go.] Short ; momentary ; soon past ; hasty ; 
fleeting; transitory; not long abiding. 

Tran'sit, //. [L. transitus; transire, to go across.] 
The art of passing, as a planet across the sun's 
disk, or as goods through a country. 

Tran-si"tion (tran-sizh'un), n. [L. transitio. — See 
Transient.] Passage or change from one state 
to another; change. — 2, a. (Geol.) Noting 
change from one state to another. 

Tran-si"tion-al, a. .Relating to transition. 



Tran-si"tion-a-rjr, a. Transitional. 

Tran'si-tive, a. [L. transitivus.] (Gram.) Noting 
a verb that expresses action upon some object j 
active. 

Tran'si-tive-lj, ad. In a transitive manner. 

Tran'si-to-ri-lx, ad. Transiently. 

Tran'si-to-rx, a. [L. transitorius.—See Transit.] 
Quickly vanishing; transient; fleeting; passing 
quickly ; momentary. 

Trans-late', v. a. [L. transferre, translatum, to carry 
across; trans, across, and ferre, latum, to carry.*] 
[pp. translating, translated.] To remove; to 
transfer : — to change into another language ; to 
interpret ; to construe : — to explain. 

Trans-la'tion. n. [L. translatio.] The act of trans- 
lating : — a translated book ; a veision : — removal. 

Trans-la'tor, n. [L.] One who translates. 

Trans-la' to-rx, a. Transferring. 

Trans-lit'er-ate, v. a. [L. trans, across, anil litem, 
a letter.*] [pp. transliterating, transliterated.] 
To change the written or printed characters of; 
to express in different characters or in another 
alphabet. 

Trans-lit-er-a'tion, n. The act of transliterating ; 
that which has been transliterated. 

Trans-lu'cen-cy, n. Quality of being translucent. 

Trans-lii'cent, a. [L. translucere (part, translucen- 
tis), to shine through ; trans, through, and lucere, 
to shine.] Pervious to light; semi-transparent; 
diaphanous ; pellucid. 

Trans-ma-rine', a. [L. transmarinns, beyond the 
sea. — See Trans and Marine.] Being, or situ- 
ated, beyond the sea. 

Trans'mi-grate, v. u. [L. transmigrare, transmi- 
grataml — See Trans and Migrate.] [pp. trans- 
migrating, transmigrated.] To go to another 
state or place : — to remove to another bo ly. 

Trans-mi-gra'tion, n. [L. transmigrate).] The act 
of transmigrating; passage from one state into 
another. [mitted. 

Trans-mis'si-ble. a. [Fr.] That may be trans- 

Trans-mis'sion (trans-inish'vin), n. [L. transmis- 
sio. — See Transmit.] The act of transmitting; 
thing transmitted; a sending. 

Trans-nut', v. a. [L. transmittere ; trans, across, 
ami mittere, to send.] [pp. transmitting, trans- 
mitted.] To 6end from one person or place to 
another; to transfer; to send. 

Trans-mit'ter, n. One who transmits. 

Trans-mu'tai-ble, a. That may be transmuted. 

Trans-mu-ta'tion, n. [L. transmiUatio. — See Mu- 
tation.] The act of transmuting; change of 
substance ; alteration. 

Trans-mute', v. a. [L. transmutare ; trans, across, 
and mutare, to change.] []>p. transmuting, trans- 
muted.] To change from one nature or sub- 
stance to another ; to change; to alter. 

Tran'som, n. [L. transtrum, a thwart, a transom; 
f rom trans, across.] (Arch.) A horizontal tim- 
ber running across a double window ; a cross- 
beam or lintel over a door: — a cross-staff. 

Trans-par'en-cy, n. State of being transparent; 
clearness ; translucence : — that which is trans- 
parent. 

Trans-par'ent, a. |L. trans, through, and parere 
(part, parentis), to appear.] Pervious to the light; 
clear; pellucid; diaphanous; translucent. 

Trans-par'ent-ly, ad. With transparency. 

Trans-par'ent-ness, n. Transparency. 

Tran-spic'u-ous, a. [L. transpicere, to see through. 
— Cf. Conspicuous.] Pervious to the sight. 

Trans-pierce', ». n. [Fr. tr«nspercer.—i>ee Trans 
and Pierce.] [pp. transpiercing, transpierced.] 
To pierce through. 

Tran-spi-ra'tion, n. The act of transpiring. 

Tran-splre', v. a. [L. truns, through, and spirare, 
to breathe.] [pp. transpiring, transpired.] To 
emit in vapor. — 2, v. n. To be emitted, as vapor: 
— to escape from secrecy into notice; to become 
known : — to come to light : — to happen (in this 
last sense not in good use). 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, r iile, use.— 9, £, 9, §, soft ; j3, fi, p, f , hard ; § as z \ ? as gz ; tnis. 



TRANSPLANT 



548 



TREASURE 



Trans-plant', v. a. [L. transplantare. — See Trans 
and Plant.] [pp. transplanting, transplanted.] 
To plant in a new place. 

Trans-port', v. a. [L. transportare ; trans, across, 
and porture, to carry.] [pp. transporting, trans- 
ported.] To convey from place to place; to 
carry ; to bear : — to banish : — to affect with pas- 
sion or ecstasy ; to enchant. 

Trans'port, n. Conveyance ; transportation ; car- 
riage : — a vessel : — rapture ; ecstasy. 

Trans-port' ^-ble, a. That may be transported. 

Trans-por-ta'tion, n. [L. trausportatio. — See 
Transport.] ' The act of transporting ; trans- 
port ; conveyance ; banishment. 

Trans-pose', v. a. [Fr. transposer: historically it 
represents L. trans, across, and Pose; in mean- 
ing it stands for L. transponere, transpositum, to 
remove; irans, across, and ponere, position, to 
place.] [pp. transposing, transposed.] To put 
each in the place of the other; to put out of 
place ; to remove. 

Trans-po-si"tion (trans-po-zish'un), n. [L. trans- 
positio. — See Position.] The act of transposing ; 
reciprocal change of place. 

Trans-ship', v. a. [Trans and Ship.] [pp. trans- 
shipping, transshipped.] To remove from one 
conveyance or vessel to another. 

Trans-ship'ment, n. The act of transshipping. 

Tran-sub-stan-ti-a'tion (-she-a'shun), n. [Late 
L. trausubstantiatio ; transubstantiate, to change the 
substance of; trans, across, and substantia, sub- 
stance {q. v.).] The doctrine that bread and wine 
in the eucharist are changed into the real body 
and blood of Christ; change of substance. 

Tran-su-da/tion, n. The act of transuding. 

Tran-sude', v. n. [L. trans, across, through, and 
sudare, to sweat.] [pp. transuding, transuded.] 
To pass through. 

Trans-ver'sal, a. Running crosswise.— 2, n. A 
line drawn across others, so as to cut them all. 

Trans-verse', n. [L. transcertere, transversum, to 
turn across; trans, across, and vertere, to turn.] 
The longest diameter of an ellipse. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. transversing, transversed.] To change ; to 
overturn. — 3, a. Being in a cross direction. 

Trans-verse'ly, ad. In a cross direction. 

Trap, n. [A.-S. treppe; Fr. trappe; It. irappa: 
root of Tramp and Put. trappen, to tread.] A 
little engine to catch animals ; a snare :— a strat- 
agem : — a contrivance for preventing the en- 
trance of sewer-gas into a house. — [Dan. trap, 
trap-rock ; Sw. trappa, Dan. trappe, Ger. treppe, 
a stair; root of Dut. trappen, to tread.] (Min.) 
A kind of rock, often of columnar form : — a lad- 
der. — 2, v. a. [pp. trapping, trapped.] To in- 
snare ; to entrap : — [Sp. trapo, Late L. trapus, 
Fr. drap, cloth] to dress ; to decorate. 

Tra-pan', v. a. [pp. trapanning, trapanned.] To 
lay a trap for; to insnare. — 2, n. [0. Fr. trap- 
pan, a trap (q. v.), a snare.] A stratagem; a 
snare ; a cheat. 

Trap'-door (trap'dor), n. A door in a floor. 

Tra-peze', n. [Fr. trapeze, a trapezoid.] An ap- 
paratus somewhat in the form of a trapezium, 
for gymnastic exercises. 

Tra-pe'zi-um (tra-pe'zhe-tim or tra-pe'ze-um), n. ; 
pi. Tra-pe'zi-a, or Tra-pe'zi-ums. [L. ; Gr. rpa- 
7re'£(.ov, dim. of rpane^a, a table ; rerpa-, four, 
and 7re£a, a foot.] (Geow.) A quadrilateral fig- 
ure bounded by straight lines, no two of whose 
sides are parallel to each other. 

Trap-e-zoid', or Tra-pe'zoid, n. [Gr. rpane^a, a 
table, and elSog, form.] (Geom.) A four-sided 
figure of which only two of the sides are parallel. 

Trap'per, n. One who takes animals by traps. 

Trap'pings, n. pi. [See Trap, to adorn.] Orna- 
ments; dress. 

Trap'pist, n. [From the monastery of La Trappe, 
in France.] A monk of austere life. 

Traps, n. pi. Luggage ; personal effects. 

Trash, n. [Icel. & Norw. tros, twigs, rubbish, 



sticks ; Sw. trasa, a rag : from the root of Crash, 
to break.] Any thing worthless ; dross:— matter 
improper for food :— loppings of trees. 

Trash' y, a. Worthless; vile; useless. 

Trass, w. [Ger. trass, tarrass. — Cf. Fr. terrasse, 
earth- work.] An earthy or mineral substance 
used as a cement. 

Trau-mat'ic, a. [Gr. Tpavju.art/cd? ; rpav/xa, a 
wound.] Useful for wounds :— produced by or 
resulting from a wound. 

Trav'ail (trav'il), v. n. [Fr. travail, It. travaqlio, 
labor ; Sp. trabajo, an obstacle ; trabar, to fetter ; 
L. trabs, trabis, a beam.] [pp. travailing, trav- 
ailed.] To toil :— to be in labor.— 2, n. Labor : 
—labor in childbirth. 

Trav'el, v. n. [A variant of Travail.] [pp. trav- 
elling, travelled.] To make a journey ; to pass ; 
to journey; to visit foreign countries.— 2, v. a. 
To pass over; to journey over.— 3, n. The act 
of travelling ; a journey.— pi. A book contain- 
ing an account of travel. 

Trav'elled (trav'eld), a. Having been abroad. 

Trav'el-ler, w. One who travels ; a tourist. 

Trav'ers-a-ble, a. That may be traversed or 
crossed :— liable to legal objection. 

Trav'erse, ad. [Fr. trovers, crosswise; traverser, 
to cross.— See Transverse.] Athwart; cross- 
wise.— 2, a. Lying across.— Traverse jury, a jury 
for trying a disputed point; a petit jury.— 3, n. 
Any thing that thwarts or crosses; an obstacle ; 
a turn; a trick :— a denial. — 4, v. a. [pp. trav- 
ersing, traversed.] To cross; to oppose ; to sur- 
vey.— (Law.) To deny ; to take issue on.— 5, v. n. 
To make opposition in fencing. 

Trav'er-tine, n. [It. travertino, tiburtino ; L. lapis 
libur'tinus, Tiburtine stone; named from the town 
of Tibur, in Italy.] A kind of limestone. 

Trav'es-ty, n. [Fr. travestir, to disguise, to change 
the 'apparel of; travesti, disguised; L. trans, 
across, and vestire, to clothe.] A burlesque 
translation. — 2, v. a. [pp. travestying, traves- 
tied.] To translate so as to render ridiculous; 
to turn into burlesque. 

Trawl, n. [Fr. trdler, to drag.— See Troi.t,.] A 
long line set with fish-hooks :— a drag-net. — 
2, v. n. [pp. trawling, trawled.] To fish with 
trawls. 

Tray (tra), n. [A.-S. treq, a tray ; trig, a trough 
(q. v.).] A shallow wooden vessel or stand; a 
portable shelf; a waiter. 

Treaeh'er-ofis (trech'er-us), a. Pai'taking of 
treachery; faithless; perfidious; false. 

Treach'er-ous-ly, ad. Perfidiously. 

Treach'er-y, n. [Fr. tricherie, It. treccheria, trick- 
ery, deceit. — See Trick.] Breach of trust; 
perfidy ; gross faithlessness. 

Trea'cle (tre'kl), n. [0. Fr. triacle, a corrupt form 
of Fr. theriaque, a medicinal sirup, an antidote. 
— See Theriac] A viscid sirup ; molasses. 

Tread (tred), v. n. [A.-S. tredan; Dut. treden; 
Ger. treten; Dan. trse.de; Goth, trudan.] [i. trod, 
—formerly trode ; pp. treading, trodden.] To set 
the foot; to trample; to walk.— 2, v. a. To 
walk on ; to trample. — 3, n. A stepping; a step 
with the foot:— the horizontal part of a step or 
stair : — the tire, or bearing surface, of a wheel. 

Tread'le (tred'dl), n. [A.-S. tredel— See Tread.] 
A part of a loom or machine which is moved by 
the tread or foot. 

Tread' -mill (tred'mil), n. A mill kept in motion 
by persons treading on a wheel. 

Trea'son (tre'zn), n. [0. Fr. treason; Fr. trahison; 
L. traditio, betrayal ; tradere, to give up ; trans, 
over, and dare, to give.] A breach of faith or 
of allegiance ; the highest offence against a state 
or government; rebellion; disloyalty. 

Trea'son-a-ble (trg'zn-a-bl), a. Having the na- 
ture or guilt of treason ; rebellious. 

Treas'ure (trezh'ur), n. [Fr. tresor, Sp. tesoro, L. 
thesaurus, a treasury, or treasure. — Pee Thesau- 
rus.] Wealth hoarded ; riches : — a thing greatly 



a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, S, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her ; 



TREASURER 



549 



TRIBUNITIAL 



prized.— 2, v. o. [pp. treasuring, treasured.] 
To hoard ; to lay up. 

Treas'ur-er (trezh'ur-er), v. [Fr. trisorkr. — See 
Treasure.] One who has the care of the money 
of a state, &c. 

Treas'ure-trove, n. [Treasure, and Fr. trouver, 
0. Fr. trover, to find.— See Troubadour.] (Law.) 
Money, &c, found hidden in the earth, the 
owner being unknown. 

Treas/ii-ry. (tiezh'u-re), n. [Fr. trescrerie. — See 
Treasur'e.] A place for money. 

Treat, v. a. [Fr. trailer; L. tractare, to handle; 
frequentative of trahere, tractum, to draw.] [pp. 
treating, treated.] To use; to handle; toman- 
age :— to entertain. — 2, v. n. To discourse :— to 
make terms. — 3, n. An entertainment given; 
a, feast: — an act of entertaining. 

Trea'tise (tre'tiz or tre'tis), n. [0. Fr. tretis; Fr. 
traite. — See Tract and Treat.] A well-digested 
composition ; a formal essay ; a discourse ; disser- 
tation. 

Treat'ment. n. Manner of treating; usage. 

Trea'ty. (tre'te), n. [Fr. traite.— See Treat.] An 
agreement between independent states; nego- 
tiation ; compact. 

Treb'le (treb'bl), a. [A variant of Triple.] Triple; 
threefold. — 2, v. a. [pp. trebling, trebled.] To 
multiply by three; to triple. — 3, v. u. To be- 
come threefold.— 4, n. (Mus.) The highest part 
of music, sung by women ; soprano. 

Treb'ly. (treb'ble), ad. In a threefold degree. 

Tree, n. [A.-S. treo, treow ; Icel. tri; Dan. trie; 
Goth, triu; Russ. drevo.—Cf. Welsh derw, Gr. 
opO?, an oak; Skr. dm, daru, wood.] The largest 
kind of woody vegetable, larger than a shrub. 

Tree'-frog, n. A frog-like animal found on trees. 

Tree'nail, n. (Kant.) A wooden pin for fasten- 
ing planks : — commonly pronounced, and some- 
times written, trunnel. 

Tre'fbil, n. [Fr. trifle, 0. Fr. trifoil, L. trefolium, 
a three-leaved plant; Ires, three, and folium, a 
leaf.] A three-leaved plant. 

Trel'lis, n. [Fr. treillis, treille; L. trichila, tricla, a* 
bower, an arbor.] A sort of lattice-work, or 
cross-barred work, used in summer-houses, for 
verandas, &c. ; a lattice. 

Trem'ble, v. n. [Fr. trembler; Late L. tremulare; 
L. tremere; Gr. rpe'/aeti'.] [pp. trembling, trem- 
bled.] To shake: to quake; to shudder. — 2, n. 
A state of trembling; a state of agitation, as 
through fear. 

Trem'bling-ly, ad. So as to quiver. 

Tre-men'dous, a. [L. tremendw, that ought to 
cause trembling; tremere, to quake.] Dreadful; 
terrible; frightful. 

Tre-men'dous-ly., ad. Horribly; dreadfully. 

Tre-men'dous-nSss, n. Dread ; horror. 

TrSm'o-lite, w- [From the Tremolo, valley, in the 
Alps.'] A fibrous, whitish mineral. 

Tre'mor [trem'ur, Sm. H. St.], n. [L. — See Trem- 
ble.] The state of trembling; a quivering; 
trepidation. [Trembling; quivering. 

Trem'ii-lous, a. [L. tremulus. — See Tremble.] 

Trem'u-lous-ly, ad. In a tremulous manner. 

TreWu-lous-ness, n. State of quivering. 

Trench, v. n. [Fr. trancher, 0. Fr. trencher, to cut ; 
Sp. trinehar, It. trinciare, to carve ; Fr. tranchie, 
Sp. trinchea, It. trincea, a trench, a cut.] [pp. 
trenching, trenched.] To encroach; to intrench. 
— 2, v. a. To cut : — to ditch : — to fortify. — 3, n. 
A ditch ; a long narrow cut in the earth ; a ditch 
as a defence for soldiers. 

Trench' ant, a. Cutting ; sharp. 

Treneh'er, n. [Fr. tranchoir, a platter; trancher, 
to carve.] One who trenches: — a large wooden 
plate ; platter :— table :— food. 

Trend, v. n. [Cf. Dan. & Sw. trind, 0. Fris. trind, 
trund, round; A.-S. trendel, tryndel, a circle.] 
[pp. trending, trended.] To run; to tend; to 
stretch. — 2, n. A part of the shank to an 
anchor : — direction or tendency ; inclination. 



Tren'tal, n. [Contracted from trigintal; L. tri- 
genti,' thirty.] A service of thirty masses for the 
dead. 

Tre-pan', n. [Late L. trepanum, Gr. rpviravov, a 
boring tool ; rpvirav, to bore ; rpvna, a hole ; 
Tpeireiv, to turn.] A surgeon's circular saw ; a 
trephine : — [see Trepan] a snare ; a trapau. — 
2, v. a. [pp. trepanning, trepanned.] To per- 
forate with the trepan. 

Tre-pang', n. See Tripang. 

Tre-phine', or Tre-phine', w. [Fr. trephine; a 
variant of Trepan.] A surgical instrument for 
trepanning. — 2, v. a. [pp. trephining, trephined.] 
To perforate with the trephine ; to trepan. 

Trep-i-da'tion, n. [L. trepidatio ; trepidare, to 
tremble ; trepidus, alarmed ; trepit, he turns ; Gr. 
rpenetp, to turn.] State of trembling ; tremor. 

Tres'pass, n. [0. Fr. trespas ; Sp. treqpaso, a tres- 
pass, a passage over ; L. trans, across, and passus, 
a step. — See Pace.] A transgression of law ; a 
misdemeanor; offence; unlawful entrance. — 
2, v. n. [j>i>. trespassing, trespassed.] To enter 
unlawfully iuto another's ground ; to transgress. 

Tres'pass-er, n. One who trespasses. 

Tress, '//. [Fr. tresse, a plait; tresser, to plait; It. 
treccia, a braid; Late L. trica, tricia, a threefold 
braid; Gr. rpt'xa, triple; rpia, three (q. v.).] A 
lock; a ringlet; a curl of hair. 

Tres'tle (tres'sl), n. [0. Fr. trestel; Fr. triteau; L. 
translillum, dim. of transtrum, a cross-beam. — See 
Transom.] The frame of a table : — a prop ; a 
support :— a three-legged stool. 

Tret, n. [0. Norm. Fr. trett; Fr. trait, a draught ; 
traite, trade, transportation ; L. trahere, tracturn, 
to draw.] An allowance in weight for waste. 

Trev'et, n. [See Trivet.] An iron stool with 
three legs:— part of a kitchen range. 

Trey (tra), n. [0. Fr. treis, Fr. trois, L. tres, three.] 
A three at cards. 

Tri-. [L. Wo, Gr. rpia, three (neuter plural).] A 
prefix denoting three ; threefold. 

Tri'ad, n. [Fr. triade ; L. trios, triadis ; Gr. Tpi.ds. 
—See Three.] Three united ; the union of three. 

Tri'al, n. [See Try.] The act of trying: a test; 
examination; experiment; attempt: — probation. 

Tri'an-gle (trl'ang-gl), n. [Fr. ; L. trianguhts; 
tri-, three, and amjulus, an angle.] A figure of 
three angles and three sides. 

Tri-ah'gu-lar (-ang'gu-lar), a. [L. triangularis; 
Fr. triangulaire.] Having three angles; triangled. 

Tri-ah'gu-late. r. a. [pp. triangulating, triangu- 
lated.] To divide into triangles. 

Tri-ah-gu-la'tion, u. The act of triangulating. 

Trl'as, n, [Gr. Vpta;, a union of three; from its 
three main divisions. — See Triad.] (Qeol.) The 
upper new red sandstone. 

Tri-as'sic, «. Belonging to the trias. 

TrI'bal, u. Belonging to a tribe. 

Tri-ba'sic, a. [See Tri- and Base.] (Chent.) Con- 
taining three equivalents of a base. 

Tribe, n. [L. tribus, a tribe, — properly, it is said 
one of three; tribus, dative plural of tres, three : 
referring to the three primitive tribes of the 
Roman people.] A distinct body of people; a 
family ; a race : — a genus ; a class. 

TrI'brach, n. [Gr. TptjSpaxvs ; rpeU, three, and 
/Spaxvs, short.] A poetic foot consisting of three 
short syllables. 

Trlb-u-la'tion, n. [L. tr-ibidatio, affliction ; tribu- 
lare, to afflict, — properly, to rub out corn from 
the husk; tribulum, an instrument for rubbing 
out corn ; terere, trivi, to rub. — See Trite.] Dis- 
tress; severe trial. 

TrI-bu'nal, n. [L.— See Tribune.] A court of 
justice ; judicatory. 

Trib'une (trlb'yun), n. [L. tribnnns, a tribune, — 
properly, an officer of a tribe (q. v.).] An officer 
of ancient Rome : — a raised seat for a speaker ; a 
rostrum. 

Trib'une-ship, w. The office of a tribune. 

TriD-u-m"tial, a. Relating to a tribune. 



mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, s8n ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 9, 9, c, §, soft; p, fSr, p, §, hard; s «s z ; ? as gz ; this. 



TEIBUTAKY 



550 



TEIPE 



Trib'u-ta-ry, a. [L. tributarius.] Paying tribute ; 
contributing; subordinate; subject : — paid in 
tribute. — 2, n. One who pays tribute. 

Trib'iite (trib'yut), n. [L. tribuere, tributum, to as- 
sign,— originally, to allot to a tribe (q. v.).] A 
payment made in acknowledgment of subjection, 
or for protection. 

Trice, n. [Sp. tris, Port, triz, an instant, — prop- 
erly, the crash of breaking glass : imitative.] A 
short time; an instant. — 2, v. a. [Sw. trissa, 
Norw. triss, Dan. tridse, a pulley ; 0. Ger. tryssen, 
Low Ger. drysen, to wind.] [pp. tricing, triced.] 
(Naut.) To haul up and tie. 

Tri-phl'na, n. ; pi. Tri-chi'nae. [Gr. Tpixivo?, 
hair-like; Opi£, rpt^os, a hair.] A very small, 
deadly parasite found in the muscles of animals. 

Trich-i-ni'a-sis, n. The disease induced by the 
presence of trichinse in the system. 

Trich'i-nous, a. Of or pertaining to, or infested 
withj trichinse. 

Trick, n. [Fr. tricher, to trick ; Dut. trek, a trick ; 
apparently related to Dut. trecJcen, to draw.— But 
cf. L. tricse, trifles, wiles, tricks; Iricari, to trifle, 
to trick ; It. treccare, to cheat.] A sly fraud ; 
artifice ; juggle.— 2, v. a. [pp. tricking, tricked.] 
To impose upon; to cheat; to defraud: — to 
dress; to adorn.— [Dut. treklcen, to draw.] (Her.) 
To blazon ; to trace on coat-armor. — 3, v. n. To 
practise trickery or fraud. 

Trick'er-y, n. [Fr. tricherie; It. treccheria.] Ar- 
tifice": — act of dressing up. 

Trick'ish, a. Knavishly artful ; cunning. 

Tric'kie (trlk'kl), v. n. [A.-S. stricau, to strike, to 
move on ; 0. E. (frequentative) strikelen, to flow 
steadily.] [pp. trickling, trickled.] To fall or 
run down in drops. 

Trick' ster, n. One who practises tricks. 

Trick'sy.', a. Cunning; artful; full of tricks. 

Trick'y, a. Full of tricks; dishonest. 

TrI'c61-or, n. [Fr. — See Tki- and Color.] The 
French republican flag, of three colors, blue, 
white, and red. 

Tricot (tre-ko), n. [Fr. ; Mooter, 0. Fr. estrkoter, 
Ger. stricken, to knit.] A kind of woollen cloth. 

Tri-cus'pid, a. [L. tri-, three, and cuspis, cuspidis, 
a point.] Having three points. 

Tri'cy-cle (or tri'sT-kl), n. [Tri- and Cycle.] A 
velocipede with three wheels. 

Tri'dent, n. [L. tridens, tridentis ; tri-, three, and 
dens, a tooth.] The three-forked sceptre of Nep- 
tune ; a spear with three prongs. 

Tri-den'tate, a. (But.) Having three teeth. 

Trl-den'tine, a. [L. Tridentum, Trent.] Relating 
to Trent, or the council of Trent. 

Tri-en'ni-al, a. [L. triennis; triennium, a period 
of three years; tri-, three, and minus, a year.] 
Happening every third year; lasting three years. 

Tri-en'ni-al-ly, ad. Once in three years. 

Tri'er, n. One who tries; an examiner. 

Tri'fid, a. [L. trifidns ; tri-, tbree, and fin dere, fidi, 
to split.] Cut or divided into three parts. 

TrI'fle (tri'fl), v. n. [0. Fr. trufle, or truffle, any 
thing worthless; Fr. triife,'& truffle (q. v.), — for- 
merly, also, a jest, a mockery. — Cf. also A.-S. 
trifelian, to bruise small ; L. tribulare, to rnb out 
corn.] [pp. trifling, trifled.] To act with levity 
or folly. — 2, v. a. To waste away ; to dissipate. 
—3, n. A thing of no value. 

Trl'fler, n. One who trifles. 

Tri' fling 1 , a. Wanting worth ; slight. 

Tri-fo'li-ate, ) a. [L. tri-, three, and folium, a 

Tri-fo'li-at-ed. j leaf J Having three leaves. 

Tri'form, a. [L. triformis; tri-, three, and forma, 
form.] Having a triple form or shape. 

Trig, v. a. [From Trigger.] [pp. trigging, 
trigged.] To stop, as a wheel, by putting a 
stone under it; to scotch.— 2, v. A block, or 
catch, to stop a wheel. — 3, a. [0. E. trick, trim. 
— Cf. Trick, to adorn.] Neat; trim. 

Trig'ger, n. [Dut. trekker ; trekken, to pull.] A 
catch to stop a gun or wheel. 



Tri'glyph, n. [Gr. rpiyAiKpos, thrice-grooved; 
rpi-, three, and y\v<f>ei.v, to carve.] (Arch.) An 
ornament repeated at intervals in a Doric frieze. 

Tri'gon, n. [Gr. rplyoivov ; Tpi-, three, and yuvia, 
an angle ; yovo, a knee.] A triangle.— (Astrol.) 
Trine aspect. 

Trig-o-no-met'ric, \ a. Relating to trigonom- 

Trig-o-no-met'ri-cal, J etry. 

Trig-o-no-met'ri-cal-ly, ad. By trigonometry. 

Trig-o-nom'e-try, n. [Gr. rptytovov, a triangle, 
and fxeTpov, a measure.] The art of measuring 
the sides and angles of triangles. 

Tri-lat'er-al, a. [See Tri- and Lateral.] Having 
three sides. 

Tri-lin'gual (-Hng'gwal), a. [L. trilinguis; tri-, 
three, and lingua, a tongue.] In three languages. 

Tri-lit'er-al, a. [Tri- and Literal.] Having 
three letters. 

Trill, n. [It. tnllare, Fr. triller, Dut. trillen, Ger. 
trillern, to trill ; It. trillo, Ger. triller, Fr. trille, a 
trill.] A quaver; tremulousness of music. — 
2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. trilling, trilled.] To utter 
with quavering ; to quaver. 

Trill'ion, n. [Tri-, three : on type of million.'] 
(Eng.) A notation expressed by a unit with 
eighteen ciphers annexed : — (Fr.) expressed by 
a unit with twelve ciphers annexed. 

Tri'lo-blte, n. [Gr. rpi's, three, and A6/So?, a lobe.] 
An extinct crustacean. 

Tril'o-gyr, n. [Gr. rpiKoyia ; Tpi?, three, and Aoyos, 
a discourse.] A series of three dramas, each com- 
plete, yet related :— a discourse in three parts. 

Trim, a. [A.-S. trymian, trymman, to adjust, to 
array, — properly, to make firm; tram, firm. — 
Cf. Low Ger. trim, bedecked.] Nice; snug; 
dressed up; smart. — 2, n. Dress; gear; orna- 
ments; trimming. —3, v. a. [pp. trimming, 
trimmed.] To dress; to adjust:— to shave :— to 
clip ; to prune : — to balance, as a ship.— 4, v. n. 
To fluctuate between parties. 

Trim'e-ter, n. [Gr. rptp-eTpos ; rpi?, three, and 
/uerpov/a measure.] A verse of three measures. 

Tri-met'ric, ) a. [See Trimeter.] Consisting 

Tri-met'ri-cal, J of three poetical measures : — 
having three unequal axes. 

Trim'ly, ad. Nicely ; neatly. 

Trim'mer, n. One who trims ; a turncoat. 

Trim'ming, n. Appendages to a coat, &c. 

Trim'ness, n. Neatness ; petty elegance. 



Trine, n. [L. triuus, three by three, threefold. — 
See Tri-.] (Astrol.) A certain aspect of the 
planets : — three of a kind together ; three chil- 
dren at a birth ; a triplet ; a triad.— 2, a. Three- 
fold ; thrice repeated. 

Trin-i-ta'ri-an, a. Relating to the Trinity. — 2, n. 
A believer of the doctrine of the Trinity. 

Trin-i-ta'ri-an-i§m, n. Trinitarian doctrine. 

Trin'i-tx, n- [L. trinitas, a triad ; trinus, threefold,] 
Three united in one ; the doctrine of three per- 
sons in the godhead or in one God. 

Trin'ket, n. [Probably from 0. E. trynket, a knife, 
a tool. — Cf. Sp. trinchete, It. trincetto, a shoe- 
knife : akin to Trench.] A toy; an ornament 
of dress :— a decoration of small value. 

Tri-no'mi-al, a. [From Tri-, three : on type of 
binomial.] Containing three terms. 

Tri'o (or tre'o), n. [It. for "three" (q. v.).] A 
piece of music for three voices or three instru- 
ments : — three united. 

Tri'o-let, n. [Fr.— See Trio.] A stanza of eight 
lines, with the first line thrice repeated. 

Trip, v. a. [Dut. trippen, trippelen; Low Ger. 
trippeln; Dan. trippe.] [pp. tripping, tripped.] 
To supplant ; to throw : to detect. — 2, v. n. To 
stumble; to err: — to run. — 3, n. A catch; a 
stumble ; a mistake :— a short journey or voyage. 

Tri-pang', n. [An Oriental name.] Dried sea- 
slug, used for soups, &c. 

Trip'ar-tite. a. [L. tri-, three, and partiri, partitus, 
I to part (q. v.).] Divided into three parts. 
I Tripe, n. [Fr. tripe; Sp. tripa ; It. trippa. — Cf. 



a, e, i, o, 5, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



TEIPETALOL T S 



551 



TEOTH 



Irish triopas, Welsh tripa, intestines.] The belly : 

—the large stomach of the ox, &c, prepared for 

food. [three petals. 

Tri-pet'a-lous, a. [Tei- and Petal.] Having 
Trip'-ham-mer. n. A large hammer used in 

forges for beating iron ; a tilt-hammer. 
Triph'thong (trip'thong) [trlf thong or trip'thong, 

N. I. Wb.], n. [Gr. rpi-, three, and <j>06-yvos, 

the voice. — See Diphthong.] A union of three 

vowels in one sound, as ieu in lieu. 
Trip le (trip'pl), a. [Fr. triple; L. triplm, triplex. — 

See Double.] Threefold ; three times repeated. 

— 2, v. a. [pp. tripling, tripled.] To make 

threefold ; to treble. 
Trip'let, a. [From Triple.] Three of a kind or 

together : — three lines rhyming together. 
Trlp'li-cate, a. [L. triplicate, triplication, to treble; j 

tri-, three, and plicate, to weave.] Made thrice I 

as much ; tripled.— 2, v. A third thing corre- j 

sponding to two others of the same kind. 
Tri'pod, n. [Gr. rpi-novs, rptVoSos, three-footed; 

irovs, a foot.] A seat, vessel, table, or instru- 
ment having three feet. 
Trip'o-li, n. [Named from Tripoli, which is from 

Gr. Vpt-, three, and n-oAis, a city.] A polishing 

powder. 
Tri'pos, n. ; pi. Tri'pos-es. [L. tripvs, a tripod 

(q. v.). The successful candidates are grouped 

in three classes.] A tripod : — an examination in 

the university of Cambridge, England. 
Trip'ping, a. Quick; nimble; skipping. — 2, n. 

A stumbling : — a light dance. 
Trlp'ping-ly, ad. With agility; swiftly. 
Trlp'tych, n. [Gr. rpi's, three, and nTvij, a fold.] 

A picture in three compartments. 
Tri'reme, n. [L. triremie; tri-, three, and renins, 

an oar. — Cf. Gr. Tptrjprjs, a trireme.] A Grecian 

galley with three tiers or benches of oars on a 

side. 
Tri-sect', v. a. [L. tri-, three, and secare, sectnm, 

to cut.] [pp. trisecting, trisected.] To divide 

into three equal parts. 
Trfs'mus, n. [Gr. rpier/Ltds, a gnashing of the 

teeth.] (Died.) Lockjaw; tetanus. 
Trist, a. [L. trislis.] Sad ; sorrowful. 
Tris-yl-lab'ic, ) a. Consisting of three sylla- 
Tris-yl-lab'i-cal, j bles. 
Tris'yl-la-ble [tris-sll'la-bl, P. K. 8m. C. St. H.], 

n. [Tki- and Syllable.] A word consisting of 

three syllables. 
Trite, a. [L. tritus, worn ; (erere, trtium, to rub.] 

Worn out ; stale ; commc n. 
Trite'ness, n. Staleness; commonness. 
Tri'the-Ism, n. The doctrine of three gods. 
Tri'the-ist, ». A believer in tritheism. 
Tri-the-is'tic, a. Relating to tritheism. 
Tri' ton, a. [L. ; Gr. TpiVcoy.] A marine demi-god : 

— a water-newt of many species. 
Trit'u-ra-ble, a. That may be triturated. 
Trit'ii-rate, w. a. [L. irtiurare, trituratum, to grind ; 

Iriturn, a rubbing; terere, tritum, to rub.] [pp. 

triturating, triturated.] To pound ; to pulverize. 
Trit-u-ra'tion, ». Reduction to powder. 
Trl'fimph, i>. [L. triumphus. — Cf. Gr. 0pi'aju/3os, I 

a bacchanal hymn.] A solemn procession in 

honor of victory : — victory ; conquest : — pomp. ! 

— 2, v. n. [pp. triumphing, triumphed.] To 

celebrate a victory ; to rejoice for victory ; to 

exult : — to couquer. 
Tri-um'phal, «. Used in celebrating a victory. 
Tri-um'phant, a, [L. trinmphans, part, of trinm- 
phare, to triumph. J Celebrating victory ; graced 

with victory ; victorious; exultant. 
Tri-um'phant-ly, ad. With triumph. 
TrI-um'vir, n. [L. ; trivm, of three, and rir, a 

man.] L. pi. Tri-um'vi-ri ; Eng. TrI-um'virs. 

One of a triumvirate ; one of three men in the 

same office. [a union of three men. 

Tri-um'vi-rate, n. A government by three men ; 
Tri'une [trl-yun', TF. F.], a. [L. hi-, three, and 

units, one.] Being at once three and one. 



Triv'et, n. [Fr. trepied, three-foot.— See Tripod.] 
A stool with three legs ; a trevet. 

Triv'i-al (or trlv'yal), a. [L. trivialis, belonging 
to the cross-roads, — hence, common; trivia, a 
place where three roads meet; tri-, three, and 
via, away.] Worthless; light; trifling. 

Triv-i-al'i-ty, n. A trifle; trivialness. 

Triv'i-al-iy, ad. Inconsiderably ; lightly. 

Tri'-week-ly, a. Done or published thrice, a 
week, or, more correctly, onoe every three weeks. 

Tro'car, or Tro'car, u. [Fr. troeart; from trois- 
quarts, a three-square instrument.] A surgical 
instrument. 

Tro-pha'ic, \a. [Gr. Tpoxaixos. — See Tro- 

Tro-cha'i-cal, J chee.] Relating to, or consisting 
of, trochees. 

Tro-ehan'ter, n. [Gr. rpoxavr^p, a ball in a 
socket ; Tpox&ew, to turn ; rpexeiv, to run.] 
(Anat.) A prominence on the femur. 

Tro'phe [troch or trosh, I. ; tro'ke, Mb. ; trdsh, JN r . ; 
troch or trok, Th.}, n. [Gr. Tpoxos, a wheel, a 
runner; Tpexetv, to run.] (Med.) A lozenge or 
cake composed of sugar and mucilage. 

Tro'phee (tro'ke), n. [Gr. rpoxatos, running ; 
rpexeLv, to run.] A foot in Latin poetry, con- 
sisting of a long and a short syllable. 

Trod, i. & p. from tread. 

Trod'den (trod'dn), v. from tread. 

Trog'lo-dyte, ». (G r - tpojyAoSuttj? ; TptiiyKy, a 
cave," and Svew, to enter.] One who lives in a 
cave ; a cave-dweller. 

Tro'gon, n. [Gr. rpwywv, biting; Tpiityeiv, to 
gnaw.] A tropical bird of great beauty. 

Troll, V. a. [Fr. troler, to drag, to stroll ; 0. Fr. 
troller, Ger. trollen, Welsh troelii, to roll; Norw. 
trulla, to trundle (a. v.).] [pp. trolliiiir, trolled.] 
To move circularly; to roll :— to sing the parts 
of; to sing loudly and freely. — 2, v. n. To run 
round : — to entice: — to fish by drawing the bait 
through the water. — 3, n. [Icel. troll ; Dan. trold. 
— Cf. Trull.] A spirit of the woods or hills. 

Troll'ing, a. Loud-sounding and voluble. 

Trol'lop, h. [Cf. Trull.] A slattern :— a slovenly 
woman. 

Trom'bone, w. [It. ; augmented form of tromba, a 
trumpet (q. ?-.).] A long and BOnorous brass 
musical wind-instrument, similar to, but larjrer 
than, the trmni>et. [Crude native soda. 

Tro'na, n. [Probably an anagram of Natron.] 

Troop, n. [Fr. troupe; It. truppa; Sp. tropa; Late 
L. tropm : perhaps for L. turbo, a crowd.] A 
body of cavalry, dragoons, or mounted soldiers: 
— a company : — a quick march. — pi. A body 
of soldiers : an army. — 2, v. n. [pp. trooping, 
trooped.] To march in a body, or in haste. 

Troop'er, ». A horse-soldier; a horseman. 

Trope, u. [L. tropus, Gr. Tpon-o?, a trope, a turn ; 
rpeireiv, to turn.] (h'het.) A figure of speech 
which change a word or sentence from its proper 
or original signification. 

Tro'phy, n. [Fr. trophic; L. tropseum; Gr. rpo- 
naiov, a monument to an enemy's defeat, erected 
on the spot of their turning in flight; Tpineiv, 
to turn.] Something taken in battle : — a mon- 
ument or memorial of victory. 

Trop'ic, n. [Gr. tpottikos ; tpoto?, a turning. — 
See Trope.] A line or circle parallel to the equa- 
tor, at which the sun turns back in his annual 
journey. — There are two tropics, those of Cancer 
and Capricorn, the former 23° 2s' uorth, the lat- 
ter 23° 28' south, of the equator. 

Trop'i-cal, a. Relating to a trope; figurative: — 
relating to, or produced within, the tropics. 

Trop'i-cal-ly. ad. In a tropical manuer. 

Trot, V. n. [Fr. trotter, to trot ; It. trotfo, a trot ; 
trotlare, to trot; Late L. trotnrius, a messenger; 
probably from L. tolutarius, trotting; tolutim, at 
a trot; tollere, to lift (the feet).] [pp. trotting, 
trotted.] ' To move with a high, jolting pace.— 
2, ». A jolting, high pace. 

Troth, ?i. [A variant of Truth.] Faith; truth. 



mien, sir; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, Q, c, g, soft; p, £,p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



TKOTHPLIGHT 



552 



TEUSTFUL 



Troth'plight (troth'plTt), n. A betrothing. 

Trot'ter, ». One that trots : — a sheep's toot. 

Trottoir (trot-war), u. [Fr.] A side-walk on a 
street ; a foot-path ; the pavement. 

Tr6u'ba-dour (tro'ba-dSr), n. [Fr. ; Prov. trobador; 
irobar, to rhyme ; Fr. trouver, to find, — originally, 
to find rhymes, to versify ; It. trovare, to find, to 
invent, — originally, to rhyme or sing; L. tropus, 
a trope (q. v.), — later, a song.] A mediaeval poet 
of Provence, in France. 

Troub'le (trtib'bl), v. a. [Fr. trembler, to trouble; 
L. turbula, a dim. of turba, a crowd ; turbarv, to 
disturb. — See Turbulent.] [pp. troubling, 
troubled.] To disturb; to afflict; to molest; to 
harass ; to embarrass.— 2, n. Disturbance ; dis- 
tress ; a painful difficulty. 

Troiib'ler (trub'bler), n. One who troubles. 

Troub'le-some (trub'bl-sum), a. Vexatious; un- 
easy ; afflictive ; tiresome ; wearisome. 

Troub'le-some-ly (trub'bl-sum-le), ad. Vexa- 
tiously; wearisomely: unseasonably. 

Troub'lous, a. Confused ; lull of trouble. 

Trough (trof) [trawf, Wb. H. C], n. [A.-S.' trog, 
troh; Dut. & Icel. trog ; Ger. trog, truhe.] Any 
long thing hollowed, and open on the upper side. 

Trounce, v. a. [0. Fr. tranche, a large stick.— See 
Trfncheon.] [pp. trouncing, trounced.] To 
punish ; to beat severely. 

Troupe (trop), n. [Fr.] A band or company : — a 
band of operatic, equestrian, or other performers. 

Trb'u'§er§, n. pi. [Scot, trews; Old Anglo-Irish, 
trouses ; Fr. trousses, trunk-hose, breeches ; trousse, 
a bundle, a truss (q. v.).] A man's outer gar- 
ment for the legs ; loose pantaloons. 

Trousseau (tro-so'), n. [Fr. ; dim. of trousse, a bun- 
dle.— See Truss.] Paraphernalia; the clothes, 
&c, of a bride. 

Trout, n. [A.-S. trulit; Fr. truite ; L. tructa, trutta. 
— Cf. Gr. Tpw/eTTjs, a kind of fish ; rpwyeir, to 
gnaw ; Skr. troti, a kind of fish ; trut, to tear.] 
A delicate, spotted, fresh-water fish. 

Tro'ver, n. [0. Fr. trover, Fr. trouver, to find. — 
See Troubadour.] (Law.) An action for goods 
found and not delivered to the owner. 

Trow, v. a. [A.-S. treowian, trywian, treowan, to 
trust; treowa, trust; treowe, true (q. v.); Dan. 
tree, to believe ; Ger. trauen, to trust.] To think ; 
to imagine ; to believe. 

Trow' el, n. [Fr. truelle; Late L. truella ; L. trulla, 
a trowel; trua, a ladle.] A tool used by brick- 
layers : — a little garden spatula or spade. 

Trow'§er§, n. pi. Loose pantaloons; trousers. 

Troy'-weight (-wat), n. [Probably from Troyes, 
in France.] A scale of weights with twelve 
ounces in a pound. 

Tru'an-cy, n. The act of playing truant. 

Tru'ant, n. [Fr. truand, a vagabond; Sp. trnhan, 
a buffoon ; Welsh truan, wretched, a wretch ; 
Gael, truagh, Irish trogha, wretched.] An idler; 
an idle or truant boy.— 2, a. Idle; wandering 
from school. 

Truce, n. [Fr. treve, 0. Fr. trewe, pi. trewes, a 
truce, a respite; A.-S. treowa, faith, truth, a 
compact. — See True.] A temporary suspension 
of hostilities; a short peace ; a short quiet. 

Truck, v. a. [L. trochus, Gr. Tpoxo?, a wheel ; 
rpe^eiv, to run.] [pp. trucking, trucked.] To 
convey by a truck: — [Fr. troquer, Sp. trocar, 
0. It. truccare, to barter ; It. treccare, to retail ; 
Fr. true, Sp. trueco, barter] to barter.— 2, v. n. 
To barter: — to use a truck.— 3, n. Barter: — a 
sort of cart; a car: — market-garden products. 

Triick'age, v. Act of trucking : — expense of truck- 
ing or conveying goods : — barter. 

Truc'kle (truk'kl), v. v. [Properly, to sleep in a 
truckle-bed, or under his tutor's bed, as a fag.] 
[pp. truckling, truckled.] To be in subjection; 
to yield ; to act with servility ; to creep ; to roll. 

Truc'kle-bed, n. [L. trochlea, a pulley, a roller; 
Gr. rpoxaKia, a sheaf for pulleys. — See Truck.] 
A bed that runs on wheels. 



Tru'cu-lence [truk'u-lens, IV. St. I.], n. [L. trucu- 
lentia.] Savageness of manners. 

Tru'cu-lent [truk'u-lent, N. St. 1.1, a. [L. trucu- 
lent, cruel; trux, truck, fierce.] Savage; barbar- 
ous ; cruel ; fierce ; of savage looks or manners. 

Trudge, v. n. [Etymology unknown. — Of. Drudge.] 
[pp. trudging, trudged.] To travel laboriously ; 
to jog along on foot. 

True, a. [A.-S. treowe, trywe; Dut. trouw ; Dan. 
tro; Ger. treu; Goth, triggws: akin to Trow.] 
Not false ; veracious ; genuine ; real ; faithful ; 
steady; honest; right; exact. 

True'-blue, n. The best blue color: — a faithful 
fellow. — 2, a. An epithet used figuratively in 
the sense of honest, uncorrupt, faithful. 

True'-heart-ed, a. Honest; faithful. 

True' -love-knot, n. An intricate knot. 

Truffle (tru'fl) [truffl, P. C. I. ; truffl, St Sm.'], 
n. [Fr. truffe, trufle; Sp. trufa; L. tuber, a tuber 
(q. v.), a truffle; It. tartufo, a truffle, for L. ter- 
ras, tuber, tuber of the earth ; from its diminutive 
tartvfola comes Ger. Jcartoffel, a potato.] An edi- 
ble subterraneous fungus. 

Tru'ism, n. [Fr. truisme.] A self-evident and un- 
deniable truth, such as needs not be stated. 

Trull, n. [Ger. trulle, trolle.—Cf. It. traja, a trull, 
a swine ; Fr. trouille, a dowdy, a fat wench ; truie, 
a swine, a wench.] A wench ; a vagrant strum- 

Tru'ly, ad. According to truth ; really. [pet. 

Trump, n. [Fr. trowpe; Sp. tromba ; It. tromba.~\ 
A trumpet : — [for triumph; Sw. trmnf, to trump] a 
winning card. — 2, v. a. [pp. trumping, trumped.] 
To win with a trump : — to deceive. — 3, v. n. To 
play a trump card. 

Triimp'er-x, n. [Fr. tromperie, deceit ; tromper, to 
deceive. — Cf. Ger. gremperei, trash.] Empty talk ; 
nonsense :— trifles; worthless trash; rubbish. — 
2, a. Worthless. 

Trump' et, n. [Fr. trompette, dim. of trowpe, a 
trumpet.] An instrument of martial music. — 
2, v. a. (pp. trumpeting, trumpeted.] To pub- 
lish ; to proclaim. — 3, v. n. To utter a trumpet- 
like call. 

Trump'et-er, n. One who proclaims. 

Trun'cate (trung'kat), a. [L. truncare, truncation, 
to cut off; iruncus, a trunk ; also truncus, cut off, 
maimed.] (Bot.) Abruptly cut off. 

Trun'pheon (trun'shun), n. [Fr. tronfon, dim. of 
tronc, a trunk, a stem, a staff; It. troncone. — See 
Trunk.] A staff; cudgel. 

Trun'dle (triin'dl), v. n. & v. a. [A.-S. trendel, 
tryndel, a circle. — See Trend.] [pp. trundling, 
trundled.] To roll ; to bowl along. — 2, n. Any 
round, rolling thing; roller. 

Trun' die-bed, n. Same as Trucklf-bed. 

Trunk, n. [L. truncus, a stem, a trunk; also trun- 
cus, cut off, mutilated; truncare, to cut off.] The 
body without the limbs, as of a tree or an ani- 
mal : — a chest of clothes : — a tube : — [Fr. trowpe, 
a tiumpet, an elephant's proboscis] proboscis of 
an elephant, &c. 

Trunk'-hose, n. pi. Very short and wide breeches. 

Trunn'ion (trun'yun), n. [Fr. trognon, a stub or 
stump'; 0. Fr. tron, Fr. tronc, a trunk (q. v.).] 
The knob of a cannon. 

Truss, n. [Fr. trousse, a pack ; Ger. tross, baggage.] 
A bandage for ruptures : — a bundle, as of hay : — 
a frame of timber. — {Nant.) A machine for con- 
fining a yard to the mast.— 2, v. a. [Fr. trousser, 
to pack up, to fasten; L. torquere, tortum, torsum, 
to twist.] [pp. trussing, trussed.] To bind with 
a truss ; to pack up. 

Trust, n. [Icel. transt; Dan. trb'st; Ger. trost.] 
Reliance on the fidelity, &c, of another; confi- 
dence; charge; credit; belief. — 2, v. a. [pp. trust- 
ing, trusted.] To confide in ; to believe ; to credit; 
to intrust; to sell to upon credit. — 3, v. n. To 
have confidence ; to hope. 

Trus-tee', n. One to whom the management of 
property or of an institution is intrusted. 

Trust' f(il, a. Full of trust; trusting. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 5, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, x, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



TEUSTILY 



553 



TUEBIDNESS 



Trust'i-ly, ad. Honestly; with fidelity. 

Trust'j-niss, n. Honesty ; fidelity. 

Trust'y, a. Fit to be trusted; houest; faithful. 

Truth,'".; pi. Truths. [A.-S. treo-w, treowdu; Icel. 
tryggd. — See True.] Conformity to fact or re- 
ality ; that which is true ; fact ; verity ; veracity ; 
fidelity; honesty; integrity; virtue. 

Truth' ful, a. Conformable to truth ; true. 

Trflth'ful-lx, ad. According- to truth. 

Truth'ful-nlss, n. State of being truthful. 

Try, v. a. [Fr. trier, to cull, to pick out, to sift, to 
select ; It. & Late L. tritare, to rub, to wear, to 
thresh; L. lerere, tritum, to rub.] [i. tried; pp. 
trying, tried.] To examine; to prove; to put to 
a test ; to essay ; to attempt : — to refine. — 2, v. n. 
To endeavor ; to make an essay. 

Try'ing, p. a. Bringing to trial ; severe ; painful. 

Tryst (or trlst), n. [A variant of Trust.] An ap- 
pointed meeting: — a fair. 

Tryst'ing-place (or trist'ing-), n. A place ap- 
pointed for meeting. 

Tsar, n. [See Czar.] The emperor of Russia ; czar. 

Tub, n. [Dut. tobbe; Low Ger. tubbe.— Cf. Ger. 
zuber, Low Ger. toner, a two-handled vessel.] A 
large open vessel of wood. 

Tu'ba, n. [L.] A bass instrument of brass. 

Tube', n. [Fr. tube, L. tubus, a pipe ; tuba, a trumpet,] 
A long, hollow body ; a pipe ; a siphon. 

Tu'ber, n. [L. tuber, a swelling.— Cf. Tumid.] A 
vegetable root, as a potato. 

Tu'ber-cle, n. [Fr. ; L. luberculum, a diminutive 
of tuber, a swelling.] A small swelling; a pim- 

Tu-ber'cu-lar, a. Full of tubercles. [pie. 

Tu-ber'cu-lous, a. Having tubercles; tubercular. 

Tfibe'rose, or Tu'ber-ose [tii'be-ros, H. St.], n. 
[Named from its tuberous root.] A plant with 
a tuberous root and fragrant flowers. 

Tu-ber-ose', a. Having tubers; tuberous. 

Tu-b§r-os'i-ty, n. A swelling; a prominence. 

Tu'ber-ous, a. [L. tuberosus. — See Tuber.] Hav- 
ing' tubers or knobs. 

Tu'bing, n. System of tubes; material for tubes. 

Tu'bu-lar, a. Long and hollow ; fistular. 

Tu'bu-lat-ed, 1 a. Longitudinally hollow; fistular; 

Tu'bu-lous', J tubular. [little tube or pipe. 

Tu'bule, n. [L. tubnlus, dim. of tubus, a tube.] A 

Tu-bu'li-form, a. Having the form of a tube. 

Tuck, «. [Fr. etoc, estoc ; It. stocco: akin to 
Stock.] A sword; a rapier:— a net: — a fold in 
dress:— [It. tocco ; Fr. toe: akin to Touch] a 
blow; a stroke. — 2, v. a. [Low Ger. tukken; Ger. 
zucken; root of Ziehen, to draw. — Cf. Tug.] [pp. 
tucking, tucked.] To compress; to enclose un- 
der, [worn upon the breast. 

Tuck'er, n. One that tucks :— a piece of linen 

Tuesday, n. [A.-S. Times daeg, Icel. Tys dagr,-— 
properly, the day of Tiw or Tijr, the war-god.] 
The third day of the week. 

Tu'fa, n. [It.'ft*/o; Fr. tuf; L. tophus, tofus.] A 
mineral deposit; tuff. 

Tiiff, n. [It. tnfo.] (Mn.) A gray deposit of cal- 
careous carbonate ; a volcanic substance. 

Tuft, n. [Fr. tonffe ; Ger. zopf : akin to Top.] A 
cluster of hair, grass, ribbons, &c. ; a crest; a 
top-knot.— 2, v. a. [pp. tufting, tufted.] To 
form into, or adorn with, a tuft. 

Tuft's, a. Adorned with tufts. 

Tug, v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. teon, Goth, tiuhan, Ger. 
Ziehen, to draw; Icel. toggla, to tug; Ger. zug, a 
pull.] [pp. tugging, tugged.] To pull with 
great effort; to draw.— 2, n. A hard pull; a 
great effort: — a strong rope or leather strap : — a 
steam tow-boat. 

Tu-i"tion (tu-ish'un), n. [L. tuiiio, prote'tion ; 
tueri, tuilus, to protect,] Superintendence or in- 
struction, as by a tutor; teaching. 

Tu-i"tion-a-ry, a. Relating to tuition. 

Tu'le, n. ['Sp.j A reed ; a club-rush ; a sedge. 

Tu'lip, n. [Fr. tuKppe, tulipan, It. tulipa, tulipano, 
a tulip; Turk, tulbend, Hind. & Per. dulband, a 
turban (q. v.).] A plant and its gay flower. 



I Tulle (tool), n. [Fr. ; named from Tulle, in France.] 

A thin silk fabric. 
| Tum'ble, v. n. [A.-S. tumbian ; Dut. tuimelen; Ger. 
I taumeln, twmmeln; Dan. tumle ; Sw. tumla; Fr. 
tomber: from the root of Stumble.] [pp. tum- 
bling, tumbled.] To fall suddenly; to roll. — 
2, v. a. To turn over; to disturb. — 3, u. The 
act of tumbling ; a fall. 

Tum'bler, n. One who tumbles or shows feats of 
activity : — [originally a glass without a foot, 
which was laid upon its side when not in use] a 
drinking-glass. 

Tum'brel, n. [Fr. tombereau; 0. Fr. tumberel ; 
from tomber, to fall.] A dung-cart :— a cart that 
can be unloaded by tilting : — a ducking-stool. 

Tu-me-fac'tion, n. A swelling; a tumor. 

Tu'me-fy, v. u. & v. n. [Wr. tumefier ; L. tumefacere, 
tumef actum ; tumere, to swell, and facere, to 
make.] [pp. tumefying, tumefied.] To swell : 
— to make to swell. 

Tii-mes'cence, n. [L. tumescere, inchoative from 
tumere, to swell.] The same as Tumefaction. 

Tu'mid, a. [L. tumidus.— See Tumor.] Swelled; 
puffed up ; pompous. 

Ti-mid'i-ty, u. A swollen condition ; a swelling. 

Tu'mor, n. [L. tumor ; tumere, to swell.] A mor- 
bid swelling. 

Tu'mult, n. [L. tumultus; tumere, to swell, to 
rage.] A wild commotion of the multitude ; up- 
roar; riot; turbulence; bustle. 

Tu-mult'u-a-ry., a. [L. tumidtuurius.] Disorderly; 
tumultuous. 

Tu-mult'u-ous, a. [L. hnmdluosus.] Full of tu- 
mults ; disorderly; turbulent; violent; unruly; 
riotous ; greatly agitated. 

Tu-mult'u-ous-ly, ad. Disorderly. 

Tu-mult'u-ous-ness, n. Disorder; violence. 

Tu'mu-lus, n. ; pi. Tu'mu-11. [L. : tumere, to 
swell.] An artificial mound of earth ; a mound. 

Tun, n. A large cask : — a weight. See Ton. 

Tun'dra, n. [Finnish tuntur, a mossy flat.] A vast 
arctic swamp. 

Tune, )/. [A variant of Tone.] A rhythmical 
series of musical notes ; a piece of music ; air : — 
harmony: — proper state; proper order; right 
temper. — 2, v. a. [jjp. tuning, tuned.] To put 
into tune ; to sing. — 3, v. n. To form one sound 
to another. 
| Tune'ful, «. Musical; harmonious. 

Tune'less, or. Not singing; not musical. 

Tung'sten, n. [Sw. tuug, heavy, and sten, stone.] 
(Min.) A sort of mineral, and a brittle metal 
obtained from it, 

Tu'nic, a. [L. tunica.'] A Roman garment: — a 
kind of waistcoat: — integument; tunicle : — a 
surrounding membrane. 

Tu'ni-cle, n. [L. tunicida.— See Tunic] A little 
tunic; a covering; integument. 

Tun'ing, n. The act of singing in concert. 

Tun' jng-fdrk, «• A fork to find the musical pitch. 

Tun'nel, v. a. [Fr. tonneau, a cask; 0. Fr. tunnel; 
from tonne, a ton (q. v.).] [pp. tunnelling, tun- 
nelled.] To form like a tunnel ; to form an ex- 
cavation or tunnel through. — 2, n. A passage 
in a chimney for smoke ; a funnel : — a tube with 
a broad mouth, used to pour liquid into a vessel : 
— a passage through a hill or under a river. 

Tun'ny, n. [L. thunnus, thynnus; Gr. Qvwos; from 
Ovveiv, to dart.] A large sea-fish. 

Tu'pe-lo, n. [North American Indian name.] The 
black gum-tree. 

Tur'ban, w. [Fr. turban; It. turbante; Turk, tul- 
bend, didbend; Per. & Hind, dulband.— Cf. Tulip.] 
The Turkish and Oriental cover for the head ; a 
sort of cap. 

Tiir'baned (tiir'band), a. Wearing a turban. 

Tur'ba-ry, n. [Late L. turbo, turf (q. v.).] (Law.) 
A right'to dig turf: — a place for digging turf. 

Tiir'bid, a. [L. turb idus.— Cf. turbare, to disturb.] 
Thick ; muddy ; not clear. 

Tur'bid-ness, n. Muddiness ; thickness. 



mien, si'r ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g. Q, c, £, soft ; p, £, p, g, hard ; § as z ; 5 as gz ; tnia. 

y 47 



TUKBINATE 



554 



TWINE 



Tiir'bi-nate, "I a. [L. turbinates, top-shaped ; 
TUr'bi-nat-ed, j turbo, turbinis, a spinning-top.] 

Shaped like a spinning-top ; spiral ; conical. 
Ttir'bine, n. [L. turbo, turbinis, a whirlwind, a 
top, a spindle.] A kind of water-wheel. 

TUr'bot, n. [L. turbo, a spindle, — later, a turbot; 
from its rhomboidal shape.] A delicate flat fish. 

Tiir'bu-lence, n. [L. turbulentia.] Tumult; con- 
fusion ; disorder. 

TUr'bu-lent, a. [L. turbulentus; turbere, to dis- 
turb; turba, a crowd.] Disorderly; tumultuous; 
violent ; refractor}' ; seditious ; factious. 

Tu-reen', n. [Fr. terrine; L. terrenus, earthen; 
terra, the earth.] A deep vessel for soups, &c. 

Turf, n. [A.-S. & Dut. turf; Icel., Ger., & Sw. 
torf; Dan. torv.] A clod covered with grass; a 
sod: — peat for fuel: — a race-ground. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. turfing, turfed.] To cover with turfs. 

TUrf i-ness, n. State of abounding with turfs. 

Tiirf y, a. Full of turfs; covered with turf. 

Tur-£es'cence, \n. [L. turgescere, inceptive of 

Tur-ges'cen-ey, j turgere, to swell.] State of being 
turgid ; act of swelling. 

Tur-fes'cent, a. Growing large ; swelling. 

TUr'gid, a. [L. turgidus; turgere, to swell.] Dis- 
tended beyond its natural size ; inflated ; tumid ; 
bombastic ; pompous. 

Tur-gid'i-ty, )n. State of being turgid; turges- 

Tur'lid-ness, J cence :— bombast. 

Tur'key (tiir'ke), n. [So named from the country 
of Turkey, from which it was once popularly 
supposed to have been brought.] A large do- 
mestic fowl. 

Tyr-kois/ (tur-kez' or tur-koiz'), n. [Fr. turquois, 
Turkish.] A blue mineral or gem ; turquoise. 

TUr'mer-ic, n. [Arab, karkam, or Imrkum ; whence, 
by corruption, the L. terra merita, Fr. terre- 
merite, turmeric] An East Indian root, used in 
dyeing and in cookery. 

Ttir'mb'il, ». [Possibly from Tear and Moil.] 
Trouble ; disorder. 

Turn, v. a. [Fr. tourner, to turn; L. tornare, to 
turn in a lathe; tomus, a lathe; Gr. -ropvos, a 
carpenter's compasses ; Topveveiv, to turn.] [pp. 
turning, turned.] To move round; to revolve : 
— to change; to transform; to alter: to shape. — 
2, v. n. To move round :— to change posture; to 
alter: — to return: — to become acid. — 3, «. Act 
of turning ; change ; a change of direction ; a ro- 
tation : — inclination; direction; form; manner. 

Turn' coat, n. One who forsakes his principles. 

TUrn'er, n. One who turns : — a pigeon. 

Tttrn'er-y, n. The art of turning :— things turned. 

Tiirn'ingr, n. A flexure; a winding. 

Tiir'nip, n. [Cf. A.-S. nsep, L. napus, Gael, neip, 
a turnip.] A white, esculent root. 

TUrn'key (tiirn'ke), n, A person who has the 
charge of the keys of a prison. 

Tiirn'-out, n. A place on a railroad for cars to 
turn out : — a mutiny among laborers : — an equi- 
page. 

Tiirn'plke, n, [Formerly a gate of four pikes, or 
staffs, turning on a post.] A gate on a road ; a 
toll-gate ; a turnpike-road. — 2, v. a. [pp. turn- 
piking, turnpiked.] To form like a turnpike- 
road. 

TUrn'pike-road, n. A road on which turnpikes 
are erected and tolls are paid. 

TUrn'spit, n. One that turns the spit; a dog that 
turns a spit. 

Turn' stile, n. A revolving frame in a foot-path. 

Tiir' pen-tine, n. [L. terebinthinus, made from the 
terebinth (q. v.).) A resinous juice from trees 
of the pine and fir species : — the terebinth-tree. 

Tur'pi-tude. n. [L. turpitudo ; turpi®, shameful.] 
Moral baseness or vileness ; depravity ; wicked- 
ness; enormity. [kois. 

Tur-quoi§e' (tur-kez' or tur-kwoiz'), n. See Tur- 

Tur'ret, n. [6. Fr. tourette, dim. of tour, a tower 
(q. v.).] A tower or eminence. 

Tur'ret-sMp, n. Same as Monitor. 



Tur'tle (tuVtl), n. [A.-S. turtle; L. turtur ; Ger. 
turtel; Sp. torlola: imitative of its call.] The 
turtle-dove :— [L. torquere, tortum, to twist.— See 
Tortoise] a tortoise : — a sea-tortoise. 

Tiir' tie-dove, n. A species of dove noted for its 
gentleness and tenderness. 

Tush, inlerj. Expressing a check or rebuke; an 
exclamation of impatience.— 2, n. [A South- 
English form of Tusk.] A tusk; a long tooth. 

Tusk, n. [A.-S. tux, or tusc ; 0. Fris. tusk, tosch.] 
A long, pointed tooth ; a fang. 

Tus'sle (tus'sl), n. [A diminutive or frequenta- 
tive of Touse.] A struggle ; a contest.— 2, ,-. n. 
[pp. tussling, tussled.] To struggle ; to scuffle. 

Tus'sock, or Tiis'sac, n. [Gael, dosach, tufted; 
Dan. dusk, a tuft.] A tuft; a kind of grass. 

Tut, inlerj. Noting rebuke or check ; tush. 

Tu'te-la|-e, n. [L. lutela, protection. — See Tutor.] 
Guardianship ; protection. 

Tu'te-lar, \a. [L. tutelaris.—See Tutor.] Ee- 

Tu'te-la-ry, J lating to a tutor or guardian; pro- 
tecting; guarding. 

Tu'te-nag, n. [Late L. tutenago.— See Tutty.] 
Alloy of copper, zinc, and nickel. 

Tu'tor, n. [L. for "guardian," "teacher;" tutus, 
safe ; tueri, to protect, to look after, to see.] One 
who instructs; a preceptor; an instructor in a 
college or university.— 2, v. a. [pp. tutoring, 
tutored.] To instruct; to teach ; to discipline. 

Tut'ty, n. [Late L. tutia; Per. tulii/a.] An impure 
oxide of zinc. 

Twad'dle (twod'dl), n. [A parallel form of Tattle.] 
Idle talk ; nonsense. [twice one. 

Twain, a. & n. [A.-S. hvegen, two (q. v.).] Two ; 

Twang, i'. n, [Imitative.] [pp. twanging, twanged.] 
To sound with a quick, sharp noise.— 2, v. a. To 
make to sound sharply. — 3, «. A sharp, quick 
sound; a nasal sound : — a relish. 

Tweak, n. [A.-S. tmccan; Low Ger. hvikken ; Ger. 
zwicken, zwacken. — See Twitch.] A twitch ; a 
pull. — 2, v. a. [pp. tweakiug, tweaked.] To 
twitch ; to pull rudely. 

Tweed, n. [Made in the valley of the river Tweed, 
in Scotland.] A light woollen cloth. 

Tweez'ers, n. pi. [Fr. etui, a case ; Port, estajo, a 
tweezer-case ; Sp. estuche, scissors, a scissor-case.J 
Small pincers to pluck out hairs. 

Twelfth, a. [A.-S. tivelfta.] Second after the tenth. 

Twelfth' -night, n. Evening before the Epiimany. 

Twelve, a. & n. [A.-S. twelf; Dut. twaalf; Dan. 
tolv ; Ger. zivolf: roots of Two and Leave, or 
Two and Live in the sense of to remain.] Two 
and ten ; twice six. [year. 

Twelve'month [twel'munth, S. W. E. Ja.], n. A 

Twen'ti-eth, a. The ordinal of twenty. 

Twen'ty, a. & n. [A.-S. twentig; twegen, twain, 
and root of Goth, tigjus, ten ; Dut. twintig ; Ger. 
zvxmzig.] Twice ten ; a score. 

Twice, ad. [A.-S. ticiges.] Two times ; doubly. 

Twid'dle (twid'dl), v. n. [Perhaps a frequentative 
of Twitch.] [pp. twiddling, twiddled.] To 
trifle ; to quiddle ; to twirl. 

Twig, n. [A.-S. twig; Dut. livijg ; Ger. ziveig.] A 
small shoot; a little branch. — 2, v. a. & v. n. 
[Gael, tuig, Irish tuigim, to understand.] [pp. 
twigging, twigged.] To observe : — to under- 
stand. [Slang.] 

Twi'light (twi'llt), n. [A.-S. twi-, double, or half, 
and Light ; Ger. zwielicht ; 0. Dut. tneelicld, tu-y- 
licht.] The faint light before sunrise and after 
sunset; obscure light. — 2, a. Obscure; shaded. 

Twill, v. a. [Norw. tcilla, to twist, a twist ; Low 
Ger. hoillen, to double : allied to Two.] [pp. 
twilling, twilled.] To weave in ribs; to quill. — 
2, n. A rib in cloth ; ribbed cloth. 
Twin, n. [A.-S. getwinne, Icel. ttimtr, Lith. dvini, 
twins; Goth, tweihnai, two apiece. — Cf. Twain.] 
One of two children born at the same birth. — 
pi. Gemini, a sign of the zodiac. 
Twine, v. a. [A.-S. twin, doubled thread, twist; 
Dut. twijn, twine ; twijnen, to twine ; Icel. tvimii, 



e, i, o, ii, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



TWINGE 



555 



ULTEKIOR 



l 



twine ; twinna, to twist, — properly, to double. — 
See Twain.] [pp. twining, twined.] To twist; 
to wind. — 2, v. n. To be convolved ; to wind ; to 
cling. — 3, ii. A twisted thread ; twist; embrace. 

Twinge, v. a. [0. Fris. twinga, But. dwingen, 
Ger. zwingen, to constrain.] [pp. twinging, 
twinged.] To torment; to pinch. — 2, v. w. To 
feel a twinge or sharp pain. — 3, n. Short, sud- 
den, sharp pain. 

Twin'kle (twing'kl), v. n. [A.-S. twinclian, fre- 
quentative from twiccan, to twitch.] [pp. twin- 
kling, twinkled.] To sparkle; to flash; to 
quiver; to open and shut the eye by turns. 

Twin'kle, \n. A sparkling light; amotion of 

Twin'kling, J the eye :— a moment. 

Twi'rl, vl a. & v. n. [ Dut. dwarlen, frequentative 
from O. Ger. tweran, to whirl.] [pp. twirling, 
twirled.] To turn round; to revolve. — 2, n. 
Eotation ; a circular motion ; a twist. 

Twist, v. a. [Dan. tvist, Dut. twist, Ger. gwist, a 
stripe, a twist; Dan. toisie, Dut. twisten, to strive : 
related to Twine.] [pp. twisting, twisted.] To 
contort ; to wind. — 2, v. u. To be contorted or 
convolved. — 3, w. Any thing twisted; sewing- 
silk ; cord ; string :— contortion ; a writhe. 

Twit, v. a. [A.-S. mtwilan, to twit; set, at, and 
witun, to see, to notice, — hence, to blame.] [pp. 
twitting, twitted.] To upbraid; to flout; to re- 
proach. — 2, n. A taunt ; a flout. 

Twitch, v. a. [A variant of Tweak.] [pip. twitch- 
ing, twitched.] To pluck forcibly; to snatch. — 
2, v. n. To contract suddenly ; to jerk. — 3, n. A 
quick pull ; a sudden snatch. 

Twit'ter, v. n. [Imitative. — Cf. Titter.] [pp. 
twittering, twittered.] To make a noise, as 
swallows : — to flutter : — to laugh ; to titter. — 
2, n. One who twits : — a small noise : — a sort of 
laughter : — a flutter, as of the nerves. 

'Twixt. A contraction of betwixt. 

Tw6 (to), a. & n. [A.-S. twegen, twa, lit, twain 
(q. v.); Dut. twee; Dan. to; Goth, twai, twos; 
Ger. zwei; Fr. deux; Irish, da; Sp. dos ; L. duo ; 
Gr. Svo; Skr. dva.] One and one. 

Two'fold (to'fold), a. [A.-S. twifeald, twigfeald.] 
Double; two; two of the same kind: — twice as 
much. — 2, ad. Doubly. 

Two'pence (to'pens or tup'ens), n. Two pennies: 
— a small English coin. 

Twopenny (to'pen-e or tup'en-e), a. Valued at, 
or worth, twopence: — of little or no value. 

Tyke, n. A dog; a base fellow. See Tike. 

Tym'bal, n. [Fr. timbale; Sp. timbal.— See Tym- 
panum.] A kind of kettle-drum. 

Tym'pan, n. [See Tympanum.] The frame of a 
printing-press on which the sheets are laid to be 
printed :— a panel :— a drum ; tympanum. 



Tym-pa-ni'tes, ». [Gr. ; from rv^navov, a drum.] 
Distention of the abdomen by gas; excessive 
flatulence. [with air or gases ; flatulent. 

Tym-pa-nit'ic, a. [Gr. TU/u7raviTiK6s.] Distended 

Tym'pa-num, w. [L. ; Gr. Tvpiravov, a drum ; 
Tun-Teiv, to beat.] A drum : — the drum or barrel 
of the ear ; tynipan. 

Type, n. [L. typus, Gr. tv7tos, a stamp, a figure, 
a mark; TxnrreLv, to strike.] A symbol or figure 
of something to come; an emblem :— a model; 
a pattern ; a specimen ; a stamp :— a metallic 
printing-letter. 

Type'-met-al, n. An alloy of lead and antimony. 

Type'-writ-er (-rlt-er), n. An instrument for 
writing in "type by the touch of the operator's 
fingers on keys. 

Ty'phoid, a. [See Typhus.] Relating to, or like, 
typhus. — 2, n. Enteric fever. 

Ty-ph66n\ n. [Chinese ta, great, and fang, wind: 
not related to Gr. TV(j)dp, a whirlwind.] A vio- 
lent tornado in the Chinese seas : — a hot, suffo- 
cating wind. 

Ty'phus, n. [L. ; Gr. rvcfjo?, mist, smoke, stupor.] 
(Med.) A fever characterized by great debility 
and much cerebral disturbance. 

Typ'ic, \a. [Gr. tv^ikos. — See Type.] Re- 

Typ'i-cal, J lating to types; emblematical ; figura- 
tive ; metaphorical. 

Typ'i-cal-ly, ad. In a typical manner. 

Typ'i-fy, v. a. [From Type.] [pp. typifying, 
typified.] To figure; to show in emblem. 

Ty-pog'ra-pher, n. A printer. 

Ty-po-graph'ic, a. Relating to printing. 

Ty-po-graph'i-cal, or Typ-o-graph'j-cal, a. Re- 
lating to printing. 

Ty-po-graph'i-cal-ly, a d. By use of types. 

Ty-pog ra-phy, n. [Gr. Tun-o?, a type, aud ypa- 
0eii/, to' write.] The art of printing. 

Ty-ran'ni-cal, a. [Gr. Tupan^iKos.] Relating to 
tyranny or to a tyrant ; cruel ; despotic. 

Ty-ran'ni-cal-ly, ad. In a tyrannical manner. 

Ty-ran'ni-cide, n. A killer or killing of a tyrant. 

Tyr'an-nize, v. v. [Gr. rvpavvi^eiv.] [}>p. tyran- 
' uizmg, tyrannized.] To play or act the tyrant. 

Tyr'an-nous, a. Despotic; tyrannical. 

Tyr'an-ny, n. [Gr. rvpawia.— -See Tyrant.] The 
government or conduct of a tyrant ; cruel gov- 
ernment ; despotism. 

Ty'rant, ». [L. tyrannus; Gr. Tvpawos. a lord, a 
master : said to be a Lydian word.] An absolute 
monarch; a cruel, despotic ruler or master; a 
despot. 

Ty'ro, ». ; pi. Ty'ros. [B. tiro, a new recruit.] A 
beginner in learning, or in any pursuit; a 
novice ; a student : — written also tiro. 

Tzar (zar), ». The czar. See Czar. 



u. 



Uthe fifth English vowel, was formerly the 
j same letter as the consonant V. But the con- 
sonant and the vowel have very different uses, 
and are now different characters. 

U-biq'ui-tous (yu-bik'we-tus), a. Being or exist- 
ing everywhere ; ubiquitary. 

tj-biq'ui-ty (yu-blk'we-te), n. [Fr. ubiquite ; Bate 
B. ubiquitas; B. ubique, everywhere ; ubi, where.] 
Omnipresence. 

tJd'der, n. [A.-S. uder ; Dut. uijer ; B. itber; Gr. 
ov9ap; Skr. udhar.] The bag and dugs of a cow, 

■Og'li-ness, n. State of being ugly. [&c. 

"Og'ly, a. [Icel. ugligr; nggr, fear, and ligr, like : 
akin to Awe.] Deformed; not handsome; offen- 

_ sive : — ill-natured; cross-grained. 

frh'lan {or u'lan), n. [Pol. ulan ; Ger. uhlan : from 
Turk, ogtan, a youth.] A light-cavalryman 



among the Russians, Germans, &c. :— spelled 

also Lllan and Hulan. 
TT-kase', n. [Russ. ukaz ; from Jcazate, to show.] 

A proclamation or edict. 
tJl'cer, n. [Fr. ulcere; B. ulcus, ulceris ; Gr. e'A- 

kos.] A running sore of continuance, 
tfrl'cer-ate, v. n. [pp. ulcerating, ulcerated.] To 

turn to an ulcer. — 2, ». a. To disease with ulcers, 
ttl-cer-a'tion, n. Act of ulcerating; a sore. 
tTl'cer-ous,'rt. Afflicted with ulcers or sores. 
U-li|-'i-nous, a. [L. uliginosus, moist; uligo, moist- 
ure ; uvere, to be moist.] Slimy ; muddy ; oozy. 
tJl'na, n. [B.— See Ell.] The larger bone of the 

forearm. 
■&l-te'ri-or, a. [B. ultra, beyond ; ulter, on the 

other side ; ulterior, still farther.] Eying beyond ; 

farther; more remote. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, (?, c, £ , soft ; J3, p, p, g, hard ; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



ULTIMATE 



556 



UNCANDID 



Wti-mate, a. [L. uUimare, ullimtdum, to be last; I ttn-al-lbyed' (-Ibid'), a. Unmixed; not debased. 



ultra, beyond; ultimas, last.] Being the last 
final; farthest; utmost; most remote ; extreme. 

Ul'ti-mate, v. n. [pp. ultimating, ultimated.] To 
terminate ; to issue. 

"&l'ti-mate-ly, ad. In the last consequence. 

tjl-ti-ma'tuin, n. [L.] The last offer. 

■Orti-mo, [L. ; contracted to nil., mense, month, 
being understood.] In the last month. 

tjl'tra. [L.] A Latiu adverb often used in com- 
position, and signifying beyond; used also as an 
adjective in the sense of extreme. 

tJl-tra-ma-rine', n. [Sp. idtramarino, beyond sea, 
foreign,'— applied to a foreign or imported pig- 
ment; L. ultra, beyond, and mare, the sea.] A 
beautiful blue color. — 2, a. Beyond sea ; foreign. 

TJl-tra-mon'tane, a. [L. ultra, beyond, and mons, 
monlis, a mountain.] Being beyond the moun- 
tains or the Alps; tramontane": — holding high 
or extreme views uf the pope's authority. 

ttl-tra-mon'ta-msm, n. Ultramontane principles. 

fjl-tra-mon'ta-nist, n. One holding extreme views 
in regard to' the papal supremacy. 

tJl-u-la'tion, n. [L. ululatio ; ululare, to howl 
(q. ».).] ' A howling; a wailiug. 

tJm'bel, it. [L. umbella, an umbrella; dim. of 
umbra, a shade.] (Bot.) A fan-like form of in- 
florescence, as in the caraway. 

fjm'bel-late, a. {Bot.) Having umbels. 

thn'bel-le't, n. A little umbel. 

tJm-bel-lif'er-ous, a. [Umbel, and L. ferre, to 
bear'.] Bearing umbels. 

Um'ber, b. [It. ombra; from L. umbra, a shadow.] 
An earthy substance used as a pigment. 

thn-bil'i-cal, a. [L. umbilicus, Gr. 6/n$aA.6s, the 
navel. — Cf. L. umbo, a boss; Skr. nabhi, the 
navel (g. v.).] Belonging to the navel. — Umbil- 
ical cord, the navel-string. 

ttm'bo, n. [L.l A protuberance ; a boss. 

t5Wbra£e, n. [Fr. ombrage ; L. umbra, a shadow.] 
Shade; shadow: — slight show: — resentment; 
an affront ; offence. 

tfrm-bra'£e-ous, a. [L. umbraticus ; Fr. ombrageux.] 
Shady :— casting a dense shade. 

tJm-brel'la, n. [It. umbrella, ombrella ; L. um- 
brella, dim. of umbra, a shade.] A portable screen 
from the sun or rain. 

Umlaut (oom'lbwt), n. [Ger. ; urn-, about, and 
laid, sound.] An assimilation or modification of 
vowel sounds. 

■&m'pi-ra£e, n. Arbitration ; friendly decision. 

tfm'pire, n. [0. Fr. nompair, odd, uneven, an 
umpire ; non, not, and pair, equal. — Cf. L. impar, 
odd, uneven, — also an umpire; in, not, and par, 
even.] One who settles disputes; an arbitrator; 
a judge. — 2, v. a. [pp. umpiring, umpired.] To 
act as umpire upon ; to adjudicate. 

fjn. An Anglo-Saxon prefix, implying negation. It 
is prefixed chiefly to adjectives, participles, and 
adverbs, and almost at pleasure. — Un and in are 
of like import, and are in some cases used indif- 
ferently ; as, infrequent or ^frequent. 

txn-a-bat'ed, «. Not abated ; undiminished. 

tfrn-a'ble, a. Not able ; not having ability ; weak ; 
impotent ; incapable. 

fjn-ac-cept'a-ble, a. Not acceptable ; displeasing. 

TJn-ac-com'plished (-plisht), a. Not accomplished ; 
incomplete. 

ttn-ac-cbunt'a-ble, a. Not accountable; strange. 

tJn-ac-cbunt'a-bly, ad. Inexplicably. 

tln-ac-cus'tomed (-tumd), a. Not used. 

trn-ac-knowl'ed£ed (-nol'ejd), a. Not owned. 

fjn-ac-quaint'ed, a. Not acquainted. 

TJn-a-dbrned' ('un-a-dornd'), a. Not decorated. 

■frn-a-dfil'ter-at-ed", a. Not adulterated. 

tXn-ad-vis'a-ble,'«. Not advisable ; indiscreet. 

TJn-ad-vised' (-vizd'), a. Indiscreet; rash. 

t7n-ad-vis'ed-ly, ad. Indiscreetly. 

tfrn-af-fect'ed, a. Not affected ; real; sincere. 

ttn-af-fect'?d-ly, ad. Beally ; sincerely. 

tJn-aid'ed, a. Not assisted ; not helped. 



Un-al'ter-a-ble, a. Unchangeable. 

Un-al'ter-a-bly, ad. Unchangeably. 

Un-al'tered (uu-al'terd), a. Not changed. 

TJn-a'mi-a-ble, a. Not amiable; not lovely. 

XJn-an-eaied', a. [A.-S. un, not, on, on, and elan, 
to oil.] Not shriven; not having received ex- 

_ treme unction. 

TJ-na-nim'i-ty (yu-na.-nlm'e-te), n. [L. unanimir 
tas.] State of being unanimous; harmony; 

_ agreement. 

tr-nan'i-mous (yu-nan'e-mus), a. [L. unanimm; 
units, one, and animus, a mind.] Being of one 

_ mind ; agreeing in opinion ; harmonious. 

TT-nan'i-mous-ly, ad. With unanimity. 

TJn-an'swer-a-bie (un-an'ser-a-bl), a. That can- 
not be answered; irrefutable. 

tJn-an'swer-a-bly, ad. Beyond confutation. 

Un-an'swered (un-an'serd), o. Not answered. 

Un-ap-palied' (un-ap-pawld'), a. Not daunted. 

Un-apt', a. Not apt; dull; unfit; improper. 

Un-apt'ly, ad. Not aptly ; unfitly ; improperly. 

tjn-armed' (tin-armd'), a. Having no arms. 

"fjn-as-plr'ing, a. Not aspiring; unambitious. 

TJn-as-sail'a-ble, a. That cannot be assailed. 

Un-as-sist'ed, a. Not assisted or helped. 

Un-as-sum'ing-, a. Not assuming; modest. 

Un-at-tain'a-ble, a. That cannot be attained. 

Un-at-tend'ed, a. Having no attendants. 

Un-at-tract'ive, a. Not attractive. 

Un-au'thor-ized (-Izd), a. Not authorized. 

TTn-a-vail'a-ble, a. Not available ; useless. 

tJn-a-vail'ing, a. Not availing ; ineffectual. 

fjn-a-void'a-ble, a. Not avoidable ; inevitable. 

fjn-a-ware', a. Not aware ; inattentive. 

fjn-a-wares\ ad. Unexpectedly ; by surprise. 

tTn-bal'anced (un-bal'anst), a. Not balanced. 

Un-bap-tized' (un-bap-tizd'), a. Not baptized. 

fjn-bar', v. a. [pp'. unbarring, unbarred.] To 
remove a bar from ; to unbolt. 

Un-bear'a-ble (tin-bar'a-bl), o. Insufferable. 

tTn-be-com'ing, a. Not becoming; unsuitable. 

tln-be-com'ing-ly, ad. Unsuitably. 

"fjn-be-known', a. Not known. 

Un-be-lief (un-be-lef), n. Want of belief; in- 
credulity; disbelief; infidelity. 

Un-be-liev'er, n. A disbeliever ; an infidel. 

Un-bend', v. a. [pp. unbending, unbent.] To 
straighten : — to relax. — 2, v. n. To become re- 
laxed or unbent. 

tjn-bend'jng, a. Not yielding; resolute. 

"fjn-bent', a. Not bent; unshrunk; relaxed. 

Un-bl'as, v. a. [pp. unbiassiug, unbiassed.] To 
free from bias or prejudice. 

Un-bid'den (un-bid'dn), a. Not bid or bidden. 

fjn-blnd', v. a. [pp. unbinding, unbound.] To 
loose ; to untie ; to set free. 

tJn-blam'a-ble, a. Not culpable; innocent. 

Un-blem'ished (un-blem'isht), «. Not stained; 
unspotted; spotless; irreproachable. 

Un-blest', a. Not blessed ; wretched ; unhappy. 

Un-bolt', v. a. [pp. unbolting, unbolted.] To 
remove a bolt from ; to unfasten ; to set open ; 
to unbar. 

T7n-bbrn', a. Not born ; future. 

trn-bor'rowed (uu-bor'iod), a. Not borrowed. 

Un-bos/om (un-buz'um), v. a. [pp. unbosoming, 
unbosomed.] To disclose. 

Un-bought' (iin-bawt'), a. Not purchased. 

TJn-bbund', «• Not bound ; wanting a cover. 

trn-bbiind'ed, a. Unlimited ; unrestrained. 

tJn-bri'dle'(un-bri'dl), v. a. [pp. unbridling, un- 
bridled.] To free from the bridle. 

trn-brl'dled (un-bri'dld), a. Loose; licentious. 

TJn-brb'ken (un-br5'kn), a. Not broken. 

trn-buc'kle (un-bhk'kl), v. a. [pp. unbuckling, 
unbuckled.] To loose from buckles. 

tJn-bur'den (un-buVdn), v. a. [pp. unburdening, 
unburdened.] To rid of burden. 

fjn-bur'ied (un-ber'rid), a. Not buried. 

tTn-can'did. a. Not candid ; void of candor. 



a, e, l, o, u, 



y, long; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



UNCANONICAL 



557 



UNDERLIE 



On-ca-non'i-cal, a. Not canonical. 

ttn-caV, v.' a.' [pp. uncapping, uncapped.] To 
remove the cap from. 

tfn-cer-e-mo'ni-ous, a. Not ceremonious. 

ttn-cer'tain (un-ser'tin), a. Not certain ; doubt- 
ful; dubious; equivocal; ambiguous. 

tfn-cer'tain-ty., n. Want of certainty ; doubt. 

tJn-chan/, v. a. [pp. unchaining, unchained.] 
To free from chains. 

■frn-chani-e'a-ble, a. Not subject to change. 

fjn-change'a-bly., ad. Immutably. 

■frn-changed' (un-chanjd'), a. Nut changed. 

On-chanf 'ing, "• Not changing. 

tTn-char'i-ta-ble, a. Not charitable. 

Un-char'i-ta-ble-ness, n. Want of charity. 

ttn-char'i-ta-bly, ad. Without charity. 

On-chaste', a. Not chaste; lewd; not pure. 

On-phris'tian (un-krist'yan), a. Not Christian. 

tXn-chiirch', v. a. [pjj. unchurching, unclnirched.] 
To deprive of the character, privileges, or au- 
thority of a church. 

On' cial (un'sha.1), a. [L. uncialis, belonging to an 
inch" ; uncia, "an inch (q. v.).] Noting letters of 
large size, used in ancient manuscripts and in 
inscriptions. — 2, n. An uncial or large letter. 

On-cir'cum-cised (-sizd), a. Not circumcised. 

On-civ'il, a. Not civil ; impolite; rude. 

On-civ'il-Ized (un-siv'il-Izd), a. Not civilized. 

On-clasp', v. a. [pp. unclasping, unclasped.] To 
open what is shut with clasps. 

On-clas'si-cal, a. Not classical. 

On'cle (ung'kl), n. [Ger. onkel, Fr. oncle, L. avun- 
culus, an uncle; dim. of avus, a grandfather.] 
The brother of one's father or mother : — also the 
husband of one's aunt. 

■On-clean', a. Not clean ; foul; dirty; filthy. 

On-clean'ly. (un-klen'le), a. Not cleanly; foul. 

On-clean'ness, n. Filthiness; impurity; sin. 

tin-clog' , v.' a. [pp. unclogging, unclogged.J To 
free from clogs ; to free. [open; to disclose. 

On-clo§e', v. a. [pp. unclosing, unclosed.] To 

On-clotne\ v. a. [ pp. unclothing, unclothed.] To 
strip; to make naked. 



On-clbud' 



[pp. unclouding, unclouded.] To 



unveil ; to free from clouds or from obscurity. 

On-col'ored (uu-kul'urd), «. Not colored. 

Un-come'ly, a. Not cornel}' ; wanting grace. 

On-eom'fort-a-ble, a. Wanting comfort ; dismal; 
unhappy; miserable. 

On-com'fort-a-blj;, a. Without comfort. 

On-com-mis'sioned (-mish'und), a. Not commis- 
sioned ; non-commissioned. 

tJn-com'mon, a. Not common ; rare ; unusual. 

On-com-mu'ni-ca-tive, a. Reserved. 

On-com-pbund'ed, a. Simple ; not mixed, [ant. 

On-com'pro-mi§-ing, a. Inflexible; not compli- 

On-con-cern', n. ' Want of concern. 

On-con-cerned' (-sernd'), a. Not concerned. 

On-con-cern'ed-ly., ad. Without concern. 

On-con-di"tion-al (un-kon-dish'un-al), a. Not 
conditional; unrestricted; absolute. 

On-con-f i'rmed' (-f'irmd'), o. Not confirmed. 

On-con-nect'ed, a. Not connected; lax. 

On-con'quer-a-ble (un-kong'ker-a-bl), a. 
conquerable; insuperable; invincible. 

On-con'quer-a-bly, ad. Invincibly. 

On-con'scion-a-ble (Cin-kdn'shun-a-bl), a. 
reasonable; unjust :— enormous; Vast. 

On-con'scion-a-bly,, ad. Unreasonably. 

On-con'scious (un-kon'shus), a. Not conscious. 

On-con-sti-tii'tion-al, «. Not constitutional. 

On-con-trol'la-ble, a. That cannot be controlled ; 
ungovernable. 

On-con'tro-vert-ed, a. Not controverted. 

On-con-ven'tion-al, a. Not conventional :— dis- 
regarding conventionalities; natural. 

On-con-vert'ed, a. Not converted. 

On-con-vlnced' (-vinst'), a. Not convinced. 

On-cbrk\ v. a. [pp. uncorking, uncorked.] To 
draw the cork from. 

On-cor-rupt', a. Not corrupt; honest. 



Not 



Un- 



Un-coup'le (un-kup'pl), v. a. [pp. uncoupling, 
uncoupled.] To set loose. 

On-coiir'te-ous (iin-kuVte-us or un-kort'yus : — see 
Courteous), a. Not courteous. 

On-court'ly. (un-kort'le), a. Not courtly. 

On-couth' (un-kGth'), a. [A.-S. uncud, strange; 
un, not, and cud, known; cunnan, to know.] 
Strange ; awkward. 

On-couth' ness, n. Strangeness; oddness. 

On-cov'er, v. a. [pp. uncovering, uncovered.] To 
divest 'of a covering ; to disclose ; to lay open : — 
to bare, as the head. 

Onc'tion (ungk'shun), n. [L. unclio, an anointing; 
unguere, unctum, to anoint.] The act of anoint- 
ing; ointment: — warmth of devotion; that 
which excites or melts to devotion. 

Onct-u-os'i-tv,, n. [Fr. onctuositt.] Fatness ; unc- 
tuousness. 

Onct'u-ous, a. [Fr. onctuenx; Late L. nnctu.osus. 
— See Unction.] Fat ; clammy ; oily ; greasy. 

Onct'u-ous-ness, n. State of being unctuous. 

On-cul'ti'-vat-ed, a. Not cultivated or tilled ; un- 
filled :— uncivilized; rude; rough. 

On-ciirb', v. a. [pp. uncurbing, uncurbed.] To 
free from the curb. 

On-ciirl', v. a. [pp. uncurling, uncurled.] To 
loose from curls or ringlets.— 2, v. n. To fall 
from ringlets or curls. 

On-daunt'ed (un-dant'ed), a. Not daunted. 

On-daunt'ed-ljr, ad. Intrepidly. 

On-dec'a-gon, n. [L. mats, one, Gr. Sena, ten, and 
yavia,' an angle.] A polygon of eleven sides; 
an enneagon. 

On-de-ceive', v. a. [pp. undeceiving, undeceived.] 
To free from deception. 

Un-de-cid'ed, a. Not decided. 

Un-de-f lied' (un-de-f lid'), a. Not defiled. 

On-de-mon'stra-ble, a. Not demonstrable. 

On-de-ni'a-ble,' a. That cannot be denied ; indis- 
putable ;' unquestionable. 

On-de-ni'a-bly,, ad. Indisputably ; plainly. 

On'der, prep. [A.-S. under; Dut. onder; Pan. 

< under; Ger. unler.—Cf. Inter.] Not over: less 
than; inferior to; subject to; not above; below; 
beneath.— 2, ad. In a lower place; below; not 
above: — less; not more. — 3, o. Inferior; lower; 
subject; subordinate. — It is much used in com- 
position. 

On-der-bTd\ v. a. [i. underbid or underbade; pp. 
underbidding, underbidden or underbid.] To 
bid or offer less for. 

On'der-brush, n. Low shrubbery ; woody under- 
growth, [skin. 

On'der-clotnes, n. pi. Garments worn next the 

On-der-cur'rent, w. The current beneath the sur- 
face of the water, or beneath another current. 

fjn-der-done', a. Slightly done or cooked. 

On-der-drain\ v. a. [pp. underdraining, under- 
drained.] To drain by covered trenches. 

On'der-drain, n. A concealed drain or sewer. 

On-der-es'ti-mate, v. a. [pp. underestimating, 
underestimated.] To make an underestimate of; 
to undervalue. [dervaluation. 

On-der-es'ti-mate, n. Too low an estimate ; un- 

On-der-go\ ». a. [i. underwent; pp. undergoing, 
undergone.] To suffer; to sustain; to bear; to 
endure ; to support. 

On-der-grad'u-ate, n. A student of a college or 
university not graduated. 

On'der-grbund, n. Subterraneous space. —2, a. 
Being below the surface. 

On'der-grbwth, n. Shrubs und-er trees. 

fjn-der-hand', \ a. Secret; clandestine; sly; 

On-der-hand'ed, j disingenuous ; unfair. 

On-der-lay\ v. a. [i. underlaid; pp. underlaying, 
underlaid.] To lay under; to support. 

On-der-let', v. a. [jrp. underletting, underlet.] 
To let below the value : — to let, as a tenant or 
lessee; to sublet. 

■fJn-der-lie', v. a. [i. underlay; pp. underlying, 
underlain.] To lie under, as a stratum. 



mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g. Q, 9, g, soft ; p, £, e, |, hard ; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 



UNDERLINE 



558 



UNFASHIONABLY 



iJn-der-line', v. a, [pp. underlining, underlined.] 
To draw a line under. 

txn'der-ling, n. An inferior or mean person. 

"Gn-der-mine', v. a. [pp. undermining, under- 
mined.] To dig cavities under ; to sap : — to in- 
jure or ruin secretly. 

tJn'der-most, a. Lowest in place or rank. 

trn-der-neatn', #rep. [See Beneath.] Under; be- 

■ nea'th ; below.— 2, ad. In a lower place ; below. 

Un-der-pm'ning, n. Stone-work, or masonry, 
under a building, and supporting it. 

fjn-der-rate', v. a. [pp. underrating, underrated.] 
To rate too low. 

tJn'der-rate, n. A price less than the value. 

ttn-der-score', v. a. [Under and Score.] [pp. 
underscoring, underscored.] To mark under; 
to draw a line under; to underline. 

tJn-der-sell', v. a. [pp. underselling, undersold.] 
To sell cheaper than another. 

tJn'der-sh'irt, n. A shirt worn next the skin. 

Un'der-shot, a. Moved by water flowing under- 
neath. 

tjn'der-shrub, ». A low plant of woody habit. 

tJn-der-sIgn' (-sin'), v. a. [pp. undersigning, un- 
dersigned.] To sign under; to write one's name 
under; to subscribe. 

fjn-der- stand', v. a. [A.-S. under start dan, to stand 
under, to comprehend.] [i. understood ; pp. un- 
derstanding, understood.] To comprehend; to 
know the meaning of; to apprehend. — 2, v. n. 
To have understanding. 

tjn-der-stand'ing\ n. The faculty of the mind by 
which it receives ideas and understands subjects 
presented to it; intellect; reason; sense; intel- 
ligence: — agreement. — 2, a. Knowing; skilful. 

trn-der-state', v. a. [pp. understating, under- 
stated.] To state too low. 

■&n-der-stood' (-stud'), i. & p- from understand, 

tJn-der-strap'per, n. An inferior agent. 

"&n-der-take\ v. a. [i. undertook; pp. under- 
taking, undertaken.] To take upon one's self; 
to attempt ; to engage in ; to enter upon. — 2, v. n. 
To assume any business. [manages funerals. 

iJn-der-tak'er, n. One who undertakes : — one who 

tJn-der-tak'ing, n. Enterprise ; engagement. 

ttn'der-tone, n. A tone lower than usual : — a low 
subordinate tone. 

ttn-der-took' (-tfik'), i. from undertake. 

ttn'der-tow, n. The undercurrent, or waves roll- 
ing' back to the sea after a breaker. 

tjn.der-val-u-a'tion, n. The act of undervaluing ; 
a rate below the value or worth. 

tJn-der-val'ue (un-der-val'yu), v. a. [pp. under- 
valuing, undervalued.] To rate too low ; to un- 
derrate ; to despise. 

tfn'der-wear (-war), n. Underclothing. 

t5n-der-went', i- from undergo. 

tJn'der-wood (-wild), n. Small trees or shrubs. 

©n-der-work' (-wiirk'), v. a. & v. n. [i. under- 
worked or underwrought ; pp. underworking, 
underworked.] To labor less than enough : — to 
work for less than others : — to undermine. 

ttn-der-wrlte' (un-der-rif), v. a. [i. underwrote; 
_pp. 'underwriting, underwritten.] To write un- 
der something else :— to insure. 

"On-der-wrTt'er, n. An insurer. 

tJn-de-§erved' (un-de-zervd'), «. Not merited. 

■&n-de-§erv'ed-ly, ad. Without desert. 

tTn-de-§erv'ing, a. Not deserving. 

■&n-de-signed' (un-de-slnd'), «. Not designed. 

tfrn-de-slr'a-ble, a. Not desirable. 

©n-de-sired' (Ctn-de-zTrd'), a. Not desired. 

tJn-de-ter'mined (un-de-ter'mjnd), a. Not deter- 
mined ; undecided ; unsettled. 

"On-did', i. from undo. 

trn-di-fest'ed, a. Not digested or concocted. 

tJn-di-min'ished (-jsht), a. Not diminished. 

"frn-dine' (tin-den') [fm'din, I.], n. [L. unda, a 
wave.] A water-spirit. 

ttn-di^-cern'i-ble (-zern'-), a. Not discernible; 
imperceptible ; invisible. 



Un-di§-cern'ing (-zern'-), a. Not discerning. 

Un-dis'cj-plmed (-plind), a. Not disciplined. 

TJn-dis-cov'er-a-ble, a. Not discoverable. 

Un-dis-cov'ered (ktiv'erd), a. Not discovered. 

Un-di§-mayed' (-mad'), a. Not dismayed. 

Un-dis-piit'ed, a. Not disputed ; evident. 

tJn-dis-tui'guished (un-dis-ting'gwisht), a. Not 
distinguished ; indiscriminate. 

tJn-dis-tiirbed' (-tlirbd'), a. Not disturbed. 

Un-dj.-vld'ed, a. Not divided; whole. 

Un-do', v. a. [i. undid; pp. undoing, undone.] 
To reverse; to recall; to annul:— to loose :— to 

^ ruin ; to bring to destruction. 

Un-do'er, n. One who undoes or ruins. 

Un-dS'ing, n. A reversal :— ruin ; destruction. 

Un-done', p. from undo. Not done : — ruined. 

fJn-doubt'ed (un-dbut'ed), a. Not doubted. 

tTn-doubt'ed-ly (un-do'ut'ed-le), ad. Indubitably ; 

^unquestionably; certainly. 

Un-dress', v. a. [pp. undressing, undressed.] To 
divest of clothes; to strip. 

tjn'dress, n. A loose or negligent dress. 

ttn-diie', a. Not due :— not right; improper:— 
excessive. 

ttn'du-late, v. a. [L. undulatus, wavy; unda, a 
wave.] [pp. undulating, undulated.] To make 

^ to play, as waves; to wave; to form as waves. 

"Un-du-la'tion, w. Act of undulating; a motion 
like that of waves ; wavy appearance. 

Un'du-la-to-ry, a. Moving like waves; formed 

^ like waves; vibratory ; undulating. 

fjn-du'ly, ad. Not duly ; not properly : — exces- 
sively. 

ttn-du'ti-ful, a. Not dutiful ; not obedient. 

fjn-du'ti-ful-ly, ad. Not according to duty. 

Un-du'ti-ful-ness, n. Want of dutifulness. 

Un-earth', v. a. [pp. unearthing, unearthed.] 
To drive from a burrow : — to remove the earth 
from; to uncover; to discover. 

TXn-earth'ly. (tin-erth'le) ; a. Not terrestrial. 

Un-eas/i-ness, n. Perplexity; disquiet. 

Un-eas/y (tin-e'ze), a. Not easy; disturbed. 

trn-ed'u-cat-ed, a. Not educated. 

ttn-em-ployed' (un-em-plold'), a. Not employed. 

Un-end'ing, a. Not ceasing; perpetual. 

Un-en-dbvved' (un-en-doudO, a. Not endowed. 

Un-en-light'ened (un-en-H'tnd), a. Ignorant. 

fjn-en-ter-tain'ing, a. Not entertaining. 

t7n-en'vi-a-ble, a. Not enviable. 

"Un-e'qua-ble, a. Not equable ; diverse. 

Un-e'qual, a, Not equal ; not just; inferior. 

tJn-e'qualled (un-e'kwald), a. Not equalled. 

fjn-e'qual-ly, ad. In an unequal manner. 

Un-e-quiv'o-cal, «. Not equivocal. 

ttn-err'ing,' a. ' Committing no mistake. 

ttn-es-tab'lished (un-es-tab'lisht), a. Not estab- 
lished; unsettled; not fixed. 

TJn-e'ven (un-e'vn), a. Not even ; not level ; odd. 

TJn-e'ven-ness, n. State of being uneven. 

Un-ex-am'pled (-pld), a. Without example. 

trn-ex-cep'tion-a-ble, a. Not exceptionable. 

txn-ex-cep'tion-a-bly, ad. Above reproach. 

ttn-ex-pect'ed, «'. Not expected; sudden. 

©n-ex-pect'ed-ly, ad. Suddenly. 

Un-ex-pe'rt', a. Not expert; inexpert. 

Un-ex-plained' (un-eks-pland'), «. Not explained. 

TJn-ex-plored' (un-eks-plord'), o. Not explored. 

Un-ex-tTn'guished'(un-eks-ting'gwisht), a. Not 
extinguished; unquenched ; not put out. 

tJn-fad'ing, a. Not liable to fade or wither. 

tTn-fail'ing, a. Not failing ; sure ; certain. 

Un-fair'. a. Not fair ; disingenuous. 

Un-fair'ly, ad. Not in a fair, just manner. 

Un-fair'ness, n. State of being unfair. 

XJn-faith', n. Want of faith; doubt; scepticism. 

■&n-faith'ful, a. Not faithful ; treacherous. 

Un-faith'ful-ly, ad. Treacherously. 

Un-faith'ful-ness, n. Want of faithfulness. 

ftn-fash'ion-a-ble (un-fash'un-a-bl), «. Not fash- 
ionable; not according to the fashion. 

tfrn-f ash'ion-a-bly, ad. Not in the fashion. 



i. o, u, y, 



a, e, l, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her: 



UNFASTEN 



559 



UNIONIST 



tfn-fas'ten (un-fas'sn), v. a. [pp. unfastening, 
unfasteued.] To loose ; to unfix. 

tfn-f ath'om-a-ble, a. Not fathomable. 

ttn-fa'vor-a-ble, a. Not favorable ; unkind. 

tfn-fa/vor-a-bly, ad. Not favorably. 

Un-feel'ing, a. Void of feeling; insensible. 

Un-feig-ned' (un-fand'), o. Eeal ; sincere. 

6n-feign'ed-ly. (un-fan'ed-le), ad. Truly. 

trn-fer-ment'ed, a. Not fermented. 

tjn-fet'ter, v.' a. [pp. unfettering, unfettered.] 
To free from fetters. 

tJn-fil'ial (un-f il'yal), a. Not filial. 

tfn-f In'i'shed (uii-fin'isht), a. Incomplete. 

tfn-flt', a. Not fit; improper; unsuitable. — 
2, v. a. [pp. unfitting, unfitted.] To make 
unfit ; to disqualify. 

trn-f It'ness, v. Want of fitness. 

tfn-f ix\ v. a. [pp. unfixing, unfixed.] To loosen ; 
to make less fast. 

■&n-fled§ed' (un-flejd'), a. Without feathers. 

©n-fold', v. a. [pp. unfolding, unfolded.] To 
expand; to discover; to display; to open; to 
disclose; to declare. — 2, v. n. To be expanded; 
to open. 

tTn-for-bid'den (-bTd'dn), a. Not forbidden. 

tln-fore-seen', a. Not seen or known before. 

■&n-for-§-!v'en (un-for-giv'vn), a. Not forgiven. 

tJn-for-flv'ing. a. Relentless ; implacable. 

■frn-formed' (irn-formd'), a. Not formed. 

■&n-fdrt'u-nate, «. Not fortunate; unhappy. 

tJn-fdrt'u-nate-ly., ad. Unhappily. 

Un-fofuid'ed, a. Void of foundation ; false. 

tJn-fre'que'nt, a. Not frequent; infrequent. 

tfn-fre-qugnt'ed, a. Rarely visited. 

tJn-frequent-l'y., ad. Not frequently. 

fjn-friend'ed, a. Wanting friends. 

tJn-friend'l'i-ness, n. Want of friendliness. 

txn-friend'ly, a. Not friendly ; not kind. 

tfrn-fruit'fai'(iin-frut'ful), a. Not fruitful. 

trn-fruit'ful-ness, i>. Barrenness. 

tTn-ful-filled' l-fild'), a. Not fulfilled. 

tfn-furl', v. a. [pp. unfurling, unfurled.] To ex- 
pand ; to unfold ; to open. 

■©n-fiir'nish, v. a. [pp. unfurnishing, unfur- 
nished.] To deprive; to strip. 

ttn-g-ain'li-ness, ». State of being ungainly; 
awkwardness; uncouthness. 

tJn-gain'ly, «. [0. E. ungeui, inconvenient; »rw-, 
not, and Icel. g<>grt, ready, convenient. — See 
Again.] Awkward; uncouth. 

"&n-£-en'er-oiis, a. Not generous ; illiberal. 

fjn-i-en-teel', a. Not genteel; impolite. 

ftn-ggn'tle, «. Not gentle; harsh; rude. 

tjn-l-en'tle-man-ly, <i. Not becoming a gentleman. 

txn-|en'tly, ad. Not gently ; harshly ; rudely. 

tJn-f'i'rd', v. a. [pp. ungirding, ungirded.] To 
loose from a girdle or bandage. 

tfn-glazed' (uu-glfizd'), a. Not glazed; not fur- 
nished with glass. 

tjn-god'li-ness, it. Impiety ; wickedness. 

fjn-g5d'ly, a. Wicked; impious; profane. 

tJn-gov'ern-a-ble, a. Not governable. 

tin-grace'ful, a. Not graceful ; awkward. 

fJn-gra'cious (-shus), a. Not gracious: — odious; 
offensive.' 

tjn-gram-mat'i-cal, a. Not grammatical. 

tfrn-grate'ful, «. Not grateful ; unacceptable. 

fjn-grate'ful-ly., ad. With ingratitude. 

tln-grb'und'ed, a. Having no foundation. 

tJn-grud£'ing, a. Without grudge; hearty. 

tJn'gual, a. [L. unguis, a claw.] Relating to the 
nail, claw, or hoof. 

ffn-guard'ed (-ga'rd'-), a. Not guarded. 

■&n'guent (ung'gwent), ». [L. unguentum, oint- 
ment; ungere, to anoint (g. v.).] An ointment. 

ttn-guic'u-late, o. [L. unguis, a claw.] Having 
claws; clawed; resembling a claw. 

tJn'g'U-late, a. [Jj. ungula, a hoof; dim. of unguis, 
a claw ] Having hoofs ; like a hoof. 

tfn-hal'low, r. a. [pp. unhallowing, unhallowed.] 
To profane ; to desecrate. 



fjn-hand', v. a. [pp. unhanding, unhanded.] To 
loose from the hand. 

fjn-hand'some (uu-han'sum), a. Not handsome; 
ungraceful; illiberal; disingenuous. 

fjn-hand'some-ly, ad. Not handsomely. 

tJn-han'dy. a. Awkward; not dexterous. 

TJn-hap'pi-ly. ad. Miserably ; unfortunately. 

Un-hap'pi-ness, n. Infelicity ; misfortune. 

TJn-hap'py, a. Miserable ; unfortunate. 

Un-harmed' (un-harmd'), a. Not injured. 

tTn-haVness, v. a. [pp. unharnessing, unhar- 
nessed.]' To loose from harness. 

Un-health'ful, a. Not healthful. 

tfn-health'i-ly, ad. Unwholesomely. 

Un-health'i-ness. n. Want of health. 

Un-health'y, a. Not healthy ; sickly. 

Un-heard', a. Not heard ; unknown. 

trn-heed'ed, a. Disregarded; neglected. 

Un-heed'iul, a. Not heedful ; not cautious. 

fjn-heed'ing, a. Negligent; careless. 

fJn-hewn' (un-hun'), «• Not hewn. 

Un-hin'dered (-derd), a. Not hindered. 

Un-hinfe*, v. a. [pp. unhinging, unhinged.] To 
take from hinges; to loose. 

tTn-hitch', r. a. [pp. unhitching, unhitched.] To 
unloose ; to set free. 

tfn-ho'li-ness, n. Profaneness; wickedness. 

tJn-ho'ly, a. Not holy ; profane; impious. 

Un-hon'ored (un-on'urd), a. Not honored. 

tJn-hoped' (un-hopf), a. Not hoped. 

tjn-horse', v. a. [pp. unhorsing, unhorsed.] To 
throw from the saddle. 

■©n-hiirt', «• Not hurt; free from injury. 

u'ni-cdrn (yu'ue-korn), n. [L. unicornis, one- 
horned; umts, oin', and cdnm, a horn.] A fabu- 
lous quadruped that has only one horn : — a bird : 
— a fish. [of being united. 

U-ni-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of uniting; the state 

u'ni-fdrm (yu'ne-forni), a. [L. uniforntis ; units, 
one, and forma, a form.] Unvaried in form ; alike; 
egiuil ; equable; regular; consistent. — 2, n. A 
like or uniform dress : — the regimental dress of 
a soldier. 

U-ni-fdrm'i-ty., "• State of being uniform. 

rj'ni-form-iy, ad. Without variation. 

tj'nj-fy. v. <i'. [L. unus, one, and/rtca-e, to make.] 
[pp. unifying, unified.] To unite into one; to 
regard as one. 

U-ni-lat'er-al, a. [L. units, one, and latus, lateris, 
a side.]' Having or pertaining to one side. 

Un-im-ag'i-na-ble, ». Not to be imagined. 

Un-im-pas'sioned (i"in-im-pash'und), a. Not im- 
passioned ; tranquil; calm; quiet. 

ttn-im-peach'a-ble, «■ Not to hv impeached. 

Un-jm-peached' (-pechf), a. Not impeached. 

Un-im-por'tant, a. Not important. 

IJn-im-proved' (-provd'), "• Not improved. 

tJn-in-flam'ma-ble. o. Not inflammable. 

tJn-in-fdrmed' (-formd'), a. Not informed. 

Un-in-hab'it-a-ble, u. Unfit to be inhabited. 

■On-in-hab'it-ed. ft. Having no inhabitants. 

tjn-in'jured (Qn-In'jnrd), a. Not injured. 

Un-in-spired' (fm-jn-splrd'), a. Not inspired. 

tJn-in-tel-li-^i-bll'i-ty, } n. State of being un- 

©n-in-tel'li-&i-ble-ness, ) intelligible. 

Un-in-tel'li-f i-ble, «. Not intelligible. 

©n-in-tel'li-|i-bly, ad. Not intelligibly. 

trn-in-ten'tion-al, a. Not designed. 

TJn-in'ter-est-ed, «. Not having interest. 

ttn-in'ter-est-i'ng, a. Not interesting. 

trn-in-ter-mit'ting, a. Never failing. 

TJn-in-ter-rupt'ed. «. Not interrupted ; unbroken ; 
constant ; incessant. 

■frn-in-ter-rupt'ed-ly, ad. Without interruption. 

Un-in-vit'ed, a.' Not invited ; not asked. 

Un-in-vit'i'ng, a. Not inviting. 

Un'ion (yun'yun), n. [L. unio, uuionis ; unus, one.] 
Act of uniting ; junction ; concord ; conjunction ; 
a confederacy. 

fjn'ion-ist, n. A promoter of union : — a member 
of a trades-union. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— -9, Q-, 5, £, soft; (3, p, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 



UNION-JACK 



560 



UNPARLIAMENTARY 



On'ion-jack, n. A small flag containing only the 
union, or upper and inner corner of an ensign. 

O-nique' (yu-nek'), a. [Fr. ; L. unicus, single; 
units, one.] Scle; without an equal or another 
of the same kind. 

U'ni-son (yu'ne-sun), n. [Fr. unisson.— See below.] 
Accordance or consonance of sounds ; melody ; 
harmony; concord; agreement. — 2, a. [L. wti- 
sonus ; nnus, one, and souus, a sound (</. v.).] 
Sounding alone. [number, 

fr'nit (yii'nit), n. [See Unity.] One ; the least 

U-ni-ta'ri-an, n. [See Unity.] One'who, in con- 
tradistinction to a Trinitarian, holds that God 
exists in one person only ; an anti-Trinitarian. — 
2, a. Relating to Unitarianism. 

"O-ni-ta'ri-an-ism, n. Doctrines of Unitarians. 

"O-nite' (yu-nlt'), v. a. [L. unire, unitum ; unus, 
one.] [pp. uniting, united.] To join two or 
more into one ; to combine ; to cause to adhere. — 
2, v. n. To join ; to concur; to coalesce. 

"U-nit'ed-ly, ad. With union : so as to join. 

fj'ni-ty, n. [Fr. unite; L. unitus, oneness; amis, 
one (q. v.).] State of being one ; oneness : — uni- 
formity ; concord ; agreement ; harmony. 

O'ni-valve, n. [L. unus, one, and valva, a valve 
((/'. v.).] A shell having but one valve.— 2, a. 
Having one shell or valve. 

fj-ni-val'vu-lar, a. Having but one valve. 

O-ni-ver'sal, a. [L. universalis; universum, the 
whole.— See Universe.] Total; whole; com- 
prising all.- 2, n. (Loyic.) A proposition in- 
cluding a general class of particulars. 

"O-ni-ver'sal-ism, n. The doctrine of the ultimate 
salvation' of all men. 

TT-ni-ver'sal-Jst, n. One who believes that all 
men will'be ultimately saved. 

O-ni-ver-saTi-ty, n. State of being universal ; 
extension to the whole. 

TT-ni-ver'sal-ly, ad. Throughout the whole. 

U'ni-verse, n. [L. universum, the whole ; universus, 
complete, turned into one; unus, one, and ver- 
tere, to turn.] The whole creation, including 
the solar system and all the starry regions be- 
yond; the world. 

"U-ni-ver'si-ty, n. [L. uviversilas, a guild, a cor- 
poration.— See Universe.] A seminary where 
all the arts and sciences are taught and studied. 

"On-just', a. Contrary to justice ; iniquitous. 

On-jus'ti-fi-a-ble, a. Not to be justified. 

On-just'ly, ad. In a manner contrary to right. 

On-kempt' , a. [0. E. Jeemben, to comb (q. v.).] 
Not combed : — rude ; untidy. 

On-kind', a. Not kind; not benevolent. 

On-kind'ly, a. Wanting kindness. — 2, ad. With- 
out kindness. 

On-kind'ness, n. Want of kindness ; ill-will. 

On-king'ly, a. Unbecoming a king; base. 

On-knit' (un-nlf), v. a. [i. unkuit or unknitted; 
pp. unknitting, unknit or unknitted.] To un- 
weave ; to open. 

On-know'a-ble, a. Not to be known. 

On-know'ing (un-nG'jng), a. Not knowing. 

On-know'ing-ly, ad. ' Without knowledge. 

"On-known' (un-non'), a. Not known. 

On-lace', v. a. [pp. unlacing, unlaced.] To loose 
from laces ; to untie. 

On-lade', v. a. [pp. unlading, unladed.] To 
empty or remove from a vessel ; to unload. 

On-latch', v. a. [pp. unlatching, unlatched.] To 
open by lifting up the latch. 

On-law'ful, «. Not lawful; illegal. 

On-law'ful-ly, ad. In an unlawful manner. 

On-lay', v. a.' [i. unlaid; pp. unlaying, unlaid.] 
(Naut.) To untwist a cable. 

On-learn', v. a. [i. unlearned or unlearnt; pp. 
unlearning, unlearned or unlearnt.] To forget 
or lose what has been learned. 

On-learn'ed, a. Not learned ; ignorant. 

On-leash', v. a. [pp. unleashing, unleashed.] To 
slip or set free from the leash ; to let go : — said 
of dogs. 



On-leav'ened (un-lev'vnd), a. Not leavened. 
On-less', couj. [0. E. onlesse ; On and Less, — i.e., 

on the least supposition.] Except ; if not. 
On-let'tered (un-let'terdj, a. Unlearned. 
On-like', a. Having no likeness ; dissimilar'. 
On-like'ly, a. Improbable.— 2, ad. Improbably. 
On-llke'ness, n. Difference ; diversity. 
On-llm'it-ed, a. Having no limits; boundless. 
On-load', v. a. [pp. unloading, unloaded.] To 

free from load ; to unlade. 
On-lock', v. a. [pp. unlocking, unlocked.] To 

open what is shut. 
On-166se', v. a. [pp. unloosing, unloosed.] To 

loosen ; to loose. — 2, v. n. To become loosened. 
On-16ve'li-ness, n. Unamiableness. 
On-16ve'ly, a. Not lovely ; not amiable. 
On-luck'i-ly, ad. Unfortunately ; by ill luck. 
On-luck'y, a. Unfortunate ; not successful. 
On-make', v. a. [i. unmade; pp. unmaking, un- 
made.] To deprive of qualities. 
On-man', v. a. [pp. unmanning, unmanned.] To 

deprive of manly qualities: — to deject; to dis- 
hearten : — to disgarrison. 
On-man' a£e-a-ble, a. Not manageable. 
On-man'ly, a'. Not manly ; unsuitable to a man ; 

dishonorable. 
On-manned' (un-mand'), a. Not manned ; not 

having men ; deprived of manly qualities. 
On-man'nered (un-man'nerd), a. Rude; uncivil. 
On-man'ner-ly, a. Ill-bred ; uncivil. 
On-mar'ried (un-mar'rjd), a. , Not married. 
On-mask'', v. a. [pp. unmasking, unmasked.] To 

strip of a mask or disguise. — 2, v. n. To put off 

the mask. 
On-mean'ing, a. Having no meaning. 
On-meas'ured (Hn-mezh'urd), a. Not measured. 
On-meet', a. Not meet; "not fit; not proper. 
On-me'r'chant-a-ble, a. Not salable. 
On-mer'ci-ful, a. Not merciful ; cruel. 
On-mer'ci-ful-ly, ad. Without mercy. 
On-mer'ci-ful-ness, n. Want of mercy. 
On-mer'it-ed, a. Not merited or deserved. 
On-mind'ful, a. Not mindful ; careless. 
On-mis-tak'a-ble, a. Not capable of being mis- 
understood. 
On-mit'i-gat-ed, a. Not mitigated. 
On-moor', v. a. [pp. unmooring, unmoored.] To 

loose from anchorage. 
On-m6ved' (un-movd'), a. Not moved; calm. 
On-mu'si-cal, a. Not musical ; inharmonious. 
On-muz'zle, v. a. [pp. unmuzzling, unmuzzled.] 

To loose from a muzzle. 
On-nat'u-ral, a. Not natural ; contrary to nature ; 

affected. 'See Preternatural. 
On-nat'ii-ral-ly, ad. In opposition to nature. 
On-neVes-s'a-ri-ly, ad. Without necessity. 
On-nec'es-sa-ry, o. Not necessary ; needless. 
On-neigh'bor-ly (un-na/bor-le), a. Not kind. — 

2, ad. Unkindly. 
On-nerve', v. a. [pp. unnerving, unnerved.] To 

weaken ; to enfeeble. 
On-num'bered (un-num'berd), o. Not counted. 
On-ob-jec'tion-a-ble, a. Not objectionable; not 

liable to objection. 
On-ob-serv'ant, a. Not observant. 
On-ob-§erved' (un-ob-zervd'), a. Not observed. 
On-pb-serv'ing, a. ' Not observing. 
On-ob-tru'sive, a. Not obtrusive ; modest. 
On-oc'cu-pled (un-ok'ku-pkl), a. Not occupied. 
On-of-fend'ing, a. Harmless ; innocent. 
On-bV tho-d5x, a. Not orthodox ; heterodox. 
On-os-ten-ta'tious, a. Not ostentatious. 
On-pack', v. a. [pp. unpacking, unpacked.] To 

open, as things packed. 
On-paid', a. Not paid ; not discharged. 
On-pal'a-ta-ble, a. Not palatable. 
On-par'al-ieled (fin-par'al-leld), «. Unequalled. 
On-par'don-a-ble (-par'dn-), a. Not pardonable. 
On-par'don-a-bly, ad. Beyond forgiveness. 
On-par-lia-ment'a-ry (un-par-le-ment'a-re), a. 

Contrary to the rules of parliament. 



a, e, 



u, y, long; 



a, e, l, o 



u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



UNPEN 



561 



UNSOUND 



fin-pen', v. a. [pp. unpenning, unpenned.] To 
open ; to set free. 

fin-peo'ple (un-pe'pl), r. «. [pp. unpeopling, un- 
peopled.] To depopulate. 

fin-per-ceived' (un-per-sevdO, a. Not perceived. 

fin-per-plexed' (un-per-pleksf), o. Not perplexed. 

fin-phil-o-soph'i-cal, «. Not philosophical. 

fin-plt'y-lng, a.' Having no compassion. 

fin-plea§'ant (tin-plez'ant), a. Not pleasant. 

fin-pleas/ant-ly, ad. Not pleasantly. [able. 

fin-pleas/ant-ness, n. Quality of being disagree- 

fin-pleased' (un-plezd'), a. Not pleased. 

fin-po-et'i-cal, a. Not poetical. 

fin-pop'u-lar, a. Not popular; wanting popular- 
ity ; disliked; offensive; obnoxious. 

fin-pop-u-lar'i-ty,, n. Want of popularity. 

fin-prac'ti-cal, «.' Not practical ; dreamy. 

fin-prac'tjsed (un-prak'tist), a. Not expert. 

fin-prec'e-dent-ed, a. Unexampled. 

fin-prej'u-dlced'(un-prej'u-dist), a. Not preju- 
diced ; free from prejudice. 

fin-pre-pared' (un-pre-pard'), a. Not prepared. 

fin-pre-pos-sess'ing, a. Not attractive. 

"On-pre-sent a-ble, a. Not presentable ; untidy. 

■fin-pre-sumpVu-ous (un-pre-zumt'yu-us), a. Not 
presumptuous; cautious; submissive; humble. 

fin-prln'ci-pled (un-prin'se-pld), o. Devoid of 
principle ; of loose principles ; wicked. 

■fin-pro-dfic'tive, «. Not productive; barren. 

fin-prof it-a-ble, a. Affording no profit. 

fin-prof it-a-ble-ness, n. Uselessness. 

fin-prof it-a-bly, ad. Without profit. 

fin-prom'is-ing, a. Not promising good. 

fin-pro-pi''tious(un-pro-pish'us), o. Inauspicious. 

■fin-pro-voked' (un-pro-vokt'), a. Not provoked. 

fin-pub'lished (un-pui/lisht), a. Not published. 

fin-pun'ished (un-pun'isht), a. Not punished. 

fin-piir'chased (un-piir'chast), a. Unbought. 

■Onwqual'i-f led (lin-kwol'j-'fld), a. Not qualified ; 
not fit :— not softened ; not abated. 

fin-quench'a-ble, a. Not to be quenched. 

fin-ques'tion-a-ble (un-kwest'yun-a-bl) T a. Not 
questionable'; indubitable; indisputable; certain. 

fin-ques'tion-a-bly, ad. Without doubt. 

fin-ques'tioned (uu-kwest'yund), a. Not doubted. 

fin-qul'et, o. Not quiet ; disturbed; restless. 

"On-rav'el (Qn-rav'vl), v. a. [pp. unravelling, un- 
ravelled.] To disentangle ; to unfold ; to ravel : 
— to explain. — 2, v. n. To be unfolded. 

fin-read' (tin-red'), a. Not read ; untaught. 

fin-read'i-ness, n. Want of readiness. 

fin-ready (un-red'e), «. Not ready; unfit. 

tJn-re'al, '«. Not real ; vain; unsubstantial. 

fin-rea'son (un-re'zn), n. Folly ; absurdity. 

fin-rea'son-a-ble (un-re'zn-a-bl), a. Not reason- 
able; unwise; irrational; absurd. 

fin-rea'son-a-ble-ness(un-re'zn-:i-bl-nes), n. In- 
consistency with reason ; exorbitance. 

fin-rea'§on-a-blx, ad. Without reason. [ciled. 

■On-rec'on-clled (un-rek'on-sild), a. Not recon- 

fin-re-£en'er-a-cy, n. Unregenerate state. 

tln-re-gen'er-ate, a. Not regenerate. 

■fin-re-lent'ing, a. Not relenting; inexorable; 
implacable ; relentless ; hard ; cruel . 

■fin-re-11' a-ble, a. Not to be depended on. 

fin-re-lieved' (un-re-levd'), a. Not relieved. 

fin-re-mlt'ting, a. Not abating; persevering. 

fin-re-pent'ant, \ a. Not repenting; not peni- 

fin-re-pent'ing, j tent ; impenitent. 

"fin-re-serve', «. Want of reserve ; frankness. 

fin-re-§erved' (un-re-zervd'), a. Open; frank. 

fin-re-serv'ed-ly, ad. Without reserve. 

fin-re-slst'ing, a. Not making resistance. 

fin-rest', n. Disquiet; lack of tranquillity. 

fin-rest'ing, a. Acting or moving without rest. 

■fin-re-strained', a. Not restrained. 

fin-rid'dle, v. a. [pp. unriddling, unriddled.] To 
solve, as a riddle. 

tin-rig', v. a. [pp. unrigging, unrigged.] To 
strip of rigging t>r tackle. 

fin-rlght'eous (un-ri'chus), a. Unjust. 



fin-right'eous-ly, ad. Unjustly. 

fin-rlght'eous-ness (un-ri'clms-nes), n. Injus- 
tice; wickedness; sinfulness. 

fin-ripe', a. Not ripe ; green; immature. 

fin-ri'valled (un-ri'vald), a. Having no rival. 

fin-roll', v. a. [pp. unrolling, unrolled.] To 
open what is rolled. 

fin-ro-man'tic, a. Not romantic. 

fin-roof, v. a. [pp. unroofing, unroofed.] To 
strip off the roof. 

fin-ruffled (un-ruf fld), a. Calm ; tranquil. 

fin-ru'li-ness, n. Turbulence ; disorder. 

fin-ru'ly, «. [Un-, not, and 0. E. ruly, subject to 
rule.] Turbulent ; ungovernable. 

fin-sad'dle, v. a. [pp. unsaddling, unsaddled.] 
To take off the saddle from. 

fin-safe', a. Not safe ; dangerous. 

fin-said' (un-sed'j. a. Not said ; not uttered. 

fin-sal'a-ble, a. Not salable ; not vendible. 

fin-san'i-ta-ry, a. Not healthy ; tending to pro- 
duce disease. 

fin-sat-is-fac'to-ry, «• Not satisfactory. 

fin-sat'is-f Jed (un-sat'is-l id), a. Not satisfied. 

fin-sat'is-fy-ing, a. Not satisfying. 

fin-sa'vpr-y, a. Not savory ; disgusting. 

fin-say', v. a. [i. unsaid; pp. unsaying, unsaid.] 
To retract what has been said; to recant. 

fin-scathed', or fin-scathed', a. Not injured. 

fin-sphol'ar-ly, a. Not like a scholar; not like 
the work of a scholar. 

fin-screw' (un-skru'), v. a. [pp. unscrewing, un- 
screwed.] To draw the screw from ; to unfasten ; 
to loosen. 

fin-scrlpt'u-ral, a. Not scriptural. 

fin-scru'pu-lous, a. Not scrupulous. 

fin-seal', v. a. [pp. unsealing, unsealed.] To 
open any thing sealed. 

fin-search'a-ble, o. Inscrutable. 

fin-sea'son-'a-ble (un-se'zn-a-bl), a. Not season- 
able ; unfit; untimely; ill-timed. 

fin-sea'son-a-bly, ad. Not seasonably. 

fin-sea'soned (iin-se'znd), o. Not seasoned. 

, fin-seat , v. a. [pp. unseating, unseated.] To 
throw from the seat. [at sea. 

fin-sea'wor-tfiy (un-se'wiir-the), a. Not fit to sail 

fin-seem'li-ness, w. Indecency ; indecorum. 

fin-seem'ly., a. Not seemly ; indecent. 

fin-seen', a. Not seen; invisible. 

fin-selfish, a. Not selfish ; disinterested. 

fin-ser'vice-a-ble. a. Not serticeable. 

fin-set' tie, r. a. [pp. unsettling, unsettled.] To 
make unsettled ; to unfix. 

fin-set' tied (un-set'tld), a. Not fixed; not occu- 
pied : — not paid : — disturbed. 

fin-sex', v. a. [pp. unsexing, unsexed.] To de- 
prive of the qualities of sex. 

fin-shac'kle, V. a. [pp. unshackling, unshackled.] 
To loose from shackles. 

fin-sheathe', v. a. [pp. unsheathing, unsheathed.] 
To draw from a sheath. [take out of a ship. 

fin-ship', v. a. [pp. unshipping, unshipped.] To 

fin-shod', a. Not shod ; having no shoes. 

fin-shrink'ing, a. Not shrinking or recoiling. 

fin-sift'ed, a. Not sifted ; not examined. 

fin-sight'ly (un-sit'le), a. Ugly; deformed. 

fin-skil'ful, a. Wanting skill or knowledge. 

fin-skil'ful-ly, ad. Without skill. 

fin-skilled' (un-skild'), a. Wanting skill. 

fin-so'ci-a-ble (un-so'she-a-bl), a. Not sociable; 
unsocial'; reserved; not communicative. 

fin-so'ci-a-bly (un-so'she-a-ble), ad. With re- 
serve ; riot sociably. 

fin-so' cial (un-so'shal), «. Not social ; unsociable. 

fin-sol'dier-ly, (Cin-sol'jer-le), o. Unbecoming to 
a soldier. 

fin-so-lis'it-ed, a. Not solicited ; not required. 

fin-solved* (un-solvd'), a. Not solved. 

fin-so-phis'ti-cat-ed, a. Not sophisticated. 

fin-sb'rfed, a. Not sorted or separated. 

fin-sought' (un-sawf), a. Not sought. 

fin-sound', a. Not sound; corrupted. 



mien, si> ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, £r, 9, g\ soft; p, ja, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tfiis. 
II 



UNSOUNDNESS 



562 



UPLIFT 



On-sb'und'ness, n. Want of soundness. 
On-spar'ing, a. Not sparing; profuse; severe. 
On-speak'a-ble, a. Not to be spoken; ineffable. 
On-speak'a-bly, ad. Inexpressibly. 
On-spent', «. Not spent; not exhausted. 
On-spir'it-u-al, a. Not spiritual ; carnal. 
On-spoiled' (un-spoild'), a. Not spoiled, 
tin-spot' ted, a. Not spotted ; immaculate 
On-sta'ble, a. Not fixed ; inconstant. 
On-stained' (iin-stand'), a. Not stained. 
On-stead'i-ly, ad. Inconstantly. 
On-stead'i-ness, n. Want of constancy. 
On-stead'y, a. Inconstant; mutable. 
TJn-stint'ed, a. Not stinted or limited. 
On-stop\V. a. [pp. unstopping, unstopped.] To 

open ; to remove the stopper or other obstruction 

from. 
On-string', v. a. [i. unstrung; pp. unstringing, 

unstrung.] To deprive of strings ; to relax the 

strings of; to loosen. 
On-stud'ied (un-stud'id), a. Not studied. 
On-sub-stan'tial, a. Not substantial. 
On-suc-cess'ful, o. Not successful ; unlucky. 
On-suc-cess'ful-ly, ad. Without success. 
■&n-suit'a-ble, «. Not suitable; improper. 
On-sul'li'ed (un-sul'lid), a. Not sullied. 
"On-sung', a. Not celebrated in verse. 
On-sus-pect'ing, a. Not having suspicion. 
On-sus-pi"cious (-pTsh'us), a. Not suspicious. 
On-tam'a-ble, a. That cannot be tamed. 
On-tamed' (un-tumd'), a. Not tamed. 
On-tan'gle (Qn-tang'gl), v. a. [pp. untangling, 

untangled.] To loose from intricacy. 
On-taught' (im-tawt'), a. Not taught; unin- 
. structed ; ignorant ; unskilled 
On-teach'a-ble, a. That cannot be taught. 
On-ten'a-ble, a. Not tenable; indefensible. 
On-ten'ant-ed, a. Having no tenant. 
On-thank'ful, a. Not thankful ; ungrateful. 
On-thank'ful-ly, ad. Without gratitude. 
On-thank'ful-ness, n. Ingratitude. 
On-think'ing, «. Thoughtless; inconsiderate. 
On-thrift\ n. Lack of thrift: — (un'thrlft) an un- 
thrifty person. 
On-thrift'i-ly, ad. Without thrift. 
On-thrift'i-ness, n. Waste ; prodigality. 
On-thrift'y, a. Not thrifty ; prodigal. 
On-tI'dy, a. Not tidy ; not neat. 
On-tie',Y. a. [pp. untying, untied.] To unbind; 

to loose, as a knot. 
On-til\ ad. or conj. [For unto.— See Till.] To 

the time that; till. — 2, prep. To; till: — used 

of time. 
On-time'ly, a. [Dn-, not, and Timely.] Not 

timely; unseasonable. — 2, ad. Prematurely; 

unseasonably. 
On-tlr'ing, a. Not becoming tired; indefatigable. 
On'to, prep. [A.-S. nrdo ; 0. Sax. und, unto, and 

to, to (q. v.).] Noting motion toward; to. 
On-told', a. Not told ; not related. 
■On-touched' (un-t&clit'), a. Not touched. 
On-tow'ard, a. [Un- and Toward.] Perverse; 

awkward. 
On-tow'ard-ly, ad. Ungainly; perversely. 
On-trans-fer'a-ble, a. Not to be transferred. 
On-trans-lat'a-ble, a. That cannot be translated. 
On-trav'elled (.un-trav'eld), a. Not travelled; 

not passed over: — not having travelled. 
On-tried' (un-trld'), o. Not tried. 
On-trod', a. Not trodden ; untrodden. 
On-trod'den (un-trod'dn), a. Not trodden. 
On-true', a. Not true ; false; not faithful. 
On-tru'ly, ad. Falsely ; not truly. [worthy. 

On-trust' wor-t&y (un-trust'wiir-tne), a. Not trust- 
On-truth', v. A falsehood ; a false assertion. 
On-truth'ful, a. ' Lacking in veracity. 
On-tG'tored (un-tu'tord), a. Uninstructed. 
On-twine', v. a. [pp. untwining, untwined.] To 

untwist; to unwind; to disentangle. 
On-twist', v. a. [pp. untwisting, untwisted.] To 

untwine ; to disentangle. 



On-used' (lin-yuzcV), a. Not used. 

On-5 §u-al (un-yu'zhu-al), a. Not usual ; rare. 

On-Qt'ter-a-ble, a. Ineffable; inexpressible. 

On-va'r'ied' (un-va/rid), «. Not varied. 

On-var'nished (un-var'nislit), a. Not adorned. 

On-va'ry-ing, a. Not varying; invariable. 

On-veil' (un-val'), v. a. [pp. unveiling, unveiled.] 
To uncover ; to disclose. 

On-ve-ra'cious (un-ve-ra'shus), a. Not having a 

■ strict regard for truth ; untruthful ; dishonest. 

On-ve-rae'i-ty, n. Want of veracity. 

On-wa'ri-ly, ad. Witbout caution ; carelessly. 

On-wa'ri-ness, w. Want of caution. 

On-war'like, a. Not warlike ; not militarj'. 

On-war'rant-a-ble (un-wor'rant-a-bl), a. Not 
warrantable"; indefensible; unjustifiable. 

On-wa'ry, a. Wanting caution ; imprudent. 

On-wa'ver-ing, a. Not faltering; steady; firm. 

On-wea'ried (un-we'rid), a. Not wearied; not 

^ tired ; not fatigued ; indefatigable. 

On-wel'come, a. Not welcome. 

On-well', a. Not well; slightly indisposed. 

On-wept', a. Not wept; not lamented. 

On-whole'some (un-hol'sum), a. Not whole- 
some; insalubrious; corrupt; tainted. 

On-wield'y, a. Unmanageable ; bulky. 

On-will'ing, a. Not willing; loath; averse. 

On-will'ing-ly, ad. With re'luctauce. 

On-will'ing-ness, n. Disinclination. 

On-wi§'dom, n. Folly; lack of wisdom. 

On-wI§e','a. Not wise; foolish; weak. 

On-wise'ly, ad. Not wisely ; weakly. 

On-wit'ting, a. [See Wit.] Not knowing or per- 
ceiving'; ignorant. 

On-wit'ting-ly, ad. Without knowledge. 

On-wom'an-ly (un-wum'an-le), a. Not womanly. 

On-wont'ed, o. Unusual ; unaccustomed. 

On-wor'thi-ly (un-wiir'the-le), ad. Not according 
to desert.' [worth. 

On-wor'thi-ness (ftn-wiir'the-nes), «. Want of 

On-wor'thy (un-wiir'the), a. Not worthy ; want- 
ing merit'; worthless -/contemptible. 

On-wrap' (un-rap'), v. a. [pp. unwrapping, un- 
wrapped.] To unfold; to remove coverings from. 

On-writ' ten (lin-iit'tn), a. Not written. 

On-yield'ing (un-yeld'ing), a. Not yielding. 

On-yoke',' v. a. [pp. unyoking, unyoked.] To 
loose from the yoke. 

Op, ad. [A.-S. np ; Dut. & Dan. op ; Goth, ivp ; 
Ger. auf.] Aloft; above; not down: — out of 

_ bed. — 2, prep. From a lower to a higher part. 

u'pas, n. [A Malay name.] A poisonous tree of 
wie island of Java. 

Op-braid', v. a. [A.-S. up, up, and bregdan, to 
braid (q. v.), to weave, to pull, to draw.] [pp. 
upbraiding, upbraided.] To charge witli some- 
thing disgraceful ; to chide ; to reproach ; to 
censure. 

Op-braid'ing-ly, ad. By way of reproach. 

Op'biirst, n. A bursting or explosion upward. 

Op'cast, n. A throw ; a cast : — a term of bowling. 

Op'hand, a. Lifted by the hand. 

Op-heav'al, n. The act of upheaving. 

Op-heave', v. a. [Up and Heave] [pp. upheav- 
ing, upheaved.] To heave up; to lift up. 

Op'hill, a. Difficult; laborious; ascending. 

Op-hold', v. a. [i. upheld ; pp. upholding, upheld.] 
To raise : — to support; to sustain. 

Op-hold'er, n. A supporter ; an undertaker. 

Op-hol'ster, v. a. [See Upholsterer.] [pp. up- 
holstering, upholstered.] To furnish or fit up 
with furniture, beds, curtains, hangings, &c. 

Op-hol'ster-er, n. [0. E. upholder, vpholdskr, an 
upholsterer, — originally, an auctioneer; Up and 
Hold.] A furnisher of houses. 

Op-hol'ster-y, n. Furniture for houses. 

Op'land, a. Higrh in situation: — rude; wild. — 
2, ». High land ; elevated land. 

Op-lift', v. a. [pp. uplifting, uplifted.] To raise 
aloft; to elevate. — 2, n. (up'lift). Elevation; 
upheaval. 



u, y, long ; a, e, I, 5, fi, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



UPON 



563 



USURPER 



tfp-on', prep. [A.-S. uppon.— See Up and On.] 

On ; not under ; relating to. 
■ftp'per, a. Higher in place, rank, or power. 
Up-per-hand', u. Superiority; advantage. 
Up'per-most, a. Highest in place or rank. 
Up'pish, a. Proud ; arrogant ; pettish. 
Up-rai§e', v. a. [pp. upraising, upraised.] To 

raise up ; to exalt. 
Up-rear', v. a. [pp. uprearing, upreared.] To 

rear on high. 
Up'rlght (up'rit), a. [A.-S. uprihl: Up and Right.] 

Straight up; standing erect; erect: — honest; 

just; faithful. — 2, ». Something standing erect 

or perpendicular ; a standard : — elevation, 
tjp'right-ly. (up'rlt-le), ad. With uprightness. 
"&p'right-nlss (up'rit-nes), n. State of being 

upright; honesty; rectitude; probity. 
Up-ris/ing, ». The act of rising : — insurrection, 
tjp'roar, n. [Dut. oproer; op, up, and roeren, to 

stir; Ger. aufruhr, uproar: A.-S. kreran, to stir.] 

A tumult; bustle ; confusion. 
tJp-roar'i-ous, a. Tumultuous; full of uproar. 
Up-r66t\ v. a. [pp. uprooting, uprooted.] To 

tear up by the root. 
tJp-set', o. a. [i. upset ; pp. upsetting, upset.] To 

overturn ; to overthrow. 
tJp'set, a. Fixed upon; determined beforehand. 

— 2, n. An overturn. 
Up'shot, n. Conclusion; the end; final event. 
Up'side, n. The upper side; upper part. 
Up'start, n. One suddenly raised to power, 

wealth, honor, or notice; a pretender. — 2, a. 

Suddenly raised ; insolent. 
tJp-tiirn', v. a. [pp. upturning, upturned.] To 

throw up; to furrow. 
Up'ward, a. Directed to a higher part. 
tXp'ward, \ ad. [A.-S. upweard, upweardes.] To- 
tjp'ward§, / ward a higher place ; more than. 
U-rse'mi-a, u. [Urea, and Gr. al/xa, blood.] A 

highly dangerous disease produced by retention 

of urea in the blood. 
U-rae'mic, ) a. Of or pertaining to, or tending to 
U-rem'ic, / produce, uraemia. 
U-ra'ni-um, ». (Min.) A white, rare metal. 
U-ran-og'ra-phy, \ n. A description of the 
U-ran-ol'o-gy, J heavens. 
U'ra-niis, n. [L. ; Gr. oupavd?, Skr. varunas, the 

sky ; var, to c >ver.] A planet discovered by Dr. 
_ Herschel in 1781. 

U'rate, n. A salt of uric acid. [city. 

Ur'ban, a. [See Urbane.] Of or pertaining to a 
Ur-bane', a. [L. urbanus; urbs, urbis, a city.] 

Civil ; polished ; polite ; courteous ; elegant : — 

opposed to rustic. 
Ur-ban'i-ty. n. [L. urban Has ; Fr. urbanilS.] Civil- 
ity; politeness; courtesy. 
Ur'chin, ». [Fr. herisson, L. erieius (also er, eris, 

fir - XVf>), a hedgehog; Skr. hrish, to bristle.] A 

hedgehog:— a small boy:— an elf:— an imp. 
tJr'du, n. [Per. nrdn, Turk, ordu, a camp, army, 

or horde (7. v.). It was introduced into India, 

in part, by armies from Central Asia.] The Hin- 
dustani language. 
U're-a, b. [Neo-Latin. — See Urine.] A nitroge- 
_ nous principle found in urine. 
U're-ter (yi/re-ter or yu-re'ter), n. [Late L. ; Gr. 

ovprjr^p, a urinary duct; ovpelv, to piss urine 

('/• »•)•] (Anal.) A tube conveying urine from 
_ the kidneys to the bladder. 
U-re'thra, ». [Late L. ; Gr. ovp-qQpa.— See Urine.] 

(Anat.) The membranous tube or canal by which 

urine is voided. 
U-re'thral, a. Relating to the urethra. 
Urge, 17. a. [L. urgere, to drive.] [pp. urging, 

urged.] To incite ; to push ; to press; to solicit. 

— -1 ''. n. To press forward ; to proceed. 
Ur'|en-cy. n. Pressure of difficulty :— entreaty. 
Ur'gent, a. [L. urgere, part, urgentis, to drive.] 
m Cogent; pressing; importunate! 
Ur'gent-ly, ad. With urgency ; cogently, 
fj'ric, a. Pertaining to urea. 



fj'rim (yii'rim), n. [Heb.] Urim and Thummim 
are supposed to have been ornaments in the 
_ Jewish high-priest's breastplate. 

u'ri-nal, n. A vessel for holding urine. 

TJ'ri-na-ry. (yu're-na-re), a. Relating to urine. 

u'ri-nate, v. n. [pp. urinating, urinated.] To 
discharge urine. 

u'rine (yu'rin), n. [L. urina; Gr. ovpov. — Cf. Skr. 
vari, water; Zend vara, rain.] Water coming 
from animals. 

u'ri-noiis (yu're-nus), a. Partaking of urine. 

Urn, n. [Fr. urne, L. urna, an urn ; perhaps from 
urere, to burn. — Cf. L. hirnea, a jug.] A vase: — 
a vessel in which the ashes of burnt dead bodies 
were anciently put.— 2, v. a. [pp. urning, 
urned.] To enclose in an urn. 

U-ro-f en'i-tal, a. [Urinary and Genital.] Per- 
taining to the urinary and genital organs. 

Ur'sa, n. [L.] (Astron.) The Bear ; a constella- 
tion. — Ursa Major, the Greater Bear ; Ursa Minor, 
the Lesser Bear. 

Ur'sine, «• [L. ursinus ; ursus, fern, una, a bear.] 
Relating to or like a bear. 

Ur'son, n. [Fr. ; a variant of herisson, a hedge- 
hog. — See Urchin.] The North American por- 
cupine. 

Ur'su-line, a. [Xamed in houor of St. Ursula.] 
Denoting an order of nuns. 

tjr-ti-ca'tion, n. [L. urtica, a nettle ; urere, to 
burn.] A sensation as of being stuug by net- 
tles, [wild ox. 

u'rus, n. [See Aurochs.] A former species of 

Us, pron. pi. [A.-S. us; Dut. ons ; Dan. os ; Goth. 
& Ger. uns.] The objective case of we. 

U'§age (yu'zaj), n. [Fr. usage, Late L. usaticum, 
maginm, use (rj. v.).] Manner of using; treat- 
ment : — the habit of many ; common or long- 
continued practice; prescription: use; custom. 

Use (yus), n. [L. nsns. — See the verb Use. In the 
legal sense of pi-ofit, benefit, it also represents 
the 0. Law Fr. noes, oes, oeps, profit ; L. opus, 
need, advantage.] The act of using; need; 
utility ; usefulness ; benefit : — usage ; habit. 

Use (yuz), v. a. [L. vti, usus, to use.] [pp. using, 
used.] To make use of; to employ. — 2, v. n. To 
be accustomed : — to frequent. 

Use'ful (yiis'ful), a. Valuable for use; service- 
able; profitable; beneficial: advautag 

Use'ful-ly, ad. In a useful manner; profitably. 

Use'ful-ness, rt. The quality of being useful; 
utility ; service ; benefit. 

Use'less, a. Bein^c of no use; worthless. 

Use'less-ly, ad. Without use. 

Use'less-ness, n. Unfitness to any end. 

Us'er (ytiz'er), n. One who uses. 

tJsh'er, n. [Fr. huissier, L. ostiarius, a door- 
keeper; ostium, a door, an entrance; os, the 
mouth.] An under-teacher : — an introducer; a 
door-keeper. — 2, v. a. [pp. ushering, ushered.] 
To introduce ; to forerun. 

Us-que-baugh' (us-kwe-haw'), n. [Irish visge 
beatha, water of life, whiskey (q. v.).] A com- 
pound, distilled spirit; whiskey. 

U'su-al (yu'zhu-al), a. [L. VS u<dis.—$ee Use.] 
Common ; occurring often ; customary ; ordi- 
nary ; general. 

U'su-al-ly (yu'zhu-al-le), ad. Commonly 

u'§u-fruct, n. [L. usufruetus; usus, use, and five- 

_ tus, fruit (a. v.).] (Laic.) Right of enjoying ;' use. 

tj-su-fruc'tu-a-ry, n. [L. wtufructuarius.] One 
who has a temporary use and profit of any thing. 

U'su-rer (yu'zhu-rerj, n. [Fr. usurier; L. usura- 
rius.]' One who receives usury. 

U-§u'ri-oiis, «• Of the nature of usury; given to 
the practice of usury. 

U-siirp' [yu'zurp, N.], v. a. [L. usurpare; perhaps 
for tisni rapere, to seize for (one's own use).] 
[pp. usurping, usurped.] To seize or possess 
without right. 

U-sur-pa'tion, n. [L. usnrpafio.] Illegal seizure. 

U-§iirp'er (yu-ziirp'er), «. One who usurps. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— C, 9, 9, £, soft; p, ja, p, g, hard; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 



USUKY 



564 



VALIANTLY 



U'su-ry. (yu'zhu-re), n. [L. usnra, use,— also in- 
terest, usury. — See Use.j Illegal interest. 

U-ten'sil, or u'ten-sil, n. [L. ulensilvs, fit for use 
(q. v.); utensilia, utensils.] An instrument for 
any use ; a vessel ; a tool. 

fj'ter-ine, or v' ter-ine, a. [L. uterirms. — See Ute- 
rus.] Belonging to the womb : — born of the 
same mother. 

fj'te-rus (yu'te-rus), n. [L.— Cf. Gr. varepa, the 
womb; Skr. udaram, the belly.] The womb. 

tj-til-i-ta'ri-an, a. Relating to utilitarianism. — 
2, n. An'adherent to utilitarianism. 

■U-til-i-ta'ri-an-ism, n. The system of general 
utility, or that system which holds that right 
actions are those which promote the happiness 
of the great mass of mankind. 

U-til'i-ty., n. [L. utilitas; Fr. ulilite.] Usefulness; 
profit ; convenience. 

U'til-ise, v. a. [Fr. u Miser ; L. ulilis, useful; uti, 
to use.] [pp. utilizing, utilized.] To render 
useful ; to put to use. 

tJt'most, a. [A.-S. ytemest; ut, out, and superla- 
tive termination -rnest.] Extreme ; furthest ; 
highest. — 2, n. The greatest quantity or degree. 

fj-to'pi-an, a. [Gr. ov, not, and totto9, a place.] 



Relating to an ideal commonwealth in the im- 

_ aginary island of Utopia .-—fanciful ; chimerical. 

U'tri-cle, n. [L. ntriculus, dim. of uter, utris, a 
skin bag.] A little bag, bladder, or cell. 

tJt'ter, a. [A.-S. utor, uttor, comparative of id, out 
{q.v.).] Extreme; excessive; complete. — 2, v. a. 
[0. E. outre, frequentative of outen, to put out ; 
A.-S. utian, to eject. — See Out.] [pp. uttering, 
uttered.] To speak; to pronounce; to articu- 
late : — to declare ; to publish ; to tell ; to dis- 
close : — to vend ; to sell. 

Ut'ter-ance, n. The act of uttering; expression ; 
pronunciation ; delivery ; elocution. 

Ut'ter-ly, ad. Fully; completely; perfectly. 

Ut'ter-most, a. Extreme ; utmost. — 2, u. Great- 

_ est degree ; the utmost. 

u'vu-la, w. [L. ; dim. of una, a grape.] A round 
soft body over the glottis. 

fix-bVi-cide, n. [L. uxor, uxorU, a wife, and cse- 
dere, to kill.] The murder of a wife by her 
husband : — a wife-murderer. 

Ux-o'ri-ous, a. [L. uxorius ; uxor, a wife.] Sub- 
missively fond of a wife. 

Ux-o'ri-ous-ly, ad. In an uxorious manner. 

tJx-o'ri-ous-ness, n. Fond submission to a wife. 



V. 



Y consonant, has but one sound, and is nearly 
j allied to/; but v is vocal, and /is aspirate. 

Va'can-cy, «• Empty space ; vacuity ; chasm. 

Va'cant, a. [L. vacare, vacantis, to be empty ; 
vacuus, empty.] Empty; void; free; disengaged. 

Va'cate, v. a. [L. vacare, vacatum, to be empty.] 
[pp. vacating, vacated.] To annul;" to make 
vacant or void ; to quit possession of; to leave. 

Va-ca'tion, n. [L. vacatio, leisure, emptiness.— 
See Vacant.] An intermission; a recess. 

Vac'ci-nate, v. a. [See Vaccine.] [pp. vacci- 
nating, vaccinated.] To inoculate with vaccine 
matter in order to protect from the small-pox. 

Vac-ci-na/tion, n. Inoculation for the cow-pox. 

Vac' cine, or Vac'cine [vak'sen, E.], a. [L. vacca, 
a cow; vaccinus, belonging to cows.] Of or be- 
longing to a cow ; relating to vaccination. 

Vac'il-late, v. n. [L. vacillare, vacillatum, to waver. 
— Cf. Wag.] [pp. vacillating, vacillated.] To 
waver ; to be inconstant or unsteady ; to fluctuate. 

Vag-il-la'tion, n. [L. vacillatio.] The act of vacil- 
lating; fluctuation. 

Va-cu'i-ty., n. [L. vacuitas ; Fr. vacuite. — See Vac- 
uous.'] Emptiness; spacefilled; inanity. 

Vac'i-ole, n. A little cavity. [unfilled. 

Vac'ii-ous, a» [L. vacuus.— See Vacant.] Empty ; 

Vac'u-um, n. [L.] Space unoccupied by matter. 

Va'de-me'cum, w. [L. for "go with me."] A 
book or manual that a person always carries 
with him. 

Vag'a-bond, a. [Fr. vagabond, L. vagabundus, wan- 
dering; vagari, to wander; vagus, wandering.] 
Wandering; vagrant.— 2, n. A vagrant; a 
wanderer. 

Vag'a-bond-age, In. The practice of a vaga- 

Vag'a-bond-ism, J bond; vagrancy. 

Va-ga'ry, »?. [L. vagari, to wander.] A wild 
freak or fancy ; a whim. 

Va-gl'na, w. [L.] A sheath ; a tube :— the outlet 
of the uterus. 

Vai-'i-nal, or Va-gi'nal, a. Relating to a sheath. 

Va'gran-cy, n. 'The act or state of a vagrant. 

Va' grant, a. [0. E. vagarant; L. vagari, to wan- 
der.] Wandering; roving; vagabond. — 2, n. 
A wanderer; a vagabond ; a strolling beggar. 

Vague (vag), a. [L. vagus, wandering; Fr. vague, 
indistinct.— Cf. Vagabond.] Unfixed; unset- 
tled ; uncertain. 



Vague'ly. (vagle), ad. In a vague manner. 

Vague'ness, n. State of being indefinite. 

Vail, n. & v. a. See Veil. [vants. 

Vail§, n. pi. [For avails.] Money given to ser- 

Vain, a. [Fr. vain, L. vanus, emptj r . — Cf. vacuus, 
empty.] Fruitless; unreal ; showy ; idle ; empty : 
— ostentatious ; foolishly or meanly proud ; self- 
conceited. — In vain, to no purpose. 

Vain-glo'ri-ous, a. Vain or proud without merit; 
boastful ;' vaunting ; conceited. 

Vain-glo'ry., n. Empty pride ; vain boasting. 

Vain'ly, ad. Without effect ; idly; foolishly. 

Vair, n. [Fr. voir, a kind of fur; L. varius, varie- 
gated, spotted.] {Her.) Squirrel's fur; an ar- 
rangement of furs in shield-like patches. 

Val'ance, n. [Probably from Valance, L. Valentin, 
a town of France.] Drapery hanging round a 
bed-tester. 

Vale, n. [Fr. vol; L. vallis.— Cf. Valley.] A 
wide, open space between hills; a low ground; 
a wide valley ; a valley. 

Val-e-dic'tion, n. [L. valcdicere, valediclum, to 
say farewell; vale, farewell, and dicere, to say.] 
The act of bidding farewell ; a friendly parting ; 
a farewell. 

Val-e-dic-to'ri-an, n. One who delivers a valedic- 
tory oration in a college. 

Val-e-dic'to-ry, a. Bidding farewell ; farewell. 

Val' en-tine, n. [L. Valenlimts, a proper name : 
roo't of valere, valcntis, to be strong.] A sweet- 
heart chosen, or a love-letter sent, on St. Valen- 
tine's Day, February 14. 

Va-le'ri-an, n. [L. Valeriana; perhaps from valere, 
to be 6trong.] A medicinal plant. 

Va-le'ri-an-ate, n. A salt of valerianic acid. 

Va-le-ri-an'ic, a. Pertaining to or derived from 
valerian. 

Val'et [val'et or val'la, H. Ja. K.], n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. 
vas'let, a dim. of vassal, a vassal (q. v.).] A wait- 
ing-servant. 

Va'let de fhambre' [va'le-de-shambr'), n. [Fr.] 
A footman ; a body-servant. 

Val-e-tu-di-na'ri-an, n. [L. valetndinarius, sickly ; 
valetudo, valetud'ints, health, bad health ; valere, to 
be well or strong.] A sickly person ; an invalid. 

Val'iant (val'yant), a. [Fr vaillant ; L. valere, va- 
lentis, to be strong.] Intrepid; heroic; brave. 

Val'iant-ry, ad. Heroically ; bravely. 



Val lant-iy, aa. xiexoicun^ ; uin.vej.y. 

; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Pare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



a, e, I, o, u, y, 



VALID 



565 



VAEY 



Val'id, a. [L. validus, effective ; valere, to be 
strong, to prevail.] Having legal force; effica- 
cious; conclusive; effective; well founded. 

Va-lld'i-ty, »«• State of being valid ; legal force ; 
force to convince ; strength. 

Val'id-ness, n. Validity ; strength. 

Va-lise', or Va-lise', u. [Fr. valise; Sp. valija; 
It. valigia; Ger. felleisen. — Cf. Wallet, — also L. 
vidulus, a valise ; Per. wcdichuh, Arab, walihat, a 
sack.] A portmanteau; a wallet. 

Val-la'tion, n. [L. callare, to wall; vallum, a wall 
"('/• "•)•] A' 1 intrenchment. 

Val'ley, n. ; pi. Val'leys. [Fr. vallee ; It. valluta. 
— See Vale.] A hollow between hills; a low 
ground ; vale ; a dale. 

Va-lo'ni-a, or Val-16'ni-a, n. [Gr. jSaAavo?, an 
acorn; Mod. Gr! fio.ka.via, an oak.] Acorn-cups 
used for tanning. 

Val'or, «. [L. valor, worth, value, courage; valere, 
to be strong, to be worth, to prevail.] Bravery ; 
prowess ; courage. 

Val'or-ofls, a. Brave ; stout ; valiant. 

Val'or-ous-ly, ad. In a brave manner. 

Val'u-a-ble (val'yu-a-bl), a. Having value; of 
much value ; precious ; costly ; worthy. 

Val-u-a'tion, n. An appraisement ; value. 

Val'ue (va'l'yu), n. [Fr. value, value; valu, part, 
of valoir, L. valere, to be worth.] Worth as esti- 
mated by some rate or standard ; price ; rate ; cost. 
— 2, i'. a. [pp. valuing, valued.] To rate highly ; 
to appraise ; to estimate : to appreciate ; to prize. 

Val'iie-less (val'yu-les), a. Being of uo value. 

Val'u-er (val'yu-er), n. An appraiser. 

Val'vate, a. Relating to, or like, a valve. 

Valve, n. [L. valva, a leaf in a folding door. — Cf. 
volcere, to turn.] A folding door: — any thing that 
opens over the mouth of a tube or vessel : a lid. 

Val'vu-lar, a. Relating to a valve ; valvate. 

Val'vule, a. A small valve. 

Vamp, n. [Corrupted from Fr. aoant-pied, a vamp; 
avarit, before, and pied, L. pes, pedis, the foot.] 
The upper leather of a shoe; a sock. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. vamping, vamped.] To piece or mend an 
old thing; to patch up ; to renovate. 

Vam'pire, u. [Ger. vampyr; Servian & Russ. 
vampir.] A pretended demon, said to delight in 
sucking human blood : — a large bat. 

Van, n. [Fr. avant, the advance"; L. ab ante, from 
in front.] The front of an army; the first lino 
or part:— [Fr. van, vanne; L. vannus. — See Fan] 
a fan; a wing; a wiunowing-sieve : — [for cara- 
van] a large covered wagon. 

Van'dal, u. [L. Vandalvs, a Vandal: perhaps re- 
lated' to Ger. wandeln, to wander.] One of a bar- 
barous people who once lived near the Baltic; 
a barbarian. 

Van-dal'ic, a. Relating to the Vandals; rude. 

Van'dal-ism, n. Barbarity ; ferocity ; wanton 
destruction. 

Van-dyke', n. [Named from the painter Vandych] 
A kind of handkerchief for the neck, with in- 
dentations and points. 

Vane, n. [A.-S. fana, Dut. vaan, Ger. fahne, a 
banner, a vane.] A plate or contrivance to show 
the direction of the wind; a weathercock. 

Vang, n. [See Vane.] The web of a feather :— 
[Dut. vangen, Ger. fangen, to seize] a brace; a 
rope for steadying a ship's gaff. 
Van'guard, it. [Van and Guard.] The advance 

guard ; the first line of an army ; van. 
Va-nil'la, n. {Bot.) [Fr. vanille, Sp. vainilla, dim. 
of vaiua, L. vagina, a sheath, a pod.] An ever- 
green tropical plant :— the fruit of the plant; 
flavoring matter from the fruit. 
Van'ish, r. it. [L. vanescere, to vanish ; vanus, 
empty, vain (q. ».).] [pp. vanishing, vanished.] 
To disappear ; to pass away. 
Van'i-ty, n. [Fr. vaniti; L. vauitas ; vanus, empty, 
vain (q. v.).] St;tte or quality of being vain; 
emptiness; inanity; vain pursuit; idle show; 
petty or empty pride ; conceit ; self-conceit. 



Van'quish (vangltwish), v. a. [Fr. vaincre, vain- 
quisse, L. vincere, to conquer.] [pp. vanquish- 
ing, vanquished.] To defeat; to conquer; to 
overcome ; to subdue ; to surmount. 
Van'tafe, «. [Fr. avantage. — See Advantage.] 

Superiority ; advantageous state. 
Van'tage-grb'und, n. Superiority in place. 
Vap'id, a. [L. vapidus, stale, palled : closely akin 
to Vapor, and to L. vappa, insipid wine.] Dead ; 
spiritless; mawkish; flat. 
Va-pid'i-ty, ) n. State of being vapid or spirit- 
Vap'id-ness, J less; insipidity; flatness. 
Va'por, u. [L. vapor; Fr. vapem: — Cf. Lith. 
kwapas, fragrance; root kwap, to breathe out.] 
An elastic fluid rendered aeriform b}' heat: — 
exhalation; fume; steam, —pi. Hysteric fits; 
whims; spleen. — 2, v. n. [pp. vaporing, va- 
pored.] To emit vapor: — to bully ; to brag. 
Va-po-rlf ic, a. [L. vapor, vapor, and facere, to 

make.] Converting into vapor. 
Va'por-ish, a. Full of vapors ; peevish. 
Vap-or-i-za'tion, n. Conversion into vapor. 
Vap'or-ize, v.'a. [pp. vaporizing, vaporized.] To 
convert into vapor. — 2, c. n. To become vapor- 
ized ; to pass into vapor. 
Va'por-oGs, a. Full of vapors ; flatulent. 
Var'ec, n. [Fr. — See Wrack.] A kind of Boa-weed. 
Va-ri-a-bil'i-ty, \n. Mutability; inconstancy; 
Va'ri-a-ble-'ness, J changeableness. 
Va'ri-a-ble, a. [L. variabilis.— See Vary.] That 
may vary or change; chamjeahle ; mutable; in- 
constant. 
Va'ri-a-bly, ad. Changeably ; inconstantly. 
Va'ri-ance, h. Disagreement; difference. 
Va'ri-ant, a. [L. variare, part, variantis, to vary.] 
Variable; changeable; varied. — 2, n. A form 
differing from the type. 
Va-ri-a'tion, n. [L. variatio.] The act of vary- 
ing ; mutation ; vicissitude ; change : — differ- 
ence ; deviation. 
Var-i-cose', ) a. [L. varicosus. — See Varix.] Re- 
Var'i-cous, J latiug to caru:— swelled, as a vein ; 

dilated. 
Va'ri-e-gate, v. a. [L. varienare, variegatum, to 
vary the colors of; varie, of varied colors; varius, 
varied, and agere, to make.] [pp. variegating, 
variegated.] To make various ; to vary : — to 
diversify with colors. 
Va-ri-e-ga'tion, ». Act of variegating ; change : 

— diversity of colors. 
Va-ri'e-ty, n. [L. varietas; Fr. varitte". — See 
Various'.] Change; intermixture; diversity; a 
medley : — one thing of many different. 
Va'ri-o-lbid, or Va-ri'o-lbid, n. [Fr. variola, Late 
L. variola, small-pox ;' L. varius, spotted, varied.] 
A disease resembling the small-pox. 
Va-ri'o-lous, a. Relating to the small-pox. 
Va-ri-o'rum. [L.] Variorum edition* are the edi- 
tions of works in which the notes of various 
commentators are inserted. 
Va'ri-oiis, a. [L. varius.— See Vary.] Different; 

manifold; diverse. 
Va'ri-ofis-ls:, ad. In a various manner. 
Va'rix, «. [L. varir, a distended vein ; varus, bent. 
— Cf. various, straddling.] A dilatation of a vein. 
Var'let, n. [An old variant or misspelling of 
Valet.] A page ; a knight's follower : — a foot- 
man ; a valet ; a servant : — a knave ; a rascal. 
Var'nish, «. [Fr. verms; It. vernice. — See the 
verb.] A shining liquid substance: — a cover; 
a palliation; mitigation. — 2, v. a. [Fr. vernir, 
part, vemi; perhaps from Late L. vitrinus, glassy; 
vitrum, glass. Cognate words are found in many 
modern languages.] [pp. varnishing, varnished.] 
To set a gloss on : — to palliate. 
Var'nish-er, n. One who varnishes. 
Var'vels, n. pi. [Fr. vervelle ; Late L. vertebeUa, 
dim.' of vertebra, a joint. — See Vertebra.] Silver 
rings on a hawk's leg. 
Va'ry, v. a. [Fr. varier, L. variare, to diversify ; 
varius, varied.] [pp. varying, varied.] To make 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, q, 5, £, soft ; ft, p, 0, §, hard ; s as z ; x a j gz ; this. 

48 



VASCULAK 



566 



VENERABLE 



various ; to change ; to alter ; to diversify ; to 
variegate. — 2, v. u. To be changeable; to be 
unlike ; to deviate ; to disagree ; to differ. 

Vas'cu-lar, a. [L. vusculum, dim. of vas or vasum, a 
vessel.— See Vase.] Relating to or full of vessels. 

Vas-cu-lar'i-ty, n. State of being vascular. 

Vase, or Vase [vaz or vaz, Ja. ; vaz, E. I. ; vaz or 
vaz, St. N.], n. [Fr. vase; L. vas, vasis, and 
vasum, a vessel (q. v.).] A large ornamental ves- 
sel, cup, or pitcher. 

Vas' sal, n. [Fr. vassal, Late L. vassallus, a vassal ; 
vassiis, a servant ; Bret, gwas, Welsh guas, a ser- 
vant, a youth.] A subject ; a feudatory : — a slave. 

Vas'sal-a£-e, n. State of a vassal; subjection. 

Vast, "«. * [L. vastus, great, — also desolate.] Very 
large; great; enormous; huge. 

Vas-ta'tion, u. [L. vastutio; vustare, to lay waste 
\q. v.)','vastus, waste, empty, desert, — also vast 
\_q. ».)•] Waste ; devastation. 

Vast'ly, ad. Greatly ; to a great degree. 

Vast'ness, n. Immensity ; greatness. 

Vast'y., a. Large ; enormously great. 

Vat, n. [A. -S. fset ; Dut. vat ; i»an. fad ; Ger. fass ; 
root of Ger. fassen, to seize.] A cistern of tan- 
ners or brewers ; a fat. 

Va-tic'i-nate, v. a. & v. n. [L. vaticinari, vatici- 
natus; vaticirms, prophetic; vutes, a prophet, and 
cariare, to sing, to foretell.] [pp. vaticinating, 
vaticinated.] To prophesy; to foretell. 

Va-tic-i-na'tion, n. [L. vuticinutio.] A prediction ; 
a prophecy. 

Va-tic'i-na-tor, n. [L.] A soothsayer; a prophet. 

Vaudeville (Vod'vil), n. [Fr. ; from the Vol de 
Vire, where the poet Basselin was born ] A light 
song; a trivial strain ; a ballad : — a light drama. 

Vault, u. [Fr. vovte, formerly voult; It. voltu, a 
turn, an arch ; L. volvere, volvtum, to turn.] An 
arch: — a cellar: — a cave: — a grave :— a jump; 
a leap.— 2, v. a. [pp. vaulting, vaulted.] To 
arch; to shape to a vault. — 3, v. n. [Fr. volter, 
to leap; voile, It. volta, a turn, a leap; as above.] 
To leap; to jump; to tumble. 

V&ult'ed, a. Arched ; concave. 

Vault'er, v. A leaper ; a jumper; a tumbler. 

Vaunt,' or Vaunt, v. a. & v. it. [Fr. vanter, Late 
L. vanitare, to boast; vanus, vain (q. v.).] [pp. 
vaunting, vaunted.] To boast; to display osten- 
tatiously; to vapor. —2, n. A brag; a boast; 
ostentation. 

Vav'a-sor, it. [Fr. vavasseur ; Late L. vavassor: 
said to he from vassiis vassorwm-, a vassal of vas- 
sals ] A great lord ; a feudatory. [advance. 

Va'ward, n. [For vanguard.] Forward part ; the 

Veal '(vel), n. [Fr. veau, 0. Fr. veel, a calf; L. 
vitelhis, vitulus, Gr. itclAos, a calf. — Cf. Skr. valsa, 
a calf, a yearling, — properly, a year.] The flesh 
of a calf killed for the table :— formerly used 
for calf. 

Vec'tor, n. [L. for "carrier;" vehere, vectum, to 
carry.] (Asiron.) An imaginary line joining the 
centre of the sun to the centre of a planet :— 
called also radius vector. 

Ve'da (or va/da), n. [Skr. veda, knowledge; vid, 
to know.] A* Hindoo sacred book. 

Ve-dette', n. [Fr. ; It. vedelta, a sentry; vedetta, 
properly reletta, a sentry-box ; a dim. of veglia, a 
watch (see Vigil) ; but influenced by vedere, to 
see.] A sentinel on horseback. 

Ve'dic, a. Relating to the Vedas. 

Veer, v. a. [Fr. virer, Sp. virar, to turn ; root of 
L. riria, an armlet, a ring.] [pp. veering, 
veered.] To let out:— to turn; to change. — 
2, v. n. To turn aside ; to change direction. 

Veer'y, n. [Imitative of its note.] A bird, a small 
American thrush. 

Veg^e-ta-ble, n. [Fr. vegetable; L. vegelabilis, ani- 
mating, living ; vegetare, to enliven ; vegetus, 
alive, lively ; vegere, to arouse ; vigere, to flour- 
ish.] A plant : — a plant or root cultivated for 
culinary uses. — 2, a. Belonging to plants. 

Veg-e-ta'ri-an, n. One who lives on vegetables. 



Vei'-e-ta'ri-an-ism, n. The habit, doctrine, or 
system of living on vegetables only. 

Veg'e-tate, v. it. [L. vegetare, vegctatum, to 
quicken. — See Vegetable.] [pp. vegetating, 
vegetated.] To grow, as plants ; to shoot : — to 
have a useless or inactive life. 

Vei'-e-ta'tion, n. [L. vegetatio, quickening.] 
Growth of plants ; plants. 

Ve&'e-ta-tive, a. Growing as plants. 

Ve'he-mence, n. Quality of being vehement; im- 
petuosity ; violence ; force ; ardor. 

Ve'he-men-cy., w. Vehemence. 

Ve'he-ment, a. [L. vehement*, eager, passionate, 
carried out of one's mind ; vehere, to carry, and 
mens, the mind.] Violent; excessive; furious; 
impetuous; zealous; ardent; eager; fervent. 

Ve'he-ment-ly, ad. Eagerly ; ardently. 

Ve'hi-cle (ve'he-kl), n. [L. vehieulum ; vehere, to 
carry.] That in which any thing is carried ; a 
carriage ; conveyance. 

Ve-hic'u-lar, a. Belonging to a vehicle. 

Veil (val),"n. [0. Fr. veile; L. velum, a sail; root 
of vehere, to carry.] A thin cover for the face; 
a screen: — a mask; a curtain; a disguise. — 
2, v. a. [pj). veiling, veiled.] To cover; to 
hide ; to concetti. 

Veiling (val'ing), n. Material for veils. 

Vein (van), it. [Fr. veiue ; L. vena ; root of vehere, 
to carry.] A tube in animal bodies that re- 
ceives the blood and returns it to the heart : — a 
course of metal in mines: — turn of mind: — a 
current ; strain : — a streak or wave, as in marble. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. veining, veined.] To form or 
mark with veins. 

Veined (vand), a. Full of veins ; streaked. 

Vel'lum, w. [Fr. velin; L. vitulinus, belonging to 
a calf. — See Veal.] A fine kind of parchmeut 
made of calf-skin. 

Ve-loc'i-pede, n. [L. velox, velocis, swift, and pes, 
pedis, a, foot.] A vehicle of locomotion moved 
by the rider's feet. 

Ve-loc'i-ty., ii- [L. velocitas; velox, swift; root of 
volare', to' fly.] Quick or rapid motion ; rapidity ; 
quickness; speed; swiftness. 

Vel'vet, n. [It. vellulo ; from L. villus, long hair; 
villo'stts, shaggy. — Cf. vellus, a fleece.] A silk 
stuff with nap upon it.— 2, a. Made of velvet ; 
velvety ; soft. 

Vel-vet-een', n. A kind of stuff like velvet. 

Vel'vet-y, a. Made of or like velvet. 

Ve'nal, a. [L. venalis, for sale ; venum, a sale. — 
Cf. Vend.] That may be bought; mercenary; 
hireling; prostitute; base: — relating to, or con- 
tained in, the veins ; venous ; veiny. 

Ve-nal'i-ty, n. [Fr. venalite; L. venalitas.] Mer- 
cenariness; prostitution. [veins. 

Ve-na'tion, n. [See Vein.] The arrangement of 

Vlnd, v. a. [L. vendere, to sell ; venum, a sale, and 
dure, to offer.] [pp. vending, vended.] To sell; 
to offer for sale. 

Ven-dee', n. One to whom any thing is sold. 

Vlnd'er, n. One who sells ; vendor. 

Ven-dlt'ta, u. [It. ; L. vindicta, revenge.] An 
hereditary blood-feud. 

Vend'i-ble, a. [L. veudibilis.] That may be sold; 
salable. — 2, n. Any thing offered to sale. 

Ven-di"tion, n. [L. ven ditto.] The act of selling. 

Vgn-dbr', n. (Law.) One who sells or vends. 

Ven-due', n. [0. Fr. vendue, Local Sp. venduta, It. 
vendita, an auction ; Fr. rendu, sold. — See Vend.] 
A public sale ; an auction. 

Ve-neer', v. a. [Ger. furniren, to veneer; from Fr. 
fournir, to furnish \q. v.).] [pp. veneering, ve- 
neered.] To cover or inlay, as common wood 
with thin pieces of valuable'wood.— 2, n. A thin 
piece of wood for inlaying. 

Ve-neer'ing, n. The process of overlaying with 
veneers: — superficial polish : — a veneer. 

Ven'er-a-ble, a. [Fr. venerable; L. venerabilis. — 
See' Venerate.] Worthy of veneration; regarded 
with awe ; reverend. 



a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, \, 9, u, y., obscure. — Pare, far, fast, fsi.ll; heir, her; 



VENEKATE 



567 



YEKMICELLI 



Ven'er-ate, r. a. [L. venerari, veneratus, to wor- 
ship. — Cf. Venus.] [pp. venerating, venerated.] 
To regard with veneration. 

Ven-er-a/tion, n. [L. veneratio.] The act of ven- 
erating; reverence; reverential regard or re- 
spect; awe. 

Ve-ne're-al, a. [L. venereus, pertaining to Venus.] 
'Relating to venery ; syphilitic. 

Ven'e-ry. n. [Fr. vtnerie; L. venari, to hunt.] 
Hunting :— [L. (res) venerea] sexual intercourse. 

Ve-ne-sec'tion, n. [L. vena, a vein, and sectio, a 
cutting. — See Section.] Bloodletting; phle- 
botomy, [a window-blind made of slats. 

Ve-ne'tian, a. Relating to Venice. — Venetian blind, 

Ven'1-ea.nce (ven'jans), n. [Fr. vengeance; venger, 
It. vengiare, L. vendieare, to avenge.— See Vindi- 
cate.] Penal retribution; revenge. — With a 
vengeance, with violence. 

VengVful, a. Vindictive ; revengeful. 

Ve'ni-al, a. [L. venialis; renin, favor, pardon.] 
That' may be forgiven or excused ; pardonable ; 
excusable ; allowed. 

Ve-ni-al'i-tj:, n. Quality of being excusable. 

Ve-ni're fa'ci-as (-fa'she-as), n. [L. for "cause 
to come."] A writ fur summoning a jux-y. 

Ven'ison (ven'zn or ven'e-zn). n. [Fr. venaison; 
L. venatio, the chase; venari, to hunt.] The flesh 
of deer, or of other animals taken in hunting. 

Ven'om, n. [Fr. venin, L. venerium, poison.] Poison; 
poisonous matter: — malignity; hitter hatred; 
spite; malice. [Poisonous: — malignant. 

Ven'om-ous, a. [Fr. venimeux; L. venenosus.] 

Ven'om-ous-ly, ad. Poisonously : — malignantly. 

Ven'om-ous-ness, n. Poisonousness : — malice. 

Ve'nous, a. [L. venosus. — See Vein.] Relating to 
the veins. 

Vent, n. [Fr. feute, a cleft ; fendre, to split.— See 
Fissure; in part from Fr. vent, L. renins, wind.] 
A passage by which any thing is discharged ; an 
aperture; a hole : — discharge; means of dis- 
charge :— [L. vendere, to sell; Fr. rente, a sale] 
publicity: — sale. — 2, v. a. [pp. venting, vented, j 
To let out; to emit; to publish. 

Ven'tail, it. [0. Fr. venlaille ; Fr. ventail ; venter,' 
to blow; vent, L. renins, wind.] Part of a hel- 
met ; viaor. 

Ven'ter, n. [L.] (Anal.) The abdomen ; womb. 

Vent' -hole. n. A small passage to let out air. 

Ven'ti-dfict, n. [L. renins, wind, and ductus, a 
duct (q. v.).] A passage for the wind or air. 

Ven'ti-late, v. a. [Ik rent Hare, ventUaiwm; ventus, 
wind.] [pp. ventilating, ventilated.] To fan, 
refresh, or purify with wind: — to sift; to win- 
now :— to bring to public knowledge: — to dis- 
cuss, [lating. 

Ven-ti-la'tion, n. [L. ventilalio.] Act of venti- 

Ven'ti-la-tor, n. [L.j A ventilating appliance. 

Ven'tral, a. [L. venlralis; venter, the belly.] Be- 
longing to the belly. 

Ven'tri-cle, n. [L. ventriculus, dim. of venter, the 
belly'.] A cavity in an animal body. 

Ven-tric'u-lar, a. Pertaining to or resembling a 
ventricle. 

Ven-tril'o-quism, "I n. The act of speaking in- 

Ven-tril'o-quy, / wardly, so that the voice seems 
not to issue from the speaker. 

Ven-tril'o-quist. n. [L. ventriloquus ; venter, the 
belly, and loqui, to speak.] One who speaks so 
that the sound seems not to issue from himself. 

Vent'ure (vent'yui), n. [For adventure.] An un- 
dertaking of hazard; a hazard; chance; hap: 
— a thing put to hazard : — a commercial scheme. 
— 2, r. n. [pp. venturing, ventured.] To dare; 
to hazard. — 3, v. a. To expose to hazard, risk, 
or danger ; to hazard ; to risk. 

Vent'ure-some (vent'yur-sum), a. Bold; daring. 

Vent'ur-ous (vent'yur-us), a. Daring; bold. 

Ven'ue (ven'yu), n. [Fr. route, arrival, coming; 
in the legal sense confused with 0. Fr. visne, 
L. ikinia, neighborhood.] A thrust; a bout at 
fencing. — (Laiv.) A neighborhood. 



Ve'nus. n. [L. Venus, Veneris : akin to venerari, to 
worship; Skr. van, to love.] (Myth.) The god- 
dess of love : — the most brilliant of the planets. 

Ve-ra'cious (ve-ra'shus), a. [L. verax, veracis; ve- 
rm, true.] Observant of truth. 

Ve-ra'cious-ly., ad. Truthfully. [truth ; truth. 

Ve-ras'i-tx, n. [L. veraciius.] Observance of the 

Ve-ran'da, n. [Port, varanda; Hind. & Skr. va- 
randa; Malay, baranda. — Cf. Per. bar-amadah, a 
porch ; bar, up, and amadan, to come.] A kind 
of open portico. 

Verb, n. [L. verbum, a word.] (Gram.) A part of 
speech which signifies to be, to do, to act, or to 
be acted upon. [oral; uttered by translation. 

Ver'bal, a. [L. verbaUs.] Relating to words: — 

Ver'bal-i§m, n. Adherence to words :— an oral ex- 

Ver'bal-ist, n. One skilled in words. [pressiou. 

Ve'r'bal-Ize, v. a. [pp. verbalizing, verbalized.] 
To turn into a verb. 

Ver'bal-ly., ad. In or by words; orally. 

Ver-ba'tim, ad. [L.] Word for word. 

Ver-be'na. n. [L. verbena, a sacred rod. — Cf. ver- 
ber, a rod.] Vervain, a genus of plants. 

Ver'bi-a£e, n. [Fr.] A profusion of words; ver- 
bosity ; empty discourse ; wordiness. 

Ver-bose', a. [L. verbosus.] Abounding in words; 
wordy; tedious by the use of words; prolix. 

Ver-bos'i-ty., n. Superabundance of words. 

Ver'dan-cy., n. Greenness: — inexperience: — rus- 
ticity. 

Ver'dant, a. [Fr. verdant, becoming green ; verdir, 
to become green ; rerd, vert, green ; L. viridis.) 
Green; fresh: — inexperienced. 

Ve'rd'-an-tique' (-an-tek'), n. [Fr. rerd, vert, 
greeu, and antique, ancient.] Green incrustation 
upon ancient copper or brass coins : — a beautiful 
green stone. 

Ver'der-er, t». [Fr. verdier; Late L. riridarius; 
viridis, green.] An officer of the forest. 

Ver'dict, n. [L. vere, truly, and dictum, said.] 
(L«ir.) The decision or answer of a jury in re- 
lation to a cause on trial. 

Ver'di-gris. ». [Fr. vert-de-gris ; 0. Fr. verderis; 
probably for L. viride saris, the green of brass.] 
The blue-green rust of copper. 

Ver'di-ter. n. [Fr. vert-de-terre, green of the earth.] 
A pale green or blue pigment, 

Verd'iire (verd'yur), n. [Fr. verdure, rerdenr ; vert, 
L. viridis, green.] Green ; the green color or 
freshneor, of grass. 

Verd'iir-ous ( veni'yur-us), a. Green: fresh. 

Verge, n. [Fr. r?,<je, L. virga, a rod.] A rod; a 
mace : — [Fr. verge, a rod, a hoop] edge; border: 
— a limit; a circuit. — 2, v. n. [L. vergere, to 
bend, to turn.] [pp. verging, verged.] To tend; 
to bend downward. 

Verier, n. A mace-bearer in cathedrals, &c. 

Ver'i-f I-a-ble, «. That may be verified. 

Ver-i-fj-ca'tion, n. Act of verifying; proof. 

Ver'i-fy, v. a. [Late L. verijicare ; L. terns, true, 
and facere, to make.] [pp. verifying, verified.] 
To prove to be true; to establish; to substan- 
tiate ; to confirm ; to fulfil. [really. 

Ver'i-ly., ad. [See Veey.] In truth; certainly; 

Ver-i-sim'i-lar, a. [L. veri simUis, like the truth.] 
Apparently true ; probable. 

Ver-i-si-mil i-tude, n. [L. verisimilitudo ; rerum, 
the truth, and simUis, like.] Appearance of 
truth ; probability ; resemblance ; likelihood. 

Ver'i-ta-ble, a. [Fr. veritable.] True; actual. 

Ver'i-ta-bly, ad. In a true manner. 

Ver'i-tj;, n. [Fr. verite ; L. Veritas; verus, true.] 
Truth ; reality ; a true assertion. 

Ver'juice, n. [Fr. verjus; vert, green, and jus, 
juice.] Liquor expressed from green grapes, or 
from green or crab apples : — acidity. 

VeVmes, n. pi. [L. — See Worm.] (Enl.) Worms. 

Ver-mi-cel'li (ver-me-chel'e) [ver-me-sel'e, P. E.], 
n. [It. ; pi. of vermiceUo, dim. of verme, a worm.] 
A paste of flour in the form of worms or threads, 
used in soups. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, $, c, £, soft; p, J5, e, g, hard; s as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



VEKMICULAR 



568 



VETEKINARY 



Ver-nric'u-lar, a. [L. vermiculus, dim. of vermis, a 
'worm (</. v'.).] Acting like a worm; spiral. 

Ver-mic'u-lose, \a. [L. vermiculosus, wormy.] 

Ver-mic'u-lous, J Full of worms or grubs: — ver- 
micular. 

Ver'mi-form, a. [L. vermis, a worm, and forma, 
form'.] Having the shape of a worm. 

Ver'mi-fuge, n. [L. vermis, a worm, and fugare, 
to put to flight.] Medicine that expels worms. 

Ver-mil'ion (ver-miryun), n. [Fr. vermilion, ver- 
milion,— formerly, a little worm, the kermes 
(q. v.). — See Crimson.] Red sulphide of mer- 
cury : — a beautiful red color. 

Ver'min, n. sing, or usually collective. [Fr. vermine ; 
from' L. vermis, a worm.] Any small, noxious 
animal, whether a quadruped, a reptile, or an 
insect : — an obnoxious or disgusting person. 

Ver'min-ous, a. [Fr. vermineux.] Tending to 
breed vermin ; of the nature of vermin. 

Ver'mSuth, n. [A.-S. wermod, Ger. vermuth, worm- 
wood; root of wehren, to preserve, and muth, 
mood, mind.— See Wormwood ; Fr. vermoud, ver- 
mouth.] A kind of liqueur. 

Ver-nac'u-lar, a. [L. vernaculus, domestic; verna, 
a home-born slave.] Belonging to one's own 
country ; native. — 2, n. One's native language : 
— the language of any country. 

Ver-nac'u-lar-ism, n. A vernacular idiom. 

Ver'nal, a. [L. vernalis ; ver, Gr. eap, Icel. var, 
Dan! vaar, the spring.] Belonging to the spring.] 

Ver-na'tion, n. [See Vernal.] The arrangement 
of young leaves in their leaf-buds; foliation. 

Ver'ni-er, n. [Its inventor's name.] A movable 
scale on an instrument. 

Ver'sant, n. [Fr. ; verser, to shed, to turn.] A 
slope of country : — a water-shed. 

Ver'sa-tile, a. [L. versatilis ; versare, frequenta- 
tive of vertere, to turn.] Turning round: — 
changing; variable; changeable; docile; apt; 
quick : — readily applied to new labors. 

Ver-sa-til'i-ty, n. Quality of being versatile. 

Verse, n. [L. versus, a line, a turn ; vertere, versum, 
to turn.] A line of poetry ; a stanza ; poetry :— 
a short passage ; pai'agraph ; text. 

Versed (verstj, a. Skilled in ; knowing. 

Ver'si-cle, n. [L. versicidus, dim. of versus, a verse 
(g. v.).] A short verse. 

Ver-si-fi-ca'tion, n. [L. versificatio.] The act or 
art of versifying. 

Ver'si-fi-er, n. One who versifies. 

Ver'si-fy, v. a. [Fr. versifier; L. versificare ; versus, 
a verse, and facere, to' make.] [pp. versifying, 
versified.] To relate in verse. — 2, v. n. To make 
verses ; to rhyme. 

Ver'sion, n. [L. versio, a version, a turning; ver- 
tere, versum, to turn.] A translation; the act of 
translating ; rendition : — a statement or account : 
■ — transformation ; a change. 

Verst, n. [Russ. versta.] A Russian measure of 
length of 3501 feet. 

Ver'sus, prep. [L.] (Law.) Against. 

Vert, n. [Fr.] Any green tree : — green color. 

Ver'te-bra, n. ; pi. Ver'te-brae. [L. ; from vertere, 
to turn.] (Anal.) A bone in the spine or back. — 
pi. The bones of the spine ; the spinal column. 

Ver'te-bral, a. Relating to the spine. 

Ver-te-bra'ta, n. pi. [L.] (Zob'l.) Animals which 
have an internal skeleton, supported by a spine. 

Ver'te-brate, n. A veitebrated animal. 

Ver'te-brate, \a. [L. vertebratus, jointed.] Hav- 

Ver'te-brat-ed, j ing vertebras ; having a spine. 

Ver'tex, n. ; pi. Ver'ti-ces. [L. vertex, a turning; 
vertere, to turn ; properly applied to the pole of 
the sky.] The zenith; the top of any thing; 
the crown. 

Ver'ti-cal, a. [L. vertical^.— See Vertex.] Re- 
lating to the vertex : — placed in the zenith : — 
perpendicular to the horizon. — 2, n. A vertical 
circle ; a great circle passing through the zenith 
and nadir. 

Ver'ti-cal-ly, ad. In a vertical manner. 



Ver'ti-cil, n. [L. verlicillus, a whirl ; dim. of ver' 
tex,'& turning.] A whorl or ring of leaves or 
flowers. [a circle, as leaves. 

Ver-tic'il-late, or Ver-ti-cil'late, a. Growing in 

Ver-tig'i-nous, a. Turning round ; giddy. 

Ver'ti-go, Ver-ti'go, or Ver-ti'go, n. [L. vertigo, 
vertiginis; from vertere, to turn.] A giddiness; 
a sense of turning in the head; dizziness. 

Ver'tu, n. [It. — See Virtue.] Artistic merit or 
rarity ; artistic work in general ; objects of art. 

Ver'vain, or Ver' vain, n. [Fr. verveine; L. ver- 
bena, a sacred bough ; verber, a rod.] The com- 
mon name of plants of the genus Verbena. 

Verve (verv or verv), n. [Fr.] Heat of imagina- 
tion such as animates the poet, artist, or musi- 
cian ; animation ; fervor ; spirit ; life. 

Ver'y, a. [Fr. vrai, 0. Fr. verai, L. verax, veracis, 
truthful ; verus, true.] True; real: — complete; 
exact. — 2, ad. In a great degree ; eminently. 

Ves'i-cal, a. [L. vesica, a bladder.] Relating to 
the bladder. 

Ves'i-cate, v. a. & v. n. [L. vesica, a bladder.] 
[pp. vesicating, vesicated.] To blister; to puff 
up. [tering; a blister. 

Ves-i-ca'tion, n. [Fr. vesication.] The act of blis- 

Ve-sic'a-to-ry, n. [Fr. vesicatoire.] A blistering 
medicine. — 2, a. Blistering. 

Ves'i-cle, n. [L. vesicida, dim. of vesica, a bladder.] 
A little elevation of the cuticle containing 
lymph ; a small blister. 

Ve-sic'u-lar, a. [Fr. vesicidaire.] Relating to or 
like vesicles; hollow r ; full of small interstices. 

Ves'per, n. [L. ; Gr. eWepos, evening.] The even- 
ing star ; Venus. 

Ves'pers, n. pi. An evening service. 

Ves'per-tine, a. [L. vespertinus.] Pertaining to 
the evening. 

Ves'sel, n. [Fr. vaisseau ; 0. Fr. vaissel; L. vas- 
celhim, dim. of vas, a vase (q. v.).] A cask or 
utensil for holding liquids, &c. ; a dish : — a tube ; 
a pipe : — a vehicle for conveyance on water ; a 
ship ; a brig ; a sloop. 

Vest, n. [L. vestis, a garment.— Cf. Skr. vas, to 
put on ; Goth, ivasti, clothes.] An outer gar- 
ment ; a waistcoat. — 2, v. a. [L. vestire, to clothe.] 
[pp. vesting, vested.] To dress; to clothe. — 
(Law.) To invest with ; to put in possession of. 
—3, v. n. To be fixed ; to take effect. 

Ves'tal, n. [L. vestalis, belonging to Vesta.] A 
virgin consecrated to Vesta. — 2, a. Relating to 
Vesta; cbaste. 

Vest'ed, p. a. Not liable to be set aside; estab- 
lisbed by law ; fixed : — clothed ; adorned. 

Ves'ti-buie, n. [L. vestibidum, a porch ; ve-, apart, 
and slabulum, an abode.] (Arch.) An area be- 
fore the entrance of the Roman houses: — an 
entrance to a house ; hall ; lobby ; porch. 

Ves'tige, n. [Fr. vestige ; L. vestigium, a footprint.] 
A niark left behind in passing; a footstep; foot- 
print; trace; track; remains. 

Vest' ing, n. A covering :— materials for vests. 

Vest'ment, n. [L. vestimentum, a garment ; vestire, 
to clothe.— See Vest.] A garment; a part of 
dress, especially of clerical dress. 

Ves'try, n. [L. vesliarium, a wardrobe.] A room 
in a church for vestments :— a parochial assem- 
bly or committee. 

Ves'try-man, n. One of a board or committee 
that manage the affairs of a parish. 

Vest'ure (vest'yur), n. [Late L. vestitura ; L. ves- 
tire, vestitum, to vest (q. v.).] A garment; robe; 
dress; apparel; attire; vestment; clothes. 

Vetch, n. [L. vicia, a vetch : akin to vincire, to 
bind.] A plant ; a leguminous plant ; fitch. 

Vet'er-an, n. [L. veleranus, old, experienced ; vetus, 
veteris', old.] An old soldier; one long practised. 
— 2, a. Old in practice, especially in war. 

Vet-er-i-na'ri-an, it. One skilled in the diseases 
of horses and cattle ; a horse-doctor. 

Vet'er-i-na-ry, a. [L. veterinarins or veterinus, re- 
lating to 'cattle; veterinse, beasts of burden : per- 



il, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, § , i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her 



VETO 



569 



VILE 



haps akin to vehere, to carry.] Pertaining to 
farriery, or to tlie healing of diseases of animals. 

Ve'to, //*; pi. Ve'toes. [L. for "I forbid."] A 
prohibition ; act of stopping the enactment of a 
law. — 2, v. a. [pp. vetoing, vetoed.] To pro- 
hibit by a veto. 

Vex, v. a. [L. vexare, to disturb; frequentative of 
vehere, vexi, to carry.] [pp. vexing, vexed.] To 
plague with slight provocations ; to torment ; to 
harass ; to disquiet ; to tease ; to fret ; to irritate ; 
to trouble ; to displease. 

Vex-a'tion, n. [L. vexatio.] Aci of vexing :— that 
which troubles : — the state of being vexed. 

Vex-a'tious, a. Afflictive; troublesome. 

Vex-a'tious-ly, ad. Troublesomely ; uneasily. 

Vex-a'tious-ngss, n. Quality of being vexatious ; 
troublesomeness ; disquiet. 

Vexed (vekst or veks'ed), p. a. Agitated ; dis- 
quieted ; disputed; difficult. — Vexed question, a 
question much disputed. 

Vi'a. [L.] By the way of. 

Vi-a-bil'i-ty, n. The state of being viable. 

Vi'a-ble, a. [Fr. liable; vie, L. vita, life.] Capable 
of living. 

Vi'a-duct, n. [L. via, a way, and ducere, ductum, 
to" carry.] An elevated roadway. 

Vi'al, n. [0. Fr. dole; Fr. fiole ; L. phiala, Gr. 
<j>ld\r}, a shallow bowl.] A small bottle ; a phial. 

Vi'and, n. [Fr. viande, It. vivanda, L. vivenda (pi.), 
provisions; vivere, to live. — See Victuals.] Food; 
meat dressed ; victuals. 

Vi-at'i-cum, n. [L. viaticus, pertaining to a road ; 
via, a way. J Provision for a journey : — the sac- 
rament given to a dying person. 

Vi'brant, «• Vibrating; tremulous. 

Vi'brate, v. a. & v. )i. [L. librare, vibratum, to 
brandish. — Cf. Skr. vip, to shake; Icel. veifa, to 
wave (q. v.).] [pp. vibrating, vibrated.] To 
brandish; to move to and fro; to oscillate; to 
quiver. 

Vl'bra-tile, a. [Fr.— See Vibrate.] Vibratory; 
tremulous. [oscillation. 

Vi-bra'tion, n. [L. vibratio.] Act of vibrating; 

Vi'bra-to-ry, «. That vibrates, vibrating. 

Vib'ri-o, n. ; pi. Vib-ri-o'nes, or Vib'ri-os. [Xeo- 
Latin; L. vibrare, to vibrate.] A minute or- 
ganism with a vibratile motion. 

Vi-bur'num, n. [L.] A shrub of several species. 

Vic'ar, n. [Fr. vicaire; L. viearins, a deputy ; vicis, 
a succession.] One who performs the functions 
of another; a deputy; a substitute : — B, clergyman 
who is an incumbent of a benefice. 

Vic'ar-age, n. The benefice or house of a vicar. 

Vi-ca'ri-ate, n. A delegated office or power. 

Vj-ca'ri-ous, a. [L. mcarius, substituted. — See 
Vicar.] Done or suffered for or instead of an- 
other; delegated; substituted. 

Vi-ca'ri-ous-ly, ad. In the place of another. 

Vice, n.' [Fr. rice, L. vitium, a defect.] An offence 
against morality ; the opposite of virtue ; a fault ; 
depravity ; wickedness : — [Fr. pis, a vice, a screw ; 
L. vitis, a vine ; root vi, to turn] a griping press. 

Vi'ce. [L. ; vicis, a succession.] In the room of; 
instead of. 

Vice-. [L. vice, in place of.] A prefix used in 
composition to denote one who acts in place of 
another, or one who is second in rank; as, rice- 
president, [below an admiral. 

Vice-ad'mi-ral, n. A naval officer next in rank 

Vice-ad'mj-ral-ty, n. Office of a vice-admiral. 

Vice-chan'cel-lor, n. A judge in a chancery 
court below the chancellor : — the second magis- 
trate in an English university. 

Vice-con' sill, n. An assistant consul. 

Vice-i'e'ren-cy, n. The office of a vicegerent. 

Vice-f e'rent, n. [L. vice, in place of; vicis, a turn, 
succession, and gerere, to perform.] A lieuten- 
ant ; a deputy. — 2, a. Having a delegated power. 

Vice-pres/i-dent, n. An officer next below a 
president. ' [roy. 

Vice-re'gal, a. [See Eegal.] Relating to a vice- 



Vice'roy, n. [Fr. vice-roi ; L. vice, in place of, and 
Fr. roi, L. rex, regis, a king.] One who governs in 
place of a king, with a delegated regal authority. 

Vice-roy'al-ty, n. The office of a viceroy. 

Vic'i-na|-e, «• [Fr. voisinage; voisin, a neighbor; 
li.' victims, near ; vicus, a village, a neighborhood ; 
Gr. oIkos, a house.] A neighborhood ; a vicinity. 

Vi-cin'i-ty, ». [L. vicimtas. — See Vicinage.] Near- 
ness ; a neighborhood. 

Vi"cious (vish'us), a. [L. vitiosus. — See Vice.] 
Addicted to vice ; wicked ; corrupt ; bad ; mis- 
chievous ; refractory. 

Vi"cious-ly. (vish'us-le), ad. Corruptly ; sinfully. 

Vi"cious-nlss (vlsh'us-nes), n. Addiction to vice. 

Vi-cis'si-tude, n. [L. vicissitude; vicis, a change; 
vicissim, by turns.] A regular change; inter- 
change ; mutation ; revolution. 

Vic'tim, n. [L. victima, a victim; origin doubt- 
ful.'] A sacrifice: — a person or living thing de- 
stroyed : — one who suffers injury. 

Vic'tim-Ize, ». a. [Fr. victiraer; L. viclimare.~\ 
[pp. victimizing, victimized.] To make a vic- 
tim of ; to rob; to plunder. [Colloq.] 

Vic'tor, n. [L. ; vincere, vidian, to conquer.] A 
conqueror ; a vanquisher. 

Vic-t5'ri-o5s, a. [L. victoriosus.] Having gained 
a victory ; conquering; triumphant; superior. 

Vic-to'ri-ous-ly, ad. In a victorious manner. 

Vic'to-ry, n. [L. victoria. — See Victok.] Superi- 
ority gained in a battle or contest; conquest; 
success; a triumph. 

Vlct'ual (vit'tl), v. a. [See Victuals.] [pp. vict- 
ualling, victualled.] To store with food. 

Vict'ual-ler (vit'tl-er), n. A provider. 

Vict'ual§ (vit'tlz), 'v. pi. [L. viciualia, provisions; 
vivere, victnm, to live; vims, alive.] Food; pro- 
vision : — cooked food for human use. 

Vi'de. v. imp. [L.] See, as a note or remark. 

Vi-del'i-cet, ad. [L., for videre licet, it may be 
seen.] To wit; namely; that is:— generally ab- 
breviated to viz. 

Vidette (ve-def), n. See Vedette. 

Vie (vi), v. n. [Fr. e>tvi, emulation : 0. Fr. envier, 
to vie in a game; Sp. envidar, It. invitare, to 
stake, to challenge at play ; L. invitare, to invite 
(7. v.); 0. E. vie, envie, to challenge, to wager; 
distinct from, but confused with, Envy [q. v.).] 
[i. vied; pp. vying, vied.] To contest; to con- 
tend ; to strive ; to make use of emulous efforts. 

View (vu), v. a. [Fr. vue, a sight; voir (part, vu), 
to see ; L. videre, to see.] [pp. viewing, viewed.] 
To survey ; to look on ; to see. — 2, n. A prospect; 
sight; survey. 

View'er (vu'er), n. One who views. 

View'less, a." Unseen; not discernible. 

Vig'il, >i. [Fr. vigil; L. vigilia, a watch ; vigil, 
awake; vigere, to flourish, to he active.] For- 
bearance of sleep ; a watch : — evening devotion : 
— a fast before a holiday. 

Vifil-ance, n. [L. vigUantia.— See Vigil.] Watch- 
fulness ; watchful care; attention; wakefulness. 

Vig'il-ant, a. [L. vigUans, watching; vigil a re, to 
watch. — See Vigil.] Watchful; diligent; atten- 
tive ; alert ; active to see and avoid danger. 

Vi§'il-ant-ly, ad. Watchfully; attentively. 

Vign-ette' (vin-yef or vin'yet), n. [Fr. ; dim. of 
vigne, a vine [q. v.).] A picture of leaves and 
flowers : — a print or ornament on the title-page 
of a book. 

Vi^'or, «. [L. vigor, activity; vigere, to flourish.] 
Force ; strength ; energy ; efficacy. 

Vig'or-ous, o. [Fr. vigoureux; It. & Sp. vigoroso.] 
Full of vigor; full of strength and life ; strong ; 
stout ; forcible ; robust. 

Vig'or-ous-ly, ad. In a vigorous manner. 

Viking (vi'kihg or vik'ing), ». [Icel. vikingr, A.-S. 
voicing, — literally, one who haunts the bays ; Icel. 
vik, a ba}', a creek, a recess ; vikja, to bend, to 
turn.] A Norse pirate or piratical chieftain. 

Vile, a. [L. vilis, cheap.] Base; mean; despicable; 
sordid ; bad ; cheap ; common. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q. Q, c, 

48* 



£i soft; p, J3, $, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



VILELY 



570 



VIKTUE 



Vlle'ly, ad. Basely ; meanly ; shamefully. 

Vlle'ness, n. Baseness; meanness. 

Vil-i-fj-ca'tion, n. The act of vilifying. 

Vil'i-f i-er, «.' One who vilifies. 

Vil'i-fy, V. a. [L. viUficare ; vilis, cheap, and fa- 
cere, to make.] [pp\ vilifying, vilified.] To de- 
fame ; to abuse; to revile; to traduce ; to calum- 
niate ; to asperse. 

Vil'i-pend, v. a. [L. vilipendere ; vilis, cheap, and 
pendere, to weigh, to consider.] [pp. vilipend- 
ing, vilipended.] To despise ; to disparage. 

Vil'la, n. [L. villa, a farm-house; for vicula, dim. 
of vicus, a village.] A country-seat; a rural 
mansion. 

Vil'la£e, n. [Fr. village or villace, a village; L. 
villaticus, belonging to a villa.] A small collec- 
tion of houses. 

Vil'la-fer, n. An inhabitant of a village. 

Vil'lain'(vH'lin), n. [Fr. vilain ; Late L. villamis, 
a farm-servant ; L. villa, a farm-house.] One 
who, under the feudal system, held by a base 
tenure (in this sense written also villein and 
villa u) : — a vile person; a rascal; a knave; a 
scoundrel. [baseness. 

Vil'la-nage, n. [Fr. vUainage.] State of a villain ; 

Vil'la-nous. a. Like a villain ; base ; vile ; wicked ; 
had:— written also villainous. 

Vil'la-nous-ly, ad. Wickedly ; basely. 

Vil'la-ny, ». [Fr. vilenie, vilemss.] The charac- 
ter or conduct of a villain ; wickedness ; deprav- 
ity; baseness; a crime 1 : — written also villain//. 

Vil-lat'ic, a. [L. villaticus, belonging to a villa.] 
Pertaining to a farm or a villa. 

Vil'li, v. pi. [L.] (Anal.) Fibres.— (Bot.) Hairs. 

Vil-lose'. a. [L. vittosus : villus, a hair.— See Felt.] 
Covered with hairs; villous. 

Vil'lous, a. [See Yillose.] Shaggy ; rough ; hairy. 

Vinaigrette (vin-a-gref), u. [Fr.] A sauce con- 
taining vinegar :— a bottle for holding aromatic 
vinegar or smelling-salts. 

Vin-ci-bil'i-ty, n. Liableness to be overcome. 

Vin'ci-ble, a. [L. vincibUis; vincere, to conquer.] 
Conquerable ; superable. [a cord ; a tie. 

Vin'cu-liim, n. [L. ; from vincire, to bind.] A band ; 

Vln'di-ca-ble, a. That may be vindicated. 

Vin'di-cate, v. a. [L. vindicare, vindicalum, to 
avenge, to lay claim to; vindex, viudicis, a claim- 
ant : the verb is referred by some to L. vim 
dicare, to assert one's power.] [pp. vindicating, 
vindicated.] To defend with success; to justify ; 
to support; to maintain; to clear. 

Vin-di-ca'tion, n. [L. vindicatio.] A defence; a 
justification. [vindicate. 

Vln'di-ca-tive, or Vin-dic'a-tive, a. Tending to 

Vin'di-ca-tor, n. [Late L.] One who vindicates. 

Vln'dj-ca-to-ry, a. Vindicative. 

Vin-dic'tive, a. [L. vindicta, revenge, vengeance, 
defeucej protection ; vindicare, to avenge.] Given 
to revenge ; revengeful. 

Vin-dic'tive-ly, ad. In a vindictive manner. 

Vin-dic'tive-ness, it. A revengeful temper. 

Vine, n. [Fr. vigne; L. vinea, a vineyard ; vinum, 
wine (q. ».).] The plant that bears the grape: 
— any plant that trails on the ground, or climbs. 

Vin'e-gar, «. [Fr. vinaigre ; vin, wine, and aigre, 
sharp.— See Eager.] An acid liquor. 

Vi'ne-ry, n - ■&■ place for grape-vines ; a grapery. 

Vine'yard, v. [Vine and Yard.] A ground 
planted with vines. [ing the qualities of wine. 

Vi'nous, a. [L. vinosus; vinum, wine (7. v.).] Hav- 

Vin'tage, n. [0. E. ventage; Fr. vendange; L. vin- 
demia ; vinum, wine, and demere, to take away ; 
de, away, and em ere, to procure.] The time of 
gathering grapes or making wine; tbe yearly 
produce of the vineyard, in grapes, or wine, or 
both together. 

Vin'taf-er, n. One who gathers the vintage. 

Vin'tag^-ing-, n. The gathering of the vintage. 

Vint'ner, n. [0. Fr. vinetier ; Late L. vinetarius; 
L. vinetum, a vineyard; vinum, wine (q. v.).] 
One who sells wine. 



Vl'ny, a. Belonging to, or yielding, vines. 

Vi'ol, n. [Fr. viole ; It. violo ; Late L. vilula, ridula, 
a viol ; L. vitulari, to make merry; probably in- 
fluenced by, or perhaps really derived fromj the 
words cited under Fiddle (q. ».).] A stringed 
instrument of music. 

Vi-o'la, n. [It.] A sort of large violin. 

Vi'o-la-ble, a. That may he violated or hurt. 

Vl-o-la'ceous (vi-o-ki'shus), a. Like violets. 

Vi'o-late, v. a. [L. violare, violation ; vis, force.] 
[pp. violating, violated.] To treat with irrev- 
erence; to hurt; to transgress; to infringe; to 
break; to injure: — to pollute; to deflower; to 
ravish. [breach. 

Vi-o-la'tion, n. [L. violatio.] The act of violating; 

Vi'o-la-tive, a. Tending to, or causing, violation. 

Vi'o-lartor, n. [L.] One who violates or injures. 

Vi'c-lence, n. [L. violent ia.] A violent act; unjust 
force; an attack; outrage; vehemence; injury. 

Vi'o-lent, a. [L. violenlus; vis, vi, foi-ce.] Acting 
or done with violence; forcible; vehement; not 
natural ; extorted. 

Vi'o-lent-ly, ad. With force ; vehemently. 

Vi'o-let, n. ' [Fr. violet; L. viola.— Cf. Gr. lov, a 
violet.] A plant and its flower : — a color. — 2, a. 
Of the color of the violet. 

Vl-o-lm', n. [It. violino, dim. of violo, a viol.] A 
stringed instrument; a fiddle. 

Vl-o-lin'ist, ». One who plays on the violin. 

Vi-o-lon-cel'list, ». A player on the violoncello. 

Vi-o-lon-cel'lo (ve-o-lon-chel'lo or ve-o-lon-sel'lo), 
n. [It.-; dim. of violone, a bass-viol : the latter 
an augmentative form of violo, a viol.] A kind 
of bass violin, with four strings. 

Vi'per, n. [L. viperq, a viper; for vivipara, bring- 
ing forth living young.— See Viviparous.] A 
venomous serpent. [viper. 

Vi'per-ine, a. [L. viperinvs.] Belonging to a 

Vi'per-ous, a. Having tLe qualities of a viper : — 
malignant. 

Vi-ra'go, or Vi-ra'go, n. [L. virago, a man-like 
woman; trim" (rare), a woman; v'ir, a man; the 
ending -ago implies resemblance.] A female 
warrior ; a turbulent woman ; a termagant. 

Vir'e-lay, n. [Fr. virelai; virer, to turn, to veer, 
and lai, a lay.] A species of poem :— a lay or 
song having two rhymes and a refrain. 

Vi-res'cent, a. [L. virescere, virescenlis, to become 
green:' inceptive of virere, to be green. — See 
Verdant.] (Bot.) Green ; flourishing. 

Vi'r'fin, n. [L.'trirgro, virginis: root vara-, to grow.] 
A maid ; a woman not a mother. — 2, a. Befit- 
ting a virgin; maidenly; pure. 

Vir'gHn-al, a. [L. virginal is.— See Virgin.] Maid- 
enly ; relating to a virgin. — 2, n. A musical in- 
strument, [of a virgin; maidenhood. 

Vir-gin'i-ty, n. [L. virginitas ; Fr. virginite.] State 

Vir-i-des'cence, n. The act of growing green. 

Vir-i-des'cent, «. [L. viridescere, viridescenlis, fre- 
quentative of viridere, to make or to become 
green ; viridis, green.] Growing green. 

Vi-rid'i-ty, n. [L. viriditas ; viridis, green.] Green- 
ness;' verdure. 

Vi'rile, Vir'ile. or Vir'Ile, a. [L. virilis ; vir, a 
man. — Cf. Irish fear, A.-S. wer, Goth, wair, a 
man.] Belonging to man; manly; bold; mas- 
culine; pertaining to the male sex. 

Vi-ril'j-ty, n. [Fr. virilitc; L. virilitas.] Man- 
hood'; the quality of man. 

Vir-tu', n. [It. virtu, vertu, excellence, merit, 
virtue (7. r.).] A love of the fine arts; a taste 
for curiosities : — curiosities ; objects of art. . 

Vi'rt'u-al (virt'ya-al), a. [Fr. virtuel. — ^ee Vir- 
tue.] ' Being in essence or effect, though not in 
fact; effectual; efficacious. 

V'irt'u-al-ly. ad. In effect, or efficaciously. 

V'irt'ue'(vi'rt'yu), n. [Fr. vertu, goodness; L. vir- 
tus, excellence, valor, manliness; vir, a man.] 
Moral goodness, opposed to vice ; right principle ; 
right conduct; moral excellence; probity; up- 
rightness: — efficacy; power: — valor; courage. 



e, 1, o, u, y, 



; a, e, 1, 0, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



VIRTUOSO 



571 



VOCAL 



Vi'r-tu-o'so, n. [It.— See Virtu.] It. pi. Vlr-tu- 
6' si; Eng. Vi'rt-u-o'sos. A man skilled in the 
polite or elegant arts, or in curiosities. 

Virt'u-ous (v'irt'yu-us), a. [Fr. vertueux; Late L. 
virtnosus.] Partaking of virtue; morally good; 
upright; honest; equitable. 

Virt'u-ous-ly, ad. In a virtuous manner. 

Vlr'u-lence, n. [L. virvlentia.] Malignity; acri- 
mony ; hate ; venom : — poisonous quality. 

Vlr'u-lent, a. [L. virulenlus, venomous; virus, 
poison.] Venomous; bitter: malignant. 

Vir'ii-lent-ly, ad. With virulence. 

Vi'rus, n. [L.— Cf. Gr. Los, Skr. visha, Hind, bish, 
poison.] Purulent matter; poison. 

Vis, n. [L.] Force; power:— violence. 

Vi§'a| , e, n. [Fr. ; vis, the face; L. visus, a look; 
videre, visum, to see.] The face ; the countenance. 

Vls'afed (vlz'ajd), a. Having a face or visage. 

Vis-a-vis (vlz'a-ve'), «. [Fr.] A carriage which 
holds two persons, who sit face to face. 

Vis'ce-ra, n. pi. [L. ; pi. of viscus.] (Anat.) The 
entrails : — internal organs. 

Vis'cid, a. [It. viscidvus, sticky; viscus, birdlime, 
mistletoe.] Glutinous; tenacious; ropy, vis- 
cous; clammy. [tinousness; tenacity. 

Vis-cid'i-ty, n. [Fr. viicidile.—See Viscid.] Glu- 

Vis-cos'i-ty, n. [Fr. viscosite.— See Viscous.] Glu- 
tinoushess; tenacity. 

Vis'cbunt (vl'kodnt), n. [Fr. vicomte. — See Vice- 
and Count.] A nobleman of a degree next below 
that of an earl or a count. [count. 

Vis'cbunt-ess ( vl'kbunt-es), n. The wife of a vis- 

Vis'cous, a, [It. viscosus.—See Viscid.] Gluti- 
nous; tenacious; viscid. 

Vis'cus, )*. [L.] An internal organ of the body. 
— pi. Vis'ce-ra, which see. 

Vise, n. A griping machine or press. See Vice. 

Vise (ve'za), v. a. [Fr. ; riser, to sign, to sight, to 
aim; L. visere, to survey; videre, visum, to see.] 
[pp. viseing, vised.] To examine and officially 
endorse. — 2, n. An official endorsement. 

Vis'i-ble, a. [L. visibilis, that may be seen ; videre, 
visum, to see.] That may be seen; perceptible 
by the eye; apparent; manifest ; discernible. ' 

Vis'i-bly, ad. In a visible manner. 

VI sion (vizh'un), n. [L. visio; videre, visum, to 
see.j The act or faculty of seeing; sight: — a 
supernatural appearauce; apparition; a spectre; 
phantom : — dream. 

Vi"sion-a-ry. (vizh'un-a-re), a. Affected by phan- 
toms; fanciful; imaginary ; not real. — 2, n. One 
who forms idle or fantastic projects ; a wild 
schemer; an enthusiast: 

Vis'it, v. a. [Fr. visiter; L. visitare, frequentative 
of visere, to survey ; intensive of videre, visum, to 
see.] [pp. visiting, visited.] To go to see; to 
come to; to attend: — to punish : — to inflict: — to 
afflict. — 2, v. n. To practise going to see others. 
— 3, n. The act of going to see another ; a call. 

Vis'it-ant, n. [L. visitant, visiting.— See Visit.] 
One who goes to see another. 

Vis-i-ta'tion, >i. [L. visitatio.] The act of visit- 
ing :— infliction.— (Law.) The act of making a 
judicial examination. 

Vis'it-ing, n. The act of visiting; a visitation. 

Vis'it-or, n. [Fr. visiieur; L. visitator.] One who 
visits; a visitant :— one who regulates disorders; 
an iiispector. 

Vis'or, n. [Fr. visiere ; from vis, the face. — See 
Visage.] A mask ; disguise ; the perforated part 
of a helmet: — written also vizor and vizard. 

Vis'ta, n. ; pi. Vis'tas. [It.; from visto, seen; 
vedere, L. videre, to see.] A view : — a prospect 
or a walk through an avenue, as of trees. 

Vis'i-al (vizh'yu-al), a. [L. visualis; visus, the 
sight.— See Vision.] Relating to the sight. 

Vi'tal, a. [L. vittdis; vita, life; virere, to live.] 
Relating to life; living; containing or support- 
ing life; necessary to life; essential. 

Vi-tal'i-ty, n. [L. vitalitas.] The power of sub- 
sisting in life. 



Vi'tal-ize, v. a. [pp. vitalizing, vitalized.] To 
make vital or alive. 

Vi'tal-ly, ad. In a vital manner. 

Vi'tals, n. pi. The parts essential to life. 

Vi'tel-la-ry, or Vit'el-la-ry. n. The place where 
the yolk of the egg swims in the white. 

Vi-tel'lus, n. [L. for "a calf," — also "the yolk;" 
dim. of Vilnius, a calf.— Cf. Gr. itoAos, a bullock.] 
The yolk of an egg. 

Vi"ti-ate (vish'e-at), v. a. [L. vitiare, vitialum, to 
corrupt; vitium, a fault, a vice (q. v.).] [pp. 
vitiating, vitiated.] To make vicious or corrupt ; 
to deprave ; to contaminate. [ravation. 

Vi-ti-a'tion (vish-e-a'shun), n. [L. viliatio.] Dep- 

Vit're-ous, a. [L. vilreus; vilrum, glass; root of 
videre, to see.] Glassy ; resembling glass. 

Vit're-ous-ness, «. State of being vitreous. 

Vi-tres'cent, a. Tending to become glass. 

Vit-ri-f ac'tion, n. The act of vitrifying. 

Vit'ri-f I-a-bie, a. That may be vitrified. 

Vlt-ri-fi-ca'tion, «. Vitrifaction. 

Vit'ri-fbrm, a'. Having the form of glass. 

Vit'rj-fy, v. a. [Fr. vitrijier ; L. vUruvt, glass, and 
facere, to make.] [ pp. vitrifying, vitrified.] To 
change or convert into glass. — 2, v. n. To be- 
come glass, or vitreous. 

Vit'ri-ol, ». [Fr. vitriol, copperas; L. vilreolus, 
glas-y. — See Vitreous.] A compound mineral 
salt; copperas; a sulphate of iron or copper. 

Vit-ri-ol'ic, o. Containing vitriol. 

Vit'u-line. a. [L. <uvlinus.—See Veal.] Relating 
to a calf or to veal. 

Vi-tu'per-ate, or, Vi-tu'per-ate, v. a. [L. viiupe- 
rare, vituperatwm, to revile, to blame: vitium, 
vice, a fault, and parare, to contrive, to provide.] 
[pp. vituperating, vituperated.] To blame; to 
censure; to vilify; to reproach. [sure. 

Vi-tu-per-a'tion, n. [L. vituperatio.'] Abusive cen- 

Vj-tu'per-a-tive, a. Containing censure. 

Vi-va'cious (ve-va'sbus), o. [L. vivax, vivacis, 
lively; vivere, to live; vivus, alive.] Gay; ac- 
tive; lively. ^ 

Vi-va^'i-ty, or Vi-vac'i-ty, n. [L. vivacitas; Fr. 
vivncil'.'.] Quality of being vivacious; anima- 
tion; spirit; liveliness; sprightliuess. 

Vi-va'ri-fim, h. [L. ; from vivus, alive.] A place 
for keeping live animals. 

Viv'id, «. [L. vividus, animated; vivus, alive.] 
Lively; quick: sprightly; active. 

Viv'id-ly, ad. With life; with quickness. 

Viv'id-ness, u. Life; vigor; quickness. 

Vi-vific, a. [L. viviiicus ; vivus, alive, and facere, 
to make.] Giving life. 

Viv-i-fi-ca'tion, n. [L. vivificalio.] The act of 
giving or restoring life. 

Viv'i-fy, v. a. [L. viviricare.—See Vivific] [pp. 
vivifying, vivified.] To make alive; to animate. 

Vi-vip'a-rous, a. [L. viviparus; virus, alive, and 
parere, to bring forth.] Bringing forth young 
alive ; not laying eggs to be hatched. 

Viv-i-sec'tion. ». [L. vivus, alive, and sectio, a 
cutting.] The act or practice of dissecting or 
opening living animals. 

Vix'en (vik'su), n. [Ger. fiichsin, fern, of fuels, a 
fox.] The cub of a fox ; a she-fox : — a turbulent 
woman ; a scold ; a termagant. 

Viz., ad. [A contraction of videlicet.] Namely. 

Viz'ard, n. [See Visor.] A vizor; a mask. 

Viz'ier (viz'yer or viz'yer), w. [Arab, inr.ir, a 
vicegerent, a bearer, a porter; wazara, to carry.] 
A Turkish minister of state. 

Vo'ca-ble. n. [Fr. vocable, L. vocabulum, a name; 
vocare, to call; vox, a voice (q. v.).] A word; a 
name ; a term. 

Vo-cab'u-la-ry, n. [Fr. vocabidaire ; Late L. vo- 
cabularium. — See Vocable.] A list of words in 
alphabetical order; a nomenclature; a dictionary. 

Vo'cal. a. [L. vocal is ; vox, voci», a voice (q. v.).] 
Having a voice; uttered by the voice; oral: — 
noting a peculiar sound, as of z or v as distin- 
guished from s or/. 



mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 9, 9, §, soft; p, £, p, §, hard; § as z ; $ is gz ; this. 



VOCALIST 



572 



VOUCHSAFE 



Vo'cal-ist, n. A vocal musician; a singer. 

Vo-cal-i-za'tion, w. The act of vocalizing. 

Vb'cal-ize, v. a. [Fr. voculiser.] [pp. vocalizing, 
vocalized.] To make vocal ; to articulate. 

Vo'cal-ly, ad. By the voice ; articulately. 

Vo-ca'tion, n. [L. vocatio, a call ; vocare, to call ; 
vox, a voice.] A calliug; a trade; a business. 

Voc'a-tive, a. [L. vocativus; vocare, to call.] De- 
noting a grammatical case. 

Vo-cif'er-ate, v. n. [L. vociferare, vociferatum, to 
cry out; vox, vocis, the voice, and /we, to carry.] 
[pp. vociferating, vociferated.] To clamor; to 
make outcries; to call aloud; to halloo. 

Vo-cif-er-a'tion, n. [L. vociferatio.] A clamor; 
an outcry. 

Vo-cif er-ous, a. Clamorous; noisy; loud. 

Vogue (vog), n. [Fr. vogue, favor, currency, pas- 
sage ; voguer, to sail, to go ; It. voga, Sp. boga, 
the act of rowing. — Cf. Ger. wogen, to move.] 
Fashion ; mode ; repute. 

Voice (vols), n. [L. vox, vocis. — Cf. Skr. vach, to 
speak.] Sound emitted by the mouth : — choice 
or opinion expressed; a vote ; suffrage. — (Grant.) 
The distinction between the active and passive- 
forms of verbs. — 2, v. a. [ pp. voicing, voiced.] 
To give utterance to : — to attune. 

Voice' less, a. Having no voice. 

Void, a'. [Fr. vide ; 0. Fr. voide ; from L. viduus, 
bereft. — See Widow.] Empty; vain; null; in- 
effectual; devoid; free; destitute; unoccupied; 
unreal. — 2, it. An empty space; vacuum; va- 
cancy. — 3, v. a. [pp. voiding, voided.] To quit; 
to emit; to vacate ; to annul. 

Vbid'a-ble, a. That may be voided or annulled. 

Void'ance, n. An emptying ; vacancy. 

Vbid'er, n. He who or that which voids : — a tray 
used to empty a table ; a basket. 

Vo'lant, a. [L. volare, volautis, to fly.] Flying:— 
nimble; active. 

Vol'a-tile [vol'a-tll, Ja. N. ft], a. [L. volatilis ; 
volare, to fly.] Flying; lively; fickle; airy; 
passing off by evaporation ; evaporating. 

Vol'a-tile-ness, \ n. Quality of being volatile ; 

Vol-a-til'i-ty., J airine-s; fickleness. 

Vol-a-til-'i-za'tion, n. The act of making volatile. 

Vol'a-til-ize, v. 'a. [Fr. volatiliser.} [pp. volatil- 
izing,' volatilized.] To make volatile ; to subtil- 
ize to a high degree. 

Vol-can'ic, a. Relating to volcanoes ; produced, 
formedj or affected by a volcano. 

Vol-ca'no, n. ; pi. Vol-ca'noes. [It. volcano; from 
'L. Vulcanus, Vulcan, the god of fire.— Cf. Skr. 
vllca, a firebrand.] A mouutain having internal 
fire, and ejecting fire, smoke, and lava. 

Vole, n. [Fr. vole ; voter, to steal ; L. involare, to 
seize, — literally, to fly at.] A deal at cards that 
draws all the tricks : — [perhaps from wold, a 
field] a field-rat : — a water-rat. 

Vo-li"tion (vo-lish'un), n. [Late L. volitio ; L. 
velle, volui, to wish."] The act of willing ; power 
of willing; choice. 

Vo-li"tion-al, a. Relating to, or springing from, 
volition oi- the will ; associated with, or charac- 
terized by, volition. 

Vol'ley (vol'le), n. [Fr. voice, a flight; L. volare, 
to fly.] A flight of shot; a burst; a simultane- 
ous discharge.— 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. volleying, 
volleyed.] To throw out ; to discharge. 

Volt, n. [From Volta (1745-1826), a physicist.] 
The unit of electro-motive force or of tension : 
— [see Vault] a leap to one side. 

Vol-ta'ic, a. Relating to Volta or voltaism. 

Vol'ta-ism, n. Voltaic electricity ; galvanism. 

Vol-ti-geiir' (vol-te-zhiir'), n. [Fr.] A light horse- 
man, or dragoon. 

Vol-u-bil'i-ty, n. [L. volubilitas.] State of being 
voluble ; fluency of speech : — mutability. 

Vol'u-ble, a. [L. volubilis, easily turned or rolled ; 
volvere, volutum, to turn.] Rolling ; active : — 
fluent of words. 

Vol'u-bly, ad. In a voluble manner. 



Vol'ume (vol'yum), n. [L. volumen, a roll ; volvere, 
volutum, to roll.] Something rolled or convolved ; 
a single fold; a roll:— a book; a tome:— dimen- 
sion; compass; bulk; size.— (Mus.) Compass of 
voice ; tone ; power. 

Vol-u-met'ric, a. [Volume and Metric] Per- 
taining to," or performed by, measured volumes. 

Vo-lii'mi-nous, a. [L. voluminosus, full of turns 
or rolls.] Consisting of many volumes or rolls ; 
copious ; diffusive. 

Vo-lu'mi-nous-ly, ad. In many volumes. 

Vo-lu'mi-nous-ness, n. State of being volumi- 
nous ; copiousness. 

Vol'un-ta-ri-ly, ad. In a voluntary manner. 

Vol'un-ta-ry, a. [Fr. voloutaire; L. voluutarim ; 
\oluntas, will; velle, volui, to wish.] Acting by 
choice ; of one's own accord ; willing ; sponta- 
neous.— 2, n. An air or piece of music played 
at will : — a volunteer. 

Vol-un-teer', n. [Fr. voloutaire. — See Voluntary.] 
A soldier, or one who serves of his own accord ; 
a voluntary agent.— 2, v. a. [pp. volunteering, 
volunteered.] To offer voluntarily. — 3, v. n. To 
act or serve as a volunteer; to act voluntarily. 

Vo-lupt'u-a-ry, n. [L. roluptuarius. — See Volupt- 
uous.] A* man given up to pleasure and luxury; 
a sensualist ; an epicure. 

Vo-lupt'u-ous, a. [Fr. voluptueux; L. voluptuosus; 
volup, pleasurably ; voluptas, pleasure ; velle, volui, 
to desire.] Addicted to sensual pleasures ; luxu- 
rious; epicurean. 

Vo-lupt'u-ous-ly, ad. In a voluptuous manner. 

Vo-lupt'u-ous-ness, n. Luxuriousness. 

Vo-lute' [vol'yut, Ja. N. C], n. [L. volvere, wlv,- 
tum, to roll ; voluta, a volute.] (Arch.) A mem- 
ber or scroll of a column. — (Conch.) The shell 
of certain mollusks. 

Vom'it, v. a. & v. n. [L. vomere, vomitum, Skr. 
vain, to vomit.] [pp. vomiting, vomited.] To 
throw up or eject from the stomach; to eject 
matter. — 2, n. Matter thrown up or ejected from 
the stomach : — a substance that produces vomit- 
ing; an emetic. — Black vomit, the yellow fever. 

Vp-mi'to, n. [Sp.] The yellow fever. 

Vom'i-to-ry, a. [L. voviitorius.] Procuring vom- 
its ;'ehietic. — 2, n. [L. vomitoria (pi.).] A door 
or gate serving as an outlet to a public build- 
ing : — an emetic. 

Vo-ra'cious (vo-ra'shus), a. [L. vorax, voracis; 
'vorare, to devour.] Greedy to eat; very hungry ; 
ravenous ; rapacious. 

Vo-ra'cious-ly, ad. Greedily; ravenously. 

Vo-ra'cioiis-ness, n. Greeuiness; voracity. 

Vo-rag'i-ty, n. [L. voracitas; Fr. voracite.] Greedi- 
ness ; rapacious n ess ; ravenousness ; edacity ; vo- 
raciousness ; avidity. 

Vbr'tex, n. [L. ; from vertere, to turn.] L. pi. 
Vbr'ti-ces; Eng. Vor'tex-es. A fluid having 
a whirling motion ; a whirlpool ; the hollow 
part of a whirlpool ; a whirl : — a whirlwind. 

Vor'ti-cal, a. Whirling; turning. 

Vo'ta-ress, n. A female votary. 

Vo'ta-ry, n. [L. voium, a vow (q. v.).] One de- 
voted to any pursuit. — 2, a. Consequent to a 
vow; devoted; votive. 

Vote, n. [L. votum, a wish, a vow (q. v.).] A wish 
expressed; a suffrage; a ballot; a voice given at 
an election.— 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. voting, voted.] 
To choose by suffrage; to ballot. 

Vot'er, n. One who has a light to vote. 

Vo'tive, a. [L. votivus.] Given by vow ; devoted. 

Vouch, v. a. [0. Fr. voucher, to vouch, to cite, to 
summon ; L. vocare, to call. — See Voice.] [pp. 
vouching, vouched.] To warrant; to attest; to de- 
clare. — 2, v. n. To bear witness ; to testify. — 3, n. 
Warrant; attestation. [his warranty or title. 

Vbuch-ee', n. (Law.) One who is called to support 

Vbuch'er, n. He who or that which witnesses. 

Vbuch-safe', v. a. [Vouch, to warrant, and Safe.] 
[pp. vouchsafing, vouchsafed.] To condescend 
to grant. — 2, v. n. To deign ; to condescend. 



a, e, i, o, u 



y, long; a., e, i, 6, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



VOUSSOIK 



573 



WAINSCOTING 



Voussoir (vo-swar), n. [Fr.] A stone in an arch. 

Vow, n. [Fr. voeu, L. votum, a vow; vovere, votum, 
to vow.] A solemn act of devotion or consecra- 
tion ; a religious promise; a solemn promise. — 
2, v. a. [pp. vowing, vowed.] To consecrate ; 
to devote sacredly. — 3, v. n. To make vows or 
solemn promises. 

VS'w'el, n. [Fr. voyelle ; L. vocalis, vocal (q. v.).] 
A le'tter which can he uttered by itself or alone ; 
as, a, e, i, o, u. 

Voy'age, ». [Fr. voyage; It. viaggio; Sp. viage ; 
L. viaticum, belonging to a journey ; via, a way.] 
A passage by sea. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. voy- 
aging, voyaged.] To travel by sea; to pass. 

Voy'a-ger, n. One who travels by sea. 

Voyageur (vwa-ya-zhur), v. [Fr. ; voyager, to 
travel.] A Canadian boatman. 

Vraisemblance (vra-zon-bloiis), n. [Fr.] Ap- 
pearance of truth ; probability; likelihood. 

Vul'can-Ite, n. A mixture of caoutchouc and sul- 
phur rendered hard by vulcanization. 

Vul-can-i-za'tion, n. The art or process of com- 
bining caoutchouc with sulphur. 

Vul'can-ize, v. a. [From Vulcan, the Roman god 
of fire.] [»». vulcanizing, vulcanized.] To 
subject to vulcanization ; to combine caoutchouc 
with sulphur by heat. 

Vul'gar, a. [Fr. vulgaire; L. vulgaris; vulgvs, the 
multitude. — Cf. Skr. varga, a troop.] Common ; 



ordinary ; mean ; low ; rustic ; plebeian ; boorish. 
— 2, n. The common people; populace. 

Vul-ga'ri-an, n. A vulgar person. 

Vul'gar-ism, n. A vulgar phrase or expression. 

Vul-gar'i-ty, n. [Fr. vulgarite, vulgarity ; L. vul- 
gurilas, the vulgar herd.] Quality of being vul- 
gar ; meanness ; grossness ; rudeness of manners. 

Vul'gar-Ize, v. a. & v. n. [pp. vulgarizing, vul- 
garized.] To make or grow vulgar. 

Vul'gar-ly, ad. Commonly ; rudely. 

Vul'gate, n. [L. vulgare, vulyatum (part. fem. vul- 
gata), to publish, to make common ; vulgus, the 
common people.] An ancient Latin version of 
the Bible. 

Vul-ner-a-bil'i-ty, \n. The state of being vul- 

Vul'ner-a-ble-ness, f nerable. 

Vul'ner-a-ble, a. [L. vulnerabilis ; vulnerare, to 
wound ; vulnus, vulneris, a wound ; vellere, vulsum, 
to tear.] That may be wounded. 

Vul'ner-a-ry, a. [L. vulnerarms ; vulnus, a wound.] 
Useful in curing wounds. — 2, n. A medicine for 
a wound. 

Vul'pine [vul'pln, 5. E. Ja. K. C], a. [L. vul- 
pimis; vulpes, a fox.] Belonging to a fox; like 
a fox ; crafty. 

Vult'ure (vult'yur), n. [L. vultura; vellere, vulsum, 
to tear.] A large bird of prey. [vulture. 

Vult'u-rine, a. [L. vuliurinus.] Belonging to a 

Vult'u-rous, a. Like a vulture ; vulturish. 



w. 



Wis a consonant at the beginning of words and 
syllables ; but in diphthongs it is used as a 
vowel for u; as in view, xtrew. 

Wab'ble (wob'bl), v. n. [Cf. Low Ger. quabbeln, 
to palpitate ; Welsh chwap, to strike ; also Hob- 
ble.] [pp. wabbling, wabbled.] To move from 
side to side ; to waddle ; to waggle ; to totter. — 
2, n. A hobbling motion. 

Wad (wod), n. [Sw. vadd, Ger. watte, Dan. vat, 
Fr. ouate, Sp. huata, wadding.] A little mass of 
tow, paper, &c. :— a mineral ; oxide of manga- 
nese. — 2, v. a. [pp. wadding, wadded.] To stuff 
■with wadding. 

Wad'ding (wod'ding), n. A soft stuff used for 
stuffing garments; any thing stuffed in. 

Wad' die (wod'dl), v. n. [A frequentative of Wade.] 
[pp. waddling, waddled.] To walk like a duck. 

Wade, v. n. & v. a. [A.-S. ivadan; Dut. waden ; 
Dan. vade; allied to L. vadum, a shallow, and 
vadere, to go.] [pp. wading, waded.] To walk 
through water. — 2, n. An act of wading. 

Wad'er, n. One that wades : — a wading bird. 

Wadi,' or Wady (wii'de or wod'e), n. [Arab.] A 
dry watercourse ; a valley. [Oriental.] 

Wa'fer, n. [Fr. gaufre, 0. Fr. waufre, a honey- 
comb, a waffle (</. v.).] A thin cake ; the bread 
given in the eucharist: — a paste for sealing 
letters. 

Waffle (wof'fl), n. [Dut. toafel, Ger. waffel, Dan. 
vajj'el, a waffle, a wafer ; Fr. gaufre, a honey- 
comb, a wafer. — Cf. Ger. wabe, a honey-comb : 
root of Web.] A sort of thin cake. 

Waft, v. a. [A variant of Wave.] [pp. wafting, 
wafted.] To carry through the air or on the 
water; to make to float; to buoy. — 2, v. n. To 
float; to swim; to fly. — 3, n. A floating body : 
— the motion of a streamer: — a signal flag. 

Wag, v. a. [0. Sw. wagga, to shake ; A.-S. wagian, 
to move.] [pp. wagging, wagged.] To move 
lightly; to shake slightly.— 2, v. n. To be in 
motion ; to go away. — 3, n. [Probably for wag- 
halter, a rogue or gallows-bird. ] One full of low 
humor ; a humorist : — a wagging motion. 

Wa|-e, v. a. [0. Fr. wage, gage, a pledge, guarantee, 



stipulation, hire; wager, gager, to pledge; Lato 
L. vadium, Goth, wadi, L. i>os, vadis, a pledge. J 
[pp. waging, waged.] To make; to carry on ; to 
stake. — 2, u. Wages; hire. 

Wa'ger, n. [0. Fr. wager, gager, Late L. vadiare, 
Goth, gawadjaii, to pledge. — See Wage.] A bet ; 
a pledge; any thing pledged : — an offer to make 
oath. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. wagering, wagered.] 
To lay ; to pledge as a bet. 

Wa'&er-er, n. One who wagers. 

Wa'ges, u. pi. Hire or reward paid for services. 

Wag'|er-y, n. [See Wag. n.] Sportive merriment. 

Wag'gish, a. Merrily mischievous; frolicsome. 

Wag'fish-ly, ad. In a waggish manner. 

Wag'|ish-ne6S, n. Merry mischief; drollery. 

Wag'gie (wag'gl), v. a. [Frequentative of Wag.] 
[jjp. waggling, waggled.] To cause to move rap- 
idly from side to side ; to wag. — 2, v. n. To move 
from side to side. 

Wag'on, \ n. [A.-S. waegn, ?«ri?, Dut. wagen, a 

Wag'gon, j wain (g. ».).] A heavy, four-wheeled 
carriage, for the conveyance of heavy goods. 

Wag'on-er, n. One who drives a wagon. 

Wag'tail", n. A bird allied to the robin. 

Waif. v. [0. Norman Fr. icaif, gaif; root of Icel. 
veifa, Norw. veiva, to flap, to swing.— See Waive.] 
(Law.) Any thing relinquished ; goods found, 
but claimed bv nobody : — a wanderer : — a found- 
ling. 

Wail, v. a. [Icel. vsela, vala, vola. — Cf. It. guajo- 
lare, guaire, to wail; guai, Goth, wai, woe (q. v.).] 
[pp. wailing, wailed.] To bewail. — 2, v. n. To 
grieve. — 3, ». Audible sorrow ; lamentation. 

Wail'ing, n. Lamentation ; audible sorrow. 

Wain, n. [A.-S. waegn, wsen: Dut. wagen ; Dan. 
vogn ; Ger. wagen ; root of L. vehere, Skr. vaha, 
to carry.] A carriage ; a sort of wagon. 

Wain'scot [wen'skot, S. W. J. F. Sm.], n. [Dut. 
wageschot, wagenscliot, wandschot ; Low Ger. wagen- 
schot; 0. Dut. ireegheschot ; wseg, a wall, and schot, 
a covering.] The inner wooden covering of the 
wall of a room. — 2, v. a. [ pp. wainscoting, wain- 
scoted.] To line walls with boards. 

Wain'scot-ing, n. The same as Wainscot. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, c, g, soft; p, £}, p, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tfiis. 



WAIST 



574 



WAKDEN 



Waist, n. [Cf. A.-S. wsesim, growth, shape. — Cf. 
Wax, to grow.] The narrowest part of the body. 

Waist' band, w. That part of the breeches or pan- 
taloons' which encircles the waist. 

Waist'coat (was'kot or wes'kot), n. A close inner 
coat ; a part of a man's dress. 

Wait, v. n. [0. Fr. waiter, waitier, gaiter, guetter, 
to watch ; waite, gaite, guet, a sentinel, a watch ; 
Ger. loacht, a guard. — See Watch and Wake.] 
[pp. waiting, waited.] To expect; to stay; to 
remain. — 2, v. a. To expect; to stay for; to at- 
tend. — 3, «. Ambush ; as, to lie in wait. 

Wait'er, n. One who waits : — a tray ; a salver. 

Waits', «. pi. Nocturnal, itinerant musicians. - 

Waive, v. a. [0. Fr. waiver, guesver, to resign ; 
Late L. waviare ; root of Waif, and of 0. Ger. 
waiben, to fluctuate.] [pp. waiving, waived.] To 
put off; to defer : — not to insist on. See Wave. 

Waiv'er, n. An act of declining or putting off. 

Wake, v. n. [A.-S. wacan, to arise ; waciav, to wake, 
to watch ; Goth, wakan ; Dut. waken; Dan. vauge ; 
Ger. wachen.] [pp. waking, waked.] To cease to 
sleep ; to awake. — 2, v. a. To rouse from sleep ; 
to awake. — 3, n. A feast for the dedication of a 
church : — a watching of a corpse in the night; 
vigil : — [0. & Local Eng. wake, a hole in ice ; 
Icel. vok, Norw. colt, Sw. vak, I)an. vauge, a hole 
in ice, a ship's course through broken ice] the 
track of a ship in water. 

Wake'ful, a. Not sleeping; vigilant. 

Wake'ful-ness, h. Forbearance of sleep. 

Wak'en (wa'kn), v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. wsecnan; 
Sw. vacua; Dan. vaagne; Goth, gawaknan. — See 
Wake.] [pp. wakening, wakened.] To rouse; 
to wake. 

Wake'rob-in, ». A plant and its flower. 

Wak'ing, n. The act of one that wakes. — 2, p. a. 
Being awake ; not sleeping. 

Wale, n. [A.-S. "mlu, a weal ; 0. Fris. wain, a 
rod; Fris. wool-, xcel. voir, Goth, walus, a round 
stick.] A ridge ; mark of a stripe ; weal : — a 
plank extending along the sides of a ship. — 2, 
v. a. [pp. waling, waled.] To mark with wales. 

Walk (wawk), v. n. [A.-S. wealcan, to roll, to 
move, to full cloth ; Icel. valka,to roll ; remotely 
from the root of L. where, to roll. — See Walk- 
er.] [pp. walking, walked.] To go on foot; to 
move by steps ; to travel slowly ; to proceed ; to 
behave. — 2, v. a. To pass through ; to lead. — 
3, n. The act of walking ; gait ; space for walk- 
ing ; promeuade : — conduct. 

Walk'er (wawk'er), n. [A.-S. wealcere, Ger. walker, 
a fuller; Ger. walken, Dan. ralke, :Sw . valka, to 
full.— Cf. Walk, and Skr. vol, to' move.] One 
who walks: — a fulling-mill; a fuller. — (Law.) 
A forester. 

Wall, 11. [L. vallum, a rampart, — whence Welsh 
gual, Dut. wal, Ger. wall. — Cf. L. rullxs, a stake.] 
A continuous structure of brick or stone raised 
upward as a division, protection, or defence; a 
stone or brick fence; a defence :— the side of a 
building or of a room. — 2, v. a. [pp. walling, 
walled.] To enclose with a wall ; to defend. 

Wal'let (wol'let), n. [Conjectured to l.e for wattle, 
in it's old sense of a bag; this might contract 
into wall, of which wallet'is the regular diminu- 
tive. — See Wattle.] A bag; a knapsack. 

Wall'-eye (wal'i), n. A whitish eye. 

Wall' -eyed (wal'Id), a. Having white eyes. 

Wall'flow-er, it. [It often grows on old walls.] 
An ornamental, evergreen plant: — a species of 
stock-gillyflower :— a lady who at a ball is left 
unasked to dance. 

Wall' -fruit, n. Fruit planted against a wall. 

Wal-186n',». [Akin to A.-S. wealh, 0. Ger. walah, 
foreign. — Cf. Welsh and Wallachian.] A 
member of the non-Germanic race in the Low 
Countries: — the language of that race. 

Wal'lop (woTlup), v. a. [A.-S. weallen, to boil; 
Skr.'iv;/, to move to and fro : L. volvere, to roll.] 
[pp. walloping, walloped.] To boil: — to beat. 



Wal'low (woTlo), v. n. [A.-S. wealwian, Goth. 
walnyan, L. volvere, to roll.] [pp. wallowing, 
wallowed.] To roll in mire, &c— 2, n. A kind 
of rolling walk. 

Wal'nut, n. [A.-S. wealh, foreign, and hnut, a 
nut; Dut. walnoot; Dan. valnod; Ger. walnuss.] 
A tree and its fruit. 

Wal'rus, n. [Sw. vatlross, Dan. hvalros, Icel. hross- 
hvalr, A.-S. hors-hwsd,— literally', horse-whale.] 
(Zool.) The morse or sea-horse. 

Waltz, n. [Ger. walzer; walzen, to roll, to waltz, 
to welter (q. v.).] A kind of dance.— 2, v. n. 
[pp. waltzing, waltzed.] To dance the waltz. 

Wam'pum, n. [An Algonkin name.] A belt 
formed of shells, used by the Indians as a girdle, 
and as money. 

Wan (won), a. [Cf. A.-S. wann, dark,— probably 
also meaning dead, colorless; 0. Ger. wan, de- 
ficient : allied with Wane.] Pale, as with sick- 
ness ; pallid. 

Wand (woud), n. [Icel. vbndr; Dan. vaand ; Goth. 
ivandus.] A stick ; a long rod ; a staff. 

Wan'der (won'der), v. n. [A.-S. wandrian; Dut. 
vmndelen ; Ger. wandeln; the frequentative of 
Wend.] [pp. wandering, wandered.] To rove ; 
to ramble : — to be delirious. 

Wan'der-er (won'der-er), n. A rover; a rambler. 

Wane, v. n. [A.-S. Iranian, 0. Ger. wanen, to 
wane; wan, deficient.] [pp. waning, waned.] 
To grow less ; to decrease ; to sink. — 2, n. The 
decrease of the moon ; decline. 

Wan'ness (won'nes), n. Paleness; languor. 

Want (wawnt or wont), v. a. [Icel. vant, vanr, 
defective; vansi, want; vanta, to lack. — See 
Wane.] [pp. wanting, wanted.] To be with- 
out; not to have; to lack; to need: — to wish 
for ; to desire ; to long for. — 2, v. n. To fail ; to 
be deficient ; to lack. — 3, n. Need ; deficiency ; 
lack ; poverty. 

Want'ing, p. a. Lacking; absent; deficient. 

Wan'ton (won'tun), o. [A.-S. prefix wan, nega- 
tive, implying deficiency (see Wane), and togen, 
part, from teon, to draw, to educate. Thus wan- 
ton originally meant ill-bred, untrained.] Li- 
centious; libidinous': — loose; unrestrained: — 
gay; airy. — 2, n. A strumpet: — a trifler. — 
3, v. n. [pp. wantoning, wantoned.] To play ; 
to revel ; to act loosely. 

Wan'ton-ly. (won'tun-le), ad. Sportively. 

Wan'ton-ness (won'tun-nes), n. Sportiveness. 

Wap'en-take, or Wa'pen-take, n. [A.-S. wapen- 
take'; Icel. vapnatdk; vapna, a weapon, and tdk, 
a touch, a taking.— See Take.] (Eng.) A dis- 
trict; a term for a hundred:— & token of fealty. 

WSr, n. [A.-S. icerre, wyrre; Fr. guerre; 0. Fr. 
werre ; Ger. weira, strife, confusion.] Open hos- 
tility between nations; a public contest; hos- 
tility; warfare; fighting. — 2, v. n. [pp. war- 
ring, warred.] To make war; to contend. 

War'ble, v. a. [0. Fr. werbler, to speak with, a shrill 
voice; Ger. wirbeln, to whirl (q. v.), to warble.] 
[pp. warbling, warbled.] To quaver; to carol; 
to sing. — 2, v. in To sing, as a bird ; to carol. — 
3, n. A song; the s'nging of birds :— [probabl}' 
related to Warp] a small tumor on a horse's or 
on an ox's back. 

War'bler, n. A singer; a singing-bird. 

Ward. '[A.-S. -n-eard: root of L. versus, toward 
against.] An affix in composition, noting ten- 
dency ; as, heavenward, toward heaven. — 2, v. a. 
[A.-S. weard, Ger. wart, Goth, wards, a keeper ; 
A.-S. weardian, Ger. ivarten, to keep, to guard 
(q. v.).] [pp. warding, warded.] To guard; to 
watch; to defend: — to fend; to repel. — 3, v. n. 
To be vigilant; to keep guard. — <1, n. A for- 
tress : — a guard : — a district of a town or city : — 
custody; confinement: — part of a lock: — one 
under a guardian. 

War'den (war'dn), n. [0. Fr. wardein, gardein, 
gardain.—See Ward.] An officer or keeper of a 
church, college, prison, &c. ; a guardian. 



a, e, I, 6, u, y, 



a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ■ heir, her 



WARDENSHIP 



575 



WATER-COLOR 



War'den-ship, n. The office of a warden. 

Ward'er, u. A keeper; a guard : — a truncheon. 

Ward'robe, n. [0. Fr. warderobe ; Fr. garde-robe. 
— See Ward and Robe.] A room where clothes 
are kept : — clothes; a person's wearing-apparel. 

Ward'room, ». A room in a ship of war, where 
the officers sleep and mess. 

Ward'shlp, n. Guardianship ; pupilage. 

Ware, a. [A.-S. wser, cautious; Ger. geicahr, 
aware; 0. Ger. v ira, heed: akin to Ward, and 
to Wake, a commodity.] War}' ; aware. — 2, u. ; 
pi. Ware§. [A.-S. ware, Dut. waar, Ger. waare, 
Dan. vare, a commodity.] Something to be sold; 
goods; commodities; merchandise. 

Ware'house. //. A storehouse for merchandise. 

Ware'house, v. a. [pp. warehousing, warehoused.] 
To lay up in a warehouse. 

War'fa're, n. [War, and Fare, an expedition.] 
Military service of life; state of war; war. 

War'i-ly, or Wa'ri-ly,, ad. Cautiously. 

War'i-ness, or Wa'ri-ness, n. Caution; care. 

War'ilke, a. Relating to war; engaged in war; 
military; martini; hostile. 

War'lock, »<. [Scot.; A.-S. wserloga, a traitor, a 
liar; wser, truth (L. verum), and leogan, to lie.] 
A wizard : — an evil spirit. 

Warm, a. [A.-S. wearm ; Dut. & Ger. warm ; Dan. 
varm ; Goth, warwjan, A.-S. wearmian, to warm.] 
Heated in a moderate degree ; not cold : — ardent ; 
zealuiis; earnest; hearty. — 2, v. a. [pp. wann- 
ing, wanned.] To make warm; to heat mod- 
erately ; to free from cold. — 3, v. n. To grow 
warm ; to grow ardent. 

Warm'ly, ad. With gentle heat; ardently. 

Warmth, n. Gentle heat; zeal; ardor; fervor. 

Warn, v. a. [A.-S. weamian, to take heed, to 
warn; wearn, an obstacle ;"Icel. vb'rn, a defence; 
varna, Ger. women, to warn.] [pp. warning, 
warned.] To give notice of approaching danger; 
to caution ; to admonish ; to inform. 

Warn'ing, u. A caution ; a previous notice. 

Warp, n. [A.-S. wearp ; from weorpan, to throw;; 
Icel. varp, a throw, verpa, Ger. werfen, Goth. 
wairpan, to throw.] Thread that is crossed by 
the woof i:i weaving:— a rope: — a deposit of 
muddy water: — a twist; a bend. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
warping, warped.] To contract; to shrivel; to 
bend: — to drag by a rope. — 3, v. n. To become 
bent ; to contract. 

Warp'ing, n. The act of turning aside. 

War'rant (wor'rant), v. n. [0. Fr. warant, guarant, 
warrant; O. Ger. warjan, Ger. wehren, to keep, 
to heed. — See Ware.] [pp. warranting, war- 
ranted.] To support or maintain ; to authorize ; 
to justify ; to secure. — 2, «. A grant ; authority. 
—(Laic.) A writ for arresting an offender. 

War'rant-a-ble (wor'rant-a-bl), a. That may be 
warranted; defensible; justifiable. 

War'rant-a-ble-ness (wor'-), n. State of being 
warrantable; justifiableness. 

War'rant-a-bly (wor'-), ad. Justifiably. 

War'rant-ed (wor'-), p. a. Made sure. 

War-rant-ge' (wor-rant-e'), u. (Law.) One to 
whom a warranty is given. 

War-rant-bV (wor-), u. (Law.) One who gives 
a warranty :— c irrelative of warrantee. 

War'ran-ty. (wor'-), ». [0. Fr. warantie, garantie. 
— See Warrant.] (Law.) A promise or deed of 
security; authority; security. 

War'ren (wor'rem, n. [0. Fr. warenne, varenne, 
gareime, a warren ; 0. Ger. warjan, to protect.] 
An enclosure for rabbits. 

War'ren-er (wor'-), ». Keeper of a warren. 

War'rior "(war'yiir) [wor're-tir, Ja. Sin.}, n, [0. 
Fr. guerrieur ; Fr. guerrier, guerroyeur. — See War.] 
One engaged in war; a military man ; a soldier. 

Wart, n. [A.-S. wearte; Icel. varta; Dan. vorte; 
Ger. ivarze.] A small protuberance on the flesh. 

Wart'y, a. Covered with warts; like warts. 

War'-whoop (-hop), n. The Indian cry of war. 

War'-worn, a. Worn with war. 



War'x, or Wa'ry, a. [A variant of Ware.] Cau- 
tious ; prudent. 

Was. (wozj, i. from be. [A.-S. wses; wesan, to he; 
found in all Teutonic tongues.— Cf. Skr. vas, to 
dwell.] See Be. 

Wash (wosh), v. a. [A.-S. wascan ; Dut. wasschen ; 
Ger. icaschen; Dan. vaske.] [pp. washing, 
washed.] To cleanse with water.— 2, v. n. To 
perform ablution.— 3, n. The act of washing; a 
washing ; a lotion :— alluvion :— a marsh :— feed 
of hogs ; swill. 

Wash/board (woshTaord), n. A hoard used in 
washing : — a board next to the floor in a room ; 
a mop-board : — a board on a boat. 

Wash'er (wosh'er), n. One that washes : — a mova- 
ble ring on the axis of a wheel. 

Wash'er-wom-an (wGsh'er-wum-au), n. A woman 
who washes clothes. 

Wash'ing (wosh'ing), n. The act of cleansing by 
water; that which is washed; wash. 

Wash'y. (wosh'e), a. Watery ; damp ; weak. 

Wasp (wosp), n. [A.-S. wseps; Lith. wapsu; Ger. 
u-espe; L. vespa ; Russ. osa.] A stinging insect 
of several species. 

Wasp'ish (svosp'ish), a. Peevish ; petulant. 

Wasp'ish-ly (wosp'ish-lel, ad. Peevishly. 

Wasp'ish-ness (wosp'ish-nes), n. Peevishness. 

Was'sail (wos'sil), n. [A.-S. ves hal, be hale; wes, 
be thou (see Was), and hal, hale, whole (*/. v.).] 
A liquor made of apples, sugar, and ale : — a ca- 
rousal :— a song. — 2, v. «. [ pp. was-ailiug, was- 
sailed. J To frolic; to tipple. 

Was'sail-er (wos'sil-er), n. A tippler ; a reveller. 

Wast (wost), i. from be, second person singular. 

Waste, v. a. [0. Fr. r, Fr. g'tter, to 

despoil; L. vaslare, to devastate ; vastus, waste, — 
also vast (7. v.); Ger. u-iist, a waste ; wiisU n, A.-S. 
westen, 0. Ger. wuostan, wasten, to waste.] [pp. 
wasting, wasted.] To dimfaish ; t.» squander; 
to spend. — 2, v. n. To dwindle; to be consumed. 
— 3,a. Desolate; uncultivated :— refuse. — 4, ». 
Loss; useless expense ; ruin: — any thing worth- 
less ; refuse : — a desolate tract. 

Waste'ful, a. Destructive; lavish: prodigal. 

Waste'ful-ly, ad In a wasteful manner. 

Waste'ful-ness, n. Prodigality; waste. 

Watch (woch), ». [A.-S. wseece, a w, itching; ira- 
cian, to watch : closely r< lated to wacan, to wake 
(7. v.).] Attention: — vigilance; guard; a period 
of night: — a pocket timepiece. — 2, v. 11. [pp. 
watching, watched.] To wake; to keep guard. 
— 3, v. a. To guard ; to observe. 

Watch'-dog (woch'-), n. A dog that keeps watch. 

Watch'er (wdch'er), n. One who watches. 

Watch'ful (wOch'ful), n. Vigilant; attentive. 

Watch'ful-ly (woch'ful-l»). ad. Vigilantly. 

Watch'ful-nlss (worli'lui-nes , u. Vigilance. 

Watch' -house (woch'hbus), n. A place where a 
watch or guard is set. 

Watch'mak-er (woch'mak-er), n. A maker of 
watches : — one who repairs and cleans Matches. 

Watch'man (woch'-), 11. A guard; a sentinel. 

Watch'-tbw-er (wdch'tou-er), n. A tower on 
which a sentinel is placed to keep guard. 

Watch'word (woch'wurd), v. The word given to 
sentinels to know their friends. 

Wa'ter, n. [A.-S. meter; Dut. water; Ger. wasser; 
Sw.'vatien; Gr. vScop ; Skr. udan.— Cf. Wet.] A 
common, well-known fluid, composed of oxygen 
and hydrogen : — the sea as opposed to land ; as, 
land and icater: — urine : — the lustre of a dia- 
mond. — 2, v. a. [pp. watering, wittered] To 
supply with water; to irrigate. — 3, v. n. To 
take in water. 

Wa'ter-back. n. [Dut. bat, a tub ; Local E. back, 
a trough. — Cf. Late L. bacca, a water-vessel ; ba- 
cus, Fr. bac, a boat.] A reservoir for hot water 
connected with a stove. -* [tions. 

Wa'ter-brash, n. Dyspepsia with watery eructa- 

Wa'ter-col'or, »/. Color or pigment worked up 
with water : — opposed to oil-color. 



mien, sir ; m3ve, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, 9, 5, £•, soft; p,£,p, §, hard; § as 2 ; ? as gz ; tnis. 



WATEECOUESE 



576 



WEAEY 



Wa/ter-course, n. A channel for water. 
Wa'ter-craft, n. sing. & collective. A vessel or ves- 



ds for plyin 

Wa'ter-cress, n, 

Wa'ter-cure, n. 

eases by water 
Wa'ter-fall, n. 
Wa'ter-fdwl, n. 
Wa/ter-gas, n. 

steam. 
Wa'ter-gaufe 



on water. 

A spicy salad-plant. 

Hydropathy; the cure of dis- 
— a hydropathic institution. 
A cataract ; a cascade. 
A fowl that frequents water. 
Illuminating gas derived from 




Water-lily. 




An instrument for measuring 
the "depth and quantity of water. 

Wa'ter-ing-place, n. A place resorted to on ac- 
count of mineral water, or for bathing. 

Wa'ter-lev'el, n. The level formed by a surface 
of still water. 

Wa'ter-lil'y, n. An 
aquatic plant. 

Wa'ter-line, n. A line 
distinguishing the part 
of a ship under water 
from that which is 
above. 

Wa/ter-logged (-16gd),a. 
(Naut) Applied to a 
ship when leaky and unmanageable. 

Wa'ter-man, n. A ferryman ; a boatman. 

Wa'ter-mark, n. The mark of the rise of water: 
— a manufacturer's mark on paper. 

Wa'ter-mel-on, «. A plant and its fruit. 

Wa'ter-mill, «. A mill turned by water. 

Wa'ter-pow'er, n- Power of water employed to 
move machinery. 

Wa'ter-priv'i-lel-e, n. The right to utilize water: 
— a stream capable of affording water-power. 

Wa'ter-proof, a. Impervious to water. 

Wa'ter-ram, n. A machine for raising water. 

Wa'ter-shed, n. The elevated 
line" or ridge of laud between 
two river-basins. 

Wa/ter-soak, v. a. [pp. water- 
soaking, water-soaked.] To 
soak in water. 

Wa'ter-spbut, n. An aqueous 
meteor commonly observed 
at sea. 

Wa'ter-tight (-tit), a. Excluding water. 

Wa'ter-wheel, w. A wheel turned by water. 

Wa'ter-y, a. Liquid; like water; wet. 

Wat'tle (wot'tl), n. [0. E. walel, a bag. a wallet 
(q. v.) ; A.-S. watel, a cover, a bundle of twigs ; a 
dim. of wad (q. v.), a bundle or fabric] A barb, 
or loose red flesh that hangs below a cock's bill : 
— a hurdle ; twig. 

Waul, v. v. [Imitative, or a variant of Wail.] 
[pp. wauling, wauled.] To cry as a cat; to cat- 
erwaul. — 2, n. A cry; a caterwaul. 

Wave, n. [From the verb; said to be distinct 
from 0. E. wawe, Dan. voce, Ger. woge, a wave.] 
A moving volume of water; a surge; a billow; 
breaker : — inequality. — 2, v. v. [A.-S. icafian, to 
waver (q. v.); Icel. veifa, to swing; Ger. weben, 
to fluctuate : perhaps allied to weben, to weave.] 
[pp. waving, waved.] To play loosely; to un- 
dulate. — 3, v. a. To make uneven : — to waft : — 
[see Waive] to put off for the present. 

Wave'less, a. Smooth ; without waves. 

Wave'let, n. A small wave. 

Wa'verj v. n. [A.-S. wsefre, restless; Icel. vafra, 
to waver : a frequentative of Wave.] [pp. wa- 
vering, wavered.] To move loosely ; to be un- 
settled ; to fluctuate ; to totter, as ready to fall ; 
to hesitate ; to vacillate. 

Wa'ver-er, n. One who wavers. 

Wa'ver-ing, p. a. Fluctuating; hesitating. 

Wa'vy, a. Rising in waves ; playing to and fro. 

Wawl, v. n. [pp. wawling, wawled.] To cry ; to 
howl. See Waul. 

Wax, n. [A.-S. weax; Put. was; Dan. vox; Ger. 
wachs ; Russ. vosk.] A thick, tenacious substance : 
— a fit of anger. [Slang.] — 2, v. a. [pp. waxing, 



waxed.] To join with wax; to smear. — 3, v. n. 
[A.-S. weaxan ; Dut. ivassen; Ger. wachsen ; Dan. 
vsexe; Skr. valcsh. — Cf. L. augere, to increase.] 
[i. waxed ; pp. waxing, waxen or waxed.] To 
grow ; to increase ; to become. 

Wax'en (wak'sn), a. Made of wax. [terer. 

Wax' wing, n. A bird called cedar-bird or chat- 

Wax'work (-wiirk), n. A figure 'formed of wax. 

Wax'y., a. Soft like wax ; waxen ; yielding. 

Way, n. [A.-S., Ger., & Dut. voeg, Dan. vet, L. via, 
Skr. vaha, a way ; vah, L. vehere, to carry.] A 
road; passage ; path : — course; direction :— man- 
ner; mode; method; means. 

Way'far-er, n, A passenger; a traveller. 

Way'far-jng, a. [Way, and Fare, to travel.] 
Travelling; on a journey. 

Way'lay, or Way-lay', v. a. [i. waylaid ; pp. way- 
laying, waylaid.] To watch in the way ; to beset 
by ambush. 

Way'-mark, n. A mark to guide travellers. 

Way'-side, n. The side of the way. [tions. 

Way'-train, n. A train which halts at minor sta- 

Way'ward, a. [For awayward.] Fro ward ; per- 
verse ;' wilful ; self-willed. 

Way'ward-ness, n. Perverseness. 

We, pro'n. pi. of I. [A.-S. we; Dut. wij ; Dan. vi; 
Ger. wir?\ I, mine, me. — pi. We, ours, us. 

Weak, a. [Icel. veikr ; A.-S. wac ; imn. veq; Ger. 
weich; A.-S. wican, Ger. weichen, to yield.] Hav- 
ing little strength ; feeble in body or mind ; not 
strong; infirm; languid. 

Weak'en (we'kn), v. a. [A.-S. wsecan, wacian.] 
[pp. weakening, weakened.] To make weak; 
to debilitate; to enfeeble. — 2, v. n. To grow 
weak. [weakens. 

Weak'en-er (we^n-er), n. He who or that which 

Weak'ling, n. A feeble creature. 

Weak'ly, ad. In a weak manner ; feebly.— 2, a. 
Not strong ; not healthy ; feeble. 

Weak'ness, n. State of being weak; debility: 
feebleness; infirmity; defect. 

Weal, n. [A.-S. wela, weala ; Dun. vel ; Ger. wold. 
— See Well.] Happiness ; prosperity : — a state ; 
public interest : — mark of a stripe ; a wale. 

Wealth (welth), n. [Dut. weelde : a variant of 
Weal.] Abundance of worldly goods or prop- 
erty; riches; opulence; affluence. 

Wealth'i-ly, ad. Richly. 

Wealth'i-ness (welth'e-nes), n. Richness. 

Wealth'jr, «• Rich; opulent; abundant. 

Wean, v. a. [A.-S. iceman, Dut. wennen, Dan. 
vsenne, Ger. gewohnen, to accustom; A.-S. awe- 
nian, Dut. afwennen, Ger. entwb'hnen, to wean.] 
[pp. weaning, weaned.] To put from the breast ; 
to detach : — to accustom to new diet. 

Weap'on (wep'pn), n. [A.-S. wsepen ; Dut. wapen; 
Dan. vaaben ; Ger. wajfe.] An instrument of of- 
fence or defence. 

Wear (war), v. a. [A.-S. werian. Icel. verja, 0. 
Ger. werian, to carry on the body : the sense of 
wasting is easily derived from this.] [i. wore; 
pp. wearing, worn.] To waste; to consume : — 
to carry on the body : — [see Veer] to change 
the course of a ship; to veer. — 2, v. n. To be 
wasted with use or time; to lie spent; to pass 
away : — to veer. — 3, n. The act of wearing ; en- 
durance : — waste : — the thing worn. 

Wear, or Wear, n. [A.-S. wer, a dam, a fence; 
werian, to protect, to check; Icel. ver, a fishing- 
place; Ger. wehr, a defence; ivehren, to defend, 
to restrain.] A dam :— a net of twigs to catch 
fish : — written also weir, icier, and were. 

Wear'a-ble, «• Fit to be worn. 

Wear'er (war'er), n. One who wears. 

Wea'ri-ness, n. Lassitude ; fatigue. 

Wea'ri-some (we're-sum), a. Tedious ; tiresome. 

Wea'ri-some-ly, ad. Tediously. 

Wea'ri-some-ness, n. Tiresomeness. 

Wea'rj (we're), a. [A.-S. werig ; 0. Sax. worig ; 
A.-S. ' woriaii, to travel; probably from wor, a 
swamp, a moor ; wos, ooze.] Subdued by fatigue ; 



a, e, i, 5, u, y, long ; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, x, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



WEASAND 



577 



WELL 



tired. — 2, v. a. [pp. wearying, wearied.] To 
tire ; to fatigue. — 3, v. n. To become weary. 

Wea'sand (we'znd), h. [A.-S. wasend, 0. Fris. 
wasande, — literally, the "wheezing" thing. — See 
Wheeze.] The windpipe; the larynx. 

Wea'sel (we'zl), n. [A.-S. wesle ; Dut.wezel; Dan. 
vsesel; Ger. vriesel. — Cf. Icel. vesall, thin, slender, 
destitute.] An animal that kills mice. 

Weatn'er (weth'er), ». [A.-S. & Dut. iceder, Ger. 
icetter,' weather; gewitter, a storm ; Lith. vetra, a 
storm; Kuss. vieter, a wind; Skr. va, to blow.] 
The state of the air or atmosphere with respect 
to heat, cold, dryness, moisture, &c. — 2, v. a. \ pp. 
weathering, weathered.] To expose to the air or 
weather: — to pass with difficulty ; to endure. 

Weatft'er-beat'en (weth'er-be'tn), a. Harassed, 
seasoned, or tarnished by weather. 

Weatfr'er-board, n. The windward side of a ship : 
— a board to keep off wet or cold. 

Weatfi'er-bound, a. Confined by the weather. 

Weatfi'er-cock, n. A vane on the top of a sph*e 
turned by the wind. 

Weath'ered, «. Worn or discolored by the weather. 

Weath'er-g-ai-e, n. The advantage of the wind : 
— advantage of position. 

Weatft'er-glass, u. A glass to indicate the state 
of the' air; a barometer; a thermometer. 

Weatft'er-ly, a. (Naut.) Making little leeway. 

Weatn'er-pr66f, a. Proof against weather. 

Weatft'er-side, n. The side of a ship under sail 
on wh'ich the wind blows. 

Weath'§r-wise, a. Skilful in the weather. 

Weave, v. a. [A.-S. we/an; Dut. weven; Icel. vefa; 
Ger. weben; Gr. v<f>aiveiv; Skr. va, ve, vap.~\ ' [i. 
wove ; pp. weaving, woven.] To form by a loom 
or by texture ; to insert.— 2, v. n. To work with 
a loom. — 3, n. Style or manner of weaving. 

Weav'er, n. One who weaves. 

Wea'zen (we'zn), a. [A.-S. wisnian, Tcel. vima, to 
wither; Dan. vissen, Icel. visum, withered.] Thin ; 
lean; wizened. 

Web, n. [A.-S. webb ; Dut. tceb ; Dan. veev ; Ger. 
gewebe. — See Weave.] Any thing woven: — a 
film on the eye : — skin between a bird's toes. ' 

Webbed (webd), a. Joined by a film. 

Web'-foot-ed (web'fut-ed), «. Palmiped. 

Wed, v. a. & v. n. [A.'-S. weddian, Dut. wedden, 
Icel. vedja, Dan. vedde, Ger. wetteu, to pledge, to 
wager (q. v.) ; A.-S. wed, Ger. welte, L. vas, cadis, 
a pledge. — Cf. Lith. wedu, to marry; Skr. vadhu, 
a bride.] [i. wedded ; pp. wedding, wedded (rarely 
wed).] To marry ; to join in marriage. 

Wed'ding, n. A marriage ; nuptial ceremony. 

Wedfe, n. [A.-S. toecg, an ingot; Dut. wig, Dan. 
vsegge, 0. Ger. wecke, a wedge.] A piece of mi-tal 
or wood sloping to an edge, used to split with : 
— a mass. — 2, v. a. [pp. wedging, wedged.] To 
fasten by wedges ; to force. 

Wed' lock, n. [A.-S. wed, a pledge, and lac, a ter- 
mination common to many abstract nouns.] 
State of marriage ; matrimony. 

Wednesday (wehz'da), n. [A.-S. Wodmsdseg. Dut. 
Woensdag, Dan. Onsday, Odemdag,—i. e., Odin's 
(or Woden's) day : Odin was the divinity of the 
Teutonic nations.] The fourth day of tlie week. 

Wee, a. [Probably from the expression "a little 
we," for "a little way."— Cf. Dan. rei, a way.] 
Little; tiny; small. [Scot. & Colloq.] 

Weed, n. [A.-S. iceod, wiod; Dut. wieden, Low 
Ger. weden, to weed.] A noxious or useless 
plant.— pi. [A.-S. weed, wse.de, 0. Fris. wed, Icel. 
vad, a garment.— Cf. Zend vadh, to clothe: akin 
to Wad.] Garments:— a mourning dress; as, a 
widow's iceeds. — 2, v. a. [i. weeded; pp. weed- 
ing, weeded (wed for the imperfect and perfect 
participle is not in good use).] To rid of weeds ; 
to root out. 

Weed's, «• Abounding with, or having, weeds. 

Week, n. [A.-S. idee, wicu; Dut. week; Icel. vil-a; 
Ger. woche; Dan. uge.— Cf. L. vicis, succession, 
change.] The space of seven days. 



Week'-day, n. Any day not Sunday. 

Week'lx, a. Happening or done once a week. — 
2, ad. Once a week ; every week. 

Ween, v. n. [A.-S. wenan, to imagine ; Dut. wa- 
nen, Icel. vana, Ger. wdhuen, to fancy ; A.-S. wen, 
Dut. waan, Icel. van, Ger. wahn, belief.] [pp. 
weening, weened.] To think; to imagine; to 
fancy ; to suppose :— to estimate. 

Weep, v. n. [A.-S. wepan, from wop, an outcry; 
Goth. wopjan,_ to cry out ; Icel. sepa, to shout ; 
op, aery : probably related to Whoop.] [L wept; 
pp. weeping, wept.] To shed tears; to lament; 
to bewail ; to cry.— 2, v. a. To lament ; to be- 
moan ; to drop. 

Weep'er, n. One who weeps; a lamenter. 

Wee'vil (we'vl), n. [A.-S. wifel; Icel. yfill; 0. 
Dut. wevel ; Lith. wabalas : probably related to 
Wave in the sense of to flutter.] A "small insect 
of the beetle kind, and of various species, inju- 
rious to wheat and other grain. 

Weft, n. [A.-S. weft, wefla, Icel. veflr— literallv, 
that which is woven.— See Weave.] Woof of 
cloth ; a web : — a waif. 

Weigh (wa), r. a. [Dan. veie, Sw. v'dga, Dnt. 
wegen, to weigh; Ger. wegen, to move; Icel. 
vega, to weigh, to move ; A.-S. wegan, L. xelm-e, 
Skr. vah, to carry.] [pp. weighing, weighed.] 
To examine by balance; to raise ; to balance :— 
to ponder; to consider. — 2, v. n. To have weight; 
to press : — to be considered as important. 

Weigh'er (wa'er), n. One who weighs. 

Weight' (wat), ;,. [A.-S. gewiht; Ger. gewichl; 
Dan. vsegt ; Icel. vxit.] Quantity as measured 
by the balance; the heaviness of any thing; a 
ponderous mass; gravity ■.—importayice. 

Weigh'ti-ly. (wa'te-le), ad. With weight. 

Weigh'ti-ness (wa'te-nes), n. Ponderosity. 

Weigh' ty. (wa'te), a. Heavy :— important. 

Weir, ». A dam. See Wear. 

Weird (werd), «. [A.-S. wyrd, Icel. urdr, fate, 
destiny ; A.-S. weordan, to be, to happen ; Icel. 
verda, to become.] Skilled in witchcraft: — of or 
pertaining to, or suggesting, supernatural influ- 
ence; unearthly; eerie. [unearthly wildness. 

Weird'ness, n. The state of being weird ; quaint or 

Wel'come (wel'kum), a. [A.-S. wUcuma ; Ger. 
willkommen; Ice'. veUcominn. — See Well and 
Come; but it once represented A.-S. wiOa, will, 
pleasure, and Come.] Admitted willingly: — re- 
ceived or furnished without pay. — 2, iuterj. A 
form of salutation. — 3, v. A kind reception of 
a guest. — 1, v. a. [pp. welcoming, welcomed.] 
To salute with kindness. 

Wel'com-er, n. One who welcomes. 

Weld.Y. a'. [Sw. valla, to well, to boil up,— also, 
to weld : the idea of boiling is in many lan- 
guages associated with that of welding, prob- 
ably from the use of fluxes in welding. — Cf. L. 
confervere, to boil together, — also, to unite.] 
[pj>. welding, welded.] To beat or press into 
firm union, when heated, as metals; to join 
together. — 2, n. A close union, as of pieces of 
metal: — [A.-S. wolde ; Ger. wan; Dut. wouw ; 
Dan. vau ; Fr. gaude ; Sp. gualda : probably not 
related to Woad] a plant used in dyeing. 

Weld'er, n. He who or that which welds. 

Wel'fare, n. [Well and Fare.] Happiness; suc- 
cess; prosperity. 

Wel'kin, n. [A.-S. woleen, Ger. wolle, 0. Sax. 
wolkan, a cloud.] The visible regions of the air. 

Well. n. [A.-S. wella, D.ut. wel, a spring; Ger. 
welle, a wave; A.-S. weallan, to boil, to well; 
Ger. wallen, to boil.] A deep, narrow pit dug in 
the earth for a supply of water; a fountain; a 
spring. — 2, v. n. [pp. welling, welled.] To 
spring; to issue forth; to flow. — 3, a. [A.-S. 
wel; Dan. vel; Ger. vohl : akin to L. velle, to 
wish.] Being in health, or in a good state; for- 
tunate; happy: — correct; laudable ; complete. — 
4, ad. Not ill; properly; not amiss; highly; 
excellently. 



mien, sir; move, nor, son; 
z mm, 



bull, 



bur, rule, use.— g, ?, 5, g\ soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as 2 ; ? as gz ; tiis. 

49 



WELL-A-DAY 



578 



WHENCESOEVEK 



Well'-a-day, inter). [Corrupted from Well- 
away'.] Expressing grief; alas! 

Well-a-way', inter}. [A.-S. wa la urn, alas ! — lit- 
erally, woe ! lo, woe !] Alas ! woe is me ! 

Well'-be-ing, u. Happiness; prosperity. 

Well'-bbrn, «. Not meanly descended. 

Well' -bred, a. Well educated; elegant of man- 
ners ; polite ; genteel ; courteous ; refined. 

Well' -done', interj. Denoting praise. 

Well-fa'vored (-ia'vyrd), a. Beautiful. 

Well-mean'ing, a. Having a good intention. 

Well-met', interj. A term of salutation. 

Well-nigh' (we'l-ni'), ad. Almost; nearly. 

Well-spent', a. Passed with virtue or use. 

Well' -spring, re. A fountain ; a source. 

Well' -sweep, re. A pole or timber for raising a 
bucket in a well. [stances. 

Well-to-do', a. Prosperous; in good circum- 

Well-wish'er, n. One who wishes good. 

Welsh, a. [A.-S. wealh, wselisc, Ger. w'dlsch, for- 
eign.— Cf. Walloon.] Relating to Wales or its 
people.— 2, re. The language of Wales.— pi. The 
people of Wales. 

Welt, re. [Welsh, gwald, gwaltes; Gael. & Irish, 
bait. — Cf. Belt.] A border; a guard; an edging. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. welting, welted.] To sew any 
thing with a border. 

Wel'ter, v. re. [A.-S. wealtan, to roll, to totter; 
Dan. vselte; Ger. waken-] [pp. weltering, wel- 
tered.] To roll in blood, water, or mire:— to 
stumble ; to totter.— 2, n. The act or state of 
weltering : — mire. 

Wen, n. [A.-S. wenn; Dut. wen; Local Ger. ween, 
wenne.] A fleshy or callous excrescence. 

Wench, n. [0. E. wenchel, an infant, a maiden; 
A.-S. winclo, children; wencle, a maid; v:encel, 
weak ; wancol, Local Ger. wankel, tottering ; Ger. 
wanleln or wanken, to shake, to totter.] A young 
woman:— a strumpet.— 2, v. n. [pp. wenching, 
wenched.] To frequent loose women. 

Wend, v. u. [A.-S. wend an, to go, to turn, to 
cause to wind; Dut. & Ger. wenden, to turn.] 
[i. went.] To go ; to pass. [Old.] 

Wend, n. [Ger. : perhaps akin to Wend, to go, 
and to Wander.] A member of a Slavic race in 
North Germany. 

Wend'ish, a. Pertaining to the Wends. 

Went, i. from go and wend. 

Wept, i. & p. from weep. 

Were (wer) [wer, S. W. P. J. F. Ja. K. 8m. C], 
i. & pi. from be. [Icel. vera, Dan. vsere, to be; 
A.-S. wsere, wast; Ger. war, wdren, was, were; 
Skr. vas, to dwell, to live.] 

Were'-wolf (-wulf ), n. ; pi. Were'-wolves. [A.-S. 
wer, a man, and Wolf. — Cf. Icel. verr, L. vir, 
Skr. vira, a man.] A man fabled to be turned 
into a wolf. 

Wert. The second person singular of the sub- 
junctive mood, imperfect tense, from be. [s\nd. 

We'sand (we'znd), n. The windpipe. See Wea- 

West, n. [A.-S., Dut., & Ger. west; Fr. ouest.— Cf. 
L. vesper, evening; Skr. vasla, a house; vasati, 
an abiding-place, night; vas, to dwell.] The 
region where the sun appears to set, at the equi- 
noxes : — opposite of east. — 2, a. Being toward, 
or coming from, the west. — 3, ad. To the west 
of any place. 

Wgst'er-ing, a. Approaching the west. 

West'er-ly. a. Being toward the west.— 2, ad. 
Toward the west. 

West'ern, a. Being in or toward the west. 

West'ward, a. or ad. Toward the west. 

West'ward-ly, a. or ad. Toward the west. 

Wet, n. ' [A.-S. wset; Dan. vaad; Icel. voir.— See 
Water.] Water; humidity; rainy weather. — 
2, a. Humid ; moist; rainy ; watery. — 3, v. a. [i. 
wetted or wet ; pp. wetting, wetted or wet.] To 
make wet; to expose to rain or water; to moisten. 

Wetft'er, n. [A.-S. weder, Icel. vedr, Dan. vseder, 
Ger. widder, Goth, withrus, a lamb. — Cf. L. vitu- 
lus, a calf.] A male sheep or ram castrated. 



Wet'ness, re. State of being wet ; humidity. 

Wet'-niirse, re. A nurse who suckles a child. 

Whack, v. a. [See Thwack : imitative.] [pp. 
whacking, whacked.] To strike.— 2, n. A blow : 
— a share. [Vulg.] 

Whale, re. [A.-S. hwsel; Icel. hvalr ; Ger. wal] 
A cetacean animal, the largest of marine ani- 
mals, shaped like a fish and living in the sea, 
but having warm blood, and breathing the air. 
It is popularly, but not scientifically, classed 
with fishes. 

Whale'bone (hwal'bon), «. A horny, elastic sub- 
stance found in the jaw of the whale. [ship. 

Whale'man, n. A whale-fisherman ; a whaling- 

Whal'er, n. A person or a vessel employed in the 
whale-fishery ; a whaleman. 

Whal'ing, n. The business of killing whales. — 
2, a.' Pertaining to the whale-fishery. 

Wharf [hwbrf, S. W. J. F. K. 8m. ; hwarf, P. E. ; 
wbrf, Ja.], n. ; pi. Wharfs or Wharves. [A.-S. 
hwerf, a dike or dam ; hwearf, a turning, a shore ; 
Dut. werf, a wharf, a turn; Dan. vserft, a wharf; 
A.-S. hiveorfan, Goth, hwairban, Icel. hverfa, to 
turn : root of Curve.] A mole or place for load- 
ing and unloading ships; a quay. 

Wharfage, re. Fees for landing at a wharf. 

Wharf'in-f er, re. One who attends a wharf. 

What (hwot), pron. [A.-S. hwset; Dut. wat; Icel. 
hvat; L. quod, quid.— See Who.] That which; 
which part. 

What-ev'er (hwot-), \pron. Being this or that; 

What-so-ev'er (hwot-), J all that; the whole that. 

What'not (hwot'-), n. A piece of furniture with 
shelves for books, ornaments, &c. 

Wheal, re. [See Wale.] A wale or ridge : — a pim- 
ple: — [Cornish hwel] a mine. 

Wheat, re. [A.-S. hwsete ; Dut. weile ; Dan. hvede; 
Ger. weizen; Goth, hwaileis : akin to White.] 
The finest kind of grain or bread-corn. 

Wheat'en (hwet'tn), a. Made of wheat. 

Whee'dle (hwe'dl), v. a. [Cf. Ger. wedel, a fan, a 
tail ; wedeln, to fan ; also Welsh chwedl, a saying, 
a fable; chwedla, to gossip.] [pp. wheedling, 
wheedled.] To entice by soft words ; to flatter. 

Wheel, re. [A.-S. Inveol,. hweowol, Jeweohl; Dut. 
wiel; Icel. hjol; Dan. hinl.] A circular frame 
that turns round upon an axis; a circular body. 
— Wheel and axle, one of the mechanical powers. 
— 2, v. re. [pp. wheeling, wheeled,] To move 
on wheels; to turn round.— 3, v. a. To put into 
a rotary motion. 

Wheel'bar-row, re. A small hand-carriage with 
one wheel. 

Wheel'-hb'use, re. The pilot-house, or a paddle- 
box, of a steamer. 

Wheel'wrlght (-rTt), re. A maker of wheels. 

Wheeze, v. n. [A.-S. hwesan, to wheeze; Icel. 
hvsesa, Dan. hviese, to hiss. — Cf. Skr. fvas, L. 
queri, questus, to sigh.] [pp. wheezing, wheezed.] 
To breathe with noise. 

Whelk, n. [Dim. of Wheal or Wale.] A wrin- 
kle ; a pustule ; a mark ; a wale ; a weal : — [A.-S. 
wiloc, weluc, weoluc; wealcan, to roll; from its 
twisted shell] a gasteropodous mollusk. 

Whel'ky, a. Covered with whelks or bosses. 

Whelm, v. a. [0. Sw. hwiilfwa, to arch over, to 
overset; Icel. hvalfa, to overset; hvelfa, to arch 
over, to upset; A.-S. hwealf, a vault; 0. E. 
overwhelven, to overwhelm.] [pp. whelming, 
whelmed.] To cover with water; to immerse. 

Whelp, re. [A.-S. hwelp ; Dut. welp ; Dan. hralp.] 
The young of a dog, lion, and some other beasts 
of prey; a puppy. — 2, v. re. [pp. whelping, 
whelped.] To bring forth young, as beasts. 

When, ad. [A.-S. hwsenne ; Goth, hwan; Ger. 
wann; L. quum: closely akin to Who.] At the 
time that ; at what time. 

Whence, ad. [A.S. whanon, Ger. wannen, whence; 
with the A.-S. genitive ending es.— See Hence.] 
From what place, source, &c. 

Whence-so-ev'er, ad. From whatever place. 



a, e, i, o, u, y, 



a, e, l, 5, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



WHENEVER 



579 



WHISPER 



When-eVer, 



ad. At whatever time. 



ad. Near what or which place. 



When-so-ev'er, , 

Where (hwar), ad. [A.-S. hwssr, Invar; Dut. waar; 
Dan. hvor; Goth, hwar; Lith. Icur : correlative 
of There.] At which or what place. 

WheWa-bbut, 

Where'a-bbfits, 

Where-as', ad. The thing being so that. 

Where-at', ad. At which ; at what. 

Where-by', ad. By which ; by what. 

Where' fore [hwar'for, W. J. Ja. Sm. ; hwer'for, 
S.], ad. [Where and For.] For which reason. 

Where-in', ad. In which; in what. 

Where-in-to', ad. Into which. 

Where-of , ad. Of which ; of what. 

Where-on', ad. On which; on what. 

Where- so-ev'er, ad. In what place soever. 

Where-t6\ ' \ ad. To which ; to what ; to what 

Where-un-t6', J end. 

Where-up-on', ad. Upon which. 

Wher-eVer, ad. At or in whatsoever place. 

Where- with', j L With which with what 

Where-witn-al', j 

Where'with-al, n. The means wherewith to effect 
an object ; an instrument to effect an end. 

Wher'ry, w. [Of. Icel. hverfr, crank ; Norw. kverv, 
unsteady, swift; Icel. hverfa, to turn.] A light 
boat for rowing or sailing. 

Whet, v. a. [A.-S. hwellan; Dut. wetten; Icel. 
hvetja; Ger. wetzen ; 0. Ger. hvas, A.-S. hwset, 
sharp, keen.] [pp. whetting, whetted.] To 
sharpen ; to edge ; to provoke. — 2, n. The act 
of sharpening: — something that sharpens or 
makes hungry. 

Whetft'er, ad. [A.-S. hwseder, Goth, hwaihar, Lith. 
kalras,L. uler, which of two.] A particle an- 
swered by or. — 2, pron. Which of two. 

Whet'stone, n. A sharpening-stone ; a hone. 

Whew, inlerj. Noting disgust : — begone. 

Whey (hwa), n. [A.-S. hwseg; Dut. hui; Low 
Ger. hei, waje. — Of. Welsh chwig, fermented.] 
The thin or serous part of milk. 

Whey'ey (hwa'e), a. Partaking of whey. 

Which, ]>ron. relative, relating to things. [A.-S. 
hwilc; hwa, who, and lie, like; Dut. ivelk; Ger. 
welcher; Goth. hweleiJcs.] That. 

Which-ev'er, \pron. Whether one or the 

Which-so-ev'er, J other. 

Whiff, n. [WVlsh chwiff, a puff; chwijfio, to puff; 
Dan. rift, a puff.] A blast; a puff of wind :— a 
fish.— 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. whiffing, whiffed.] 
To consume in whiffs; to emit. 

Whiffle (hwiffl), v. n. [Dim. of Whiff, to puff.] 
[pp. whiffling, whiffled.] To move inconstantly; 
to be fickle or unsteady : — to puff; to blow. 

Whlffler, n. One who whiffles; a trifler: — a 
smoker :— a fifer or piper :— a harbinger. 

Whif'fle-tree, n. Same as Whipfletrke. 

Whig, n. [Scot, whiggamor, an old nickname for 
a west-countryman; whig, to jog along; A.-S. 
wecgan, to move.] An adherent to a great 
political party in England :— opposed to Tory, 

Whig'£er-y, n. The principles of the Whigs. 

Whig'Sish, a. Relating to the Whigs. 

Whig'lism. n. Whiggery. 

While, n. [A.-S. hwil, a time; Icel. hvila, Dan. 
hrile, rest; Ger. iveile ; Goth, hweila.] A time; 
a space of time. — 2, v. v. [pp. whiling, whiled.] 
To loiter.-;}, v. a. To draw out. — 4, ad. During 
the time that ; as long as. 

Whiles, ad. The old form of while. 

Whi'lom, ad. [A.-S. hwilum, dative pi. of hivil, a 
while, a time.] Formerly; once. 

Whilst, ad. Same as While. 

Whim, u. [Icel. vim, folly, giddiness.— See Whim- 
sey.] A freak; an odd fancy ; a caprice. 

Whim'per, v. n. [Ger. wimmern; Scot, trimmer: a 
frequentative form of Whine.] [pp. whimper- 
ing, whimpered.] To cry with a low, whining, 
or suppressed voice ; to snivel. — 2, n. A half- 
suppressed whining cry. 



Whim'per-ing, n. A small cry ; a whine. 

Whim'§ey (hwim'ze), n. [Dan. vimse, Norw, 
kvimsa, to jump; kvima, to whisk about, to play 
the fool. — See Whim.] A freak; a whim. 

Whim'§i-cal, a. Freakish; oddly fanciful. 

Whim-§i-cal'i-ty, n. Whimsicalness ; oddity. 

Whim'§i-cal-iy, ad. Iu a whimsical manner. 

Whim'§i-cal-ness, n. Caprice ; oddity. 

Whim'wham, n. A gewgaw; a toy; a whim. 

Whin, n. [Welsh chwyn, a weed; Bret, chouetma, 
to weed.] Furze ; gorse : — whinstone. 

Whine, v. n. [A.-S. hwman; Icel. hcina, kveina; 
Dan. hcine: imitative.] [pp. whining, whined.] 
To lament plaintively ; to moan. — 2, n. A plain- 
tive tone ; mean complaint. 

Whin'ny, v. n. [Imitative ; L. hinnire, to whinny. 
— Cf. hinmis, a mule.] [pp. whinnying, whin- 
nied.] To make a noise like a horse. — 2, n. The 
call of a horse. 

Whin' stone, n. [Icel. hvein, sounding. — Cf. 
Whine.] (Min.) Trap-rock. 

Whip, v. a. [0. Dut. wippe, a whip ; Dut. wip, a 
stripe ; Sw. vippa, to wag ; Ger. icippen, to vi- 
brate (q. v.).] [pp. whipping, whipped.] To 
strike with a lash ; to lash ; to correct with a 
lash: — to draw out: — to sew slightly. — 2, v. n. 
To move nimbly; to run. — 3, n. An instrument 
of correction ; a lash : — a political or parliamen- 
tary agent. 

Whip'-cbrd, n. Cord suitable for whips. 

Whip'-hand, n. An advautage over another. 

Whip'-lash, n. The lash of a whip. 

Whip'per-snap'per, it. An insignificant person. 

Whip'ping, n. Correction with a whip. 

Whip'pie-tree, n. [ Whipple is a frequentative of 
Whip, to move quickly.] A bar to which traces 
are fastened, and by which horses draw. 

Whip'poor-will', h. [Imitative of the bird's note.] 
A bird that sings by night. 

Whip' -saw, n. A saw used 
by two persons. 

Whip' staff, n. (Naut.) A 
bar by which a rudder 
is turned. 

Whip'ster, n. A nimble 
fellow; a sharper. 

Whip'stock, n. The han- 
dle of a whip. 

Whir, v. n. [Imitative; Dan. hrirre, to whirl 
(g. v.); Ger. hurr, a whirring noise.] [pp. whir- 
ring, whirred.] To fly or turn rapidly or with 
noise. — 2, v. a. To hurry ; to hasten. — 3, n. The 
sound caused by rapid motion. 

Whirl, v. a. & v. n. [Icel. hvirfla, Dan. hvirvle, 
Ger. ivirbeln, 0. Dut. wervelen, to whirl ; frequen- 
tative forms. — Cf. A.-S. hweorfan, Icel. hverfa, to 
turn.] [pp. whirling, whirled.] To turn found 
rapidly. — 2, n. A quick rotation ; a circular 
motiOn. [which children spin round. 

Whi'rl'i-gig, n. [See Whirl and Gig.] A toy 

Whirl'pSSl, n. Water moving circularly ; a vortex 
of water; an eddy. 

Whirl'wind, n. A* rapid whirling motion of the 
air ; wind moving circularly ; tornado. 

Whisk, n. [Dan. viske, Sw. viska, Ger. nischen, to 
rub, to wipe ; Sw. viska, a whisk, a brush ; Ger. 
wisch, a brush, a wisp : akin to Wash.] A small 
brush : — a quick motion : — a cooper's levelling 
plane. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. whisking, whisked.] 
To sweep ; to move nimbly. 

Whisk'er, n. [See Whisk.] Hair growing on the 
cheek ; mustache : — coarse hair of a cat. 

Whisk'ered (hwis'kerd), a. Having whiskers. 

Whis'key, n. [Gael, uisge, water. — See Usque- 
baugh".] A spirit distilled from grain : — written 
also whisky. 

Whis'per, v. n. [A.-S. hivisprian, hwsestrian ; imi- 
tative'; Ger. wizpeln ; Dan. hviske.] [pp. whisper- 
ing, whispered.] To speak with a low voice. — 
2, v. a. To utter in a low voice. — 3, n. A low 
voice ; speech or sound not vocalized. 




Whippoorwill. 



mien, sir ; move, nor, son , bull, bur, rule, use.— 9, 9, 5, £, soft; p, JS, p, £, hard; s as z ; x as gz ; tnis ( 



WHISPERER 



580 



WIDOWER 



Whis'per-er, n. One who whispers. 

Whis'per-ing, n. Act of speaking in a whisper. 

Whist, n. [Cf. Hist,— also Dan. hiriske, Sw. hviska, 
to whisper.] A game at cards. — 2, inter}. Com- 
manding silence; be still. — 3, a. Silent; still; 
quiet; noiseless. 

Whis'tle (hwls'sl), v. n. [A.-S. hwisllan; Icel. 
hvisla; Dan. livisle: imitative.] [pp. whistling, 
whistled.] To form a kind of musical sound by 
the breath ; to blow. — 2, v. a. To call by a 
whistle. — 3, n. A sound made by the breath, 
&c. : — a small wind instrument. 

Whit, n. [A.-S. wilii, a wight (q. v.), a person, a 
thing, a whit ; Icel. vselta, Goth, waiht, a whit, a 
thing.] A point; a jot; a tittle ; a small part. 

White, a. [A.-S. hwil; Dut. wit; B&n.hvid; Goth. 
hweits; Ger. weiss ; Skr. fveta; Qvit, to shine.] 
Having the color of snow ; gray with age ; pale : 
— pure ; unblemished. — 2, n. Whiteness ; any 
thing white. 

White-lead', n. A carbonate of lead. 

WhI'ten (hwl'tn), v. a. [Icel. hvitna.—See White.] 
[pp. whitening, whitened.] To make white; to 
bleach; to blanch. — 2, v. w. To grow white. 

Whlte'ness, n. State of being white ; purity. 

White' -oak, w. An American species of oak, 
valued for its timber. 

Whites, n. pi. (Med.) A disease, fluor albus. 

Whlte'-smith, n. A worker in tinned iron. 

White' -swell'ing, n. (Med.) A chronic enlarge- 
ment of one of the joints, particularly the knee- 
joint, a formidable disease. 

White' thorn, n. A species of thorn. 

White' wash (hwlt'wosh), n. A wash for making 
white ; a mixture of lime or whiting and water 
for whitening walls. — 2, v. a. [pp. whitewash- 
ing, whitewashed.] To cover with whitewash; 
to make white or fair. 

White'wash-er, n. One who whitewashes. 

Whith'er, ad.' [A.-S. kwider; Goth. hwadre.—Cf. 
Hither.] To what place or point. 

Whlth'er-so-ev'er, ad. To whatever place. 

Whit'ing, n. [See White.] A small sea-fish : — 
chalk cleared of stony matter and pulverized. 

Whit'ish, a. Somewhat white. 

Whit'leath-er, n. [White and Leather.] Leather 
dressed with alum : — white and tough cartilagi- 
nous flesh ; packwax. 

Whit'low, n. [Corrupted from 0. E. quick-flaw, an 
agnail, or hangnail ; quick, living, and flaw, a 
flake, a splinter.] A tumor at the finger's end. 

Whit' sun, a. Observed at Whitsuntide. 

Whit' sun-day, )«. [White and Sunday: this 

Whit' sun-tide, j day was locally reserved for bap- 
tisms and ordinations, on which occasions white 
garments were worn.] The seventh Sunday after 
Easter, answering to Pentecost. 

Whit'tle (hwlt'tl), n. [A.-S. hwitel, a white 
blanket; Icel. hvitill ; Norw. kvitel. — See White.] 
A blanket or cloak :— [0. E. thwitel; A.-S. thwi- 
tan, to cut] a knife; a pocket-knife. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. whittling, whittled.] To cut with a knife. 

Whiz, v. n. [Icel. hrissa, to hiss : imitative.] [pp. 
whizzing, whizzed.] To make a loud, hissing 
noise. — 2, n. A loud humming or hissing noise. 

Who (ho), pron. relative. [A.-S. hwa ; Dut. uie ; 
Dan. hvo; Ger. wer ; L. quis, qui; Skr. Teas.) 
[possessive whose; objective whom.] Applied to 
persons. 

Whoa (hwo'a or hwo), interj. Stand still ! halt ! 

Wh8-ev'er, pron. Any one, without limitation. 

Whole (tiol), «. [A.-S. hal; Dut. heel; Ger. heil: 
proteably allied to Gr. kol\6s, well, excellent; 
Skr. Jcalya, well ; but not to Gr. 6Ao?, whole.] 
All; total; complete: — well. — 2^ n. The total; 
whole of a thing. 

Whole'sale (hol'sal), n. [Whot.e and Sale.] Sale 
of goods in the lump, or in large quantities : — 
the whole mass. — 2, a. Buying or selling in the 
lump. 

Whole'some (hol'sum), a. [Icel. heilsamr ; heill, 



hale, sound, whole.] Sound; salutary; salubri- 
ous; healthy; healthful. 
I Whole' some-ly, ad. Salubriously. 
j Whole'some-ness, n. Salubrity. 

Whole'-souled (hoTsold), a. Imbued with soul or 
high feeling; noble-minded. 

Whol'ly (hol'le), ad. Completely; totally. 

Whom (horn), pron. The objective case of who. 

Whom-so-ev'er, pron. Objective of whosoever. 

Whoop (hop), n. [Fr. houper, to call : imitative. 
— Cf. Hoot.] A shout of pursuit; hoop. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. whooping, whooped.] To make a loud cry ; 
to shout : — written also hoop. 

Wh66p'ing-cough, n. Chincough ; hooping-cough. 

Whore [hor, S. J. ; hor or hor, W. F.], n. [Icel. 
hor>- (fern, hora), an adulterer; Dan. hore, Dut. 
hoer, Ger. hure, Pol. kurwa, an adulteress : not 
related to Hire.] A prostitute; a strumpet. — 
2, v. n. [pp. whoring, whored.] To practise 
whoredom. 

Whore'dom (hor'dum), n. [Icel. hordomr ; Sw. 
hordom'.] Fornication. 

Whore'mas-ter, \u. A man addicted to lewdness; 

Whore'mon-f er, J a fornicator. 

Whor'ish (horhsh), a. Unchaste; incontinent. 

Whorl' (hwurl), n. [0. Dut. worwel, 0. E. wharrel, 
viharl, a device for turning a spindle. — See 
Whirl.] (Bol.) An arrangement of leaves, 
stems, or flowers around a common centre, upon 
the same plane. 

Whor'tle-ber-ry. (hwuVtl-ber-e), n. [A.-S. wijrtil, 
an undershrub; dim. of wyrt, a plant, a wort 
(q. v.).] A shrub and its fruit; the bilberry, or 
huckleberry. See Huckleberry. 

Whose (hoz), pron. Possessive of who and which. 

Wh6 so (ho'so), pron. Whosoever. 

Wh6-so-ev'er (ho-so-ev'er), pron. Whoever. 

Why (hwi),"ad. [A.-S. hwi; Icel. hoi; Goth, live: 
an instrumental case of Who.] For what rea- 
son ; for which. 

Wick, n. [A.-S. weoca, 0. Dut. wiecle, Low Ger. 
weke, lint, wick; Dan. vsege ; Sw. veke: closely 
akin to Weak in the sense of pliant.] The cot- 
ton of a candle or lamp. 

Wick'ed, a. [A.-S. wiklce, evil, bewitched ; wicce, 
a witch (q. v.).] Evil in principle or practice; 
vicious; unjust; sinful; flagitious; heinous. 

Wick'ed-ly, ad. Criminally; corruptly. 

Wick'ed-ness, n. Sin; vice; evil; impirty. 

Wick'er, o. [Local Sw. vekare, a willow; Local 
Dan. vb'gger, a rod ; vsegger, a willow ; Sw. veika, 
A.-S. ivican, to bend : akin to Weak.] Made of 
small twigs or sticks. 

Wick'er-r-work (-wtirk), n. Basket-work. 

Wick'et, n. [Fr. guichet; 0. & Norm. Fr. viqvet; 
Norse vikja, A.-S. ivican, to bend, to turn, to give 
way. — See Weak, Weaken.] A small gate:— a 
pair of short laths, or a little gate, set up to be 
bowled at. 

Wick'ing, n. The material of wicks. 

Wide, a. [A.-S. wid; Dut. wijd; Dan. vid; Ger. 
weit-l Extended far each way ; broad to a cer- 
tain degree ; as, three inches iride : — large ; am- 
p>le; comprehensive: — remote; deviating. — 2, ad. 
At a distance ; with great extent. 

Wide'-a-wake', n. A kind of felt hat. — 2, a. 
Lively ; vigilant. 

Wlde'ly, ad. With great extent ; remotely. 

Wl'den (wi'dn), v. a. [pp. widening, widened.] 
To make wide ; to extend. — 2, v. n. To grow 
wide. 

WIde'ness, n. State of being wide ; breadth. 

Wld'teon (wid'jun), n. [Fr. vigeon ; from L. vipio, 
a crane, just as pigeon is from L. pipio.] A 
water-fowl. 

WId'ow, n. [A.-S. widwe; Dut. weduwe; Ger. 
wiltwe ; Goth, widowo ; L. vidua ; Skr. vidhava : 
root of Void.] A woman whose husband is dead. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. widowing, widowed.] To deprive 
of a husband. 

WId'ow-er, n. A man who has lost his wife. 



a, e, I, o, vi, y, long; a, e, I, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 



WIDOWHOOD 



581 



WINDWARD 




Wid'ow-hood (-bud), n. State of a widow. 

Width, n. [Icel. vidd: on type of breadth, length*, 
deptfi.] Breadth; wideness. 

Wield (weld), v. a. [A.-S. geweldan, wealdan, to 
have power over; Icel. vulda, to wield; Goth. 
waldan, to govern.] [pp. wielding, wielded.] To 
use with full power or command; to sustain ; to 
handle ; to manage. 

Wife, n. ; pi. Wives. [A.-S. wif; Dut. wijf; Icel. 
vif; Dan. ric ; Ger. weib : root uncertain.] A 
woman who has a husband ; a husband's consort. 

Wife'ly, a. Like a wife : becoming to a wife. 

Wig 1 , ». [A contraction for periwig.] False hair 
worn on the head ; a peruke. 

Wig' an, ». [From the English town of the same 
name.] A kind of stiff canvas. 

Wig'gle (wlg'gl), «. [A variant of "Waggle, and 
a dim. of Wag.] A wriggling motion. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. wiggling, wiggled.] To wriggle. 

Wight (wit), ». [A.-S. iciht, a person or thing; 
Dut. wicht, a child ; Dan. vsette, an elf; Ger. wicht, 
a person, a thing, a babe : supposed to be from 
the root of A.-S. wegan, to move.] A person; a 
being. — 2, o. [Icel. vigr, vigt, Sw. tig, active, 
brisk : akin to Icel. vig, war ; vega, to fight.] 
Vigorous : active ; brave. 

Wig' warn, n. [Algoukin wel; his abode; wekou- 
om-ut, in his house.] An Indian" 
cabin or hut. 

Wild, a. [A.-S., Ger., & Dut. ivild; 
Dan. & Sw. did, wild, free; A.-S. 
willa, to will, — properly, living or 
moving at will (q. v.).] Not tame , 
not cultivated; uncivilized; un- 
inhabited; desert :— loose; rude; 
fanciful; inconstant; extrava- 
gant: — showing strong excite- wigwam. 
ment; furious; insane; delirious. — 2, n. A des- 
ert; a tract uncultivated; a wilderness. 

Wild'-boar, n. A wild hog, or the male of wild 

Wild'-cat, m. A fen, cious feline animal. [swine. 

Wil'der, v. a. [Cf. Dut. cerwilderen, Dan. forcible, 
Icel.' villa, to lead astray, to perplex : root of 
Wild, and 0. B. wilderne, a wilderness (q. v.).] 
[pp. wildering, wildered.] To lose or puzzle; 
to bewilder. 

Wil'der-ness, n. [0. E. wilderne, a desert ; A.-S. 
wilder, a wild animal, — said to stand for wild dear, 
a wild deer.] A desert; a wild; an uninhabited 
forest; a waste. [uncontrolled fire. 

Wild'f ire, n. An inflammable composition :— an 

Wild'-f o-Cvl, n. Fowls or birds of the forest. 

Wild'ing, >i. A sour apple : — a plant growing 
wild, or of wild origin. 

Wild'ling, n. A wild plant: a wilding. 

Wild'ly;, ad. In a wild manner; disorderly. 

Wild'ness, ». State of being wild ; rudeness. 

Wile, n. [A.-S. wil or wile, Icel. eel, ml, a trick. 
— Cf. Lith. loylus, deceit; willi, to deceive.] A 
deceit; fraud; trick; stratagem. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
wiling, wiled.] To beguile ; to inveigle. 

Wil'ful, «. Stubborn; obstinate; perverse. 

Wil'ful-ly, ad. Obstinately; stubbornly. 

Wil'ful-ness, ». Stubbornness; obstinacy. 

Wi'li-ness, n. State of being wily ; guile. 

Will", n. [A.-S. wUla; Dut. wil; Ger. wille.— See 
the verb.] The faculty of the mind by which we 
choose to do or to forbear an action : — inclina- 
tion ; choice : — the declaration of a person with 
respect to the disposition of the property he may 
leave after his death ; testament.— 2, v. a. [A.-S. 
willan, Dut. uillen, Dan. ville, Ger. wollen, will; 
L. celle, Gr. /3ovAo/u.ac, to will ; Skr. mi, to 
choose.] [pp. willing, willed.] To determine 
in the mind; to desire; to direct : — to leave by 
will ; to bequeath. — 3, v. n. To dispose of effects 
by will. — 4, v. auxiliary & defective, [i. would.] 
It is used as one of the two signs of the future 
tense, the other being shall. 

Will'ing, a. Inclined to any thing; desirous; 
spontaneous; voluntary; ready. 



Will'ing-ly, ad. Voluntarily; readily. 

Will'ing-ness, n. Consent; ready compliance. 

Wil'15w (wil'lo), n. [A.-S. welig ; Dut. wilg ; Low 
Ger. wilge; root wal. to turn, to bend.] A tree 
of mauy species. 

Wil'low-x, a. Abounding in willows : — lithesome. 

Will' -with-a- wisp', or Will'-o'-the-wisp', n. 
Jack-with-a-lantern ; an ignis fatuus.' 

Wil'ly-nil'lx, ud. [For will he, will he.] Whether 
he will or not. 

Wilt, v. n. [Kelated to Welter in the sense of to 
roll.] [pp. wilting, wilted.] To wither, as 
plants; to droop. — 2, v. auxiliary. A second per- 
son singular indicative present of will. [Antiq.] 

Wi'lx, a. [See Wile.] Cunning; sly; insidious; 
artful. 

Wim'ble, n. [Dan. oimmel, a gimlet (q. v.) ; 0. Dut. 
wemelen, to bore ; weme, a gimlet : root of "Wind, 
to turn.] An instrument to bore holes with. 

Wim'ple, n. [A.-S. winpei, Dut. & Ger. uritmpel, 
Dan. drupel, a streamer.] A covering for the 
neck, chin, <fcc. ; a hood; a veil:— a flag or 
streamer :— a plant. 

Win, v. a. [A.-S. wintian, to fight, to toil ; Dut. 
winnen, Icel. cinna, to toil, to win ; Ger. gewinnen, 
to struggle, to earn ; root wan, to desire.] [i. 
won; pp. winning, won.] To gain by conquest; 
to obtain; to conciliate- — 2, v. n. To gain victory 
or favor ; to succeed by a struggle. 

Wince, v. n. [0. Fr. guiuchir, 0. Ger. icenchen, 
Ger. wanken, to start back, to flinch: akin to 
Wink.] [pp. wincing, winced.] To start back 
as from pain; to kick or fret with impatience; 
to winch; to twist. — 2, n. A wiuciug-machiue : 
— a sudden start. 

Winch, n. [A.-S. wince, a bent handle ; 0. Ger. 
wenke, a bend : akin to Wince in the sense of to 
turn aside.] A handle to turn an axle or wheel. 
— 2, v. n. [SeeWixcc] [pp. winching, winched.] 
To kick with impatience; to wince. 

Wind [wind or wind, S. W. J. E. F. Ja. A'.], n. 
[A.-S., Dut., & Ger. wind; Dan. rind ; L. 
Skr. va, to blow.] Air in motion ; a current of 
air; breeze: — breath. — 2, r. a. [i. winded ; pp. 
winding, winded.] To ventilate : — to nose ; to 
follow by scent. 

Wind, v. a. [A.-S. u-indan ; Dut. & Ger. windeu; 
base wad, wand, to turn, to bind round.] [j. 
wound, pp. winding, wound.] To turn; to 
twist; to regulate in motion :— [from wind in 
the sense of breath, blowing] to sound by blow- 
ing. — 2, c. n. To turn ; to move round. 

Wind'afe, n. The difference between the diam- 
eter of the bore of a gun and that of the ball. 

Wind'-bro-ken (wind'bro-kn), a. Diseased in the 

Wind'er, n. He who or that which winds. [wind. 

Wind'fall, n. Fruit blown down by the wind. 

Wind'-flbw-er, n. The anemone, a flower. 

Wind'-gai:e, //. An instrument to ascertain the 
velocity or force of the wind. 

Wind'gall, n. A flatulent tumor near the fetlock 
of a horse, chiefly on the hind leg. 

Wind'ing, n. A flexure ; a meander. 

Wind'ing-sheet. n- A shroud for the dead. 

Wind'iass, «. [A.-S. u-indel, a reel ; 0. E. windle, 
pi. wmtBes; from Wind.— Cf. Icel. vindass, Dut. 
toindas, a windlass; Icel. vinda, to wind, and ass, 
a pole or shaft.] A machine or cylinder for 
raising heavy weights. 

Wind'mill, n. A mill turned by the wind. 

Win'dow (win'do), ». [Icel. vindauga; vindr, 
wind, and anga, an eye (q. v.); Dan. vindue, a 
window.] An aperture in a building by which 
air and light are admitted. 

Wind' pipe, or Wind'pipe, n. The passage for the 
breath through the throat; the trachea. 

Wind'rSw, n. [Properly, a row of hay opened for 
exposure to the wind.] Hay raked into a ridge. 

Wind'ward, ad. Toward the wind. — 2, a. Lying 
toward" the wind.— 3, n. The point, side, or part 
toward the wind. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q. Q, c, £, soft; p, fr, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 

49* 



WINDY 



582 



WITHOUT 



Wind'y, a. Consisting of wind ; airy ; empty. 

Wine, n. [A.-S. win; Ger. weiu; Dut. wijn; Dan. 
viin; li.vinum; Gr. oZvos. — See Vine. — Of. also 
Heb. yayin, Geez wain, wine ; Arab, waynut, a 
kind of grape.] The fermented juice of the 
grape ; a liquid resembling the wine from grapes. 

Wine'-bib-ber, n. A great drinker of wine. 

Wine'glass, n. A glass for drinking wine. 

Wine' -press, n. A press for making wine. 

Wing, w. flcel. vsengr ; Dan. vinge ; root wig, to 
shake.] The limb of a bird used in flying : — a 
fan to winnow : — the side of an army. — 2, v. a. 
[pp. winging, winged.] To furnish or supply 
with wings : — to injure the wing of. 

Winged (wingd or wing'ed), a. Having wings. 

Wing'less, a. Not having wings. 

Wink (wingk), v. n. [A.-S. vincian, Icel. vanlca, 
Ger. winken, to wink, to nod ; akin to wariken, to 
wince, to totter.] [pp. winking, winked.] To 
shut the eyes; to shut the eyes and open them 
quickly : — to connive. — 2, n. The act of winking 
or closing the eye : — a hint given by the eye. 

Win'ning, p. a. That wins ; attractive ; charming. 
— 2, n. The act of gaining; the sum won. 

Wln'now (wln'no), v. a. [A.-S. ivindwian, to ven- 
tilate. —See Wind.] [pp. winnowing, win- 
nowed.] To separate by means of the wind; to 
fan ; to sift. — 2, v. n. To part corn fiom chaff". 

Win'some, a. [A.-S. ivynsum.— See Win.] Merry; 
cheerful ; gay. 

Win'some-ness, n. The state or quality of being 
winsome ; winning manner or character. 

Win'ter, n. [A.-S., Dut., & Ger. winter ; Dan. vin- 
ter; Goth, winlrus.] The cold season of the year. 
— 2, v. n. [pp. wintering, wintered.] To pass 
the winter. — 3, v. a. To feed or keep in the 
winter. 

Win'ter-green, n. The teaberry plant. 

Win'ter-kill, v. a. & v. u. [pp. winter-killing, 
winter-killed.] To kill, or to be killed, by the 
effect of the weather or the cold of winter. 

Win' try., a. Suitable to winter; brumal; cold. 

Wi'ny, a. Having the taste or qualities of wine. 

Wipe, v. a. [A.-S. ivipiun, to wipe; Low Ger. 
wiep, a wiping-cloth, a straw wisp.] [pp. wiping, 
wiped.] To cleanse by rubbing; to clear. — 2, n. 
An act of cleansing : — a rub ; a jeer ; a blow. 

Wire, n. [A.-S. wir; Icel. virr. — Cf. L. virise, a 
twisted armlet.] Metal drawn into a slender 
thread. — 2, v. a. [pp. wiring, wired.] To fix or 
string on a wire. 

Wire'draw, v. a. [i. wiredrew; pp. wiredrawing, 
wiredrawn.] To spin or draw into wire, as 
metal ; to draw or spin out into length. 

Wire'-draw-er, n. One who spins wire. 

Wlre'-edge, v. A thinness of edge, produced by 
ovei sharpening. 

Wire'-grass, n. A tough species of grass. 

Wire'-pull-er, h. One who pulls a wire to control 
the movements of a puppet : — a political man- 
ager or manceuvrer. 

Wire' -worm (-wiirm), n. A larva very injurious 
to the roots of wheat, rye, grass, &c. 

Wir'i-ness, n. The quality of" being wiry. 

Wlr'y, a. Made of wire ; like wire ; tough. 

Wis'dom, n. [A.-S. ivisdom. — See Wise.] Quality 
of being wise ; knowledge rightly used ; the pur- 
suit of the best ends by the best means ; sapience ; 
prudence ; sagacity. 

Wi§e, a. [A.-S. wis; Dut. wijs ; Dan. viis ; Ger. 
weise : root of Wit, and L. videre, to see.] Having 
wisdom; sagaciuus; discreet; grave; sage; skil- 
ful; judicious; prudent. — 2, n. [A.-S. ivise, Dut. 
wijs, Ger. weise, manner; 0. Ger. ivisa, wisdom, 
6kill, way of doing. — See Guise.] Manner; the 
way of being or acting. 

Wise'a-cre (wlz'a-ker), n. [0. Ger. wizago, A.-S. 
witiga, a prophet; 0. Ger. wizan, A.-S. witan, to 
see, to know (cf. Wit); whence by corruption 
Ger. weissager, a " wise-say er," a soothsayer.] A 
fool; a dunce : — a pretender to wisdom. 



Wlge'lx. ad. In a wise manner; prudently. 

Wish, v. n. [A.-S. ivyscan, Icel. oesl.ju, Dan. onslce, 
Ger. wiinschen, Skr. vanish, to wish.] [pp. wish- 
ing, wished.] To have strong desire; to long. 
— 2, v. a. To desire ; to long for ; to ask. — 3, n. 
[A.-S. wusc; Icel. osk; Ger. wunsch; Skr. vanchha.] 
A longing desire : — a thing desired. 

Wish'-bone, n. The furculum, or merrythought, 
of a fowl. 

Wish'er, n. One who wishes or longs. 

Wish'ful, a. Longing; showing desire; eager. 

Wish'ful-lj:, ad. Earnestly ; with lunging. 

Wish'x-wash'x (-wosh'e), a. Weak ; not solid. 

Wisp, n. [Low Ger. wiep, Norw. vippa, Local Sw. 
vipp, a wisp; Goth, waips, a wreath.] A small 
bundle, as of hay or straw. 

Wist, i. & p. from wit. 

Wist'ful, a. [A corruption of Wishful.] Atten- 
tive; full of thought; eager. 

Wist'ful-lx, ad. Attentively; earnestly. 

Wit, v. n. [A.-S. witan, to know, to see; Dut. 
weten, Dan. vide, Ger. wissen, to know ; L. videre, 
Skr. vid, to see; Gr. o!6a, I know.] [i. & pp. 
wist.] To know ; to be known : — now used chiefly 
in the infinitive (more correctly a gerund), to 
wit, as an adverbial phrase, implying namely. — 
2, n. [A.-S. wit, Icel. vit, Dan. vid, Ger. witz, wit, 
knowledge. — See the verb.] The faculty of per- 
ceiving and exhibiting ludicrous points of anal- 
ogy between things dissimilar; an unexpected 
combination of distant resemblances; quickness 
of fancy; a striking or unexpected thought; hu- 
mor; invention; intellect; sense : — a man of wit 
or of genius. 

Witch, n. [A.-S. wicca, a wizard ; wicce, a witch ; 
witga, witiga, a soothsayer; Icel. vitki, a wizard; 
Fris. vikke, a witch ; Low Ger. icikker, a sooth- 
sayer; 0. Ger. wizago, a prophet.— See Wise- 
acre.] A woman supposed to have intercourse 
with evil spirits; a sorceress. — 2, v. a. [A.-S. 
wiccian; Icel. vitka.] [pp. witching, witched.] 
To bewitch ; to enchant. [witches ; sorcery. 

Witch'craft, n. [A.-S. wiccecrseft.] Practices of 

Witch'-elm, n. [A.-S. wican, to bend : spelled also 
icych-elm.] A kind of elm. 

Witch'e-ry, n. Enchantment ; witchcraft. 

Witch-'ha'zel (-ha'zl), n. [Named from its re- 
puted mysterious virtues.] A kind of small tree. 

With, prep. [A.-S. wid, by, near, against; Icel. 
vid; Dan. i»ecZ.] By; noting cause or means. 

With, n. A twig, or band made of twigs, for 
binding : — written also withe. See Withe. 

With-al', ad. Along with the rest; likewise: — 
with.— 2, prep. With. [Antiq.] (It follows the 
word it governs.) 

With-drSw', v. a. [0. E. with, toward, back, and 
Draw.] [i. withdrew; pp. withdrawing, with- 
drawn.] To take back; to call away. — 2, i;. n. 
To retire ; to retreat. 

With-draw'al, n. The act of withdrawing. 

Withe [with', 8. W. J. Ja. K. ; with, S»i.]i «• t See 
Withy.] A band made of twigs. 

With'er, v. n. [0. E. wedderen, to weather (7. v.).] 
[pp. withering, withered.] To fade ; to dry up ; 
to pine ; to wilt. — 2, v. a. To make to fade or 
decay. 

With'erg, n. pi. [A.-S. widre, resistance; Ger. 
wieder, against; ividerrist, withers.] The joining 
of the shoulder-bones in a horse at the bottom of 
the neck. 

With-hold', v. a. [0. E. with, back, and Hold.] 
[i. withheld; pp. withholding, withheld or with- 
holden: — withholden is now rarely used.] To 
keep back; to restrain ; to hold back ; to hinder; 
to refuse. 

With-in', prep. [A.-S. widinnan : With and In.] 
In,— opposed to without; in the inner part of; not 
without; not beyond. — 2, ad. In the inner 
parts ; inwardly. 

With-Siit', prep. [A.-S. widatan : With and Out.] 
Out of, — opposed to within; not within ; beyond ; 



a, e, 1, 0, u 



y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, §, i, 



y,, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



WITHSTAND 



583 



WOED 



being destitute of. — 2, ad. Not on the inside; 
out of doors. — 3, conj. Unless; if not; except. 

Witn-stand', v. a. [With, in the old sense of 
against, and Stand.] [i. withstood ; pp. with- 
standing, withstood.] To stand against; to op- 
pose ; to resist. 

With-stood' (-stud'), i. & p. from withstand. 

With'y, n. [A.-S. widig, Dan. vidie, Gr. Lrea, Ger. 
weide, a willow ; L. vitis, a vine.] A willow-tree. 
— 2, a. Made of withes. 

Wit'less, a. Wanting wit or understanding. 

Wi't'ljng, n. A petty pretender to wit. 

Wit'n'ess, n. [A.-S. -wilnes; witan, to know.] Tes- 
timony; evidence: — a bearer of testimony. See 
Deponent. — 2, v. n. [pp. witnessing, witnessed.] 
To bear testimony ; to testify. — 3, v. a. To at- 
test ; to be a witness of. 

Wit'ti-cism, n. A witty remark; low wit. 

Wit'tj-ly, ad. In a witty manner; artfully. 

Wit'tj-ness, n. The quality of being witty. 

Wit'ting-ly, ad. Knowingly; intentionally. 

Wit'ty, a. Abounding in wit; having wit; hu- 
morous; ingenious; inventive. 

Wive, v. a. [pp. wiving, wived.] To match to a 
wife; to many. — 2, v. n. To take a wife; to 
marry. 

Wives, (wivz), n. ; pi. of wife. 

Wiz'ard, n. [See Witch and Wiseacre.— Cf. 0. 
Fr.' guischard, crafty.] A conjurer; a sorcerer; 
enchanter. — 2, a. Enchanting ; haunted by wiz- 
ards. 

Wiz'en (wiz'zn), v. n. [A.-S. wisnian, to become 
dry; Icel. visna, to wither; visirm, withered.] 
[pp. wizening, wizened.] To wither; to dry up. 

Woad, n. [A.-S. wad, waad; Dut. weede ; Dan. 
veid; Ger. waid ; Fr. guide; L. vitrum.] A plant 
once much cultivated in England for a blue dye 
extracted from it. 

Woe, w. [A.-S. wa, wea; Dut. wee; Icel. vei; Ger. 
weh.] Grief; sorrow; misery; calamity. 

Woe'-be-gone, a. [Woe, and 0. E. began, to sur- 
round'; A.-S. be, by, and gan, to go.] Lost in 
woe; full of sorrow. « 

Wo'ful, a. Sorrowful; calamitous; wretched. 

Wo'ful-ly, ad. Sorrowfully ; wretchedly. 

Wo'ful-ness, u. Misery ; calamity; woe. 

Wold, n. [A.-S. weald, wald, Ger. wald, a wood ; 
Icel. viJllr, a field; A.-S. geweald, Icel. mid, a 
possession.— See Wield.] A plain, open coun- 
try ; a down. 

Wolf (wulf), w. ; pi. Wolves (wOJvz). [A.-S. 
wulf; Dut. & Ger. wolf; Dan. ulv ; Goth, mdfs; 
Russ. volk; L. lupus ; Gr. Au/co?; Skr. vrika; root 
warlc, to tear.] (Zob'l.) A fierce wild animal. — 
{Med.) An eating ulcer. [gry ; greedy. 

Wolfish (wulf'ish), a. Resembling a wolf ; hun- 

Wol'fram, n. [Ger.; literally, "wolf-cream."] 
The metal tungsten; originally, a mineral con- 
taining tungsten. [glutton, a quadruped. 

Wol-ver-ene' (wul-), «. [Dim. of Wolf.] The 

Wom'an (wum'au), n. ; pi. Wom'en (wim'en). 
[A.-S. wifman, i. e., "wife-man;" 0. E. wim- 
man.] An adult female of the human race. 

Wo.m'an-hood (wum'an-hud), n. The character, 
state, or collective qualities of a woman. 

Wom'an-ish (wum'an-ish), a. Suitable to a 
woman ; resembling a woman. 

Wom'an-kind (wum'an-), n. The female sex. 

Wom'an-ly (wum'-), a. Becoming a woman. 

W6mb (wum), n. [A.-S. wamb, Icel. vb'mb, Ger. 
wampe, Goth, wamba, Dan. vain, the belly.] Place 
of the foetus; the uterus. 

Wom'bat [wom'bat, JV. I. ; Avom'at or wom'bat, 
St.], ii. [Australian, wombach, or wombback.] A 
burrowing quadruped. 

Wom'en (wim'en), n. The plural of woman. 

Won, i. & p. from win. 

Won'der, v. n. [A.-S. wnndor, Dut. wonder, Ger. 
ivunder, wonder : akin to Wind, in the sense of 
to turn; A.-S. wmidrian, to wonder.] [pp. won- 
dering, wondered.] To be surprised or aston- 



ished. — 2, n. The sensation of surprise; sur- 
prise ; amazement ; admiration : — a prodigy ; an 
extraordinary event. 

Won'der-ful, a. Exciting wonder; astonishing; 
surprising; marvellous; amazing. 

Won'der-ful-ly,, ad. In a wonderful manner. 

Won'der-ment, n. Astonishment. 

Won'drous, a. Marvellous; strange; wonderful. 

W^n'drous-ly, ad. Wonderfully. 

Wont [want, 6'. W. Sm. Wb. N. St. H. ; wont, Ja.], 
v. n. [A.-S. wunian, 0. E. woven, to dwell, to 
live; wuna, custom, use; Ger. wohnen, to dwell.] 
[pp. wonting, wonted.] To be accustomed; to 
use. — 2,n. Custom; habit; use; practice. — 3, a. 
Habituated; accustomed; wonted. 

Won't (wont or wunt) [wont, S. W. F. Ja. K. Sm. ; 
wont, C.]. A contraction used for rcill not. 

WSnt'ed, p. a. Accustomed; used; usual. 

W86, v. a. [A.-S. wogian, to woo, — properly, to 
bend ; woh, Goth, wahs, bent. — Cf. L. varus, 
crooked.] [pp. wooing, wooed.] To court; to 
solicit in love. — 2, v. n. To court; to make love. 

Wood (wud), «. ; pi. Woods (wudz). [A.-S. u-udu, 
widu; Dan. ved ; 0. Ger. wilu; Irish, fiodh; 
Welsh, gwydd.] A large and thick collection of 
trees; & forest: — the substance of trees; timber; 
fuel. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. wooding, wooded.] 
To supply with wood. 

Wood'bine (wud'bln), n. [A. S. wmdebinde— See 
Wood and Bind.] The honeysuckle. 

Wood'chiick (wud'chuk), n. [Wood and local 
chuck, a pig.— Cf. Welsh hivch, a pig.] A small 
quadruped that burrows in the ground ; a mar- 
mot. 

Wood'cock (wG(Tkok), n. A bird of passage. 

Wood' craft (wud'Uraf't), n. Skill in forest pursuits. 

Wood'-cut (wdd'kut), n. An engraving on wood, 
or a print of such engraving. 

Wood'ed (wudVd), a. Supplied with wood. 

Wood'en (wQd'dn), «. Made of wood. 

Wood'i-ness (wud'-), n. State of being woody. 

Wood'iand (wCid'land), n. Woods; a forest. 

Wood'land (wdd'-), a. Belonging to woods. 

Wood'-'lark (wfid'liirk), n. A species of 'lark. 

Wood'-louse (wCul'lbus), n. An insect. 

Wood'man (wud'man), n. A forester : —one who 
fells timber : — a sportsman. 

Wood'-nymph (wQd'nimf), n. A fabled goddess 
of the woods ; a nymph of the woods. 

Wood'peck-er (wud'pek-er), n. A bird. 

Wood'-spir-it (wud'-\ u. A spirit of the woods: 
— an alcohol derived from wood. 

Wood' -work (wud'wiirk), n. Work in wood. 

Wood'y. (wud'e), «. Abounding with wood ; con- 
sisting of wood ; wooden ; ligneous. 

Woo'er, n. One who wooes ; a suitor. 

Woof, n. [A.-S. owef, aweb ; roots of On and 
Weave.] The threads that cross the warp ; weft. 

W66'ing-ly, ad. Pleasingly; so as to entice. 

Wool'(wul)', «. [A.-S. ivull; Dut. wol; Ger. wolie ; 
Goth, wulla; Lith. wilna; Russ. volna ; Skr. 
urna; Gr. epiov, wool; L. villus, long hair.] 
The fleece of sheep ; short hair. 

Woold, v. a. [Dut. woelen, Ger. wuhlen, to pad ; 
ividst, padded.] [ pp. wooldinir, woolded] (Xaut.) 
To wind a rope round, as a mast or yard. 

Wool'-gatn'er-ing, n. A useless pursuit or un- 
dertaking :— purposeless or idle exercise of the 
imagination. 

Wool'len (wul'len), a. [A.-S. wytlen.'] Made of 
wool. — 2, n. ; pi. Wool'lens. Cloths made of 
wool ; woollen goods. 

Wool'ly. (wul'-), a. Consisting of, or like, wool. 

Wool' -sack (wul'sak), ». A bag or sack of wool : 
— the seat of the lord-chancellor of England in 
the House of Lords. [Bengal. 

Wootz, n. [Oriental.] A species of steel from 

Word (wiird), n. [A.-S. word; Dut. woord ; Ger. 
wort; Dan. ord; Goth, waurd; L. verbum.] An 
articulate sound ; a single part of speech ; an 
oral expression ; a term :— affirmation : — a prom- 



mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, £r, s, g\ soft; p, ja-, p, §, hard ; s as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



WORDINESS 



584 



"WRECK 



ise: — a token; a signal:— message :— tidings : — 
Scripture. — 2, v. a. [pp. wording, worded.] To 
express in words. 

Word'i-ness (wiird'e-nes), n. Verbosity. 

Word'ing (wiird'ing*), n. The manner "of express- 
ing by words : — phraseology. 

Word'y (wiird'e), a. Full of words ; verbose. 

Wore, t. from wear. 

Work (wiirk), v. n. [A.-S. weorc, wore; Dut. & 
Ger. werk; Dan. vserk ; Gr. epyov.] [i. wrought 
or worked; pp. working, wrought or worked.] 
To labor ; to toil ; to operate ; to act : — to fer- 
ment. — 2, v. a. To bestow labor upon ; to exert; 
to form by labor; to effect. — 3, n. Toil; labor; 
employment; exertion: — a literary production; 
a performance. [capable of working. 

Work'a-ble (wiirk'a-bl), a. That may be worked ; 

Work' -day (wiirk'da), «. A day for work. 

Work'er (wiirk'er), n. One that works. 

Work'-house (wurk'hous), n. A house for work ; 
a manufactory : — an almshouse. 

Work'ing (wurk'ing), n. Motion; fermentation. 

Work'ing-day (wiirk'-), n. A day for labor. 

Work'ing-man (wiirk'-), «. A laboring man. 

Work'man (wiirk'man), ,i. An artificer. 

Work'man-like(wurk.'mau-iik), ) a. Skilful ; well 

Work'man-ly (wiirk'man-le), j performed. 

Work'man-ship (wurk'mau-ship), n. Skill ; art- 
Work' shop (wurk'shop), ,<*. A place where work 
is done. 

Work'-wom-an (wiirk'wum-an), v. A woman 
skilled in needle- work ; a laboring woman. 

World (wiirld), b. [A.-S. weoruld, woruld, woild; 
Dut. wereld; roots of A.-S. wer, a man, and yldo, 
eld, age, — literally, a man's age.] The terra- 
queous globe; earth :— the inhabitants of the 
earth; mankind; the public: — the system of 
created beings and things; the universe: — a secu- 
lar life ; public life. 

World'li-ness (wurldle-nes), ». State of being 
worldly ; covetousness ; love of the world. 

World'ling (wurld'ling), «. One who is devoted 
to worldly gain, or to wealth. 

World'ly (wurld'le), a. Relating to this world; 
devoted to this world; secular; earthly. 

World'ly-mind'ed (wiirld'-), o. Attentive chiefly 
to things of this world. 

Worm (wiirm), n. [A.-S. wyrm, Dut. ivorm, Dan. 
orm, Ger. tcurni, L. vermis, Skr. krimi, Litli. kirmis, 
a worm.— Cf. Keemes and Squirm.] A small, 
creeping animal; a grub; an insect : — any thing 
spiral.— 2, v. n. [pp. worming, wormed.] To 
work slowly, secretly, and gradually, like a 
worm. — 3, v. a. To drive by secret means. 

Worm'-seed (wiirm'sed), n. A plant. 

Worm' wood (wiirm'wud), n. [A.-S. wermod; Ger. 
werrnnih ; root of A.-S. werian, to defend, and 
mod, Ger. mnth, mind. It was considered a pro- 
tection against insanity.] A bitter plant. 

Worm'y. (wiirm'e), «. Relating to or full of 
worms ; eaten by worms. 

Worn, p. from wear. 

Wor'ri-ment, n. Anxiety ; vexation ; worry. 

Wor'ri-sftme, a. Causing worry or annoyance : — 
fretful. 

Wor'ry, n. [A.-S. wyrgan, Dut. worgen, Ger. wiir- 
gen, to strangle; also A.-S. wergian, to curse, 
from the same root.] Fretfulness; trouble; 
vexation. — 2, v. a. [pp. worrying, worried.] 
To harass : to tease.— 3, v. n. To fret. 

Worse (wiirs), a. ; comp. of bad. [A.-S. wyrs ; Goth. 
wairs.j More bad. — 2, ad. In a worse manner. 

Wor'ship (wiir/ship), n. [A.-S. weordscipe, honor; 
veord, worthy \q. ».).] Dignity:— a title of 
honor : — adoration ; religious reverence. — 2, v. a. 
[i. worshipped ; pp. worshipping, worshipped.] 
To pay divine honors to ; to reverence ; to adore. 
— 3, v. n. To perform adoration. 

Wor'ship-ful (wiir'ship-ful), a. Claiming respect ; 
entitled to respect ; venerable. 

Wor'ship-fuT-ly. (wiir'-), ad. Respectfully. 



Wor'ship-per (wiir'-), n. One who worships. 

Worst (wiirst), a. ; superl. of bad. [A.-S. wyrst; 
Icel. verst; Dan. vserst ; 0. Ger. wirsist.— See 
Worse.] Most bad— 2, n. The most evil state. 
—3, v. a. [pp. worsting, worsted.] To defeat; 
to overthrow. 

Wors'ted (wurs'ted), n. [From Worsted, a town 
of Norfolk, England.] A hard-twisted, woollen 
yarn.— 2, a. Made or consisting of worsted. 

Wort (wiirt), n. [A.-S. wyrt ; Dan. urt ; Ger. wnrz; 
Goth, waurts.] An herb :— [A.-S. wyrte; Low Ger. 
wort; Norw. vyrt : from the roo't of Wort, a 
plant] new beer or ale. 

Worth (wurth), v. a. [A.-S. weordan, Dut. warden, 
Ger. werden, to become.] To betide; to happen 
to; as, "Woe icorth the day." — 2, n. [A.-S. 
weord, honor, honorable; Dut. waard, waarde; 
Ger. werth; Goth, waiiths.] The value of any 
thing; price; cost; rate :— excellent quality; 
desert; merit; virtue; excellence; importance. 
— 3, a. Equal in value to; deserving. 

Wor'tfii-ly. (wiir'the-le). ad. Deservedly. 

Wor'thi-ness (wur'the-nes), n. Desert; merit. 

Worthless (wiirth'les), a. Having no value. 

Worth'less-ness (wurth'-), n. Want of value. 

Wor'tny/ (wiir'tne), a. [See Wouth.] Having 
worth or merit ; deserving ; meritorious ; excel- 
lent. — 2, n. A man of merit. 

Wot, or Wote, v. n. [See Wit, of which it is 
strictly the present indicative.] To know ; to 
be aware. [Aiitiq.] 

Would (wud), v. auxiliary of iriH. [tending to Lie. 

Would'-be (wud'be), a. Desirous of being : — pre- 

Wound (wond or wound), n. [A.-S. wvnd; Dut. 
wand; Dan. vitnde ; Ger. vmiide. — Cf. Skr. van, 
to hurt.] A hurt given to the body by violence ; 
a cut; an injury; hurt; harm. — 2, v. a. [A.-S. 
wundian; Ger. verumnden.] [pp. wounding, 
wounded.] To hurt by violence. 

Wound (wound), i. & p. from wind. 

Wove, i. from weave. 

Wo'ven (wo'vn), p. from weave. 

Wrack (rak), u. [See Wreck.] Ruin; destruc- 
tion ; wreck ; wreckage cast on shore : — a kind 
of sea-weed; varec : — a thin, drifting cloud. 

Wraith (rath), n. [Scot.; locally, worth; Icel. 
vordr, a warder, a guardian.] An apparition ; a 
spirit; a water-spirit : — an unreal appearance. 

Wran'gle (rang'gl), v. n. [A frequentative of 
Wring, to twist, to press.] [pp. wrangling, 
wrangled.] To dispute; to quarrel. — 2, n. A 
quarrel : a dispute. 

Wran'gler (rang'gler), n. An angry disputant. — 
Senior wrangler, the student who passes the best 
mathematical examination in the senate-house, 
in the university of Cambridge, Eng. 

Wrap (rap), r. a. [Probably a variant of Warp.] 
[i. wrapped or wrapt ; pp. wrapping, wrapped or 
wrapt.] To roll together; to involve; to cover; 
to envelop. — 2, ». An outer garment ; a covering. 

Wrap'per, n. One who wraps : — a cover. 

Wrap'ping, «. A covering ; a wrapper. 

Wrath '(rath or rath), n. [A.-S. wrsedo ; Icel. 
reidi; Dan. vrede. — See Wroth.] Anger; fury; 
rage; ire; choler. 

Wrath'ful, a. Angry; furious; raging. 

Wrath' ful-lx, ad. Furiously ; passionately. 

Wrath'y, a. ' Very angry; wrathful. [Colloq.] 

Wreak (rek), -v. a. [A.-S. wreean, to punish, to 
drive; Dut. wreken; Goth, wrikan. — Cf. Ger. 
rachen, to avenge : akin to Urge.] [pp. wreak- 
ing, wreaked.] To execute; to inflict. 

Wreath (reth), n. ; pi. Wreatns. [A.-S. wrsed: 
root of Writhe.] Any thing twisted ; a garland. 

Wreathe (reth), v. a. [See Wreath.] [t. wreathed; 
pp. wreathing, wreathed or wreathen.] To form 
into wreaths; to twist; to interweave.— 2, v. n. 
To be interwoven. 

Wreck (rek), ;;. [A.-S. wrtec; Dut. wrak; Dan. 
vrag : root of A.-S. wreean, to drive, to impel. — 
See Wreak.] Destruction by sea; ruin; sliip- 



e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



WRECKAGE 



585 



XYLOGRAPHY 



wreck: — a vessel or other thing wrecked. — 
2, v. a. [pp. wrecking, wrecked.] To destroy 
bj r dashing on rocks or sands ; to strand ; to ruin. 

Wreck'a£e, n. Material from a wreck. 

Wreck'er (rek'er), n. One who plunders vessels 
that are wrecked: — one who removes or saves 
goods from wrecked vessels. 

"Wren (ren), n. [Icel. riadill; A.-S. wrsenna.] A 
small perching bird. 

Wrench (rench), v. a. [Root of Wrixg; the A.-S. 
wrence, guile, is closely related ; Ger. verrenken, 
to wrench.] [pp- wrenching, wrenched.] To 
pull with a twist or violence; to sprain; to 
wrest. — 2, n. A violent pull; a sprain; a tool 
or instrument for turning nuts. 

Wrest (rest), v. a. [A.-S. wrsestan, to twist; Dan. 
vriste ; akin to Writhe.] [pp. wresting, wrested.] 
To take away by violence ; to extort; to distort; 
to wrench ; to force. — 2, n. Distortion ; violence. 

Wres'tle (res'sl), v. n. [A.-S. wrseslliun, frequent i- 
tive of wrsestan, to wrest; 0. Dut. wrustelen.~\ 
[pp. wrestling, wrestled.] To contend by grap- 
pling and trying to throw down ; to struggle. 

Wres'tler (res'ler), n. One who wrestles. 

Wretch "(rech), w. [A.-S wrecca, an outcast ; wrecan, 
to drive, to wreak.] A miserable mortal ; a knave. 

Wretch'ed (rech'ed), a. Miserable ; vile. 

Wretch'ed-ly, ad. Miserably ; despicably. 

Wretch'ed-ness, ». Misery ; vileness. 

Wrig'gle (rlg'gl), v. n. [Dut. wriggelen, frequenta- 
tive of wrikken, to turn ; Dan. vrikke. — See Wry.] 
[pp. wriggling, wriggled.] To move to and fro. 
— 2, v. a. To put in quick motion. — 3, n. A 
wriggling motion. 

Wright (fit), n. [A.-S. icyrhta, a workman, maker; 
wyrht, an act, a work; wyrcan, to work (q. v.).] 
A workman ; an artificer. 

Wring (ring), v. a. [A.-S. wringan, to strain, to 
press; Dut. & Low Ger. wringen, to twist; Ger. 
ringen. — Cf. L. vergere, Skr. vrig, to bend ; L. 
urgere, to press.] [i. wrung or wringed ; pp. 
wringing, wrung or wringed.] To twist; to 
turn ; to extort ; to harass ; to distress. 

Wring'er (ring'er), n. A machine which wrings. 

Wrin'kie (ring'kl), n. [0. Dut. wrinckel, a wrin- 
kle; wrinckelen, to wrinkle; Sw. rynka, Dan. 
rynke, a wrinkle, to wrinkle; Ger. runzel, a 
wrinkle; rumseln, to wrinkle.] A corrugation ; 
a crease. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. wrinkling, wrin- 
kled.] To contract into wrinkles or furrows ; 
to make uneven. 

Wrist (rist), n. [A.-S. wrist; root of wridan, to 



writhe, to twist, to turn; 0. Fris. virivst; Ger. 
rist. — Cf. Dan. & Sw. vrist, Icel. rist, the instep, 
the turn of the foot.] The part or joint joining 
the hand to the forearm. 

Wrist'band (rist'band), n. The band, or part of a 
sleeve,' that passes around the wrist. 

Writ (rit), n. [See Write.] A writing : — Script- 
ure. — (Law.) A written precept or instrument 
conferring some right, or requiring something 
to be done. 

Write (rit), v. a. _ [A.-S. writan, Icel. rita, Ger. 
reissen, all meaning, primarily, to cut, to draw, 
to tear, to delineate.] [i. wrote ; pp. writing, 
written.] To express by letters ; to produce, as 
an author; to compose: — to engrave. — 2, v. n. 
To perform the act of writing. 

Writ'er (rlt'er), n. One who writes ; a penman; 
a scribe : — an author. 

Writhe (rith), v. a. [A.-S. wridan, Icel. rida, Dan. 
vride, to turn, to wrest. — Cf. L. vertere, to turn.] 
[pp. writhing, writhed.] To twist with vio- 
lence; to distort; to wiench; to force. — 2, v. n. 
To be distorted with agony. 

Writ'ing (rit'ing), n. The 'act of forming letters 
with a pen : — a manuscript; any thing written. 

Writ'ten (rlt'tn), p. from write. 

Wrong (rong), n. [A.-S. wrang, perverted, wrung; 
wringan, to wring, to twist.] An injury; injus- 
tice; error. — 2, a. Not right; not just; unfit; 
unjust; untrue; incorrect; erroneous. — 3, ad. 
Not rightly: amiss. — 4, v. a. [pp. wronging, 
wronged.] To injure; to use ill. 

Wrong'ful (rong'ful), a. Injurious; unjust. 

Wrong'ful-ly. (rong'ful-e), ad. t'ujustly. 

Wrong'-head-ed (rong'-), a. Perverse. 

Wrong'ly. (rtmg'le), ad. Unjustly; amiss. 

Wrote (rOt), i. from write. 

Wroth (rawth or roth), a. [A.-S. vorad, angry, 
twisted.— See Wbath and Wry.] Excited by 
wrath; angry; exasperated; indignant. 

Wrought (ra\vt), i. & p. from work. Performed; 
labored ; manufactured ; worked. 

Wrung (rung), i. & p. from wring. 

Wry (rl), o. [A.-S. wrigini, to drive, — also, to bend 
toward; Goth, wraikwfi, crooked; Skr. vry, L. 
vergere, to bend.] Crooked: distorted; wrested. 

Wry'ness (ri'nes). n. State of being wry. 

Wych'-elm, n. See Witch-elm. 

Wye (wi), n. A piece shaped like the letter Y. 

Wy'vern, n. [0. Fr. wivre, Local Fr. voivre, Fr. 
guivre, a serpent; L. vipt.ru. viper (q. v.).] An 
heraldic dragon. 



X. 



"XT is a letter which begins no word of Anglo- 

^_ Saxon origin. At the beginning of words it 
is pronounced like z ; but elsewhere it is almost 
always equivalent either to ks or to gz. 

Xan'thate, ». A salt of xanthic acid. 

Xan'thic, a. [Gr. £av96?, yellow.] Inclining to 
a yellow color :— noting an acid which forms 
yellow salts. 

Xan'thite, n. [Gr. £av06?, yellow.] (Min.) A 
variety of idocrase ; a yellow mineral. 

Xan'tho-phyll, ». [Gr. £ai>66<;, yellow, and <^u'A.- 
\ov, a leaf.] A yellow coloring- 
matter found in the leaves of 
some trees in autumn. 

Xan'thous, a. Yellowish; xan- 
thic. 

Xe'bec, n. [Sp. xabeque; Port. 
zabeco; Fr. chebec; Arab, sha- 
bak ; It. zambecco ; Per. & 0. 
Arab, sitmbuk ; Turk, sumbaki. 
A small three-masted vessel. Xebec. 




! Xe-roph'a-i-y. (ze-rof'a-je), n. [Gr. £>?p6<r, dry, and 
I ^>ayetv, to eat.] Dry food ; subsistence on dry food. 

Xe-roph'thal-my. (ze-rdp'thal-me), n. [Gr. ^)?p6s, 
dry, and Ophthalmia (q. v.).] (Med.) A dry, 
red soreness, or itching, in the eyes. 

Xiph'i-as (zif'e-as), n. [L. ; Gr. £k/h'<xs ; £<.'<£>os, a 
sword.] The sword-fish. 

Xiph'bid, a. [Gr. ^u^oeiS-rj?, sw r ord-shaped ; £i- 
0o?, a sword.] Sword-shaped ; ensiform :— ap- 
plied to a cartilage connected with the sternum. 

Xy'lene, n. [Gr. £uAov, wood.] (Vhem.) A hy- 
drocarbon resembling benzene. There are sev- 
eral xylenes known. 

Xy-lo-bal'sa-mum, n. [L. ; Gr. £l'Aov, wood, and 
|3d.Xo-a|u.os, balsam.] Wood of the balsam-tree : 
— a balsam from the balm of Gilead. 

Xy-log'ra-pher, n. An engraver on wood. 

Xy-lo-graph'ic, "I a. Relating to wood en- 

Xy-lo-graph'i-cal, J graving. 

Xy-log'ra-phy, n. [Gr. £v\ov, wood, and ypafyetv, 
to carve'.] The art of engraving on wood. 



mien, sir ; m6ve, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, Q, c, £, soft; p, p, g, g\ hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 



XYLOL 



586 



YELLOWS 



Xy'lol, n. [Gr. $v\ov, wood, and L. oleum, oil.] 
A hydrocarbon from wood-spirit. 

Xy-loph'a-ga, n. pi. [Gr. £uAov, wood, and </>ayeiv, 
to eat.] ' A 'group of wood-eating insects. 

Xy-loph'a-gan, n. A wood-eating insect. 

Xy-loph'a-gous, a. [Gr. fvAov, wood, and <f>ayelv, 
to eat.] ' Feeding on wood. 

Xy'lo-phone (zi'-), n. [Gr. £v'Aov, wood, and ^ojvtj, 
a sound ; (fruvelv, to sound.] (Mm.) An instru- 
ment consisting of pieces of wood arranged in 
order and played on with wooden mallets. 



Xy'lo-tile, n. [Gr. £v\ov, wood, and ti'aos, lint, 
down.] A kind of asbestos. 

Xys'tarph, n. [Gr. £u<tt6s, a xystos, and ap^eiv, 
to rule.] The officer who presided over a xystos. 

Xys'ter (zls'ter), n. [Gr. ^uctttjp ; from £ueiv, to 
scrape.] A surgeon's rasp or scraping instru- 
ment. 

Xys'tos, \n. [Gr. ; from £ueii>, to scrape; prob- 

Xys'tus, J ably because its floor was polished. ] In 
ancient Greece, a long court or gallery for ath- 
letic exercises. 



Y. 



Yat the beginning of English words and sylla- 
y bles, is a consonant (except in yttria and a 
few similar words, and also in yclept and words 
of like formation). In other situations it is 
generally a vowel, having the sound of i. Y (the 
A.-S., Dut., & Ger. ge) is, in poetry and in old 
English, sometimes prefixed to preterites and 
passive participles of verbs ; as, yclad. 

Yacht (yot), n. [Dut. jagt ; from jagen, to chase ; 
Ger. jagen, to hunt ; jilh, quick ; gehen, to go 
(q. v.).] A vessel of state or pleasure. — 2, v. n. 
[pp. yachting, yachted.] To use a yacht for 
pleasure. 

Yacht'ing (yot'ing), n. The act of making a voy- 
age or excursion in a yacht. 

Yachts'man (yots'mau), n. A person who keeps 
or sails a' yacht. [Thibet. 

Yak, n. [Thibetan, yyag.~\ The grunting ox of 

Yam, n. [Port, inhame; name probably of African 
origin.] A large esculent root or vegetable. 

Yam'mer, v. n. [Ger. jammern, to grieve ; jammer, 
grief, "wailing ; A.-S. giomor, wretched.] [pp. 
yammering, yammered.] To wail ; to lament. 
[Scot. ; Local & Obs. Eng.] 

Yank, n. [Nasalized from the root of Ger. jaclcern, 
to hurry ; jack, hasty ; juh, steep, hasty ; Scot. 
yaike, a stroke.] A jerk; a twist. — 2, v. u. [pp. 
yanking, yanked.] To twitch. 

Yan'kee(yang'ke), n. [Probably from the root 
of yank, to move quickly, to be active.] A cant 
term for an inhabitant or a native of New Eng- 
land, supposed by some to be a corruption of the 
word English or Anglois by the Indians. 

Yap, v. n. [Imitative - .— CT/Yaup and Yelp.] [pp. 
yapping, yapped.] To bark; to yelp; to yaup. 
— 2, n. A bark ; a yelp. 

Yard, w. [A.-S. geard; Dut. & Dan. gaard. — See 
Garden.] A small piece of enclosed ground, 
usually adjoining a house: — [A.-S. gyrcl, gierd, 
Dut. garde, Ger. gerle, a stick] a measure of three 
feet : — a timber to support a sail. 

Yard' -arm, v. (Naut.) The extremity of the 
yard : — one-half of the yard supporting a sail. 

Yard'stick, v. A stick a yard long. 

Yare, a. [A.-S. gearu. ready; Dut. gear, done; 
Ger. gar, wholly.] Quick; dexterous. — 2, ad. 
Quickly ; readily. [Antiq. or Obs.] 

Yarn, n. [A.-S. gearn; Dut. garen ; Ger., Dan., & 
Sw. gam.] Spun wool; thread of wool, &c. : 
— a sailor's stury. 

Yar'row, n. [A.-S. gseruwe; gerwan, to dress: it 
was used in dressing wounds: akin to Garb and 
Gear.] A plant, the milfoil. 

Yat-a-ghan', n. [Turk.] A sort of curved knife, 
or short scimitar, much used in Turkey. 

Yaup, v. n. [Imitative.— Cf. Yap and Yf.lp.] [pp. 
yauping, yauped.] To cry, as a child or bird ; 
to yelp. — 2, n. A yell or yelp. 

Yaw, n. [Norw. gaga, to bend ; gag, bent ; Local 
Ger. gagen, to move unsteadily.] (Naut.) An 
unsteady motion of a ship. — 2, v. n. [pp. yaw- 
ing, yawed.] To deviate from the right course. 



YSwl, or Yaul, n. [Dut. jol ; Dan. jolle ; Icel. 
jula; Sw. julle.] A boat belonging to a ship. — 
2, v. n. [Icel. & Norw. gaula, to yell (q. v.), to 
howl.— See Yell.] [pp. yawling, yawied.] To 
cry out ; to yell or howl. 

YS.wn, v. n. [A.-S. ganian ; Ger. g'dhnen ; also 
A.-S. ginan, Icel. gina, Gr. ^ai'veiv, to gape.] 
[pp. yawning, yawned.] To gape ; to open the 
mouth wide. — 2, n. Oscitation; a gape; an 
hiatus. 

Yawn'ing, a. Sleepy ; slumbering ; gapiDg. — 2, n. 
Act of gaping ; 6lnmber. 

Yawp, v. & n. See Yaxjp. 

Y-clad' (e-klad'), p. Clad. 

Y-clept', or Y-cleped' (e-klepf), p. [See Clepe.] 
Called ; termed. 

Ye, pron. [A.-S. ge; Dut. gij.— See You.] The 
nominative plural of thou ; you. 

Yea (ya or ye), ad. [A.-S. gea; Dut., Dan., & Ger. 
ja.] Yes; verily; a particle of affirmation, cor- 
relative to nay. 

Yean, v. a. [A.-S. eanian, geanian.] [pp. yean- 
ing, yeaned.] To bring forth young, as sheep. 

Yean'ling, n. The young of sheep. 

Year, n. [A.-S. gear; Dut, jaar ; Dan. aar ; Ger. 
jahr.] The space of time occupied by the revo- 
lution of the earth in its orbit; twelve calendar 
months; 365 days in common years; in leap 
year, 366 days. [nually. 

Year'-book (yerT>uk), n. A book published an- 

Year'ling, a. Being a year old.— 2, n. An animal 
one year old. 

Year'ly, a. Happening every year; annual. — 
2, ad. Annually ; once a year. 

Yearn (yern), v. n. [A.-S. gyrnan, from georn, 
eager ; Ger. begehren, to long for : Icel. girna, to 
desire; giarn, eager.] [pp. yearning, yearned.] 
To feel pain, pity, or desire. 

Yearn'ing, n. Emotion of pity ; sympathy. 

Yeast, n. [A.-S. gist ; Dut. gest ; Icel. jast ; Ger. 
gdscht; g'dhren, to ferment,] Barm used for leav- 
ening bread ; leaven ; spume ; foam. 

Yeast'y, a. Containing or resembling yeast. 

Yelk, n. The yellow part of an egg : — written 
also yolk. See Yolk. 

Yell, v. n. [A.-S. gellan, giellan, Dut. gillen, Icel. 
gella, gjalla, to yell ; Ger. gellen, to resound. — Cf. 
A.-S. galan, to sing.] [pp. yelling, yelled.] To 
cry out with horror and agony. — 2, n. A cry 
of horror; a hideous outcry. 

Yel'low (yel'lo), a. [A.-S. geolo ; Dut. geel; Ger. 
gelb ; L. helvus, gihvs ; It. giullo.] Being of a 
gold color. — 2, n. Yellow color; a golden hue. 

Yel'low-fe'ver, n. A malignant fever: — called 
also the black vomit. 

Yel'low-ham'mer (yeTlo-ham'er), n. [A.-S.amore; 
Ger". ammer; 0. Dut. emruer.] A yellow bird. 

Yel'low-ish, a. Approaching to yellow. 

Yel'low-ish-ness, v. State of being yellowish. 

Yel'low-ness, n. The quality of being yellow. 

Yel'lowg (yel'loz), n. pi. A disease in horses and 
cattle : — a disease in trees and plants. 



a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 5, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 



YELP 



587 



ZED 



Yelp, v. n. [A.-S. gilpan, gielpan, to exult; Icel. 
gjalpa, to yelp, to yell : imitative.] [pp. yelp- 
ing, yelped.] To bark as a dog; to cry out. — 
2, n. A shrill cry ; a yell. 

Yeo'man (yo'nian), n.; pi. Yeo'men. [A.S. get, 
Low 'Ger. gohe, Ger. gau, a district, aud Man.] 
A commoner; a freeholder ; a farmer. 

Yeo'man-ly, a. Relating to or like a yeoman. 

Yeo'man-ry, ». The body of yeomen. 

Yerk, v. a. [See Jerk.] [pp. yerking, yerked.] 
To throw out ; to lash ; to strike. — 2, v. n. To 
move as with jerks; to jerk. — 3, n. A quick 
motion; a jerk. 

Yes, ad. [A.-S. gise, gese ; from gea sy, yea, so be 
it.] The affirmative particle, opposed to no; 
yea; truly. 

Yest, or Yest, n. Foam ; yeast. See Yeast. 

Yes'ter-day, or Yes'ter-day, n. [A.-S. geostra, 
Dut." gesteren, Ger. gestern, Skr. hi/as, yesterday ; 
L. hes'terinis, of yesterday.] The day next before 
to-day. — 2, ad. On the day last past. 

Yes'ter-eve', n. The evening of yesterday. 

Yes'ter-morn', n. The morn of yesterday. 

Yes'ter-night' (-nit'), n. The last night. 

Yes'ter-n6on\ n. Noon of yesterday. 

Yest'y, a. Foamy; yeasty. 

Yet, conj. [A.-S. git, gel, 0. Fris. ieta, eta, Fris. 
jiette, yet; Ger. jetzt, now.] Nevertheless; how- 
ever. — 2, ad. Besides; still; at least; hitherto. 

Yew (yu), n. [A.-S. iw, iuu; Irish, iubhar; Welsh, 
yio ; Corn, hivin; Bret, ivin.] An evergreen tree 
of tough wood. 

Yew'en (yii'en), a. Made of the wood of yew. 

Yield' (yeld)', v. a. [A.-S. gieldan, gildan; Dut. 
gelden ; Dan. gielde ; Ger. getten, to be worth. — 
Cf. Guild.] [pp. yielding, yielded.] To pro- 
duce ; to give ; to afford .-—to allow ; to concede ; 
to grant. — 2, v. n. To give up; to submit; to 
comply. — 3, h. Return for cultivation ; produce. 

Yield ing, n. The act of giving up ; submission. 
—2, p. a. Complying; flexible. 

Yield'ing-ly, ad. With compliance. 

Yoke, «. [A.-S. geoc, inc; Dut. juk; Ger. joch; >L. 
jugum; Gr. ^vyor; Skr. yuga.] A bandage for 
the neck; a mark of servitude :— a bond :— a 
couple; a pair.— 2, v. a. [pp. yoking, yoked.] 
To bind by a yoke ; to confine. 

Yoke'-f el-15w, n. A companion ; a mate. 

Yo'kel, n. [Probably from Yoke.] A bumpkin ; 
a young rustic. 

Yoke'-mate, n. Same as Yoke-fellow. 



Yolk (yok) [yolk, E. ; yolk, Wb.], n. [A.-S. geol- 
eca, gioleca; from geolu, yellow.] The yellow 
part of an egg ; yelk : — written also yelk. 

Yon, a. & ad. [A.-S. geon, geond; Icel. enn ; Ger. 
jeuer ; Goth, jaind.] At a distance ; yonder. 

Yon'der, a. [Goth, jaindre. — See Yon.] Being at 
a distance, but within view.— 2, ad. At a dis- 
tance, but within view. 

Yore, ad. [A.-S. geara, formerly, — literally, of 
years ; gear, a year (q. v.).] In time past; long 
ago. — Of yore, of old time; long ago. — In days 
of yore, in time past; formerly. 

You (yu), personal pron. [See Ye, Thou.] Plural 
of thou; ye. 

Young (yung), a. [A.-S. geong, iung, ging ; Dut. 
joug ; Ger. jung. — Cf. L. jucenis, Skr. yuvan, 
young.] Not old; youthful; juvenile.— 2, n. 
The offspring of animals. 

Young'ish (yung'ish), a. Somewhat y r oung. 

Young'ling (yung'liug), n. A young animal. 

Young'ster, n. A young person ; a youth. 

Younk'er, n. [Ger. junker, Dut. jonker, jonkheer, a 
young' gentleman ; jong, young, and hcer, a gen- 
tleman.] Youngster. [Colloq.] 

Your (yur, if emphatieul ; yur, if otherwise), pron. 
poss. or a. [A.-S. eower ; 0. Ger. iuwer.] Be- 
longing to you. 

Your-self (yur-self ), pron. ; pi. Your-selves/. 
You ; even you : — the reciprocal form of you. 

Youth (yuth), n. [A.-S. geogiul ; Dut. jeugd; Ger. 
jvgeml; Goih.junda.— See Young.] The part of 
"life succeeding to childhood: — a young man: — 
young persons. 

Youth' ful (yuth'ful), a. Young; juvenile. 

Youth'ful-ly, ad. In a youthful manner. 

Youth ful-ness, n. State of being youthful. 

Yt'tri-a (it're-a), «. [Named from YUerby, a place 
in Sw'eden.] * (Min.) An earth in the form of a 
white powder, found in Sweden. 

Yt'tri-um, ». The metallic base of yttria. 

Yiic'ca, n. [Neo-Latin ; from its native West-In- 
dian' name.] An American flowering plant. 

Yule, n. [A.-S. vda, geola ; Icel. jol ; D&n.juul: 
origin doubtful.] The ancient name for Christ- 
mas, or the Christmas season : — applied also to 
Lammas, or Lammas-tide. 

Yule'-clog, or Yule'-log. ». A huge log for the 

Yule'-tlde, t?. Time of Yule. [Christinas fire. 

Y-wis', ad. [A.-S. gewis, certain; Dut. gewis, Ger. 
gewiss, certainly; Goth, towsa, I knew: closely 
akin to Wise and Wit.] Certainly ; surely. [Obs.] 



Za consonant, has, in English, the same sound 
j as the vocal s in rose. In some old books z is 
used instead of y, and has the sound of y con- 
sonant. There are a few Scottish words (such as 
tulzie, spuihie) which still retain this z with the 
y sound. 

Zaf'fre (zaffur), n. [Ger. zaffer ; Fr. zafre : a va- 
riant of Sapphire.] (Chem.) An impure pro- 
toxide of cobalt. 

Zam'bo, «. [Sp. for "bandy-legged," or "mu- 
latto."] The offspring of an Indian and a negro. 

Za-na'na, n. See Zenana. 

Za'ny. [za'ne or zan'ne, Ja.], n. [It. Zanni, or Zone, 
nicknames for Giovanni, or John.] A merry- 
andrew ; a buffoon. 

Zax, n. [A.-S. seax, sex, 0. Ger. sachs, a knife.] A 
tool for cutting slates. 

Zeal, n. [Fr. zele, L. zehis, Gr. ^Ao?, zeal, — prop- 
erly, heat ; £e'eii/, to boil, to seethe.] Passionate 
ardor in some pursuit; fervency; earnestness; 
warmth ; enthusiasm, 

Zeal'ot (zel'ot), n. [Gr. ^Awttjs.— See Zeal.] A 



person full of zeal ; one over-zealous ; an enthu- 
siast. 

Zeal'ot-ry, n. Fanaticism ; undue zeal. 

Zeal'ous (zel'lus), a. Possessed of zeal; fervent; 
ardent ; earnest ; passionate in any cause ; en- 
thusiastic. 

Zeal'ous-ly, ad. In a zealous manner. 

Zeal'ous-ness, n. Quality of being zealous. 

Ze'bec, u. See Xebec. 

Ze'bra [zeb'ra, H.~\, n. [Sp. ; from a native Afri- 
can' tongue.] An African 
animal like an ass. 

Ze'bu, n. [Fr. zebu, a name 
of South-Asiatic origin.] A 
small East-Indian humped ox. 

Zechin (ze'kin or che-ken'), ». 
An Italian gold coin worth 
about 9s. Qd. sterling ($2.20) : 
— written also cecchin, cheguai, 
and sequin. See Sequin. 

Zed, n. [Gr. ^ra.] A name of the letter Z : — 
called also zee, and sometimes izzard. 




mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.— g, Qr, c, § , soft; fS, J5, e, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tfiis. 



ZEMINDAK 



588 



ZTTHUM 



Zem-in-dar', n. [Per. zemin, land, and dm; hold- 
ing.'] A land-owner in India. 

Zem'in-da-ry, ra. The possession of a zemindar. 

Ze-na'na, n. [Per. gamma; zan (pi. zanan), a 
woman.] [India.] The part of a house reserved 
for ladies 

Zend, n. [Pahlavi zand, a translation, — properly, 
the name of a translation of the A vesta.] The 
ancient language of Persia, or of Bactria. 

Ze'nith [zen'nith, Sro. C. H. N. St.], n. [Fr. ze- 
nith; Sp. zenit; Arab, samt, away, a road. — See 
Azimuth.] The vertical point of the heavens, 
or the point overhead, opposite to the nadir. 

Ze'o-lite, n. [Gr. £eeiv, to boil, and Ai0os, a stone.] 
An aluminous mineral. 

Zeph'yr (zef'ir), n. [L. zephyrus ; Gr. £e'$upo?. — 
Cf. £d$os, darkness, the west.] The west wind : 
— any mild, soft wind. 

Ze'rS, n. [Fr. zero; Sp. zero; It. zero, for zefiro ; 
Arab, pifrint, sifr, a cipher (q. v.).] The arith- 
metical cipher ; naught ; the point from which 
a thermometer is graduated. 

Zest, n. [Fr. zeste % lemon-peel; L. schistos, Gr. 
erXio-Tos, cleft. — See Schist.] Something used 
to give flavor to liquor : — orange- or lemon-peel, 
or its juice : — a taste added for a relish ; a relish. 
— 2, v. a. [pp. zesting, zested.] To heighten 
by additional relish. [ceeding by inquiry. 

Ze-tet'ic, a. [Gr. £tjt-»?tik:6s ; ^tciv, to seek.] Pro- 

Ze-tet'ics, n. pi A part of algebra which consists 
'in the search for unknown quantities. 

Zeug'ma, n. [Gr. ; from ^evyvvvac, to yoke, to 
join.] ' A figure in grammar ; ellipsis. 

Zig'zag, n. [Fr. zigzag; Ger. zickzack; Sw. sicl- 
sack.— >Cf. Ger. zacke, a tooth.] A line with sharp 
turns or angles. — 2, a. Having sharp and quick 
turns. — 3, v. a. [pp. zigzagging, zigzagged.] 
To form with quick turns.— 4, v. n. To form 
zigzags ; to advance or move in an irregular or 
zigzag fashion. 

Zinc (zingk), n. [Ger. zinlc ; Fr. zhic.—Cf. Ger. 
tsinn, tin.] A metal of a bluish-white color, used 
in the manufacture of brass and other alloys: — 
in commerce it is called spelter. 

Zmck'y, a. Containing zinc. 

Zin-cog'ra-pher, n. An engraver on zinc. 

Inlctlraj^ j-cal. } «■ Eelatin S t0 *«*«**- 

Zin-cog'ra-phy, ". [Zinc, and Gr. ypd<j>etv, to 
write, to engrave.] The art of printing from 
plates of zinc. 

Zinc'ous, a. Partaking of, or like, zinc. 

Zi'r'cori, n. [An Elu or Cinghalese name.] (Km.) 
A hard, sparkling stone. 

Zir-co'ni-a, ». An earth extracted from the min- 
erals zircon and hyacinth. 

Zir-co'ni-um, n. The metallic base of zircon ia. 

Zith'er, ) n. [Ger. — Cf. Cithara.] A stringed 

Zith' em, J musical instrument 
used in Germany and the Tyrol ; 

r a cithern. 

Zo'cle (zo'kl), «. [L. socadus, a 
dim. of soccus, a sock or shoe.] 
(Arch.) A sort of stand or ped- 
estal ; a socle. 

Zo'di-ac, n. [Gr. ^wSia/cos ; from £u>Siov, dim. of 
£<$ov, an animal ; referring to the twelve zodi- 
acal constellations.] (Astron.) An imaginary 
zone or belt in the heavens, which is divided 
into the twelve signs, and within which are the 
apparent motions of the sun and the larger 
planets : — a girdle ; a belt. 

Zo-di'a-cal, a. Relating to the zodiac. 

Zoll'ver-eih. n. [Ger. zoll, toll, or duty, and ver- 
ein, a union.] A commercial league or union for 




Zither. 



the purpose of establishing a uniform rate of 
customs in the states joining the union. 

Zone, n. [L. zona, Gr. i^vt), a girdle ; favvvm, I 
gird.] A girdle; a belt. — (Geog.) One of the 
five divisions of the earth's surface formed by 
means of the two tropics and the two polar circles. 

Z5ned (zond), a. Wearing a zone. 

Zo'nule, n. A little zone or belt. 

Zo'bid, n. [Gr. £wov, an animal, and e!So?. a 
form.] An organism resembling an animal. — 
2, a. Like an animal. 

Zo-ol'a-try, n. [Gr. £<Zov, an animal, and Xarpeia, 
worship.] The worship of animals. 

Zo'o-lite, n. [Gr. £uov, an animal, and kiOos, a 
stone.] (Geol.) A petrified animal. 

Zo-o-log'i-cal, a. Relating to zoology. 

Zo-ol'o-i-ist,' n. One versed in zoology. 

Zo-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. £<pov, an animal, and Aoyos, 
a treatise.] The science of animals, treating of 
their nature, properties, classification, &c. 

Zo-on'o-my, n. [Gr. £4>ov, an animal, and vofios, 
a law.] Animal physiology. 

Zo-oph'a-gan, n. An animal that lives on flesh. 

Zo-oph'a-gous, a. [Gr. £<Z ov, an animal, and 4>a- 
yeii^, to eat.] Feeding on living animals. 

Zo-oph'o-rus, n. [Gr. £<*>ov, an animal, and <$>6po<;, 
bearing ; <}>epeiv, to bear.] (Arch.) A frieze. 

Zo'o-phyte, n. [Gr. £<Zov, an animal, and 4>vt6v, 
a plant.] A name given to various animals of 
a low type and once supposed to partake of the 
nature both of vegetables and of animals; a 
polyp (this term is not now much used). 

Zo-o-phyt'ic, a. Relating to zoophytes. 

Zo'o-spore, n. [Gr. £u>ov, an animal, and Spore.] 
A plant-spore which moves about. 

Zo-o-tom'i-cal, o. Relating to zootomy. 

Zo-ot'o-mist, n. One versed in zootomy. 

Zo-ot'o-my, n. [Gr. ^a»ov, an animal, and rifiveiv 
(root rofji), to cut.] That branch of anatomy 
which relates to the structure of animals. 

Zor-o-as'tri-an, a. Of or pertaining to Zoroaster, 
the founder of the ancient Persian religion. 

Zor-o-as'tri-an-ism, n. The religious system 

, founded by Zoroaster :— called also Parseeism. 

Zou-ave' (zo-av'), b. [Arab, or Kabyle Zouaoua, 
the name of a Berber tribe in Algeria.] One of a 
body of French soldiers wearing the Arab dress. 

Zounds, interj. [For God's wounds.] An exclama- 
tion of anger. [Antiq.] 

Zu-mol'o-fy, n. See Zymology. 

Zy-go'ma, n. [Gr. ^vyoifia, the cheek-bone, — 
properly, a bolt, a pin ; ^uyoetv, to fasten or yoke 
together; £vyov, a yoke.] (Anal) The cheek- 
bone, or the arch thereof; a process of the tem- 
poral bone. 

Zy-go-mat'ic, a. Relating to the zygdma. 

Zy-mo-lof 'i-cal, a. Relating to zymology. 

Zy-mol'o-gist, n. One versed in zymology. 

Zy-mol'o-fy, n. [Gr. £vju.i7, leaven, and Ad-yog, a 
treatise.] The doctrine of fermentation. 

Zy-mom'e-ter, n. [Gr. £v>t;, leaven, and perpov, 
a measure.'] An instrument for measuring the 
degree of fermentation ; a zymosimeter. 

Zy-mo-sim'e-ter, n. [Gr. ^v/xtucris, fermentation, 
andVerpoi/, a measure.] A zymometer. 

Zy-mo'sis, n. [Gr. ^/i^cri?, a leavening; £vfi6- 
etv, to leaven; ^v/ulij, leaven.] A contagious or 
other disease due to a ferment in the blood : — a 
fermentive process. 

Zy-mot'ic, a. [Gr. ^uuwti/co?.— See Zymosis.] 
(Med.)' Applied to epidemic, endemic, and con- 
tagious diseases. 

Zy'thum, n. [L. ; Gr. £v6os : said to be an Egyp- 
tian word.] A beverage or drink made from 
grain, as wheat, barley, &c. 



a, e, I, o, ii, y, long; a, e, !, o. Q, y, short; a, §, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, &, 5, £, soft; p, js, e, g, hard; s as z ; ? as gz • this. 



PRONUNCIATION 

OF 

GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



PREFACE AND REMARKS. 

The following rules and observations relating diphthongs se and ce ; but in most Scripture names 
to the pronunciation of Greek and Latin Proper it has its hard sound before these vowels. 
Names are in general accordance with the princi- 7. The digraph ch in Greek and Latin names, 
pies of Walker; but as the system of notation used and likewise in almost all Hebrew names, is 
in this Dictionary is applied to these names in the sounded hard, like k. 

Vocabulary, and as all the words are divided into I 8. Every final i, though unaccented, has its long 
syllables, some of his rules for their pronunciation open sound, as in Achi'vi. But when i, or its 
are here omitted as unnecessary. equivalent y, ends an unaccented first syllable of 

1. Greek and Latin names introduced into mod- a word, it has in some cases its long sound, as in 
ern languages naturally acquire, in sound and Bianor ; in some it takes the indistinct sound of e, 
rhythm, the main characteristics of the different as in Cilicia; and in some it is difficult to deter- 
languages which receive them. That which is mine which of these sounds is to be preferred, as 
chiefly attended to and sought after, in classical there is a want of agreement with respect to them 
names, is the seat of the accent ; and when the both among orthoepists and good speakers, 
seat of the accent and the syllabication are deter- 9. The termination es is pronounced like the 

English word ease; as, Achilles (a-kil'lez). 

10. The terminations cnu and ons are always 
pronounced in two syllables; as, Men-e-la'us, An- 
tin'o-us. 

11. The termination em in proper names which 
in Greek end in evs, as Orpheus, Prometheus, is to 
be pronounced as one syllable, the eu being a diph- 
thong. Walker, following Labbe, generally sepa- 
rates the vowels in pronunciation. But the diph- 
thong is never resolved in Greek, and very rarely, 
if ever, in Latin poetry of the golden or the silver 
age. But in the termination eus in adjectives, eu 
is not a diphthong. 

12. There is a class of proper names ending in 
i'x which, in their classical pronunciation, have 
the accent on the penultimate; as, Alexandria, 
Cassandri'a, Deidami'a, Philadelphia, Samari'a, &c. 
The English analogy strongly favors the antepe- 
nultimate accent in the pronunciation of this class 
of words; and Walker countenances this accent 
in relation to a part of them, especially such as 



mined, these names are pronounced, in the Eng- 
lish language, according to the powers of the let- 
ters in common English words. 

2. In Greek and Latin names the accent is 
always placed on either the second or the third 
syllable from the end of the word. In words of 
more than two syllables, if the penult is long in 
quantity, it is accented ; if short, the antepenult 
receives the accent. 

3. The vowel of the penult before .t, z,j, or any 
two consonants except a mute followed by a liquid, 
as I or r, is long by position. In other cases its 
quantity must be determined by poetic usage, ety- 
mology, or the mode in which the word is written 
in Greek. The digraphs ch, ph, rh, and th are to 
be regarded as single consonants. 

4. An accented vowel in the penultimate sylla- 
ble, when followed by a single consonant, by./ or 
z, or by a mute with I or r, has the long sound ; as, 
A'jax, A'cra; otherwise it is short; as, Apel'les. 
This pronunciation, in cases like the first and the 
last of these examples, is so obvious that it has are much used in English and have consequently 



not been deemed necessary to include such words 
in the Yocabulary. 

Exception. — Before gl and ti. the vowel of the 
penult, unless it be u, has the short sound; as, 
^gle (eg'le), Atlas (arTas). 

5. The final e is always sounded ; as in Bereni'ce. 
This remark, of course, does not apply to Angli- 
cized forms ; as, Pros'er-pine, for Proserpina. 

6. In Greek and Latin names the letter g has its 
soft sound before the vowels e, i, y, and before the 



become in a measure Anglicized. The following 
words, namely, Alexandria, Philadelphia, and Sa- 
maria, are so much Anglicized that it would seem 
pedantic, in reading or speaking English, to pro- 
nounce them otherwise than with the antepenul- 
timate accent. But such of these names as are 
scarcely at all Anglicized, as Antiochia, Deidamia, 
Laomedia, &c, may very properly be allowed to 
retain their classical accentuation. 
13. There are some other classical names which 



50 



589 



590 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



have become more or less Anglicized, and which j heretic, is pronounced A'rius in English, though 



have, in consequence, had their pronunciation, in 
a greater or less degree, changed from the classical 
standard. Thus, Arius, the name of the celebrated 



the penult is long in Greek; and the usage of the 
English poets has substituted Hype'rion for Hy- 
per i' on. 



Rules of Pronunciation referred to by Figures in the following Vocabulary. 



Rule 1. — The , consonants c, s, and t, immedi- 
ately preceded by the accent, and standing before 
i, followed by another vowel, commonly have the 
sound of sh; as in Pho'cion (fo'she-iin), Ac'cius 
(ak'she-tis), Al'sium (al'she-um), Helve'tii (hel-ve'- 
she-i). — C, following an accented syllable, has also 
the same sound before eu and yo, as in Cadu'ceus 
(ka-du/she-us), Si"cyon (sish'e-6n). 

Exceptions. — T, when preceded by s or x, has its 
hard sound, as in Sestius, Sextius. When si or zi, 
immediately preceded by an accented vowel, is fol- 
lowed by a vowel, the s or z generally takes the 
sound of zh; as, Mse'sia (me'zhe-a), Hesiod (he'- 
zhe-6d), Ely"sium (e-lizh'e-iim), Saba'zius (sa-ba/- 
zhe-us.) According to Walker, the words Asia, 
Sosia, and Theodosia are the only exceptions; but 
to these a few others should perhaps be added, as 
Lysias, Tysias. 

X, ending an accented syllable, and standing 
before i, followed by a vowel, has the sound of 
Tcsh; as in Alex'ia (a-lek'she-a). 

Rule 2. — In some proper names t preserves its 
true sound ; as, Aetion, Amphiclyon, Androtioi), Eu- 
rytion, Gration, Harpocration, Hippotion, Iphition, 
Metion, Ornytion, Pallantion, Philislion, Pobjtion, 
Sotion, Straiion, and a few others; but Hephsestion 
and Theodotion are Anglicized, the last syllable 
being pronounced like the last syllable in question, 
commotion. In the words JEsion, Dionysion, and 
Iasion, the s takes the sound of z, but not of zh. 

Rule 3. — In words ending in eia, eii, eium, and 



eius, with the accent on the e, the i following the 
accent is to be understood as articulating the fol- 
lowing vowel like y consonant; as, Elege'ia (el-e- 
je'ya), Pompe'ii (pom-pe'yi), Pompe'ium (pom-pe'- 
yum), Pompe'ius (pom-pe'yus). The same rule also 
applies to words ending in ia, preceded by a or o, 
having the accent upon it, as Acha'ia (a-ka/ya), 
Lato'ia (la-to'ya), and likewise to words having the 
accent on a vowel, followed by ia, though they 
may not end the word, as Ple'iades tple'ya-dez). 

The digraph yi, followed by a vowel, generally 
represents the Greek diphthong vi, and forms but 
one syllable ; as, Harpyia, pronounced Harpy'ya, 
or, as some prefer, Har-pivy'a ; Ilithyia. pronounced 
in four syllables, Il-i-lhy'ya, not I-lith-y-i'a, as in 
Walker. 

Rule 4.— The dipththongs as and oz, ending a 
syllable with the accent on it, are pronounced like 
long e, as in Cse'sar (se'zar) ; but when followed by 
a consonant in the same syllable, like short e, as 
in Dsed'alus (ded'a-lus). 

Rule 5. — In Greek and Latin words which begin 
with uncombinable consonants, the first letter is 
silent; thus', C'in Cneus and Ctesiphon, If in Mneus, 
P in Psyche and Ptolemy, Ph in Phlhia, and T in 
Tmolus, are not sounded. 

Rule 6. — The termination evs in most Greek 
proper names corresponds to evs, and is then to 
be pronounced in one syllable ; as, ZE'geus, Or*- 
pheus, used as nouns ; but 2E-qe'u.s, Or-phe'us, as 
adjectives. 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



The figures annexed to the words refer to the Six Rules of Pronunciation, on page 590. Thus, the figure 1, 
annexed to Acacius, refers to Rule 1, which shows that the word is pronounced A-ka'she-us. 

The words in bracket? are the preceding words Anglicized. Thus, the Latin word Adriunus is changed, in 
English, into Adrian. 



Ab-a-cae_'num 

A-ban'tes 

Ab-de'ra 

A'bi-a 

A-bi-a'nus 

Ab'i-l| 

Ab-i-le'ne 

Ab-ia'vi-us 

Ab-o-la'nl 

Ab-o-ri£'i-nes 

Ab-ra.-da'tes. 

A-bra'ha-mus 

4-bru'po-lis 

A-by'dos 

Ab-ys-si'm 

Ab-ys-sm'i-a 

A-ca'ci-us 1 

Ac-a-de-mi'a, or 

Ac-a-de'mi-a 
Ac-a-de'mus 
A-can'tha 
Ac-ar-na'ni-a 
Ac'ci-us 1 
A-ceph'a-li 
A-ces'tes. 



A-ehae 



.■»-.« So 



A-chsenve-nes 4 

Ach-ae-men'i-des 

A-cha'i-a A 

A-cha/tes 

Ach-e-16 ua 

Aph'e-ron 

Ach'e-runs 

Ach-il-le'is 

A-ehil'les 

t -phi' vi 
c-i-da'li-a 
Ac-me'nes 
Ac-mon'i-des. 
Ac-o-ly'tl 
Ac'o-ris 
A' era 
A-cra'tus 

t-crl'tas 
c-ro-ce-rau'ni-a 
Ac-ro-co-rin'thus 
A'cron 
A-crop'o-lis 
^.c-taj'on 

tc-tae'us 
w c'ti-um 1 
Ad'^-mas 
A-da'mus 
A-del/pbi-us 
A'des 
Ad-her'bal 
Ad-me'ta, or -te 
Ad-me'tus 
A-do'nis 
A-dra'nus 
A'dri-a 

A-dri-an-op'o-lis 
A-dri-a'nus 
[A'dri-an] 
A-dri-at'i-cum 
A-du'§i-us 1 



JE- 

2E- 
JE-i 
IE! 



.ffi-ac'i-des 

^'a-cus 

iE-an'ti-des 

iE-bu'ti-us 1 

.ffi-de'si-us 1 

JE-des'sa 

iE-di'les' 

JEd'ft-I 4 

iE-e'tes 
'rse'on 
rse'us 
re'ri-a 
res'ta 
reus («.) 6 
je'us («.) 

JE-£il'i-» 

JE-gl'na 

lE'&i-on 

■ffi'fis 

iE-§-is'thua 

JEe'l ? 4 " 

JEg'les 4 

iE-gob'o-lus 

JE'gpn 

JE-go'ne 

M'gqs Pot'a-mi 

.ffi-iyp'ti-I 1 

iE-gyp'tus 

JE'li-a 

iE-li-a/nus 

[iE'li-an]' 

JE-mil'i-a 

JE-mil'i-us 

.ffi-ne'a-dae 

iE-ne'a-des 

iE'ne-as, and 

JE-nl'as 

JE-ne'i's 

[JE-ne'id] 

iEn-o-bar'bus 4 

JE-6'li-a 

iE-ol'i-des 

JE'q.\is 

.K'o-lus 

iE-o'nes 

JE'qva 

A-er'o-pus 

JEs'ctii-nes, 4 

JEs'chy-lus 4 

iEs-cu-la'pi-us 4 

JE'si-on 2 

.ffi'son 

-32-so'pus 

[JE'sop]' 

-ffith'i-cus 4 

iE-thi'o-pes 

JE-thi-o'pi-a 

iE'thi-ops 

A-e'ti-on 2 

JEt'na 4 

.SSt-nae'us 4 

.ffl-to'li-a 

A-fra'ni-us 

Af ri-ca 

Af-ri-ca'nus 

Afri-cus 



Ag'a-bus 

Ag-a-mem'non 

Ag-a-nip'pe 

Ag'a-pae 

Ag-a-pe'nor 

Ag-^-pe'tus 

A-ga'pi-us 

Ag'a-tha 

Ag-a-thl'a 

Ag'a-tho 

A-gath/o-cles 

Ag'a-thon 

A-ga've 

A-ga'vi 

Ag-e-la'us 

A-fe'nor 

A|--e-nor'i-des 

Ag-e-san'der 

A-fe'si-as i 

A-gSs-i-la'us 

Ag-e-sip'o-ii3 

A-ge'tus 

A'£is 

Ag-la'i-a 4 

Ag-la'i-e 4 

Ag-nod'j-ce 

A-go'ne§ 

Ag'o-ra 

A'gra 

A-grse'a 

A-grae'us 

Ag'ra-gas 

A-gric'o-la 

Ag-ri-gen'tum 

t-grip 7 pa 
_g-rip-pi'na 
A gri-us 
A-ha'la 
A'jax 
A-lse'sus 
A-la'ni 
Al-a-ri'cus 
[Al'a-ric] 
A-l&u'dse 
Al-ba'nl 
Al-ba'ni-a 
Al-ba'nus 
•^.l-ben'ses 
Al-bin'i-us 
Al-bl'nus 
Al'bi-on 
Al-bi'o-nes 
Al-bu'ti-us 1 
Al-cae'us 
4.1-ca'nor 
Al-ce'nor 
Al-ces'te 
Al-ces'ti3 
Al-ci-bl'a-des 
Al-ci-da'mus 
Al-ci'de§ 
^.l-clm'e-de 
Al-cim'e-nes 
Al-cin'o-e 
Al-cin'o-iis 
Al'ci-phrSn 



Alc-mae'on 

Alc-me'na, or -ne 

^.1-cy'o-ne 

A-lec'to 

A-lec'try-on 

Al-e-man'ni 

A-le'_the§ 

A-leu'a-dae 

A'le-us 

Al-ex-an'der 

Al-ex-an'dra 

Al-ex-an-drl'a 

[Al-ex-an'dri-a] 

Al-ex-an-dri'na 

Al-ex-an-drop'9-li 

A-lex'i-iis 1 

Al-fe'nus 

Al'|i-dus 

A-H-ar'tus 

A-li-e'nus 

Al-iob'ro-|-es 

^.1-lu'ti-us 1 

A-lo'eus 6 

Al-o-I'dae 

Al'pe§ 

Al-phe'n<?r 

Al-phes-i-bce'us 

Al-pi'nus 

Al'si-um 1 

Al-thae'a 

A-mae'§i-a 1 

Am-al-thae'a 

A-mar'a-ciis 

Am-a-ryl'lis 

Am-a-ryn'thi-a 

Am-a-ryn'thus 

Am-a-sT'a 

A-ma'sis 

A-ma'ta 

4--ma'ti-us 1 

A-ma'zon 

[Am'a-zon] 

t-maz'o-nes 
m-a-zo'ni-a 
Am-a-zon'i-des 
Am'be-nus 
Am-bl'o-rix 
Am-bra'ci-a 1 
Am-bra'ci-us 1 
Am-bro'§i-a I 
A_m-bro'§i-us 1 
[Am'bro§e] 
A-me'li-us 
A-me'ri-a 
A-mi-a'nus 
A-ml'clas 
A-mil'car 
A-mi"si-a 1 
A-mi'sus 
Am-mi-a'nus 
Am-mo'ni-a 
Am-mo'ni-us 
Am-oe-bae'us 
A-moe'nus 
Am-pe'li-us 
4.m-phic'ty-on 2 



Am-phic-ty'o-nes 
Am-phi-ge-n'i'a 
Am-phil'o-chus 
Am-phi'pn 
Am-phip'o-lis 
Am-phi'su_s 
Am-phi-tri'te 
Am-phit'ry-on 
A-mu'li-us 
A-my'claj 
Am'y-ciis 
A-myn'tas 
Am'y-rus 
A-nab'a-sis 
s An-a-phar'sis 
A-nac're-on 
An'a-phe 
A-na'pi-Qs 
An-as-ta'si-a 1 
An-as-ta'§i-us 1 
An-a-to'li-iis 
An-ax-ag'o-ras 
An-ax-an'der 
An-ax-ar'chus 
An-ax-ic'ra-tes 
A-nax-i-man'der 
An-ax-im'e-neg 
An-cse'us 
An-chi'a-le 
An-chi'se 
An-chi'ses 
An'cho-ra 
An-ci'le 
An-co'na 

An'cus Mar'ti-Qs 1 
An-cy'le 
An-cy'ra 
An-da'na 
An-doc'i-des 
An'dre-as 
An'dri-a 
An'dri-on 
An'dro-cles 
An-drog'y-nus 
An-drom'a-phe 
An-drom'e-d^. 
An-dro-nl'cus 
An-droph'a-gi 
An-dro ti-on 2 
An'gli-a 
A-ni"ci-us 1] 
An'ni-bal 
An-taB'as 
An-taB'us 
An-tal'ci-das 
An-te'a 
An-te'nor 
An'te-ros 
An'the-mis 
An-thp-lo'|-i-a 
An-thro-popb/a-fl 
An-ti-cle'a 



An-tlc'y-ra 
An-tig'e-nes 
4-n-tig'o-ne 
An-tig'o-nus 

591 



592 



GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



An-ti-lib'a-nQs 

An-til'o-phus 

An-tim'a-phus 

^.n-tin'o-e 

An-tin'o-us 

An-ti-o-phl'a 

An-ti'o-phus 

^.n-ti'o-pa, or -pe 

.An-tip'a-ros 

An'ti-pas 

An-tip'a-ter 

£.n-tip'a-tris 

An-tiph'a-nes 

An-tiph'a-tes 



An'ti-phos 

An-tip'o-des 

^.n-tip'o-lis 

An-tis'the-nes 

An'ti-um 1 

An-to'ni-a 

An-to-ni'nus 

An-t5'ni-us 

t-nu'bis 
nx'u-rfls 
A-6'ni-a 
A-on'i-des 
A-pa'me 
Ap-a-mi'a 
A-pel'la 
A-pel'les 
Ap-en-ni'nus 
Aph-ro-di"si-a 1 
Aph-ro-di'ta 
Aph-ro-dl'te 
A-pi-a'nus 
A-pi"ci-us 1 
A'pi-on 
A'pis 

A-pol-li-nop'o-lis 
A-pol'lo 
A-pol-lo-do'rus 
Ap-ol-16'ni-a 
Ap-ol-16'ni-us 
A-pol'ly-on 
Ap-pi-a'nus 
Ap'pi-a Vi'a 
Ap'pi-I Fo'rum 
Ap'pi-us 

t-pri'lis 
p'te-ros 
Ap-u'-le'i-a 3 
Ap-u-le'i-us 3 

t-pu'li-a 
q'ui-i^ (ak'we-la) 
Aq-ui-le'i-a 3 
A-quil'li-a" 
Aq'ui-lo 

t-qui'nas 
q-ui-ta'ni-a 
Ar'^-bes 
A-ra'bi-a 
A-rab'i-cus 
A-raph'ne 
A'rae 
Ar'a-ris 
A-ra'tus 
A-rax'es 
Ar'ba-ces, or 

Ar-ba'ce§ 
Ar-be'la, and 
Ar'be-la 
Ar'bi-ter 
Ar'ca-des 
Ar-ca'di-a 
Ar-ca'di-us 
Ar-ca'num 
Ar-ces-i-la'us 
Ar-phe-la'us 
Ar-phid'a-mas 
Ar-phi-da'mus 
Ar' phi-das 
Ar-phil'o-phiia 



Ar-phi-me'des 

Ar-phi-pel'a-gus 

Ar-phip'pus 

Ar-phon'tes 

Ar-phy'tas 

Arc-tu'rus 

Ar'de-a 

A-re-op-a-gi'ta? 

A-re-op'a-gus 

A-re-op'o-lis 

A'res 

Ar-e-tse'us 

Ar-e-thu'sa 

A'reus («.) 6 

A-re'us (a.) 

Ar-gae'us 

Ar-Je'a 

Ar-gen-nu'sa 

Ar'£es 

Ar-ge'us 

Ar-gi'vi 

[Ar'gives] 

Ar-gol'i-cfis 

Ar'go-lis 

Ar-go-nau'tae 

A-ri-ad'ne 

A-ri-se'us 

A-ri-am'nes. 

A-ri'ci-a 1 

A'ri-es 

A-rim'i-num 

A-ri'on 

A-ri-o-vis'tus 

Ar-is-tee'us 

Ar-is-tag'o-ras 

Ar-is-tan'der 

Ar-is-taVphus 

A-ris'te-as 

Ar-is-ti'des 

Ar-is-tip'pus 

Ar-is-to-bu'lus 

A-ris'to-cles 

Ar-is-to-de'mus 

Ar-is-tog'e-nes 

Ar-is-to-gi'ton 

Ar-is-tom'a-phe 

Ar-is-to-me'des 

Ar-is-tom'e-ne§ 

A-ris'ton 

Ar-is-ton'i-des 

A-ris'to-mis 

Ar-is-ton'y-mus 

Ar-is-toph'a-nes 

A-ris'to-phon 

Ar-is-tot'e-les 

[Ar'is-to-tle] 

Ar-me'ni-a 

Ar-me'ni-us 

Ar-min'i-us 

Ar-mor'i-cl 

Ar-mos'o-ta 

Ar-no'bi-us 

Ar-pi-num 

Ar-ri-a'nus 

[Ar'ri-an] 

Ar'sa-ces, or 

Ar-sa'ces 
Ar-sac'i-da? 
Ar-sanes 
Ar'sesi 
Ar-sin'o-e 
Ar-sl'tes 
Ar-ta-ba'nus 
Ar-ta-b|-za'nes 
Ar-ta-ba'zus 
Ar-ta-pher nes 
Ar-tax-as'a-ta 
Ar-tax'a-ta 
Ar-tax-erx'es 
Ar'te-mas 
Ar'te-nris 
Ar-te-mi"si-a 1 
Ar'te-mon.' 



Ar-to-bar-za'nes 

Ar-toph'mes 

Ar-tu'ri-fis 

A-run'ti-us 1 

^.r-va'les 

As-bes'tse 

As'ca-lon 

As-ca'ni-a 

As-ca'ni-us 

As-cle-pi'a-des 

As-cle-pi-e'a 

As-cle'pi-us 

As'dru-bal 

A'si-a 1 

A-si-at'i-cus 1 

As'i-nes 

A-sin'i-us 

A' si-us 1 

A-so'pus] 

As-pa'si-a 1 

As-phal-ti'tes 

ts-sar'a-cus 
s-su-e'rus 
As-syr'i-a 
As-taf'i-deg 
As-tar'te 
As-te'ri-a 
As-te'ri-Gs 
As-ter-o-pse'us 
As-ter-o-pe'a 
As-trae'a 
As-trse'us 
As-tii'ri-a 
As-ty'a-|e§ 
As-ty'a-nax 
As-tyn'o-me 
As-ty'o-phe 
At-a-lan'ta 
A'te 

Ath'a-mas 
Ath-a-na/si-us 1 
A-the'na 
A-the'nse 
Ath-e-nae'um 
Ath-e-nse'us 
Ath-e-nag'o-ras 
A-the'ne 
A-then-o-do'rus 
A'thos 
A-til'i-us 
At-lan'tes 
At-lan-tra-de§ 
At-lan'ti-cus 
A-tos'sa 
^.-treb'a-tes, or 

At-re-ba'tes 
A'treiis (n.) 6 
A-tre'us (a.) 
A-tri'dse 
A-tro'ni-us 
At'ro-pos 
At-ta-li'a 
At'ta-lus 
At'ti-ca 
At'ti-cus 
At'ti-la 
At-til'i'-fis 
Auc'tus 
Au-fid'i-us 
Au'fi-dus 
Au-grus'ta 
Au-gus-ti'nus 
[Au-g-fis'tine] 
Au-g-Qs'tu-lus 
Au-gus'tus 
Au-le'te§ 
Au'lis 
Au'lus 
Au-re'li-a 
Au-re-li-5'nus 
[Au-re'H-an] 
Au-re'li-us 
Au-rl'ga 



Au-ro'ra 

Au-run'ci 

Au'sp-nes 

Au-so'ni-a 

Au-so'ni-us 

Aus'ter 

Aus-tra'lis 

Au-tol'y-cus 

Au-tom'f-ne§ 

Au-ton'o-e 

Av-en-ti'nus 

A-ver'nus 

A-vi-e'nus 

^.-vi'tus 

A-zo'tus 



B. 



Bab'i-lus 

Bab'y-lon 

Bab-y-lo'ni-a 

Bac-phe'us 

Bac'phus 

Bac'tri-a 

Bac-tri-a'na 

Bse'bi-us 

Bset'i-ca 4 

Bset'i-cus 4 

Baet'y-lus 4 

Ba-go'as 

Bag'ra-das 

Ba'i-ae 3 

Bal'a-ri.orBa-la'ri 

Bal-bl'nus 

Bal-du-i'nus 

Ba-le-a'res 

Bal-ven'ti-us 1 

Ban-du'si-a 1 

Baph'y-rus 

Bar'ba-rl 

Bar-ba'tus 

Bar-da'nes 

Ba'ri-um 

Bar-za'nes. 

Bas-i-le'a 

Ba-sil-i-a'nus 

Bas-i-ll'da3 

Ba.s-i-11'des 

Ba-sil'i-Qs, man. 

[B'as'ill 

Bas-i-li' us, river. 

Bas-sar'i-des 

Bas-tar'nse 

Bas-ter'na3 

Ba-ta'vi, or 

Bat' a- vi 
Ba-ta'vi-a 
Bat-ra-pho-my-9- 

ma'phi-a 
Bau'cis 
Ba'vi-Qs 
Be'bi-fis 
Beb'ry-ces, and 

Be-bry'ce§ 
Bel'g-se 
Bel'gi-ca 
Bel'||-cus 
Bel'g-i-um 
Bel-i-sa'ri-Qs 
Bel-ier'o-phon 
Bel-lo'na 
Bl'lus 

Ben-e-ven'tum 
Ber-e-nl'ce 
Ber-e-nl'cis 
Ber'o-e 
Ber-o-ni'c? 
Be-ro'sus 
Bi-a'nor 
Bi-brac'te 
Bib'u-la 



Bib'u-lua 
Bi'frons 
Bi-ma'ter 
BI'911 
Bi-sal'tse 
Bis'to-ne§ 
Bi-thyn'i-a 
Bi-thyn'i-cQs 
Blae'sus 
Blan-dii'si-a 1 
Blem'my-es 
Bo-ad-i-ce'a 
Boc'pho-rls 
Boe-o'ti-a 1 
Boe-o'ti-us 1 
Bo-e'thi-us 
Bo-e'ti-'us 1 
Bo'i-I 3 
Bo-mil'car 
Bon-i-fa'ci-fis 1 
Bo-o'tes 
Bo-re-a'lis 
Bo're-as 
Bo-rys'the-neg 
Bos'pho-rus 
Braph-ma'ne§ 
Bran'phi-dae 
Bras'i-das 
Bres'ci-a 1 
Bri-a' re-us, or 
Bri'a-reiis 6 
Bri-gan'tes 
Bri-gan'ti-um 1 
Bri-sae'us 
Bri-se'is 
Bri'ses 
Bri-tan'ni-a 
Bri-tan'ni-cQs 
Bron'tes 
Bru-ma'li-a 
Brun-du'§i-um 1 
Bru'tus 
Brys'e-a 
Bu-ceph-a-H'a 
Bu-ceph'a-lus* 
Bu-col'i-ca 
Bu'co-liis 
Bu'pha-gus 
Bur-dig^i-la 
Bur-gun-di-o'nej 
Bii'sse 
Bu-sl'ris 
Bu'tes 
Bu-thro'tum 
Bii'to-nes 
BG'zy-ges 
Byb'lis 
Byb'los 
By-zan'ti-Sm 1 



Ca-ba'lis 

Ca-bi'ra 

Cab'y-le- 

Cad-me'a 

Cad-me'us 

Ca-dii'ce-us 1 

Cae-cil'i-a 

Cse-cil-i-a'nus 

Ca3-cil'i-us 

Ca3-ci'na 

Ca3'li-a 

Cael'i-nus 4 

Cse'li-us 

Cse'pi-o 

Cser'u-lQs 4 

Cae'sar 

Cses-a-re'a 4 

Cae-sa'ri-Qs 

Ca'i-a 3' 



GKEEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



593 



Ca-i'cus 

Ca-i-e'ta 

Ca'i-phas 

Ca'i-us 3 

Ca-je'ta 

Ca-la'bri-a 

Cal'a-mos 

Ca-la'nus 

Ca-lau'ri-a 

Cal'jshas 

Cal-e-do'ni-a 

Ca'leg 

Cal'gra-cus 

Ca-lid'i-us 

Cal'j-dus 

Ca-lig'u-la 

Cal'li-as 

Cal'li-cleg 

Cal-lie'ra-teg 

Cal-li-crat'i-das 

Cal-li-de'mus 

Cal-lid'i-us 

Cal-lim'a-phus 

Cal-K'nus 

Cal-11'o-pe 

Cal'li-phon 

Cal-lis'the-neg 

Cal-Hs'to ' 

Cal-lis'tra-tus 

Cal-lix'e-na 

Cal-lix'e-nus 

Cal-phiir'ni-a 

Cal-pur'ni-iis 

Cal-ven'ti-us 1 

Cal-vi'nus 

Cal'y-don 

Ca-lyp'so 

Cam-a-ri'na 

Cam-by'seg 

Cam'e-ra 

Cam-e-ri'nus 

Ca-mil'la 

Ca-mil'lus 

Ca-mos'nae 

Carn-pa'ni-a 

Cam'pus Mar'ti- 

us 1 
Ca-na'ri-a 
Can'da-ce 
Can-dau'leg 
Can'di-dtis 
Ca-nid'i-a 
Ca-hld'i-us 
Ca-nin'i-us 
Ca-no'bus 
Ca-no'pus 
Ciin'ta-bri 
Can-ta'bri-a 
Can'tha-rus 
Ca-nii'gi-um 1 
Ca-pel'la 
Cap'i-to 
Cap-i-to-K'nus 
Cap-i-to'li-iim 
Cap-pad'o-ceg 
Cap-pa-do'ci-a 1 
Cap-ri-cbr'nus 
Cap'u-a 
Car-a-cal'la 
Ca-rac'ta-cus 
Car'a-nus, or 

Ca-ra'nus 
Car-bo'neg 
Ca'ri-a, Ca'ri-as 
Ca-ri^nus 
Car-me'lus 
Car-ne'a-deg 
Car-nu'teg 
Car'o-lus 
Car'pa-thiis 
Car-poc'ra-t5g 
Car-tha-£in-i-en'. 

seg 

nn 



Car-tha'gro 

[Car'tha£e] 

Ca-ry-at'i-deg 

Ca-ry-a/tis 

Ca-si'num 

Cas'pi-um Ma're 

Cas-san'der 

Cas-san'dra 

Cas-san-dre'a 

Cas-san'dreus 6 

Cas-si-a'nus 1 

Cas-si'o-pe 

Cas-si-o-pe'i-a I 

Cas-si-ter'i-deg 

Cas' si-us 1 

Cas-to'lus 

Cat'a-na, or -ne 

Ca-te'na 

Ca-ti-a'nus 1 

Cat-i-li'na 

[Cat'i-line] 

Ca'to 

Ca-tfll'lus 

Cat'u-lus 

Cau'ca-sfis 

Cau-co'nes 

Cau-dl'nus 

Cau'di-um 

Cau'nus 

Ca-y'cus 

Ce'bes 

Ce-cil'i-us 

Ce-ci'na 

Ce-cro'pi-a 

Ce-crop'i-dse 

Ce-crop'i-des 

Ce'crops 

Ce-lse'na 

Ci'ler _ 

Cel'e-res 

Cel-e-ri'nus 

Ce'le-us 

Cel'tse 

Cel-ti-be'ri 

Cel-ti-be'ri-a 

Cel'ti-ca 

Cel'ti-ci 

Cen'phre-ae 

Cen-tau'ri 

Cen-tau'rus 

Cen-tro'nes 

Cen-tum'vi-ri 

Cen-tu'ri-a 

Ceph'a-lae' 

Ceph-al-le'neg 

Ceph-al-le'ni-a 

Ce-phi'sis 

Ce-phl'sus 

Ce-ra'mi-um 

Cer'a-sus 

Ce-ra'thus 

Ce-rau'ni-a 

Ce-rau'nus 

Cer'be-rus 

Cer-cl'na 

Cer-cy'o-neg 

Ce-re-a/li-a 

Ce-re-a'lis 

Ce'reg 

Ce-re teg 

Ce-rin'thus 

Cer-to'nus 

Ce-the'g-us 

Ce'jis, and Cae'us 

pha'bri-as 

phae're-as 

phae-rip'pus 

phser-o-ne'a 4 

pha?r-o-m'a 4 

phal-ce'don 

phal-ce-do'ni-a 

phal'cis 

phal-dae'a 



phal-dae'i 

phal'y-beg 

pha'lybg 

pha-6'ni-a 

pha'os 

phar'i-cles 

phar-i-cli'deg 

phar-i-la'us 

pha-ri'nus 

pha'ris 

pha-ri"gi-iis 

phar'i-teg 

phar'mi-das 

phar-mi'o-ne 

pha/ron 

pha-ron'das 

pha-ryb'dis 

phau'bi 

phau'ci 

phe'lae 

phel-i-db'ni-se 

phe-lo'ne 

phel-o-noph'a-fi 

phe'lys 

fjhe'ops 

phe'phren 

fjher-ro-ne'a 

pher-so-ne'sus 

phil-i-ar'phus 

phi'16 

phi-mae'ra 

phi'os 

phi'ron 

phlo'e 

phlo'ris 

pho-as'peg 

pho-rce bus 

phos'ro-e§ 

f3hre'me§ 

phris-ti-a'nus 

phris-toph'o-rus 

phr5'n9s ( 

phry-sa'or 

phry-se'is 

phry'seg 

phry'seusO 

phrys-o-la'us 

phry-sip'pus 

phry-sop'o-lis 

phry-sos'to-mus 

[phrys'os-tom] 

Ci9'e-ro 

Cic'o-neg 

Cil'i-ceg 

Ci-H"ci-a 1 

Cim'bri-cum 

Cim'bri-cus 

Cim-me'ri-i 

Cim-me'ri-ura 

Ci-mo'lus 

Ci'mon 

Cin-cin-na'tus 

Cin'e-as 

Cir'ce 

Cis-al-pi'na Gal'- 

li-'a 
Ci-thae'ron 
Cith'e-ron 
Ci-vi'lis 
Clau'di-a 
Clau-di-a'nus 
Clau'di-us 
Clav'i-|-er 
Cla-zom'e-naB 
Cle-an'theg 
Cle-ar'phus 
Cle'm'eng 
Cle-o-bu'lus 
Cle-om'a-phus 
Cle-om'bro-tus 
Cle-om'§-neg 
Cle'on 
Cle'o-pas 

50* 



Cle-o-pa'tra 

Cle-op'a-tris 

Cli-nl'a-deg 

Clm'i-is 

CH'o' 

Clis'the-neg 

Cli-tar'phus 

Cll'tus 

Cl9-a'ca 

C16-a-ci'na 

Clo'di-a 

Cloe'li-us 

Clo'thS 

Clu-en'ti-Gs 1 

Clu'gi-um 1 

Clym > e-ne 

Clyt-em-nes'tra 

Cnse'us, or Cne'us 

Cnl'd'us 5 

Cnos'sus 5 

Coc'a-lus 

Coc-ce'i-us 3 

Co'cleg 

Co-cy'tos, or -tus 

C6d-o-man'nus 

Co'drus 

Coe-cii'i-us 

Coel-e-syr'i-a, and 

Ccel-o-syr'i-a ± 
Coe'li-a 
Coe'li-us 
Co-loe'nu3 
Col' phis 
Col'phos 
Col-la'ti-a 1 
C61-la-ti'nus 
Co-lo'ni-a 
Col'o-phon 
Co-los'se 
Cp-los'sus 
Col-u-mel'la 
Com'mo-dus 
Com-ne'nus 
Co'mus 
Con-cbr'di-a 
Con-cbr'di-us 
Co'non 
Con-sid'i-us 
Con-stan'ti-a 1 
Con-stan-ti'na 
Con-stan-ti-nop'o- 

Hs 
Con-stan-tl'nus 
[Con'stan-tine] 
Co'os, and Cos 
Co'pi-a 
Co-po'ni-us 
Cor-cy'ra 
Cor'du-ba 
Co-rin'thus 
Co-ri-o-la'nus 
Cor-ne'li-a 
Cor-ne'li-us 
Cbr'ni-i'er 
Cor-nu'tus 
Co-ro'na 
Co-ro'nis 
Cbr'si-ca 
Cor-ty'na 
Cor-vi'nus 
Cor-y-ba'n'teg 
Cor'y-dor 
Cor-y-n^'us 
Cos-sin'i-iis 
Cot'i-lus 
Cot-ti-a'nus 
Cot'ti-u§ 
Cot' tus 
Co-tyl'i-us 
Cran'a-iis 
Cras'sus 
Cras'ti-nus 
Crat'e-rus 



Cra'teg 
Cra-ti'nus 
Cra-tip'pus 
Crat'y-lus 
Crem'e-ra 
Cre-mb'na 
Cre'on 
Cre-oph'a-|-i 
Cre-oph'i-lus 
Cres-phon'teg 
Crl'te 
Cre'teg 
Cre-u'sa 
Cri-mi'sa 
Cris-pi'na 
Cris-pi'nus 
Cri"ti-as 1 
5 Cri'to 
Crit-o-bu'lus 
Croc-o-di-lop'o-lis 
Croe'sus 
Crb'ni-us 
Cro-tb'na 
Crus-tu-me'ri-um 
Cte'gi-as 1, 5' 
Cte-sib'i-us 5 
Ctes'i-phon 5 
Cu'mae 
Cu-ma'nus 
Cu-pi'do 
[Cuspid] 
Cu-re'te§ 
Cu'ri-a 
Cu'ri-o 
Cu'ri-us 
Ciir'ti-us 1 
Cu-ru'lis 
Cus'pi-us 
Cy'a-ne 
Cy-a-rax'eg 
Cy-ax'a-reg 
Cyb'e-le 
Cyc'la-deg 
Cy'clas 
Cy-clo'peg 
Cyd-o-ne'a 
Cy-do'neg 
Cyl-le'ne 
Cy-moth'o-e 
Cyn-o-su'ra 
Cyn'thi-a 
Cyp-ri-a'nus 
Cy prus 
Cyr-e-na'i-ca 
Cyr-e-na'i-cx 
Cy-re'ne 
Cy-ril'lus 
Cy-rop'o-lis 
Cy'rus 
Cyth-e-re'a 
Cy-the'rus 
Cyz'i-cos 
Cyz'i-ciim 



D. 



Da'ci, and Da't 

La'ci-a 1 

Dac'ty-H 

Dsed'^-la 4 

Dae-da'li-on 

Dai'mon 

Da-mas'cus 

Dal-ma'ti-a 1 

Dam'o-cleg 

Da-moc'ra-teg 

Da'mon 

Dam'o-phon 

Dan'a-e 

Dan'a-I 

Da-na'i-deg 



594 



GREEK AXD LATIX PROPER XAMES. 



Dan'a-us 

Dan'da-rl 

Dan-dar'i-dae 

Da-nu'bi-us 

Daph'ne 

Dar'da-::: 

Dar-da'ni-a 

Dar-dan'i-dae 

Dar-dan'i-des. 

Dar'da-nus 

Da-ri'us 

Dau'lis 

Dau'ni-a 

Dau'nus 

De-cap'o-lis 

De-cem'vi-ri 

De-ci-a'nusl 

Deg'i-nius 

De'ci-us 1 

De-cu'ri-o 

De-i-ot'a-rus 

De-iph'o-bus 

De-i-phon'tes. 

-ni'ra 
Dej'o-ce§ 
De-jot/a-rus 
EeTli-a 
De'li-us 
De'los 
DeTphI 
Del-phl'nas 
Dem-e-ra'tas 
De-me'ter 
De-me'tri-as 
De-me'tri-us 
Dem'o-cles 
De-moe'ri-tus 
De-mod'o-cus 
De-moph'a-nes. 
Dem-o-phan'tus 
De-moph'o-on 
De-mop'o-Hs 
De-mos'the-nes. 
De-mos'tra-tus 
Den-ci:" 
Den-ta'tus 
Des-i-de'ri-us 
Deu-ca'li-on 
Di-ab'o-lus 
Di-ac'o-nus 
Dl-ae'us 
Di-ag'o-ras 
Dl-a'na. or Dl-an'i 
Di-aph'a-ne§ 

Dic-e-ar'phus 

r tor 
Did'i-us 
Di'do 
Did'y-mus 
Di-es'pi-ter 
Li-it're-pnes. 
Li-nar'chus 
Di-noc i 

Di-o-cle-ri-a'nus 1 
Di-o-do'rus 
Di-od'o-tiis 
Di-og'e-ne§ 
Di-o-me'da 
DI-o-me'des 
Dl'on 
Di-o'ne 

Li'-o-ny"si-a 1 
I)i-o-ny"5i-on 2 
LI-o-ny"si-iis 1 
Li-p-nv - - 
Di-opb.'a-ne§ 
Di-o-phan'tus 
Dl-5p'o-lis 
Di-os-cor'i-des. 
Dl-os'co-rus 
Di-os-cii'ri 
Dl-6s'po-lis 



Di-ot're-phe§ 

DIp'o-lis 

Dis-cbr'di-a 

Ditli-y-ram'bus 

D5?'i-lis 

Dog'i-mus 

Do-do'na 

Do-do'ne 

Dc-don'i-des. 

D51-a-bel'la 

Dol'i-phos 

Dol'o-pes 

Do-mi''ti-a 1 

Do-mi-ti-a'nus 1 

[Do-mi"ti-an] 

Do-mi"ti-us 1 

Do-na'tus 

Do-ny'sa 

Do'reg 

Dor'i-cus 

Do-ri-en'ses. 

Dra:'a-nus 

Dra'co 

Drep'a-na 

Drep'a-num 

Dru'i-das 

Dry'a-des. 

Dry'o-pe§ 

Du'bi-us 

Eu-ce'ti-us 1 

Du-:i'li-us Ne'pos 

Du-Hch'i-um 

Du-lop'o-lis 

Dum'no-rix 

Du-ra'ti-us 1 

Du'ri-us 

Do-nm 

Dvr-ra'phi-um 

Dy-so'rus 



E. 



z'bi-on 
Eb-o-ra'cnm. or 

E-bor'a-cum 
Ec-bat'a-na 
E-phem'e-ne§ 
E-phid'na 
E-cMn'a-des, 
Jp-chi'nos, or -nns 
. :: she 
E-des'sa 
E-ge'ri-a 
Eg-na'ti-us 1 
E-lae'a 
E-lae'us 
El-a-g-ab'a-lus, or 

El-a-ga-ba'lus 
El-a-te'a 
E'le-a 
E-le: . 
E-lec'tras 
E-lec'try-on 
El-e-phan'tis 
El-eu-sin'i-a 
E-le". 

E-leu'the-ree 
El-eu-the'ri-a 
E-leu'the-ros 
E'lis 
E-li'sa 
El-pe'nor 
£l-pi-ni'ce 
El-y-ma'is 
E-ly"§i-um 1 
Em-men'i-ds 
Em-ped'o-cle§ 
Em-pb'ri-a 
Em-pyVi-um 
En-cel'a-dus 
En-dym'i-on 



En ni-us 

En-tel'lus 

E'os 

E-paen'e-tus -4 

E-pam-i-non'das 

E-paph-ro-dl'tus 

E-pe'us 

E-phe"§i-us 1 

Eph'e-sus 

E-phi-al'tes. 

Eph'o-ri 

Ep-i-phar'mus 

Ep-ic-te'tus 

Ep-i-cu-re'i 

Ep-i-dam'nos 

Ep-i-dau'ri-a 

Ep-i-dau'rus 

E-pig'o-ni 

Ep-i-me'des. 

E-pim'e-nes 

Ep-i-men'i-des 

E-pipb/a-ne§ 

Ep-i-pha'ni-us 

E-pi'rus 

Ep-i-ta'li-um 

E-pon'y-mus 

Eq'ui-tes, 

Er'a-to 

Er-a-tos'the-nes. 

Er'e-biis 

E-reeh'theus (n.) 6 

E-re'mus 

E-re'tri-a 

Er-gi'nns 

Er-ieh-tb.o'ni-us 

E-rld'a-nQs 

E-rlg'o-ne 

Er-i-g-6'nus, river 

E-rig'o-nus. painter 

E-rin'ny-e§ 

Er-i-phy'le 

E-ros'tra-tiis 

-.-Lis 
Er---man'thus 
Er-y-the r a 
Er-v-thi'a 
Er'y-tlirae 
E-sa'i-as 
Es-qui-li'nns 
E-te'o-cle§ 
E-te'si-ae 1 
E-trn ri-a 
E-trus'ci 
Eu-ag'o-ras 
Eu-a'gri-iis 
Eu-an'ge-lus 
En-s n thes. 
Eu-bce'a 
Eu-boe'us 
Eu-bo'tes 
Eu-bu'lus 
Eu-cli'des 
Eu'cra-tes 
Eu-do'ci-a 1 
Eu-e'r'ge-tes, 
Eii-ge'ni-a 
Eu-|-e'ni-us 
Eu-la'li-a 
Eu-15'gi-iis 
Eu'me-nes. 
Eu-men'i-de§ 
Eu-ni'ce 
Eii-no'ne§ 
Eii'pa-tbr 
Eu'pha-es 
Eu-phe'mi-a 
Eii-phra'nor 
Eu-phbr'bus 
Eu-pbra'te§ 
Eu-phros'y-ne 
Eu-pl'the§ 
Eu'po-lis 
Eii-rlp'i-de§ 



Eii-roc'ly-don 

Eu-ro'pa 

Eii-ro'pris 

Eii-rc ■': 

Eu'njs 

Eu-ry'a-lus 

Eu-ry-bl'a-de§ 

Eu-ryd'i-ce 

Eu-rym'e-don 

Eil-ryn'o-me 

Ev.-rys'the-nes 

Eu-rys'theus («.) ' 

:_-on 2 
Eu'se-bes 
iiu-se'bi-a, woman 
Eii-se-t: 
Eii-se'bi-us 
Eu-sta'thi-us 
Eu-tha li-a 
Eu-ter'pe 
Eu-tro'pi-a 
Eu-tro'pi-us 
En '*y.-ehe§ 
- : hus 
Eus-i'nus 
E-vad'ne 
E-vag'o-ras 
E-va'gri-us 
E-van'der 
E-van'ge-lus 



Fa'bi-I 

Eaes'u-lae 4 

Ea-le'ri-a 

Fa-ler'nus 

Eau'na 

Eau-sti'na 

Fau-sti'mis 

Fa-ven'ti-a 6 

Fa-vo'ni-us 

Feb-rn-a'ri-us 

Fe-H^i-tas 

Fer-en-tl'num 

Fe-re'txi-us 

Fe-ro'ni-a 

Fes-cen-ni'nfis 

Fes-cen'ni-um 

Fi-de'nae 

Fi'des 

F'ir'mi-us 

Fl|-mln'i-us 

Fla'vi-g. 

Fla-vi-a'nus 

Fla-vin'i-us 

Fla'vi-us 

Fla-vo'na 

Flo-ren'ti-a 1 

Flo-ri-a'nus 

FIS'rus 

Fon-ta'nvjs 

Fon-te'i-iis 3 

Fi3r'mi-Ee 

For-tu'na 

Fbr-ru-na'tas 

Fred-e-ri'cus 

Fnl-f en'ti-us 1 

Ful'vi-a 

Ful'vi-us 

Fii'ri-se 



G. 



Gae-tu'li 

Gse-tu'li-a. 

Ga'i-Qs 

Gal-a-- 

Ga-la ;. 

Ga-le'nas 

Ga-le'ri-us 

Gal-i-lae'a 

Gal'li-a 

Gal'li- 

Gal-li-e'nus 

Gal'li'-o 

Gal-Hp'o-Hs 

Gal'li-us 

Gan'ges 

Gan-y-me dej 

Gar-a-rr- 

Gar'gi- 

ge-dro'§i-a 1 

Qel-li-a'nus 

gel'li-iis 

^e'lo. Qe'lon. 

5-e-mel'lus 

^em'i-ni 

^em'i-iius 

9e-ne'§i-us 1 

ge-ne'va 

Gen-se-ri'cas 

[Q-eii'sT- 

g-en'u-a 

Qe-or'gi-ca 

0-6-0]/ gi-us 

^ep'i-dae 

5rer-a-ne'a 

£er-go'vi-a 

^er-ma'ni-a 

^er-man'i-cus 

ger-ma'ni-I 

Qer-jn~ 

<?er-tr~ 

^e'ry-on 

9?-ry'g-ne§ 

Qe'tse 

^e-tu'li-a 

gl-ga:. 

^i'gas 

Gla'bri-o 

Glau-co'pis 

Glau'cns 

Gly-ce'ri-us 

Gnos's 

God-e-fri'dus 

Gbr-di-" 

Gb'r'di-um 

Gbr'gi-as 

Gi5r'gg-ne§ 

Gor-go'ni-a 

Gor-tyn'i-a 

Go-th: 

Grac'fhus 

Grae'ci 

Grae'ci-a 1 

Gra-m'cus 

Gra'ti-ae 1 

Gra-ti-a'nus 1 

Gra'ti-on 2 

Gre-go'ri-us 

5-y'a-ros 

9?'ge§ 

^y-lip pus 

gym-na'si-a 1 

Oym-na'§i-um 1 

Qym-ne'tes 

Oym-no-pae-dl'a 

Oym-nos-o-phls'tse 



Ga-bi-e'nus 

Ga-bi'nus 

Gad'a-ra 

Ga'de§ 

Gad-i-ta'nus 



H. 



Ha-dri-|-nop'o-lIs 
Ha-dri-a'nus 



GREEK AXD LATHS' PEOPLE NAMES. 



595 



Ha-drj-at'i-cum Hip-pos'tra-tus 
Hal-cy'o-ne Hip-po'ti-on 2 

Ha-li-ar'tos. or-tris His'ps>-lis 
Hal-i-car-nas'sus His-pa'ni-a 
Ham-a-dry'a-des 



Ha-mil'car 

Han'ni-ba.1 

Har-mo'di-us 

Har'pa-gus 

Har-poc'ra-tes 



His-tas pes 

His-ti-ae'us 

Ho-mer'i-dae 

Hom-e-ro-mas'tix 

Ho-me'rus 

H6n-o-ra'tus 



Har-po-cra'ti-on 1 Ho-no'ri-us 



Har-py'iae ■'> 

Has'dru-bal 

He'be 

He'brus 

Hec-a-tas'us 

Kec'a-te 

Hec'u-ba 

He-gem'o-ne 

He-g§'§i-as 1 

HeTe-na 

Hel'e-nus 

HeTi-con 

He-li-o-gab'a-lus 
or He-li-o-ga- 
ba'lus 

He-li-op'o-lis 

He'li-os 

Hel'ie 

Hel-le'nes 

Hel-les-pon'tus 

He-15'tes 

Hel-ve'ti-a 1 

Hel-ve'ti-i I 

Hel-vld'i-us 

Hf-mo'na 

Hs-phaes'ti-on, 2, 

Her-a-cle'a 

Her-a-clI'dae 

Her-a-clI'des 

Her-a-cli'tus 

Her-a-cll'us 

Her-cu-la'ne-um 

HeVcu-les 

Her-mae'um 

Her'mes * 

Her-mi o-ne 

Her-moe'ra-tes 

Her-mog'e-nes 

Her-mop'o-lis 

He'r'ni-ci 

He-ro'des 

He-r5-di-a'nus 

Her-p-di'ura 

He-rod'o-tus 

He-ro-op'o-lis 

He-ros'tra-tus 

Her'u-li 

He-si'o-dus 

Hes-pe'ri-a 

Hes-per'i-des 

Hes'pe-rus 

He-syph'i-us 

Hl-ber'ni-a 

Hi-e-rap'o-lis 

HI'e-ro 

Hl-er-o-cles 

HT-e-ron'y.-mus 

Hi-e-ro-sol'y-ma 

Hl-la'ri-ua 

Him'e-ra 

Hi-mil'co 

Hip-par'ehus 

Hip'pi-as 

Hip-po-cen-tau'ri 

Hip-poc'ra-tes 

Hip-pp-cre'ne 

Hip-pod-a-ml'a 

Hip-pol'y-te 

Hip-pol'y-tus 

Hip-pom'e-ne§ 

Hip-po'nax 

Hip-poph'a-gi 



Ho-ra'ti-a 1 
Ho-ra'ti-us 1 
Hor-o-16'f-i-um 
Hor-ten'si-a 1 
Hor-ten'si-us 1 
Hos-til'i-us 
Hy-a-cin'thi-a 
Hy-a-cin'thus 
Hy'a-des 
Hy-das'pes 
Hy'dra 
Hy'drus 
Hy-fe-I'a 
Hy-gi'nas 
Hy'lae 

Hy-loph'a-gi 
Hym-e-nae'us 
Hy-met'tus 
Hyp'a-nis 
Hy-pa'ti-a 1 
Hy-per'bo-lus 
Hyp-e-ri'on 
[Hy-pe'ri-on] 
Hy-phas'us 
Hyr-ca'ni-a 
i Hyr-ea'num Ma're 
Hyr-ca'nus 
Hyr-tac'i-des 
Hys-tas'pes 
Hys-ti-e'us 



I-ac'chus 

I-am'be 

1-am'bii-Pb.us 

I-ap'e-tus 

I-ap'y-ges 

I-a-pyg'i-a 

l'|-sis 

I-a'son 

I-be'rx 

I-be'ri-a 

i-be'rus 

Ib'y-cus 

I-ca'ri-a 

Ic'a-riis 

Ic'ci-iis 1 

I-ce'ni 

lfh-thy-oph'a-§I 

i-cil'i-us 

I-co'ni-um 

Ic-ti'nus 

I'da 

l-da'li-a 

I-da'li-um 

I-dom'e-neus 6 

Id-u-me'a 

Ig-na'ti-us 1 

Il'i-on ' 

I-H'o-ne 

i-lis'sus 

il'i-um. or il'i-on 

Il-lyr'i-a 

il-lyr'i-cum 

Il-lyr'i-um 

im'a-us. or I-ma'us 

Im'bri-us 

I-na'chi-a 

in'a-phus 



in'a-rus 

in'di-a 

iri'di-cus 

In'fe-ri 

in-no-cen'ti-us 1 

l'no 

I-no'pus 

In'su-bres 

in-ta-pher'nes 

I-o-eas'ta 

I'o-las, or i-o-la' 

i-61'eb.os 

I'on 

I'o-ne, a Xereid 

I-6'ne, a city 

I-o'nes 

I-6'ni-a 

i-phic'ra-tes 

Iph-i-crat'i-des 

Iph-i-gre-ni'a 

I'phis 

I-phit'i-on 2 

I-re'ne 

Ir-e-nae'us 

Ir-e-nop'o-lis 

i-sas'us 

I-sau'ri-a 

Is-i-do'rus 

I'sis 

Is'ma-rus 

Is-me'ne 

Is-me'ni-as 

is-me'nus 

I-soc'ra-te§ 

I-ta'li-a 

I-tal'i-cus 

|th'a-ca 

I-tho'me 

It-u-rae'a 

I-u'lus 

Jx-I'on 



Ja-co'bus 

Jam'bli-cus 

Ja-nic'u-l"im 

Jan-ii-a'ri-us 

Ja'nus 

Jap'e-tiis 

Jor-nan'des 

Jo-se'phus 

Jo-tap'a-ta 

Jo-vi-a'nus 

Jo-vIn-i-a'nu3 

Ju-dae'a 

Ju-dse'us 

Ju-griir'tha 

Ju'li-a 

Jii-li-a'nus 

Jii'li-us 

Ju'li-us Cae'sar 

Ju'ni-a 

Ju'ni-us 

Ju'no 

Ju-no'nes 

Ju-no'ni-a 

Ju'pi-ter 

Jus-tTn-i-a'nus 

Jus-tT'nus 

Ju-ve-na'lis 

Ju-ven-tl'nus 

Ju-ven'ti-us 1 



Lab'da-cus 
La-be'ri-us 
La-bi-e'nus 



Lab-y-rm'tbus 
LaQ-e-dse'mon 
La5-e-daem'o-ne§ ' 
La-phe§ 
La-co'ni-a 
Lad-o-ce'a 
Lse'li-a 
Lee-li-a'nus 
Lae'li-us 
La-er'tes 
us La-er'ti-us 1 
Lag-vl'nua 
La'g-us 
La'is 
Lal'a-S'e 
La'mi-a 
Lam-pa'di-us 
Lam'pi-to 
Lamp'sa-ciis 
La-nu'vi-um 
La-6c'o-on 
La-od-a-mi'a 
La-od-i-ce'a 
Lap i-thse 
La're§ 
Lar'ti-us 1J 
Las'ca-ris 
Lat-e-ra'nu3 
La-ti-a'lis 1 
La-ti'nns 
La'ti-um 1 
la-tob'ri-|-I 
La-to'i-a -J 
La-to'na 
Lau'con 
Lau-ren'ti-a 1 
Lau-ren'ti-us 1 
La-vin'i-a 
La-vm'i-um 
Leb-a-de'a 
Le-fhse'um 
Le'da 
Lel'e-|-es 
Lem'u-res 
Len'tu-lus 
L|-6n'i-das 
Le-cn-ti'ni 
Le-os'tb.e-ne§ 
Lep'i-dus 
Les'bi-a 
Le-thae'us 
Le'the 
Leu-ca'di-a 
Leu-cip'pe 
Leu-cip'pus 
Leu-cop'o-lis 
Leu-coth'o-e 
Le-vi'nus 
Li-ba'nj-us 
Lib-er-a'lis 
Lib-er-a'tus 
Li-be'ri-us 
Lib-i-ti'na 
Lib'y-a 
Lib'y-cus 
Li-ci-a'nus 1 
Ll-cin'i-a 
Ll-cin'i-iis 
Li-gra'ri-us 
Ligr'u-res 
Li-gii'ri-a 
Li-lse'us 
Lil-y-bae'um 
Liv'i-a 
Liv'i-us 
Lo'cris 
Lol'li'-a 
Lol'li-iis 
lon-dl'num 
Lon-g-im'i-nus 
Lon-gi'nus 
Lon-§:o-bar'di 
Lu-ca'ni-a 



Lu-ca'nus 
Lu'ce-re§ 
Lu-ce'ri-us 
Lu-ci-a'nus 1 
Lu'ci-fer 
Lu-oil'i-us 
Lu-ci'na 
Lu'ci-Qs 1 
Lu-cre'ti-a 1 
Lu-cre'ti-iis 1 
Lu-cul'lus 
Lu'cu-mo 
Lu-do-vi'cas 
Lug-dii'num. 
Lu-per'cal 
Lu-per-ca'li-a 
Lu-te'ti-a 1 
Ly-cae'um 
Ly-ca'o-nes 
Ly"ci-a 1 
Lyg'i-das 
Lye-o-me'de§ 
Lyc'9-phron 
Ly-co'pus 
Ly-co'ris 
Ly-cbr'tas 
Ly-co'tas 
Ly-ciir'gus 
Lyd'i-a 
Lyd'i-us 
Lyn-cse'us 
Ly-san'der 
Ly"si-as 1 
Lys-i-ma'fhi-a 
Ly-sim'a-flius 
Ly-sip'pe 
Ly-sip'pus 
• ".3 1 



M. 



Ma-ca'ri-us 

Ma^'e-dS 

Ma?-e-do'ni-a 

Maf-e-don'i-cus 

Ma-cha'on 

Ma-cTl-i-a'nus 

Ma-cri'nns 

Ma-cro'bi-us 

Ma-cro'nes 

Mse-an'der 

Mse-ce'nas 

Mas'ci-us 1 

Mae'li-us 

Maen'a-lus 1 

Mae'ni-us 

Mae'o-nes 

Mse-6'ni-a 

Mae-on'i-des 

Mae-o'ti-a 1 

Mae-o'tis Pa'lns 

Mae-so'lus 

Mae'vi-us 

Mag-'na Grae'ci-a 1 

Mag-ne'^i-a 

Mag-nop'o-lis 

Ma'go 

Ma-har'bal 

Ma-jo-ri-a'nas 

Ma-mer'cns 

Mam-er-ti'nus 

Ma-miri-us 

Ma-nas'ta-bal 

Ma'ne? 

Man'e-th5 

Man-i-ehae'us 

Ma-ml'i-a 

Ma-nil'i-us 

Man'li-Qs 

Man-sue'tus 

Man-ti-ne'a 



596 



GREEK AND LATIN PEOPEE NAMES. 



Man'tu-a 

Mar'a-thon 

Mar-cel-li'nus 

Mar-cel'lus 

Mar-ci-a'na 1 

Mar-ci-a'nus 1 

Mar-do'ni-us 

Ma'ri-a, and 

Ma-ri'a 

Ma-ri-am'ne 

Ma-ri'nus 

Ma-rit'i-ma 

Ma'ri-us 

Ma'ro 

Mar-o-ne'a 

Mar-ti-a'lis 1 

Mar'ti-us.1 

Mas-i-nis'sa 

Mas-safe-tae 

Mas'si-cus 

Mas-sil'i-a 

Mas-sy'll 

Ma-tri'nus 

Ma-tro'na 

Ma-tu'rus 

Mat-u-ti'nus 

Mau'rl 

Mau-rr"c_i-us 1 

Mau-ri-ta'ni-a 

Mau-so-le'um 

Mau-so'lus 

Ma-vor'ti-us 1 

Max-en'ti-us 1 

Max-im-i-a/nus 

Max-i-mi'nu.s 

Max'i-mus 

Me-cae'nas 

Me-de'a 

Me'di-a 

Me-di_-o-la'num 

Me-du'sa 

Meg--a-by'zus 

Meg-'a-cles ' 

Me-§-se'ra 

Meg-'a-le 

Meg--a-lop'o-lis 

Meg'a-ra 

Me-g-as'the-nes. 

Me-lam'pus 

Mel-a-nip'pe 

Mel-a-mp'pus 

Me-le-a'g-er 

Mel-e-san'der 

Mel-i-boe'us 

Me-lis'sa 

MeTi-ta 

Mel'i-to 

Me'li-us 

Mem'mi-us 

Mem-non'i-des 

Mem-no-ni'um 

Mem-phi' tis 

Me-nal'cas 

Me-nan'der 

Me-nec'ra-tes 

Men-e-la/us 

Me-nes'theus 

Me-mp'pus 

Me-phi'tis 

Mer-ca'tor 

Mer-cu'ri-us 

MeYo-e ' 

Mer'o-pe 

Me'rops 

Me-sa'bi-us 

Me-se'ne 

Mes-o-po-ta'mi-a 

Mes-sa'la 

Mes-sa-11'nus 

Mes-sa'pus 

Mes-se'ne 

Mes-se'ni-a 

Met-a-pon'tum 



Me-tau'rus 

Me-tel'lus 

Me-tho'di-iis 

Me-tho-ne 

Mp-til'i-us 

Me'ti-us 1 

Me-to'pe 

Me-tro'bi-us 

Me-trop'o-lis 

Met'ti-us 

Me'vi-us 

Me-zen'ti-us 1 

Mi'pha-el, 

MI' das 

Ml-li'si-I 1 

Mi-le'tos, or -tus 

Mil-ti'a-des 

Mil'vi-us 

Mim-ner'mus 

Min'ci-us 1 

Mi-ner'va 

Mi-no'is " 

Mi'nos 

Min-o-tau'rus 

Min-tiir'nae 

Mi-nu'ci-us 1 

Mi-se'num 

Mith-ra-da'tes 

Mi'ihras 

Mit-y-ie'ne 

Mne-mos'y-ne 5 

Mnes'theus 5, 6 

Mod-es-ti'nus 

Moe-on'i-des. 

Mce'ris ' 

Moe'si-a 1 

Mo-los'sl 

Mo-los'si-a 1 

Mon'a-phus 

Mo-ne'ses 

Mon'i-mus 

Mon-o-dac'ty-lus 

Mo-noth-e-11'tae 

Mon-ta'nus 

Mon'y-phus 

Mop'si-um 1 

Mbr'pheus 6 

Mo s' phi 

Mos'phus 

Mu-ci-a'nus 1 

Mu'ci-us 1 

Mul'ci-ber 

Mum'mi-us 

Mu-na'ti-us 1 

Mu-nyfh'i-a 

Mu-rse'na' 

Mu'sae 

My-sae'us 

Mu-se'um 

Mu-til'i-a 

Mu'ti-us 1 

Myc'a-le 

My-ce'nae 

Myg-'do-nes 

Myg-do'ni-a 

My'o-nes" 

My-ri'cus 

My.r-mec'i-des 

Myr'mi-don 

Myr-mid'o-nes 

Myr'si-nus 

My"si-a 1 

Myth'e-cus 

Myt-i-le'ne 



N. 



Nas'vi-a 
Nse'vi-us 
Na-i'a-des 
Na'i-as 3 



Nan-ne'tes 

Nar-bo'na 

Nar-bo-nen'sis 

Nar'ses 

Na-si'ca 

Na-ta'lis 

Nau'cles 

Nau'cra-tes 

Nau'cra-tis 

Nau-pac'tus 

Nau'pli-us 

Na-zi-an-za'nus 1 

Ne-ap'o-lis 

Ne-ar'phus 

Ne-ces'si-tas 

Ne'phos 

Ne-crop'o-lis 

Nec-tan'a-bis 

Ne'leus 6 

Ne-mae'a 

Nem'e-sis 

Nem-o-ra'li-a 

Ne'o-cles 

Ne-op-tol'e-mus 

Neph'e-Hs' 

Ne'pos 

Nep-tu-na'li-a 

Nep-tu'ni-um 

Nep-tu'nus 

Ne-re'i-de§ 

Ne-re'is 

Ne'reus 6 

Ne'ro 

Ner'vi-I 

Ne-so'pe 

Nes-to'ri-us 

Ni-cse'a 

Ni-can'der 

Nl-ca'nor 

Nl-ca'tor 

Ni'ce 

Ni-ceph'o-rus 

Ni-ce tas 

Ni"ci-as 1 

Nic-o-bu'lus 

Ni-coc'ra-tes 

Nic-o-dymus 

Nic-o-la'us 

Nic-o-me'des 

Nic-o-me-dl'a 

Ni-cop'o-lis 

Nl'fer ' 

Ni-fi'ra 

Nl-gre'te§ 

Ni'o-be 

Ni-sse'us 

Nis'?.-bis 

Nl-to'cris 

No-e'tus 

N'om'a-des 

No'nse 

Non'ni-us 

Nor'i-cum 

No'tys 

No-va-ti-a'nus 1 

No-va'tus 

No-vi-o-dii'nui 

No'vi-us 

Nu-man'ti-a 1 

Nu-man-ti'nus 

Nu'ma Pom-pil'i- 

us 
Nu-rae'ri-us 
Nu-mid'i-a 
Nu-mid'i-iis 
Nu-mi"§i-us 1 
Nun'di-na 
Nym'phse 
Nym-phae'us 
Ny-sae'us 
Ny"si-as 1 
Ny-si'ros 
Nxs-se'nus 



O. 



Q-arse§ 

5'a-sis, or o-a'sis 

Q-ax'e§ 

Q-ce'a-na 

6-ce-an'i-de§ 

O-ce'a-nus 

09'e-lum 

Oph'i-mus 

O'phus 

Oc-ta'vi-a 

oc-ta-vi-a'niis 

oc-ta'vi-us 

o-de'um 

5d-o-a'cer 

5d-ys-se'a 

O-dys'seus 6 

CEb'a-lus 4 

(Ec-u-me'ni-us 4 

(E-dip'o-des 

(Ed'i-pus 4 

(E'neus 6 

(E'non 

(E-n5'tri 

(E-no'tri-a 

(E-o-ba'zus 

(E'ta 

6t'y-fe§ 

o-fyri-a 

Og-'y-ns 

O-i'leus 6 

O-la'nus 

6l'bi-a 

5l'bi-us 

Ol'ca-des 

Ol-phin'i-um 

O-le'ni-us 

5'le-um 

O-lym'pi-a 

Ol-ym-pi'a-des 

O-lym'pi-as 

O-lym'pi-us 

Q-lym'pus 

O-lyn'thus 

8m'pha-le 

Om'pha-los 

Sn'a-i-er 

O-nes'i-mus 

O-nom'a-cles 

On-o-mar'phus 

On-o-mas'tus 

O-ny'thes 

O-pa'li-a 

O-phe'li-on 

6'phi-a 

5'phis 

O-pil'i-us 

O-pim-i-a'nus 

6-pim'i-iis 

6'pis 

Op-pi-a'nus 

Op'ti-mus 

O-rac'u-lum 

Or-bil'i-us 

Or-phom'e-nus 

O-re'a-des 

o-res'tes 

Or-es-ti'da? 

Or-|-et'o-rix 

Or'|-i-a 

Or-i-ba'si-us 1 

5'ri-ens 

O-ri^'e-nes 

6-ri'g-o 

O-ri'on 

Or-i-thy'ia 

Or-nyt'i-on 2 

O-ro'des 

O-ron'tes 

O-ro'pus 

6-ro'§i-us 1 



Or'pheus («.) 6 

Or-phe'us (,«.) 

Or-thag-'o-ras 

Or-tyri-a 

Or-ty&'i-us 

O-si'ris 

o-ta'ne§ 

Q-tax'e§ 

6'tho 

o'thrys 

O-tri'a-dej 

O-vid'i-us 

O-ze'ne 

8z'o-lae 



P. 



Pa-ca'ri-us 

Pa'phes 

Pa-pho'mi-us 

Pa-ci-a'nus 1 

Pac'o-rus 

Pac-to'lus 

Pa-dae'us 

Pad'u-a 

Pae'an 

Pse'o-nes 

Pse-o'ni-a 

Pses'tum 4 

Pa-ga'ni 

Pa-lae'mon 

Pa-la5-ol'o-gus 

Pa-lses'te 4 

Pal-aes-ti'na 

Pa-lses'tra 4 

Pal-a-me'des 

Pal-a-ti'nusj 

Pa-le'mon 

Pal-i-nu'rus 

Pal-ia'di-i5m 

Pal-lan'ti-des 

Pal-lan'ti-on 2 

Pal'las 

Pal-le'ne 

Pal-my'ra 

Pam'me-nes 

Pam-phyl'i-a 

Pam-phy'lus 

Pan-a-ce'a 

Pa-nae'ti-us 1 

Pa-nae'us 

Pan'cra-tes 

Pan'da-rus 

Pan-de'mi-a 

Pan-di'on 

Pan-do'ra 

Pa'r.e-as 

Pan-hel-le'ne§ 

Pan'np-nes 

Pan-no'ni-a 

Pan'o-pe 

Pa-nbr'mus 

Pan-the'a' 

Pan'the-on, or 

Pan-the'on 
Paph-lag'o-ne§ 
Pa.ph-la-g-6'ni-a 
Pa'phos 
Pa-pm-i-a'nus 
Pa-pir'i-us 
Par-a-di'sus 
Par'cae 
Par' is 
Pa-ri"si-1 1 
Par'me-nas 
Par-men'i-des 
Par-me'ni-o 
Par-nas'sus 
Pa-ro'pus 
Par-tha'§i-us 1 
Par-the'ni-a 



GEEEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



597 



Par'the-non 

Par-then'o-pe 

Pa-rys'a-tis 

Pa-sar'ga-da 

Pa-siph'a-e 

Pat'a-ra 

Pa-ta/vi-um 

Pa-ter'cu-liis 

Pa/trae 

Pa-tri"ci-us 1 

Pa-tro'clus 

Pau-li'nus 

Pau'lus 

Pau-sa'ni-as 

Pe-di-a'nus 

Peg'a-sus 

Pe-la'gi-us 

Pe-las'gi 

Pe-las'gi-a 

Pe'leus b 

Pe'li-as 

Pe-li'des 

Pe'li-6n 

Pel-le'ne 

Pel-o-pe'a 

Pe-lop'i-dae 

Pe-lop'i-das 

Pel-o-pon-ne'sus 

Pe'lops 

Pe-16'rum 

Pe-lu'si-iim 1 

Pe-na'tes 

Pe-nel'o-pe 

Pe-ne'us 

Pen-tap'o-lTs 

Pen-te-dac'ty-lon 

Pen-tel'j-cus 

Pen'theus («.) 

Pen'thi-lus 

Pe-rae'a 

Per-dic'cas 

Per-e-grl'na 

Per'ga-mos 

Per'fe 

Per-i-an'der 

Per-i-boe'a' 

Per'i-eles 

Pe-rl'tas 

Per-i-to'ni-um 

Per-rhae'bi-a 

Per-se'is 

Per-seph'o-ne 

Per-sep'o-lis 

Per'ses 

Per'seus 6 

Per'si-a 1 

Per'ti-nax 

Pe-ru'si-a 1 

Pe-ta'li-a 

Pet-e-11'nus 

Pe'tra 

Pe-trae'a 

Pe-tre'i-us 3 

Pe-tro'ni-us 

Peii-ces'tes 

Phae-a'ces 

Phae-a'ci-a 1 

Phae'don. 

Phse'drus 

Pha'e-thon 

Pha-ge'si-a 1 

Phal-a-crl'ne 

Phal'a-ris 

Pha-lg'ri-a 

Phal'e-ris 

Pha-le'rus 

Pha-na'ces 

Phan-ta'si-a 1 

Phar-na-ba'zus 

Phar'na-ces 

Phar-sa'li-a 

Phar-sa'lus 

Phas-a-e'iis 



Phe'rae 

Phe-rae'us 

Pher-e-cy'des 

Pher-e-ni'ce 

Phid'i-as 

Phil-a-del-phi'a 

rPhil-'a-d'el'phi-a] 

Phil-a-del'phus 

Phi'lse 

Phi-lar'phus 

Phi-le'bus 

Phi-le'mon 

Phi-le'ni-um 

Phi-le'tas 

Phi-le'tus 

Phi-lip'pi 

Phi-lip'pi-cus 

Phi-lip'pus 

Phil-ip-pop'o-lis 

Phi-lis'ti-on'2 

Phi'lo 

Phi-loc'ra-tes 

Phil-oc-te'tes 

Phil-o-de'mus 

Phi-16g'e-ne§ 

Phi-161'o-gus 

Phil-o-me'la 

Phil-o-me'tor 

Phi-lop'a-tor 

Phil-o-pce'men 

Phi-los'tra-tus 

Phi-16'tas 

Phil-o-ti'mus 

rhi-lox'e-nus 

Phi'neus (>i.) 

Phleg'e-thon 

Phle'gon 

Phll-a'si-a 1 

Pho-cae'a 

Pho'ce 

Pho'ci-on 1 

Pho'cis 

Pho'cus 

Pho-cyl'i-des 

Phce'be 

Phoe-be'us 

Phoe'bus 

Phoe-nl'ce 

Phoe-nl'ces 

Phoe-ni"ci-a 1 

Phae-nl'cus 

Phoe-nis'sa 

Phoe'nix 

Phbr'mi-o 

Pho-r5'nis 

Phos'pho-ros 

Pho-ti'niis 

Phra-or'tes 

Phron'i-ma 

Phry'ges 

Phryg'i-a 

Phry'ne 

Phthi'a'5 

Phthi-6'tes 5 

Phy-lar'phus 

Phy'le 

Pi-cen'ti-a 1 

Pi-ce'num 

Pic'tse, or Pic'tl 

Pi-e'ri-a 

Pi-er'i-des 

Pi-la'tus 

Pin'da-rils 

Pi-rae'us 

Pi'sse ' 

Pi-sid'i-a 

Pis-is-trat'i-dae 

Pi-sis'tra-tus 

Pi-so'nes 

Pi-thag'o-ras 

P?-tho'le-6n 

Pit'ta-cus 

Pla-cen'ti-a 1 



Pla-cid'i-a 

Plaf'i-di'is 

Pla^'i-tus 

Pla-tas'a 

Pla'to 

Pla-to'ni-us 

Plau'ti-a 1 

Plau-ti-a'nus 1 

Plau'tus 

Ple'ia-des 3 and 
Ple-I'a-des 

Plin'i-us 

Plot-i-nop'o-lis 

Plu-tar'phus 

Plu'to ^ 

Plu'vi-us 

Pnyx'5 

Poe'nl 

Pcfi-o'ni-a 

Pol'e-mon 

Po-li-or-ce'tes 

Po-li'tes 

Pol'li-o 

P6-ly-ae'nus 

Po-lyb'i-us 

Pol-y-car'pus 

Po-lyc'ra-te§ 

Pol-y-dec'te§ 

Pol-y-do'nis 

Pol-y-hym'ni-a 

Po-lym'ni-a 

Pol-y-nl'ce? 

Pol-y-per'chon 

P61-y-phe'mus 

P61-y-sper'ph6n 

Pol-y-tech'nus 

Po-mb'na 

Pom-pe'i-i 

Pom-pe'i-um 

Pom-pe'i-us 3 

Pom-pil'i-a 
Pom-pll'i-us 

Pon-ti'mis 
Pop-lic'o-la 
Pbr'ci-us 1 
Por-phyr'i-us 
Por'se-na, or 

Por-se'na 
Por-sen'na 
Pbr'ti-a 1* 
Pbr'ti-us 1 
Po-sei'don, or 

Po-si'don 
Post-hu'mi-us 
Pos'tii-mus 
P6t-i-dae'a 
Prae-nes'te 
Prae-to'ri-us 
Prax-ag'o-ras 
Prax-it'e-le§ 
Pri-am'i-de§ 
Pri'a-mus 
Pri'a-piSs 
Pri-e'ne_ 
Pris-ci-a'nus 1 
Proph'o-rus 
Pro-co'pi-us 
Pro-crus'te§ 
Proc'u-lus 
Pro-me'theus (».) 
Prom-e-the'us (a. 
Pron'ii-ba 
Pro-per'ti-us 1 
Pro-pon'tis 
Prop-y-lae'a 
Pro-ser f pi-na 
Pro-tag'o-ras 
Pro-tes-i-la'ys 
Pro'teus 6 
Pro-tog'e-ne§ 
Pru'si-as 1 
Pryt'a-nes 
Pryt-a-ne'um 



Psam-met'i-pb.us 5 

Psit'ta-cus 5 

Psy'phe 5 

Ptol-e-mae'us 5 

Ptol-e-ma'i"s 5 

Pub-lic'o-la 

Pu-di-ci'''ti'-a 1 

Pul-phe'ri-a' 

Pu-te'o-li 

Pyg-mae'I 

Pyg-ma'li-on 

Pyl/a-de§ 

Py-lo'rus 

Py-ram'i-de? 

Pyr'rho 

Pyr'rhus 

Py-thag'o-ras 

Py-thag-o-re'i 

[Py-thag-o-re' an§] 

Pyth'i-as 

Py-tho'nes 

Pyth-o-iircus 

Pyth-o-nis'sa 



Q. 



Qua-dra'tus 

Quaes- to're§ 

Quar-tl'nus 

Q,ui-e'tus 

Q,uinc-til'i-a 

Q,uinc'ti-us 1 

Q,uin-de-cim'vi-ri 

Quin-til-i-a'nusJ 

[auin-tll'i-anj 

Quir-i-na / li-a 

Quir-i-na'lis 

Qui-ri'nus 

Qui-rl'tes 



R. 



Ra-bir'i-iis 

Re-gil'iae 

Re-gi'na 

Reg'u-lus 

Rem'u-lus 

Rhad-a-man'thus 

Rhae'tl, or Rae'ti 

Rhae'ti-a 1 

Rham'nes 

Rhe'a 

Rhe'gi-um _ 

Rhi-noc-o-lu'ra 

Rhi-phas'I 

Rho'de 

Rho'di-i 

Rhod'o-pe 

Rho-do'pis 

Ri-phae'i 

Rod-ej-rl'cus 

Ro-ma'nus 

Ro-mil'i-iis 

Rom'u-lus 

Ros'ci-us 1 
6 Rox-a'na 
) Rox-o-la'nl 

Ru'bi-con 

Ru-bl'go 

Rus'ti-cus 

Ru'tu-lx 



s. 



Sa'bae 

Sa-bae'a 

Sab'a-thae 



Sa-bel'li-us 

Sa-bi'n^ 

Sa-bi'ni 

£a-bi'nus 

Sa-bri'na 

Sa'cae 

Saf-it-ta'ri-us 

Sag-un-tl'nus 

Sa-gun'tum 

Sal-a-mi'na 

Sal'a-mis, " 

Sa-li-e'nus^ 

Sa-li'nae 

Sal-i-na'tor 

Sal-lus'ti-'us 

Sa-16'me 

Sa-lo'ni-iis 

Sal-vi-a'nus 

Sam-aL-ri'a _ 

[Sa-ma'ri-aJ 

Sam-ni'tes' 

Sam'ni-um 

Sa'mos 

Sa-mos'a-ta 

Sam-o-thra'ce 

San-phg-ni'a-thon 

San-ga'ri-us 

Sa'por 

Sap'pho (snffo) 

Sar-a-ce'ni 

Sar-dan-a-pa'lus 

Sar-din'i-a 

Sar'do-nes 

Sar-ma'ti-a 1 

Sa-ron'i-cus Si'nus 

Sar-pe'don 

Sat'ra-pis 

Sa-tu'ri-us 

Sat-ur-na'li-a 

Sa-tiir'ni-a 

Sat-ur-ni'nus 

Sa-tiir'ni-us 

Sa-tur'nus 

Sat'y-n 

Sat'y-rus 

Sau'rus 

Sa-vo'na 

Sax'o-ne§ 

Sjaev'o-la 4 

Sca-man'dri-us 

Scan-di-na'vi-a 

Scap'ti-fis 1 

Scap'u-la 

Scau'rus 

Sche'di-us 

Sci-pl'a-des 

S^ip'i-o 

Scrl-bo'ni-a 

Scri-bo'ni-us 

Sgy'lax 

S ? yl'la 

S^y'ros 

S^y'tha? 

Sgyth'i-a 

Sfyth'i-des 

S?y-thop'o-lis 

Se-bas'te 

Seb-j^s-te'a 

Se-ja'nus 

Se-le'ne 

Sel-eu-ci'a 

Se-leii'ci-dae 

Se-leu'cus 

Sem'e-le 

Se-mir'a-mis 

Sem'no-nes 

Sem-pro'ni-us 

Se-na'tus 

Sen'e-ca 

Sep-tem'vi-rl 

Sep-tim'i-us 

Seq'ua-ni 

Se-ra'pes 



59S 



GEEEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 



Se-ra'pis 

Ser'fi-us 

Se-ve'rus 

Si-byl'lae 

Si-cam' bri 

Si-cam'bri-4 

Si-ca'nl 

Si-ca'ni-a 

Si-cbse'us 

Si-cil'i-a 

Sic'u-ll 

Si-£ae'um 

Si-la'nus 

Si-le'ni 

Si-le'nus 

Si-li"ci-usl 

Sil'u-res 

Sil-va'nus 

Sil'vi-a 

Sil'vi-us 

Sim'i-lae 

Sim'mi-as 

Sim'o-is 

Si-mon'i-des. 

Sin'o-e 

Sl-no'pe 

Si-re'nes 

Sir'i-us 

Sir'mi-um 

Sis'y-pbus 

Smm'theus 6 

Soc'ra-tes 

Sog-di-a'na 

So'lon 

Sol'y.-ma 

Sop'a-ter 

S5'phi-a 

Soph'o-cles 

Soph-o-nis'ba 

Soph'ro-na 

So-phro'ni-a 

So-si'nus 

So-sip'a-ter 

So-sis'tra-tiis 

Sos'the-nes 

Sos'tra-tiis 

So'ti-on 2 

So-zom'e-nus 

Spar'ta-cus 

Speu-sip'pus 

Spho'dri-as 

Spo-le'tum 

Spor'a-de§ 

Sta'bi-ae 

Sta-§i'ra. or -rus 

Staph'y-liis 

Sta-ti-a'nus 1 

Sta-til'i-us 

Sta-tl'ra 

Sta'ti-us 1 

Ste-noc'ra-tes 

Steph'a-niis 

Ster'o-pes 

Stben'e-le 

Stil'i-cho 

Sto-bae'us 

Sto'i-ci 

Stra'bo 

Strat'o-cles 

Strat-o-ni'ce 

Strat-o-ni'cus 

Stroph'a-des 

Strym'o-nls 

Styf'i-fis 

Sty-li'te§ 

Stym-pba'lus 

Sue-to'ni-us 

Sue'vi 

Su'i-nas 

Sui'o-nes 

Su'ni-um 

Su-re'na 

Su'ri-um 



Sii-si-a'na 1 

Syb'a-rls 

Syb-a-n'ta 

Sy-chse'us 

Sy-e'ne 

Sy-e-ne'si-us 1 

Sy-en'ne-sis 

Syl'la 

Syl-va'nus 

Syl'vi-a 

Syl'vi-us 

Sym'ma-ehus 

Sy-ne'si-us 1 

Syn'o-dus 

Sy-no'pe 

Syr-a-cu'sae 

Gyr'i-a 

Syr'tes 



T. 



Ta-ber'nae 

Tac'i-tfis 

Tgen'a-ros 4 

Tsen/a-rus 4 

Ta-la'si-us 1 

Tam'e-sis 

Tam'y-ris 

Tan'a-gra 

Tan'a-Is 

Tan'ta-lus 

Ta-ren'tum 

Tar-pe'i-a 3 

Tar-pe'i-us 3 

Tar-quin'i-us 

Tar'ra-co 

Tar'ta-rus 

Tar-te'sus 

Ta-ti-a'nus 1 

Ta'ti-us 1 

Tau'ri-pa 

Tau-rop'o-lis 

Ta-yg'e-te 

Ta-yg-e-tus 

Te'|e-a 

Tel'a-mon 

Te-leb'o-as 

Te-lem/a-chus 

Te-leph'a-nes. 

Te-le'si-as 1 

Tel-e-sip'pus 

Tel-le'nae 

Te'los 

Tem'pe 

Ten'e-dos 

Ten'ty-ra 

Te-ren'ti-a 1 

Te-ren'ti-iis 1 

Ter-i-ba'zus 

Ter-i-da'tes 

Ter-mi-na'li-a 

Ter'mi-nus, 

Ter-pan'der 

Terp-sTch'o-re 

Ter-ra-ci'na 

Ter-tul-li-a'nus 

Te-trap'o-lis 

Teu'cer 

Teu'cri 

Teu'to-ne§ 

Tha'les 

Tha-li'a 

Tham'y-rTs 

Thap'sa-cus 

Tha'sos 

Thau'mas 

The'a 

The'bse 

l[heb'a-is 

The'i-'a 3 

The'-e-si'nus 



The'mis 

The-mis'to-cles 

The-oc'ri-tus 

The-od'a-tus 

The-od-e-ri'cus 

The-o-do'ra 

The-od-o-re'tus 

The-od-o-rf'cus 

The-o-do'rus 

The-o-d5'si-a 1 

Tbe-9-do' si-us 1 

The-o-do'tion 2 

The-5d'o-tu's 

The-og'e-nes 

The-og'nis 

The-oph'a-nes 

The-oph'i-lus 

The-o-phras'tus 

The-o-pom'pus 

The-ram'e-nes 

Ther-mop'y-lae 

Ther-si'tes 

Tbt'seus 6 

Thes-pi'a-des 

Thes'pis 

Thes'pi-_vis 

Thes-pro'ti-a 1 

Thes-sa'li-a 

Thes-sa-lo-ni'ca 

The'tis_ 

Theu-do'si-iis 1 

Tlns'be 

Thra'ci-a 1 

Thra'si-iis 1 

Thras-me'nus 

Thu-cyd'i-de§ 

Thu'le 

Thy-a-ti'ra 

Thy-es'tes 

Thym'bri-a 

Thy-moe'tes 

Ti-a'ra 

Ti-be'ri-as 

Tl-be'ri-us 

Ti-bul'lus 

Tib-ur-ti'nus 

Ti-ci'nus, river 

TT^'i-nus, »<«» 

Ti-gra'nes 

Ti'gris 

Ti-mse'us 

Ti-mag'o-ras 

Tl-me'si-us 1 

Ti-moc'ra-tes 

Ti-mo'cre-on 

Ti-mo'le-on 

Ti-mo'tbe-fis 

Ti-re'sj_-as 1 

Tir-i-ba'zus 

Tir-i-da'te§ 

Tl-ryn'thi-a 

Ti-siph'o-ne 

Tis-sa-pher'nes 

Tl-ta'nes 

Ti-ta'ni-a 

Ti-tho'nis 

Ti-ti-a'nus 1 

Ti-tm'i-us 

Tle-pol'e-mus 

Tmo'lus'5 

Tol'mi-des 

To-ra'ni-us 

Tor-qua'tus 

Tox'i-lus 

Tra-phe'a 

Traeh-o-m'tis 

Traj-a-nop'o-Hs 

Tra-ja'nus 

Tral'les ' 

Trans-al-pi^nus 

Trans-pa-da'nus 

Tra-pe'zus 

Tras-i-me'nus 



Tre-ba'ti-us 1 

Tre-bel-li-e'nus 

Tre'bi-a 

Tre-bo'ni-us 

Tre-mel'li-us 

Tri-bii'nus 

Tri-den'tum 

TrI-gem'i-nus 

Tri-na'cri-a 

Tri-o'nes 

TrI-phyl'i-a 

Trap'o-Hs 

Trip-tol'e-mus 

Tris-me-gis'tus 

Tri'ton 

Tri-to'nes 

Tri-um'vi-rl 

Triv'i-a_ " 

Tro'a-des 

Trce-ze'ne 

Trog-lod'y.-tes 

Tro'i-liis 

Tro'ja 

Trc-ju'fe-nae 

Troph'i-miis 

Tro-pho'ni-iis 

Try-pho'sa 

Tu'be-r5 

Tul-H'o-la 

Tus-cu-la'num 

TQs'cu-lum 

Tych'i-us 

Ty'deus 6 

Ty-di'des 

Tyn-da're-us 

Ty'phon 

Ty-pho'nis 

Ty-ran'ni-on 

Tyr'i-i 

Tyr-rhe'nl 

Tyr-rhe'num 

Ty'rus 

Tyr-tae'us 



-us 



u: 



ti-cal'e-gon 

Ul-ri'cua 

Ul-pi-a'nus 

TJ-lys'ses 

Um'bri-a 

Un-de-cem'vi-rl 

U-ra'ni-a, or -e 

tr'ra-nus 

"Ur-ba'nus 

tjr-bi'num 

U'ti-ca 



V. 



Ven-tid'i _. 

Ve-nu'§i-um 1 

Ve'nus 

Ve-ra'ni-a 

Ver-cin-ggt'o-rix 

Ver-gil'i-us 

Ver-|-in'i-us 

Ve-ro'na 

Ve-ro'ne§ 

Ver'res 

Ver-tum'nus 

Ve'rus 

Ves-pa-§i-a'nus 1 

Ve-su'vi-iis 

Vet-ti-e'nus 

Vet'ti-iis 

Vib-i-e'nus 

Vib'i-us 

Vi-bQl'li-us 

Vi-cen'ti-a 1 

Vic-to'ri-a 

Vic-to-ri'nus 

VI-ge'l'li_-ixs 

Vim-i-na'lis 

Vin-cen'ti-us 1 

Vin-del'i-ci 

Vin'di-li* 

Vi-nid'i-us 

Yip-sa'ni-us 

Vi-ra'go 

Vjr-gil'i-us 

Vir-gin'i-a 

Vir-gin'i-us 

Vis'tu-la 

Vi-tel'li'-us 

Vi-tru'vi-iis 

Vit'u-liis 

Vo-co'ni-iis 

Vol-a-ter'ra 

Vo-lum'ni-us 

Vo-no'nes 

Vo-pis'cus 

Vul-ca-na'li-a 

Vul-ca'nus 



Xan-thip'pe 

Xe-nag'o-ras 

Xe-ni'a-de§ 

Xe'ni-as 

Xe-noc'ra-tes 

Xe-noph'a-ne? 

Xen'o-phon 

Xerx'es 

Xi-me'ne 



Va'lens 

Va-len ? ti-a 1 

Val-§n-tin-i-a'nus 

Va-le'ri-a 

Va-le-ri-a'nus 

Va-le'ri-us 

Van-da'li-I 

Va-ra'nes 

Var'ro 

Vas'co-nes 

Vat-i-ca'nus 

Vec-to'nes 

Ve-fe'ti-us 1 

Vg-i-en'tes 3 

Ve'fl 3 

Ve-ii'nus 

Vl'li-us 

Ven'e-tl 

Ve-nl'ti-a 1 



Za-cyn'thus 

Za-leu'cus 

Za'ma 

Zan'cle 

Ze-bi'na 

Ze-lo'tus 

Ze-no'bi-a 

Ze-no'bi-us 

Ze-noph'a-ne3 

Zepb'y-rus 

Zeiis 6 

Zeux'is 

Zo-di'a-cus 

Zo'i-lu's 

Zon'a-ras 

Zoph'o-rus 

Zop'y-riis 

Z5r-o-as'ter 

Zos'i-mus 

Zy-gan'te§ 



PRONUNCIATION 



SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



PBEFACE. 



In the preparation of the following Vocabulary, 
the design has been to insert Proper Names found 
in the Bible, including the Apocrypha. It also 
embraces a few words which are not proper names, 
but which, being found in the English Bible, seem 
to require a notice in a pronouncing dictionary. 

"With respect to pronunciation, Walker has been 
followed in relation to the words found in his Vo- 
cabulary ; and when there is a diversity, his pro- 
nunciation is placed first, except in a very few 
instances in which he has gone counter to ac- 



knowledged principles; and such deviations from 
him, by other orthoepists, as are deemed worthy 
of attention, are noted. There are some cases in 
which the mode adopted by other authorities is 
j doubtless to be preferred to that of Walker. 

The pronunciation of but a small part of Scrip- 
ture Proper Names can be determined by classical 
authority ; and the pronunciation of these names 
is, therefore, more conformed to English analogy 
than that of the Greek and Latin Proper Names. 



ETJLES OF PEONUNCIATIOX. 



1. One of the principal differences between the 
pronunciation of the Hebrew proper names and 
that of the Greek and Latin relates to the sound 
of the letter g, which in Greek and Latin names 
is soft before e, i, and?/; as, Gellius, Gippius, Gyas; 
but in Hebrew names it is hard; as, Gerisdm, Gid- 
eon; except Bethphoge, which, by passing through 
the Greek of the New Testament, has become con- 
formed to the ordinary English rule relating to 
words from the Greek. 

2. The digraph ch, in Hebrew names, is sounded 
hard, like It; as, Chebar, Enoch; but the words 
Rachel, Cherubim, also Cherub (an angel), are 
Anglicized in their pronunciation, the ch being 
sounded like ch in cheer; but Cherub, a city, is 
pronounced l-e'rub. 

3. Every final i, forming a distinct syllable, 
though unaccented, is pronounced with its long 
sound, as, A'l, Aris'a-l. 

4. The two vowels ai are sometimes pronounced 
in one syllable; as, Mor'de-cai; and sometimes in 
two ; as, Hag'ga-i. 

5. The two vowels ia, when preceded by another 



vowel, are sometimes pronounced in one syllable, 
and sometimes in two. When pronounced in one 
syllable, the i is sounded like y consonant; as, 
Benaiah (be-na'yah;, Isaiah (i-sa'yah). When pro- 
nounced in two syllables, the accent is on the i; 
as, Ad-a-i'ah. 

G. The diphthong ei is pronounced, according to 
Walker, like ee, Ceilan (se'lan). When ei is fol- 
lowed by a vowel, the i is usually sounded like y 
consonant; as, Iphideiah (if-e-de'yah), Sameius (sa- 
me'yus). 

7. Gentile names ending in ene, ine, and He, with 
their plurals, being Anglicized, are pronounced 
like English formatives; as, Nazarene', PhUis'tine, 
Gad'ites, Am'monile, Ish'ma'ilUes ; except Magda- 
le'ne. Words of this class ending in ite have the 
accent on the same syllable as their primitives. 

8. The consonants c, s, and (, before ia and in, 
preceded by the accent, in a number of Scripture 
names, take the sound of sh ; as, Cappadocia, Asia, 
Galatia, Tertius. See Pronunciation of Greek and 
Latin Proper Names, Kule 1. 

599 



SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



The following Vocabulary exhibits the pronunciation of Walker, together with numerous deviations 
from him by the following orthoepists, namely, Oliver, Perry, Smart, Carr, and Taylor. Except in 
the few cases in which Walker is expressly cited, his pronunciation stands first. 

The abbreviation 0. stands for Carr, 0. for Oliver, P. for Perry, 8m. for Smart, T. for Taylor, and W. for 
Walker. 

The figures appended to certain words refer to the Rules of Pronunciation on the preceding page. 



Aa'ron (ar'on) 
A-bad'don 
A-bag'tha 
Ab'a-na 

A-ba'na, P. 
Ab'a-rim 

A-ba'rim, P. 
Ab'di 
Ab'di-el 
Ab'don 
A-bed'ne-go 
A'bel 

A'bel Ma'im 
A'bel Miz ra-im 

A'bel Miz'-ra'im, 
A'bi ' [P. 

A-bi'ah 
A-bi'a-saph 
A-bl'a-thar 
A'bib' 
A-bi'dah 
Ab'i-dan 

A-bi'dan, P. 
A'bi-el 

Ab'i-el, T. 

A-bi'el, P. 
Ab'i-ga'il 
A-bi'hu 
A-bi'jah 
A-bim'a-el 
A-bim'e-lech 
A-bm'a-dab 
A-bin'o-am 
A-bl'ram 
Ab'i-shag 

A-bi'shag, P. 
A-bish'a-i 

A-bi'sh^-i, P. 

Ab-i-sha'I, 0. C 
A-bish'u-a 

A-bl'shu-a, P. 
. Ab-i-shii'a, 0. C 
Ab'ner 
A'bra-ham 
A'brarn 
Ab'sa-lom 
Ac'cad 
Ac'pho 
A-eel'da-ma 
A-eha/i-a (a-ka'ya) 
A-gha'i-cus 
A'phan 
A'phar 
A'phaz 

A-phi-ach/a-rus 
A-phi'as 
A'phim 
A'ehi-br 
A'phish 
Aph'i-tob 
A-phit'p-phel 
Aph'me-tha 

Aeh-me'tha, P. T. 
600* 



A'phor 

Aph'sah 

Aph'zib 

Ac'i-pha (as'e-fa.) 

Ac'i-tho 

A-cu'a 

A' cub' 

A'dah 

Ad-a-I'ah 

Ad-a-K'a 

Ad' am 

Ad'a-mah 

A-da'mah, P. 
Ad'a-mi 
_ A-da'mi, P. 
A'dar 
Ad'a-sa 
A'di'-el 

Ad''i-el, T. 

A-di'el, P. 
A'din 
Ad'i-na 

w A-di'na, 0. P. T. 
Ad'i-no 

w A-dl'no, 0. P. 
Ad'i-nus 

A-di'nus, 0. 
Ad-i-tha'im 
Ad'mah 
Ad'na 
Ad'nah 
Ad'o-nai 
Ad-o-nl'as 
A-don-i-be'zek 
Ad-o-ni'jah 

A-don'i-jah, P. 
A-don'i-kam 
_ A-do-ni'kam, T. 
Ad-on-i'ram 
A-don-i-ze'dek 
A-do'r^ 
Ad-o-ra'im 
A-do'ram 
A-dram'me-leph 
Ad-ra-myt'ti-um 
A'dri-a 
A'dri-el 
A-dul'lam 
A-dum'mim 
A-e-di'as 
J£-ne'as, Virgil. 
iE'ne-as, Acts. 
M'non 
Ag'a-ba 
Ag'a-bus 
A'gag 
A'gar 
A-grip'pa 
A'gur 
A'hab 
A-har'ah 
A-har'hel 
A-ha.s'a-1 



A-ha-sa'i, 0. P. 
A-ha.s'ba-1 
A-has-u-e'rus 
A-ha'va 
A'haz 
A-ha-zI'ah 
Ah'ban 
A'her 
A' hi 
A-hi'ah 
A-hl'am 
A-hi'an 
A-hi-e'zer 
A-hi'hud 
A-hl'jah 
A-hl'kam 
A-hi'lu'd 
A-him'a-az 
A-hi'man 
A-him'e-leph 
A-hi'moth 
A-hin'a-dab 
A-hin'o-am 
A-hi'6 
A-hi'ra 
A-hl'ram 
A-hish'a-har 

A-hi'sha-har, P. 

A-hi-sha'har, 0. 
A-hi'shar 
A-hith'o-phel 
A-hi'tub 
Ah' lab 
A-ho'ah 
A-ho'hite 
A-ho'lah 
A-h5'li"-ab 
A-hol'i-bah 
A-ho-lib'a-mah 

A-ho-li-ba'mah, 
A-hu'zam [P. T. 
A-huz'zath 
A'l 

A-i'ah 
A-i'ath 
A-i'ja 
Aij'a-lonfad'ja-lon) 

A-i'ja-lon, P. 
Aij'e-leth Sha'har 
A'in 
A-i'rus 
A'jah 
Aj'a-lon 
A'kan 
A-krab'bim 
Al'a-meth 
A-lam'me-leph 
Al'a-moth 
w A-la'moth, 0. 
Al'ci-mus 
Al'e-ma 
Al-ex-an'der 
Al ex-an'dri-a 



Al-ex-an-dri'a, 0. 
A-li'ah 
Al'lom 
Al'lon 

Al'lon Baph'uth 
Al'mon 

Al'mon Dib-la- 
^ tha'im 
Al'na-than 
A' loth 
Al'pha 
Al-phse'us, or 
w Al-phe'us 
Al-ta-ne'us 
Al-tas'phith 
A'lush 
Al'vah 
Al'van 
A'mad 
A-mad'a-tha 
A-mad'a-thfis 
Am'a-lek 
A'mam 
A'man 
Am'a-na 

4-^^81, P. T. 
Am-a-rl'ah 
Am-a-ri'as 
A-ma'sa, or 

Am'a-sa 
A-ma.s'a-1 
Am-a-sa''i, 0. P. 
A-mash'a-i^ 

Am-a-sha'i, 0. P. 
Am-a-si'ah 
Am-a-zi'ah 
A-med'a-tha 
A.' ml 

A-min'a-dab 
A-mit'tai 

A-mit'ta-I, P. 
A-miz'a-bad 
Am'mah 
Am-med'a-tha 
Am'mi 
Am-mid'i-oi 
Am'mi-ei 

Am-mi'el, P. 
Am-ml'hiid 

Am'mi-hud, 0. 
Am-min'a-dab 
Am-min'a-dib 
Am-mi-shad'da-i 
Am-miz'a-bad 
Am'mon 
Am'non 
A'mok 
A'mon 
A.'mos 
A'moz 

Am-phip'o-lis 
Am'pli-as 
Am'ram 



Am'ra-phel 

Am-ra'phel, 0. P. 
Am'zi 
A'nab 
An'a-el 
A'nah 

An-a-ha'rath 
An-a-i'ah 
A/nak 
An'a-kim§ 
An'a-mlm 

A-na'mim, P. 
A-nam'me-leph 
A'nan 
A-na'ni 
An-a-nl'ah 
An-a-ni'as 
A-nan'i-el 

An-a-nl'el, 0. 
A'nath 
An'a-thoth 
An'drew 
An-dro-ni'cvis 
A'nem, or A'nen 
A'ni-am 

A-nl'am, T. 
A'nim 
An'na 
An'na-as 
An'nas 
An-nu'us 

An'nu-iSs, C 
An-ti-lib'a-nus 
An-ti-o-phi'a 
[An'ti-oph] 
An-ti-o'phj-an§ 
An-ti'o-ehis 
An-ti'o-phiis 
An'ti-pas 
An-tip'a-ter 
An-tip'a-tris 
An-to'ni-a 
An - to- tin 'j ah 

An-toth'i-jah, P. 
A-pa'me 
A-pel'le§ 
A'ph§k 
A-phe'kah 

Aph'e-kah, P. 
A-pher'e-ma 
A-pher'ra 
A-phl'ah 
A'phik 
Aph'rah 
Aph'se§ 
Ap-ol-16'ni-a 
Ap-ol-lo'ni-iis 
Ap-ol-loph'a-ne§ 
A-pol'los 
A-pol'ly-on 
Ap'pa-im 

Ap-pa'im, P. T. 
Ap'phi-a (af'fe-a) 



SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



601 



Ap'phus (affgs) 

Ap'pi-I Fo'rum 

Aq'ui-la 

Ar 

A'ra 

A'rab 

_ Ar'ab, P. Sm. 

Ar'a-bah 

Ar-a-bat-tha'ne 

_ (-bath-tha'ne) 

Ar-a-bat-tl'ne, or 

Ar-a-bat'ti-ne 
A-ra'bi-a 
A-ra'bi-an 
A'rad 
Ar'a-dus 
A'rab. 

A'ram [im 

i'ram - Na-ha-ra'- 
A'ram-Zo'bah' 
A'ran 
Ar'a-rat 
Ar'^-rath 
A-ra'thes 
A-rau'nah 

Ar-a-u'nah, P. 
Ar'ba. or Ar'bah 
Ar'bath-Ite 
Ar-bat'tis 
Ar-be'la 
Ar-bo'nai 
Ar-phe-la'us 
Ar-phip'pus 
Arjsh'ites 
Arc-tu'rus 
Ard 

Ar'dath 
Ar'don 

Ar-e-op'a-gite 
Ar-e-op'a-gus 
A'res 
Ar'e-tas, 0. P. 

A-re'tas, C Sm. 
A-re'us [T. W. 

A-ri-a-ra'thes 
Ar'gob 
A-rid'a-i 
A-rid'a-tha 
A-rl'eh 
A'ri-el 

Ar-i-ma-thse'a, or 
_ Ar-i-ma-the'a 
A'ri-oph 
A-ris'a-i 
Ar-is-tar'ghus 
Ar-is-to-bii'lus 
Ar-ma-^ed'don 
Ar-me'ni-a 
Ar-mo'nl 
Ar'na 
Ar'nan 
Ar'non 
A'rod 
Ar'o-er 

_ A-ro'er, P. T. 
A'rom 

Ar'pad, or Ar'phad A 
Ar-phax'ad 
Ar'sa-ces 
Ar'sa-reth 
Ar-tax-erx'es 
Ar'te-mas 
Ar'u-both 
A-ru'mah 

Ar'u-mah, P. 
Ar'vad 
Ar'za 
A'sa 

As-a-di'as 
As'a-el 
As'a-hel 

A-sa'hel,_0. P. 
A'saph. or As'aph 

2a 



A-sar'a-el 
A-sar'e-el 

As'a-reel, P. 

As-a-re'el, 0. T. 
As'ca-lon 
A-se'as 
As-e-bi'a 
As'e-nath, or 

A-se'nath 
A'ser 
A-se'rer 
Ash-a-bi'ah 
A'shan 
Ash'be-a 

Ash-be'a, P. 
Ash'bel 
Ash'phe-naz 
Ash'dod 

Ash'doth Pis'gah 
Ash'er 
Ash'i-rna 
Ash'ke-lon 
Ash'ke-naz 
Ash'nah 
Ash'pe-naz 
Ash'ri-el 
Ash'ta-roth 
Ash'te-moh 
Ash'to-reth 
Ash'ur 
Ash'vath 
A'si-a (n'sbe-a) 
As-i-bl'as 
A' si-el 
_ A-s'l'el, P. 
As'i-pha 
As'ke-lon 
As'ma-veth 
As-mo-de'us 
As'nah 
As-nap'per 
A'som 
As'pa-tha 
As'phar 
As-phar'a-sus 
As'ri-el 
As-sa-bl'as 
As-sal'i-moth 
As-sa-ni'as 
As-sa-re'moth 
As'shur 
As-shv.'rim 
As-si-de'ans 
As'sir 
As' sos 
As-su-e'rus 
As'sur 
As-syr'i-a 
As-syr'i-an 
As'ta-roth 
As-ty'a-ges 
A-sup'pim 
A-syn'cri-tiis 
A'tad 
At'a-roth 
At[a-roth-A'dar 
At'a-roth- Ad'dar 
A'ter 

At-e-re-zi'as 
Ath-a-i'ah 
Ath-a-li'ah 
Ath-a-rl'as 
Ath-e-no'bi-us 
Ath'ens 
Ath'lai 

Ath-la'i, P. 
At'i-pha 
At' roth 
At'tai 

At'ta-I, P. 
At-ta-il'a 
At'ta-liis 
At-thar'a-tes 



Au'£i-a 
Au-gus'tus 
Au-ra'nus 
Au-te'as 

Au'te-as, G. 
A'va 
Av'a-ran 
Av'a-ron 
Az'a-el 
Az-a-e'lus 
A'zah 
A'zal 
Az-a-li'ah 
Az-a-ni'ah 
A-za'phi-on 
Az'a-ra 
A-zar'a-el 
4-za're-el 

Az'a-reel, 0. P. 
_ Az-a-re'el, T. 
Az-a-rl'ah . 
Az-a-rl'as 
A'zaz 
A-za'zel 
Az-a-zi'ah 
Az-baz'a-reth 
Az'buk 
A-ze'kah 
A'zel 
A'zem 

Az-e-phu'rith 
A-ze'tas 
Az'gad 
A-zi'a 
A-zi'e-i 
A'zi-el 

A'-z'l'el, P. 
A-zi'za 
Az'ma-veth 

Az-ma'veth, P. 
A'zbr 
A-zo'tus 
Az'ri-el . 
Az'ri-kam 

Az-rl'kam, T. 
A-zu'bah 

Az'ii-bah, P. 
A'zur 
Az'u-ran 
Az'zah 
Az'zan 
Az'zur 



B. 



Ba'al 
Ba'a-lah 

Ba-a'lah, P. 
Ba'al-ath 

Ba-a'lath. P. 
Ba'al-ath Be'er 
Ba'al Be'rith 
Ba'al Gad 
Ba'^1 Ha'mon, P. 

Ba'al Ham'on, C. 
0'. Sm. W. ' 
Ba'al Ha'zor 
Ba'al Her'mon 
Ba'al-i 

Bi-a'li, P. 
Ba'al-im 

Ba-a'lim, P. 
Ba'a-Hs 
Ba'al Me'on 
Ba'al Pe'or 
Ba'al Per'a-zim 

Ba'al Pe-ra'zim, 
P." 
Ba'al Shal'i-sha 

Ba'al Sha-li'sha, 
0.' P. 

51 



Ba'al Ta'mar 
Ba'al Ze'bub 
Ba'al Ze'phon 
Ba'a-na 
Ba'a-nah 

Ba-a'nah, P. T. 
Ba-a-ni'as 
Ba'a-ra 

Ba-a'ra, P. T. 
Ba-a-se'iah 

Ba-a-sei'ah, T 
Ba'a-sha 

Ba-a'sha, P. T. 
Ba-a-si'ah 
Ba'bel 
Ba'bl 
Bab'y-lon 
Ba'ca 

Bac'phi-des 
Bac-ehii'rus 
Bac'phus 
Ba-ce'nor 
Baph'rltes 
Baph'uth Al'lon 
Ba'go 
Ba-go'as 
Bag'o-i 
Ba-hu'rim 
Bak'buk 
Bak-buk-i'ah 
Ba'laam (ba'lam) 
Ba'lac 
Bal'a-dan 
Ba'lah 
Ba'lak 
Ba.ra-m5 
Ba-las'a-mus 
Bal-nu'us 
Bal-tha'sar 
Ba'mah 
Ba'moth 
Ba'moth Ba'al 
Ban 

Ban-a-i'as 
Ba'nl 
Ba'nid 
Ban-na'ia 
Ban'nus 
Ban'u-as 
Ba-rab'bas 
Bar'a-phel 

Ba'-ra'phel, P. 
Bar-a-phi'ah 
Bar-a-phi'as 
Ba'rak 
Ba-ri'ah 
Bar-je'sus 
Bar-jo'na 
Bar'kos 
Bar'na-bas 
Ba-ro'dis 
Bar'sa-bas 
Bar'ta-cus 
Bar-thol'o-mew 
Bar-ti-mse'us, or 

Bar-ti-me'us 
Ba'ruph 
Bar-zel'a-I 
Bar-zil'la-i 
Bas'a-loth 
Ba'san 
Bas'ca-ma 
Ba'shan 
Bash'e-math 

Ba-she'math, P. 
Bas'i-lis 
Bas'iith 
Bas'math 
Bas'sa 

Bas'san 
Bas'ta-i 
Bath-rab'bim 
Bath'she-ba 



Bath-she'ba, P. 
Bath'shu-a 

Bath-shu'a, P. 
Bath-zaeh-a-ri'as 
Bav'a-i 

Ba-va'i, P. 

Ba'vai, 0. 
Baz'lith 
Baz'luth 
Be-a-ii'ah 
Be'a-loth 

Be-a'loth, P. T. 
Be'an 
Beb'a-I 

Be-ba'i, P. 
Be'pher 
Be-pho'rath 

Bech'o-rath, P. 
Bec'ti-leth 
Be'dad 
Bed-a-i'ah 
Be'dan 
Be-de'iah 

Bed-e-I'ah, P. 
Be-el-I'a-da 
Be-eTsa-rus 
Be-el-teth'raus 
Be-el'ze-bub 

Beel'ze-bub, P. 
Be'er 
Be-e'ra 
Be-e'rah, or 

Be'rah 
Be-er-e'lim 

Be-er'e-lim, T. 
Be-e'rl J^T. 

Be-er-la-harrbl. O. 

Be-er-la-ha'i-roi, 
W. < 
Be-e'roth 

Be'e-roth, P. 
Be-er'she-ba 

Beer'she-ba, O.P. 

Be-er-she'b'a. T. 
Be-esh'te-rah 
Be'he-moth 

Be-he'mpth, P. 

Be-hem'oth, 0. 
Be'kah 
Bel 

Be'la, orBe'lah 
Bel'e-mus 
Be'li'-al^ 
Bel'ma-im 
Bel'men 
Bel-shaz'zar 
Bel-te-shaz'zar 
Ben 
Be-na'iah (be-na'- 

y?)" 

Ben-a-i'ah, P. 
Ben-am'mi 
Ben'ha-dad 

Ben-'ha'dad, P. T. 
Ben'ja-min 
Be'no 
Be-no'nl 
Bi'or 
Be'ra 
Ber'a-chiih 

Be-ra'phah, P. T. 
Ber-a-phi'ah 
Ber-a-I'ah' [4 

Be're-a. 1 Jlaec. ix. 
Be-re'a, orBe-roe'a, 

2 Mace, Acts. 
Ber-e-phi'ah 
Be'red 
Be'ri 
Be-rl'ah 
Be'rith 
Ber-ni'ce 

Ber'nice, P. 



602 



SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



Be-ro'daph Bal'a- 
dan 

Ber'o-daph Bal'- 
a-dan, P. 
Be'roth 
Be-ro'thah 
Ber'o-thai 

Be'-ro'tha-I, P. 

Be-ro'thai, 0. T. 
Ber-ze'lus 
Be'sor 
Be'tah 
Bet'a-ne 
Beth-ab'a-ra 
Beth'a-nath 

Beth-a'nath, P. 
Beth'a-noth 

Beth-a'noth, P. 
Beth'a-ny 
Beth-ar'a-bah 
Beth'a-ram 

Beth-a'ram, 0. P. 
Beth-ar'bei 
Beth-a/ven 
Beth-ba-al-me'on 
Beth-ba/rah 

Beth' ba-rah, P. 

Beth-bar'ah, T. 
Beth'b|-si 
Beth-da'gon 
Beth-dib-la-tha'im 
Beth-e'den 
Beth'el 
Beth-e'mek 
Be'ther 
Be-thes'da 
Beth-e'zel 
Beth-ha'ran 
Beth-ho'ron 
Beth-jesh'i-moth 
Beth-jes'i-moth 
Beth-leb'a-oth 
Beth'le-hem 
Beth'le-hem Eph'- 

ra-tah 
Beth'le-hem Ju'- 

dah ' 
Beth-ma'a-phah . 

Beth-ma-a'phah, 
P. 
Beth-mar'ca-both 
Beth-me'on 
Beth-o'ron 
Beth-pe'or 
Beth'pha-fe 

Beth'phafe, P. 

Beth-pha'g-e, T. 
Beth-sa'i-da 

Beth-sai'da, P. T. 
Beth'sa-mos 
Beth'shan 
Beth-she'an 
Beth' she-mesh 

Beth-she'mesh, 
Beth-shit'tah' [T. 
Beth-tap'pu-ah 
Be-thu'el 

Beth'u-el, C. 
Be'thul 
Beth-u-li'a 
Beth'zur 
Be-to'li-us 
Bet-o-mas'them 
Bet-o-mes'tham 
Bet'o-nim 

Be-to'nim, P. 
Be-u'lah " 

Beu'iah, P. T. 
Be'zai 
Be-zal'e-el 

"Bez'a'-lgel, P. 

Bez-a-le'el, T. 
Be'zek 



Be'zer 

Be'zeth 

Bi'a-tas 

Biph'rl 

BId'kar 

Big'ttia 

Big' than 

Big'tha-na 

Big'va-i 

Big-va'I, 0. P. T. 
Bil'dad 
Bil'gah 1 
Bil'ga-i 

Bil-ga'i, 0. P. T. 
Bil'ha, or Bil'hah 
Bil'stian 
Bin'e-a 

Bi-ng'a, P. 
Bin'nu-I 

Bin-nii'i, 0. P. 
Bir'sha 
Bi'r'za-vith 

Bir-za'vith, P. T. 
Bi-t'hl'ah ' 
Bi-thyii'i-a 
Blas'tus 
Bo-a-ner'| , e§ 
Bo'az, or Bo'oz 
Boc'cas 
Boph'e-ru 

Bo-phe'ru, P. 
Bo'phim 
Bo'sor 
Bos'o-ra 
Bos'rah 
Boz'rah 
Buk'kl 
Buk-ki'ah 
Bun'ni 
Buz 
Bu'zi 



c. 



Cab'bon 
Ca'bui 
Cad'dis 
Ca'des 

Ca'des Bar'ne 
Ca'desh 
Cad'mi-el 
Cse'sar 

Caes-a-re'a (ses-) 
Caes-a-re'a Phi- 
lip' pi 
Ca'ia-phas (ka'ya- 

fas) 

Ca-I'a-phas, 0. 
Cain 
Ca-i'nan 

Cai'iian, P. T. 
Ca'lah 
Cal-de'a 
Cal-de'ans 
Cal-dees' 

Cal'dees, 0. P. 
Ca'leb 

Ca'leb Eph'ra-tah 
Cal'i-tas 
Cal-lis'the-nes 
Cal'neh 
Cal'va-ry 
Ca'na 
Ca'naan (ka'nan) 

Ca'na-an, 0. 
Can'da-ce 

Can^da'ce, T. P. 

Can'dace.'P. (9th 

ed.) " 
Can'neh 
Ca-per'na-um 



Ca-phi'ra 

Caph'tho-rim 

Caph'tor 

Caph'to-rim 

Cap-pa-do'ci-a 8 

Car'cas 

Car'pha-mis 

Car'phe-mish 

Car-phe'mish, P. 
C|.-re'a 
Ca'ri-ah 
Car'me 
Car'mel 
Car'ml 

Car-pha-sal'a-ma 
Car'pus 
Car-she'na 
Ca-siph'i-a 

Cas-i-phi'a, T. 

Ca-si-phi'a, P. 
Cas'leu 
Cas'phon 
Cas'phor 
Cas'pis 
Cas'tor 
Ca-thu'a 
Ce'dron" 
Cei'lan (se'lan) 
Cel-o-syr'i-a 
Cen'phre-a 
Ce'phas 
Ce'ras 

Ce'§ar, or Cae'sar 
Ces-a-re'a 
Ces-a-re'a Phi- 
lip' pi 
pha'bris 
pha'di-as 
phae're-as 
phal'c'ol 
phal-de'a 
phal-de'an 
phal-dee§', or 

phal'dee§ 
pha'naan 
phan-nu-ne'us 
phar-a-ath'a-lar . 
phar'a-ca 
phar'a-shim 
phar'phe-mish 
phar'cus 
pha're-a 
phar'mis 
phar'ran 
fihas'e-ba 
phe'bar 
phed-or-la'o-mer 

phed-or-la-o'- 
mer,' P. T. 
phe'la'l 
phel'luh 
phel'lus 
phe'lod 
phe'lub 
phe-lii'bai 
phem'a-rim§ 
phe'mosh 
J3he-na'a-nah 

fihe-naa'nah, P. 
phen'a-ni 
phen-a-ni'ah 
phe'ran 
phe're-as 
pher'eth-img 
pher'eth-ites 
phe'rith, or 

phe'rish 
phe'rub, city. 
£he-thl'im 
phet-ti'im 
phe'zib 
phi'don 
J3hxl'e-ab 



phi-H'on 

phil'i-on, P. T. 
phim'ham 
phin'ne-reth, or 

Cin'ne-reth 

Chin'ne-reth, T. 
phin'ne-roth, or 

Cin'ne-roth 
phi'os 
phis'leu 

phis-le'u, P. 
phis'lon 
phis'loth Ta'bor 
phit'tim 

Chit'tim, T. 
phi'un 
phlo'e 

pho'ba, or phob'a-i 
pho-ra'shan 
pho-ra'zin 
phos-a-me'us 
pho-ze'ba 

PHR1ST 

phiin t 
phii'za 

phu' shan Bish-a- 
tha'im, P. 

phush'an Rish- 
a-tha'im, 0. W. 
T. C Sm. 
phii'si 
Ci-H"ci-a 8 
Cin'ne-reth 
Cin'ne-roth 
Cir'a-ma 
Cis ' 
Ci'sai 
Clau'da 
Clau'di*-a 
Clau'di-us 
Clem'ent 
Cle-o-pa'tra 
Cle'o-phas 
Cle'o-pas 

Cle-6'pas, 0. 
Clo'e 
Clo'pas 

Cni'dus (ni'dus) 
Coel-e-syr'i-a (sel-) 
Co'la 
Co'li'-Qs 
Co-los'se 
Co-los'si-ans (ko- 

losh'e-anz) 
Co-ni'ah 
Con-o-nl'ah 
Co'os 
Cor'be 
Co're' 
Cor'inth 
Co-rin'thi-an§ 
Co-rin'thus 
Cor-ne'li-us 
Cos 

Cra'te§ 
Cres'ceng 
Crete ' 
Cretes 
Cush 
Cu'shan 

Cu'shan Bish-a- 
tha'im 

Cush' an Bish-a- 
tha'im, T. 
Cu'shi 
Cuth 
Cu'thah, 0. P. 

Cuth'ah, W. Sm. 
Cy'a-mon 
Cyp'ri-an§ 
Cy'prus 
Cyr'a-ma, or 

CIr'g.-ma 



Cy-re'ne 

Cy-re'ni-us 

Cy'rus 



D. 



Bab'a-reh 

Dab'ba-sheth 

Da'gon 

Dai'san 

Dal-a-i'ah 

Dal-ma-nu'tha 

Dal-ma'ti-a 8 

Dam'a-ris 

Dam-a-scene§' 

Da-mas'cus 

Dan 

Dan'i-el 

Dan-ja'an 

Dan'nah 

Daph'ne 

Da'ra 

Dar'da 

Da'ri-an 

Da-ri'us 

Dar'kon 

Da'than 

Dath'e-ma 

Da'vid 

De'bi'r 

Deb'o-ra 

Deb'o-rah 

De-cap'o-lis 

De'dan 

Ded'a-nim 

De-da'nim, P. T. 
De'kar 
Del-a-I'ah 
Del'i-lah 

De-li'lah, P. 
De'lus 
De'mas 
De-me'tri-us 
Dem'o-phon 
Der'be 
De-u'el 

Deu'el, P. 

De'u-el, C. 
Di-a'na, or Di-an'a 
Dib'la-im 

Dib-la'im, P. T. 
Dib'lath 
DIb-la-tha'im 
Di'bon 
DI'bon-Gad 
Dib'ri 
Did'y-mus 
Dik'lah 
Dil'e-an 

Di'-le'an, P. 

Di'le-an, 0. Sm. 
Dim'nah 
Di'mon 
Di-mo'nah 
Di'nah^ 

DI-o-ny"si-us 8 
BI-os-co-rin'thi-us 
Di-ot're-phes 
Di'shan 
Di'shon 
Dlz'a-hab 
Do'cus 
Dod'a-i 

Do-da^i, P. T. 
Dod'a-nim 

Do-da'nim, P. T. 
Dod'a-vah 

Do-da'vah, P. T. 
Do'eg- 
Doph'kah 
Dor 



SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



603 



Do'ra 

Dor'cas 
Do-rym'e-ne§ 
Do-sith'e-us 
Do'tha-im, 

Do-tha'im, T. 
Do'than 
Dru-sil'la 
Du'mah 



E. 



E a-nes 

E-a'nes, 0. 
E'bal 
E'bed 

E-bed'me-lech 
^ E'bed-me'lech, T. 
Eb-en-e'zer 
E'ber 

Ec-bat'a-na, or -ne 
Ec-cle-si-as'tes 
Ec-cle-§i-as'ti-cus 
E'dar 
E'den 
Ed'na 
E'dom 
Ed're-i 
Eg'laih 
Eg'la-im 
w Eg-la'im, T. 
Eg'lon 

E'hl 

f'hiid 

E'ker 

Ek'ron 

E'la 

El'a-dah 

E-la'dah, P. T. 
E'lah 
E'lam 
El'a-sah 

E-la'sah, 0. P. T. 
E'lath 
El-beth'el 
El'dad 
E-le-a'leh 
E-le'a-sa 
E-le'a-sah 
_ E-le-a'sah, 0. P. 
E-le-a'zar 
E-le-a-zu'rus 
El-e-lo'he Is'ra-el 

El-el' o-he, T. 

E-le'lo-he, P. 
E'leph 

E-leii'the-rus 
El-ha'nan 
E'll 
E-li'ab 
E-li'a-da 
E-li'a-dah 
E-li'a-das 
E-li'a-dun 
E-li'ah-ba 
E-li'a-kim 
E-li'am 
E-li'as 
E-K'a-shib 
E-li'a-sib 
E'li-el 
E-li-e'na-I 
E-li-e'zer 
E-li'hu ' 
E-li'jah 
El'i-ka 

E-li'ka, P. T. 
E'lim 

E-lim'e-leeh 
E-li-o-e'na-i, P. 



_ E-li-ce'na-I, C. 0. 
E-li-o'nas [T. 11'. 
El'i-phal 

E-li'phal, P. 
E-iiph'a-let 
El'i-phaz 

E-h'phaz, P. 
E-lis'a-beth 
El-i-SEe'us, or -se'us 
E-K'sha' 
E-li'shah 
E-lish'a-ma 
E-lish'a-mah 
E-Hsh'a-phat 
E-lish'e-ba 
El-i-shu'a 

E-li'shu-a, P. 

E-lish'u-a, C. 
E-H'u 
E-li'ud 
E-liz'a-phan 
El-i-ze'us 
E-li'zur 
El'ka-nah . 

El-ka'nah, P. T. 
El'la-sar 
w El-la'sar, T. 
El'na-than 
w El-na'than, P. T. 
El'o-him 
E-16'i 
E'lon 
E'lon Beth'ha-nan 

E'lon Beth-ha'- 
nan, P. 
E'loth 
El-pa'ran 
E'lul ' 
El-y-ma'is 
El'y-mas 
_ E-ly'mas, P. 
E'mims 
Em-man'u-el 
Em'ma-us 
Em'mer 
Em'mbr 
E'nam 
En'db'r 

E'ne-as, or JE'ne-as 
^ E-ne'as, P. T. 
En-e-mes'sar 
En-gad'di 
En-gan'nim 
En'ge-di 

En-£ed'i, 0. 

En-le'di, P. T. 
En-hak'ko-re 

En-hak'kore, P. 
En-ha'zor 
E'noch ('e'nok) 
E'non, or iE'non . 
E'nos 
E'nosh 
En-rim'mon 
En-rb'gel 
En' she-mesh 
^ En-she'mesh, 0. 
Ep'a-phras 
E-paph-ro-di'tus 
E-pen'e-tus 
E'phah 

E-phes-dam'mim 
E-phe'si-ans (§-fe'- 

zhe-anzj 
Eph'e-siis 
Eph'pha-tha 
£'phra-im 
E'phra-in 
Eph'ra-tah 
. E-phra'tah, P. 
Eph'rath 
E'phron 
E-piph' a-nes. 



Er 

Ezras' tus 

E'reeh 

E'ri_ 

E-sa'ias (e-za'3-as) 

E-sar-had'don 

E'sau 

E'say 

ESjdra-e Ion, or 

^ Es-dra-e'lom 

Es'dras 

Es-dre'lon 

Es'e-bon 

E-se'bri-as 

^ Es-e-bri'as, 0. 

Esh'ba-al 

Esh-ba'al, P. T. 
Esh'ban 
Esh'col 
e' she -an 

Esh'e-an, O. T. 

E-she'an, P. 
E'shek 
Esh'ta-ol_ 
Esh'te-moh 
Es'll ' 
E-so'ra 
Est'ha-ol 
Es'ther (es'ter) 
E'tham 
E'than 
Eth'a-nim 
Eth'ba-al 
_ Eth-ba'al, P. T. 
E'ther 
E-thi-o'pi-a 
Eth'ma 
Eth'nan 
Eth'ni 
Eu-bu'lns 
Eu-er'ge-teg 
Eu'me-nes 
Eu'na-tan 
Eii-ni'ce 

Eu'nice, Jones 
Eu-o'di-as 
Eu'pa-tor 
Eii-phra'tes 
Eu-pol'e-mus 
Eii-roc'ly-don 
Eii'ty-phus 
Eve 
E'vi 
E'vil Me-ro'daph 

E'vil Mer'o- 
dach, P. " 
Ex'o-dus 
E'zar 
Ez'ba-I 
w Ez-ba'I, P. 
Ez'bon 
Ez-e-phi'as 
Ez-e-ci'as 
Ez-e-ki'as 
E-ze'ki-el 
E'zem 
E'zer 
Ez-e-ri'as 
E'zi-on Ga'ber, or 

E'zi-on-ie'ber 
u Ez'i-on, P. 
Ez'ra 
Ez'ri 
Ez'ril 
Ez'ron, or Hez'ron 



G. 



F. 



Fe'lix 

Fes'tus 

Fbr-tu-na'tus 



Ga'al 

Ga'ash 

G-a'ba 

Gab'a-el 

Gab'a-tha 

Gab'ba-i ' 

Gab'bai, 0. T. 
Gab'ba-tha 
Gab'des 
Ga'bri-as 
Ga'bri-el 
Gad 

Gad'a-ra 
Gad-a-rene§' 
Gad'de§ 
Gad'dl 
Gad'di-el 

Gad-d'i'el, P. 
Ga'di 

Ga'ius Cga'yus) 
Gal'a-ad 
Ga'lal 
Ga-la'ti-a 8 
Ga-la'ti-an§ 8 
Gal'e-ed 
Gal'ga-la 
Gal-i-lse'an, or 

Gal-i-le'an 
Gal'i-lee 
Gal'ii-6 
Gam'|-el 
Ga-ma'li-el 
Gar'i-zira 
Gar'mite 
Gash'mii 
Ga'tam 
Gath* 

Gath He'pher 
Gath Rim'mon 
Ga'za 
Ga-za'ra 
Ga'zer 
Ga-ze'ra 
Ga'zez 
Gaz'zam 
0-e'ba" 
^e'bal 
Pe'ber 
pe'bim 
Ped-a-li'ah 
ped'dur 
ped'e-on 
J3e'der 
pe-de'rah 

Ped'e-rah, P. 
pe-de'roth 

i&ed'e-roth. P. 
ped-e-roth-a'im 
e-e'dbr 
JSe-ha'zi 
pe-hen'na 
Pel'i-loth 

SJe-11'loth, P. 
pe-mal'li 
^em-a-ri'ah 
(3-e-nes'a-reth 

Ge-nes'a-reth, P. 
Gen'e-sis 
)3e-ne'zar 
fren-ne'sar 
^en-nes'a-ret 
(wen-ne'us 
pe-nu'bath 

pen'u-bath, T. 

Qen'u-bath, P. 
pe'on 
jSe'ra 
jSe'rah 
p-e'rar 
per-|e-sene§' 



per'ge-sites 
^er'i-zim 

!5e-riz'im, 0. P. 
per' shorn, or -shon 
per'son 
pe'sem 
jSe'sham • 
pe'shem 
pe'shur 
pesh'ii-rx 
^e'ther 
peth-sem'a-ne 
pe-G'el 

i&eu'el, P. 

pe'u-el, O. 
pe'zer 
plb'bar 
jSib'be-thon 
plb'e-a 
pib'e-ah 
plb'e-ath 
pib'e-on 
pid-dal'tl 
pid'del 
pid'e-on 
fii'hon 
pil'a-lai 

pi-la'la-I, P. 

Gil-a-la'i, 0. T. 
pil'bo-a 

Qil-bo'a, 0. P. T. 
pil'e-ad 

pl'loh 
pln'ne-tho 

pin-ne'tho, P. 
pin'ne-thon 

pin-ne'thon, P 
pit'tah He'pher 
pit'tith 

Gni'dus (ui'dus) 
GS'ath 
Go'lan 
Gol'g-o-tha 
Go-li'ath " 
Go'mer 
Go-mor'rah, or 

Go-mor'rha 
Gbr'gi-as 
Gor-ty'na, C 0. Sm. 

Gor'ty-na, W. 
Go'shen 
Go-thon'i-el 
Go'zan 
Gra'ba 
Greece 
Gfid'go-dah 

Gud-g-o'dah, P. 
Gu'ni 
Giir 
Gur-ba'al 



H. 



Ha-a-hash'ta-rl 
Ha-am'mo-nai 
Ha-ba'iahi (ha-ba'- 

' yah/ 

Ha-ba-i'ah, P. 
Hab'ak'-kuk 

Ha-bak'kuk, 0. 
Hab-a-zi-ni'ah 
Hab'ba-cuc 
Ha'bbr 
Haph-a-H'ah 
Hach'i-lah 
Haeh'mo-nl 

Hach-mo'ni, T. 
Haph'mo-nlte 
Ha'dad " 
Had-ad-e'z?r 



604 



SCRIPTUEE PROPER NAMES. 



Ha'dad Rim'mon 
Ha/dar 
Had-ar-e'zer 
Had'a-shah 

Ha-da'shah, P. T. 
Ha-das'sah 
Ha-dat'tah 
Ha'did 
Had'ia-i 
Ha-d5'ram 
Ha'draph 
Hag'a-ba, or -bah 
Ha' gar 
Hag'ga-i 
Hag'ge-rl 
Hag'gl 
Hag-§i'ah 
Hag'gith 
Ha'gi-a 
Ha'i 

Hak'ka-tan 
Hak'koz 
Ha-ku'pha 

Hak'u-pha, P. 
Ha'lah 
Ha'lak 
Hal'hul 
Ha' II 
Hal-lo'esh 
Hal-lo'hesh 
Ham 
Ha/man 
Ha'math 
Ha'math Zo'bah 
Ham'i-tal 
Ham-mah-le'koth 
Ham'math 
Ham-med'a-tha 
Ham'me-leph 
Ham-moTe-keth 
Ham'mon 
Ham'moth Dor 
Ham'o-nah 

Ha-mo'nah, 0. T. 
Ha'mon Gog 
Ha'mbr 
Ha'moth 
Ha-mu'el 

Ham'u-el, P. C. 
Ha'mul 
Ha-nam'e-el 

Han'a-meel, P. 
Ha'nan 
Ha-nan'e-el 

Han'a-neel, P. 
Han'a-nl 

Ha-na'ni, P. T. 
Han-a-m'ah 
Han'i-el 

Halni'el, P. 
Han'nah 
Han'na-thon 
Han'ni-el 
Ha/noph 
Ha'noph-ites 
Ha/nun 
Haph-a-ra'im, or 

Haph-ra'im 
Har'a-dah 
Ha-ra'iah 
Ha'ran 
Har-bo'na 
Har-bo'nah 
Ha.r-ha-1'ah 
Har'ne-pher 

Har-ne'pher, P. 
Ha'rod 
Har'o-eh 

Ha'-ro'eh, P. 
Har'o-sh'eth 
Har'sha 
Ha'rum 
Ha-ru'maph 



Har'u-maph, P. 
Ha'ruz 
Has-a-di'ah 
Ha-shab'nah 
Hash-ab-ni'ah 
Hash-bad'a-na 
Ha'shem 
Hash-mo'nah 

Hash'mo-nah, P. 
Ha'shub 
Ha-shu'bah 
Ha-shu'pha 
Has' rah 
Has-se-na'ah 
Has'shub 
Ha-su'pha 
Ha'taph 
Ha'thath 
Ha-ti'pha 

Hat'i-p'ha, P. T. 
Hat'i-ta 

Ha-ti'ta, 0. 
Hat-ta'a-vah 
Hau'ran 
Hav'i-lah 

Ha-vil'ah, P. 
Ha'voth Ja'ir 
Haz'a-el 

Halza'el, P. 
Ha-za'iah (ha-za- 
yab) 

Ha-za-i'ah, P. 
Ha'zar Ad'dar 
Ha'zar E'nan 
Ha'zar Gad'dah 
Ha'zar Hat'ti-con 
Ha'zar Ma'veth 
Ha'zar Shu'al 
Ha'zar Su'sah 
Ha'zar Su'sim 
Haz'a-zon Ta'mar 
Ha'zel El-po'ni 
Ha-ze'rim 

Haz'e-rm^ P. 
Haz'e-ron Ta'mar 
Ha-ze'roth 

Haz'e-roth, P. 
Ha'zi-el 

Ha-zr'el, P. 
Ha'zo 
Ha'zb'r 
Haz'u-bah 
He'ber 

He' brew (-bru) 
He'bron 
Hee'a-I 

He-ga'I, T. 
He'l'ah 
He'lam 
Hel'bah 
Hel'bon 
Hel-phi'ah 
HeTda-l' 

Hel-da'I, P. 
He'll 
He-li'as 
He-li-o-db'rus 
Hel'ka-i 

Hel-ka'I, P. 
Hel'kath 
Hel'kath Haz'zu- 

rim 
Hel-ki'as 
He'lon 
He'mam 
He'man 
He'math 
Hem'dan 
Hen ' 
He'na 
Hen'a-dad 

He^na'dad, P. 
He'noph 



He'pher 

Heph'zi-bah 

Her'cu-les 

He'res 

Her'mas 

Her'me§ 

Her'mon 

Her'od' 

He-ro'di-as 

He-ro'di-6n 

He'sed 

Hesh'bon 

Hesh'mon 

Hes'run 

Heth ' 

Heth' Ion 

Hez'e-ki 

Hez-e-ki'ah 

He'zi-on 

Hez'i-on, 0. P. 
He'zir 
Hez'ra-I 
Hez'ro 
Hez'ron 
Hid'da-i 

Hid^da'i, P. 
Hid'de-kel 
Hi'el ' 

Hi-e-rap'o-lis 
Hi-er'e-el 
Hl-er'e-moth 
Hi-er-i-e'lus 
Hi-er'mas 
Hi-e-ron'x-mus 
Hi-e-ru'sa-lem 
Hig-ga'ion (big- 

ga'yon) 
Hi'len 
Hil-ki'ah 
Hil'lel ' 
Hin'nom 
HI'rah 
Hi'ram 
Hir-ca'nus 
Hit'tlte ' 
HI'vite 
Hiz-ki'ah 
Hiz-ki'jah 
Ho'bg., or Ho'bah 
Ho-ba'iah 
H5d 

H6d-a-i'ah 
Hod-a-vi'ah 
Ho'desh 
Ho-dl'vah 
Ho-di'ah 
Ho-di'jah 
Hog'lah 
H5'ham 
Hol-o-fer'nes 
Ho'lon 
Ho'mam 
Hoph'ni 
Hoph'ra 
Kor 
Ho'ram 
Ho'reb 
Ho'rem 

Hor-ha-gid'gad 
H5'ri ' 
Hor-o-na'im 
Ho'sa, or Ho'sah 
Ho-sl'a (lio-ze'a) 
H6sh-a-i'ah 
Hosh'a-ma 

Ho-sha'ma, P. 
Ho-she'a 
Ho'tham 
Ho'than 
Ho'thi'r 
Huk'kok 
Hu'kuk 
Hul ' 



Hul'dah 
Hu'pham 
Hup'pah 
Hup'pim 

Hiir 

Hu'rai 

Hu'ra-I, P. 
Hu'ram 
Hu'ri 
Hu'shah 
Hu'sha-i 
Hu'sham 
Hii'shim 
Huz 
Hu'zoth 
Huz'zab 
Hy-das'pe§ 
Hy-me-nae'us, or 

Hy-me-ne'us 



ib'har 
Ib'le-am 

lb-_le'am, P. 
Ib-ne'iah 

Ib-nei'ah, T. 

Ib-ne-I'ah, P. 
Ib-ni'jah 
ib'rl 
Ib'zan 
Iph'a-bod 
_ I-pha'bod, P. 
I-co'ni-um 
id'a-lah 

ilda'lah, P. T. 
Id 7 u-el ' 
Id-u-mse'a, or 

id-u-me'a 

i-du-me'a, P. 
Id-u-mse'ans, or 

id-u-me'ans 
i'gal 

Ig-da-li'ah 
Ii'e-'al 

l-§e'al, 0. P. T. 
I'im 

ij-e-ab'a-rim 
i'lai 

i-la'i, P. 
il-lyr'i-cum 
Im'la, or im'lah 
im'mah 
Im-man'u-el 
Im'mer 

Im'na, or im'nah 
Im'rah 
Im'ri 
iph-e-de'iah 

iph-e^dei'ah, T. 

iph-e-de-I'ah, P. 
I'ra 
I'ron 

f'§|ac (I'zak) 
I-§a'iah (I-za'ya) 
Is'cah 
Is-car'i-ot 
ish'bi Be'nob 
Ish'bo-sheth 

ish-bo'sheth, T. 
I'shT 
I-shl'ah 
i-shi'jah 
ish'ma-el 
Ish-ma-I'ah 
^ ish-ma'iah, T. 
ish'me-rai 

Ish-me-ra'i, P. 
ish'tob 
Ish'u-ah 
ish'u-ai 



ish'u-I 

fs-ma-phl'ah 

is'ma-el 

Is-ma-i'ah 

Is'ra-el 

l§'ra-el-Ite 

is'ra-el-i-tish 

is'sa-phar 

Is-shi'ah 

Is-tal-cu'rus 

Ith'a-i, or it'ta-i 

i-tha'i, P. 
Jth'a-mar 

I-tha'mar, P. 
ith'i-el 
w I-th'i'el, P. 
Ith'mah 
Ith'nan 
Ith'ra 
Ith'ran 
Ith're-am 
ith'rite 
St'tah Ka'zin 
It'ta-i 
^ It-ta'I, P. 
it-u-rae'a, or -re'a 
I'vah 
Iz'e-har 
Iz'har 
Iz-ra-hi'ah 
Iz're-el 
Iz'ri 



J. 



Ja'^-kan 

Jaa'kan, P. 
Ja-ak'o-'bah 
. J|a-ko'bah,_P 
Ja-a'la, or ja-a'lah 

Jaa'la, P. 
Ja-a'lam 

Jaa'lam, P. 
Ja'|.-riai 

Ja-a-na'i, P. 

Ja-a'nai, C T. 
Ja-ar-e-or'e-§im 
Ja'a-sau 

Ja-a'sau, T. 

Jaa'sau, P. 
Ja-a'si-el 
Ja-az-a-ni'ah 

Jaa-za-ni'ah, P. 
Ja-a'zer 

Jaa'zer, P. 
Ja-a-zi'ah 
Ja-a'zi-el 
Ja'bal 
Jab'bok 
Ja'besh 
Ja'bez 
Ja'biz 
Jab'ne-el 

Jab'ngel, 0. P. 
Jab'neh 
Ja'phan 
Ja'phin 
Ja'cob 
Ja-cu'bus 
Ja'da 
Ja-da'u 
Jad-du'a 
Ja'don 
Ja'el 
Ja'gur 
JAH 

Ja-hal'e-lel 
Ja'hath 
Ja'haz 
Ja-ha'zi-el 

Ja-ha-z'i'el, P. 



SCRIPTURE PEOPEPv ^"AMES. 



605 



Ja-haz'i-el, 0. T. 
Jah'di-el" 

Jah-d'i'el, P. 
Jah'do 
Jah'le-el 

Jah'leel, O. 

Jah'leel, P. 
Jah'ma-i 

Jah-ma'i, P. T. 
Jah'zah 

Jah ; zah, P. 
Jah'ze-el 

Jah'zlel, P. 
Jah'ze-rah 

Jah-ze'rah, P. 
Jah'zi-el 

Jah-zi'el, P. 
Ja'ir 
Ja'i-rus 

Ja-i'rus, or 

Jai'rus, P. 
Ja'keh 
Jam'bre§ 
Jam'bri 
James 
Jam'leeh 
Jam-ni'a 
Jan'na 
Jan'nes 
Ja-no'ah 
Ja-no'hah 
Ja'num 
Ja'pheth 
Ja-phi'a 
Japh'le-tl 

Japh-le'ti, P. T. 
Ja'pho 
Ja'red 
Jar-e-sl'ah 
Jar'i-moth 
Jar'muth 
Ja-ro'ah 
Jas'a-el 
Ja'shen 
Ja'sher 
Ja-sho'be-am 

Ja-sho-be'am, P. 

Ja-shob'e-am, 0. 
Jash'ub 

Ja'shub, P. T. 
Jash'u-bl Le'hem 
Ja'si-el 

Ja-s'i'el, P. 

Jas'i-el, 0. 
Ja'son 
Jat'tir 
Ja'van 
Ja'zar 
Ja'zer 
Ja'zi-el 
Ja'ziz 
Je'a-rlm 

Je-a'rim, P. 
Je-at/e-rai 

Je-a-te-ra'I, P. 
Je-ber-e-chi'ah 
Je'bus 
Je-bu'si 

Jeb'u-si, P. 
Jeb'u-site 
Jec-a-mi'ah 
Jeeh-o-ll'ah 
Jeph-o-ni'as 
O'ec-o-ll'ah 
Jec-o-ni'ah 
Jec-o-ni'as 
Je-da'iah 

Jed-a-I'ah, P. 
Je-de'iah 
Je-de'us 
Je-dT'a-el 
Jed'i-dab. 

Je-dl'dah, 0. 



Jed-i-dl'ah 
Je'di-el 

Je'd''i-el, 0. T. 
Jed'u-thun 

J?-du'thun, T. 
Je-e'zer [tha 

Je'gg.r Sa-ha-du'- 
Je-ha'le-el 

Je-hal'e-el, 0. 

Je-ha/leei, P. 
Je-ha-le'le-el 

Je-hal'e-leel, P. 
Je-hal'e-lel 
Jeh-de'iah 

'Jeh-de'i'ah, T. 

Jeh-de-i'ah, P. 
Je-hez'e-kel 

Je-he-ze'kel, P. 
Je-hl'ah 
Je-hi'el 
Je-hi'e-H 

'Je-h'i-e'li, P. 
Je-hiz-ki'ah 
Je-ho'a-dah 
Je-ho-ad'dan 
Je-ho'a-haz 
Je-ho'ash 
Je-ho'lia-nan 

Je-ho-ha'nan, T. 

Je-ho-han'an, 0. 
Je-hbi'a-chin 
Je-hbi'a-da 
Je-hbi'a-kim 
Je-hbi'a-rib 
Je-hon'a-dab 
Je-hon'a-than 
Je-ho'ram 
Je-ho-shab'e-ath 
Je-hosh'a-phat 
Je-hosh'e-ba 
Je-hosh'u-a 
Je-ho'vah 
Je-ho'vah Jl'reh 
Je-hb'vah Nis'si 
Je-ho'vah Sha'lom 
Je-ho'vah Sham'- 

mah [nil 

Je-ho'vah Tsid'ke- 
Je-hoz'a-bad 
Je-hoz'a-dak 
Je'hu 

Je-hub'bah 
Je'hu-cal 

Je-hu'cal, 0. P. 
Je'hud 
Je-hu'dT 
Je-hii-dl'jah 
Je'hush 
Je-I'el 
Jek-a-mi'ah 
Je-kii'thi-el 
Jem'i-ma 

Je-mi'ma, 0. P. 
Jem'na-an 
Je-mu'el 

Jem'u-el, C. T. 
Jeph'thah, or 

Jeph'tha-e 
Je-phun'ne, or 

Je-phun'neh 
Je'rah 
Je-rah'me-el_ 

Jer'ah-meel, P. 

Jer-ah-me'el, T. 
Jer'e-phus 
Je'red 
Jer'e-mai 
Jer-e-mi'ah 
Jer-e-mi'as 
Jer'e-my. 
Jer'i-pho 
Je'ri-el 

Je'-ri'el, P. T. 



Jer'i-el, O. 
Je-ri'jah 
Jer'i-moth 
Je'ri-oth 

Je'r'i-oth, 0. P. T. 
Jer-o-bo'am 
Jer'o-ham 

Je-ro'ham, P. T. 
Je-rub'ba-al 

"Je-rub-ba'al,P.T. 
Je-rub'e-sheth, or 

Je-rub'be-sheth 

Je-rub-be'sheth, 
P.' ' [r. 

Je-rub-esh'eth, 
Jer'i-el 

Je-ru'el, P. T. 
Je-ru'sa-lem 
Je-ru'sha, or 

Je-ru'shah 
Je-sa'iah 

Jes-a-i'ah, P. 
Je'sher 
Jesh'i-mon 
Jesh-o-ha-i'ah 
Jesh'u-a, or -ah 
Jesh'u-run 
Je-si'ah 
Je-sim'i-el 
Jes'se 
Jes'su-e 
Je'su 
Jes'u-i 
Jes'u-run 
Je'sus (je'fus) 
Je'ther 
Je'theth 
Jeth'lah 
Je'thro 
Je'tur 
Je'u-el 

Jeu'el, P. 
Je'ush • 
Je'uz 
Jez'e-bel 
Je-ze'lus 
Je'zer 
Je-zi'ah 
Je'zi-el 

Je-zi'el, P. 
Jez-li'ah 
Jez'o-ar 

Je-zo'ar, P. 
Jez-ra-hi'ah 
Jez're-el 

Jez'reel, P 
Jim'nah 
Jo'ab 
Jo'a-phaz 
Jo'a-phim 
J5'a-haz 

Jo-a'haz, P. T. 
Jo'a-kim 
Jo-a'nan 
Jo-an'na 
Jg-an'nan 
Jo'ash 
Jo'a-tham 
Jo-a-zab'dus 
Job* 
Jo'bab 
Joeh'e-bed 
J5'el_' 
Jo-ha'nan 

Jo-han'an, 0. P. 
Jo-han'ne§ 
John (jon) 
Jbi'a-da 

Jo-i'a-da, P. Sm. 
Joi'a-kim 

Jo-I' a-kim, P. Sm . 
Joi'a-rib 

Jo-I'a-rib, P. Sm. 

'51* 



J6k'de-am 

Joklde'am, P. T. 
Jo'kim 
Jok'me-am 

Jok-me'am, P. T. 
Jok'ne-am' 

Jok-ne'am, P. 
Jok'shan ' 
Jok'tan 
Jok'the-el 

Jok'thlel, P. T. 
Jo'na 
Jon'a-dab 
Jo'nah 
Jo'nan 
JS'nas 
Jon'a-than 
Jon'a-thas 
Jop'pa, or Jop'pe 
Jo'rah 
Jo'ra-I 

Jo-ra'i, P. 
Jo'ram 
Jbr'dan 
Jor'i-bas 
Jor'i-bus 
Jo'rim 
Jos'a-bad 
Jos'a-phat 
Jos-a-phi'as 
Jo'se 
Jos'e-dec 
Jos'e-dech 
Jo'§eph 
Jo-se'phus 
Jo'se§ 
Josh'a-bad 
Jo'shah 
Josh'a-phat 
J6sh-a-vi'ah 
Josh-bek'a-shah 
Josh'u-a 
Jo-si'ah 
Jo-si'as 
Jos-i-bi'ah 
Jos-i-phi'ah 
Jo'tham 
Joz'a-bad 
Joz'a-dak 
Jii'bal 
Ju'cal 
Jii'da 

Ju-dae'a, or Ju-de'a 
Ju'dah' 
Ju'das 
Jude 
Ju'dith 
Ju'el 
Ju'ni-a 
Jus'tuis 
Jut'tah 



Ke'nath 

Ke'naz 

Ken'ites 

Ke'nltes, P. T. 
Ker-en-hap'puph 
Ke'ri-oth 

Ke-ri'oth, P. 
Ke-tu'rah 
Ke-zl'a 
Ke'ziz 

Kib'roth Hat-ta'a- 
vah 

Kib'roth Hat- 
taa'vah, P. 
Kib'za-im 

Kib-za'im, P. T. 
Kid'ron 

Ki'dron, P. 
Kir 

Kir-har'a-seth 
Kir-har'e-seth 
Kir'ha-resh 

Kir-'ha'resh,P. T. 
Kir-he'resh 
Kir'i-ath, or 

K'ir'jath 
Kir-i-a-tha'jm 
Kir-i-ath-i-a'ri-us 
Kir'i-oth_ 
Kir'jath A'im 
K'ir'jath Ar'ba' 
K'ir'jath A' rim 
K'ir'jath Ba'al 
K'ir'jath Je'a-rim 
K'ir'jath Se'pher 
Kish' 

Ki'shon, or Ki'son 
Kit'ron 

Ki'tron, P. 
Kit'tim 
Ko'hath 
Kol-a-i'ah 
KS'rah 
Ko're _ 
Kush-a'iah 

ku-sha'-I'ah, P. 



L. 



K. 



Kab'ze-el 
Ka'de§ 
Ka'desh 
Ka'desh Bar'ne-a 

Ka'desh Bar- 
ne'a, 0. P. 
Kad'mi-el 
Kar'tan ' 
Ke'dar 
Ked'e-mah 

Ke-de'mah, P. 
Ked'e-moth 

Ke-de'moth, P. 
Ke'desh 
Kei'l'ah 

Kei'lah, T. 
Ke'nan 



La'|-dah 

Laa'dah, P. 
La'a-dan 

La-a'dan, T. 

Laa'dan, P. 
La' ban 
La'phish 
La'dan 
La'el_ 
La-hai'roi 

La-ha'i-ro'i, P. 
La'ish 
La'meeh 
La-od-i-ce'a 
Lap'i-doth 
Laz'a-rus 
Le'ah 
Leb'a-non 
Leb'a-oth 

Le-ba'oth, P. T. 
leb-bse'us, or 

Leb-be'us 
Le-bo'nah 
Lem'u-el 
Le'vi 

Le-vi'a-than 
Lib'a-nus 
Lib'nah 
Lib'ni 
Lib'y-a 
Lik'hi 
Li'nus 



606 



SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



Lo-am'ml 

Lod 

Lo'is 

L6 Ru'ha-mah 

Lo RuJia'niah.O. 
lot 

Xu'bim 
Lu'cas 
Lu'ci-fer 
Xu'ci-us 8 
Lud' 
Lu'dim 
lu'hith 
Luke 
Luz 

Lyc-a-o'ni-a 
Ly"ci-a 8 
Lyd'd'a 
Lyd'i-a 
Ly-sa'ni-as 
ly"si-as 
Ly-sim'a-phus 
Lys'tra 



M. 



Ma'a-phah, or -cah 

Ma-a'phah, P. T. 
Ma-aph'a-thlte 
Ma-ad'ai 

Ma-a-da'I, 0. P. 
Ma-a-di'ah 
Ma-a'I 

Ma-al'eh A-crab'- 
Ma'a-ni [bim 

Ma'a-rath 
Ma-a-se'iah 

Ma-a-se'l'ah, T. 

Ma-as-e-I'ah, 0. 
Ma-as'i-ai 
Ma-a-si'as 
Ma'ath 
Ma'az 
Ma-a-zl'ah 
Mab ? da-i' 
Mac'a-lon 
Mac-ca-bse'us, or 

Mac-ca-be'us 
Mac'ca-bees 
Mac-e-do'ni-a 
Mac-e-do'ni-an 
Maph'ba-nai 

Maeh-ba'n^i, T. 

Maph-ba-na'i, P. 
Maph'be-nah 

Maeh-be'nah, T. 
Ma/phi 
Ma/phir 
Maph'mas 
Maph-na-de'bai 

Maph-na-de-ba'i, 
Maph-pe'lah ' [P. 

Maph'pe'-lah, P. 
Ma'cron 
Mad'a-I 

Ma-da'i, P. 
Ma'di-an 
Mag'da-la 
Mag'da-len 
Mag-da-le'ne 

Mag'da-lene 
Mag'di-el 
Ma'ged ' 
Ma-|id'do 
Ma'gog 
Ma'ha-lah 

Ma-'ha'lah, P. T. 
Ma-ha-la'le-el 

Ma-hal'a-leel, P. 
Ma'ha-lath [noth 
Ma'ha-lath Le-an'- 



Ma'ha-lath Mas'- 

phil^ 
Ma-ha'le-el 
Ma-ha-na'im 
Ma'ha-neh Dan 

Ma-ha/neh Dan, 
O. T. 
Ma-har'a-I 

Ma-ha-ra'i, 0. P. 
Ma/hath 
Ma'her-shal'al- 
hash'baz 

Ma-her'sha-lal- 
hash'baz, P. 
Mah'll 
Mah'lon 
Mak-h'e'loth 

Mak' he-loth, P. 
Mak-ke'dah 

Mak'ke-dah, P. 
Mal'a-phi 
Mal'pham 
Mal-phl'ah 
Mal'phi-el 

Mal-ph'i'el, P. 
Mal-phi'jah 
Mal-phi'ram 
Mal'phus ' 
Ma-le'_le-el 
Ma-ma'ias (ma- 

ma'yas) 
Mam'mon 
lam're 
Man'a-en 

Ma-na'en, P. T. 
Man'a-hath 

Ma-na'hath, P. 
Man-as-se'as 
Ma-nas'seh 
Ma-nas'ses 
Ma'neh 
Ma'nl 
Man'li-us 
Ma-no'ah, or 

Man'o-ah 
Ma'oph' 
Ma'on 
Ma'ra 
Ma'rah 
Mar'a-lah 
Mar-a-nath'a, or 

Mar-an-a'tha 
Mar'cus 
Mar-do-phe'us 
Ma-re'sha, or -shah 

Mar'e-shah, P. T. 
Mar'i-moth 
Mar'i-sa 

Ma-ri'sa, 0. T. 
Mark 
Mar'se-na 
Mar'tha 
Ma'ry 
Mas'phil 
Mash 
Ma'shal 
Mas'sa 
Mas'sah 
Mas-si'as 
Math-a-ni'as 
Ma-thu'sa-ia 
Mat' tan 
Mat'ta-nah 
Mat-ta-nl'ah 
Mat'ta-tha 
Mat'ta-thah 
Mat-ta-thi'as 
Mat-te-na'i 
Mat' than 
Mat-tha-ni'as 
Mat' that 

Mat-the'las ftliu) 
Mat'thew (math'- 



Mat-thi'as 

Mat-ti-thl'ah 

Maz'za-roth 

Maz-za'roth, 0. 
Me'dad 
Me'dan 
Mede 
Med'e-ba 
Me'di-a 
Me'di-an 
Me-e'da 

Me-i-id'do, or -don 
Me-het'a-beel 
Me-het'a-bel 
Me-hi'da 
Mg'hjr 
Me-ho'lah 
Me-hu'ja-el 
Me-hu'man 
Me-hu'nim 
Me-jar'kon 
Mlk'o-nah 

Me-ko'nah, P. T. 
Mel-a-ti'ah 
Mel'phI 
Mel-phl'ah 
Mel-phi'as 
Mel'phi-el 
Mel-phT§'e-c!ec 
Mel-ehiz'e-dek 
Mel-(?hi-shu'a 

Mel-phish'u-a. P. 
Me'l'e-a, or Me-'le'a 
Me'leph 
Mel'i-cu 
Mel'i-ta 
Mel'zar 
Mem'mi-us 
Mem' phis 
Me-mu'can 
Men'a-hem 

Me-na^hem, O. P. 
Men-e-la'us 
Me-nes'theus 
Me-on'e-nim 

Me-o-ne'nim, P. 
Me-on'o-thai 
Mlph'a-ath 

Me-pha'ath,P. T. 
Me-phib'o-sheth 
M§'r^b ' [yoth) 
Me-ra'ioth (nie-ra'- 
Mer'a-ri 

Me-ra'ri, 0. P. T. 
Mer-cu'ri-us 
Me'red 
Me'res 
Mer'i-bah 
Mer'i-bah Ka'desh 
Me-rib'ba-al 

Mer-ib-ba'al, P. 
Me-ro'daph 

Mer'o-daph, P. 
Me-ro'ciaph Bal'a- 
Me'rom [dan 

Me'roz 
Me'sha 
Me'shaph 
Me'sheph 
Me-shel-e-mi'ah 
Me-shez'a-beei 
Me-shez'a-bel 
Me-shil'le-mith 
Me-shil'le-moth 
Me-sho'bab 
Me-shul'lam 
Me-shul'le-meth 
Mes-o-po-ta'mi-a 
Mes-si'ah 
Mes-si'as 
Me-thu'sa-el 
Me-thu'se-lah 
Ml'cah 



Mi-ca'iah (-yah) 

Mi-ca'-i'ah,*P. 
Ml'pha 
Mi'pha-el 

Mi'phael, P. 
MI'phah ' [yah) 
Mi-pha'iah(niT-ka'- 

Mi-pha'-I'ah, P. 
Ml'phal' 
Miph'mas 
Miph'mash 
Miph'me-thah 
Miph'tam 
Mid'i-an 
Migr'da-lel 

Miglda'lel, P. 
Mig'dal Gad 
Mig'dol 
Mig'ron 
Mik'loth 
Mik-ne'iah 

Mik-nei'ah, T. 

Mik-ne-i'ah, P. 
Mil-a-la/'l 

Mi'-la'la-T, P. 
Mil'cah 
Mil'com 
Mi-le'tum 
Mi-le'tus 
Mil' 15 ' 
Min'ni 
Min'nith 
Mir'i-am 
Mish'a-el 

MI'sha-el, 0. 

Mi-sha'el, T. 
Mish'ma 
Mish-man'nah 
Mith're-dath 
Mith-ri-da'tes 
Mit-y-le'ne 
Mi'zar 
Miz'pah 
Miz'peh 
Miz'ra-im 

Miz-ra'im, P. T. 
Mna'son (ua'son) 
Mo'ab 
Mo'din 
Mol'a-dah 

Mo-la' dah, P. 
Mo'leph 
Mo'loch 
Mbr'de-cai 
Mo'reh 

Mor'esh-eth Gath 
Mo-ri'ah 
Mo-se'ra 
Mo-se'roth 
Mo'ses 
Mo'zah 
Miip'pim 
Mu'shi 
Myn'dus 
My'ra 
My"si-a 8 



N. 



iah, P. 



Na'a-mah 

Na-a'mi 
Na'a-man 

Na-a'man, P. 
Na'a-rah 

Naa'rah, P. 
Na'a-rai 

Na-a-ra'i, P. 
Na'a-ran 

Naa'ran, P. 
Na'a-rath 

Na-a'rath, P. 



Na-ash'on 

Naa'shon, P. 
Na-as'son 
Na'a-thus 
Na'bal 
Nab-a-ri'as 
Na'both 
Nab-u-pho-don'o- 

sor 
Na'phon 
Na'phbr 
Na'dab 
Na-dab'a-tha 
"Nag'ge 
Na-ha'li-el 

Na-ha-li'el, P. 
Na'ham 
Na-har'a-i 

Na-ha'-ra'i, 0. P. 
Na-ha-ra'im 
Na'ha-ri 
Na'hash 
Na'hath 
Na'hbr 
Na'hum 
Na'in 
Na'ioth (na'voth) 

Na-I'oth, Pi 
Na'o-mi 

Na-6'mi, P. 
Naph'ta-H 
Naph'tu-him 
Nar-cis'sus 
Na'sbr 
Na'than 
Na-than'a-el 
Nath-a-nl'as 
Na'um 
Naz-a-rene' 
Naz'a-reth 
Ne-ap'o-lis 
Ne-a-rl'ah 
Neb'a-i ' 

Ne^ba'i, T. 
Ne-ba'ioth (-yoth) 
Ne-ba'joth 

Neb'a-joth, P. 
Ne-bal'lat 
Ne'bo [zar 

Neb-u-phad-nez' - 
Neb-u-phad-rez'zar 
Neb-u-zar'a-dan 

Neb-u-za-ra'dan, 
P. 
Ne'pho 
Ne-co'dan 
Ned-a-bl'ah 
Ne-e-mi'as 
Nefi-noth 
Ne-he-mi'ah 
Ne-he-ml'as 
Ne'hi'-loth' 
Ne'hum 
Ne-hush'ta 
Ne-hush'tan 
Nl'i-el 

N'e-'l'el, P. 
Ne'keb * 
Ne-mu'el 
Nl'phl ' 
Ne'phish 
Neph'tha-li 
Neph'tha-lim 
Neph'to-ah 

Neph'-to'ah, T. 
Ner' 
Ne'reus, or 

Ne're-us 

Ne-re'us, P. 
Ner'gal 
Ne'ri 
Ne-rl'ah 
Ne-ri'aa 



SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



607 



Ne'ro 


Sz'ni 


Pha'leg- 


Ptol-e-ma'is (tol-) 


Re-§em'me-leph 


Ne-than'e-el 


O-zo'ra 


Phal'lu 


Ptol'e-mee'(tol-) 


Re-ha-bi'ah 


Neth'a-neel, P. 




Phal'tl 


Ptol-e-me'us (tol-) 


Re'hob 


Neth-a-m'ah 




Phal'ti-el 


Pu'a, or Pu'ah 


Re-ho-bo'am 


Neth'i-nims 


P. 


Phal'-ti'el, P. 


Piib'li-us 


Re-hob'o-am, 0. 


NT-ca'nor 


Pha-nu'el 


Pu'dens 


Re-ho'both 


Nic-o-de'mus 




Phar'a-cim 


Pul ' 


Re'ho-both, 1\ 


Nic-o-la'i-tans 


Pa'a-rai 


Pha'raoh (fa'ro) 


PG'non 


Re'hu, or Re'u 


Nic'o-las 


Pa-a-ra'i, P. 


Pha'ra-oh, 0. 


Piir, or Pu'rim 


Re'hum 


NI-cop'o-lis 


Pa'dan 


Pha'raoh Hoph'ra 


Put 


Re'i ' 


Ni'g-er ' 


Pa'dan A'ram 


Pha'raoh Ne'pho 


Pu-te'o-li 


Re'kem 


Nim'rah 


Pal-es-ti'na 


Phar-a-tho'nl 


Pu'ti-el 


Rem-a-li'ah 


Nim'rim 


Pal'es-tlne 


Pha're§ 


Pu'-t'i'el, P. 


Re'meth 


Nim'rod 


Pal'lu 


Pha'rez 




Rem'mon [ar 


Nim'shi 


Pal'ti 


Pha-rl'ra 




Rem'mon Meth'o- 


Nin'e-ve 


Pal'ti-el 


Phar'i-see 


Q. 


Rem'mon Me- 


Nin'e-veh 


Pal'-t'rel, P. T. 


Pha'rosh 


tho'ar, P. T. 


Ni'san 


Pam-phyl'i-a 


Phar'par 




Rem'phan 


Nis'roeh 


Pan'nag" 


Pha'se-ah 


Quar'tus [us R 


No, or No A'mon 


Pa'phos 


Pha'-se'ah, 0. P. 


Quin'tus Mem'mi 


- Re-pha'el, P. 


No-a-di'ah 


Pa'rah 


Pha-se'lis* 




Re'phah 


No'ah, or No'e 


Pa'ran 


Phas'i-ron 




Reph-a-I'ah 


Nob' 


Par'me-nas 


Phas'sa-ron 


R. 


Re-pha'iah, T. 


No'bah 


Par'naph 


Phe'be' 


Reph'a-im 


Nod ' 


Pa'rosh 


Phe-ni'ce 




Re-pha'im, P. T. 


No'hah 


Par-shan'da-tha 


Phe'nice, P. 


Ra'a-mah 


Reph'a-ims. 


Nom'a-des. 


Par-shan-da'tha 


, Phe-ni"ci-a 8 


Raa'mah, P. 


Reph'i-dim 


Non 


Par'u-ah' [P. Phib'e-seth 


Ra-a-ml'ah 


Re-phi'dim, P. 


Noph (nof) 
No'phah 


Pa-ru'ah, P. 


Phi'phol 


Ra-am'se§ 


Re-phid'im, T. 


Par-va'im 


Phil-a-del-phi'a 


Rab'bah 


Re' sen 




PaVva-im, C. 


[Phil-a-d'el'phi-a] 


Rab'bath 


Re'u' 




Pa'saeh 


Phi-lar'phe§ 


Rab'bi 


Reu, P. 


0. 


Pa-se'ah 


Phl-le'mon 


Rab-b5'ni 


Reu'ben 


Pash'ur 


Phi-le'tus 


Rab'mag* 


Re-u'el 




Fa'shur, P. 


Phi-lip'pl 


Rab'sa-ce§ 


Reii'el, P. 


5b-a-di'ah 


Pat'a-ra 


Phi-161'o-g-us 
Phil-o-me'tor 


Rab'sa-ris 


Reu'mah 


6-ba-di'ah, P. T. 


Pa-the'us 


Rab'sha-keh 


Re'zeph 


ob-di'a 


Path'ros 


Phin'e-as 


Ra'ca, or Ra'pha 


Re-zi'a 


6'bed '_ 


Pa'thros, P. T. 


Phin'e-es 


Ra'chab 


Re'zin 


6'bed E'dom 


Pat'mos 


Phin'e-has 


Ra'pha.1 


Re'zon 


6'phi-el 


Pat'ro-bas 


Phl'son 


Ra'chel 


Rhe'|-i-um 


5c-i-de'lus 


Pa-tro'clus 


Phle'g-on 


Rad'da-i 


Rhe'sa 


oc'i-na 


Pa'u 


Ph5'ros' 


Radlda'i, P. 


Rho'da 


Sc'ran 


Pau, P. 


Phryi'i-a 


Ra'g-au 
Ra'g-es 


Rhode§ 


5d-on-aVkes 


Paul 


Phucl 


Rhod'o-cus 


6'had 


Pau'lus 


Phu'rah 


Ra-gu'el 


Rho'dus 


Pe-da'iah 


Phu'rim 


Ra'hab 


Rl'bai 


51'a-miis 


Pe-da-I'ah, 0. P 


Phut 


Ra'hel 


Ri-ba'i, P. 


Sl'i-vet 


Pe'kah 


Phu'vah 


Ra'ma, or Ra'mah 


Rib'lah 


51-o-fer'nes. 


Pek-a-hi'ah 


Phy-g-el'lus 


Ra'math 


Rim'mon 


O-lym'pas 


Pel-a-i'ah 


Phy'son 


Ra-math-a'im 


RTm'mon Pa'rez 


O-lym'pi-us 
om-a-e rus 


Pel-a-li'ah 


Pib'e-seth, or 


Ram'a-them 


Rin'nah 


Pel-a-ti'ah 


Pi^be'seth 


Ra'math Le'hi 


Ri'phath 
Ris'sah 


6'mar 


Pe'leg- 


Pi-ha-hi'roth 


Ra'math Miz'peh 


Q-me'ga 


Pe'let 


Pi' late 


Ra-me'ses 
Ra-mes is, 0. 


RTth'mah 


Q-meg-'a, C. 


Pe'leth 


Pil'e-ha 


Riz'pah 
Rob o-am 


o'me-ga., U. Sm. 


Pe-li'as 


Pi-le'§er 


Ram'e-ses, P. T. 


Sm'rl 


Pe-ni'el 


Pil-ne'§er 


Ra-mi'ah 


Ro-bo'am, P. 


On 


Pe-mn'nah 


Pil'tai 


Ra'moth 


Ro-fe'lim 


6'nan 


Pen-tap'o-lTs 


Pil-ta% P. 


Ra'moth pil'e-ad 


Roh'gah 


O-nes'i-miis 


Pe-nu'el 


Pi'non 


Ra'pha 


Rome 


5n-e-sTph'o-rus 


Pl'or 


Pi'ra 


Ra'pha-el 


Rome, P. W. T. 


o-nl'as 


Per'a-zim 


Pi'ram 


Ra'phael, C 


Rosh 


6'no 


Pe-ra'zim, P. 


Pir'a-thon 


Raph'a-im 


Ru'fus 


6'phel 


Pe'resh 


Pe'kah 


Ra'pha-im, 0. 


Ru'ha-mah 


6'phir 


Pe'rez 


Pi-sid'i-a 


Ra'phon 


Ru-'ha'mah, 0. P. 


Oph'ni 


Pe'rez TJz'za, or 


Pi'thom 


Ra'phu 

Ras ses, or Ras'sis 


Ru'mah 


Oph'rah 
6 ran 


TJz'zah 


Pi'thon 


Ruth ' 


Per'ga 


Ple'ia-des 


Rath'u-mus 




o'reb 


Pe'r'g-a-mos 


Ple'l'a-des, T. 


Ra-thu'mus, 0. 




o'ren 


Per'me-nas 


Pon'ti-us Pi'late 


Ra'zis 


s. 


O-ri'on 


Per-sep'o-Hs 


(pou'she-us) 8 


Re-a-i'a, or -ah 


Or' pah 


Per'seus 


Pon'tus 


Re-a'iah, T. 




O-sa'ias (o-za/yas) 


Per'si-a 3 


Por'a-tha 


Re'ba 


Sa-baeh-tha'nl 


O-se'a 


Per'sis 


Po-ra'tha, P. 


Re-bec'ca 


Sab'a-oth 


6-§e'as 


Pe-ru'da 


P6r'ci-us 8 


Re-bek'ah 


Sa-b5'oth, P. Sm. 


o'see 


Pi'ter 


Pos-i-do'ni-us 


Re'phab 


Sa'bat 


o'she-a 


Peth-a-hi'ah 


Pot'i-phar 


Re'phab-ites 7 


Sab-a-te'us, or -as 


o-shl'a, 0. P. 


Pe'thbr 


Po-tiph'e-rah 


Re'ehah 


Sab'a-tus 


5th' nl 


Pe-thu'el 


Pot-i-phe'rah, T 


Re-el-a'iah 


Sab-be'us 


5th'ni-el 


Phai'sur 
Pha-le'as 


Pris'ca 


Re-el'i-iis 


Sab'di, orZab'di 


O-zI'as 


Pris-cil'la 


Ree-sa'ias 


Sa'bT, or Sa'bi-e 


6'zi-el 


Pha'lec 


Proph'o-rus 


Re'g^em 


Sab'ta, or Sab'tah 



: 



608 



SCEIPTUKE PEOPER NAMES. 



Sab'te-pha 

Sab'te-phah 

Sad-a-mi'as 

Sad-de'u'j 

Sad'duc 

Sad'du-cee§ 

Sa'doc 

Sa-ha-du'tha 

Sa'la' 

Sa'lah 

Sal'a-mis 

Sal-a-sad'a-I 

Sa-la'thi-el 

Sal'ca, or Sal'phah 

Sii'lem 

Sa'lim 

Sal'ma, or Sal mah 

Sal-man-a'sar 

Sal'mon 

S|l-mo'ne 

Sa'lom 

Sa-lo'me 

Sa'lu 

Sa'lum 

Sam'a-el 

Sa-ma'ias (-yas) 

Sam-a-ri'a 

[Sa-ma'ri-a] 

Sa-mar'i-tan 

Sam'a-tus 

Sa-me'ius 

Sam' gar Ne'bo 

Sa'mos 

Sam-o-thra'ci-a 8 

Sam'son 

Sam'u-el 

San-a-bas'sar 

San-a-bas'sa-rus 

San'a-sib 

San-bal'lat 

Sa'phat 

Saph-a-ti'as 

Sa'pheth 

Saph'i'r [ra) 

Sap-phi'ra (saf-fT- 

Sar-a-bi'as 

Sa'rah 

Sa'rai 

Sa ? ra-i, P. 
Sar-a-I'a, or -ah 
Sa-ra'ias (-yas) 
Sa/rapti 
Sar-de'us 
Sar'dis 
Sa-rep'ta 
Sar'gon 
Sa'ron 

Sa-ro'thi, or -thie 
Sar-se'phim 

Sar'se-phim, P. 
Sa'ruph 
Sa'tan 

Sath-ra-bu-za'ne§ 
Saul 

Sav'a-ran 
Sa'vi-as 

Sa-vi'as, 0. 
Sce'va (s'e'va) 
Scy-thop'o-Ks 
Sec'a-cah 

Se-ca'cah, P. T. 
Seph-e-ni^as 
Se'phu 
Se'gub 
Se'ir 
Se'i-rath 

Se-i'rath, P. 
Se'l'a 

Se'lah [le'koth 

Se'la Hara'mah- 
Se'led 
Sel-e-ml'ah, or 

Sel-e-mi'as 



Sel-eu-ci'a 

[Se-leu'ci-a 8] 

Se-leu'cus 

Sem 

Sem-a-phi'ah 

Sem-a-I'ah 

Sem'e-I 

Se-mel'li-us 

Sen'a-ah 

Se-na'ah, P. T. 
Se'neh 

Se'nir [0. W. 

Sen-na-phe'rib, C 

Sen-naph'e-rib, 
P. T. Sin. 
Sen'u-ah 

Se-nu'ah, P. 
Se-6'rim 
Se'phar 
Seph'a-rad 
Seph-ar-va'im 

Se-phar-va'im, P. 
Se-phe'la 
Se'rah 
Ser-a-I'ah 
Se'red 
Ser'gi-us 
Se'ron 
Se'rug 
Ses'thel 
Seth 
Se'thur 
Sha-al-ab'bin 
Sha-al'bim 
Sha-a-ra'im 
Shab-beth'a-I 

Shab-be-tha'I, 0. 
Shaph'i-a 

Sha-phi'a, P. T. 
Shad'da-I ' 
Sha'draph 
Sha'fe 
Sha-ha-ra'im 
Sha-haz'i-mah, or 

Sha-haz'i-math 

Sha-ha-zI'mah, 
or -math, U. P. 
Sha'lem 
Sha'li'm 
Shal'i-sha 

Sha'-H's'ha, P. 
Shal'le-eheth 

Shal'-le'pheth, P. 
Shal'lum 
Shal'lun 
Shal'ma-i 

Shal'mai, 0. T. 
Shal'man 
Shal-ma-ne'§er 
Sha'ma 
Sham-a-rl'ah 
Sha'med 
Sha'mer 
Sham'gar 
Sham'huth 
Sha'mir 
Sham'ma 
Sham'mah 
Sham'ma-i 
Sham'moth 
Sham-mu'a, or 

Sham-mu'ah 
Sham-she-ra'I 
Sha'pham 
Sha'phan 
Sha'phat 
Sha'pher 
SharVi 

Sha-ra'I, P. T. 
Shar'a-im 

Sha-ra'im, P. T. 
Sha'rar 
Sha-re'zer 



Sha'ron 
Sha-ru'hen 

Shar'u-hen, P. 
Shash'a-I 

Sha-sha'I, P. 
Sha'shak 
Sha'ul 

Shiul, P. 
Sha'veh 
Shav'sha 
She'al 
She-al'ti-el 
She-a-ri'ah 
She-ar-ja'shub 
She'ba, or She' bah 
She'bam 
Sheb-a-ni'ah 
Sheb'a-rim 

She-ba'rim, P. 
She'ber 
Sheb'na 
Sheb'u-el 

She-bu'el, 0. P. 
Sheph-a-ni'ah 
She'chem 
Shed'e-ur 
She-ha-rl'ah 
She'lah 
She'leph 
She'lesh 
Shel'o-ml 

She'-lo'mi, P. T. 
Shel'o-mith 

She-lo'mith, 0. 
Shel'o-moth 

She-lo'moth, 0. 
She-lu'mi-el 
Shem 
She'ma 
Shem'a-ah 

She-ma' ah, P. 
Shem-a-i'ah 
Shem-a-ri'ah 
Shem'e-ber 

She-me'ber, P. T. 
She'mer 

She-mi'da, or -dah 
Shem'i-mth 
She-mir'a-moth 
She-na'zar 
She'nir 
Sheph-a-ti'ah 
She-phu'phan 
Sher-e-bl'ah 
She-re'zer 
She'shaph 
She'shai 

She-sha'i, P. 
She'shan 
Shesh-baz'zar 
Sheth 
She'thar 

She'thar Boz'na-I 
She'va 
Shib'b'o-leth 
Shib'mah 
Shi'cron 

Shic'ron, P. 
Shigr-gra'ion (-yon) 
Shi-|i'o-noth 
Shi'hon 
Shl'hbr 

Shl'hor Lib'nath 
Shil'lem 
Shi-lo'ah 
Shi'loh, or ShI'lo 
Shi-lo'ni 
Shil'shah 
ShTm'e-a 
Shlm'e-ah 
Shim'e-am 
Shim'e-ath. 
Shim'e-I 



ShTm'e-on 

Shim'hl 

Shi' ml 

Shim'ma 

Shi'mon 

SMm'rath 

Shim'rl 

Shim'rith 

Shim'ron, or -rom 

Shim'ron Me'ron 

Shim'shai 

Shim'sha-I, P. 
ShI'nab 
Shi'nar 
Shi' on 
Shi'phI 
Shiph'rah 
Shiph'tin 
ShI'sha 
ShI'shak 
Shit'ra-i 

Shi-tra'I, P. 
Shit'tah 
Shit'tim 
Shi'za 

Sho'a, or Sho'ah 
Sho'bab 
Sho'baph 
Sho'ba-i 

Sho-ba'I, P. T. 
Sho'bal 
Sho'bek 
Sho'bi 
Sho'pho, or 
Sho'phoh 
Sho'co 
Sho'ham 
Sho'mer 
Sho'phaph 
Sho'phan 
Sho-shan'nim 
Sho-shan'nim 

E'duth 
Shu'a 
Shu'ah 
Shii'al 
Shu'ba-el 

Shu-ba'el, P. 
Shu'ham 
Shu'nem 
Shu'ni 
Shu'pham 
Shup'pim 
Shur 
Shu'shan 
Shu'the-lah 
Si'a 
Si'a-ha 
Si'ba, or Se'ba 
Sib'be-phai, or -cai 

Sib-be-pha'i, P. 
Sib'bo-leth 
Sib'mah 
Sib'ra-im, or 

Sib-ra'im, P. T. 
Si'phem 
Si"cj:'-on (-she-) 
Sid'dim 
Si'de' 
Si'don 
Si-gl'o-noth 

Sig-i-o'noth, P. 
SI'hon 
Si'hbr 
Si'las 
Sil' la 
Si-lo'ah, 0. P. 

'SU'o-ah, C. T. W. 
Si-lo'am, 0. P. 

'Sil'o-am, C. W. 
Si-lo'e, 0. 

'Sil'_o-e, C. Sin. W. 
Sil-va'nus 



STm'e-on 

Si'mon 

Sim'ri 

Sin 

Si'na 

Si'nai 

Sin'a-I, 0. 

SI'na-i, P. 
Si'nim 
Si'on 

Siph'moth 
Sip'pai 

Sip'pa-i, P. 
Si'raph 
Si'rah 
Sir'i-on 
Si-sam'a-I 

Sis-a-ma'I, 0. P. 
Sis'e-ra 
Si-sTn'neg 
Sit'nah 
Si'van 
Smyr'na 
So 

So'pho, or So'phoh 
So'coh 
So'dl 
Sod'om 
Sod'o-ma 
Sol'o-mon 
Sop'a-ter 
Soph'e-reth 

^So-phe'reth, 0. T. 
Soph-o-ni'as 
So'rek 
So-sTp'a-ter 
Sos'the-neg 
Sos'tra-tus 
S6'ta-i 

So-ta'i, P. 
Spain 
Spar'ta 

Sta'phy.s (sta'kjs) 
Steph'a-nas 
Ste'phen (ste'vn) 
Su'ah 
Su'ba 
Su'ba-I 
SQc'eoth 

SQc'coth Be'noth 
Sud ' 
Su'di-as 
Sur ' 
Su'sa 
Su-san'na 
Su'si 
Sy'char 
Sy'phem 
Sy-e'lus 
Sy-e'ne 
Syn'ty.-phe 
Syr'a-ciise 
Syr'i-a 
Syr'i-ac 
Syr'i-an 
Syr'i-on 



Ta'a-naph 

Ta-a'naph, P. T. 
Ta'a-nath Shi'loh 
Tab'a-oth 
Tab'ba-oth 

Tab-ba'oth, P. 
Tab'bath 
Ta'be-al 

Ta-b§'al, P. T. 
Ta'be-el 

Ta'beel, P. 
Ta-bel'li-us 



SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 



609 



Tab'e-rah 

Ta-be'rah, T. 
Tab'i-tha" 
Ta'bb'r 
Tab'ri-mon 
Tad'mor 
Ta'han 
Ta-hap'a-ne§ 
Ta'hath 
Tah'pan-hes 
Tah'pe-nes 
Tah're-a 
Tah'tim Hod'shi 
Tal'mai 

Tal-ma'I, P. 
Tal'mon 
Tal'sas 
Ta'mah 
Ta'mar 
Tam'muz 
Ta'nach 
Tan'hu-meth 

Tan-hu'meth, T. 
Ta'nis 
Ta'phath 
Taph'nes 
Ta'phon 
Tap'pu-ah 

Tap-pu'ah, 0. 
Ta'rah 
Tar'a-lah 

Ta-ra'lah, 0. P. 
Ta're-a 

Ta-re'a, P. 
Tar'shis 
Tar'shish 
Tar'sus 
Tar'tak 
Tar' tan 
Tat'na-I 
Te'bah 
Teb-a-li'ah 
Te'beth 
Te-hm'nah 
TS'kel 
Te-ko'a, or 

Te-ko'ah 
Tel'a-bib 

Te'-la'bib, 0. P. 
Te'l'ah 
TeTa-im 

Te-la'im, P. T. 
Te-las'sar 
Tl'lem 
Tel-ha-re'sha 
Tel-har'sa 
Tel'me-la' 
Tel'me-lah 

Tel-ine'lah, P. T. 
Te'ma 
Te'man 
Tem'a-ni 

Te-ma'm, P. 

Tl'ma-nl, 0. Sm. 
TSm'e-ni 

Te-me'ni, P. 

Te'me-ni, 0. Sm. 
Te'rah " 
Te'resh 
Ter'ti-us 8 
Ter-tul'lus 
Thad-de'us 
Tha'hash 
Tha'mah 
Tha'mar 
Tham'na-tha 
Tha'ra 
Thar'ra. 



Thar'shish 

Thar'sus 

The'bez 

The-co'e 

The-la'sar 

The-ler'sas 

Thi'man ' 

The-oc ? a-nu9 

The-od'9-tus 

The-oph'i-lQs 

Tht'ras 

Ther'me-leth 

Thes-sa-lo-ni'ca 

Theu'das 

Thim'na-thah 

Thls'be 

Thom'as (tom'as) 

Thra'ci-a 8 

Thra-se'as 

Thum'mim 

Thy-a-tl'ra 

Ti-be'ri-as 

Ti-be'ri-us 

Tib' hath 

Tib'nl 

Ti'dal 

Tig'lath Pi-le'§er 

Ti'grris 

Tik'vah 

Tik'vath 

Til'g-ath Fil-ne'§er 

Ti'lon 

Ti-mse'us, or 

Ti-me'us 
Tim'na 
Tim'nah 
Tim'nath 
Tim'na-thah 
Tim'nath He'res 
Tim'nath Se'rah 
Ti'mon 
Ti-mo'the-us 
Tim'o-thy. 
Tiph'sah 
TFras 
Tir'ha-kah 

Tir-ha'kah, P. T. 
Tir'ha-nah 

Tir-ha'nah, P. T. 
Tir'i-a " 
Tir'sha-tha 
Ti'r'zah 
Ti'tans 
Ti'tus 
To'ah 
Tob' 

Tob-Ad-o-ni'jah 
To-bi'ah 
To-bl'as 
To'bi-el 
To-bI'j"ah 
To'bit 
To'chen 
To-g-ar'mah 
To'hu 
To'i ' 
To'la 
To'lid 
Tol'ba-nes 
To'phel 

To'phet, or -pheth 
To'u 

Trach-o-ni'tis 
Trip'o-iis 
Tro^as 

Tro-fyl'li-um 
Troph'i-mus 
Try-phe'na 



Try'phon 


Zab'bud 


Try-phS'sa 


Zab-de'us 


Tu'bal 


Zab'di 


Tu'bal Ca'in 


Zab'di-el 


Tu'bal Cain, P. 


Za'bud ' 


Tych'i-cfis 


Zab'u-lon 


Ty-ran'nus 


Za.c'ca-1 


Tyre 


Zac-ca'i, P. 


Ty'rus 


Zac-phae'us, or 




Zac-che'us 




Zac cur 


u. 


Za.f;h-a-ri'ah, or 
Zaph-a-ri'as 




Zafh'a-ry 


•u'cal 


Za'pher 


tj'el 


Za'dok 


Tl'la-i 


Za'ham 


_ u-la'i, P 


Za'ir 


Tl'lam 


Za'iaph 


©l'la 


Zal'mon 


tJm'mah 


Zal-mo'nah 


tTn' ni 


Zal-mun'na 


U-phar'sin 


Zam'bis 


"D'phaz 


Zam'bri 


"Ur [iJr'ban Za'mpth 


tjr'bane, properly 


Za-no'ah [ne'a] 


tir-ba'nus , 


Zaph'nath-pa-a- ' 
Za'phon 


U'rl 


T7-ri'ah 


Za'ra 


TT-ri'as 


Zar'a-ce§ 


"U'ri-el 


Za'rah 


_ U-ri'el, P. 


Zar-a-T'as 


U-rl'jah 


Za're-ah 


tr'rim 


Za-re'ah, P. T. 


u'ta 


Za'red 


tr'tha-i 


Zar'e-phath 


U-tha'i, P. 


Zar'e-tan 


u'thi 


Za'reth Sha'har 


UZ 


Zar'ta-nah 


u'za-I 


Zar-ta'nah, P. T. 


U'zal 


Zar than 


Uz'za 


Za-thu^i 


Uz'zah 


Zat'thu 


tjz'zen She'rah 


Za'za 


■&z'zi 


Zeb-a-di'ah 


Bz-zi'a 


Ze'bah 


tjz-zi'ah 


Ze-ba'im 


Uz-zi'el 


Zeb'e-dee 


■&z'zi-el, Milton. 


Ze-bi'na 




Ze-bo'im 




Ze-bi5i'im 


V. 


Ze-bu'dah 


Zeb'u-'dah, P. 




Ze'bul 


Va-jez'a-tha 


Zeb'u-lon 


Va-je-za'tha, P. 


Zeb'u-lun 


Va-ni'ah 


Zech-a-ri'ah 


Vash'ni 


Ze'dad 


Vash'tl 


Zed-e-chl'as 


Voph'si 


Zed-e-kl'ah 




Zeeb' 




Ze'eb, P. Sm. T. 


X, 


Ze'lah 
Ze'lek 




Ze-15'phe-ha.d 


Xan'thi-cus 


Ze-15'tes 




Zel'zah 




Zem-a-ra'im 


z. 


Ze-mi'ra 
Ze'nan 




Ze'nas 


Za-a-na'im 


Zeph-a-ni'ah 
Ze'phath 


Za'a-nan 


Za'a-van 


Zeph'a-thah 


Za'bad _ 


Ze-pha'thah, P. 



Zab-a-da'ias (-yas) Ze'phi 
Zab'bai Ze'pho 

Zab-ba'I, P. Ze'phon 



Ze'rah 

Zer-a-hi'ah 

Zer-a-i'ah 

Ze'red 

Zer'e-da 

Ze-re'da, P. 
Ze-red'a-thah 
Zlr'e-rath 

Ze-re'rath, P. T. 
Ze'resh 
Ze'reth 
Ze'rl 
Ze'ror 
Ze-ru'ah 
Ze-rub'ba.-bel 

Ze-rub-ba'bel, P. 
Zer-u-i'ah 
Ze'tham 
Ze'than 
Ze'thar 
Zi'ba 
Zib'e-on 
Zib'i'-a 
Zib'i-ah 

Zi'-bi'ah, T. 
i ZiGh'ri (zlk'rl) 
Zid'dim 
Zid-kl'jah 
Zi'don 
Zif ' 
Zi'ha 
Zik'lag 
Zil'lah 
ZU'pah 
Zil'thai 

Zil-tha'i, P. 
Zim'mah 
Zim'ram, or 

Zim'ran 
Zim'ri 
Zin 
Zi'na 
Zi'oii 
Zi'or 
Zip'h 
Zi f phah 
Ziph'i-on 
Zi'phron 

Ziph^on, P. T. 
Zip'por 
Zip-po'rah 

Zip'po-rah, P. 
ZithM ' 
Ziz 
Zi'za 
Zi'zah 
Z5'an 
Zo'ar 
Zo'ba, or 

Zo'bah 
Zo-be'bah 
Zo'har 
Zo'he-leth 

Zo-'he'leth, P. 
Zo'heth 
Zo'phah 
Zo'phai 
Zo'phar 
Zo'phim 
Zo'rah 
Zo're-ah 

Zo'-re'ah, P. T. 
Zo-rob'a-bel 
Zu'ar 
Zup'h 
Zur 
Zu'ri-el 

Zu-ri'el, P. 



ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, 



WITH 



THEIR CORRESPONDING MODERN NAMES. 



COUNTRIES OF EUROPE. 



Ancient. Modern. 

Scan-di-na'vi-a Sweden and Norway 

pher-so-ne'sus ' Cim'bri- /Jutland part of Den- 
ca .......... 1 mark 

Sar-ma'ti-a Poland, Russia 

Bri-tan'ni-a, or Al'bi-on . Great Britain 

Cai-e-do'ni-a Scotland 

Hl-ber'ni-a Ireland 

_. .' f Germany north of the 

Ger-ma'ni-a | Danube 

„.,,.. ^^ . (France, Netherlands, 

Gal'h-a, Gaul j &c. 

Hel-ve'ti-a Switzerland 

His-pa'ni-'a Spain 

LG-si-ta'iii-a Portugal 



Ancient. Modern. 

Ehse'ti-a Tyrol, &c. 

Vin-de-li"ci-a Part of Bavaria 

„ v ,. ' w (Part of Bavaria and of 

Nor'j-cum { Austria 

Jl-lyr'i-cum Part of Austria 

_ 1. . f Part of Austria and of 

Pan-no'm-a j Hungary 

(Part of Austria-Hun- 
Da'ci-a -< gary and of Kouma- 

( nia 
Mce'sJ-a, Thrace, Mac-e- f Part of Turkey , & c . 

do'm-a, E-pi rus { 

Gre'ci-a,' Greece '. . . . . Greece 
Pel-o-pon-ne'sus .... The Morea 



COUNTRIES OF ASIA. 



A'si-a Mi'nor Natolia, Caramania, &c. 

Syr'i-a,. Phce-nl"ci-a, j Part of Turkey 



Ju-de'a, &c 

Ar-me'ni-a, Mes-o 
ta'mi-a, As-syr' 
Bab-y-lo'ni-a . . 

A-ra'bi-a 

Bac'tri-a 



: 



a, VPart of Turkey 



Arabia 
Afghanistan 



«w f , . . = , -, . j") Georgia, Miugrelia, 

Col'clns, I-be'ri-a, and [ * £ f Circassia in 

Al-ba'm-a j Eussia 

Per'si-a, Me'di-a, Par'- \ p ers j a 

thi-a J 

Sog-di-a'na Bokhara, &c. 

Scyth ? i-a '. Siberia, Tartary 



COUNTRIES OF AFRICA. 



JE'gy.vt Egypt 

Lib'y-a Barca 

Af'ri'-c'a Proper Tripoli, Tunis 

Nu-mld'i-a Tunis, Algiers 



Mau-ri-ta'ni-a 
Qae-tu'li-a . . . 
JE-thi-o'pi-a . 



Algiers, Morocco 
Biledulgerid. 
Nubia, Abyssinia, &c. 



SEAS, GULFS, STRAITS, AND LAKES. 



A-dri-at'ic Sea 

iE-l-ae'an Sea , 

Aq-ui-ta'ni-an Ocean . 
A-ra'bi-an Gulf, or . . 

Ar-g-ol'ic Gulf 

As-phal-ti'tes, Lake. . 
At-lan'tic Ocean . . . 
Be-na'cus Lake .... 
Bos'pho-rus [Cimmerian] 
Bos'pho-rus [Thraciah] 
Brig-an-ti'nus Lake . . 

Cas'pi-an Sea 

Co-da'ni-an Gulf . . . 
Cor'intti, Gulf of . . . 

Eux'ine Sea 

Gal'i-lee, Sea of ... . 

Gal'lic Strait 

Gal'lic Gulf 

610 



Gulf of Venice 
Archipelago 
Bay of Biscay 
Red Sea 
Gulf of Napoli 
Bead Sea 
Atlantic 
Garda 

Strait of Kaffa 
Strait of Constantino- 
Constance 
Caspian 
Baltic Sea 
Gulf of Lepanto 
Black Sea 
Tabaria 
Strait of Dover 
Gulf of Lyons 



[pie 



pen-nes' a-reth, Lake of . Tabaria 
Ger'man Ocean, or ... . North Sea 

Hel'les-pont Dardanelles 

Her'cu-les, Strait of . . . Strait of Gibraltar 
Hi-ber'ni-an Strait . . • Irish Sea 

I-o'ni-an Sea Part of Gulf of Venice 

La'ri'-u's Lake Como 

Le'man Lake Geneva 

Li-g-us' tic Gulf Gulf of Genoa 

Med-i-ter-ra'ne-an . . . Mediterranean 
Pa'lu's Mse-o'tis . . . . .Sea of Azof 

Pro-p5n'tis Marmora 

Sa-ron'ic Gulf GulfofEngia 

Si'-cil'i-an Strait .... Strait of Messina 

Syr'tis Ma'jor GulfofSidra 

Ther-ma'ic Gulf Gulf of Salonica 

Ti-'be'ri-a's, Sea of . . . . Tabaria 
Ver-ba'nus Lake .... Maggiore 



ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



611 



ISLANDS. 



Ancient. 


Modern. 


Ancient. 


Modern. 


Ancient. 


Modern. 


.ffi-gl'na . . 


. . Engia 


Cytb/nus . 


. . Thermia 


o-le'a-ros . . . 


. Antiparos 


JE-o'li-an Islands Lipari Islands 


De'los. . • 


. . Delos 


Pa'ros . . . . 


. Paros 


A-mbr'g-os . 


. . Amorgo 


Eb'u-sus . 


. . Ivica 


Pat'mos . . . . 


. Patino 


An'a-phe . . 


. . Namphio 


Eii-boe'a . 


. . Negropont 


Psy'ra . . . . 


. Ipsara 


An'dros . . . 


. . Andro 


For'tu-nate Isles Canaries 


Rhodes . . . . 


. Rhodes 


Ar'a-dus . . 


. . Larek 


Hes-per'i-des . . Bissagos (?) 


Sal'a-mis . . . 


. Colouri 




( Majorca 


Hl-ber'ni-a 


. . Ireland 


Sa'mos . . . . 


. Samos 


Bal-e-a're? . 


. < Minorca 


I-ca'ri-a . 


. . Nicaria 


Sa-mo-thra'ce . 


. Samothraki 




(ivica 


fl'va "... 


. . Elba 


Sar-din'i-a . . 


. Sardinia 


Ca-lym'na . 


. . Calmina 


fm'bros . . 


. . Imbro 


Scy'ros . . . . 


. Skyro 


Ca-pra'ri-a . 


. . Gomera 


I'os .... 


. . Nio 


Se-ri'phus . . 


. Serpho 


Ca'pre-ae . . 


. . Capri 


fth'a-ca . . 


. . Theaki 


Sic'i-ly . . . . 


. Sicily 


Car'pa-thus . 


. , Scarpanto 


Lem'nos . . 


. . Stalimene 


Siph'nos . . . 


• Siphanto 


Ce'os ... 


. . Zia 


Les'bos . . 


. . Metelin 


Stoseh'a-des . . 


. Hyeres 


Ceph-a-le'ni-a 


. . Cefalonia 


Leu-ca'di-a 


. . St. Maura 


Stroph'a-des . 


. Strivali 


phi'os. . . . 


. . Scio 


Lip'a-re . . 


. . Lipari 


Sy'ros . . . . 


. Syra 


CI-mo'lus . . 


. . Argentiera 


Mel'i-te . . 


. . Malta 


Ta-prob'a-ne . 
Ten'e-dos . . . 


. Ceylon 


Cor-cy'ra . . 


. . Corfu 


Mel'i-te. . 


. . Meleda 


. Tenedos 


Cbr'si-ca . . 


. . Corsica 


Me'los . . 


. .Milo 


Te'nos . . . . 


. Tino 


Cos 


. . Stanch io 


Mo'na . . . 


. . Anglesea 


Tha'sos . . . . 


. Thaso 


Crep'sa . . • 


. . Cherso 


Mo-na'bi-a 


. . Man 


The'ra . . . . 


. Santorin 


Crete .... 


. . Candia 


Myc'o-nus 


. . Myconi 


Thii'le . . . . 


. Shetland 


Cy'prus . . . 


. . Cyprus 


Nax'os . . 


. . . Naxia 


Vec'tis . . . . 


. Isle of Wight 


Cy-the'ra . . 




Ni-sy'ros . 


. . Nisiri 


Za-cyn'thus . . 


. Zante 



Bo-rys r the-nes . Dnieper 
Hyp'a-ms . . . Bog 
Rha .' • Volga 

ATMs Elbe 

A-mi"§i-a . . . Ems 
Ss'ter .'.' . . . . Danube 

A'rar Saone 

Ga-rum'na> . . . Garonne 
LI'£er ...... Loire 

A'nas Guadiana 

Boe'tis Guadalquivi 



EIYEES. 



SARMATIA. 

Bu'bo Niemen 

Tan'a-is .... Don 

GERMANY. 

Moe'nus Main 

Rhe'n'us .... Rhine 
Vl'a-drus .... Oder 

GAUL. 

Mo'sa Meuse 

Mo-sel'la .... Moselle 
Rhod'a-nus . . . Rhone 

SPAIN. 
Du'ri-us .... Duero 
I-be'rus Ebro 



Tu-run'tus 
Ty'ras . . 



Vis'tii-la 
Vi-siir'gis 



I Scal'dis . 
I Seq'ua-na 



Min'i-iis 
Ta'gus . 



Dwina 
Dniester 



Vistula 
Weser 



Scheldt 

Seine 



Minho 
Tagus, or Tajo 



Danube 



Da-nu'bi-us, or \ 
Is'ter J 
Dra'vus Drave 



Id'du-a . 
A'ni-5 
Ar'nus . 
Ath'e-sTs 
Au'fi-dus 



Adda 

Teverone 

Arno 

Adige 

Ofanto 



ILLYRICUM, DACIA, &c. 

He'brus Marizza 

CE'nus Inn 

Py-re'tus .... Pruth 



E-rid'a-nus 
Me-do'a-cus 
Me-tau^us 
Min'ci-us . 
Pa'dus . . 



ITALY. 
Po 



. Brenta 
. Metro 
. Mincio 
.Po 



Sa'vus . 
Ti-bis'cus 



| Ru'bi-con . 
TTbe'r . . 
Ti-ci'nus . 
Vul-tiir'nus 



Save 
Theiss 



Fiumecino 
Tiber 
Ticino 
Volturno 



Aph-e-lo'us 
^.1-phe'us - 
4s-trse'us . 



GREECE. 

Aspro Potamo J Ax'i-us Vardar 



. Alfeo 
. Vistris 



Eu-ro'tas 
E-ve'nus 



Basili 
Fidari 



Ha-li-ac'mon 
Pe-ne'us . . 
Stry'mon . . 



Jenicoro 

Peneo 

Strimon 



ASIA. 



4-rax'e§ . . 
Ca-i'cus . . . 
Cal-y-cad'nus 
Ca-ys'trus . 
Cy'rus . . . 



Da'ix . 

Et-y-man'der 

EGjlse'us, or 

U'la-'i . . . 



. Aras 

. Germaisti 

. Kalikdoni 

. Minderscare 

. Kur 

. Ural 

. Hinnend 

> Karasu 



Eu-phra'tes 
Gra-ni'cus 
Ha'lys . . 
Her'mus . 
Hy-das'pe§ 
Jax-ar'tes. 
Jbr'dan . . 
Ly'cus . . 



. Euphrates 
. Ousvola 
. Kizil-ermak 
. Sarabat 
. Behat 
. Syr-Darya 
. Jordan 
. Tonsalu 



Mae-an'der . . . Meinder 
O-ron'tes .... Orontes 

8x'us Amoo-Darya 

Pha'sis Rion 

Pyr'a-mus . . . Geihoun 
San-ga'ri-us . . Sakaria 
Ther-mo'don . . Termeh 
Tl'gris .'.... Tigris 



612 



Ancient 



Bag'r? das 
Dar'a-dus . 



ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 

AFRICA. 



Modern. Ancient. 3Iodern. 

Mejerdah I Ni'£er Niger 

Senegal | Nile " Nile 



Ancient. 
Sta'phir . . 



Modern. 
Gambia 



CITIES AND TOWNS. 



Cal'i-dae. . . [ 

1 } Cambridge 



Can-ta-brig'i-a 
Cas'tra A-la'ta 



Edinburgh 



As-tu'ri-ca . . . Astorga 
Bar'ci-no .... Barcelona 

Bil'bi'-lis .... Calatayud 

Cae'sar Au-gus'ta Saragossa 
Cal-a-gur'ris . '. Calahorra 
Cal'le ...'... Oporto 
Cal'pe ...... Gibraltar 

Car-tha'go No'va Carthagena 



A' quae Sex'tj-ae . Aix 
Ar-£en-to-ra'tum Strasburg 
Av-a-ri'cum. . . Bourges 
A-ve'ni-o .... Avignon 
Av-en-tl'eum . . Avenches 
Au-gus'taTrev-| Treveg 

e-ro'rum . . j 
Bi-brac'te .... Autun 



BRITAIN. 

Du-ro-ver'num . Canterbury 
E-bor'a-oum'. . l To rk 
Eb-o-ra'cum. . J xorK 
Lon-dl'num . . . London 

SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 



Com-plu'tum 
Co-nlm'bri-ca 
Cor'du-ba . 
Ga'des . . 
His'pa-lis . 
I-ler'da . . 
1-ta.l'i-ca . 
Mal'a-ca . 



. Alcala 
. Coimbra 
. Cordova 
. Cadiz 
. Seville 
. Lerida 
. Sautiponte 
. Malaga 



GAUL. 

Bur-dig'a-la . . Bordeaux 
Co-lo'n_i-a Ag-| Col 

rip-pi'na . . J s 

Fo'rum Ju'li-I. . Frejus 
Ge-ne'va .... Geneva 
Ll-mS'num . . . Poitiers 
Lug-du'num . . . Lyons 



Lon-din'i-um . . London 
Lu-gu-val'lum . Carlisle 



Ox-6'ni-a 



Oxford 



ux-u m-a .... yxiun 
Tbe-od-o-ru'num "Wells 



Mun'da . . 
Nu-man'ti-a 
6-ii-sip'po 
P6m'pe-15 . 
Sa-gun'tum 
Se-go'vi-a . 
Tar'ra-co . 
To-le'tum . 



. . Monda 
near Soria 
. Lisbon 
. Pampeluna 
. Murviedro 
. Segovia 
. Tarragona 
. Toledo 



Lu-te'ti-a .... Paris 
Mas-sil'i'-a . . . Marseilles 
Mo-gun-tl'a-cum Mentz 

Nar'bo Narbonne 

Ne-mau'sus . . . Nimes 
Ro-tom'a-gus . . Rouen 
To-lo'as Toulouse 



ITALY AND SOUTHERN AUSTRIA. 



Ag-ri-fen'tum 


. Girgenti 


Al'ba Lon'ga . 


. Albano 


An-co'na . . . 


. Ancona 


An'ti-um . . . 


. Anzio 


Ap'pi-I Fo'rum 


. Fossa Nuova 


Aq-ui-le'i-a . . 


. Aquileja 


A-qui'num . . 


. Aquino 


A-rim'i-num . 


. Rimini 


Ar-pi'num . . 


. Arpino 


Au-gus'ta Tau- 


| Turin 


ri-no'rum . . 


Ba'i-ae . . . . 


. Baia 


Ben-e-ven'tum 


. Benevento 


Bo-no'ni-a . . 


. Bologna 


Brun-du'si-um 


. Brindisi 


Ca-i-e'ta . . . 


. Gaeta 


Cal-Hp'o-Hs . . 
Ca-nu'si-um. . 


. Gallipoli 


. Canosa 


Cap'u-a . . . . 


. Capua 


Car'a-lis . . . 


. Cagliari 


Cat/a-na . . . 


. Catania 


Cen'tum Cel'lss 


. Civita A'ecchia 


Clu'si-um . . . 


. Chiusi 


Am-phip'o-lis . 


. Emboli 


Ap-ol-lo'ni-a . 


. Polina 


Be-rse'a . . . . 


. "\ eria 


Di'um 


. Standia 


Ao'ti-um . . . 


. Agio 


An-tVy.-ra . . 


. Aspro-Spitia 


Ar'gos . . . . 
Ath'ens . . . . 


. Argo 


. Athens 


Au'lis 


. Meeralo-Yathi 


Cen'phre-a . . 


. Kenkri 


phal'cis .... 


. Negropont 


Cor'inth. . . . 


. Corinth 


Co-ro'ne . . . . 


. Coron 


Cxl-le'ne . . . 


. Chiarenza 



CS'mum .... 


. Como 


Pe-ru'si-a. . 


Co-sen'ti-a . . 


. Cosenza 


PI'sae . . . . 


Cro-to'na . . . 


. Crotona 


Pla-cen'ti-a . 


Drep'a-num . . 


. Trapani 


Pre-nes'te . 


Fa-ven'ti-a . . 


. Faenza 


Pu-te'o-li . . 


Flo-ren'ti-a . . 


. Florence 


Ra-ven'na . 


Qen'u-a .... 


. Genoa 


Rhe'i-i-um . 


Ha'dri-a . . . 


. Adria 


Sa-ler'num . 


Hy-drun'tum . 


. Otranto 


Scyl-la-ce'um 
Se'na . . . . 


in-ter-am'na . 


. Terni 


Le-on-ti'ni . . 


. Lentini 


Spo-le'ti-um 


Lil-y-bse'um . 


. Marsala 


Ta-ren'tum . 


Man'tu-a . . . 


. Mantua 


Ter-§es'te. . 


Me-di-o-la'num 


. Milan 


Ti'bur , . 


Mes-sa'na . . . 


. Messina 


Ti-ci'num . . 


Mu'ti-na . . . 


. Modena 


Tri-den'tum. 


Ne-ap'o-Hs . . 


. Naples 


Tus'cu-liim . 


Os'ti-a .... 


. Ostia 


Ve-na'frum . 


Paes'tum . . . 


. Pesto 


Ve-nu'si-a . 


Pa-nor'mus . . 


. Palermo 


Ver-cel'lae . . 


Pai/ma .... 


. Parma 


Ve-ro'na . . 


Par-then'o-pe . 


. Naples 


Vi-cen'ti-a . 


Pa-ta'vi-um . 


. Padua 


VQl-sin'i-iim 



MACEDONIA. 

Dyr-rhaph'i-um . Durazzo 
E-des'sa .... Edessa 
Pel' la .' Jenitza 

GREECE. 

Del'phI Castri 

E-leu'sis .... Lepsina 
Ep-i-dau'rus . . Pidaura 
Lac-e-dse'mon . . (See Sparta) 
La-ris'sa . . . . Larissa 

Leuc'tra Livadosta 

Man-ti-'ne'a, near Tripolitza 
Meg'a-ra .... Megaro 
Mes-se'ne .... Macra-mathia 
Me-tho'ne .... Modon 



. Perugia 
. Pisa 
. Piacenza 
. Palestrina 
. Pozzuoli 
. Ravenna 
. Reggio 
. Salerno 
. Squillace 
. Siena 
. Spoleto 
. Taranto 
. Trieste 
. Tivoli 
. Pavia 
. Trent 
. Frascati 
. Yenafro 
. Yenosa 
. Yercelli 
. Verona 
. Yicenza 
. Bolsena 



Pot-i-dae'a . . . Cassandra 
Sta-gl'ra ' . . . . Stavros 
Thes-sa-lo-ni'ca . Salonica 



Nau-pac'tus. . . Lepanto 
Nau'pli-a .... Napoli 
Ni-cop'o-lis . . . Prevesa 

Pa'trae Patras 

Phar-sa'li-a . . . Farsa 
Py'los . . . . . Navarino 

Siy'y-on Basilico 

Spar'ta Paleo-chori 

Thebes Thiva 



ANCIENT GEOGKAPHICAL NAMES. 



613 



Ancient. 

A-by'dos . . • . 
Ad-ra-myt'ti-fim 

A-ma'si-a . . . . 

^.-mi'sus . . . . 

£n-cy'ra . . . . 

An'ti-oph . . . . 

ip-a-me'a . . j 

At-ta-li'a . . . . 

Be-ri'sa 

Caes-a-re'a . . . 

Cer'a-sus . . . . 

phal-ce'don . . . 

phry-sop'o-lls . . 

Cla-zom'e-nae . • 

Co-los'sae . . . . 

Con-stan'ti-a . . 

Cot-y-ae'um . . . 



Modern. 
Nagara 
Adramiti 
Amasia 
Samsoun 
Angora 
Akshehr 
Afioom-Kara- 

hissar 
Satalia 
Tocat 
Kaisarieh 
Keresoua 
Kadi-Keui 
Scutari 
Vourla 
Chonos 
Constanza 
Kutaiah 



ASIA MINOR AND CYPRUS. 

Ancient. Modern. 

Alali Dagh 



Der'be . . . 
Eph'e-sus . . 
Er'y-'thrae . . 
Eu-pa-to'ri-a 
Hal-i-car-nas'sus 
Her-a-cle'a . 
i-co'ni-um . 
fs'sus .... 
Lamp'sa-cQs 
La-od-i-ce'a . 
Mag-ne'si-a "I 

Mse-an'dri / 
Mag-ne'si-a f 

Si-pyl'i-a J ' 
Maz'a-ca . . . 
Mj.-le'tus . . . 
Ne-o-Cses-a-re'a 
Nice 



Aiyasoolook 

Erethri 

Tchernikeh 

Boodroom 

Erekli 

Konieh 

Aias 

Larapsaki 

Eski-hissar 

Magnisa 

Guzel-hissar 

Kaisarieh 
Palatia 
Niksar 
Isnic 



Ancient. 
Nic-o-me-dl'a 
Pa'phos '. . . 
Pat'a-ra . . 
Pe'r'ga "... 
Per'ga-mos . 
PMl-a-del'phi 
Pho-cse'a . . 
Pru'sa ". . . 
Sal'a-mis . . 
Sar'dis . . . 
Se-leu'ci-a . 
Si-no'pe. *. . 
Smyr'na . . 
Tar'sus" . . . 
Tel-mls'sus . 
Thy-a-ti'ra . 
Tra-pe'zus . 



Modern. 
Is-Nicmid 
Baffa 
Patera 
Kara-hissar 
Pergamo 
Alah-Shehr 
Fochea 
Brusa 
Constanza 
Sart 

Selefke [noob 
Sinope, or Si- 
Smvrua 
Tarso- 
Macri 
Akhissar 
Trebizcnd 



SYRIA, MESOPOTAMIA, &c. 



Al-ex-an-dri'a. 
Al-ex-an'dri-a. 
An'ti-och . . . 
Ap-a-me'a . . 
Ar-be'la . . . 
Bab'y-lon, near 
Be-rae'a .... 
Ber'y- 



Alexandretta 

Antioch 

Famieh 

Erbil 

Hillah 

Aleppo 

Beirout 



phar'ran, Car'rae Heren 



Ctes'i-phon . 
Da-mas'cus . 
Ec-bat'a-na . 
E-des'sa . . 
E-me'sa. . . 
Ep-i-pha-ni'a 
He-li-op'o-Hs 
Hi-e-rap'o-lis 
La-od-i-ce'a . 



. Modain 
. Damascus 
. Hamadan 
. Ourfa 
. Hems 
. Famieh 
. Balbec 
. Bambouch 
. Latakia 



Nic-e-pho'ri 
Ni-sT'bis . 
Sa-mos'a-ta 
Sa-rep'ta . 
Se-leu'ci-a 
Si'don . . 
Tad'mor, or 
Trip'o-lis • 
Tyre . . . 



, Raua 
Nisibin 
Someisat 
Sarfend 
Basdad 
Saida 
Palmyra 
Tripoli 
Sur 



PALESTINE. 



Ar-i-ma-the'a 
A-zo'tus 
Beth'le-hem. 
Beth'san . 
Em'ma-us ■ 
Ga'za '. . . 



A-by'dos 
Al-ex-an'dri 
Ar-sin'o-e . 
Caes-a-re'a 
Ca-no'pus . 
Cap'sa . . 
Ci'r'ta . . . 
Croc-o-di-lop'o 
lis " . *. 



Ramla 

Ezdoud 

Bethlehem 

Baisan 

Amoas 

Gaza 



Madfune 

Alexandria 

Suez 

Shershell 

Aboukir 

Gafsa 

Coustantine 

Medinet-Fars 



He'bron . . . 
Jer'i-cho . . 
Je-ru'sa-lem 
Jez're-el . . 
Naz'a-reth . 



El Khalil 
Jericho 

Jerusalem 
Esdraelon 
Nazareth 



AFRICA. 

Cy-re'ne .... Suren 

Dar'nis Derne 

He-li-op'p-lis . . Matarea 
Hip'po Re'g-i-us . Bona 
HIp'po Zar'y-tus Bizerta 
Ly-cop'o-lls . . • Sioot 

(E'a . . ' Tripoli 

Pe-lu'si-fim . . . Tineh 

62 



Ptol-e-ma'is 
Sa-ma'ri-a . 
Scy-thop'o-Hi 
Seph'o-rls . . 
Sy chra . . . 



Acre 

Sebastiya 

Baisan 

Sepbouri 

Nablous 



Ptol-e-ma'is . . Tolometa 
Sy-e'ne ..... Syene 
Su-fet'u-la . . . Spaitla 
Ten'ty-ra". . . . Dendera 

Tin'£is Tangier 

U'ti-ca Boo-Shatter 

Vac'cai Vegia 

Za'ma Zaniah 



CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN AND WOMEN, 



THEIR SIGNIFICATION, AND AN INDICATION OF THE LANGUAGES FROM 
WHICH THEY ARE DERIVED. 



EEMAEKS. 



The etymology and signification of a considera- 
ble number of these and other proper names are 
very uncertain, and etymologists differ much in 
tracing their origin and interpreting their mean- 



ing ; in a great many cases the explanations offered 
are purely conjectural. 

In many cases of doubtful etymology the au- 
thority which has been followed is mentioned. 



NAMES OF MEN. 



Aaron, Heb "Very high. 

Abdiel, Heb Servant of God. 

Abel, Heb Vanity ; son ; meadow. 

Abner, Heb Father of night. 

Abraham, Heb. . . . Father of a multitude. 

Abram, Heb Father of elevation. 

Absalom, Heb. . . . Father, of peace. 
Adalbert, Ger. . . . Nobly bright. 

Adam, Heb Man ; red earth. 

.... _ (Successful helper; or, noble 

Adolphus, Sax. . . < w0 \f 

Adoniram, Heb. . . Lord of height. 
Alan, Allan, Slav. . A hound. 

Alaric, Sax All rich; or, noble ruler. 

Alban, Lat White. 

Alberic, Teul. . . ■ . Elf-king. 

Albert, Sax All bright, 

Alexander, Gr. . . A helper of men. 
Alexis, Gr. .... Help ; defence. 

Alfred, Sax All peace ; or, protecting all. 

Allen, Slav Probably the same as, Alan. 

Alonzo, Ger The same as Alphonso. 

Alpheus, Heb. . . . Exchange. 
Alphonso, Ger. . . . All-ready. ( Watcher.) 

Alvan, Heb Unrighteous. 

Alvin, Sax Conquering all. 

Amasa, Heb A burden. 

Ambrose, Gr. . . . Immortal. 

Amos, Heb Burden. 

Andrew, Gr Courageous. 

Andronicus, Gr. . . A conqueror of men. 

Angelo, Gr An angel ; a messenger. 

Anselm, Ansel, Ger. An heroic defender. 
Anthony, Lat. .' . . Flourishing. 
Archelaus, Gr. . . . Ruler of the people. 
Archibald, Ger. . . Distinguished for boldness. 

Ariel, Heb Lion of God ; valiant. 

Arnold, Sax A maintainer of honor. 

Arthur, Brit. ... A strong man. 

Asaph, Heb Collector. 

Asher, Heb Happy ; fortunate. 

Ashur, Heb Blackness; black. 

Austin™' } LaL • • Belon S in S t0 Augustus. 
Augustus, LaL . . . Venerable ; majestic. 
Baldwin, Sax. . . . Bold winner. 
Barnabas, \ „ h f Son of prophecy, or of exhor- 
Barnaby, j ' { tation ; powerful in exhor- 
Bartholomew, Heb. . Warrior. [tation. 

Basil, Gr Kingly; royal. 

614 



Benedict, 1 r , 

Bennet, j LaL • 

Benjamin, Heb. . . Son of the right hand. 

Bernard, Teut. ... A brave man ; or, strong bear. 

Bertram, Teut. . . Illustrious ; fair. 

Boniface, Lat. . . . Well-doer. 

Brian, Fr Having a thundering voice. 

Cadwallader, Brit. . Valiant in war. 

Cajsar, Lat Hair. 

Caleb, Heb. ... .A dog. 

Calvin, Lat Bald. 

Caspar, Ger Treasurer. 

Cecil, Lat Dim-sighted. 

Charles, Teut. . . . Manly ; noble-spirited. 
Christopher, Gr. . . Bearing Christ. 
Clarence, Lat. . . . Illustrious. 
Clement, Lat. . . . Mild-tempered. 

Conrad, Ger Able, or bold, in counsel. 

Constantine, Lat. . . Resolute. 
Cornelius, Lat. . . . Uncertain. 
Cuthbert, A.-S. . . Renowned. 

Cyrus, Per The sun. 

Daniel, Heb A judge from God. 

Darius, Per. .... Preserver. 

David, Heb Beloved. 

Demetrius, Gr. . . . Belonging to Ceres. 

De°nnis, US ' } Gr ' ' ' Be]on g in g to the god of wine. 
Ebenezer, Heb. . . The stone of help. 

Edgar, A.-S Successful spear or warrior. 

Edmund, A.-S. . . . Successful protector. 
Edward, ^4.-iS. . . . Successful keeper. 

Edwin, A.-S Successful in war. 

Egbert, A.-S. . . . Bright eye. 
Eleazar, Heb. . . . Whom God helps. 
Elijah, Elias, Heb. . Strength of the Lord 
Eliphalet, Heb. . . God of salvation. 

Elisha, Heb God is the Saviour. 

Emmanuel, Heb. . . God with us. 

Enoch, Heb. .... Initiated; instructed. 

Ephraim, Heb. . . . Very fruitful. 

Erasmus, Gr. . . . Lovely ; worthy to be loved. 

Erastus, Gr Lovely ; amiable. 

Ernest, Ger Earnest. 

Esau, Heb Covered with hair. 

Eugene, Gr. .... Well-born ; noble. 
Eusebius, Gr. . . . Religious. 

Eustace, Gr Standing firm. 

Evan, Brit The same as John. 

Everard, Ger. . . . Fierce as a wild boar. 



CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN AND WOMEN. 



615 



Ezekiel, Heb. . . . Strength of God. 

Ezra, Heb Help. 

Felix, Lat Happy. 

Ferdinand, Ger. ", . . Pure peace. (Ainsicorth.) 
Fernando, Sp. . . . The same as Ferdinand. 
Francis, Frank, Fr. Free. [ruler. 

Frederick, Ger. . . Rich in peace ; or, peaceful 
Gabriel, Heb. . . . Man of God. 
Geoffrey, Teut. . . . The same as Godfrey. 

George, Gr A husbandman. 

Gerard, Ger Amiable. 

Gilbert, A.-S. . . . Bright as gold. (Skinner.) 

Giles, Gr A little goat. 

Godfrey, Teut. . . . Good protector. 

Godwin, A.-S. . . . Good in war. (Bosworth.) 

Gregory, Gr Watchful. 

Griffith, Brit Having great faith. 

Gustavus, Ger. ... A corruption of Augustus. 

Guy, Fr A leader. (Camden.) 

Hannibal, Punic . . A gracious lord. 
Harold, Teut. ... A champion. 
Heman, Heb. . . . Faithful. 

Henry, Ger Rich lord. (Ainsworth.) 

Herbert, Ger. . . . Glory of the army. (Skinner.) 
Herman, Ger. . . . A warrior. (Wachter.) 
Hezekiah, Heb. . . Strength of the Lord. 

Hilary, Lat Merry ; cheerful. 

Hiram, Heb Most noble. 

Horace, Horatio, Lat. Worthy to be seen. 

Hosea, Heb Salvation. 

Howell, Brit. . . . Sound ; whole. (Ainsworth.) 

Hubert, Teut. . . . Bright of hue ; handsome. 

Hugh, Dutch .... High ; lofty. (Ainsworth.) 

Humphrey, A.-S. . . Protector of the home. 

Ignatius, Gr. ... Native born. 

Immanuel, Heb. . . God with us. 

Ingram, Ger. . . . A stalwart youth. (Wachter.) 

Ira, Heb Watchful. 

Isaac, Heb Laughing. 

Isaiah, Heb Salvation of the Lord. 

Israel, Heb Contender with God. 

Jame b s,}^ ■ • • He will supplant. 
Jared, Heb. ... Descent. 

Jason, Gr A healer. 

Jasper, Dutch . . . Treasurer. 

Jeffrey, Teut. . . . The same as Godfrey. 

Jeremiah, Heb. . . Exalted of the Lord. 

Jerome, Gr Having a sacred name. 

Job, Heb The persecuted. 

Joel, Heb The Lord is God. 

John, Heb Gracious gift of Jehovah. 

Jonah, Jonas, Heb. . A dove. 
Jonathan, Heb. . . The Lord gave. 

Joseph, Heb He shall add. 

Joshua, Heb Lord of salvation. 

Judah, Heb Praised. 

Julian, Lat Belonging to Julius. 

Julius, Gr Soft-haired. (Camden.) 

Justin, Lat Just. 

Kenelm, A.-S. ... A defence of his kindred. 
Lambert, Teut. ... A keeper of lambs. 
Lancelot, It A little angel. 

Lawren'ce, } Lat ' ■ "• Crow ^ d with Ia ™* 
Leonard, Ger. . . . Brave as a lion. 
Leopold, Ger. . . . Bold as a lion. 
Lewis, Louis, Fr. . Defender of the people. 

Linus, Gr Flax ; flaxen-haired. 

Lionel, Lat A little lion. 



Llewellyn, Brit. . . Like a lion. 

Lorenzo, It The same as Laurence. 

Lucius, Lat Born at the break of day. 

Luke, Lat. .... A light. 

Luther, Ger Illustrious. (Wachter.) 

Marcellus, Lat. ' . . Diminutive of Marcus. 
Marcius, Lat. . . . The same as Marcus. 
Marcus, Mark, Lat. A hammer. 

Martin, Lat Martial. 

Matthew, Heb. . . . Gift of Jehovah. 
Matthias, Heb. . . . Gift of the Lord. 
Maurice, Lat. . . . Sprung of a Moor. 
Meredith, Brit. . . The roaring of the sea. 
Michael, Heb. . . . Who is like God ? 
Morgan, Brit. ... A seaman ; or, born on the sea. 
Moses, Egypt. . . . Drawn out of the water. 
Nathanael, Heb. . . The gift of God. 

Neal, Lat Somewhat black. 

Nicholas, Gr. . . . Victorious over the people. 

Noah, Heb Rest; comfort. [mas. 

Noel, Fr Christmas ; born on Christ- 
Norman, Fr One born in Normandy. 

Oliver, Lat An olive-tree. 

Orlando, It The same as Roland. 

Owen, Brit Well-descended. 

Paschal, Heb. . . . Belonging to Easter. 

Patrick, Lat A nobleman. 

Paul, Lat Small ; little. 

Peregrine, Lat. . . A foreigner. 

Peter, Gr A rock. 

Philander, Gr. . . .A lover of mankind. 

Philip, Gr A lover of horses. 

Ptolemy, Gr. . . . Mighty in war. [wolf. 

Ralph, Teut Helpful in counsel ; or, red 

Raymund, Teut. . . A strong man ; or, strong pro- 
Reginald, Teut. . . Lover of purity. [tector. 
Reynold, Teut. . . . The same as Reginald. 
Richard, Teut. . . . Powerful. 
Robert, Teut. . . . Famous in counsel. 
Rodolphus, Teut. . . Aiding in counsel. 

Roger, Teut Quiet. 

Roland, \ „ ( Counsel for the land. (Cam- 

Rowland, / leuL ' \ den.) 

Rufus, Lai Reddish; red-headed. 

Rupert, Teut. . . . The same as Robert. 
Samuel, Heb. . . . Heard of God. 
Sebastian, Gr. . . . To be reverenced. 

Silas, Lat A contraction of Sylvanus. 

Simeon, Simon, Heb. Hearing. 
Solomon, Heb. . . . Peaceable. 

Stephen, Gr A crown or garland. 

Sylvanus, Lat. ... A lover of the woods. 
Sylvester, Lat. . . . Living in the woods. 
Theobald, Sax. ... A bold leader. 
Theodore, Gr. . . . The gift of God. 
Theophilus, Gr. . . A lover of God. 

Theron, Gr A hunter. 

Thomas, Heb. ... A twin. 
Timothy, Gr. ... One who honors God. 
Tristram, -tam, Lat. Sorrowful. 
Valentine, Lat. . . Powerful. 
Vincent, Lat. . . . Conquering 

Vivian, Lat Living. 

Urban, Lat Courteous. 

Zaccheus, Heb. . . Innocent ; pure. 

Zelotes, Gr A zealot. 

Zenas, Gr Gift of Jupiter. 

Uriah, Heb Light of the Lord. 

Walter, Teut. . . A ruler; or, forester. 
William, Teut. . . . Golden helmet. 



NAMES OF WOMEK 



Ada, Teut. 

Adah, Heb 

Adaline, 

Adela, 

Adelaide, 

Adelia, 

Adeline, 



The same as Edith. 
Ornament; beauty. 



Teut. . Noble ; a princess. 



Agatha, Gr Good. 

Agnes, Gr Chaste. 

Alice, Alicia, Teut. . Noble. 

Althea, Gr A healer. 

Amabel, Lat. . . . Lovely ; amiable. 
Amanda, Lat. . . . Worthy to be loved. 
Amelia, Ger Industrious ; busy. 



616 



CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN AND WOMEN. 



Amy, Fr Beloved. 

Angelina, It. ... A little angel. 

im^'.^n,}^- -Grace; gracious. 
Arabella, Lai. . . . A fair altar ; very beautiful. 
Augusta, Lat. . . . Noble ; fern, of Augustus. 
Aurelia, Lat. . . . Golden ; fern, of Aurelius. 
Barbara, Lat. . . . Foreign, or strange. 
Beatrice, Lat. . . . Making bappy. 
Berenice, Gr. . . . Bringing victory. 
Bertha, A.-S. . . . Bright, or famous. 

Betsey, Evg A corruption of Elizabeth. 

Blanche, Fr. . . . Fair. 

Bridget, Irish . . . Shining ; bright ; strength. 

Caroline, It Feminine of Carolus, the Lat- 

Catharine, "I n -p, 1T .„ [in of Charles. 

Catherine, / ^ " • rure - 

Cecilia, Lat Feminine of Cecil. 

Celia, Lat Heavenly. 

Charlotte, Fr. . . . Feminine of Charles. 
Christiana, Gr. . . Belonging to Christ. 

Cicely, Emg A corruption of Cecilia. 

Clara, Lat Bright; illustrious. 

Clarissa, Lat. ... A variation of Clara. 
Clementina, Lat. . . Mild ; merciful. 
Constauce, Lut. . . Constant. 

Cora, Gr Maiden ; daughter. [ed. 

Cordelia, Lat. . . . Warm-hearted ; noble-heart- 
Cornelia, Lai. . . . Feminine of Cornelius. 
Cosima, Gr. . . .- . Order; beauty. 
Deborah, Heb. ... A bee. 

Delia, Gr Belonging to the isle of Delos. 

Dora, Gr A gift. 

Dorcas, Gr A gazelle. 

8E8T}* ..Th. gm *<**. 

Drusilla, Gr Dewy-eyed. 

Edith, Sax Happiness ; noble gift. 

Edna, Heb Pleasure. 

Eleanor, A.-S. . . . All-fruitful. 

Elinor, A.-S. .... The same as Eleanor. 

Eliza, Contracted from Elizabeth. 

Elizabeth, ) „ , f God her oath ; worshipper of 
Elisabeth, J Heb - \ God. 

Ella A contraction of Eleanor. 

Ellen Dimin. of Eleanor. — Helen. 

Elsie Diminutive of Alice. 

Sine, } Gr - -Harmonious; graceful. 

-c, ., T . (From iEmilia; or, Gr. the 

Emily, Lat. . . . j same ag Emeline . 

Emma, It A gem ; a nurse. 

Ernestine, Ger. . . Fern, diminutive of Ernest. 
Esther, Hester, Per. Star; good fortune; secret. 

Ethel, Teul Noble. 

Ethelind, Teut. . . Nobly beautiful. 
Eugenia, Gr. . . . Well-born ; noble. 

Eunice, Gr Happily victorious. 

Euphemia, Gr. . . .Of good report. 
Evangeline, Gr. . . Bringing glad news. 
Eve, Eva, Heb. . . . Life. 

Evelina, It Diminutive of Eva. 

Fanny Diminutive of Frances. 

Felicia, Lat Happy. 

Fidelia, Lat Faithful. 

Flora, Lat The goddess of flowers. 

Florence, Lat. . . . Blooming; flourishing. 

Frances, Fr Feminine of Francis. 

Georgiana Feminine of George. 

Gertrude, Ger.. . . All truth. (Verstegan.) 
Grace, Gratia, Lat. . Grace ; favor. 
Hannah, Heb. . . . Gratuitous gift. 

HeStaf lv. } • • Fem - diminutive of Henl T- 

Helen, Gr Alluring; brightness. 

Hester, Per See Esther. 

Honora, Lat Honorable. 

Ida, Ger Divine. 

Inez, Sp The same as Agnes. 

Irene, Gr Peace. 

Isabella, Isabel, Sp. The same as Elizabeth. 
Jane, Jeanne, Fr. . Feminine of John. 
Janet, Jeannette, Fr. Diminutive of Jane. 



Joan, Joanna, Lat. . Feminine of John. 
Josephine, Fr. . . . Feminine of Joseph. 

Judith, Heb Praised. 

Julia, Lat Feminine of Julius. 

Juliana, Lat Feminine of Julian. 

Juliet, Fr Diminutive of Julia. 

Katharine, Kath-) <. n ,, „ . 
erine ..... } See Catharine. 

Laura, Lat A laurel or bay-tree. 

Lavinia, Lat. . . . Name of the wife of /Eneas. 
Leonora, It. ... . The same as Eleanor. 
Letitia, Lettice, Lat. Joy. 

Lois, Gr Desirable ; good. 

Louisa, Louise, F>: Feminine of Louis. 
Lucinda, Lat. . . . Sinning ; brilliant. 
Lucretia, Lat. . . . Gain ; light. 
Lucy, Lucia, Lat. . Feminine of Lucius ; shining. 

Lydia, Gr A Lydian. 

Mabel, Lat Shortened from Amabel. 

Madeline, Fr. ... The same as Magdalene. 
Magdalene, Heb. . . Belonging to Magdala. 
Marcia, Lat Feminiue of Marcius ; war- 
Margaret, Gr. ... A pearl. [like. 

Maria, Lat A form of Mary. 

Marianne, Fr. . . . From Mary and Anne. 

Marion, Fr A familiar form of Mary. 

Martha, Heb. . . . Bitterness ; sorrowful. 
Mary, Heb The same as Miriam. 

KM «-■ • Aheroi - e - 

Melicent, Lat. ... A sweet singer. 

Melissa, Gr A bee. 

Minerva, Lat. . . . Name of a goddess. 

Minna, Ger Contracted from Wilhelmina. 

Miranda, Lat. . . . Admirable. 

Miriam, Heb. . . . Their rebellion ; bitterness. 

Nancy, Eng A familiar form of Anne. 

•y- _„ T , * Jf A contraction of Honora and 

^ ora ' u | of Leonora. [eighth. 

Octavia, Lat Feminine of Octavius; the 

Olive, Olivia, Lat. . An olive. 

Ophelia, Gr Help ; aid. 

Paulina, Lat. . . . Feminine of Paulinus. 
Penelope, Gr. ... A weaver. 
Phebe, Phoebe, Gr. . Bright; shining. 
Philippa, Gr. . . . Feminine of Philip. 

Phyllis, Gr A green bough. 

Polly, Eng A variation of Mary. 

Priscilla, Lat. . . . Somewhat old. 
Prudence, Lat. . . . Foresight; prudence. 

Eachel, Heb A ewe ; a lamb. 

Rebecca, Heb. ... A rope with a noose. 

Renata, Lat Born again. 

Rhoda, Gr A rose. 

Rosa, Rose, Lat. . . A rose. 
Rosabella, It. ... A fair rose. 

Rosalie, Fr Rosy. 

Rosamond, Teut. . . Rosy lips. 
Roxana, Per. . . . Dawn of day. 

Ruth, Heb Beauty. 

Salome, Heb. . . . Peaceful. 
Sarah, Sara, Heb. . A princess. 

Sibylla, Gr A sibyl ; a prophetess. 

Sophia, Gr Wisdom. 

Sophronia, Gr. . . . Of a sound mind. 
Stella, Lat A star. 

lr„v}^- - Amy - 

Sylvia, Lat Of the woods. 

Theodora, Gr. . . . The gift of God. 

Theodosia, Gr. . . . The gift of God. 

Theresa, Gr. .... Carrying ears of corn. 

Thomasine, Fr. . . Feminine of Thomas. 

TT . ~ (Heavenly; the name of one 

Urania, Gr. . . . j of t he Muses. 

Ursula, Lat A she-bear. 

Valeria, Lat Feminine of Valerius. 

Victoria, Lat. . . . Victory. 
Viola, Violet, Lat. . A violet. 
Virginia, Lat. . . . Virgin ; pure. 
Wilhelmina, Ger. . Feminine of William. 
Winifred, A.-S. . . A lover of peace. 
Zenobia, Gr. . . . . The life of Jupiter. 



PRONUNCIATION 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



.REMARKS. 



The pronunciation of geographical names is a 
very difficult branch of orthoepy. These names 
pertain to all parts of the globe; their vernacular 
or native pronunciation is regulated or affected by 
every variety of lauguage ; and it would be scarcely 
possible to represent in any instance the exact na- 
tive pronunciation by any combination of English 
letters. There are minor shades and qualities of 
tone which no alphabet can ever take note of. 

There are a great many names respecting the 
pronunciation of which it is difficult to determine 
how far the English analogy should be allowed to 
prevail over the analogy of the languages to which 
the words respectively belong. Most of such au- 
thorities as exist embrace but a small part of the 
words of this class; and there is also much dis- 
agreement amoug orthoepists with respect to the 
pronunciation of such of these names as they un- 
dertake to pronounce. 



With regard to the geographical names which 
pertain to the countries in which the English lan- 
guage is spoken, including the British empire in 
Europe, the United States, and the British prov- 
inces generally, their pronunciation is conformed, 
for the most part, to the analogy of the English 
language. In addition to these, geographical 
names which belong to other parts of the globe, 
but which have become Anglicized by having 
changed their native form and assumed an English 
orthography, are also conformed to the general 
principles of English pronunciation. The most 
common geographical names, such as those which 
relate to the great divisions of the globe, the names 
of the countries, kingdoms, states, principal cities, 
&c, are differently written as well as differently 
pronounced in different languages. The follow- 
ing table exhibits a few examples of this diversity 
by way of illustration : 



English. 


French. 


German. 


Spanish. 


Italian. 


Africa, 


Afrique, 


Afrika, 


Africa, 


Affrica. 


Europe, 


Europe, 


Europa, 


Europa, 


Europa. 


America, 


Amerique, 


Amerika, 


America, 


America. 


England, 


Angleterre, 


England, 


Inglaterra, 


Inghilterra. 


Spain, 


Espagne, 


Spanien, 


Espana, 


Spagna. 


Germany, 


Allemagne, 


Deutschland, 


Alemania, 


Germauia. 


Austria, 


Autriche, 


Oesterreich, 


Austria, 


Austria. 


Sweden, 


Suede, 


Schweden, 


Suecia, 


Svezia. 


London, 


Londres, 


London, 


Londres, 


Londra. 


Leghorn, 


Livourne, 


Livorno, 


Liorna, 


Livorno. 



There can be no doubt but that geographical 
names, which assume such different forms in dif- 
ferent languages, should be pronounced differently 
by the inhabitants of different countries and in 
accordance with the analogies of their respective 
languages. All the common geographical names, 
6uch as are familiar to all intelligent persons, 
have become more or less Anglicized, and their 
pronunciation is more or less conformed to the 
English analogy. Many of these words may be 
considered as perfectly Anglicized, and they are 
accordingly pronounced as common English words ; 
but there are many with regard to which it is dif- 
ficult to determine how far, in pronouncing them, 
the English analogy should be allowed to prevail 
over that of the language to which the words 
belong. 



With respect to the class of words which are 
partially Anglicized, there is a great diversity in 
the manner of pronouncing them. Some respect- 
able speakers incline to pronounce them, for the 
most part, according to the English analogy, while 
others aspire to pronounce them as they are pro- 
nounced in the several languages to which they 
appertain; and there are many cases in which it 
is difficult to determine which is to be the more 
approved, the English or the foreign method. A 
person conversant with foreign languages will be 
likely to pronounce such words in the foreign 
manner; while a mere English scholar may be 
naturally expected, and may be permitted, to in- 
cline more strongly to the English mode. It may 
be often desirable to know what the native mode 
of pronouncing such words is, though it may not 






52* 



617 



618 PRONUNCIATION OF SEVERAL EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. 



be advisable, in common use, to adopt it. The 
present tendency is unquestionably toward at least 
an approximate conformity to the best vernacular 
standards, especially in the case of European 
proper names. 

Proper names are more subject to a corrupt pro- 
nunciation, or one which is not conformed to the 
orthography, than common names. A considera- 
ble number of the geographical names pertaining 
to England are pronounced very differently from 
what their orthography indicates ; as, for example, 
Cherlsey and Cirencester, commonly pronounced 
ches'se and sis'e-ter. Americans are somewhat less 



inclined to deviate from orthography, in the pro- 
nunciation of some words, than the English are. 
Berwick and Warwick, for example, which are pro- 
nounced in England ber'ik and war'ik, are often 
pronounced in the United States as they are spelt. 
The following vocabulary was first prepared as 
an appendage to an edition of the Comprehensive 
Dictionary which was published in 1835. In pre- 
paring it, use was made of a great variety of sources 
of information, one of the most considerable of 
which, in the later editions of this Dictionary, 
was Lippincott's "Pronouncing Gazetteer of the 
World." 



PRONUNCIATION OF SEVERAL EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. 



The following rules respecting the pronunciation 
of certain letters in the principal modern languages 
of Continental Europe may be of some use in re- 
lation to the pronunciation of names pertaining to 
the several countries where these languages are 
spoken, and which are not included in the present 
Vocabulary. Yet it may be advisable for a mere 
English scholar to make but a partial application 
of them in practice. 

VOWELS. 

A. — The vowel a, in situations in which the 
analogy of the English language would naturally 
give it the sound of long a, has, in most of the 
languages of the Continent of Europe, what is 
called the Italian sound,^-that is, the sound of a in 
far and farther. In other situations its sound ap- 
proaches nearly to its short English sound, as in 
man, fat. 

E — In these languages the sound of the vowel e 
at the end of an accented syllable is generally the 
same as that of the English long a in fate, name. 
In other situations it has the sound of the English 
short e, as in met, men, or of e in there, where. 

I. — The long sound of i in these languages is the 
same as in the English word marine, being the 
same as the English long sound of e in mete, seen. 
The short sound is the same as its English short 
sound, as in pin. 

0. — The vowel o has the same sounds that it has 
in English in the words note, not, and nor. 

TJ. — The vowel u in most of these languages 
has the same sound that it has in English in the 
word rule, being the same as oo in fool, moon, and 
when short it has the sound of u in bull, or of oo 
in good. The sound of u in the French language, 
and also in the Dutch, has no equivalent sound in 
English ; and it can be learned only by oral in- 
struction. It may be regarded as intermediate 
between the sound of long e and oo, partaking of 
both. 

Y. — The vowel y has, in most of these lan- 
guages, the same sound as i,— that is, of long e, 
as in me; but in the Dutch language (in which it 



is now written ij) it has the sound of the English 
long i, as in pine. In Danish and Swedish, it is 
like the French and Dutch u. 

DIPHTHONGS. 

AE or 'A, — The sound of the diphthong ae, in 
Dutch, is like the English sound of a in far; in 
German, the sound of ae or a is like that of the 
English long a, as in fate. 

AI. — The sound of the diphthong ai, in French, 
is like that of the English long a, as in fate ; in 
the other languages, like that of the English long 
i, as in pine. 

ATI and EATJ. — The diphthong au and the triph- 
thong eau, in French, have the sound of the Eng- 
lish long o, as in note; as, Chaumont (sho-mong'), 
Beauvais (bo-va/). In German, Dutch, Danish, 
Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, the diphthong 
au has nearly the English sound of ow in now ; as, 
Austerlitz (ous'ter-lits). The German diphthong 
au, or aeu, has a sound like that of the English 
diphthong oi in toil; as, Stdudlin (stoit'lin). 

EI and EY. — The diphthong ei, in French, 
sounds like the English long a in fate. In Ger- 
man, the diphthongs ei and ey have a sound simi- 
lar to the English sound of long i, as in pine ; as, 
Hei' 'del-berg. 

ETJ. — The French diphthong eu has a sound 
similar to the English sound of e in her, or u in 
fur. The German diphthong eu has a sound simi- 
lar to that of the English diphthong oi in toil ; as, 
Neustadt (nbi'stat). 

IE. — The diphthong ie, in French, German, 
Dutch, &c, has the sound of the English long e, 
as in mete; as, Wie'land. 

OE or 6. — The sound of the German, Danish, 
and Swedish diphthong oe or o resembles that of 
the French eu. It has no equivalent sound in 
English, and is not easily explained. It may be 
conceived as intermediate between the long Eng- 
lish sounds of a and o, and resulting from an at- 
tempt to utter them simultaneously. It may be 
approximately represented in English by eh, as in 
the name of Goethe or Gothe (pronounced geh'ta). 



PKONUNCTATION OF SEVEKAL EUKOPEAN LANGUAGES. 619 



00. — The diphthong oo, in German, Dutch, and 
Danish, has the sound of oo in the English word 
door, or of o in note. 

OU— The French diphthong on has the sound 
of the English oo in tool; as, T6u-I6use / (to-loz'). 

TJE or p.— The sound of the German, Dutch, 

and Danish diphthong ue or u is like that of the 

French «. 

CONSONANTS. 

The sounds of most of the consonants, in the 
Continental languages, are the same as in Eng- 
lish. Some of the principal exceptions are the 
following : 

B.— The sound of b, in German, at the end of a 
syllable, is like that of the English p ; in Spanish, 
between two vowels, similar to v. 

C— The sound of c, in German, before e, i, and 
y, is like that of ts in English ; in Italian, before 
e and i, like that of ch in the English word chill; 
in Spanish, before e and i, like that of th in thin. 

L. — The sound of d, in German and Dutch, at 
the end of a syllable, is like that of t in English ; 
in Danish and Spanish, between two vowels or at 
the end of a syllable, like that of th in this. 

G. — The sound of g in French, before e, i, and 
y, is like that of zh in English, or of s in pleasure; 
in Spanish, before e and i, the same as the Span- 
ish j ; in Italian, before e and i, like that of g in 
the English word gem, or j in jet; in Dutch, its 
sound is that of a strongly aspirated /*; in Ger- 
man, at the beginning of words, it is hard, like g 
in get; at the end of a syllable, or between vow- 
els, it has a peculiar sound intermediate between 
those of consonant y and g in get; following n, it 
combines with it in a nasal sound, as in English ; 
and in words ending in ngen, it is thrown back on 
the penultimate syllable ; as, Hech'ing-en. 

H. — This letter is mute in French, Spanish, and 
Italian; in Portuguese, v. hen it follows I or », it 
takes the sound of consonant y, or serves as a sign 
that the I has a liquid sound ; as, 31in1to (men'yo). 

J.— The sound of j, in French aud Portuguese, 
is like that of zh in English ; in Spanish, it is like 
that of h strongly aspirated; in Italian, and also 
in Hungarian when not preceded by d, g, or t, it 
is like the long English e in me; in the remaining 
languages, it is like that of consonant y. 

M.— This letter, in French, when preceded by a 
vowel, and followed by any other consonant ex- 
cept m, serves to mark the vowel as nasal. It is 
represented in English by ng. 

N. — The letter n, in French, when preceded by 
a vowel, and followed by any other consonant ex- 
cept n, also serves as a sign that the preceding 
vowel is nasal ; in Spanish, fl has a liquid sound, 
like that of n in the English word name, blended 
with the sound of consonant y. 

V. — The sound. of v in German is the same as 
that of / in English. 



W.— The sound of w in the German and Dutch 
languages is similar to that of v in English. 

X. — The sound of x in Spanish is like that of h 
strongly aspirated, being the same as that of the 
Spanish j, and also of g before e and i; in Portu- 
guese it is like sh in the English word shall. 

Z. — The sound of z in German, and most gener- 
ally in Italian, is like that of ts in English ; in 
Spanish, like th in the English word thin; zz in 
Italian, like is. 

DIGRAPHS. 

CH. — The sound of the digraph ch in French 
and Portuguese is the same as the English sh, or 
of ch in chaise ; in Spanish, the same as ch in the 
English word chill; in Italian, as in words from 
the ancient languages (Hebrew, Greek, and Latin), 
like that of k. In German and Dutch it has a 
hard, guttural sound, not easily represented in 
English, but resembling that of h strongly aspi- 
rated. It is represented in this Vocabulary, as it 
is in others, by the letter I: 

GL. — This digraph in Italian blends the sounds 
of I and consonant y. 

GN. — This digraph in French and Italian sounds 
like the Spanish ft, or like the letters ni in the 
English word onion. 

LL.— The sound of 11 in Spanish is like that of 
gl in Italian, or that of the letters Hi in the English 
word million. 

SC— This digraph in Italian, before e and i, is 
sounded like sh in the English word shell. 

SCH.— The sound of sch in German is the same 
as that of sh in the English word shell 

TH.— The digraph th in the several languages 
has the sound of t; as, TJieiss (tls). 

ACCENT. 
In the French language there is no recognized 
accented syllable, every vowel (the mute or ob- 
scure e only excepted) receiving a full and distinct 
utterance ; but in English representations of the 
pronunciation of French words the last syllable is 
generally marked as having an accent. The same 
is true of Hungarian words. In the Dutch, Ger- 
man, Danish, and Swedish languages the principal 
accent falls upon the radical syllable of a word, 
and in general will naturally be given correctly by 
an English reader. Italian words and words end- 
ing in a vowel in Spanish and Portuguese are 
generally accented on the penultimate syllable; 
but there are numerous exceptions, especially in 
Italian. Spanish and Portuguese words ending in 
a consonant are mostly accented on the last sylla- 
ble. The seat of the accent in Polish words is 
always the penultimate syllable. Kussian words 
are often accented on the last syllable ; but in this 
respect there is much irregularity, and in our pro- 
nunciation of them they are often conformed to 
the analogy of English words. 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, 



Aa.(a) 

Aa'ehen (a/ken) 

Aafjord (aw-fe-ord') 

Aal'bbrg (al'bbrg) 

Aa'le-sund 

Aal'ten 

Aar (ar) 

Aa'rau (a'rbw) 

Aar'gau (ar'gbft) 

Aar'huus 

Aath (at) 

A'ba-co 

Ab-a-kansk' 

Ab-an-cay' (ab-an-kf) 

A-ba'no 

Abbe-ville (Fr.) 

Ab'be-ville (S. C.) 

Ab-er-deen' 

Ab-er-ga-ven'ny (or ab- 

er-ga'ne) 
Ab-er-yst'with 
Ab'ing-don 
Abo (o'bo) 
Abomey (ab-o-ma') 
Ab-6o-shehr' (-shar') 
Ab-ou-kir' 
Ab-ou-sir' 
A-bran't§s 
A-brol'hos (-yos) 
Abruzzo (a-brut'so) 
Ab-se'com 
Ab-ys-sin'i-a 
A-ca'di-a 
A-ca-pul'c5 
Ac-co-mac' 

t-cheen' 
eh'ill 
Aci Reale (a'che ra-a'la) 
A-con-ca'gua (-gwa) 
Acqs (aks) 
Acqui (ak'kwe) 
Ac'ra 

Acre'(a'ker or a'ker) 
A-dair' 

A-da'li-a, or A-da'li-a 
A-da'na' 
Ad'da 

A-del', or A/del 
A'den, or A' den 
Ad'i-ge 
Ad-i-ron'dack 
Ad'ler-berg 
A-d6ur' 
Ad'o-wah 
A-dra-ml'ti 
A'dri-a 
A-dri-an-o'ple 
A-dri-at'ic 
JE-£e''an' 

2E-gI'na, o?- JE§'i-na 
Mroe (a'ro-e) 
Af-ghan-is-tan' 
A-fi-6um' 
A-fra-go'la 
Af'ri-ca 
Ag'a-des 
Agana (a-gan'ya) 
Agde (agd) 
Agen (a-zhang') 
Ag'fers-huus 
Agh'rim (awg'rjm) 
A|'in-court 
Agnadello (an-ya-del'lo) 

620 



Agnone (an-yo'na) 
A-gos'ta 
A'gra, or A'gra 
A'gram (or 6g-rbm') 
A-gu'a-dil'la (a-gwa- 

del'ya) [nwa'va) 
Agua Nueva (a'gwa 
A'guas Ca-li-en'tes 
A-gul'has (-yas) 
A-han'ta 
Ah-med-a-bad' 
Ah-med-nug'gur 
Ah-was' 

Aich'stadt (Ik'stat) 
Aigle (a'gl) 

Aigues Mortes (ag-mbrf) 
Ain (ang) 
Ain-tab' 
Aisne (an) 
Aix (aks or as) 
Aix-la-Chapelle (aks la- 

sha-pel') 
Ajaccio (a-yat'cho) 
A-jan' 
Aj-meer' 

Ajuruoca (a-zhu-ru-b'ka.) 
A'ka-ba 
Ak-bar-a-bad' 
Ak'er-man' 
Akhalzikh (a-khal- 

zSk/) 
Ak-his-saV 
Akhtyrka (ak-teRTia) 
Akita (a-ke'ta) 
Ak-mim' 

Ak-shthr' (iik-shar') 

Ak-u-rey'ri 

Ak-yab' 

Al-a-ba'ma 

A-la-bat' 

A-lach'u-a 

A-la-go'as 

Alais (a-la') 

A-la-jue'la (-Hwa'-) 

A-la-me'da (-ma/-) 

Al'a-mo 

A'la-mos 

A'land (or^o'land) 

A-lap'a-ha 

Al'a-qua 

A-lsi-shehr'(-shar') 

A-las'ka 

A-la'tri 

Al'ba 

Albacete (al-ba-tha'ta) 

Al-ba'ni-a, or Al-ba-ni'a 

Al-ba'no ' 

Al'ba-ny 

Al-bay' 

Albegna (al-ban'ya) 

Al-be-marle' 

Al'bert N'yan'za 

Al-bi' 

Al-bu-fe'ra (-fa'-) 

Al-bu-quer'que (al-bu- 

ker'ka) 
Al-ca-la' 
Al'ca-mo 

Alcaiiiz (al-kan-yeth') 
Al-can'ta-ra 
Al-ca-ri'a 
Al'ces-ter (or awl'ster) 



Al-co'na 

Al-co'y 

Al-dan' 

Al'der-ney 

A-len'con (or al-ang- 

song')' 
Alentejo (al-eng-ta/zho) 
A-lep'po 
Al-e-ri'a 
Al-es-san'dri-a 
A-leu'tian 
Al-ex-an-dret'ta 
Al-ex-an'dri-a 
Al-gar've 
Al-ie'ri-a 
Al-fe-zi'ras 
Al-iier§' 

Al'go-a, or Al-go'a 
Al-go'ma 

Al-ha'ma (or a-la/ma) 
Al-i-cant' 
Al-i-can'te 
A-li-ca'ta ' 
A-li-cu'dt 
Alk-maar' 
Al-la-ha-bad' 
Al-lah-shehr' (-shar') 
Al'le 

Al'le-gha-ny 
Allier (a-le-a') 
Al'lo-a 
Al'lo-way 
Al-ma-den' 
Al-man'sa 
Almeida (al-ma'e-da) 
Al-me-ri'a, 
Al-mt-ran'te (-ta) 
Al-mo'rah 
Almunecar (al-muu-ya,- 

kar') 
Alnwick (an'nik) 
Al-pe'na 

Alps [ras) 

Alpujarras (al-pu-Har'- 
Al-sace' 
Al-tai' 
Al-ta-ma-ha' 
Al-ta-mi'ra. 
Al-ta-mu'ra 
Al'ten-burg 
Al'ton 
Al'to-na 
Al-t66'na 
Al'tbrf 

Alt'zey (alt's!) 
A-lu'ta 
Al-va-ra'do 
A'ma-|-er 
A-maffi 
A ma'pa-la 
A-ma-ran'te (-ta) 
A-ma-ra-pu'ra 
A-ma'si-a 
A-max-i'pht 
Am'a-zon 
Am'berg 

Ambert (ang-bar') 
Am'ble-side 
Amboise (ang-bwaz' or 

am-boiz') 
Am-bby' 
Am-bby'nat 
Am-brlz' 



Am-brym' ( brem') 

A'me-land 

A-me'li-a 

A-mer'i-ca 

A'mers-fort 

Am'er-sham 

Am-ha'ra 

Am'herst (-erst) 

Am'i-ens (or am-e-ang') 

A-mite' 

Amlwch (am'lok) 

Am'mer-gau (-gb^) 

Am-mo-n66'suc 

A-moS* 

A-m66' Dar'ya 

Am-os-keag' 

A-m6ur' (a-m6r') 

A-mby' 

Am-phi'la 

Am-rit'sir 

Am'ster-dam 

A-na'dir 

An'a-heim 

Ana'huac (an-a-wak') 

A-nam' 

A-na-pa' 

An-a-to'li-a 

An'c|s-ter (ang'-) 

An-co'na, 

An-da-lu'si-a 

An-da-man' [le') 

Andeiys, Les (la zangd- 

Andenne (Jing-den) 

An-de-rab' 

An'der-nach 

An'de§ 

An-dor'ra 

An'do-ver 

An-dros-cog'iin 

An-du'jar (an-'du'har) 

An-dux'ar (an-du'liar) 

A-ne-ga'da 

An-ga-ra' 

An-ge-li'na 

Ang' er-mann-land 

(ong'-) 
An'&ers (or ang-zha') 
An'gle-sey (ang'gl-se) 
An-gb'la 
An-gb'ra 
An-gos-tu'ra 
Angouleme(ang-go-iam') 
An'gra 

An-guil'la (-gwil'-) 
An'gus (ang'gus) 
An'hSlt 
An'holt 
A-ni-ba' 
Anjer (an'yer) 
An'jou (or ang-zho') 
Anklam (an'kl'am) 
An-ko'ber 
An'na-berg 
An-nagh' (an-na') 
An-na-m86'ko 
An-nap'o-lis 
Anne A-run'del 
An'ne-cy (or an-se') 
An-no-bon' 
An-no-nay' 
Ans'pach 
An-ta'lb 
An-ta-na-na-ri'vo 



PKONUNCIATION OE MODEKN GEOGEAPHICAL NAMES. 621 



An-te-que'ra (-ka'ra) 
Antibes_(ang-teb') 
An-ti-cos'ti 
An-tie'tam 
An-ti'gua (-ga) 
An-tilles' (an-telz' or 

an-til'lez) 
An'ti-och 

An-ti-o-qui'a (-ke'a) 
An-tip'a-ros 



Ar-i-zo'na 

Arjona (ar-Ho'na) 

Arkansas (ar'kan-saw) 

Ar-ki'ko 

Ark'low 

Arl'berg 

Aries (or arl) 

Ar-mag-h' (ar-ma') 

Armagnac (ar-man-yak') Au'|-e-la 

Ar-me'ni-a Augs'biirg (or 6 



Aubigny (5-ben-yeO 
Aubin (b-ban') 
Aubusson (b-bus-sbn') 
Auch (osh) 
Auchinlech (af-flek') 
Aude (od) 

Au'er-bach (bu'er-bak) 
Au'er-stadt (ou'er-stat) 



An-ti 



An-ti-sa'na 

An-ti-va'ri 

Ant'werp 

Anzin (ang-zang') 

A-os'ta 

A-pa'che 

Apatin ("ok-poh-ten') 

Ap'en-nlnes 

Ap-pa-lach'ee 

Ap-pa-lach-i-co'la 

Ap-pen-zell' 

Ap-po-mat'tox 

A-pri-ce'na (-cha/na) 

A-pu're (a-pu'ra) 

A-pu'ri-mac 



[va-ri Armentieres (ar-man- 

te-ar') 
Am' helm 
Arns'berg 
Arn'stadt (arn'stat) 
Aroa (a-rb'a) 
A'rol-sen 
A-r66s't66k 
Ar-pi'no 
Ar-qua' 
Arques (ark) 
Ar-ra-can' 
Ar'ran 

Ar'ras (or ar-ras') 
Ar-ti-b9-nite' 
Artois (ar-twaO 
Art-vin' 
A-ru'ba 
Ar'un-del 
As-chaf fen-burg* 
m (-shaf-0 
Asch-ers-le'ben (ash- 

erz-la/ben) 
As'co-li 



1T1-1 

A' qui (a'kwe) 

Aq'ui-la (iik'we-la) 

Aquileia (ak-we-la'ya) 

Aquin (a-kang') 

A-qui'no 

A-ra'bi-a 

A'rad (or or-od') 

Ar'a-fat 

Ar'a-gon 

A-raiche', £1 As-cut'ney 

Ar'al 

A-ran-juez' (-hweth') 

A-ran'sas 

A-ra-pi'les 

Ar'a-rat 

A-ras' 

t-rau' (a-rbCi') 
r-au-ca'ni-a 
Araure (a-rbw'ra) 
Ar'be 
Ar-bil' 

Ar-bois' (-bwa/) 

Ar-broath' As' sen 

Arcachon (ar-ka-shbn') As-sin-i-boi'a 
Arch-an'£-el As-sin'ni-boi'n 

Ar-chi-do'na As-si'si 

Arch-i-pel'a-go As-sou-an' 

Ar-co'la As-ter-a-bad' 

Ar'cos As'ti 

Ar-cot' As-tbr'ga 

Ar'de-bil As-to'ri-a 

Ar-dgche' (ar-d,ish') As-tra-ctian' 

Ar-de-lan' [den) As-tu'ri-as 

Ardennes (ar-den' or ar'- At-a-ba'po 



Ash-an-tee', or A-shan'- A-vel J la 

tee 
Ash-mu-nein' 
Ash'o-ver 
Ash-ta-bu'la 
Ash-u-e'lot 
A'si-a (a'sbe-a) 
As'pern 
As-phal-ti'tes 
As-pro-pot'a-mo 
As-sanv , or As'sai 



burg) 
Au-gus'ta 
Au-gus-to'vo (bu-gus- 

to'vo) 
Aumale (o-mal')_ 
Aunis (o'nes' or o'neO 
Au'riph (ou'rik) 
Aurillac (o-rel-yak') 
Au-riing-a-bad' 
Aussegg (bw'seG) 
Aus'ter-litz (or bus'ter- 

lits)' 
Aus-tral-a'si-a (-she-a) 
Aiis-tra'li-a 
Aus'tri-a 
Au-tau'ga 
Au-tfin' (6-tun') 
Auvergne (o-varfi') 
Aux Cayes (o-ka') 
Auxerre (o-sar') 
Aux-onne' (or b-sbn') 
A'va, or A'va 
Av'a-lon 
A-vats'cha 
A-ve'i-r5 (a-Ta'e-rb) 



Av-el-li'n5 

Avenches (a-vansh') 

A-ver'no 

A-ver'sa 

Avesnes (a-van') 

Aveyron (a-va-rbiV) 

Avezzano (S-vSt-sa'no) 

Avignon (av-en-yOii') 

Av'i-la 

Av-15'na 



As-saye' (as-sa' or as-sl') A-vo ca 



Ar drah 
A-re-ci'bo (-vo) 
A'rem-berg 
Ar'ens-berg 
Arenys (a-ra-nes') 
A-re-qui'pa (-ke'pii) 
A-rez zo (a-ret'sb) 
Argseus (ar-je'us) 
Ar-gen-tan' (ar-zhafi 

tan') 
Ar-gen-ta'ro 

Argenteuil(ar-zhan-tul') A-ti'iii 

Argentiere (ar-zban-te- At' las 

Ar'g-en-tine [ar') A-trk'to 



At-a-ca'ma 

At-au-al' (at-ou-iO 

At-ba'ra 

Atch-a-fa-laJ'a 

At-cheen' 

At-feh' (at-faO 

Ath'en§ 

Ath-lone' 

Ath'ol, or A'thol 

Ath'os 

A-thy', or Atb/y. 



A-vo'la 

A'von 

Av-by-elles' 

Avranches (iiv-ransh') 

Ax-um', or Ax'ura 

Ay-a-cu'cho [ta) 

Ay-a-mon'te (i-a-mon'- 

Ayle§'bij-ry 

Ayr (ar) 

Ayr'shire 

A-zer-bi-jan', or 

^ Az-er-bai'jan 

Az'of, or Az'oph 

A-zbre§' 



B. 



Ar'gos 

Ar-gos'to-li 

Ar-|yle'i or Ar'gyle 

Ar'^y-ro Cas'tro 

A-ri-a'no 

A-ri'ca 

Aridge (a-re-azh') 

A-rtn'hos (-yos) 

A-ris'pe (-pa) 

A-ri'ta 



A'tri 
At-tak'a-pas (-paw) 
At'ta-la, or At-ta'la 
Attigny (at-ten'ye) ' 
At-tock' 
At'u-i, or A-tu'i 
Aubagne (o-bafl') 
Aube (ob) 

Aubenas (ob-na' or o-bg- 
nas') 



Baal'bec 

Ba-ba' 

Bab'y-lon 

Baccarat (bak-ka-ra') 

Bacchiglione (bak-kel- 

yo'na) 
Bach'i-an 
Bacon (ba-kon') 
Bac'up 
Ba-dag'ry 

Bad-a-jos' (biid-a-Hos') 
Bad-ak-shan' 
Bad-deck' 
Ba'den, or Bad'en 
Ba-den-wei'ler 
Baen'a (ba-il'ha) 
Baeza (ba-a'tba) 



Ba-ga-n a 

Bag-dad' or Bag'dad 

Bagnara (ban-ya'ra) 

Bagnarea (ban-ya-ra'a) 

Bagneres (ban-yar') 

Bagnols (ban-yol') 

Ba-ha'ma 

Ba-har' 

Bah-i'a (ba-e'a) 

Bah'ling-en 

Bah-rain',' or Bah-rein' 

Bahr-el-Ab'i-ad 

Bahr-el-Az'rek 

Bai'kal 

Bailleul (ba-yuh') 

Bai-reuth (bi'rbit) 

Bai-rout', or Bai-rout' 

Baja (ba'ya) 

Bakh'te-gan 

Ba'ku, 'or Ba-ku' 

Bal-a-ghSut' 

Bal-a-kla'va 

Ba-la-ruc' 

Bal-a-sore' 

Bal'a-ton 

Bal'bec, or Bal-bec' 

Bale (bill), or Ba'§el 

Bal-e-ar'ic 

Bal-fu-rosh' 

Ba-lize' 

Bilk 

Bal-kan' 

Bal-li-na' 

Bal-li-na-sloe' 

Balls'tpn Spa 

Bal-ly-shan'npn 

Bal-mor'al 

Bal'tic 

Bal'ti-more 

Balt'in-glass 

Bam-bar'ra 

Bam'berg 

Bam-bouk' 

Bam-i-an' 

Bam-ma-koo f 

Ba-nat' 

Ban'ca (bangTia) 

Ban-cal'la-ry 

BanflF (bamf ) 

Ban-ga-lore' (bang-) 

Ban'gbr (bang'gbr) 

Ban-kok' 

Ban'nacks 

Ban'nock-biirn 

Ban-tam', or Ban'tam 

Bapaume (ba-pum') 

Bar'a-ba 

Bar-a-co'a 

Ba-raiche' 

Bar-a-ta'ri-a 

Bar-ba'does 

Bar'ba-ry 

Bar-bu'da 

Bar-ce-lo' r na 

Ba-reil'ly (ba-rale) 

Ba'ri 

Ba-ri'ta 

Bar-le-Duc' 

Barnaul (bar-nbulO 

Bar'ne-gat 

Ba-roach' (ba-roch') 

Ba-ro'da 

Bar'o-metz (-mets) 

Bar-que-si-me'to (-ma'-) 

Barraux (bar-ro') 

Bar're 

Barrages (bar-razh^ 

Barth (bart) 

Ba'sel. or Bale (bal) , 

Ba-si-lan' 

Ba-si-li-ca'ta 

Bas'rah 

Bas-sa'no 



622 



PKONUNCIATION OP 



Bas-sein' 

Basse-Terre (bas-tarO 

Bas'so-ra 

Bas-tan' 

Bas-ti'a 

Bastogne (bas-tofi') 

Ba-ta'vi-a 

Bath 

Bat-is-can' [rozh') 

Baton Rouge (ba-tn- 

Battaglia (bat-tal'ya.) 

Bat-ti-ca-lo'a 

Ba-ul' 

Bauro (bow'ro) 

Bausset (bo-sa') 

Bautzen (bout'sen) 

Baux (bo) 

Ba-va'ri-a 

Ba-ya-mo' 

Bay-a-zid' (bi-a-zed') 

Bayeux (ba-yuh') 

Bay-len' 

Ba-yonne' 

Bay'Su (bl'6) 

Bay'reuth (bl'roit) 

Baza (ba'tha) 

Bazas (ba-za') 

Beam (ba-arn') 

Beaucaire (bo-kar') 

Beau'fort (S. C.) 

Beau'fort (bo'fort) (Af.) 

Beau'ley (bo'le) 

Beau-ma/ris (bo-) 

Beaune (bon) 

Beauvais (bo-va/) 

Bec'cles (bek'klz) 

Bed-nore' 

Bed-6u-in§' 

Bed-o-ween' 

Befort (ba-for') 

Beilan (ba-lan') 

Beira (ba'e-ra) 

Bex'r6ut (or ba'rot) 

Beith 

Beja (ba-zha') 

Be-ja-pour' 

Be-lgd'-ul-Je-rtd' 

Be-lem' {or ba-leng') 

B51-fast', or Bel'fast 

Belfort (bel-for') 

Bel'gi-iim 

Bel-grade' 

Belle-fon-taine' 

Belle-fonte' 

Belle-Isle, or Bellisle 

(bel-el') 
Belle'ville 
Bel-lin-zo'na 
Bel-lu'no 
Be-loit' 

Be-166-chis-tan' 
Bt'lur-Ta'g 
Bel-vi-dere' 
Belvoir (be'vur) 
Be-na'res 
Ben-coo'len 
Bend-e-mir' 
Bene (ba'na) 
Ben-e-ven'to 
Ben-gal' 
Ben-ga'zi 

Ben-gue'la (ben-ga'la) 
Be-nin' 
Ben-i-suef 
Ben-L5'mond 
Ben-Mac-dhii'i 
Ben-Ne'vis 
Be-nbwm' 
Bens'helm 
Bentevoglio (ben-te- 

vol'yo) 
Ben'thelm (ben'tlm) 
Be-rar' 



Be-rat' 

Ber-be'ra, or Ber'be-ra 

Ber-bice', or Ber'bice 

Ber-di-ansk' 

Ber-di-chev' 

Ber-e-si'na, or Ber-e- 
zi'na 

Ber-e-zof 

Ber'ga-mo 

Berf'en 

Berf'en-huus 

Berg'en-op-Zoom' 

Bergerac (ber-zhe-rak') 

Ber-ham-pore' 

Ber'ing, or Behr'ing 

Berkshire 

Ber-lin', or Ber'lin 

Ber-mu'das 

Ber'nard 

Berne (or bern) 

Ber-nl'na 

Ber-ri' 

Ber'ri-en 

Ber-tie' 

Ber'wick (or ber'rik) 

Besancon (ba-zan-soh') 

Bes-sa-ra'bi-a 

Beth'le-hem 

Bev-e-ren' 

Bev'er-ly, 

Bewd'ley 

Bexar (ba-harO 

Beyra (ba'e-ra) 

Bey'rcot (or ba'rot) 

Beziers (ba-ze-ar'), E. 
Beziers (ba-ze-a'), 
M. T. 

Bha-raich' 

Bhat-gong' (bat-) 

Bhiirt-pore' (biirt-) 

Bi-a'la 

Bi-al'ys-tok 

Bid-as-so'a 

BieT'e-feld" (-felt) 

Bi-el-go-rod' 

Bi-el-6'pol 

Bi-enne' 

Bil-ba'5 

Bil-bo'a 

Bil-ed'ul-fe-rid' 

Bil'ier-i-ca 

Bing'en 

Bing'ham-ton 

Bl'o-bi'o 

Btr 

Bi'r'ket-el-Ke-roun' 

Bi'r'ket-el-Mar-i-out' 

Bi'r'ming-ham 

Bis'cay 

Bis-na-gar v 

Bis-sa'gos 

Bis'ti-neau (bis'tg-no) 

Blanc 

Blank' en-burg 

Blech'ing-ley 

Bled'soe 

Blei'berg 

Blen'heim, or Blen'- 
heim 

Blois (blwa or bliii) 

Bocage (bb-kazh') 

Bo'den-see (-sa) 

Boerne (ber'ne) 

Bceuf(bTJf) 

Boeuf-Bay'ou (buf-) 

Boglio (bol'yo) 

Bog-li-pore' 

Bo-go-ta' 

Bo-he'mi-a 

Boh'mer-wald 

Bois-le-Duc (bwa-le- 
diik') 

Bok-ha'ra 



Bo'll 
Bo-li'var, If. 

Bol'i-var, B. T. Wr. 
Bologna (bo-lon'ya) 
Bol-se'na (bol-sa/na) 
Bol'so-ver 
Bol'ton 
Bol-za'no 
Bo'mar-sund 
Bom-bay' 
Bo-nair' 
Bo-na-ven-tii'ra 
Bo-ness' 

Bon-i-fa'cio (-cho) 
Bo-nin' 
Boom (bom) 
B66-tan' 
Bo-paul' 

Bor-deaux' (bor-do') 
Borgne (bora) 
B6r'ne-o 
Born'holm 
Bor-nou' 
Bor-o-di'no 
Bos'na-Se-rai' 
Bos'ni-a 
Bos'pho-rfis, or Bos'po- 

rus 
Bos'ton 

Bos' worth (boz'wiirth) 
Bot'e-toiirt 
Both'ni-a 
BSt'zeii (-sen) 
Boughes'-du-Rhone' 

(bosh'-) 
Bouillon (bol-y5ng') 
Boulogne (bo-lon') 
Bour'bon 
Bourbonnes-les-Bains 

(bor-bon'-la-bang') 
Bourg (borg) 

Bourg (bOr), T. 
Bourges (borzh) 
Bou'ro 
Bou-ton' 
B ovine s (bo-ven') 
Bbw'ditch 
Bow'doin (bo'dn) 
Bo-ya'ca 
Bozzolo (bot'so-lo) 
Bra' bant, or Bra-bant' 
Brae-mar' 
Bra'ga 
Bra-gan'za 
Bra'hi-low 
Brah'ma-p66'tra 
Bran'den-biirg 
Brauns'berg (brouns'- 

berg) 
Bra-zil' 
Bra-zo'ri-a 
Bra'zos 

Brazza (brat'sa) 
Bread-al'bane 
Breath'it 
Breph'in, E. T. 
Brec'on 

Bre'da, or Bre-da' 
Breg'entz 
Brei'saph 
Bre-neau' (bre-no') 
Bres'cia (bresh'a) 
Bres'lau (or bres-lou) 
Bretagne (bre-tan') 
Bre'ton (or bret'on) 

Bre't'on (brit'ou), T. 
Briancon (bre-ang-song') 
Bri-are' [ton) 

Bridlington (biir'ling- 
Brieg (breg) 
Briel 
Bri-enne' 
Brl-enz' (-6nts0 



Brieux (bre-tihO 

Brigh'ton (bri'tn) 

Brin'di-si 

Bris'aph 

Bris'gau (bris'gou) 

Brit'ain (brit'tn) 

Brit'ta-ny. 

Brix'ham 

Bro'dy" 

Broek (brvik) 

Brom'berg 

Bron'do-lo 

Brook'iine (brGk'-) 

Brook'lyn (bruk'-) 

Brough (bruf ) 

Bruph'sal 

Bruges 

Bruhl'(brul) 

Brunn 

Brus'sels 

Bryn Mawr' (or mar) 

Brzesc (bzbests) 

Buch'an 

Bu-phan'an 

Bu-pha-rest' 

Bu-cha'ri-a 

Bu'da, or Bu'da 

Bud'weis 

Buen Ay're (bwen-i'ra) 

Bue-na-ven-tu'ra (bwa-) 

Buenos Ayres (b'wa'nos- 

I'res or bo'nos-ar'ez) 
Buffa-lo 
Bug ' 

Builth (bllth) 
Bu-ja-lan'ce (-Ha-) 
Buk-ha'ri-a 
Bu'lach 
Bu'la-ma 

Bu-la'ma, T. 
Bul-ga'ri-a 
Bulkh 

Bun'combe (bung'kum) 
Bun-del-cund' 
Biin'der A-bas'si 
BGntz'lau (or buhts'lou) 
Biird-wan', or Biird'wan 
Burg 
Bur'gos 
Bur'gun-dy 
Bur-ham-poor' 
Bur-ram-poo'ter 
Bur'sa, or Biir'sa 
Bur'sgheld (bur'shit) 
Bur'ton (bur'tn) 
Bury (ber'e) 
Bu-sa'co 
Bu-shire' 
Bu-trin'to 
Butte (but) 
By-ra-ghiir' 



c. 



Ca-bar'ras 

Cib'ell 

Ca-ben'da 

Ca-bre'ra (ka-bra'ra) 

Ca-buT, or Ck-boul'" 

Ca-bu-lis-tan' 

Caceres (ka'tha-res) 

Cac-ha'o, or Cach'ao 

Cachoeira (ka-sho-a'e-ra) 

Ca-con'go (ka-kong'go) 

Ca'diz 

Ca-do're (-ra) 

Cad'ron 

Ca'en'(or kang) 

Caer-le'on 

Caer-mar'then 

Caer-nar'v9n 



MODEKN GEOGEAPHICAL NAMES. 



623 



Caer-phil'ly (or kar- Cape Hay'ti-en 

fitk'le) Cape'tbwn 

Caf-fra'ri-a Cap-i-ta-na'ta 

Caf'fres (kafferz) Ca'po d'fs'tri-a 

Caf-i-ris-tan' Ca'prl 

Cagliari (kaTya-re) Cap'ii-a 

Ca-haw'ba Ca-rac'cas 

Ca'hir (or kar) Car'a-man, E. 
Ca-ho'ki-a # Ca-ra-man' (-mong'), T. 
Cahors (ka-hor'orka-or') Car-a-ma'ni-a 

Cai'cos (ki'kos) Car-ca-sonne' 

Cairn-gbrm' Car'de-nas 

Cairn-gorm', E. Car'diff 

Cai'ro (Egypt) Car'di-gan 

Cai'ro (U. S.) Car-d5'na 

Cal-a-bar' Car-i-a'c5 

Ca-la'bri-a, or Ca-la'- Car-ib-be'an, B. Br. T. 

bri-a Ca-rib'be-an, Wr. 

Cal-a-hor'ra Car-ib-bee' 

Cal'ais (kal'is) Ca-rin'thi-a 

Cal-a'-ma'ta Car-lisle' (kar-lil') 

Cal-a-mi-a'ne§ Car'lo-witz 

Cal-a-ta-yud' (-yutfi/) Carls/bad 

Cal-a-tra'va Carls-cro'na, or Carl§- 
Cal-a-ve'ras (-va'-) crS'na 

Cal'ca-sieu (Ual'ka-sbo) Carls'ruhe (karlz'rO) 

Cal-cut'ta Carl'stadt (-stat) 

Cal'der Carmagnola (kar-man- 
Cal-e-do'ni-a yo'la) 

Cal'en-berg Car-mo'na 

Cal-houn' Car-nat'ic 

Cal'i-cut Car-naul' 

Cal-i-fbr'ni-a Car-ni-6'la 

Cal-la'o (or k'al-ya'o) Car-o-li'na 

Cal-la-poo'ya Ca-ro-ni' 

Cal'mar Car-pa'thi-an 

Calne (kan_or kawn) Car-pen-ta'ri-a 

Cal-ta-gi-ro'ne Car-pen-tras' (or kar- 
Cal-ta-ni-set'ta piing-tr-is') 

Cal'u-met Car-pen-tras' (kiir- 

Cal-va'dos, B. E. P. Cyc. pang-tra'), ill. P. 

Cal-va-dos', M. P. Car-ra'ra 

Cal'vert Car-rick-fer'gus , 

Ca-man'che Car'ron 

Ca-mar'go ' Carsh'alton (kas-hbr'tn) 

Cam-a-ro'nes Car-ta-£e'na 

Cam-ba-hee' Car-ta'go 

Cam-bay' Car'ter-et 

Cam-bo'di-a Car-tha-|-e'na 
Cam'bray, or Cam-bray' Car-u-pa'no 

Cam'bri-a Ca-sac', or Ca'sac 

Cam'brid£e Ca-sal' 

Ca-min'ha (kii-men'ya) Ca-sa'le (-la) 
Campagna (kam-pan'ya) Cas-a-na'na 

Camp'bell (kam'el) Cas'bin, or Cas-bin' 

Cam-peach'y Casch'au (kash'bfi) 

Cam'po Bas'so Ca-ser'ta 

Can'a-da Cash'el ' 

Can-a-jo-har'ie Cash'gar, or Cash-gar' 

Can-an-dai'gua (-gwa) Cash-mere', or Cash' - 
Can-a-nore' mere 

Ca-na'ra, or Can'a-ra Cas'pi-an 

Ca-na'ries Cas-si'iia 

Can-a-sto'ta Cas-si-qui-a'ri (-ke-a're) 

Ga-nav'e-ral Cas-tel-nau'da-ry' (kas- 
Can-da-har' tel-no'da-re')' 

Can-deish'(orkan-dash') Cas'-tel' Ve-tra'no (-va-) 

Can'di-a Castiglione (kas-tel-yo'- 

Ca-ne'a Cas-tile' [tia) 

Can-is-'te'o Castillon (kas-tel-yong') 

Canon (kan'yon) Cit'y. Cas-tine' 

Ca-non'i-cQt Cas'tle-bar' (kas'sl-bar') 

Cannes (kan) Castres (kas'tr) 

Can-nou'chee Cas'tro (?io-van'ni (-jo- 
Can'tal, or Can-tal' van'he) 

Can'ter-bu-ry (-ber-e) Cat-a-bam'ba 

Can-ton' or Can'ton Cat-a-hou'la 

(China) Cat-a-lo'ni-a 

Can'ton (U. S.) Ca-ta'ni-a, or Ca-ta'ni-a 

Can-tyre' Ca-tan-za'ro 

Cape Bret' on Ca-taw'ba 

Cape Qir'ar-deau (jlr'- Cateau-Cambresis 

§r-do) (ka-to'-kam-bre-ze') 



Cath-a-rt'nen-stadt (3ha-ryb'dis 

(-stat) Chateaubriant (sha-to- 
Ca-thay' bre-ang') 

Cat-man'd66, E. Wr. Chateaudun (sha-to- 

Cat-man-doS', T. dun') 

Ca-tbr'ce (or ka-tbr'tha) Chateau-Gonthier (sha- 
Cats'kill to-gon'te-a) [ga') 

Cat-ta-rau'gus Chateauguay (sba-to- 

Cat-ta'r5, or Cat'ta-ro Chateauroux (sha-to-ro') 

Cau-bul' Chatellerault (sha-tel- 

Cau'ca (or kbuTia) Chat' ham L r5 

Cau'ca-sQs Chat-ta-h66'chee 

Caugh-n?.-wa'ga (kaw-) Chat-too'ga 

Caune (kbn) Chaudilre (sho-de-ar') 

Cau'ver-y Chaumont (shO-mong') 
Ca'va' (France) 

Cav'a-la Chaumont (sho-mo') 
Cav'an (U. S.) 

Ca'ver-y Qhau-tau'qua 

Cawn-pore' Chazy (sha-zi') 

Ca-xa-mar'ca (ka-H'a-) Che-buc'to 
Caxias (ka-she'as) ghe-bfic'to, T. 

Caxoeira (ka-sho-a'e-ra) Chel'i-cut 

Cay'cos (ki'kos) Chelms'ford (or chemz'- 
Cay-enne' (ki-en') ford) 

Cay-man', or Cay'man Chel'sea 

Ca-yu'ga Chel' ten-ham (or cbelt'- 
Ca-yuse' nam) 

Caz-e-no'vi-a phem'nitz (-nits) 

Ce-a-ra' (sa.-)* ghe-mung' 

Ce-bu' ghe-nan'go (-nang'go) 

Cec'il, B. Chen-yang' 

Ce'cil, T. Che-pach'et 

Cef-a-iu' (chef-) Chep'stow" 

Ce-la'no (cha-) Cher (shar) 

Cel'e-be§ phe-ras'co 

Cel'le Che-raw' 

Cen'i's (or se-neO Cher-bourg' 
Ceph-a-16'ni-a, or Ceph- £her's5 

a-lo-ni'a ' pher'son, or pher-son' 

Ce-ram' pher-so-nese' 
Cerignola (cha-ren-yo'la) Chertsey (ches'se) 

Cer-ve'ra (ser-va'ra) Ches'a-peake 

Cer'vi-a (cber've-a) Chesh'ire 

Cer'vin (or ser-vang') Che-sun'cook 

Ce-se'na (cba-sa/nii) Chet-i-mach'es 

Ceu'ta (or sa'u-tii) Chev'i-ot (or r-hiv'e-ot) 

Cevennes (sa-ven') Cheyenne (sbi-en') 

Cey-lon', or Cey'lon phi-a'na 

Cha-ca'o Chi-a'pa 

Cha'co phi-a'ri 

Cha'gres phi-a'va-ri, AT. T. 

9ha-leur' phi-a-ven'na 

^halons (shii-longO _ ghi-ca'go (she-kaw'go) 
Cham'ber-ry (or shbn- Chich'es-ter 

ba-reO Chick-a-hom'i-ny 

Cham-blee' Chick-a-mau'ga 
Chamouni (sha'mo-ne or Chick'a-saw 

sha-mQ'ng) Chic'o-pee 

Champagne (sham-pan') Chicot (she'ko) 

Qham-paign' (-pan') phi'em-see (-sa) 

gham-plain' ghi-enne' 

ghan'de-leur' Chieti (ke-a'te) 

Chan-der-na-gore' Qhig-nec'to 
phan-til'ly (shan-tel'ye) Chi-hua'hua (-wa'wa) 

Cha-pa'la Chi-kai'lis 

Char ? cas' Chi'li, or Chil'i 

Charente (sha-rangt') Chil-H-co'the, or Chil- 
Charente-Inferieure li-coth'e 

(sha-rangt'-ang-fa-re- Chi-lo-e' (che-lo-a') 

iir') Chim-bo-ra'zo 

Char'i-ton Chi'na ' [ya 

Phar'kov Chin-chil'la (or -chel'-) 

Charle'mont, or Char'- Chin-su'ra 

le-mont Chin-yang' 
Charleroi (sharl-rwa/ or phi'os 

. shar-le-roi') Chip'pen-ham (or chip'- 
Charles'ton nam ' 

gharle'viile Chi-qui'tos (che-ke'tos) 

ghar'le-voix' (sharle- Chi§'wick (chiz'ik) 

v\va''or shaVle-vbi') Chit-ta-gong' 

phar'lottes-ville Chit'ten-den 

Chartr'es (shar'tr) Chit-tore' ' 



624 



PKONUNCIATION OF 



phi-vas'so 

Choc'taw 

phoc'zim 

Cholmondeley (chum'le) 

Cho-lu'la 

pho-ra-san', or pho-ras'- 

san 
Cho-w&n' 
phras-ti-an'a 
phris-ti-a'ni-a 
phris'tian-sand 
phris'tian-stadt (-stat) 
phrti'dim 
Chu-la-ho'ma 
Chum'leigh (ckumle) 
Chup'rah 
Chu-qui-sa'ca (chu-ke- 

sa'ka) 
phur (kor) 
Cic-a-c51e' 
Ci-en-fue'gos (se-en- 

fwa'gos) 
Cim-ar-rbn' 
Cin-a-lo'a 
Cin-cin-na'ti 
Cinque Ports (sink-) 
Cin'tra 

Cir-cars' [e-a) 

Cir-cas'si-a (sir-k?,sh'- 
Ci'ren-ces-ter (orsls'e- 

ter or sis'is-ter) 
Cirk'nitz 

Cit-ta-del'la (chit-) 
Ci-u-dad' Re-al' (tke-u- 

dad' ra-al') 
Ci-u-dad' Rod-ri'go (the- 

u-dad' rod-re'go) 
Civita Vec'chi-a (che'- 

ve-ta vek'ke-a) 
Clack-man'nan 
Cla'£en-furth (-furt) 
Clai borne 
Clame-cy' (klain-se') 
Clap'ham 
Clar'e-mont, or Clare' - 

mont 
Clau'sen-burg (klbfi'-) 
Clausthal (klous'tal) 
Cler-mont' 
Clermont-Ferrand (klar- 

mong fer-rang') 
Cleve'land 
Cleves ' 
Clith'e-roe 
Clog'tier {or klo'ber) 
Clon-a-kil'ty 
Clon-mel' 
Clyde 

Co-a-h5'ma 
Co-a-hui'la(-we'la) 
Co-an'go (ko-aug'go) 
Co-bi'ja (ko-be'Ha) 
Cob'lentz ( : lents) 
Co'biirg 
Co-cha-bam'ba 
Co'chin Chi'na 
Codogno (ko-dbVyo) 
Co-do'rus 
Coev'or-den 
Coeymans (kwe'manz) 
Cognac (kbn-yak') 
Cohahuila (ko-a-we'la) 
Co-hoes' 
Co-Tm-ba-toor' 
Co-im'bra 
Coire (kwar) 
Col' berg 
Col'ches-ter 
Cole-raine' 
Co-li'ma 
Col-mar' 

Coin (kon or kbun) 
Cologna (ko-lou'ya) 



Cologne (ko-lonO 
Co-lom'bi-a 
Co-lom'bo ' 
Col' on- say, Br. T. 

Co-Ion' say, E. Wr. 
Col-o-ra'do 
Co-lum'bi-a 
Co-lum-bi-an'a 
Co-lum'bo 
Co-mac' 
Co-man' ches 
Co-mar'go 

Co-may-a'gua (-gwa) 
Com'ber-mere 
Comines (ko-nien') 
Co'mo 
Com'o-rin 
Co-mbrn' 
Com'o-ro 

Comp'iegne (kom-pe-afi') 
Com-pos-tel'la 
Con-can', or Con'can 

"(kongOian) 
Con-cep'tion 
Con'cord (kong 7 -) 
Con-cbr'di-a 
Conde (ko'n-'da') 
Con-|-co-cheague' 
Co-ne'cuh 

Cbn'e-maugh (-maw) 
Con-es-to'ga 
Co-ne'sus 

Con-ga-ree' (kong-) 
Con'gle-ton (kong'gl- 

ton) 
Coii'gb (kong'go) 
Con'naught, or Con- 
naught' 
Con-nect'i-cQt (-net'-) 
Con'stance 
Con-stan-ti'na 
Con-stan-ti-no'ple 
Cooch Ba-tiar' 
C66-mas-sie', or C85- 

mas'sie 
Co-os' 

C6o-saw-hatch'ie 
Co-pen-ha'fen 
Co-pi' ah [po' 

Co-pi-a'po, or Co-pi-a- 
Co-pim'es-caw 
Coqu'et (kok'et) 
Co-quim'bo (-kern'-) 
Cor-a-chie' 
Cor-beau' (-bb')_ 
Cbr-beil' (kbr-bal') 
Cor-dil'le-ras {or kbr- 

"del-ya'rasj 
Cbr'do-va 
Co-re'a 

Cor-fu', or Cor'fu 
Cor'inth 
Cor-o-man'del 
Co-ro'ne 

CorrSze'(kor-raz') 
Cor-ri-en'tes 
Cbr'si-ca 
Corte' (k'br-ta') 
Cor-to'na 
Co-run'n"a 
Cor'y-don 
Co-sen'za 
Co-shoe' ton 
Cbslin (kes'lin or kes- 

len') 
Cosne (kon) 
Cos-seir' 
Cos-sim-ba-zar 
Cos'ta Ri'ca 
Co-ta-gay'a 
CSte-d'Or (kot-dbr 7 ) 
C6tes-du-Nord (kot'du- 

11 or') 



Cotignola (ko-ten-yo'la) 

Co-to-pax'i 

Cott'bus 

C6u-la.n' 

Cour'land 

Cour-tray' 

Coutances (ko-tansO 

Co v' en-try 

Cov'ing-ton 

Cbwes (kuuz) 

Cb^-e'ta 

Cra'cow 

Crecy (kres'e) 

Cre'feld (kra'felt) 

Crem'nitz 

Cre-mo'na 

Creuse (kruz) 

Crev'elt 

Cri-me'a 

Crit' ten-den 

Cro-a'ti-a (kro-a'she-a) 

Crom'ar-'ty 

Cron'stadt (-stat) 

Csaba (cha'ba) 

Csaba (chbb'bo), jr. T. 
Csongrad (cbon-grad') 
Cu'ba 

Cii-ba'gua (-gwa) 
Cu-ban' 
Cud'da-lore 
Cud'da-pah 
Cuen'ca (kwenTva) 
Cui-a'ba (kwe-a'ba), E. 

Cu-ia'ba (-ya'-), T. 
Culhuacan (kol-wa-kan') 
Cu-li-a-can' 
Cul-lo'den 
Culm 

Cul'pep-er 
Cul-ross'" (or ko'ros) 
Cu-ma-na' 
Cu-ma'ni-a 
Cum'ber-land 
Cu'par"(ko v par) 
Cu-ra-poa' (-so') 
Cu-ra-ray' 
Cu'risch-e Haflf (ku r . 

rish-e-baf) 
Cur'ri-tuck 
Cur-z5'la 
Ciistrin (ke-stren' or 

ktis'trin) 
Cut-tack' 
Cux-ha'ven 
Cu-ya'ba, or Cu-ya-ba' 
Cuy-a_-ho''ga (ki-a-ho'ga) 
Cuz'co 
Cyc'la-des 
Czaslau (chas'lbCi) 
Czernowitz (cher'no-vlts) 
Czirknicz (tserk'nits) 



D. 



Dag-hes-tan' 

Dahl 

Dah'o-mey, or Da-ho' 

mey (-ma) 
Dal-a-go'a 
Da-le-car'li-a 
Dal-hou'sie 
Dil-keith' " 
Dalles 
Dal-ma'ti-a (dal-ma'- 

she-a) 
Dal'ton 

Dam-a-ris cot'ta 
La-mas'cus 
Lam-i-et'ta 
Dan'bu-ry '(dan'ber-e) 
Dan-ne-mo'ra 



Dant'zic (-sik) 

Dan'ube 

Dar-da-nelle§' 

Dar-four' 

Da'ri-en 

Darm'stadt (-stat) 

Dart'mouth 

Dar'war 

Dauphine (do-fe-na') 

Dau'phi-ny 

Dav'en-port 

Da'viess 

Debreczin (de-bret'sin) 

De-bret'zin (-sin) 

De-ca'tur 

Dec'can, or Dec-can' 

De-cize' 

Del-a-go'a 

Del'a-ware 

Delft 

Delf'zyl 

Del-ga'da 

Del'hi (del'le) 

Del'ht (U. S.) 

Del-vt'no 

Dem-be'a 

Dem-e-ra'ra 

Den'b'igh (d'enTae) 

Den'de-rah 

Den-der-mond' 

Den'mark 

De-peys'ter 

Dgpt'ford '(det'furd) 

Der-bend' 

Der'by (or dar'be) 

Derne, or Der'ne 

De-Ruy't§r " [da'-) 

Des-a-gua-de'ro (-gwii- 

Des-e-a'da 

De§-e-ret' 

De-sha' 

Des Moines (de-mbin') 

Des-po-bla'do 

Des'sau (or des'sbii) 

Det'mold 

De-trbit' 

Det' ting-en 

Deutz (dbits) 

Deux-Ponts (duh-pong / ) 

De-ven'ter, Wr. 

Dev'en'-ter, T. 
De-vl'zes 
Dev'on 
Dev'on-port 
Dha-wal-a-ghi'ri (da- 

wal-a-ge'rj) 
Di-ar-be-klr' 
Diep'hoiz (-bolts) 
Di-eppe' 
Diest 

Dietz (dets) 
Digne (den) 
Di'jon' (de'zhong') 
Dil'ling-en 
Din-age-pore' 
Di-nan' (de-nang 7 ) 
Df-nant^ 
Din-wid'die 
Di'u, or Di'-u' 
Dix-mude' 
Djol'i-ba 
Dnie'per (ne'per) 
Dnies'ter (nes'ter) 
D6-ab' * 
Dof-re-fi-eld' 
Dole " Pe) 

Dol-^el'ly (or dol-geth'- 
Dol'lart [i-ca 

Dom-i-ni'ca, or Do-min'- 
Dom-i-niqu'e' (Fr.) 
Don-ag-ha-dee' 
Don'ald-son 
Donc'as-ter 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



625 



Don'e-gal 

Don'go-la (doug'-) 

Don-nai' 

D66-shak' 

Dbr'ches-ter 

Dordogne ('dor-don') 

Dordrecht (dor'drekt) 

Dbr'noch 

Dor-pat', or Dbr'pat 

Dbrt 

Dou'ay (do'a) 

Doubs (dob or do) 

Doubs, T. 
Doug'las 
D6u'r5 (do'ro) 
Dov-re-fi-eld' 
Dbw-le-ta-bad' 
Dbftn-pat'rick 
Draguignan (dra-§en- 

yang') 
Drave, or Drave 
Drenthe (drent or 

dren'te) 
Dre§'den, or Dres'den 
Dreux (drub.) 
Drin 
Dri'no 

Drogh'e-da (drug'-) 
Droit' wich (droit'ich) 
Drp-more', or Drb'mbre 
Dron'thelm (dron'tim) 
Dru'ses, or Dru'§e§ 
Du-anes'biirg 
Dub'lin 
Dub'nb 

Du-buque' _(-biik') 
Diiero (du-a'ro) 
Du'is-burg 

Duiveland (dbl've-lant) 
Dulcigno (dtil-chen'yo) 
Dulwich (dtil'jj) 
DQm-bar'ton 
Dum-blane' 
Dum-fries' 
Dun-bar' 

Dun-dalk' (dun-dawkO 
Dun-das' 
Dun-dee' 
Dun-ferm'line {or dun- 

fer'ljn) 
Dun-gan'non 
Dun-gar' van 
Dun-ge-ness' 
Dun-keld' {or dung-kel') 
Dun-kirk' 
Dfin-66n' 
Dun-sin'nane, or DHn- 

sin-nane' 
Dunwich (dun'ij) 
Dii'plin 

Duquesne (du-kan') 
Du-rance' 
Du-ran'go (-rang'-) 
Du-raz'zo {or du-rat'so) 
Dur'ham (dur'arn) 
Dur'lach 
Dfis'sel-dorf 
Dut'ling-en 
Du-val' 
Dwa-ra'ca 
Dwi'na, or Dwi'na 
Dyle " 



Eckmiihl (ek'mel) Es'zek (eVsek) 

Ec-ua-d5r' (ek-wa-dor 7 ) fetampes (a-tamp') 
Ed'dy-stone Et'o-wah 

E'den-ton Etsch (etsh) 

Ed'iu ' Eu (yu or uh) 

Edge' combe (ejlcum) Eupen (01'pen) 
Edge'field Eu-phra'tes 

E-di'na Eure (ur or yur) 

Edinburgh (ed'jn-bur-ro) Eu'rope 
Ed'is-to Eii'taw 

Effing-ham Eutin (bi'ten) 

Eg'er Eux'ine 

E-gi'na, or E§'i-na Eves'ham (or es'ham) 

Eg'ri-po, or E-g'ri'po (a-) Ev'o-ra, Br. E. T. 

E-vo'ra (a-), P. Wr. 
Evreux (ev-ruh/) 



E'gypt 

Eh-ren-breit stein 

EIch'"stadt (ik'stet) 

Ei'len-burg 

Eim'beck 

Ei'me-o 

Ei'se-nach 

Eis'le-ben 

E-kat-e-ri'nen-bvirg 

E-kat-e-ri'no-grad 

E-kat-e-ri'no-slav 

El A-raiche' 

Elbe (61b) 

El'ber-feld 

El-beuf, or El-btsuf 

El'che (el'cha) 

El Do-ra'do 

El-e-phan'ta 

El-e-phan-ti'na 

E-leu'the-ra 

fil'gin 

E-lis'a-bet-grad' 

El-lbre' 

El-mi'na 

El-mi'ra 

E-lo'ra 

El-si-nore' 

El'vas 

El'wang-en 

Emb'den 

!Em'brun (or iim-brun') 

Em'mer-ich 

E-na're 

En-ga-dine' 

Enghien (ang-ge'ang') 

England (Ing'glaud) 

En-i-se r 

Enk-hui'zen 



Ex'e-ter 

Ey'a-llt 

Ey'der 

Ey'laiu {or I'lbu) 



Fa-en'za 

Fah'lun 

Fal-oum' 

Fa-laise' 

Fal'kirk. or Fal-k'irk' 

Falkland (fawk'laud) 

Fal'mouth 

Fa'lun 

Fa'no, or Fa-no' 

Fa'ro 

Fa'roe, or Fa'ro-e 

Far-sis-tan' 

Fau-quier' 

Fav'ersh-am 

Fay-al' 

Fay-ette' 

Fay-oum' 

Teh-ra-bad' 

Fel-an-i'che 

Fe-la-niche' (fa-), T. 
Fe-H-ci-a'na 
Fem'ern 

Fe-o-do'§i-a (-do'zho-a) 
Fer-ma'nagh (fer-ma'- 
Fer-mby' [na) 

[zen) Fer'ney (or fer-na') 
(enk-hbi'- Fer-ra'ra 



En-nis-cbr'thy Fer'rb 

En-nis-kil'len Fer'rol, or Fer-rol' 

En'tre-D6u'rb-e-Min'ho Fev'ersh-am 

(eu'tra-db'ro-a-intii'yo) Fez-zan' 
En'tre-Ri'os (en'tra-iv'- Fich-tel-fe-bir'§e 



E. 



Eas'ton 

E'brb # [bul' 

Eb-sam'buL or Eb-sam- 
Ecc-166' or Ecc-lbo' 
Eph'ter-naph 
Ef'i-ja {or a'the-Ha) 
2B pp 



E-per i-es 

Ep-er-nay' 

Ep-i-nal' 

Er'bach 

isr'fiirt 

Er'icht 

E'rie (e're) 

E'rin, or Er'in 

Er-i-van' 

Er'lang-en 

fir'lau (e'r'lou) 

Er-me-nek' 

Er'ze-rum, or 

Erz-room' 
Erz-ge-bir'fe 
ESrcam'bi-a 
Es-cu-ri-al', or 
I Es-cu'ri-al 
Es'ne 
E-so'pus 

Esquimaux (eslce-mo) 
Es-se-qui'bo (-ke'-) 
Ess'ling-en 
Es'te 

Es-tho'ni-a 
Es-tre-ma-du'ra 



Los) Fi-es'o-le (-la) 
Figeac (f Izh'a'k') 
Figueras (fe-ga'ras) 
Fi'ji ^ 
Fin-is-terre' 
Fin' land 
Fismes (fern) 
Fiume (fe-u'ma) 
Flan'ders 

Flgche.' La (la flesh) 
Flen§'bbrg 
Flor'ence 
Flb'res 
Flor'i-da 
Flush'ing 
Foggia (fod'ja) 
Foglia (fbl'ya) 
Foix (fwa) 
Foligno (fo-len'yo) 
Fontainebleau (fon'tan- 

blo') 
Fon-ta-ra'bi-a 
Fontenay-le-Comte 

(font-na'le-kont') 
Fon-te-nby' 
Fontevrault (fofi-tev-ro') 

53 



Fbr'li, or For-li' 

Fbr'm§n-te'ra (-ta'-) 

For-mo'sa 

For'res 

Fbr-syth' 

Fbr-te-ven-tii'ra 

Forth 

Fos-sa'no 

Foth'er-in-gay 

Fou'di 

Fougeres (fo-zhar') 

Fou'lahs 

Fourghe 

Fbw'ey (or f 01) 

Foy'ers (fi'erz) 

France 

Franche Comte (fransb. 

koh-ta') 
Frangois (fran'swa) 
Fran-co'ni-a 
Fran'e-ker 
Frank' en-stein 
Frank'en-thal (-till) 
Frank'fort 
Fras-ca'ti 

Frau'en-burg (frou'-) 
Frau'stadt (froii'stat) 
Fred'er-icks-biirg 
Fred'er-icks-hall 
Fred'er-ic-ton 
Frei'berg 
Frei'biirg 
Frei'§ing 
Frei'sing-en 
Frei'stadtVstat) 
Frejiis (fra-zhusO 
Frey'biirg 
Frey'stadt (-stiit) 
Fri'biirg 
Fried'land 
Fries'land 
Fri'sche-Haff 
Fri-u'li, or Fri'u-li 
Frods'ham 
Fron-te'ra (-ta'-) 
Frontignac (fron-ten- 

yak') 
Fuer-te-ven-tu'ra (-ta-) 
Ful'da 
Ful'ton 

Funch'al, or Fun-fhal' 
Fu'nen 

Funf-kirph'en (fluf-) 
Fumes (f urn) 
Fur-riick-a-bad' 
Fiirth (flirt) 
Fy-za-bad' 



G. 



Ga-da'mis 

Ga-e'ta (gS-a'ta) 

Gaillac (gii-yak') 

Gaillon (ga-yong') 

Gair'ioph 

Ga-lap'a-gos 

Gal-a-shiel§' 

Ga-latz' 

Ga-le'na 

Gi-ir'ci-a 

Gal-lip'o-li 

Gal'li-po-lis' 

Gal'lo-way 

Gal'ves-ton 

Gal'way 

Gam'bi-a 

Ganges (ga'ngzh) (Fr.) 

Gan'f e§ (India) 

Gan-jam' 

Gard (gar) 

Gard'iner (gard'ner) 



626 



PRONUNCIATION OF 



Garfagnana (gar-fan-ya'- 

na) 
Gar-ga'no [no) 

Garigliano (gar-el-ya/- 
Ga-ronne' 
Gas-con-ade' 
Gas'co-ny, 
Gaspe" (gas'pe) 
pe-au'ga 
JSeel {or gal) 
£ef'le (gei'ne) 
jael'ders 
gren-e-see' 
Qren-e-se'o 
gre-ne'va 
g-en'e-vieve 
g-en'o-a 
geor'fi-a 
Gera (ga'ra) 
grer'ma-ny 

jSe-ro'na {or Ha-ro'na) 
Gers (zhar) 
Gex (zhex) 
pey'sers 
Ghauts (gawts) 
Gheel (gel or gal) 
Ghent (or gong) 
jShi-lan' 
§rib-ral'tar 
J&ies'sen (ges'sen) 
Gijon (He-Hou') 
jai'la (or He'la) 
gi-lo'lo 
pir-gen'ti 
Gironde (zh|-rond') 
gri'zeh, or p-i'zeh 
Gla-mbr'gan 
Gla'rus 

Glas'gow, or Glas'gow 
Glauchau (glou'kou) 
Gle-nSlg' 
Glo'gau (glo'goii) 
Glom'men 

Gloucester (glos'ter) 
Gluckstadt (glek'stat) 
Gmiind fgment) 
Gnesen (gna'zen) 
Go-dav'e-ry 
Goes (hOs) 
Gol-con'da 
Go-li-ad' 
Gom-br88n' 
Go-me'ra (-ma,'-) 
Go-nalves/ 
Go-nave' 
Gon'dar 
Gon-za'les 
Goom'ty 
Go-ree' 

Gbrlitz (giu'lits) 
Gortz (gurts) 
Go'tha {or gG'ta) 
Goth' land 
Got' ten-burg 
Gbttingen (get'ing-en) 
Gott'land 
Gou'da 
Gour (gor) 
Go-yaz' 
Goz'zo (got' so) 
Gra'ci-as a. Di'os 
Gra-ci-o'sa 
Gra-dis'ka 
Gram-mont' 
Gram'pi-an (Mts.) 
Gra.-na/da 
Gran'ger 
Grant' ham 
Gran'vil'le (U. S.) 
Gran-ville' (Fr.) 
Grasse 

Gratiot (grash'e-ot) 
Gratz (grets) 



Graudenz (grou'dents) 

Gravelines (grav'leV) 

Graves/ end 

Greece 

Green'land 

Green'law 

Gree'nock 

Green'wich (gren'jj or 

grin'ij) 
Greifs'wald 
Gre-na'da 
Gren-o'ble 
Gret'na Green' 
Grin'del-wald 
Gri'soris {or gre-zong') 
Gron'ing-en 
Gross-war'dein 
Gro'ton (Eng.) 
Grot'on (grot'tn) (U. S.) 
Griinberg (gren'berg) 
Gruyeres (gru-yar') 
Gua-da-la'vi-ar 
Gua-da-lax-a'ra {or 

gwa-da-la-Ha'fa) 
Gua-da-lu'pe 
Gua-dal-quiv'ir, or Gua- 

dal-qui-vir' f-ke-ver') 
Gui-de-loupe' (gaw-de- 

lop')' 
Gua-di-a'na 
Gua-man'ga 
Gua-na-ha'ni 
Gua-na're (-ra) 
Gua-na-jua'to, or Gua- 

na-xua'to (-liwa'to) 
Guan'ca Ve-li'ca 
Guar'da (gwar'da) 
Guar-daf-ut' (gar-daf- 

we') 
Guas-tal'la 

Gua-te-ma'la [ka) 

Guax-a'ca {or gwa-Ha'- 
Guay-a-quil' (gwl-a- 

kel')' 
Guay'mas 
Guaz-a-cual'co 
Guel'der-land 
Guel'ders. 
Guelph (gwelf) 
Gueret (ge-ra'j 
Giiern'sey 

Guer-re'ro (ger-ra'ro) 
Gui-a'na (ge-a'na) 
Gui-enne' (ge-6n') 
Guild'ford (gil'ford) 
Guin'ea (gin'e) 
Gui'nls (gwe'nes) 
Guines (gen) (Fr.) 
Guingamp (gang-gang') 
Gui-puz'co-a (ge-) 
Guis'bor-ough (giz'-) 
Guise (gez) 
Gum-bin'nen 
Gund-wa'nah 
Guntz'burg (giints'burg) 
GUstrow (ges'troj 
Guy-a'na (ge-) 
Guy-an-dotte' (gi-) 
Gu-zel-his'sar 
Gu'ze-rat' 
Gwa'li-or 
Gwin-nett' 
^yu'la (ju'la) 



H. 



Hab'er-sham 
Had'ding-ton 
Had'leigh (had'le) 
Had-ra-maut' 
Haer'lem (har'lem) 



Hague (hag) 

Hai-nan' 

Hainault (ha'no or hi'- 

nou.lt) 
Ha-jy-poor' 
Hal'ber-stadt (-stat) 
Hales-ow'en 
Hal'i-fax ' 
Hal'ie 
Hal'lein 

Hallowell (hol'lo-el) 
Ham-a-dan' 
Ha'mah 
Ham'biirg 
Ham'e-lin 
Ha'meln 
Ham'il-ton 
Ham'o-aze 
Hamp' shire 
Ha'nau (ha'nou) 
Hang-tcheou' (-chbAy') 
Har' de-man 
Har-fl'eur' 
Har'lem 
Har'ling-en 
Har'ris-biirg 
Har'row-gate 
Hart' ford 

Har' tie-pool (har'tl-pol) 
Hartz, or Harz (harts) 
Har'wich_(har'|j) 
Ha§'le-mere (-zl-) 
Has'ling-den 
Has'selt 
Hast'ings 
Hat'te-ras 
Haute (hot or ot) 
Ha-van'a 
Hav'ant 
Hav'el 

Hav'er-ford-West' 
Ha'ver-hill (-11) 
Havre (ha'vr) 
Havre-de-Grace (hav'- 

vr-de-gras) 
Ha-wai'i (ha-wl'e) 
Haw'ick, or Ha' wick 
Hay'ti {or I-te') 
Haze'broiick (az'bruk) 
Heb'ri-des 
Hech'ing-en 
Hec'la 
Hed-jaz' 
Hei'del-berg 
Heil'bronn 
Hel'i-go-land 
Hel'ies-pont 
Helmstadt (belm'stet) 
Hel-mund' 
Hel'sing-for§ 
Hel-vel'lyn 

Hel'voet-sluys {or -slois) 
Hen-lo'pen 
Hen-ri'co 
Her-a-cle'a 
He-rat', or He'rat 
Herault (a-ro' or ha'ro) 
Her'e-ford 
Her'ki-mer 
Her'm'an-stadt (her'- 

man-stat) 
Heriibsand (her'no-sand) 
Herrn'hut 
Hertford (har'ford) 

(Eng.) 
Hert'ford (U. S.) 
Her-ze-go-vi'na 
Hesse Cas'sel 
Hesse Darm'stadt (-stat) 
Hesse Hom'biirg 
Heyts'bu-ry (hats'-) 
Hild-burg-hau'sen (,hilt- 

burg-bou'zu) 



Hil'des-heim 
Hills'bor-ough 
Him-ma'leh, or Him-a- 

lay'a 
Hin-doo' Koosh' 
Hin-dos-tan' 
Hirsgh'berg 
His-pan-i-o'la 
Hi-was' see (lii-wos'e) 
Ho-ang'ho 
Ho-bo'ken 
Hoch'heim 
Ho-dei'da 
Hof'wyl 
H5gue (bog) 
Ho-hen-lin'den 
Ho-hen-lo'he 
H6-hen-zol'lern (ho-en- 

tsol'lei-n) 
Ho-ki-en' 
Hoi' stein 
Hol'ston 
Hol'y-head 
Hol'yoke 
Hol'y-well 
Ho-nan', or Ho'nan 
Hon-du'ras 
Hon'fieur 
Hon'i-ton 
Hon-o-lu'lu 
Hoog o-veen 
Hoogh'ly (hog'le) 
Hoorn 
Hbrs'ham 
Hough' am (huf'am) 
Hough'tpn (ho'ton) 
Hbuns'low 
H6u-quang' 
H6u-sa-ton'ic 
Hbus'sa 

H6us'ton {or hiis'ton) 
Hti-a-hei'ne 
Hua-sa-cual'co, or Hua- 

sa-ciial'co 
Huas'co {or wa's'ko) 
Hue (hu-a/ or bwa) 
Huel'va {or vel'va) 
Hues'ca (or wes'kS) 
Huil-quil-e'mu (hwil- 

kwil-a'mti) 
Hull' 

Hulme (horn) 
Hun'ga-ry (hung'ga-re) 
Huns'let 
Hiird'war 
Hu'ron 
Huy (hoi) 
Hveen (ven or van) 
Hy'der-a-bad' 
Hy'dra (or he'dra) 
Hy-dra-bad' 
Hythe 



I. 



i-bar'ra 

ib'er-ville 

Ib-ra-i'la 

l'colm-kill (-om-) 

I'da-ho {originally f-da/- 

id'ri-a [ho) 

Ig'lau (ig'lbu) _ 

I-gle'si-as (-gla'-) 

f-gua-la'da (-gwa-) 

Il'ches-ter 

Il'fra'-combe (-kiim) 

Il'ha Gran'de (el'ya) 

Il'kes-ton 

Illimani (el-ye-mii'ne) 

il-li-nbis' {or il-le-nbl') 

?l-lyr'i-a 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



Jl'min-ster 

Ilz (Hts) ' 

fm-e-ri"ti-a (-rish'e-a.) 

fm'o-la 

In'di-a (or In'je-a) 

In-di-an'a (In-je-an'a) 

in-dian-ap'o-lis 

In'dies (or l'n'jiz) 

In-dore' 

In-dour' 

Indre (ang'dr) 

fng'ham [stat) 

f n'gol-stadt (Ing'gol- 

Ink-er-man' 

Inns'pruck 

In-ve-ra/ry. 

in-ver-keith'ing 

In-ver-loch'y 

In-ver-ness' 

In-ve-ru'ry. 

i-o'na 

l-6'ni-an 

1'0-wa 

Ips'wich (or ip'sij) 

I-qui'que (e-ke'ka) 

J-rak' Ad'je-mi 

I-rak' Ar'a-bi 

Ire'dell 

Ir-koutsk' 

Ir-o-qubis' (or ir-o-k\vo 

ir-ra-wad'dy. 

Ir'tysch 

Is'phi-a 

Isgh'im 

i-se'o (e-sii'o) 

i'ser (e'zer) 

Ise're (e-z;'ir / ) 

f'ser-lohn (e'zer-lon') 

I'sis 

Js-lam-a-bad' 

Islay (i'la) 

Is'ling-ton 

is-ma-il', or Is'mail 

Is'mid 

Is-mid', T. 
J'so-la 
fs-pa-han' 
Is-sa-que'na 
Issoire (is-swaV) 
$s-sou-duh' 
Is'tri-a 
It'a-iy.' 
it-a-pi-cu-ru' 
It-a-wam'ba 
ith'a-ca 

I-vi'ca, or Iv'i-ca 
Iv-re'a (-ra/-) 
j'vry. 



Jaszbereny (yas-be-ra'- Khar-t66m' 

Jauer (you'er) [ne) Kher'son, or Ker-son' 

Ja'va, or Ja'va Khi'va 

Jed'biirgh (or jed'bur-ro) Kho-k'and' 



Jed'do (or yed'do) 
Jel-a-la-bad' 
Je'na (or ya'na) 
Jerez (Ha-retb/) 
Jer'gey 
Je-ru'sa-lem 
Jesi (ya'se) 
Jes'so (or yes'so) 
Jes-sul-meer' 
Jey-pore' 
Jid'da 

Ji-jo'na (He-Ho'na) 
Jo-an'ni-na, Wr. 
Jo-an-ni'na, E. 
Jom'ville 
Jol'i-ba 



Kho-ras-san' 

Khu'zis-tan' 

Ki-akh'ta 

Ki-an-ku' 

Klck-a-poo' 

Kid'der-min-ster 

Ki-ef ', or Ki-ev' 

Kiel 

Kil-dare' 

Kil-ken'ny 

Kil-la-la' 

Kil-li-loe' 

Kil-lar'ney 

Kil-mar'nock 



Jor'dan 

Jo-rui'lo (HO-rul'yo) 
Joud-pore' 
Joux (zho) 
Ju'an Fer-nan'dez 
Jug'§er-'nauth (-haut) 
Jujuy'(HU-H\ve'J 
Juliers (zhu'le-a) 
Jul'lin-der 
•0 Jum'na 

Jungfrau (yung'fruu) 

Ju-ni-at'a 

Ju'ra 

Jut'land 



(or zhwaug- Kil-more' 

[vel'j Kin-car'dine 



K. 



Kaar'ta 

Kair-wan' 

Kai-sa-ri'eh 

Kal-a-ma-zoo' 

Kal'i'sch' 

Ka-lu'ga 

Kam'i-niec (-nyetz) 

Ka-min'ietz (-yets) 

Kam-tchat'ka 



King-Ki-Ta'o 

Kin-ross' 

Kin-sale' 

Kin-tore' 

Kin-tyre' 

Ki'o-way 

Kirkcudbright (kirk- 

ko'bre) 
Ki'rk'wall 
Kir-man-shah' 
Kir-rie-muir' 
Kis-ki-min'e-tas 
Kit-tan'ning 
Kit-ta-tm'ny. 
Ki-u'shi-ii 
Ki-u-ta'jah (-ya) 
Kiz'il fr'mak 
Kla'|en-furth (-furt) 
Klat'tau (-toft) 
Klau'§en-burg (klotl'-) 
Knis'te-neau (nls'te-no) 
Knox'vllle 
Koen'igs-berg 
Ko-lin' 
Kol-y-van' 
Kongs'berg 
Ko'ni-eh 
Koos-koos'ke 



Ka-na'wha (ka-na\v'\va) K66-ta-nai' 



Jaca (Hii'ka) 
Jac-mel' (zhak-meK) 
Jacque-meT (zhak-mel 
Jaen (nii-en') 
Jaffa (or yaffa) 
Jaf-na-pa-tam' 
Ja'gua (iia'gwa) 
Jal-06-an' 
Ja-18un' 
Ja-mai'ca 

Ja-nei'ro (ja-na'ro), E. 
Ja'ni-na (yii'iie-nii) 
Ja-la'pa (Ha-la'pa) 
Ja-lis'co (Ha-lls'lco) 
Ja-pan' 
Ja-pu-ra' 

Jar-nac' (zhar-nak') 
Jar'o-slav (yflr'o-shlv) 
Jas'sy (yas'se or yash 
she) 



Kan-da-har 

Kan'sas 

Ka-ra' 

Ka-ra'-His-sar' 
Ka-ra-His'sar, 31. 

Ka-ra-ma'ni-a 

Kar'a-su 

Karls'burg 

Kaschau (kash'Su) 
Kas-chau' (-chofi') 

Kash-gar' 

Kash-mire' . 

Kas-kas'ki-a 

Ka-tah'din 

Ka' trine, or Kat'rine 

Ka-zan' 
) Kehl (kal) 

Keighley (keth'le) 

Ke-lat' 

Ke-na'wha (ke-naw'wa) 

Ken-ne-bec' 

Ken-ne-bunk' 

Ken-tuck'y 

Kl'ogh (ke'G) 

Ke'o-kiik 

Ker-man' 

Ker-man-shaw' 

Ker-shaw' 

Kesh'o 

Ke§'wick (or kez'jk) 

Kets'ke-met 

Kha-mil' 
- Kha-rasm' 

Khar-kof 



K6-ras-san' 
Kbr-do-fan' 
Kos-ci-us'ko 
Kos-tro'ma 
Kou-ban' 
Koursk 

Kow'no (kciv'no) 
Kras-no-yarsk' 
Krem'nitz 
T. Kreuznach (krbits'nak) 
Krish'na 
Kur-dis-tan' 
Ku-rile§', or Ku'riles 
Kursk 
Ku-tal'yeh 
Kut-tore'' 



Laa'land 

Lab-ra-dor' 

Lac'ca-dives. 

La-ghine' 

Laph'sa 

Lack-a-wan'na 

Lack-a-wax'en 

La-dakh' 

La'do-ga 

La-drone§' 

La-fay-ette' 

La-F6ur9he' [ra) 

La' go Maggiore (ma-jo'- 



La-Granfe' 

La Guay'ra 

La-gu'na 

La Hogue' 

La-hore' 

La-hou' (la-ho') 

La Man'cha 

La-mar' 

La Marche 

Lam-ba-ye'que (-yaTia) 

Lam'beth 

La-me'go (-ma'-) 

Lam'mer-muir 

La-moiile' 

Lan'ark 

Lanc'as-ter 

Lan-ei-a'iio (lan-che-a'- 

no) ' 
Lan-daff 

Lan-dau' (or lan-dou') 
Lan-der-neau' (-no'-j 
Landes (langd) 
Lan'dre-cy 
Lands'oerg 
Lands-cro'na 
Lands'hut 

Lan-geac' (lafi-zhak') 
Lang'e-land 
Lang-en-sal'za (-tsa) 
Lang'holm (lang'um) 
Lang'land 
Lan'gres (lang'gr) 
Lan-gue-doc' (lang-ge- 

duk') ' 
La-ni'ca 

Laon (Uing), M. P. 
La'os 

La Paz' (or Yd path) 
La-peer' 
La Pla'ta 
La-rache' (la-rash') 
La-re'd5 (la-ra'do) 
La-rls'sa 
Lar'ni-ka 
La Salle' 
Lat-a-cun'ga 
Lat-a-ki'a 
Lat-ta-koo' 
Lau'ban (ljiunjan) 
Lau'der-dale 
Lau_' en-burg (or liiQ'en- 

burg) 
Lau-sanne' (lo-zan') 
Lauterbourg (lu'ter-bor') 
Lau'ter-brunn (15(L'-) 
La-va v ca 
La-val' 

La-vaur' (lii-vur') 
La-vo'ro 
Lay'baph 
Leam'ing-ton 
Leb'a-npn 
Lebrija (la-bre'Ha) 
Lec'ce (let'cha) 
Lec-toure' 
Leeds 
Lee' ward (le'ward or 

lu'ardt 
Leg-horn', or Leg'hbrn 
Legnano (len-ya'nu) 
Le'high (le'hi) 
Leices'ter (les'ter) 
Leigh (\e) 
Leigh'lin (lek'lin), E. 

Leigh'lin (lelin), T. 
Leigh'ton (le'tun) 
Lei'ning-en 
Lein'ster, or Lein'ster 
Leip'sic 

Lei-ri'a (la-re'a) 
Leith (ieth) 
LeTt'me-ritz 
Leit'rim, or Lei'trim 



G28 



PEONUNCIATIOX OF 



Leixlip (1'is'Hp) 

Lem'berg- 

Le'na, or Le-na' 

Le-nap'e 

Len'a-wee 

Len'ni-Len-nap'pe 

Le-noir' (le-nor') 

Len-ti'na 

Le-o-gane' (la-) 

Leom'in-ster (U. S.) 

Leominster' (leni'ster) 
(Eng.) 

Le-on', or Le'on 

Le-o-ni'di (la-) 

Le-on-ti'ni (la-) 

Le-5'pold-sta.dt (-stat) 

Le-pan'to 

Le Puy (le-pwe') 

Ler'i-ci (ler'e-che) 

Ler'i-da. 

Ler'wick (ler'ik) 

Les'i-na 

Les Martigues (la-mar- 
teg') 

Le Su'eur 

Leu ch' ten-burg (loik'-) 

Leuk (loik) 

Leut'me-ritz (loit'nia- 
rits) 

Leutschau (loit'shou) 

Le-vant' 

Lev'en, or Le'ven 

Le-war'den, or Leeu'- 
war-den 

Lew'es 

Lew'ish-am 

Lex'ing--ton 

Leyd'en (li'dn) 

Ley'land 

Li-be'ri-a 

Li-bourne' 

Lich'field 

Lich'te-nau (-noxi) 

Lich'ten-fels 

Ligh'ten-stein 

Lief e (or le-azb/) 

Lieg'nitz 

Li-erre' 

Lille, or Lisle (lei) 

Li'ma, or Li'ma 

Lim'biirg' 

Lim'er-ick 

Lim'mat 

Lim-ofes' (llm-ozb/) 

Li-m6u-sin' (le-mo- 
zang') 

Li-moux' (le-mo') 

Li-na'res 

Lm'coln (ling'kon) 

Lin'dau {or lin'dou) 

Iing'en 

Lin'kio-ping 

Lin-lith'gow 

Lintz (lints) 

Lip'a-ri 

Lip'pe Det'mold 

Lis'bon 

Ll-si-'eux' (le-ze-uh') 

Lis-more' 

Litch'fleld _ 

Lith-ii-a'ni-a 

Lit' its 

Liu Kiu (le-u-ke-u) 

Li-va'di-a, or Liv-a-di'a 

Liv'er-pool 

Li-vo'ni-a 

Lian-daff' 

Lla-nel'ly (or lan-eth'le) 

Llan-gol'len (or lan- 
gotb/len)' 

Llan'id-loes (lan'id-les) 

Lla'nos (ly'a'nos) ' 

Llanrwst (lan-rosf) 



Llerena (lya-ra'na) 

Lo-an'd5 

Lo-an'go (lo-ang'go) 

Loph-a'be^r 

Loches (losh) 

Loph Lev'en 

Loch L5'mond 

Loph-ma'ben 

Loph'y 

Lodeve (lo-davO 

Lo'di (lo'de) 

Lo-fo'den 

Logrono (lo-gron'yo) 

Loire (lwar) 

Loiret (lwa-ra') 

Loja (lo'Ha) 

Lom'bar-dy. 

Lom'bok 

Lo'mond 

Lon'don 

Lon-don-der'ry 

Lons-ie-Saulnier (long- 

le-so-ne-a') 
L66-ch66', or Liu Kiu 
Lo-rain' (Ohio) 
Lo-ret'o 

L' Orient (lo're-ang') 
Lor-raine' 
Los An'ge-les 
Lost-with'iel 
Lot (or lo) ' 
Lo'thi-an 
Lou'don 
Lbu'doun 
Lough'bor-ough (luf- 

bur-o) 
Lough Erne (lok'ern') 
Lough Neagh (lok'ne' or 
lok'ne'a.) 

Lough Neagh (lok'na/) 
Lough-rea' (lok-ra/) 
Lou-i'§a 
Lou'is-biirg 
L6u-is-i-a'na 
Lou'is-ville '(or lo'e-vll) 
Lou-vain' 
Louviers (lo've-ii') 
LSu'vo 
Low'ell 
Lowes' toft 
Lowositz (lo'vo-sits) 
Lozere (lo-zar') 
Lu'beck 
Lubeck (le'bek) 
Lub'lin 

Lu-ca'ya (or lu-kl'a) 
Luc'ca, or Luc'ca 
Lu-ce'na (lu-tha'na) 
Lu-ce'ra (lu-cha/ra) 
Lu-cerne' 
Liick'now 
Lu-con' (or lu-song') 
Lud'low 
Lud'wigs-burg 
Lud'wig§-lust 
Lu-ga'no 
Lund 

Lu'ne-burg (le'-) 
Lu-nlT 
Lu'nen-burg 
Lu'ne-ville' 
Lu-pa'ta 

Lu-sa'ti'-a (lu-sa'she-a) 
Lut'zen (-sen) 
Lux'em-biirg 
Lux'or, or Lux'or 
Lu-zerne' 
Lu-zon' 
Ly-com'ingr 
Lyme Re'f-is 
Lym'fi-ord 

Lyonnaise (le-on-naz') 
Ly'ong (ll'onz) 



M. 



Maas 

Maas'luys (or mas'lcils) 

Ma-ca'o (or ma-kou.') 

Mac-a-pa' 

Ma-cas'sar 

Mac'cles-field (-klz-) 

Mac-e-d5'ni-a 

Mac-e-ra'ta (inach-) 

Ma-chi'as 

Machynileth (ma-hunf- 

leth) 
Mac-ken'zie 
Mack-i-naw' 
Mac-lean' 
Ma-comb' (-kom') 
Ma'con(Ga.)_ 
Macon (ma-kong') (Fr.) 
Ma-cou'pin 
Mac-quar'rie (-kwor'-) 
Mad-a-gas'car 
Mad-da-lo'ni 
Ma-dei'ra (or ma-da'ra) 
Ma-de'ra (-da.'-) 
Mad'i-son 
Ma-dras' 

Ma-drid', or Mad'rid 
Ma-du'ra, or Mad'u-ra 
Mael'strom 
Maese (maz) 
Maes'tricht (mes'trikt) 
Mag-da-le'na (or -la'na) 
Mag'de-biirg [Ian' 

Ma-|-ei'lan, or Maf-el- 
Maf-e-roe' 
Mai-gio're (ma-jo'ra.) 
Ma-fin-da-na'o 
Mag-ni'§a 
Magny (nnin'ye) 
Ma-ha-nud'dy 
Ma-hon', or Ma-hSn' 
Ma-ho'ning 
Mah-rat'ta 
MS'i-da 
Main, or Main 
Ma'i-na 
Maine 
Ma-jbr'ca 
Mal-a-bar' 
Ma-lac'ca 
Mal'a-ga 

Ma-lai's'i-a (ma-la'she-a) 
Malar (nia'lar) 
Malaren (ma'lar-en) 
Ma-lay' 
Mil'den 

Mai-dives', or Ma.l'dive§ 
Malheur (ma-lor') 
Mal-i-col'lo 
Malines Tma-len') 
Mal'me-dy 

Malme§'bu-ry (mamz'-) 
Malmb (m'al'mo) 
Malplaquet(mal-plak-ri') 
Mal'strom 
Mal'ta 
Mal'ton 
Mal-va-si'a, or 

Mal-va'si-a 
Mal'vern (or maw'vern) 
Mal'wah 
Ma-mar'o-neck 
Ma-naar'' 
Man-a-yiink' 
Manche 
Man'ches-ter 
Man-da'ra 
Man-din'go (-ding'-) 
Ma'ne 

Man-fre-do'ni-a 
Man-ga'-lore' (mang-) 



Man-hat'tan 

Ma-nil'la 

Ma-nis'sa 

Man-i-to-ba' 

Mann'harts-berg 

Mann'heim 

Man-re'sa (man-ra'sa) 

Mans, Le (le-mang') 

Man-sou'ra 

Man-tch66'ri-a 

Man'to-va 

Man'tu-a 

Man-za-na'res (or man- 

tha-ria'res)' 
Man-za-nil'lo (-nel'yo) 
Mar-a-cay'bo (-ki'bo) 
Mar'a-mec 
Maf-an-ham' 
Maranon (mar'a.-non or 

mar-an-yon') " 
Ma-ra'vi 

Mar-bel'la (miir-bel'ya) 
Mar-ble-h'ead' 
Mar'burg 
Marghe 

Mar-che'na (-cba,'-) 
Mar-din' 
Ma-ren'g'o 
Mar-ga-ri'ta 
Mai-' gate 
Mar-i-a'na 
Mar-ie-Ga-lante' 
Ma-ri-el' ' 
Ma-ri'en-bad 
Ma-ri'en-burg 
Ma-ri-en-wer'der 
Ma-ri-en-zell' (-'tselO 
Ma-ri-et'ta [no) 

Marigliano (mar-el-ya'- 
Mar'i-on 
Ma-rit'za (-sa) 
Marl'bor-ough 
Mar'mo-ra 

Mar-o-ni',' or Ma-ro'ni 
Ma-rosch' (-rosh) 
Mar-que'sa§ (mar-ka.'- 

saz) 
Mar-sa'la 

Marseilles (mar-salz') 
Mar-ta-ban' 
Mar-ti-nique' 
Mar-war' 
Ma'ry-land 
Ma'ry-le-bone (omar'- 

e-bon) ' [ro) 

Masafuero (mas-a-fwa'- 
Mas-ca'li 
Mas'ham (mas'am) 
Mas-ke'gon 
Mas'sa 

Mas-sa-chu'setts 
Mas'so-wah 
Mas'u-ah 
Ma-su-li-pa-tam' 
Mat-a-mo'ros 
Ma-tan'zas 
Mat-a-pan' 
Mat-a-ri'a 
Mat-a-ro' 
Ma-te'ra (-ta'-) 
Mats'mai 
Mat-ta-po-ny' 
Mat'u-ra, or Ma-tu'ra 
Mauph Chunk 
Mauch'line 
Mau'i (mbu'e) 
Mau-mee' 

Mau-re-pas' (mo-re-pa') 
Mau-ri'ti-Qs (or -rish'e- 
May-a'co [us) 

May-a-g-ua'na 
Mayence (ma-yons') 
May-enne' 



MODEEN GEOGEAPHICAL NAMES. 



629 



Mayne (man or niin) 

May-nooth' 

May'o, or Ma-yo' 

Mays'ville 

Ma-zan-de-ran' 

Maz-at-lan' 

Maz-za'ra (uiat-sa'ra) 

Me-a'cb 

Meaux (mo) 

Mec'ca 

Mech'lin 

Me-chb-a-can' 

Meck'len-biirg 

Me-con' 

Me-di'na, or Me-di'na 

Med-i-ter-ra'ne-an 

Mee-rut' 

Me-hal'let-el-Ke-Mr' 

(nia-hai'let-el-ka-bir') 
Me-her'rin 
Meigs (megz) 
Mei-kong' 
Mel'ning-en 
Meis'sen (im'sen) 
Me-jer'dah 
Mek-i-nez' 
Melazzo (ma-lat'so) 
Melbourne 
Me-lin'da 
Mel-rose' 
Me-liin' 
Mem'el 
Mem'ming-en 
Mem-phre-ma'gog 
Me-nai', or Men'al 
Me-nai'na 
Me-nan' 
Me-nard' 

Mendana (men-dan'ya) 
Men-do-ci'nb [thsj 
Mer.-do'za [or niPti-do'- 
Meneage (me-neg') 
Me-nin' (me-naug') 
Me-nom'o-nie 
Mentz (ments) 
Me-nuf 
Men-za/leh 

Meq'ui-ngz (niek'e-nez) 
Mer-din' 

Mer-gui' (nier-ge') 
Mer'i-da 
Mer'j-o-neth 
Mer-men-tau' (-to') 
Mer'o-e 
Mer'ri-mack 
Mer'se-burg 
Mer'sey 

Mer'thyr Tyd'vi. 
Mes'chid 
Mesh'ed 
Mes-o-lon'§i 
Mes-si'na 
Mes-u-ra'db 
Mes-u-ra'ta 
Met'e-lin 
Metz (niets or mas) 
Meurthe (murt) 
Meuse (muz) 
Mex'i-cb 

Mezieres (niez-yar') 
Mi-a'kb 
Mi-am'i 
Mich'i-gan 
Mich-il-i-mack'i-nac (or 

-mak-e-naw') 
Mi-chb-a-can' 
Mid'del-biirg [ro) 

Mid'dle-bor-ough (-btir'- 
Mid'dle-bu-ry (-ber-e) 
Mid'dle-tbwn 
MTl'an 

Mi-laz'zb (me-lat'so) 
Milhau (me-lo') 



Mil'ledge-vIHe Mon-te-lo'vez (-ves) 

Mi'lb Mbn-te-ne'grb (-na'-) 

Mil-wau'kie Mbn-te-reau' (-ro') 

Mi'nas-Ge-ra'es (-zba-) Mon-te-rey' (-ra') 



Min'cib (niln'cho) 

Min-da-na'b 

Min'den 

Min-db'rb 

Min-gre'li-a 

Mln'ho (or liien'yo) 

Min-ne-sb'ta 

Mino (men'yo) 

Mi-nbr'ca 

Miq-ue-lbn' (-§-) 

Mir-a-mi-chi' 

Mi*ran' do-la 

Mi-re-court' _(-kor') 

Mirepoix (mer-pwa') 

Mls'i-tra 

Miskolcz (mish-kolts') 

Mis-sis-sip'pi 

Mis-so-lbn'ghi 

Mis-sbu'ri (mis-so're) 

Mit'tau (mit'tou) 

Mo-bile' 

Mb'cha 

Mod'e-na 

M6d'i-ca 

M6g--a-dore' 

Mohacs (mo-hach') 

Mb'hawk 

Mo-he'gan 



Mb-hi-lev', or Mo-hi'lev Mo-rbc'cb 



Mon te Vid'e-o (or nion'- 

te-ve-da'o)" 
Mbnt-fer-rat' 
Mont-gom'er-y 
Mon-ti-cel'io 
Montilla (mon-tel'ya) 
Mont-martre' (mong- 

martr') 
Mont-mo-ren'cy 
Mont-pel'ier (-yer) 
Mont-pel'li-er (or mong- 

pel'e-a) 
Mont-re-a'le (mont-ra- 

a'la) 
Mon-trbse' 
Mont-ser-rat' 
Moor-sbed-a-bad' 
Moose-hil'lock 
Mo-quel'um-ne 
Mo-rad-a-bad'* 
Mo-ra'va 
Mo-ra'vi-a 
M6"r'ay (niCir're) 
Mbr-bi-han' 
Mo-re'a 

Mo-re'na (mo-ra'na) 
Mbr-gar'ten 
Morlaix (mbr-la') 



Moissac (mwa-sak') 

Mol'dau (-dbu) 

Mol-da'vi-a 

Mol-fet'ta ' 

Mo-li'se (-sa) 

Mb-lo-kai' 

Mo-luc'ca 

Mom-bas' 

Mom-ba'za 

Mom' pox (or mom-po') 

Mon'a-co 

Mo-nad'nock 

Mon'a-ghan (-gan) 

Mon-as-tir' 

Mon-cha-b66'_ 

Mon-de'go (-da'go) 

Mondonedo (mon-don- 

ya'do) 
Mon-do-vi' 
Mo-nem-ba-sl'a 
Mon'fa-lout 
Mon-fer-ra'to 
Mon-ghir' (mun-ger') 
Mon-go'li-a 
Mon-i-teau' (-to') 
Mon' mouth 
Mp-non-ga-he'la 
Mo-non-ga'li-a 
Mo-nop'o-li [la) 



Mo-ron' 

Mbr-tagne' (mbr-tan') 

Mbr-ta'ra 

Mbrte-mar' 

Mos'cow 

Mo-§elle' 

Mos-qui'to (mos-ke'to) 

Mo'sul 

Mo-ta'la 

Mo-ta'pa 

Mo-tril' 

Moulins (mo-lang') 

Moul-tan' 

Moul'trie (or mo'tre) 

Mount De-sert' 

Mour-zouk' 

Mby-a-men'sing 

Mo-zam-bique' 

Muhl'(mnl) 

Muh'len-biirg 

Miihlhausen (mil-hi 

Miihlheim (mll-blm') 

Muhr (mor) 

Mul'de [zeu; 

Miilhausen (mil-hbu'- 

Mul-lin-gar' 

Mii'niph 

Mun'ster 

Mur'ci-a (miir'she-a) 



[zm] 



Mon-re-a'le (mon-ra-a'- Miir'free§-bor-ough 



Mon-rb'vi-a 
Mons (mo'ngs) 
Montagnana (mon-tan- 

ya'na) 
Mon'ta-gue [zh§0 
Montargis (mong-tar- 
Montauban (mong-to- 

bang') 
Montbeliard (mong-ba- 

le-ar') 
Mont Blanc (or mong 

blang) 
Montbrison (mong-bre 

zong') 
Mont-calm' (-kam') 
Mont-de-Marsan (mon; 

de-mar-sang') 
Mon-te'go 
Montelimart (mong-tel- Na'as 



Mur'rum-bid-|-ee 
Mur-vi-e'drb (mur-ve-a'- 
Mus-cat' [dro) 

MQs-ca-tine' 
Mus-cb'§ee 
Mus'co-vy 

Mus-kin'gum (-king'-) 
Mus'sel-biirgh (or bur-o) 
Miit'tra 

Mut'tra, T. 
Myc'9-nos 
My-sore' 
Myt'i-le 



N. 



E. Wr. 



e-mar / ) 



Naas, T. 



53* 



Nacogdoches (nak-o-do'- 

Na-ga-sa'ki [cbiz) 

Nag-p66r' 

Na-hant' 

Na-ma'quas 

Na'mur, or Na-mur' 

Nan'cy 

Nan-ga-sa'ki 

Nan-kin' 

Nan'se-mond 

Nantes (nants or nangt) 

Nan'ti-cbke 

Nan-tiick'et 

Nant' wich' (nant'ich) 

Na'ple§ (na'plz) 

Nap'lous 

Nap'o-li 

Nar-bonne' 

Nar-ma'da 

Na'ro-va, or Na-ro'va 

Nase'by 

Nash'u-a 

Nash'ville 

Nas'sau (or nas'sbu) 

Na-tal' 

Natch'ez 

Natch-i-toch'ej (or nik'- 

e-tosh) 
Na-tb'li-a 
Nau'ga-tuck 
Naum'burg (or nbum'- 

burg) 
Naup'li-a 
Nav'an 
Nav-a-ri'no 
Na-varre' 
Nav-i-dad' 
Nax-i'a 
Naz'a-reth 
Neagh (na or nl-'a) 
Ne-bras'ka 
Nedj'ed 

Ife-em-bu-cu' 'n'ya-) 
Neg-a-pa-tam' 
Neg'ro-pont 
Neil-gher'ry 
Nejin (na-zbon') 
Nel-lore' 

Nemours (ne-mur') 
Nenagh (ne-na 7 ) 
Ne-paul'_ 
Nerac (iia-riik') 
Ner-bud'da 
Nert's?hinsk 
Nes'co-pec 
Neth'er-lands 
Ne-thou' (ne-tGO 
Neu'biirg (or nbl'burg) 
Neuchatel (nuh-«ha-tel'1 
Neufchatel(iuh-sba-tel') 
Neuilly-sur-Seine <,iich- 

ye'siir-san') 
Neusatz (noi'sats) 
Neuse (nus) 
Neu'sohl (or nbl'sol) 
Neu'stadt (or nol'stat) 
Neii'wied (or nol'wet) 
Ne'va (or na-va') 
Ne-va'da 
Nevers (ne-var 7 ) 
Nev'er-sink 
New'ark 
New' -Berne 
New'bu-'ry 
New'bu-ry-port' 
New-cas'tie, or New'* 

cas-tle 
New' found-land 
New Gra-na'da 
New Hamp'shire 
New Ha'ven 
New Je'r'sey 
New'mar-ket 



630 



PKONUNCIATION OF 



New 6r'le-ans 

New'port 

New York' 

New Zea'land 

Nga'mi (ng as in sing) 

Ni-ag'a-ra 

Nie-a-ra'gua (-gwa) 

Nice (nes) 

Nic-o-bar' 

Nic-ol-let' (-la') 

Ni-cop'o-li 

Ni-co-si'a 

Nic-o-te'ra (-ta'-) 

Nie'men 

Nieu'port_ 

Nievre (ne-a/vr) 

Ni'ger 

Nijni (nizh'ne) 

Nik-o-lal'ef 

Nim'e-guen (-§en) 

Nim-we'fen (-wa'-) 

Ni'brt (ne'br) 

Ni'phon, or Nip'pon 

Nip'is-sing 

Nish-a-pour' 

Nismes, or Nimes 

(nemz or nem) 
Ni-velles' (ne-vel') 
No-ce'ra (no-cha'ra) 
Noirmoutier (nwar-md'- 

te-a) 
Nordhausen (nbrt'hbu- 

zen) 
Nordkoping (nord'cho- 

Ping) 
Nbrdlingen (nbrt'ling-en 

or nurt'liiig-eu) 
Nor' folk {or ubr'fok) 
Nor'man-dy 
Nbr'ridge-wock 
Nbrtti-amp'ton 
Nbr-thum'ber-land 
Nor' way 

Nor'wich (nor'rij) 
Not' ting-ham 
No-va'ra 
No'va Sco'ti-a (skb'- 

she-a) 
No'va Zem'bla 
Ncv-go-rod', or Nov-o- 

go-rod' 
Nox'u-bee 
Noyon (nwa-yOng') 
Nu'bi-a 

Nu-e'ces (nu-a'ses) 
Nue-vi'tas (nwa-) 
Nu-ka-hi'va 
Nu'rem-berg 
Nykbping (ne'cho-ping) 



O. 



Oahu (walio) 

Oajaca (wa-Ha'ka) 

O-beid'^(o-bad') 

6'ber-lin 

O'by. 

Oeaiia (o-kan'ya) 

Oe-co-quan'_ 

6-ce-an'a (o-she-an'a; 

o-ce-a'ni'-a (o-she-a'ne-a) 

5-ce-a.n'i-ca (o-ske-an'e- 

Oc-e-o'la ' [ka) 

Orchil 

Ock-lo-ko'nee 

Oc-mul'gee 

p-co'nee 

5'cra-coke 

Oc-to-ra'ra 

6'den-see * 

O'der 



g-des'sa 

0-dey-p5re' 

6e'den-burg 

6e ; land (6'land) 

Oels (els) 

6e're-bro 

Se'sel (G'sel) 

Oet' ting-en 

5f fen-bach 

Og'dens-biirg 

o-gee'chee 

6'gle-thdrpe (-gl-) 

O-hi'o 

Oise (waz) 

O-ka-nag'an 

5k-hotsk' ' 

Ok-tib'be-ha* 

Ol'den-burg 

6-le-a.n' 

Oleggio (o-led^o) 

Oleron (o-la-rong') 

51-i-ven'za 

Olmiitz (ol'muts) 

Ol'o-netz 

O-lot' 

6'ma-hS 

O-raan' 

O-mo'a 

om-pom-po-n68'sue 

Ofiate (on-ya'ta) 

o-ne'ga 

Oneglia (o-nal'ya) 

O-nei'da 

6n-on-d&'ga 

On-ta'ri-o 

08-jeIn' 

Oo-na-lash'ka 

Oor'fU 

06-roo-mee'a 

06s-te-nau'la 

Op'e-lou'sas 

0-por't5 

Sp'peln 

Op'pen-heim 

o-ran', or 6'ran 

Or'ange 

Ore'brc^(er'e-bro) 

Or'e-gon 

O'rel, or o-rel' [na) 

O-rel-la'na {or o-rel-ya'- 

5'ren-biirg 

O-ren'se (-sa) 

O-ri-hue'la (o-re-wa'la) 

O-ri-no'co 

O-ris'ka-ny. 

6-ris-ta'no 

5r-i-za'ba 

Ork'neys 

Orleannais, or Orlean- 

nois (or-la-an-na') 
bYle-an§ 
Or-15f' 
Or'muz 
O-ron'tes 
6r-o-pe'sa (-pa.'-) 
Or'so-va 
Or'te-ga.1 
Orth'ez (br-ta') 
O-ru'ba 
O-rii'ro 

6r-vi-e'to (br-ve-a'tb) 
O-sage' 
5s-ce-o'la 
Osh'kosh 
6sh-m66-nayn' 
Osnabriick (oz'na-bruk) 
Os'na-biirg 
Os-sa-baw' 
Os'si-pee 
Os'so-la 
Ss'so-ry. 
Qs-sii'na 
os-tend' 



Os'ti-aks 

Os-tra'si-a (-she-a) 
5s-we-gatch'ie 
os-we'go 

6§'wes-try (oz'es-tre) 
Ot-a-ba'lo 
o-ta-hel'te 
Ot^cha'kov, or 

Ot-cha-kov' 
O-tran'to, or 6'tran-to 
Ot-se'go 

5t-ta-ja'no (ot-ta-ya'no) 
Ot'ta-wa 
Ot'ter-biirn 
Ouachita (wosh'e-ta) 
Oude (owd) 
©ude'narde {or bu-de- 

nar'da) [sin) 

Ouis-con'sin (wjs-kon'- 
Oun'dle (iin'dl) 
6u'ral, or 6u-ral' 
6u-ralsk' 
6ur'fa (or'fa) 
©ur'ga (oi"'ga) 
6u-ri'que (-ka) 
Ourthe (ort) 
Ou§e (oz or buz) 
o'ver-ton 
O-ver-ys'sel 
6-vi-e'do (o-ve-a'do) 
O-vo'ca 
O-was'co 
6-we'go 
O-why'hee 
Ox' ford 
O-ya-pok' 
6'za-ka, or 6'sa-ka 
O-zark' 



P. 



Pa-chu'ca 

Pac'o-let 

Pa'dang 

Pad'er-bbrn 

Pad'u-a 

Paglia (pal'ya) 

Pai§'ley 

Pa-lat'i-nate 

Pal'a-tine, or Pal'a-tine 

Pal-a-wan' 

Pal-em-bang' 

Pa-len'ci-a (pa-len'- 

sbe-a) 
Pa-len'que (-ka) 
Pa-ier'mo 
Pal'es-tine 
Pal-es-tri'na 
Pal-i-caud-cher'ry 
Pal'li-ser 
Pal-my^ra 
Pa'16 Al'to 
Pa'los 
Pam'li-co 
Pam-pe-lu'na 
Pam-plo'na 
Pan-a-ma' 
Pa-nay' (pa-ni') 
Pa-no'la 

Pan-sco'va {-cho'vii) 
Pa-nu'co 
Pa'o-la 

Pap'ii-a {or pa-po'a) 
Pa-ra' 
Par-a-guay', or 

Par-a-guay' 
Par-a-i'ba 
Par-a-mar'i-bo 

Pa-ra-ma'-ri'bo, M. P. 
Par-a-mat'ta 
Par-a-na' 



Pa-ra-na-gua' 

Par-a-na-i'ba 

Par'ga 

Pa'ri-a 

Pa-ri'ma 

PSr'is 

Par'ma 

Par-nas'sus 

Par-ral' 

Pas-ca-gou'la 

Pas-cua'ro 

Pas-de-Calais (pa'de- 

ka-la') 
Pas'quo-tank 
Pas-sa'ic 

Pas-sa-ma-quod'dy 
Pas-sa-r66-wan' 
Passa'u (pas'suu) 
Pas-sy' (pas-se') 
Pat-a-go'ni-a 
Pa-taps'c5 
Pa-tay' 
Pat'e-ra 
Pat'er-son 
Pat'mos 
Pat'na 
Pa-tras' 
Pa-tuck'et 
Pau (po) * 
Pa-vi'a 
Paw'ca-tuck 
Paw-tuck'et 
Pays de Vaud (pa'e-de- 
Pay'ta [vo') 

Pe-dee' 

Pee'bles (pe'blz) 
Pe-gu' 

Pei'ho {or paTio) 
Pei'pus {or pa'e-pus) 
Pe-king', or Pe-kin' 
Pe-lew' 
Pem'bi-na 
Pern' broke (-brfik) 
Pem-i-ge-was'set (pem- 

e-je-wos'set) 
Peiiafiel (pen-ya-fe-el') 
Pe-nang' 
Pen-den'nis 
Penn-syl-va'ni-a 
Pe-nob'scot 
Pen'rith (or pe'rith) 
Pen-ryn', or Pen'ryn 
Pen-sa-co'la 
Pen-zance' 
Pe-o'ri-a 
Per-di'd'5 
Per-e-slavl' 
Perigord (per'e-g"r') 
Perigueux (per-e-guh') 
Per-nam-bu'co 
Per'nau (per'niiu) 
Pe-ro'te (pa-ro'ta) 
Perpignan (per-pen- 
Per-quim'an§ [yang') 
Per'si-a (per'shg-a) 
Pe-ru' ' 
Pe-ru'fi-a 
Pe'sa-ro (pa'-) 
Pes-chi-e'ra (-a,'-) 
Pe-sha'wur 
Pesth (pest) 
Pe-tchee-lee' 
Pe-ter-war'deln 
Pe-tro-za-vodsk' 
Pet's(;ho-ra 
Pezenas (pa-za-nas' or 

pa-za-na') 
Phil-a-del'phi-a 
Ph!l'ip-pine§ 
Phil-ip-pop'o-lis [sa) 
Pi-a-cen'za (pe-a-chent'- 
Pi-a've (-va) 
Pic'ar-dy. 



MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 



631 



Pi-chin'cha 

Pi'co 

Pic-tou' (plk-to') 

Pied'mont 

Pi-en'za (pe-ent'sa) 

Pi-e'to-la (-a'-) 

Pignerol (pin-ya-rol')_ 

Pignerolo (pln-ya-ru'Jo) 

Pil-co-ma/yo 

Pil'lau (pil'lbii) 

Pin-e-ro'lo 

Pi-om-bi'no 

Piq'ua (pik'wa) 

Pi'r'ma-sens 

Pi'sa ' 

Pis-cat'a-qua 

Pis-cat'a-quis 

Pis-to'ja (pls-to'ya) 

Pi'te-a (pe'te-o) 

Pitts'biirg 

Pla-cen'ci-a 

Placer (pla-'ther') 

Plaque-mine' (plak- 

men') 
Pla'ta, La 
Platte 

Plau'en (plou'en) 
Pleis'se (pb'se) 
PKn-lim'mon 
Plock (or pl'otsk) 
Plombieres (plom-be-; 
Plym'outh 
Po-ca-hon'tas 
Po-co-moke' 
Pod-gb'r'za 
Pod-la'phi-a 
Po-do'li-a 

Point Cou-pee' (-pa') 
Poitiers (pb'1-terz' or 

pwa'te-a.) 
Pbi-tou' (or pwii-t&') 
Po'land 
Pol-ta'va 



Pres'biirg 

Presque Isle (presk-el') 
Pre§t'bu-ry, (prez'ber-e) 
Pres'teigne (-ten), E. 

Pres-teigne' (-tan'), T. 
Pres-ton-pans' 
Prev'e-sa 
Prieg'nitz 
Prin-ci-pa'to (-eke-) 
Prip'ets 
Pri-vas' 

Pro'ci-da (pro'cke-da) 
Provence (prO-varis') 
Prussia (prusb'a or pru'- 

sha) 
Pruth (prut) 
Przemysl (pzhem'jzl) 
Pskov (pskof) 
Puebla (pwa'bla or pu- 

a'bla) 
Pu-er'to Ri'co 
Puglia (pul'ya) 
Pu-las'ki 
Piin-der-poor' 
Pun-jab', or Pun-jaub' 
Pun'tas A-re'nas (-va/-) 
Puy-de-D6me (pwe-de- 

dom'j 
Pwllheli (pol-hel'e) 
Pyr'e-nee§ 
') Pyr'mont 



Q. 



Quatre Bras (ka'tr-bra') 
Que-bec' 
Qued'lin-btirg 
Quel'paert [ro) 

Que-ret'a-ro (or kfi-ra'ta- 
Quesnoy (ken-wa') 
Quiberon (ke-brong') 



Pol-y.-ne'si-a (-ne'she-a) Quil-e-ma'ne (kil- 



Qui-li-a'no (kwe-) 
Q,uil-i-man'cy 
Quil-io'ta (or kel-yo'tii) 
aui'lo-a (ke'-), Br. T. 

Qui-16'a (ke-), E. M. 
Quimper (kam-par') 
Quin'e-baug 
Qui'tb (ke'to) 



R. 



P6m-e-ra'ni-a [ye) 

Pom-pe'i-i [or pfiin-pa/- 
Pon-di-cher'ry, 
Pont-char-train' 
Pon'te-fract (or pom'- 

fret) 
Pon-te-ve'dra (-va/-) 
Pon'ti-ac 
Pon'to-toc 

Pon-tre'mo-li (-tra'-) 
Poo'nah 
Po-pa-yan' 
Po-per-Ing'en 
Po-po'ca-ta-petl 
Port'-au-Prince' (-5-) 
Pbr'ti-ci (or pOr'te-che) 
Port Ma-hon' 
PSr'to Pray'a 
Por'to Prin'cJ-pe (-pa) 
Por'to Ri'co 
Ports' mouth 
Port'u-gal 
Po'sen 
Po-si-lip'po 
Po-ten'za (po-tent'sa) 
Po-to'mac 
Po-to-si' 
Pots'dam 
Pot-ta-wat'o-mies 

P9ugh-keep'sie'(p9-kTp'- Ra-pides' (-ped') 
Poul'ton [se) Rap-pa-han'nock 

Pbw-ha-tan' Rar'i-tan 

Po-yang' Ras'tidt (-stat) 

P6z-zu-o'lo (pot-su-5'16) Rath-keale' 
Prague (prag) Rat'i-bbr 

Prai-rie-du-ghien' Rat'is-bon 

Preble (preb'bl) Ra-v'en'na 

Preg'el Rav'en§-berg 

Prenz'lau (prents'lbu) Rav'en-steln 



Raab (rab) 

Ra-bat' 

Ra-cine' 

Rac-o-ni'g-j 

Rad'a-ma 

Ra-gu'sa, 

Rah'way 

Rai'sin 

Ra-ja-mun'dry. 

Raj-poo-ta'na 

Ra'leigh (ravv'le) 

Rambouillet (riim-bo- 

Ram-il-lie§' [ya') 

Ram'le-ah 

Ram-poor' 

Ran-goon' 



Read'ing 

Re-ca-na'ti (ra-) 

Re-ci'fe (ra-se'fa) 

Red'ruth 

Re'gen (ra,'-) 

Re'fens-burg (ra'-) 

Regg'io (red'jo) 

Re-ho'both 

Rei'chen-au (-bfi) 

Rei'chen-bach 

Rei'ehen-berg 

Reieh^stadt (-stat) 

Rel'gate 

Rei'ki-a-vik 

Reims 

Re-i-no'sa (ra-) 

Renaix (re-na'j 

Ren'frew (-fru) 

Rennes (ren) 

Rens'se-laer 

Requena (ra-kan'yii) 

Re-sa'ca 

Re-si'na(ra-) 

Re'us (ra'us) (Sp.) 

Reuss (or rois) (Ger.) 

Reut'ling-en (rbit'-) 

Rev'el 

Rhe (ra) 

Rhea (ra) 

Rheims (remz or remz 

or rangz) 
Rhein'thal (rin'tal) 
Rhine (rin) [land) 

Rhode Isl'and (rod-i'- 
Rhodes (rodz) 
Rhodez (ro-da') 
Rhone 
Ri-a-zan' 
Ric-ca-rees/ 
) Riche'lieu (-le-uh or 

resh'e-lti) 
Rich'mond 
Rideau (re-do') 
Rie'sen-ge-birg^'e 
Ri-e'ti (le-a'te) 
Ri'ga, or Ri'ga 
Rig'o-let 
Rim'i-ni 
Ri-o-bam'ba 
Ri'o Bra'vo 
Ri'o Col-o-ra'do 
Ri'o del Nb'r'te (-ta) 
Ri'o Dul'ce (-sa) 
Ri'o Gran'de (-da) 
Ri'o Janeiro (re'o-ja-na' 

ro or re'o-ja-ue'ro) 
Ri-6m' (re-ong') 
Ri'o Sal-a-dil'lo (-yo) 
Ri'o Sa-la'do 
Ri'o Ti'gre 
Ri'o Ver'de 
Rip'on 

Ris-ti-gouche' 
Rive-de-Gier (rev'de- 

zhe-a') 
Rive§ (or rev) 
Riv'o-li 
Roane (ron) 
Ro-anne' 
Ro-an-6ke' 
Roch'dale 

Rofhe'fort (or rosh'for) 
Rochefoucault (rosh'fo- 
Ro-fhelle' [ko') 

Roch'es-ter 
Rodez'(ro-da') 
Roer 

Roer-mon'de 
Ro-hil-cund' 
Romagna (r9-man'ya) 
Ro-ma'ni-a 
Romans (r6-mang') 
Rome (formerly rom) 



Ro-mo-ran-tin' {-riiiig- 

tang') 
Ron-ces-val'les 
Ros'baeh 
Ros-com'mon 
Ros-crea' 
Ro-§et'ta 
Ros-sa'no 
Ro'then-burg (ro'ten- 

burg) 
Roth'er-ham 
Roth'er-hithe (vulgarly 

red'rif) 
Rothe-say', E. 

Rothesay (rot'se), El. 
Rot'ter-dam 
Roubaix (ro-ba') 
Rou'en (or ro-ang') 
Roulers (ro-lar') 
Roussillon (ro-sil'- 

youg') 
Ro-ve-re'do (ro-ve-ra'do) 
Rovigno (ro-veu'yo) 
Ro-vi'go 
Row-an' 

Rox'biirgh (or rox'bor-o) 
Rox'bu-ry (rox'ber-e) 
Ru'dol-stadt (-stat)' 
Riigen (ru'gen) 
Ru-me'li-a. or 

Ru-me-li'a 
Rup-pin' 

Russia (vush'a. orru'sha) 
Rust'chuck 
Ruth'er-ford 
Ru-ther-glen' (or rug'- 

len) ' 
Ry-binsk' 
Ry§'wick, or Rys'wick 



S. 



Saade (sad) 

Saal (siil) 

Saa'le 

Saal'feld (-felt) 

Saarbriick (siir'bruk) 

Saar-lou'is 

Saatz (siits) 

Sa'bi-a 

Sa-bi'na 

Sa-bine' 

Sac 

Sack-a-too' 

Sa'co 

Sag-a-da-hoc' 

Sag-ha-li'en, or 

Sa-gha'li-en 
Sag'i-naw 
Sague'nay (sag'ria) 
Sah'a-ra, or Sa-ha'ra 
Sa-ha' run-pore' 
Said (sld) 
Sai'da 
Sa'ide 
Sai-gon' 

St. Al'ban§ (or aw'bunz) 
St. A'mand (saut-) 
St. As'aph 
St. Au-gus-tine' 
St. Aus'tell 
St. Ber'nard 
St. Brieux (sang-bre-uh') 
St. phris'to-pher 
St. Cloud (or saiig-klo') 
St. Croix (-krbix or 

-krwa) 
St. Cyr (sang-ser') 
St. Den'is (or sang-de-_ 

ne') [e-a') 

St. Diz'i-er (or sang-diz- 



632 



PKONUNCIATION OF 



St. Do-min'go (-ming'-) 
Saintes (saugt) 
St. Etienne (et-e-en') 
St. Eu-sta'ti-a (-she-a) 
St. Fe-li'pe (-fa-le'pa) 
St. Franjois (saug-fiang- 

8Wii') 

St. Francois (sant-fran'- 

sis) (Mo.) 
St.Gall 

St. gen-e-vieve' 
St. Crer'main (or sang- 

zher-mang') 
St. 9'ibr'gib (-jiir'jo) 
St. gtio-van'ni 
St. Got'hard 
St. He-le'na 
St. Hel'i-er 
St. Hu'b'ert 
St. il-de-fon'so 
St. Ja'go (or -ya'go) 
St. Jean (or sang-zhang') 
St. LS.w'rence 
St. Lou'is (or -We) 
St. Lu'ci-a (o-r -lu-se'a) 
St. Ma'1'6 * 

St. MI'cha-el (or -ml'kel) 
St. Mig'uel (-inig'wel or 

-me-gel') 
St. Neots (-nots, -nouts, 

or_-nets') 
St. o'mer (or ■o-mar') 
Saintonge (sang-tonzh') 
St. Pierre (wsang-pe-ar') 
St. Pblten (sunt-pol'ten) 
St. Quen'tin (or sang- 

kang-tang') 
St. Sal-va-dbr' 
St. Se-bas'tian (-se-bast'- 

yan) 
St. Ser-van' (-vang') 
St. Sev-er-i'na 
St. Thom'as_(-tom'-) 
St. Yrieix (-e're-a) 
Sak'ka-ra 
Sa-la'do 
Sal-a-man'ca 
Sal-a-mo-nie' 
Sa'lem 
Sa-ler'no 

Sal' ford (or saw'ford) 
Sa-lt'na (Italy) 
Si-H'na (U. S.) 
Sa-line', or Sa-line' 
Salis'bu-ry (salz'ber-e) 
Sal-lee' 
Salm 
Sa-lo'na 
Sal-o-nl'ca 
Sal'op, or Sa'lop 
Sal-sette' 
Sal-til'lo (-yo) 
Sa-lu'da 

Sa-luz'zo (sa-lut'so) 
Sal-va-dbr' 
Salz'b'urg [del) 

Salz'we-del (salts'wa- 
Sa-ma-na' 
Sa-mar' 
Sam'a-rang 
Sam-ar-cand' 
Sam'bre (sam'br) 
Sam-o-fi'ti-a (-jish'e-a) 
Sa'mos 

Sam-o-thra'ki 
Sam-by-ede§'" 
Sam-s66n' 
Sa'na 

San Au-gus-tine' 
San Bias 
Sand'bach 
San Di-e'g-o (-a'-) 
San-do-mir' 



San-dus'ky 

Sand'wich (or sand'wi j) 

San Fran-cis'co 

San-ga'i 

San'ga-mon 

San-i-lac' 

San Joaquin (wha-kenO 

San Jose (-ho-sa') 

San Ju'an (or -bo-an') 

San Ma-ri'nb 

Sanquhar (san-kwar'), E. 

Sanquhar (sank'ker), 
San-san'ding [T. 

San'ta Cruz (-krus) 
San'ta Fe (-fe or -fa,') 
San'ta Ma-ri'a 
San'ta Mar'ta" 
San'ta Mau'ra (mod'-) 
San-tan-der' (-dar') 
San'ta-rem 
San'ti_Ro-§a-li'a 
San-tee' 
San-ti-a'gb 
San-til-la'na (san-til- 

ya'na)^ 
San-to-ri'ni 
Saone (son)' 
Sap'tin 
Sar-a-gos'sa 
Sar-a-nac' 
Sar-a-tof 
Sar-a-to'ga 
Sa-ra-wak' 
Sar-a-v/an' 
Sa-ray-a-cu' 
Sar-din'i-a 
Sa'ros 
Sarre 

Sarthe (sart) 
Sas-ka.tch'e-wS,n 
Sas'sa-ri 
Sat-a-d66' 
Sa-ta-li'a 
Sa-ta'rah 
Sau-giir' 

Sault (so) St. Ma'ry 
Saumur (so-mur') 
Sa-van'nah 
Save, or Save 
Save-nay' 

Savigliano (say-el-ya/no) 
Savigny (sa-ven'ye) 
Sav-o-lax' 
Sa-vo'na 

Sa-vby\ or Sav'oy 
Saxe-Al' ten-burg 
Saxe-Wei'mar 
Sax'o-ny 
Scan-de-roon' 
Scan-di-na'vi-a 
Scar'b6r-ough '(-bur-ro) 
Scar' pan- to 
Schaff-'hau'sen (-hbu'-) 
Schat'-el-Ar'ab 
Schau' en-burg (shbu'-) 
Spheldt, or Scheldt 

(skelt or shelt) 
Schel'ling 
Schem'nitz 
Sche-nec'ta-dy 
Schie-dan/ 
Schi-raz' or Schi'raz 
Schmal'kal-den 
Seho-har'ie 

Schbnbrunn (sken'brun) 
Schb'nen 
Schoo'dic 
School'ey's (Mt.) 
Sphbu'wen 
Sehuy'ler (ski'ler) 
Sphuyl'kill (skul'kil) 
Schwa'bach 
Sghwart'zen-burg 



Sfhwarz'burg 

(sh warts'-) 
Schwarz'wald 

(sbwarts'-) (nits) 
Sfhweid'nitz (sbwit'- 
Sfhwein'furt 
Sghweitz (sbwlts) 
Sghwe-rin' 
Scigliano (shil-ya'no) 
Scil'ly 
Sglnde 

Sgi'b (or she'o) 
Sgi-b'to 
Sfit'u-ate 
Scla-vb'ni-a 
Scot' land 
Scu'ta-ri 
Sfyl'la 
Se-ba'go 
Seb-as-tb'pol 
Se-ben'i-cb 
Sec'chi-a 
Se-cun-der-a-bad' 
Se-dan' 
Seg-es-tan' 
Segni (san'ye) 
Se'gb 
Se-gbr'be 
Se-gb'vi-a 
Seine (s'an) 
Se-lef'keh 
Sel-en-ginsk' 
Se-men'dri-a 
Sem-i-gal'li-a 
Sem'i-nble§ 
Sem-iin' 
Sem'pach 
Sen'e-ca 
Sen'e-gal 
Sen-e-gam'bi-a 
Senlis (siiug-les' or sang- 
Sen-naar' [le') 

Sens (sang) 
Ser-am-pbre' 
Sereth (sa-ref) 
Ser-i-na'gur 
Se-ring-a-pa-tam' 
Ser-phan'to 
Ser'vi-a 
Se'si-a (sa'-) 
Se-tu'bal 
Sev-as-to'pol 
Sev'ern 
Se-vier' 

Sev'ille, or Se-ville' 
Sevre (saw) 
Sevres (savr) 
Sey-chelle§' (sa-shelz') 
Seyne (san) 
Shah-a^-bad' 
Sha'mo 
Shang-hai' 
Shan'non 
Shat-ul-Ar'ab 
Shawangunk (sbSng'- 

gum) 
Shaw'nee-tbivn 
She-bby'gan 
Sheer-ness' 
Sheffield 
Shen-an-db'ah 
Shi-a-was'see (-w8s'-) 
Shi-kb'ku 
Shi-raz', or Sht'raz 
Sho-shb'nee§ 
Shrews'bu-ry (sbruz'- 

ber-e) 
Shdm'la 
Si-am', or SI'am 
Si-be'ri-a 
Sic'i-ly 

Si-cul-ia'no (-ya'no) 
Sie'jjjen 



Si-en'a 

Si-er'ra Le-b'ne 

Si-er'ra Mo-re'na (-ra'-) 

Si-er'ra Ne-va'da 

Sig'ma-ring-en 

Si-guen'za 

Si-le'si-a 

Sil-het' ' 

Si-Hs'tri-a 

Sim-birsk' 

Sim'cbe 

Sim-fe-rb'pol 

Sim'plon (or'sang'plong') 

Sinde 

Sin-gan' 

Sin-ga-pbre' (sing-) 

Sinigaglia (sin-e-gaTja) 

Sin'ob 

Sin'o-pe 

Sioux (se-o' or so) 

Sir-hind' 

Sir-i-na'gur 

Si-sal' 

Sis-tb'va 

Si-vas' 

Si-wah' 

Skag'er Rack 

Sken-e-at'e-les 

Skib-be-reen' 

Sla-vb'ni-a 

Sles'wick 

Sli'gb ' 

Sluys (slCs or slois) 

Smal'cald 

Smo-lensk' 

Smyr'na 

Snee-hat'ten 

Snbw'don 

Sbane 

Soc-o-nus'co 

So-cb'tra, or Soc'o-tra 

So-fa'la 

Soignies (swan-ye') 

Soissons (swas'song) 

Sb'lent 

So-leure' 

Sol-fa-ta'ra 

Sol-fe-ri'no 

Som'ers 

Som'er-set 

Somme 

Som-nauth' (-nawt') 

Son'ders-hau-sen 

(-hbu-) 
So-nb'ra 
S66-166' 
So-phi'a 
So-ra'ta 

So-relle', or Sor'el 
Sb'ri-a 
So-ro'ra 
Sor-ren'to 
Sou-dan' 
S6u-ra-bay'a 
Sbuth-amp'ton 
Southwark (suth'ark or 

sbuth'wark) 
Sou-zel' 
Spa, or Spt 
Spain 
Spait'la 

Spa-la'trb, or Spa'la-to 
Span'dau (span'dbu) 
Spey (spa) 
Spey'er 

Spezia (sped'zi-a) 
Spezzia (spet'se-a) 
Spire 

Spitz-berg'en 
Spliigen (spiu'gen) 
Spo-le'tb_(spo-la'to) 
Spor'a-des [cba) 

Squil-la'ce (skwil-la'- 



MODEKN GEOGKAPHICAL NAMES. 



633 



Sta'broek (stli'brok) 

Sta-gi'ra 

Staines 

Stal-i-me'ne (-ma/na) 

Stam-boul' 

Stam-pa-li'a 

Stan-o-vbi' 

Star'gard (-gart) 

Stat'en Is'land (stat'tn 

l'la'nd) 
Staub'baph (or stoub'- 

bak) 
Staun'ton 

Sta-van'fer (-vang'-) 
Stav'er-en 
Stein 

Stel'len-bosph (-bOsk) 
Stet-tin' 
Steu'ben 
Steu'ben-ville 
Stey'er 

Stey'ning (sta/-) 
Stir' ling 
Stoek'holm 
Ston'ing-ton 
Stour 

Stoiir'bridge 
Stra.-ba.ne' 
Stral'sund 
Stran'ra-er, or 

Stran-raer' 
Stras'burg 
Strath-a'ven 
Strau' bing" (stro frying) 
Strel'itz 
Striv'a-li 
Strom'bo-li 
Stuhl-weiss'en-burg 
Stiir'min-ster 
Stutt'gard 
Styr'i-a 

Sua'bi-a (swa'be-a.) 
Su-der-ma'ni-a 
Su-dl'te§ 

Suf'folk (or Bttf fok) 

Su-gul-mes'sa 

Stiir (shur) 

Sui'ra (swe'ra) 

Su'li _ 

Sul-mo'na 

Su-ma'tra 

Sum-ba'wa 

Su-rat' 

Siir-i-nam' 

Su'sa 

Su-sam' 

Sfis-que-han'na 

Sutfi/er'-land 

Sut'ledge 

Su-wa'nee 

Sve'a-bbrg (sva'-) 

Swaff'ham (or swOf'am) 

Swan'sea 

Swe'den 

Swinemiinde (swe-na- 

niin'da) 
Switz'er-land (swits'-) 
Syd^ney 
Sy-e'ne 
Syr'a-cuse 
Syr'i-a 

Szar-vas' (zar-) 
Szeg-e-dtn' (zeg-) 



Ta-bar'ca 
Tab-a-ree'ya 
Ta-bas'co 
Ta'bbr 



Ta-briz', or Ta-breez' 

Ta-ca'mes 

Tac-a-ri'gua 

Ta-caz'ze {or ta-kat'sa) 

Ta-cb'ny/ 

Tad'cas-ter 

Ta.d-6u-sac' 

Ta-fal'la (or ta-fal'ya) 

Taf'i-let^ 

Tag'an-rog 

Ta-gaz'ze 

Tagliarne'nto (tal-ya- 

men'to 
Ta'gus 
Ta-hi'ti 
Tal-wan' 
Tal-a-ve'ra (-va/-) 
Tal'bot 
Tal-ca-hua'na 
Taliaferro (tol'e-ver) 
Tal-la-de'ga 
Tal-la-has'see 
Tal-ia-hatch'ie 
Tal-la-poo'sa 
Tam-a'qua (tam-aw'- 

kwa) 
Tam-a-ra'ca 
Tam'a-tave 
Tam-au-li'pas 
Tam-b5'ra 

Tam'bov, or Tam-bof 
Ta-mise'_ 
Tam-pi'co 
Ta-na-na-ri'vo 
Ta'na-ro 
Ta'ney 
Tan-gier' 
Tan-jore' 
Tan-nas'se-rim 
Tan-ne-sar' 
Ta-or-mi'na 
Ta'os 

Ta-pa'jos (-zhos) « 

Tap-pa-han'nock 
Tap-tee' 
Tar-a-kai' 
Tar'an-to 
Ta-rare' 

Ta-ras-con' (-kong') 
Tar-a-zo'na (-tho'-) 
Tar-bag-tai' 
Tarbes (tarb) 
Ta-ri'fa 

Ta-ri'ja (ta-re'na) 
Tar-no'pol 
Tar'por-ley 
Tar-ra-go'na 
Tar'sus, or Tar-sus' 
Tar'ta-ry 
Tar'u-dant 
Tash-kend' 
Tash-kund' 
Tas-ma'ni-a 
Tas-si-su'don 
Tau'ber (tbu'-) 
Tau'de-ny. 
Taun'ton 
Tau'ri-da 
Tau'ris 
Ta-vi'ra 
Tav'is-tock 
Tay-a'bas 
Taze'well 
Tcha'ny 
Tcher'ni-gof 

Tcher-ni'gof, M. 
Tchiids'koe 
Te-a'ki 
Teche (tesh) 
Teem-boo' 
Tef'lis 
Te-ha'ma 
Tg-he-ran', or Teh-raun' 



Te-hua-can' (ta.-wa- 

kan') 
Te-huan'te-pec' (-wan'-) 
Teign (tin'or tan) 
Teign'mouth (tin'mutb 

or ta-n'mutb) 
Te-ju'co (te-zbu'ko) 
Tel'de (-da) 
Tel-in-ga'na 
Tel-li-cher'ry 
Tel'li-c5 
Tem-es-var' 
Te-nas'se-rlm 
Ten'e-riffe 
Ten-nes-see' 
Ten'ter-den 
Tep-e-a'ca 
Te-pic' 

Te-poz-co-lti'la. 
Teq-uen-da'nia 
Ter'a-mo 

Ter-ce'i-ra (ter-sa'e-ra) 
Ter-ce'ra (-sa'ra) 
Te-rek' 
Ter-go-vis'ta 
Ter'mi-ni 
Ter'mp-11 

Ter-nate', or Ter'nate 
Ter'ni 
Ter-ra-ci'na (or ter-ra.- 

che'nli) 
Ter'ra del Fue'go 

(-fwa'gu) 
Ter'ra di La-vo'ro 
Ter-ra-no'va 
Terre Bonne (tar-bou') 
Terre Haute (tar-bof or 

ter'e-but) 
Tes-sin', or Tes'sin 
Tet-u-an' 
Tev-e-ro'ne 
Tev'i'-ot (or tiv'i-ot) 
Tewks'bu-ry (tuks'ber-e) 
Tex'as 
Teyn (tin) 

Tez-cu'co (or tes-ku'ku) 
Thame (tram 
Thames (teniz) 
Than'et 
The-a'ki 
The'ba-id 
Thebes 
Theiss (tis) 
Theresienstadt (ta-ra,'- 

ze-gn-stat') 
Thiagur (te-H'gyr), E. 

Thi-a-gur' (te-), T. 
Thibet (te-bet. or tib'et) 
Thibodeauville (tib-o- 

df/vil) 
Thiel (tel) 
Thielt (telt) 
Thiers (te-ar') 
Thionville (te-ong-velO 
Thi'va (te'va) 
Tho'len (to'len) 
Tho'niar (to'mar) 
Thom'as-ton (tOm'-) 
Thorn (or torn) 
Thun (tun) 
Thurgau (tur'gtiu) 
Thur-go'vi-a 
Thu-rin'gi-a 
Thurles 

Tib'bo, or Tib-boo' 
Ti'ber 

Ti-bet', or Tib'et 
Tiph'vin 

Ti-ci'no (or te-che'nO) 
Ti-con'de-ro'ga 
Ti-dore' ' 
Tlel (tel) 
Ti-en-tsin' 



Tif lis (or tif-les') 
Ti'gre (te'gra) 
Ti'gris 
Ti-la'pa 
Til' sit 
Tim-buc't66, or 

Tim-buc-too' 
Ti'mbr, or Ti-mor 7 
Ti-mor' Laut' 
Tin'i-an 
Tin-ne-vel'ly 
Ti-6'ga 

Ti-6ugh-ni-o'ga (te-o-) 
Tip'e-ra 
Tip-pe-ca-noe' 
Tip-p^-ra'ry 
Tir-ee' [mong') 

Ti'rle-mont' (or tSrl- 
Tish-e-min'go (-ming'-) 
Tit-i-ca'ca 
Tiv'o-li 
Tlal-pan' 
Tlam'ath 
Tlas-ca'la 
Tlem-sen' 
To-ba'go 
To-bol' 
To-bolsk' 
To-bo'so 
To-can-tins' 
To-cat' 
To-cay'a 
To-cu'yo 
To-kay' 
T6'ki-o 

To-le'd5 (or to-la/do) 
T6-len-ti'no 
To-lo'sa 
To-lu'ca 
Tom-big'bee 
Tom-buc'too 
Tong-a-ta'b68 
Ton-kin' 

Tonneins (ton'nang') 
Ton-nerre 
Ton-ne-wan'ta 
Ton'ning-en 
Ton-qiiin' '(ton-ken') 
Toom-bud'dra 
Topayos (to-pl'yos) 
To-pe'ka 
Tbplitz (tep'lits) 
Tops'ham 

Tor-bay', or Tbr'bay 
Tbr'gau (or tor'gbu) 
To-ri'n5 
Tbr'mes 
Tbr'ne-a 
Tor'on-tal 
To-ron'to 
Tor'o-pez 
Torquay (tor-ke' or tor- 

kwa') 
Tor'res Ve'dras (va'-) 
Torriglia (tor-'rel'ya) 
Tor-ris-da.1' 
Tbr-shok' 
Tbr'to-la 
Tor-to'na 
Tor-tb'sa 
Tor-tu'ga 
To-ta'na 

Tot-nes', or Tot'nes 
T8ul (tol) 
T6u-lon' (to-long') 
T6u-16use' (to-10z') 
Touraine (tO-ran') 
T6ur-na-gha.ut' (-gawf) 
T6ur-nay' 
Tours (tor or torz) 
Towcester (tous'ter) 
Traf-al-gar', or 

Tra-fal'gar 



634 



PKONUNCIATION" OF 



Traj-an-op'o-li 

Tra-lee' 

Tra-more' 

Tra'ni 

Tran-que-bar' 

Tran-syl-va'ni-a 

Trap'a-ni 

Trav-an-core' 

Trav'is 

Traz-os-Mon'tes 

Treb-i-zond' 

Tred'e-gar 

Trei'sam 

Trem'e-cen 

Trem'i-ti 

Tre-mont' 

Treves (or trav) 

Tre-vl'li (tra-) 

Treviglio (tra-vel'yo) 

Tre-vi'so (tra-) 

Tri'ca-la 

Trich-i-nop'o-ly. 

Tri-este' 

Trinc-o-ma-lee' 

Trm-i-dad'' 

Trin-o-ma-lee' 

Trip'o-li ' 

Trip'o-lis 

Trip-o-liz'za (trip-o-lif 

sa) 
Trois Rivieres (trwa'- 

re-ve-ar') 
Trol-haet'ta 
Trond'hjem (-yeni) 
Trop'pau'(trop'puu) 
Tros'achs 
Trow'bridf-e 
Troyes (trwa) 
Trujillo, or Truxillo 

(tru-Hel'yo) 
Tscher-kask' 
Tsi-am'pa 
Tu'am 
Tu'a-rick 
Tu-at' {or twat) 
Tu-bac' 

Tubingen (tubing-en) 
Tu-cu-man' 
Tu-de'la (tu-da'la) 
Tii-ga-166' 
Tu'la 
Tu-la're 
Tu'le ' 
TQl-ia-more' 
Tulle* 

Tum'bez _(-bes) 
Tun-gu-ra'gua. (-gwa) 
Tun-gu'ses (tung-) 
Tu'ni-ca 
Tu'nis 

Tuol'um-ne (twol'-) 
Turcoing (tur-kwang') 
Tur-co-ma'ni-a 
Tur'co-mans 
Tu'rin, or Tu-rin' 
Tur-kes-tan' 
Tiir'key 
Turn-hbut' 
Tu-ron' 
Tus-ca-18o'sa 
Tus'ca-ny 
Tus-ca-raw'as 
Tus-ca-ro'ra 
Tuxpam (tOs-piim') 
Tiixt'la 
Tuy (twe) 
Tver (tver) 
Tweed'dale 
Tyne'mouth 
Tyr'nau (-now) 
Tyr'ol, or Ty-rol' 
Ty-rone' 
Tyr'rel 



u. 



tf-be'da (-ba'-) 

fj-cay-a'le (-la) 

fj'di-ne (-na) 

TJdvarhely (od-var-ha'le) 

Uist (wist) 

Ui'ten-ha|e 

Tj'kraine {or G-kran') 

fj'le-a-bbrg 

ir-lie-te'a 

Dim' ( iilm or ulm) 

TJls'wa-ter 

tj'me-a 

tJm-me-ra-poo'ra 

TTmp'qua 

TJn-der-wal'den 

TT-nit'ed States 

frn' strut 

"Un-ter-wal'den 

TT-po-lu' 

TJp'sal, or TJp-sa'la 

fj'ral (or G-ral') 

fx-ralsk' 

tjr-ba'na 

tir-bi'no 

Ur' fa 

U'ri 

fjr-mi'a 

Ur'se-ren [-gwl') 

IT-ru-guay' (-gwa/ or 

U-ru-mi'ah 

fj'se-dom 

tlsh'ant 

TTs'ti-ug 

U'tah 

TJ'tah, or u'tah, T. 
fj'ta-was 
tr'ti-ca 
fj'trepht 
tj-tre'ra (-tra'-) 
Ut-tox'e-ter (or tix'e-ter) 
U-val'de 

Uwchlan (yuk'lan) 
Ux-maT 
TTz-becks' 
Uzes (6-zas') 
tJz'naph (Gts'nak) 



V. 



Vai'gats 
Valais (vii-la') 
Val'dai, or Val'dai 
ValdepeSas (val-de-pan'- 

yas) 
Val-div'i-a 
Valence (val-ans') 
Va-len'ci-a (-she-a) 
Va-len-ci-a'na 
Valenciennes (val-aii- 

se-en') 
Va-len'ti-a (-she-a) 
Val-la-db-"lid' 
Vallejo (val-ya'Ho) 
Val-lom-bro'sa 
Valois (val-wa') 
Val-pa-rai'so 
Val-tel-li'na 
Val'tel-line 
Van-cou'ver 
Van-da'li-a 
Van-i-ko'ro 
Vannes (van) 
Va-ri'nas [hal') 

Vas-ar-he^ly (or va'sbar- 
Vas-il-i-pot'a-mo 
Vas-sy' (-se') 
Vau-cluse' (vo-kluz') 
Vaud (vo) 



Vau-dreuil' (vo-drolO 
Vaux-ha.ll', or Vaux'- 

hall 
Veglia (vel'ya) 
Ve-lay' 

Ve'lez (or va'leth) 
Ve-li'no 

Vel-le'tri (vel-la'tre) 
Vel-lore'' 

Venaissin (ven-as-sang') 
Ve-nan'go (-nang'-) 
Vendee (van-da') 
Vendome (van-dom') 
Ven-e-zue la (or -zwa.'-) 
Ven'ice 

Ven-loo', or Ven-loo' 
Vl'ra Cruz (or va'ra- 

krfis') 
Ve-ra'gua 
Ve'ra Paz' 

Ver-cel'li (ver-chel'le) 
Ver-dun' 
Ver-fennes' 
Vermejo (ver-nia'Ho) 
Ver-mil'ion 
Ver-mont' 
Ve-ro'na 
Ver-saille§' 
Ver-setz' (-sets') 
Verviers (ver've-a/) 
Ve-soul' (ve-zol') 
Ve-su'vi-us 
Ve-vay' 
Vi-a'na 
Vi-as'ma 
Vi-at'ka 
Vi'bbrg 

Vi-cen'za (or ve-chen'za) 
Vich (vek) 
Vicks biirg 
Vi-din' 
Vi-en'na 
Vi-enne ? 
Vi-ge-va'no (-ja-) 

Vi'go 

Vi-laine' 
Vil-laph' 
Vil'la Fran'ca 
Vil'la Re-al' (-ra-) 
Vil'la Ri'ca 
Ville-franghe' 
Ville-neuve' 
Vil-lette' 
Vil-voor'den 
Vin-cennes' 
Vlnd'hya (vind'ya) 
Vintimiglia (vin-te 

mel'ya) 
Vi'que (ve'ka) 
Vire (ver) 
Vir-fin'i-a 
Vi'se-u (-s'a-) 
Vis'tu-la 
Vi-tepsk' 
Vi-ter'bo 
Vi-tim' 
Vitre (vetr) 
Vit-to'ri-a 
Viviers (viv'e-a') 
Viz-a-gap-a-tam' 
Vlad-i-mir^ 
Vo'g-els-berg 
Voghera(vo-ga'ra) 
Voiron (vwa-roug') 
Vol'ga 
Vol-hyn'i-a 
Vo-log'da 
Vol-tiir'no 
Vor-arl'berg 
Vor'o-netz 
Vosg'es (vozh) 
Vu'ko-var 
Vu-ox'fu 



w. 



Waag (wag) 
Waal (wal) 
Wa'bash 
Wa'day 
Wad'y 
Wa'gram 
Wait'zen (-sen) 
Wal'che-ren 
Wal'deck " 

Wal-den'ses [ro) 

Wal'do-bor-ough (-bur- 
Wales" 
Wal-la'phi-a 

wii'ia-waria 

Wal'len-stadt (-stat) 
Wal'ling-ford 
Wal' pole 
Wal' sail 
Walt'ham (Eng.) 
Wal'tham (U. S.) 
Wan-chow' 
Wands'wortb (wonz'- 

wurth) 
Wan-ga'ra 
Wa-pel'16 
War'a-dein fwor'-) 
War'as-din (wor'-) 
War'ley 
War'min-ster 
War'ren (wOr'ren) 
War'saw 

War' wick (or wor'ik) 
Wash'ing-ton (wosh'- 

ing-ton) 
Wash-i-ta' (wosb-e- 

taw')" 
Wash'te-naw (wosli'-) 
Wa-tau'ga 
Wa-ter-ee' 
Wa'ter-ford 
Wa'ter-166 
Wa'ter-ville 
Wa-ter-viiet' 
Wau-ke'gan 
Wau'ke-sba, 
Wavertree (wa'tre) 
Wavre (wa'vr; 
Weald 
Wear 

Wear'mouth 
Wednes'b'u-ry (wenz'- 

ber-e) 
We'dnesfield (wenz'feld) 
Weich'sel-burg 
Wei'mar 
Wein'heim 
Weis'sen-bourg 
Weis'sen-fels 
Wel'land 
Wemyss (wemz) 
Wen'do-ver 
Wen'ner 

Weo'bl'ey (wo'ble) 
Wer-ni-|e-ro'd§ 
Wert' helm 
We'sel 
We'ser 
Wes'ter-as 
Wes'ter-wald 
West'man-land 
West-meath' 
West'min-ster 
West'more-land 
West-pha'li-a 
Wet-te-ra'vi-a 
Wexio (wek'sbo) 
Wey (wa) 
Wey'er 

Wey'mouth (wa'muth) 
Whal'ley 



MODEEN GEOGEAPHICAL NAMES. 



635 



Whid'ah 

White-ha'ven 

Wick'low 

Wid'in 

Wie-iicz'ka (we-lich'ka) 

Wie'sel-burg 

Wie'sen 

Wig'an 

Wilkes'bar-re. 

Wil-lam'ette 

Wil'ming-ton 

Wil'na 

Win'ander-mere, or 

Win'der-mere 
Wm'chei-sea 
Win'ches-ter 
Wind'sor (wln'zor) 
Win-ne-ba'go 
Win'ni-peg 
Winnipiseogee (wln-e- 

pe-saw'ke) 
Wis-ba'den, or Wis'ba- 

den 
Wis' beach (wiz'bich) 
Wis-cas'set 
Wis-con'sin 
Wis' mar ' _ [bur') 

Wissembourg (ves-sang- 
Witft'am 
Wit'ten-be'rg 
Witt'gen-stein 
Wiveliscombe (wfv'vlz- 

kum or wlls'kum) 
Wo'burn 
Wolfenbiittel (wol'fen- 

bit'tel) 
Wol'ga 
W611 r stein 
Wol-ver-hamp'ton 

(wul-) 
Wol'ver-ley (wul'-) 
Woolwich (wul'ij) 
Wo6n-s5ck'et 
Wootton (wut'tn) 



Worcester (wus'ter) 
Worsted (wOrs'ted) 
Wor'thing (wiir'-) 
Wotton-under-Edge 

(wG-tn-un'drij) 
Wrag'by (rag' be) 
Wrex'ham (rex'am) 
Wiirtemberg (wiir'teni- 

berg) 
Wurzburg (wtirts'buig) 
Wy-an-dot' 
Wy'borg 
Wy'combe (wITiom or 

wik'um) 
Wymondham (wlnd'am) 
Wy-o'ming 
Wythe 



X. 



Xa-la'pa (Ha-la'pa) 
Xauxa (HiJu'Ha) 
Xe'ni-a (ze'-) 
Xenii (Ha-nel') 
Xeres (Ha-reV) 
Xi-co'co (ze-ko'ko) 
Xieng-Mai (zeng-nii') 
Xi'mo (ze'mo) 
Xin-gu' (shln-gu') 
Xi-xo'na (He-Ho'na) 
Xo'a (sho'a) 
Xo-chi-mil'co (ho-) 
Xul'la' (zul'la) 



Y. 



Ya-koutsk' 
Yal-a-bu'sha 
Ya-mas'ka 
Yang-tche6u' 



Yang'-tse-Ki-ang' 

Ya'ni-na 

Ya-qiii' (ya-ke') 

Yar-kund' 

Yar'mouth 

Yar'o-slaf 

Yar'ri-ba 

Yar'row 

Ya-z66' 

Ye'do {or ya'do) 

Ye-kat-e-ri'nen-burg 

Ye-kat-e-ri'no-grad 

Ye-kat-e-ri'no-slav 

Yem'en, or Ye'men 

Yen-i'-ka'le (-la) ' 

Yen-i-se'i (or yen-e-sa'e) 

Yen-i-seisk' {or ye_u-e- 

Yeo'vil [sa'isk) 

Yeth'olm (yeth'oruT 

Yeyd (yad) 

Ye'zo (or ya'zo) 

Yonne 

York _ [yawl) 

Youghall (yO'awl or 

Youghiogheny (ydk-e- 

Ypres (e'pr) [ga'ne) 

Yp-si-lan'ti 

Ys'sel (Ts'sel) 

Ys'tadt (is'tat) 

Yth'an (itli'au) 

Yu-ca-tan' 

Yun-nan' 

Yu-ru'pa 

Yuz-gat' 

Yv-er-dun' 

Yvetot (ev-to') 



Zaab (ziib) 
Zaan-dam' (z:in-) 
Za'a-ra, or Za-a'ra 



Zac-a-tu'la 

Zac-a-te'cas (-ta'-) 

Za-grab' 

Za-ire' 

Zam-beza' (or zam-ba'za) 

Za-mo'ra (tba-mo'ra) 

Zam-pa'la 

Zan-gue-bar' 

Zan'te 

Zan-zi-baV 

Zea'land 

Ze-bid' 

Ze-bu' 

Zeg'e-din 

Zei'la (za'lli) 

Zei-tun (za-tun') 

Zeitz (tsits) 

Zel'le (tsel'la) 

Zerbst (tserpst) 

Zi'a 

Zie-ien-hayn' (tse-) 

Zim-ba'o 

Zi'rk'mtz (ts'irk'nlts) 

Zittau (tslt'tou) 

Zlock'zow 

Zna'ym, or Znaym 

Zoll'ver-ein 

Z5u-wan' 

Zuf-fer-a-bad' 

Zug (tsug) 

Zu'li-a (su'-) 

Zul'ii-ehau (tsuTe-kiJu) 

Zul'pich (tsul'plk) 

Zuni (zuu'ye) 

Zu'rich 

Zut'phen 

Zuy'der Zee' 

Zweibriicken (tswi'- 

brek-ken) 
Zwel'len-dam 
Zwick'au (tswlk'bu.) 
Zwoll (tswol) 
Zwbr'nik 
Zyt'o-mier§ 



I 



PRONUNCIATION OF THE NAMES 



DISTINGUISHED MEN OF MODERN TIMES. 



This list contains only such names of distinguished men of modern times as are of difficult or uncer- 
tain pronunciation. Only a small number of English or American names is here given. 

The same difficulties that relate to the pronunciation of geographical names attend also that of the 
names of men of different countries ; and the same general principles are to be applied to the pro- 
nunciation of both classes of names. 

The names of some distinguished foreigners are Anglicized in their pronunciation, differing much 
from that given to them in their native country. 

See Remarks on the Pronunciation of several European Languages prefixed to the Pronunciation of 
Geographical Names. 



4-ba'ti 

Ab-dal'lah 

Ab-dal-me'lik (-ma/-) 

Abd'el-Ka'd'er 

ib-dhl' Me-j'id' 

Ab'e-lard 

Ab'er-crom-bie 

Ab'er-neth-y, or 

^ Ab-er-ne'thy. 

Ab'in-£er 

Ab-ian-c8urt' (-kor') 

A'bu-Be'ker (-ba'-) 

A-bul'fe-da 

Achard (a-shar') 

A-phil'li 

A-dair' [song') 

Ad'an-son (or a-dang- 

Ad'e-lung 

Agassiz (ag'a-se or 

a-giis'siz) 
Aguesseau (a-ges-so') 
Ains/worth (-wiirth) 
Air'y 

Ak'bar, or Ak-baV 
A'ken-side 
A'la-va 
Al-ba'ni 

Al-be-ro'ni (-ba,-) 
Al'bo-in 
Al-bu-quer'que (-ka), or 

Al'bu-querque (-kerk) 
Al-cia'ti C-cha'-) 
Al'cu-in (or al'kwin) 
Al-cui'nus (-kwi'-) 
Al-de-gre'ver (-gra'-) 
Al-di'ni 
Al'dricb. 
Al-dro-van'dus 
Al'dus Ma-nu'ti-us 

(-she-us) 
A-le-man' (-la-) 
Alembert (a-lang-bar') 
Al-fi-e'ri (-a,'-) 
Alford (awl'ford) 
Al-gar'di 
Al-ga-rot'ti 
A-li-ghi-e'ri (-ge-a'-) 
A'li Pa-cha' 
Al'ieyn (al'lin) 
Al-lo'ri 
All'ston 
Al-me'i-da (-ma/-), or 

Al-mei'da 

636 



Al-va-ra'do (-tfiio) 
Alvarez (al'va-res) 

(Port.) 
Alvarez (al'va-rath) 

(Sp.) 
Am-a-de'us 
A-mal'a-rie 
Am'al-ric 
Am-a-ra.1' 
A-ma'ri 
A-ma't5 
Am'berg-er 
Amboise (ang-bwaV) 
Ameilhon (a-mal-yong') 
Amelot (am-lo') de la 

Hous-saye' 
Am-e-ri'cus Ves-pu'- 

ci-us 
Amiot (a-me-o') 
Am-ma-na'ti 
A-mon-tons' (-tong') 
Am'o-ry (or em'o-re) 
Ampere (ang-per') 
Amu-rath 
Amyot (a-me-o') 
An'cil-lon (or ang-sel- 

yong') 
Andre (an'dur), or 

An'dre 
An-dri-eux' (-eh') 
An-ke'li-co (-ja/-) 
An-ge-lo'ni 
An-gui'scio-la (-sho-la) 
A-ni-el'lo 
Anquetil (ang-ke-teT) 

du Per-ron' 
An-tom-mar'^hi 
An'wa-ri 
Ap-pen-di'ni 
Ap-pi-a'ni 
A'ra-go 
A'ram 

Araujo (a-rou'zho) 
Ar-bo'ri-o 
Ar'buth-not 
Ar'phen-holz (-holts) 
Arson' (ar-song') 
Ar-e-tt'no 
Ar'ge-lan-der (-ga-) 
Argens (ar-z'hang') 
Ar-gen'so-la (ar-hen'- 

so-la) 
A-ri-os'to 



Ar'nauld (or ar-no') 

Arriaza (ar-re-a'tha) 

Ar'te-veld 

Ar-ti'gas 

Ar'un-del 

As'pham 

Ash'burn-ham 

JLsh'bur-ton 

Ash/mole 

As'kew 

As-sa-rot'ti 

As-se-ma'ni 

At-a-hual'pa 

Ath'el-stan 

At'ter-bu-ry (-ber-e) 

Attiret (iit-te-ra') 

Auber (o-ber') 

Aubigne (o-ben'ya) 

Au'brey 

Aubusson (o-bu-song') 

Auch-mu'ty 

Audebert (od-ber') 

Audouin (o-do-ang') 

Audran (o-drang') 

iLu'du-bon 

Au'er-baph (ouM 

Au'fen-berg_(bu'-) 

Auger (6-zha') 

Augereau (ozh-ro') 

Augusti (ou-gus'te) 

Au-rung-zebe' 

Auzout (0-zo') 

A-ver'ro-es. 

Av-i-cen'n^ 

A'vi-la y_(5) Zuniga 

(thtin-ye'ga) 
Ay-a'la 
Ay-e'shah 
Ayscough (as'kof) 
Ay'toun (a/tun) 
Azara'(a-tha'ra) 
Azuni (at-so'ne) 



B. 



Baa'der 
Ba-beuf 
Baccio (bat'cho) del'la 

Por'ta 
Baph, or Baph 
Bache 



Baciocchi (ba-cho'ke) 

Bag'|e-sen 

Baglione (bal-yo'na) 

Baglioni (bal-yo'ne) 

Baglivi (bal-ye've) 

Bahr (bar) 

Bail'lie 

Bail'ly (or bal-ye*) 

Baj'a-zet 

Bal'bi 

Bal-bo'a 

Bal'di 

Bal-di'ni 

Bal'dung 

Bale-fhou' 

Ba'len 

Bal-four' 

Bal'guy, or Bal'guy (-i§) 

Ba'li-ol 

Bal-18u' 

Bal'zac 

Ban-del'lo 

Ban-di-nel'li 

Ba-rante' 

Baratier (ba-ra-te-a') 

Bar-ba-ros'sa 

Bar'bauld (o; : bar-bo') 

Bar-be-ri'ni (-ba-) 

Bar-bey-rac' (-ba-) 

Bar-b6u' 

Bar'bour 

Ba-ret'ti 

Bargagli (bar-gal'ye) 

Bar'ham (bar'am) 

Bar'in'g 

Bar'me-clde 

Bar'ne-veldt (bar'ne- 

velt) 
Baroccio (ba-rot'cho) 
Ba-ro'ni-us 
Bar-ras' 
Bar'ros 

Barrot (bar-ro') 
Bart (bar) 
BaVtas, Sieur du 
Barth (bart) 
Barthelemy (bar-tale- 

me or bar-tal-me') 
Barthez, or Barthes 

(bar-tas') 
Bar-tho-li'ne (bar-to-le'- 
Bar'to-li [na) 

Bartolozzi (Mr-to-lot'se) 



DISTINGUISHED MEN OP MODERN TIMES. 



63^ 



Bartsch (bartsh) Berryer (ber-re-a') 

Ba'sing Berthier (ber-tg-a/) 

Bas'ker-ville 

Basnage (ba-nazh') 

Bas'sin-toun 

Bas-sbm-pi-erre' 

Bathori (ba'to-re) 

Bath'urst 

Ba-to'ni 

Batteux (bat-teh') 

Batthyanyi (bat-te-an'- 

Bau'er (bou'er) 

Bauhin (bo-ang') 

Baume (bo-ma') 

Baum'gar-ten (bbum' 

gar-ten) 
Baur (bour) 
Bay'ard 
Bay-a-zid' 
Bay'er 
Bazh-e-nov' 
Beat' tie (or ba'te) 
Beauchamp (bo-shang 

(Ft.) 
Beauchamp (be'cbam) Blanc (blan.tr) 

(Eng.) ' Bleek (blak) 

Beauclerc (bo'klark) Bligh (bll) 
Beau'fort (bo'-) Bliz'ard 

Beauharnais (bo-haVna Bloch 

or bo-ar-na') B16e'wart (-vart) 

Beaumarchais (bo-mar- Blom'field 

sha/) Blount (bl tint) 

Beau'mont (bo'mont) Blucher (bluk'er) 
Beauregard (bo-re-gard') Blu'men-baph 



Ber-thbldt' f-tolt') 
Ber-thol-let' (-tol-la') 
Ber-vic' 
Ber-ze'li-us 
Bes-sa'ri-on 
Bessieres (bes-se-er') 
Beth'am 
[ye) Be-thune' (or ba'ton) 
' Bet-ti-nel'li 
Bew'ick 
Bezoiit (be-zo') 
Bi-an-chi'ni 
Biard (be-ar v ) 
Bichat (be-sha') 
Bi-e'la (-a'-) 
BTl'der-dyk 
Billaut (bel-yo') 
Bill'roth (-rot) 
Biot (be-oO 
Bi-var' 
Bizari (bet'sa-re) 



Bos'co-vich 

Bo'§i-o 

Bosquet (bos-ka') 

Bos-su' 

Bossuet (bos-swa') 

Bossut (bos-su'; 

Bbtn'well 

Bot-ta'ri 

Bbttiger (beh'te-ger) 

Bou-char-don' (-dong') 

Boucher (bo-sha') (Fr.) 

Bbu'cher (Eng.) 

Bou'di-not 

Bou-flers' (-fler') 

Bou-gain-ville' 

Bouguer (bo-ga') 

Bou-hours' (-or') 

Boulainvilliers (bo-lang- Burghley (biir'le) 

Boul'ton [vel-ya') Bur-gbyne' 

Bour'bon Burigny (bo-ren-ye') 

Bour'chier Bur-la-ma-qui' (-ke') 

B6ur-da-16ue' Biir'leigh (-le) 

Bour'don Biirnes 



Bu-chan'an 

Biif fon (or boffong) 

Bugeaud (bu-zho') 

Buh'le (-la) 

Bul-ga'rin 

Bullant (bul-lang') 

Bul'ler 

Bulliard (bul-yar') 

Bul'lo-kar 

Billow (b'u'lo) 

Bul'wer 

Bun'sen 

Buo-na-fe'de (-fa/da) 

Burckhardt (biirk'hart 

or bork'kart) 
Bur-dett' 
Biir'ger (bur'ger) 



Blain-ville' (blang-vel') Bour-gebis' (or bor'jwa) Bur-nouf 



Boag 

Bob-rov' 

Boccaccio (bok-kat'cho) 

Boc-ca-li'ni 

Boc-ca-ne'ra (-na/-) 

Boc-che-ri'ni (-ka-) 

Bochart (bo-shar / ) 

Bb'de (-da) 

Bo'ece (or biiis) 

Boe'ckh (behk) 

Boer'haave 

Boerne (ber'nii) 

Bog-da-nb'vitch 



Beausobre (bo-so'br) 

Beauvais (bo-va') 

Bec-ca-fu'mi 

Bec-ca-ri'a 

Bech'steln 

Bed'does. 

Bede 

Be-dell' (or be'dl) 

Bed-mar' 

Beethoven (ba'to-vn) 

Beh'am (ba'am) 

Beh'em (ba'em) 

Beh'men (or barn 'en) 

Behn (ben) 

Behnes (banz) 

Behr'ing 

Bel-i-dor' 

Bel'knap (-nap) 

Bel'la-my 

Bel-lar'min 

Bel'len-den 

Bel-li'ni 

Bellot (bel-UV) 

Be-lbn' (be-long') 

Bel' sham 

Bel-zo'ni 

Ben-a-vi'des (-thes) 

Ben'bbw 

Beng'el 

Ben'ger (beng'gur) 

Benserade (baug-sa-rad 

Ben'tham [yo) Bonet (bo-na'J 

Bentivoglio (ben-te-vol'- Bon-fa'di-o 



Bour-going' (-gwang') 
Bourignon (bu-ren- 

yong') 
Bourmont_ (bor-mong') 
Bourne (born) 
B6ur-ri-enne' 
B6u'ter-wek (-vek) 
Bou'vier 
Bbw'ditch 
Bow'doin (bo'dn) 
Bbiw'er-bank 
Bowles 
Bbw'ring 
Bow'yer 
Bby'de'll 
Bozzaris (bot'sa-ris or 

bo-zar'is) 
Braccio da Mon-to'ne 

(brat'cbo-da-inon-to'- 
' na) 

Brad'war-dine 
Bra'he (or bra), Ty'cho 

Brahe (bra), B. 31. 



Biisching (bii'sbing) 
Bussy d'Amboise (biis- 

se'da'ng-bwaz') 
Biitt'mann (or Jbut'man) 
Bux'tbr'f (or buk'stbrf ) 
Bynk'er-shoek 
By'ron 



c. 



Bbhm (beam), or Bohme Bra'mah 

(beh'ma) Bra-man'te (-ta) 

Bbi'el-dieu Brantome (brang-tom') 

Boileau (bbi'lo) Breis-lak' 

Boisrobert (bwa-ro-ber') Bre'mer 

Boisseree (bwas-ra') Bret'schnei-der 

Bois-so-nade' (bwas-) Breu'ghel (-gel) 

Boissy d'Anglas (bwas- Bris-son' (bivs-song') 

se'dang-glas') Brissot (bres'so) 

Bbiste (or bwast) Brizio (bret'se-o) 

Bojardo (bo-e-ar'do) Broc'phi 

Boleyn (bul'en) Brod'e-rip 

Bolingbroke (bul'ing- Bro'dje 



Bol' 



brfik) 
Bo-li'var, o; 
Bol-lan'dus 
Bb'na-parte (/< 

bo-na-par'ta) 



nnerhj 



Ben-yb'&s'ky 
Beranger (ba-rang'zh 

or ba-riing-zha') 
Be'rph'told 
Bgr'en-ger 
Ber'es-ford 
Berg'haus (-bous) 
Berke'ley (formerly 

bark'le) 
Berk'en-hbut 
Ber'lich-ing-en 
Berlioz (ber-le-o') 
Ber-na-dotte' 
Bernier (ber-ne-a.') 
Ber-ni'ni 
Bernoulli (ber-no-ye') 



Bonheur (bo-niir') 
Bonnet (bon-u.V) 
Bon-ni-vard' (-var') 
Bp-no'mi 
Bb-non-ci'ni (-che'-) 



Broglie (brol-ye') 
Brom'ley 

Brbng-ni-art' (-ar') 
Brbnsted (brehn'sted) 
Bronte (bron'ta) 
Brotier (bro-te-a') 
Brougham (brO'am or 

brum) 
Broussais (brus-sa') 
Brbuw'er 
Bruck'er 
Bru'ge§ 



Ca-bal-le'ro (-la'-) 
Ca-ba-nis' 
Cabet (ka-ba') 
Ca-boghe' 
Ca-bre'ra (-bra'-) 
Ca-dou-dal' 
Casdmon (sed'mon or 

kad'nion) 
Cagliari (kfil'ya-re) 
Cagliostro (kal-yos'tro) 
Cagnola (kan-yola) 
Cagnoli (kan-yo'le) 
Caillet (ka-ya') 
Cailliaud (ka-yo 7 ) 
Cai'us (or kcz) 
Cal'a-my 

Cal-de-rbn' de la Bar'ca 
Cal' der- wood (-wild) 
Cal-e-pi'no 
Cal-houn' (or ka-bon') 
Ca-li-da'sa 
Cal-k6en' van Beek 

'(-bak) 
Call'cott 
Callet'(kal-la') 
Callot (kal-lo') 
Cal'met 
Ca-lo-gi-e'ra 
Ca-lo-mar'de 
Cam-bi-a'so 
Cam'e-ron 
Cam'o-ens 



-da) 



Bonp'land (boug-plang') Brulliot (bru-yo') 
'stet-ten Bru-mby' (or bru-i 



Bon 

Bbr-do'ne (-na) 
Bbr-ghe'se (-ga'za) 
Bbr'gia (bor'ja) 
Borgognone (bor-gon 

yo'na) 
Bbr'lase 

Bor-ro-me'o (-ma'-) 
Bor-ro-mi'ni 
Bcs-caw'en 



Brun (brung) 

Brunck 

Bru-nel' 

Bru-nel-les'chi 

Brunei; (bru-na') 

Bruy^re (bro-yeV) 

Bruyn (broin) 

Buph 

Biich'an 

54 



Cam-pan' (ka'ng-pa'ng') 
Campbell (kam'el or 

kam'bel) 
Ca.m-p9-ma'nes [ne) 

Camuccini (ka-mu-che'- 
mwa') Camus (ka-mu') 

Cancellieri (kan-cbel-e- 

a're) 
Can-dolle' 
Ca-no'va 

Canrobert (kang-ro-ber') 
Can-ta-ri'ni 
Can'te-mir 
Can-to'ni 
Can-tu' 



638 



PKONUNCIATION OF THE NAMES OF 



Ca-nute', or Can'ute 

Cape-figue' 

Cap'ell 

Ca'pet, or Cap'et 

Caracci (ka-rat'che) 

Caraglio (ka-ral'yo) 

Caravaggio (kar-a-vad'- 

jo) 
Car'dan 

Carduccio (ka'r-dut'cho) 
Ca-rew', or Ca'rew (-ru) 
Carlen (kar-lan') 
Car-lisle' (-111') 
Car'lo-man 
Car-lyle' [yo'-) 

Car-magn-o'la (-nian- 
Car'mi-ehael _ 
Carnot (kar-no') 
Carpaccio (kar-pat'cko) 
Car-pi'ni 
Car-rel' 
Car'ter-et 
Ca'sas 
Ca-sau'bon (or ka-so- 

bong') 
Cases (kaz) 
Cas'i-mir 
Cas-si'ni» 

Castagno (kas-tan'yo) 
Castaiios (kas-tan'yos)_ 
Castiglione (kiis-tel-yo'- 

na) 
Castilho (kas-tel'yo) 
Cas-tle-reagh' (kas-sl- 

ra') 
Castren (kas-tran') 
Castruccio_(kas-titit'cho) 
Cauchy (ko-she')_ 
Caulaincourt (ko-lang- 

kOr') 
Cavaignac (kav-en-yak') 
Ca-val-i-e'ri (-a'-) 
Ca-val-ii'ni 
Cav'en-dish (or kan'- 

disii) 
Cay-lus' 
Cean-Bermudez (tha- 

an'ber-mu'tfieth) 
Cec'il ' 

Cellini (chel-le'ne) 
Cel'si-us (sel'she-iis) 
Cent-liv're (sent-lrv'ver) 
Cer-van'tes-Sa-a-ve'dra 

'(-va'-) 
Cesari (cha'za-re) 
Cesarotti (cha-za-rSt'te) 
Cespedes (thes'pa-tfias) 
Chal'mers (or cha'nierz) 
Chal'o-ner 
Cham-bray' 
pha-mis'so 
Cham-pol'li-on 
Changarnier (shang-gar- 

iie-a') 
Chan' trey 
Cha-pSne' 
Chappe 
ghap-tal' 

Char'din (or shar-dang') 
Charlemagne (shar'le- 

man) 
Charlevoix (shar'le-voi 

or sharl-vwa') 
Charteris (char'terz) 
Chasles (shal) 
Chasse (shas-sa') 
Chastelet (sha-te-la/) 
Chateaubriand (sha-to- 

bre-ang') 
Chat'ham 
Chaudet (sho-da') 
Chauveau-Lagarde (sho- 

vo'la-gard') 



phem'nitz 

Chenier (sha-ne-a') 

phe-ru-bi'ni (ka-) 

Ches'el-den 

£hev'e-riis 

£he-vreul' 

Cheyne (cban) 

Chil'de-bert 

Chil'per-ic 

Chisholm (chizm) 

phodz'ko 

Choiseul (shwa-zul') 

Cholmondeley (chum'le) 

J3hris-tl'na, or 

£hris-ti'na 
Chur-ru'ca, y (e) E-lor'- 

za. (a-lor'tha) 
Cignani (chen-ya'ne)_ 
Cignaroli (chen-ya-ro'le) 
Ci'go-li (che'-) 
Ci-ma-bu'e (che-ma- 

bo'a) 
Ci-ma-ro'sa (che-) 
Ci-pri-a'ni (che-) 
Clairaut (kla-ro') 
Clai-ron' 
Claude (or klod) 
Claude Lor-raine' 
Clausel (klo-zel') 
Clavigero (kla-ve'Ha-ro) 
Cla-vi'jo (-ho) y (e) Fa- 

jar'do (fa-Haf'do) 
Clemencin (kla-men- 

then') 
Clootz (klots) 
Clo-tilde' 
Clo'vis 
Clowes 

Cochin (ko-shSng') 
Coch'rane 
Cockburn (ko'byrn) 
Co-el'lo (ko-el'yo) 
Cceiir de Li'on 
Coke (or kiik) 
Colbert (kGl-ber') 
Cole'ridge 

Colign'y (ko-len'ye or ko- 
len'ye') 
Col'in 

Col'ie (kol'lfi) 
Collot-d'Herbois (kol- 

lo'der-bwa') 
Col'man 

Colquhoun (ko-hon') 
Combe (kom) 
Comines (ko-men') 
Comte (kongt) 
Conde (kon'da) 
Condillac (kong-del- 

yak') 
Condorcet (kong-dbr-sa/) 
Con'greve (kOng'-) 
Con'rad-in 
Constant (kong-staing') 

de Re-becque' 
Con-ta-ri'ni 
Con'y-beare 
Co-per'ni-cus 
Coque-rel' 

Cor'day, or Cor-day' 
Co-reTli 

Co-ren'zi-o (-tse-) 
Co-ri-o-la/no 
Corme'nin (kbrm-nang') 
Cor-na'ro 
Corneille (kor-naT) 
Cb'rn-wal'lis (-wol'-) 
Correggio (kor-red'jo) 
Cortes (kor-tes'), or 

CSr'tez 
Cor-to'na 
Cottin (kot-tang') 
Coulomb (kO-long') 



C6u'ri-er (or ko-re-a') 
Cousin '(ko-zaug') 
Cous-tou' 
Cov'er-dale 
Cbw'per (or ko'per) 
Cby'pel (or kwa-pel') 
Coysevox (kwaz-vo') 
Cra'naph 

Crash' aw, or Cra'shaVw 
Crayer (kra-ya') 
Crebillon (kra-bel-yong') 
Cre'di (kra'de) 
Creuzer (krbit'ser) 
Crevier (kra-ve-a/) 
Criph'ton (or kri'ton) 
Cro'ker 

Crom'well (or krurn'wel) 
Cru'§i-i5s (-zhe-) 
Cso-ko-nai' (oho-) 
Cu-ja'ci-us (-she-tis) 
Cu-ne'go (-nil'-) 
Cuvier (kii-ve-a/) 
Cuyp (or kolp) 
Czacki (zak'e or chats'ke) 
Czar-to-rys'ki (zar-) 
Czuczor (zuk-zbV or 
tsut-sbr') 



D. 



Dacier (da-se-a') 

Dag'o-bert 

Da-giierre' (da-ger') 

Dahl (dal) 

Daille (dal-ya/) 

Dal-gar'no 

Dal-hou'sie [pi) 

Dal'rym-ple (or druin'- 

Dal'ton 

Dal-z'ell' (or de-el') 

Da'mi-ens (or da-me- 
an g') 

Dam'pier 

Dancourt (diing-kor') 

Lan'do-lo 

Dan-tan' (dang-tang') 

Dan'te 

Dan'ton (or diing-toug') 

D'Ar-blay' 

Da'rem-berg 

Dash'kov 

Daub (dbup) [tong') 

Daubenton (do-bang- 

Dau'be-ny 

D'Aubigne (do-ben'ya) 

Daudet (do-da') 

Daudin (do-dang') 

Daun (dbun) 

Dav'e-nant 

Da-vid' 

Da'vi-la. 

Davoust (da-vo') 

Davout (da-vo') 

De Can-dolle' 

De-ca'tur 

Dechales (de-shal') 

Deffand (def-fang') 

De la, Beche (-bash) 

Delacroix (de-la-krwa') 

Delambre (de-la'm'br) 

De-la-ro^he' 

Delavigne (del-a-veiV) 

Del'fi-co 

De-liile' 

Delisle (de-lel') 

De-lolme' 

De-lbrme' 

Dem-i-dov' 

Demoivre (de-mwii'vr) 

Demoustier (de-mos- 
te-a') 



De-ni'na (da-) 
Denon (da-nong') 
Deparcieux (da-par-se- 

eh') 
Der'ham (der'am) 
Der-zha'vin 
Desaguliers (da-za-gu- 

le-a') 
Desaix de Voygoux (de- 

za'de-vwa-gcV) 
Descartes (da-kavt') 
Deshoulieres (da-zo- 

le-er') [lang') 

Desmoulins (da-mo- 
Desnoyers (da-nwa'-ya') 
Des-sa-lines' (-len') 
Destouches (da-tosh') 
Dev'e-reux (-ro) 
D'Ewes (duz) 
De Wette (da-vet'ta) 
Diderot (ded-vo') 
Didot (de-do') 
Di-dron' (-drong') 
Die'bits^h 
Die'fen-baph 
Die'triph 
Diez (dets) 
Di-o-da'ti 

Dis-ra-e'li (or diz-ra'le) 
Do-brbw'sky 
Dbderlein (deh'der-lin) 
Dolci (dol'chg) 
Do-lo-mi-eii' 
Domat (do-ma') 
Do-men-i-chi'no 
Dop'pel-may-er 
Do'ri-a 

Dorigny (do-ren'ye) 
Dbring (deh'ring) J 
Douce 
Doiig'las 
Doumat (do-ma,'). 
Douw (dbu) 
Drevet (dre-va/) 
Drouetd'Erlon (dro-a'- 

der-long') 
Drouyn de Lhuys (dro- 

ang'de-lwes') 
Dubois (du-bwa') 
Dubos (du-bo') 
Du Cange (-kiinzh) 
Duccio di Buoninsegna 

(dut'cho-de-bwo-uin- 

san'ya) 
Du Chttel (-sha-tel') 
Duchesne (du-shan') 
Du-cis' 

Duclos (du-klo') 
Dudevant (dud-vang') 
Dufaure (du-for') 
Dufresnoy (du-fra'nwa) 
Du Guesclin (-ga-klang') 
Du Halde (-aid') 
Du Ha-mel' (-a-mel') 
Dumas (du-ma') 
Dumont (du-mong') 
Du-mou'ri-ez (-a) 
Dun'gli-son (dung'-) 
Duperre (du-per-ra') 
Duperrey (du-per-ra/) 
Dupin (du-pang') 
Dupleix (du-pla') 
Du-pon'ceau (-so) 
Dupont (du-pong') 
Dupuis (du-pwe') 
Dupuytren (du-pwe- 

trang') 
Du-ran' 
Du-rand' 
DUrer (du'rer) 
Du-Som-me-rard' (-rar') 
Dus-sek' (or do-she k') 
Dutens (du-tang') 



DISTINGUISHED MEN OF MODERN TIMES. 



639 



Dutrochet (du-tro-sha') 
Duvernoy (du-ver-nwa') 
Dyche (or chchj 



E. 



E'bel (a/-) 

E'bel-ing (a'-) 

Ec'cles (ek'klz) 

Ech'ard 

Ed'el-inck 

Ed-ri'si 

Eeck'hbut (ak'-) 

Eg'e-de 

Eg'er-ton 

E'gi'n-hardt (a'gin-hart) 

Eh'ren-berg (a'-) 

Eieh'hbrn 

Elie de Beaumont (a-le- 

de-bo-moug') 
Elles'mere 
Elmes 
Els'hel-mer 
El'ze-vir 
Enck'e'(-a) 
Eng'el 

Enghien (ang-ge-iing') 
Eon de Beaumont 

(a-ong'de-uG-mong') 
E-ras'mus 

Ercilla (er-thel'ya) y (e) 
^ Zufiig-a (tliun-ye'ga) 
Er'ics-son 
Ers'ch (ersh) 
Ers'kine 
Esch'en-berg 
Esch'en-may-er 
Es-par-te'ro (-ta'-) 
Es-pron-ce'da (-tha'tfta) 
Es-taing' 
Es'te 

Eth'el-bald 
Eth'el-bert 
Eth'el-red 
Eth'el-wulf 
Eu'ler 

Ev'er-ding-en 
Ewald (a'valt) 
Ew'art 
Eyck 



Fab-bro'ni 

Fa'bre (-br) d'Eg-lan- 

tine' 
Fa-bret'ti 
Fab-ri-a'no 
Fa-briz'i-b (-bivts'-) 
Fabrot (fa-bro'j 
Fa'by-an 

Facciol'ati (fat-cho-la'tej 
Fahr'en-heit (t'ar'ou-hit; 
Fair' bairn 
Falconer (faw'kn-er) 
Falconet (fal-ko-na') 
Fal-i-e'ri (-a'-) 
Fan'eu-il (or fun'il) 
Far'a-day 
Far'ey 

Fa-ri'a e (a) SSu'sa 
Fa-ri-na'ti 

Far-nese' (or far-na'za) 
Far'quhar (-kwav) 
Fat'i-ma 
Faucher (fo-sha/) 
Faust (or fo ust) 
Fed-e-ri'ci (-a-re'che) 
Feith (fit)' 



Fejer (fa-yer') 
Fe-li-bi-en' (-ang') 
Fenelon (fen'e-lon) 
Fer-du'si 
Fermat (fir-ma') 
Fer-ra'ri 
Fer-re'i-ra (-ra'-) 
Fer-re'ras (-ra'-) 
Fesch (fash) 
Fe'ti (fa'te) 
Fetis (fa'tes) 
Feuerbach (foi'er-bak) 
Fich'te_(-ta) _ 
Fi-ci'no (-die'-) 
Fi-e'so-le (fg-a'zo-la) 
Fi-lan-gi-e'ri (-a'-) 
Fil-i-pe'pi (-pa'-) 
Fin-gal' (or f ing'gal) 
Fi-o-ril'lo 
Fir-doiv'si 
Fi-ren-zu-o'la (-tsu-) 
Fisch'er 

Fitz John (flts-jfm' ; vul- 
garly flj'iii) 
Flechier (fla-she-a/) 
Fleu'ry 

Florez (flo'reth) 
Flo-ri-an' (-ang') 
Flo'tow 
Fliigel (flu'gel) 
Foix (foi or fwS) 
Folard (fo-lar') 
Fo'ley 

Folk'es (fuks) 
Fon-blanque' (-blank') 
Fon-taine' 
Fon-ta'na 

Fontanes (fong-tan') 
Fon-te-nelle' 
Fbr'bes (Scot.) 
Fbrbe's (Eng.) 
Forbin (tor-Liang') 
Fbr-cel-li'ni (-chel-) > 
For-syth' 
Fbr'tes-cue 
Fbr-ti-guer'ra 
For-toul' 
Fos'broke (-bruk) 
Fos'ca-ri 
Fos-ca-ri'ni 
Fos-phi'ni 
Fos'co-lo 
Fos-sa'ti 
Fos-som-bro'ni 
Fouch'e (fo-sha/) 
Fbu'lis (or fb\vlz) 
Fouquier-Tinville (fo- 

ke-a'taug-vel') 
Fourcroy (for-krwa/) 
F6u'ri-er 

Fourmont (for-mong') 
Fra-cas-to'ro 
Fran'ci-a (or fran'tbe-ii) 
Franzen (fian-zan') 
Fraun'ho-fer (friiun'-) 
Frei'li-grath (-gr&t) 
Freins'heim 
Fre-mont' 
Frgret (fra-ra') 
Freron (fra-rong') 
Fresnel (fra-nel') 
Frey 
Fries 

Frisch'lin (frish'lin) 
Fri'si 

Fritz' sehe (frits'sha) 
Fro'bish-er 
Fro'i-la 
Frbis'sart 
Frbude {or frod) 
Fiiger (fu'ger) 
Ful'ton 
Fu'se-li 



G. 



Girardin (zhe-rar-dang') 
Girardon (zbe-ra.r-dung') 
Giraud (zhe-ro') 
Gaert'ner Girodet-Trioson (zhe-ro- 

Ga'gern da'tre-o-zong') 

Gaillard (ga-yar') ^iu'li-o ko-ma'no 

Gains'bor-9ugh (-bur-ro) Glau'ber (or gluu'uer) 
Gal-a-ni'no Gleig 

Gal-i-a'ni Gleim 

Galignani (gal-en-ya'ne ; Glen'do-wr-er 
Gal-i-le'6 Glov'er 



Gall 

Gal-lau-det' 

Gait 

Gal-va'ni 

Ga'ma 

Gargao (gar-softng') 

Gar-_ci-las'so (-the-) de 

(da) la Ve'ga (va'-) 
Gar-i-bal'di 
Gamier (gar-ne-ii') 
Ga-ro'fa-lo 
Gas'coigne (-kbln) 
Gas'se (-sa) 
Gas-sen'di 
Gat'a-ker 
Gat'te-rer 
Gaubil (go-bel') 
Gauss (giiGs) 
Ga-var-nl' 
Gavazzi (ga-vat'se) 
Gav'es-ton (or gas'ton) 
Gay-an-gos' 
Gay-Lus-sac' 
ped'des 

gteddes (jedz), El. 
Ge-di'ke (ga-de'ka) 
(See 

Geefs (gafs) 
Gei'jer (or yi'yer) 
gell 
JSel'lert 
^em-i-ni-a'ni 
9e-net' (or zlie-n r i') 



Gluck 

Gmelin (gma'lin) 

Gnei'sen-au (gnl'zen-ou) 

Go-dol'phin 

Go-du-nov' 

G6e§ (or hos) 

Goethe (geh'ta) 

Go'gol 

Goguet (go-ga') 

Gol-do'ni 

Golt'zi-us (-se-) [-til) 

Gon'go-ra. y (e) Ar-go'te 

Gon-za'ga 

Gon-za'16 de (da) Cbr'- 

do-va 
Gbrgei (giir'ga-e) 
Gbr'ges 

Gbrres (giir'res) 
Gort-scha-koff' 
Gosselin (gos-laug') 
Gough (gof) 
Goujon (g6-zhong0 
Gour-gaud' (-go'J 
Gow'er, or Gb^'er 
Goyen (go'in) 
Gozzi (gi t'se) 
Gozzoli (got'so-le) 
Gra'be (-ba) 
Graeme (gram) 
Grae'vi-iis 
Grain'ger 

Grammont (gram-mong') 
Grander 

gten'|is Khan (jeiig'gis- Graun - 
kan') Gravelot (grav-lo') 

Genlis (zbang'le or Gra-vi'na 

zh.ing-le') Gr§aves 

Qe-no-ve'si (ja-no-va'ze) Green'ough (gren'o) 






Gensonne (zhiiiu 

na') 

Gerando (j?-ran'do) 
Gerard (zha-rllr / ) 
Gerbert (zher-ber') 
Gerbier (zher-be-a') 

d'Ouvilly (dO-vCl-ye') 
Per'ry 

(Ser'son (or zher-song') 
pe-se'ni-us 
JSes'ner 
Ghi-beVti (ge-) 
Ghir-lan-da'i-o 
g-ian-no'ne (-na) 
£riar-di'ni 
flie'se-ler (-za-) 
pif'ford, or £if ford 
pil'das 
jail-fil'lan 
pill, or ^ill 
pil'lies 
pill'ray 
pil'pin 



Gre-go ri-o 

Grlsh'am 

Gresset (gres-sa') 

Gretry (gra-tre') 

Gretsch 

Grev'ille 

Gri-bo-ye'dov (-ya'-) 

Gries'bach 

Gri-mal'di 

Gri'si 

Gro'cyn 

Gro-no'vi-us 

Grosvenor (grciv'nor) 

Gro'ti-iis (-she-) 

Grouchy (gru-she') 

Gru'ter 

Gua-ri'ni 

Gua-ti-mb'zin 

Gub'bi-o 

Gudin (go-dang') 

Guelph (gwelf I 

Guercino (gwer-che'no) 

Guericke (ga're-ka) 



Gil (zhel) Vi-cen'te (-ta) Guerin (ga-rang') 
Ginguene (zliang-ge-na') Guicciardini (gwit-char- 
Qio-ber'ti de'ne) 

g-io-con'do Gui'db Re'ni (ra'-) 

eiof-fre'do (-fra'-) Guignes (geh) 

Gioja ( jo'e-a) Guis'card (or ges-ka'r') 

5rior-da'no Guizot (gwe'zo or §e'zo) 

5rior-|-io'ne (-na) di Cas- Gul-dl'nus 

tel-fran'co Gunst 

Giot'tb Giinther (gun'ter) 

^io'^'-o Gu'ten-berg 



640 



PEONUNCIATKXN" OF THE NAMES OF 



Guth'rie 

Guy'on (orgwe-yong') 
Guyot (ge-6') 
Guyton (gwe-tong') de 
Mor-veau' (-vu') 



H. 



Hachette (a-shef) 

Ha'fiz, or Ha/fjz 

Ha'ge-dbrn (-ga-) 

Ha'|en-bach 

Haghe (hag) 

Hahn'e-mann 

Hak'luyt 

Hal'i-biir-ton 

Halket (hak'et) 

Han'del 

Har-di-ca-nute' 

Har'dinge (-ding) 

Hardouin (ar-db-ang') 

Ha-roun' a.1 Rasch'id 

Hart'soe-ker 

Ha'se (-za)" 

Has'se (-sa) 

Haupt (houpt) 

Hau'ser (kbii'zer) 

Hautefeuille (hbt'f ul) 

Haiiy (ii-we') 

Have'lock 

Hay'dn 

Hay'nau (-nou) 

Hearne 

Heb'er-den 

Heeni (or ham) 

Heems'kerk 

Hee'ren (ha'ren) 

He'gel (ha'gel) 

Hei'berg 

Hei'ne (-na) 

Hei'neck-en 

Hein'rich 

Heln'se (-sa) 

Hein'si-us (-she-) 

Hel-ve'ti-us (-she-) 

Hem'ans 

Hem'ster-huys (or 

-hois')" 
Henault (a-no') 
Hen'gist (heng'-) 
Herbelot (er-blb') 
Her'der (or her'der) 
Herrera (er-ra/ra) 
Her'schel 
Herzog (her'tsog) 
Heu'mann (hoi'-j 
Heu'sing-er (hoi'-) 
He-ve'li-us 
Hey'lin(ha'-) 
Hey'ne (-na) 
Hoche (osh) 
Hod'y 
Hoe'ven 
Ho'fer 
Ho' garth 
H5h'en-loh-e (-a.) 
Hoh'en-stauf-en 

(-stouf-) 
Hojeda (o-Ha'tna) 
Hoi' bach 
Hol'bein 
Hol'berg 
Hol'brook (-bruk) 
Hoi' croft 
Hol'ins-hed 
Holmes (homz) 
Hblty (hehl'te) 
Hooft (or hoft) 
H66g'e-veen 
Hook'er (huk'-> 
Horry (br-re') 



Hot'ting-er 
Hbu'bra-ken 
Hou'don (or ho-dong') 
Hous'ton (or hus'ton) 
Hbve'den 
HSw'ard 

How'ard, Sm. 
How'ell, or How'ell 
Hbw'itt 
Hu-er'ta_(u-) 
Huet (u-a') 
Hu'fe-land (-f a-lant) 
Hu'go 

Hulme (horn) 
Humbert (hum'bert or 

tmg-ber') 
Hum'boldt (hum'bolt or 

btmi'bolt) 
Hum'mel 
HGs'kis-son 
Huss 
Hut' ten 
Huy'fhens 
Huy'sum 
Hy'der A'li, or 

Hy'der Al'i 



ib'ra-him Pa-cha' 

2'de-ler 

ih're (e'ra) 

Inch' bald 

In'te-low 

in'f e-mann (-ga-) 

ing'en-hbusz (-hotis) 

2n-ghi-ra'mi 

In'glis (ing'glis) 

Ingres (ang'gr) 

In-giil'phus 

Ire'ton 

2-sa-bey' (-baO 

?-tur'bi-de (-tha) 



Ja-co'bi (ya-), P. 
Jacquard ( j ak-kard' or 

zhak-kar') 
Jahn (yan) 
Ja'mie-son 
Janin'(zha-nang') 
Jasmin (zhas-mang') 
Ja-ya-de'va 
Jean Paul (or zhang- 

pbul') 
Jellachich (yel'la-kik) 
Joanes (Ho-a'nes) 
Johannot (zho-a-no') 

(Fr.) 
Jo-mel'li (yo-) 
J5-mi-ni' (zho-) 
Jordaens (ybr / dans) 
Josika (yo 
Jos'quin ( 
Joubert (z 
Jouffroy (z 

zho-frwa 
Jourdan (z 
Jouvency ( 
Jouvenet (: 
Jouy (zho-< 
Jovellanos 

nos) 
Jow'ett 
Jungmann 
Junot (zhfi- 
Ju-ri-eu' (z 
Jus-si-eu' (: 



K. 



Kampfer (kemp'fer) 
Kant, or Kant 
Kan'te-mir 
Ka-ram'sin 

Ka- ram -sin', M. 
Ka-to-na' 

Kaufimann (kbuf'man) 
Kaul'bach (kbfil'-) 
Kaunitz (kou'nits) 
Ka-zinc'zy (or ka-zint- 

se') 
Keble (ke'bl or keb'bl) 
Keightley (kit'le) 

Keightley (ket'le), El. 

M. 
Ki-en' Lung' 
Kir'cher, or Kir'cher 
Kis-fa-'lu'dy 
Klap'roth (-rot) 
Kleber (kla-ber') 
Klen'ze (,-tsa) 
Knel'ler (nel'ler) 
Knol'ler (or nol'ler) 
Knollys (nol'lis or nolz) 
Knowle§ (nolz) 
Koph 

Kohl'rausgh (-rbfish) 
Kblliker (kehl'lik-er) 
Ko-ra-y' (-e') 
Kbrner (kiir'ner) 
Kos-ci-us'ko 
Kossuth _(kos-shot') 
Kot'ze-bue (-se-) 
K6u-tou'soff 
Kra'nach ' [ke) 

Kra-sick'i (or kra-slts'- 
Krause (krbu'za)" 
Kreutser (kroit'ser) 
Kriidener (kru'de-ner) 
Kriiger (kru'ger) 
Kru-i-lov' 
Krum'mach-§r 
Kiigelgen (ke'gel-gen) 
Kug'ler 

Kiihnol (ke-nehl') 
Kus'ter 
Kuyp (or koip) 



L. 



Labbe 

La-borde' 

Lab-ou-fhere' 

La Bruylre (-bro-yer') 

La Caille 

Lacepgde (la-sa-ped') 

Lach'mann 

La Con-da-mine' 

(kong-) 
Lad'is-las, or 

Lad-is-la'us 
T aen-nec' 
i-fay-ette' 
i-fitte' 
.'. Fon-taine' 
.gn'y (lan-yeO 
-granfe' 
Harpe' (-ai-r/) 
-hire' (-er') 
ing (lang) 
i-resse' 
Keux 
-lande' 

[ly (lalle) Tol-len- 
al' (-lang-) 
marck' 
mar-tine' 
men-nais' (-na') 



La'mi 

Lamoriciere (la-mo-re- 

se-er'j '[ka') 

La Motte'-Fouque (-fo- 
La-mou-roux' (-ro') 
Lang'e (-a) 
Lannes (or la'n) 
Lantier (lang-te-a') 
Lan'zi (-tse) 
La Perouse (-pa-roz') 
La-place' 
Larcher (lar-sha') 
Larrey (lar-ra 7 ) 
Las'ca-ris 
Las Ca'sas 
Las Cases (-kaz) 
La'tham 

Latrei'lle (la-tral') 
Lau'don (lbu'-) 
La-va'ter 

Lavoisier (lii-vwa-ze-a') 
Lay'ard 

Le-briin' (-brung') 
Le Clerc (le-kler) 
Le'dru Kol'lin (or la- 

dru'rol-lang') 
Lefebvre (le-fev'vr) 
Lefort (le-fbr') 
Legare (le-gre') 
Le-gen'dre (le-jen'dur 

or le-zhan'dr) 
Legrand (le-grang') 
Leib'nitz 
Leigh'ton (la'-) 
Lelewel (la-la'vel) 
Le-mbine' (or le-nrwan') 
Lem-priere' (or lem-pre- 

er') 
L'Enclos (liing-klb') 
L'Enfant (lang-fang') 
Lep'si-us 
Le-rbi' {or le-rwa') 
Leroux (le-r'o') 
Le^Sage (-sazli) 
L'Es-pi-nasse' 
L'Es-trangre' 
Le Sueur (-swiir) 
Leu'wen-h6ek 
Le'ver [ r ?-^«0 

Le-ver'ri-er (or le-vei- 
Lgvizac (la-ve-zak') 
Lew'es 

L'Hopital (lo-pe-tal') 
Li'be-ri (-ba-) 
Lifeh'ten-berg 
Liph'ten-stein 
Lipht'wer (-ver) 
Lid'dell 
Lie'big 
Lim'bbrch 
Lin' a- ere (-kur) 
Lin'gard (ling'-) 
Lin-nse'us 
Lin-nell' 
Liszt (list) 
Llorente (lj'o-ren'ta) 
Loir (lwar) 
Lok'man 
Lom-o-no'sov 
Lon'ghi (-ge) 
Lon-go-mon-ta'nus 
Lo'pe (-pa) de (da) Ve'ga 

(va'-) 
Lbu'don 
Lough (luf) 
LSu'is Phil'ippe (or 10- 

e'fe-lep') 
Loutherbourg (16-ter- 

bor') 
Louvois (10-vwa') 1 
Lowe (or \ti\t) 
Low'ell 
Low'er 



DISTINGUISHED MEX OF MODERN TIMES. 



641 



lowth 

Lo-yo'la 

Lu-bien-iet'ski (-yet'-) 

Liicke (le'ka) 

Iu-1'ni 

liitzow (lit' so) 

lyjell 

Ly'sons 



Marat (ma'ra or ma-ra') Metz (mas) (Fr.) 
Ma-rat'ti [lf>) Metz (mets) (Uer.) 

Mar-cel'io (or mar-chel'- Met'zu (-su) 
Mar-ga-ri-to'ne (-pa) Meu'len (moi'-) 
Mar-hei'ne-ke (-na-ka) 
Ma-ri-a'na 



M. 



Maas, or Maes 

Mabillon (ma-bel-yong') 

Mably (nia-ble') 

Ma-buse' 

Ma-cart'ney 

Ma-cau'lay 

Mac-beth' 

Mac-clure' 

Mac-cul'loph (-kul'lo) 

Mac-diar'mid 

Mac Don'ough (-dou'o) 

Ma-ce'do {-sa'-) 

Mac-gll'liv-ray 

Maph'i-a-vel, or 

Mach-i-a-vel'li 
Mac il-vaine' 
Mac-kay', or Mac-kay' 
Mac-ken'zie 
Mack'in-tosh 
Mack'iin 

Mac-knight' (mak-nlt') 
Mac-lau'rin 
Macleod (mak-lburi') 
Mac-lin' 
Mac-lise' 
Mac-nab' 
Mac-neill' 
Ma-comb' (-kom' or 

-kum') 
Mac-pher'son 
Mac-rea'dy 
Mad'ox 

Madoz (ma-thoth') 
Maf-fe'i (-fa'-) 
Mi-gel'lan [de') 

Magendie (ina-zhang- 
Mah'mud 
Ma'hom-et 
Ma-hon', or Ma-h8n' 
Ma'i 

Ma-i-a'no 
Mai'kov 
Mailath (mi-laf) 
Mal-mon'i-des 
Main'te-non (-nong) 
Mainwaring (man'iier- 

I»g) 
Mais'tre (mas'tr) 
Majoribanks (ma'jor- 

bangks or march'- 

bangks) 
MaTcolm (-kom) 
Malc-zew'ski 
MaTe-branche 
Malesherbps (mal-zerb') 
Malherbe (mal-eW) 
Mal'i-bran 
Ma-lone' 
Mal-pi'ghi (-g» 
Mal'te (-ta) Brian 
Mal'thus 
Ma'mun 

Man-fre'di (-fra'-) 
Mantegna (man-ta.n'ya) 
Man'tell 
Man-tu-a'no 
Ma'nu-el 

Ma-nu'ti-us (-she-) 
Manuzio (ma-nCt'se-o) 
Man-zo'ni 



Ma-ri-otte' 
Marivaux (ma-re-vo') 
Mar' 15 we 

Marmont (mar-mong'^ 
Mar-mon-tel' 
Ma-ro-ghet'ti 
Marot (ma-ro v ) 
Marrast (ma-ra') 
Mar'ry-at 

Marsigli" (inar-seTye) 
Mar-tel' 
Mar'ti-neau (-no) 



Metir si-us (-she.-) 

Mey'er 

Meyerbeer (mi'er-bar) 

Mey'rick 

Mezerai (maz-ra') 

Mez-zo-fan'ti (or met-so- 

fan'te) 
Mi-all'' 

Mi-az'zi (or me-at'se) 
Mi-pha-e'lis (-a'-) 
Mi-phai'lo-witz 
Michaud (me-slio r ) 
Michaux (me-sho^) 
Michelet (mesh-la') 



Mar-ti'nez (-neth) de la Mt-phel-oz'zi (or me-kel 

Ro'sa _" ot'se) 

Masaccio (ma-sat'cho) Mic-kie'wics (or mjtsk- 
Ma-sa-ni-el'lo ya'vitsh) 

Mascagni (mas-kan'ye) Mi-el' 



Mas-che-ro'ni (-ka-J 
Masclef (mas-kla') 
Maseres (ma-zeV) 
Mas'ham 
Mas'ke-lyne 
Mas-sa-soit', or 
Mas-sas'so-it 
Mas-se'na (-sa' 



Migliara (mel-ya'ra) 
Mignard (men-yar') 
Mignet (men-ya') 
Mi-li'zi-a (-tse-) 
Millin (mil-laug') 
MiTlin-gen 
Milnes (milz) 
Mil'o-rad'o-witz 



Mas'sil-lon (or mas-sel- Minie (miu-e-a') 



yong') 
Mas'sin-£-er 
Mas-son' ('-song') 
Mas'son (Eng.) 
Matfi'er, or Math'er 
Mat'sys, or Mat'sys 
Mat'this-son (-te-) 
Mat'u-rin 
Ma'ty 
Maun'der 
Maupertuis (mo-per- 

twe'j 
Maurepas (uior-p;i') 
Mau-ro'li-co (mini-) 
Maury (mo-re') (Fr.) 
Mau'ry (Fug.) 
May'er 
Maz'a-rln 
Ma-zep'pa 



Min-z5'ni (-tso' 
Mirabaud (me-ra-bo') 
Mirabeau (me-ra-bo') 
Mi-ran'do-la 
Mir-bel' ' 
Mit's^her-liph 
Mit'ter-may-er 
Moch-nac'ki (or m9k- 

n.its'ke) 
Mo-ham'med 
Mbhler (meh'ler) 
Moir 

Moitte (mwat) 
Mol'beph 
Mole (nio-la') 
Mo'le-sphott (-skot) 
Moliere (mo-le-er) 
Mo-li'na 
Mol'y-neux (or mol'e-no) 



Maz-zi'ni (or mat-se'ne) Mon-bod'do 
Maz-zo-li'ni (or miit-so- Mongault (mong-go') 

le'ne) Monge (moii/li | 

Maz-zu-o'li (or mat-su- Monnoyer (mo-nwa-ya') 

o'le)' Mon-roe' [la') 

Meagher (mii'her, ma'- Monstrelet (mongs-tre- 



Mon ta-giie 
Montaigne (m5n-tan / ) 
Montalembert (mong- 

tal-am-ber') 
Mpnt-'calm' (-kiim') 



her, or mair) 
Mechain (ma-shang') 
Meck'en-en 
Med'i-ci (or med'e-che) 
Me'he-met (ma'-)'A'li', < 

Me'he-met (ma'-) JLl'i Mont-ea'gle 
Mei'bom Mon-te-cu'cu-li (-ta.-) 

Meiss'ner Mon'tes-pan 

Meissonier (ma-so-ne-a') Mon'tes-quieu (-ku or 
Me-lanc'thon, or mong-tes-ke-eh') 

Me-laneh 7 thon Montfaucon (mong-fo- 

Melendez (ma-len'deth) kong') 

Val-des' Mont-gol'fl-er (or mong- 



Me'li (mi'-) 

Me'na' (ma'-) 

Menage (ma-nazb/) 

Men'dels-sohn 

Men-do'za 

Men'schi-koff 

Menzies imlng'iz) 

Mercier (mer-se-a') 

Mer'i-an 

Mer'i-vale 

Me§'mer 

Met-as-ta'si-o 

Met'ter-niph 



gol-fe-a') 
Mont-gom'er-y 
Montholon '(mong-to- 

long') 
Mont-mo-ren'cy 
Mon-tb'r'so-li 
Montpensier (mong- 

pang-se-a') 
Mon-trose' 
Mon-tu'cla 

Moore (mor), or Moore 
Mo-ra'les 
Mo-ra-tin' 

54* 



Mor-cel'li (or mor- 

cbel'le)" 
Mbr'daunt 
Mo-reau' (-ro') 
Mc-rell' 
Mo-rel'li 
Mo-re'ri (-ra'-) 
Mo'ri-es 

Morin (mo-rang') 
Mo-ro'ni 
M6-ro-si'ni 
Mbr'ton (nibr'tn) 
Mor-veau' (-vo') 
Mo'sghe-les (-sha-) 
Mo'sghe-ros^h (-sha-) 
Mo'ser 
Mos'heim 
Mothe-le-Vayer (mot'- 

le-va-ya') 
Motteux (mot-tu') 
Moul'trie (or mf.'tre) 
Mounier (mo-ne-a')" 
Mozart, or Mo-zart 7 
Mu'die 
Mvil-cas'ter 
Mul'der 
Mu-li-na'ri 
Miiller (miller) 
Mul-rea'dy 
Mun-chau'sen 
Munchhausen (minch'- 

bou-zen) 
Miinscher (min'sher) 
Miinster (miu'stei) 
Mii-rad' 

Mu-rat' (<>r nin-ra') 
Mu-ra-to'ri 
Mu-ra-vi-ev' 
Miir'phi-son 
Muret imu-ra') 
Mu-ril'lo (or mti-reryo) 
Musschenbroek (mus'- 

ruk) 
Mus'ta-pha 
Mu-su'rus 
Muziano (mut-se-a'no) 



Na'dir Shah 
Nan-teuil' 

Na'pi-er 
Naruszewicz ina-ru- 

Bha'vich) 
Narvaez inar-ya'eth) 
Na'sir Ed-din' 
Na'smyth 
Naude (no-da') 
Naun'ton 

Na-var-re'te (-ra'ta.) 
Ne-an'der 
Neck'er (or na-ker') 
Neer, w-Neer 
Ne'ri (na're) 
Nes'sel-rode, or 

Nes'-sel-ro'de (-da) 
Netsgh'er (netsh'-) 
Neu'beck (or iiiii'bek) 
Neu'hoff (or noi'hof) 
Neii'kirch (or nbi'kerk) 
Neu'komm (or noi'kom) 
Ney (na) 
Ni-can'der 
Nic-co'la 

Niceron (ne-sa-rong') 
Ni-co-la'i 
Ni'co-lay 
Ni-cole' 
Nie'buhr 
Niemcewicz (ne-em-tsa'- 

vich) 



642 



PRONUNCIATION OF THE NAMES OF 



Nie'mey-er Pa-du-a-ni'na 

Niepce (ne-eps') Pa'eth (-eth) 

Nieu'wen-tyt (or ne'- Pagan (pa-gang 7 ) 

ven-tlt) Pa-ga'ni 

Nieiiw'land (or nev'lant) Pag-a-ni'ni 



Nithard (ne-tar) 
Noailles (no-al') 
Nodier (no-de-a') 
Noehden (neu'den) 
Nol'le-kens 
Nollet (nol-la') _ 
Noodt (not or not) 
Nos-tra-da'mus 
N6ur-ed-din' 
No-va'lis 
Nov-i-kov' 
Nunez (nun'yeth) 



0. 



6'ber-Kn 

CEc-o-lam-pa'di-us 
Oehlenschlager (eh-len' 

shla'ger) 
Oersted '(ur'sted) 
Oet'ting-er (eht'-) 
Oggione (od-jo'na) 
6'gle-thbrpe (-gl-) 



Pa£'et 

pag'gi 

Pii-i-si-el'lo 

Paix'hans 

Pajou (pa-zlio') 

Pa-lack' y. (or pa-lats'ke) 

PaTa-fox 

Pa-len'ci-a (pa-len'she-a. 

or pa-l4n'the-a) 
Pal-es-tri'na 
Pal-la'di-o 
Pal-la-vi-ci'no (or -che'- 

no)* 
Pal-ma-ro'li 
Palm'blad 
Palmer (pa'mer) 
Palmerston (pam'er- 

ston) 
Pa-lo-mi'no y (e) Ve- 

las'co 
Pals' grave 

Pa-ni'ni, or Pan-ni'ni 
Pan-mure' 
Pan-vi'ni-o 
Pa'o-li 



Ohlmuller (ehl'mul-ler) Pa-pi-neau' (-no') 



Ojeda (o-Ha'tha) 

O-la'us 

Ol'bers 

Old'cas-tle (-kas-sl) 

61d-mix'on 

51'dys (or oldz) 

6-le-a'ri-us 

6-li-va'rez (or o-le-va' 

reth) 
5l'i-vet (or 6-le-va,') 
Olivier (o-le-ve-a') 
O'Mea'ra 
Snk'e-los 
5ns'low 
68rt (or ort) 
6'pie 

6'pitz (-pits) 
Orcagna (or-kan'ya) 
Orellana (o-rel-ya'na) 
Or-fi'la 
br-lay' 

Or-lov', or 6r-lofF 
Or-say' 
Or-si'ni 
Or-te'li-us 
Ossian (osh'an) 
Os'so-li 

Ossuna (os-sun'ya) 
o-sta'de (-da) 
6'ster-vald 
5th' man 

Oudinot (o-de-no') 
Ought' red (out'-) 
6use'ley 
6'ver-weg 



Par-a-cel'sus 

Par-a-di'gi 

Par'doe 

Pare (pa-ra') 

Pa-re'des (-ra'thes) 

Pareja (pa-ra'Ha) 

Parent-Duchatelet (pa- 

rang'dti-shat-la') 
Pa-ri'ni 

Par-mi-gia'no (-ja'-) 
Par'nell 
Parny (par-n5') 
Pa-ru'ta 

Pas-ke'vich (-ka'-) 
Pasquier (pas-ke-a') 
Pas'se-ri (-sa-) 
Pas-se-ro'ni (-sa-) 
Passignano (pas-sen- 

ya'no) 
Piis-si-o-ne'i (-na'-) 
Pas'sow 
Pa-tel' 

Paton (pa-tong / ) 
Pa' ton, or 

Pat'on (Eng.) 
Pau'lus (or pofi'lus) 
Pauw (pouv) 
Pearce, or Pearce 
Pear'son, or Pear'son 
Pecquet (pek-ka') 
Peirce, or Peirce 
Pei-resc' (pa-) 
Pelissier (pa-lis-se-a') 
Pellerin (pel-rang') 
Pel'li-co 



6-vi-e'do (-a'tho) y (e) Pel-lis-son' (-song')- 
_ Val-des' Fontanier (fong-ta- 

Ow'en ne-a.') 

8x'en-stiern Pep'in (or pip'jn) 

5x'en-stier'na (or -sheV- Pe'pusch (pa'push) 



na) 
6-za-nam' (or -nang') 



Pep'ys (or peps)_ 
Percier (per-se-a') 
Pereira (pe-ra'ra) 
Perez (pa'reth) 

PPer-go-le'si (-la'-) 
• Per-i-zo'ni-us 

Pero'n (pa-rong') 
Pac-ehi-a-rot'to Perouse (pa-roz') 

Pa-che'co (or pa-cka'ko) Perrault (per-rO') 
Pacio (pa'cho) Perrot (per-ro') 

Pacioli (pa-cho'le) Per'thes (-tes) 

Pa-dil'la (or pa-thel'ya) Per-u-gi'no 



Peruzzi (pa-rut'se) 

Pesce (pa/sha) 

Pesne (pan) 

Pestalozzi (pes-ta-lot'se) 

Petau (pen-to') 

Petit (pte) 

Petitot (pte-to') 

Pe-trov' 

Pet'ti-grew (-gria) 

Pey'er 

Pey'ton (pa'tn) 

Pfef fel (or fef fel) 

Pfeif fer (or fi'fer) 

Phaer 

Phar'a-mond 

Phav-o-ri'nus 

Phil'i-'dor 

Pi-az-zet'ta 

Piazzi (pe-at'se) 

Picard (pe-kar') 

Picart (pe-kar 7 ) 

Piccini (pet-che'ne) 

Pic-co-lom'i-nt 

Piche-gru' 

Pich'ler 

Pi'c5 " 

Pierce, or Pierce 

Pi-er-ma-ri'ni 

Pi-ga-fet'ta 

Pi-galle' 

PIgh'i-us (pig'-) 

Pignotti (pen-yot'te) 

Piles (or pel) 

Pilon (pe-long') 

Pil'pay 

Pinciano (pen-the-a'no) 

(Sp.) 
Pln-de-mon'te (pen-da- 

mon'ta) 
Pi-ne'da (-na'tha) 
Pi-nel'li 

Pingre (pang-gra') 
Pin-tel'li 
Pin-tu-ric'chi-o 
Pi-om'bo 

Pi-oz'zi (or pe-ot'se) 
Pi-ra-ne^§i (-na'-) 
Piron (pe-rong') 
Pi-sa'no 
Pit/cairne 
Pi-tis'cus 
Pi-za.r'r5 

Planche (plan-sha') 
Plan-tag'e-net 
Plan' tin ('or pliing-tang') 
Pla'ti-na 
Plat'8ff 
Pla-ton' 
Pley'el 
P166s'(or plos) 
Plb-^'den 
Po-ca-hon'tas 
Po-cocke' 
Poilly (pwal-ye') 
Poisson (pwas-songO 
Po-le-vby' 
Po'li' 

Polignac (po-len-yak') 
Po-H-ti-a'nus (-she-a'- 

nus) 
Pblitz (peh'Hts) 
Poliziano (po-lits-e-a'no) 
Polk (or pok) 
Pollajuolo (pol-la-yu-o'- 

16) 
Po'15 
Pom-bal' 
Pom'pa-dour 
Pom-pe'i (-pa'-) 
Ponce de Leon (pon'tha- 

da-la-on') 
Po-ni-a-tb^'ski 
Pon'son-by 



Pon-top'pi-dan 
Pon-tbr'mb 
Ponz (pontb) 
Pbr-de-no'ne (pbr-da- 

no'na) 
Por'te-us 

Pos'tle-thwayt (pos'el-) 
Po-tem'kin 

Po-tem-kin', P. Cyc. 
Pothieir (po-te-a,') 
Pot'tin-ger 
Poussin (pus-sang') 
Pb<v'ell, or Pbw ell 
Pbw-hat-tan' 
Pb^'nill 

Pozzo (pot'86) dt Bbr'go 
Pradier (pra-de-a') 
Pradt (prat) 

Pradt (pra), P. 
Praed 

Prideaux (prid'o) 
Priess'nitz 
Primaticcio (pre-ma-tef- 

cho) [ne) 

Procaccini (pro-kat-che"'- 
Prony (pro-rie') 
Psal-ma-na'zar (sal-) 
PQffen-dbrf 
Puget (pu-zhaO 
Pughe (pu) 
Pu'gin 

Pulci (pul'che) 
Pul-gar' 
Pfil'Ieyn 
Pul'szki (-ske) 
Pulte'ney 
Pur'bap-h 
PQ'§ey 
Push'kin 



Q. 



Qua'dri-o 
Quaglio (kwal'yo) 
Q,ual'ni (kwi'ne) 
Qua-ren'ghi (-ge) 
Quarles (kwarlz) 
Quatrefages (ka-tr-fazhO 
QuatremSre (ka-tr-mer'> 
Q,ue-ri'ni (kwa-) 
Quevedo (ka-va'tho) y 

(e) Villegas (vel-ya'- 

gas) 
Quinault (ke-no') 
Q,uin-ta'na (ken-) 



R 



Rabelais (rab'la) 

Ra'ben-er 

Ra-cine' [ske) 

Rac-zyn'ski (or ra-chen'- 

Ra'dem-ack-er 

Ra-dgtz'ky (deta'-) 

Rae (ra) 

Rae'burn 

Raf-fa'-el'le (-la) 

Raffle§ (raf flz) 

Ra-i-mon'di 

Rale, or Rasle (ral) 

Ra'leigh (-le) 

Ram-az-zi'ni (or ra-mat- 

se'ne) 
Rameau (ra-mo') 
Ra-men'ghi (-le) 
Ra-mi'ro 

Rim-mo-hfin' B,'6f 
Ra.m'§ay 
Ra-mu'§i-o 



DISTINGUISHED MEN OF MODERN TIMES. 



643 



Ran'go-ne (-na) 

Ran'ke (-ka) 

Ran-za'ni (orran-tsii'ne) 

Ra.-6ul'-Ro-chette' 

Raph'a-gl ' 

Rap'in (or ra-pang') 

Rasle, or Rasles (ral) 

Ras-pail' 

Ras'tall 

Ras'tell 

Raucti (rbfik) 

Rau'mer (rbii'-) 

Rau'pach (rod'-) 

Ravaillac (ra-val-yak') 

Ray-nal' 

Razzi (rat'se) 

Rea (ra) 

Reaumur (ra-o-mur / or 

ro'mur) 
Rebolledo (ra-bol-ya'tho) 
Re-cbrde' 
Redes'dale 
Re'di (ra'de) 
Re-f-i-6-mon-ta'nus 
Regnard (ran-yar') 
Regnault (ra-no') 
Relph'a 

Relch'hardt (-hart) 
Rei-ma'rus 
Rei-ne'§i-us (-zhe-us) 
Rein'hol'd (-bolt) 
Reis'ke (-ka) 
Re'land (or ra'lant) 
Rem'brandt (-'.'rant) 
Remusat (ra-mu-za') 
Renaudot (re-no-dc/) 
Rene (ra-na') 
Ren'nell 

Renouard (ra-no-ar') 
Re-schid' Pa-sha' 
Retz(rats or'ras) 
Retzsch (retsh) 
Reuchlin (rolk'lin) 
Rey (ra) 
Reyn'olds 
Rha'zej (ra/zez) 
Rhe-na'nus (re-) 
Rhet'i-cfis (ret'-) 
Rhod-o-man'nus (rod-) 
Ri-ba^ta ' 
Ribault (re-bo 7 ) 
Ri-bei'r5 (-ba'-) 
Ri-be'ra (-ba'-) 
Ri-car'do 

Ricci (ret'che) [le) 

Ricciarelli (.ret-cha-reT- 
Riccio (ret'cho) 
Riccioli (ret-cho'le) 
Righe'lieu (or resh'e-lu) 
Rich'ter 
Ri-dol'fi 
Rie'ding-er 
Rie'mer 
Ries 

Rigaud (re-go') 
Ri-ghi'ni (-ge'-) 
Rin-c5n' 
Rip-per'da 
Rives 

Rizi (re'the) 
Rizzio (ret'se-6) 
Ro-ber-val' 
Ro-bes-pi-erre' 
R6-bor-tel'lo 
R6-cham-beau' (-boO 
Roghe 
Rochefoucauld (rosh-fo- 

ko') 
Roghe-Jacquelin (-zhak- 

lang') 
Ro-e'las (-a'-) 
Ro'get (or ro'zhet) 
Rohan (ro-ang') 



Rohault (ro-o') 

Rbhr (rer) 

Ro'land (or ro-lang') 

Rolle 

Rol'lin (or rol-lang') 

Romagnosi (ro-man-yo'- 

se) 
Ro-maine' 
Ro-ma-nel'li 
Ro-man-zov' 
Rom'bbuts 
Rbmer (reh'mer) 
Rom'il-ly 

Rondelet (rongd-la') 
Rong'e (-a) 
Ronsard (rong-sar') 
Roos, or Roos 
Ro'sa 
Rb'sas 

Ros-com'mon 
Ro'se (-za) ' 
Ro-seTli 
Ro-sel-li'ni 
Ro'sen 
Rosehmiiller (ro-zen- 

mil'ler) 
Ros-mi'ni 
Rosny (ro-ne') 
Ros'si 
Ros-si'ni 
Ros-top-schin' 
Rothe (role) 
Roths'child (or ros'chlld) 
Rotrou (ro-tro') 
Rot'ten-ha'mer 
R6u-bil-iac' ('-yak') 
Roucher (ro-sha') 
Rouget (ro-zha') 
Rous-seau' (-so') 
Rout'ledge 
Row'an 
Rowe' 
Rowland (ro'land or 

row 'laud) 
Rbw'ley, or Row'ley 
Rox'biirgh (roks'bur-ro) 
Royer-Collard (rwa-ya'- 

kol-lar') 
Ru-al'dus 
Ruault (ru-o') 
Ru'bens 
Ru-bi'ni 
Riickert (rlk'ert) 
Rud'di-man 
Ru'ding 

Ru'ggn-das (-Hen-) 
Ruhn'ken 
Rulsch (or rolsk) 
Ru'mohr 
Run'ci-man 
Ru'ne-berg 
Rvtn'jeet Singh (-sing) 
Rutebceuf (ret-brf) 
Rfitft'er-ford 
Ruth'er-forth 
Ruys'broek (rciis'-) 
Ruysch (or rolsk) 
Ruys'dael (or rbis'dal) 
Ruy'ter (or rbi'ter) 
Rzewiiski (zka-vus'ke) 



s. 



Saad-ed-deen' 

Saa'di 

Saadia (sa-ad'j-a) 

Sa-a-ve'dra (-va'-) 

Sabatier (sa-ba-te-a') 

Sa-ba-ti'ni 

Sa'bine 

Sac-ehet'tj 



Sac'phi 

Sac-chi'ni 

Sa-chev'er-ell 

Sachs 

Sacht'la-ven (-la.-) 

Sacy (sa-se') 

Sad'leir 

Sa-do-le'to (-la'-) 

Saint-Arnaud (sang-tar- 

no') 
Saint-Cyr (sang-ser') 
Sainte-Beuve (sangt- 

buv') 
Saiiit-Evremond (sang- 

tav-vr-mong') 
Saint-Hilaire (sang-te- 

lar') 
Saintine (sang-ten') 
St. John (sant-jon'; in 

Eng. sen'jon or sin'jon) 
Saint-Just (sang-zhusf) 
St. Le|-'er (or sil'lin-jer) 
Saint-Mar§ (or sang- 

mars') 
Saint-Pierre (sang-pe- 

er') 
Saint-Si'mon (or sang- 

se-mong'/ 
Sal'a-din 
Sa'lah-ed-deen' 
Sa-ler-ni-ta'na 
Sales (or sal) 
Sa-li-e'ri (-a'-) 
Sa-lih'-ben-Bah'leh 
Sa-li'nas 

Salisbury (solz'ber-e) 
Sal-ma'si-Qs (-zhe-us) 
Salmon (sa'mou) 
Sal-van-dy' (-de') 
Sal-va'tor Ro'§a 
Sal-verte' 
Sal-vi-a'ni 
Sal-vi-a'ti 
Sam'o-set 
Sa-na-don' (-dong 7 ) 
San'chez (-cheth) 
Sanc-to'ri-us 
Sind (or sang) 
San'de-man 
San-do-val' 
San'drart 
San'dys (or sandz) 
San-gal'15 
San-mi-che'li (-ka'-) 
Sannazaro (sau-nad- 

za'ro) 
Sanson (sang-song 7 ) 
San-so-vi'no 
Sanz (santh) 
Sartiges (siir-tezh') 
Saumaise (so-maz') 
Sau'ma-rez, or 

Saus'ma-rez 
Sau'rin (or so-rang') 
Saussure (sos-sui- 7 ) 
Sauvages (so-vazh') 
Sauveur (so-vvr') 
Sa-va-ry' (-re') 
Savigny (sa-ven'ye) 
Sav'ile 

Sa-vo-na-ro'la 
Scal'i-f-er 

Scamozzi (ska-mot'se) 
Scan'der-beg 
Scar-lat'ti 
Scarron (skar-rong/) 
Schiiaf 

Scha'dow (sha'do) 
Sgha'fa-rik 
Schalck'en 
Scha'myl 
Scharn'horst 
Sghatz (shats) 



Sgheele (or sha'la) 

Sghee'ma-kers (ska'-) 

Sgheffer 

Scheld 

Sphei'di-us 

Sfhei'ner 

S 5 hel'le'r 

Sghel'ling flin) 

Scheuffe-lin (sholffa- 

Scheutz (shbiti) 

Sphi-a-vo'ne (-na) 

Schi-a-vo-net'ti 

Schi-do'ni 

Schill 

Schil'ler 

Schim'mel-pen-ninck 

Sghin'kel" 

Sghle'ge'l (sbla'-) 

Schlei'den 

Sfhlei'er-ma-cher 

Sfhleus'ner (shlois'-) 

Sfhlos'ser 

Sghlbzer' (shle'ht'ser) 

Sghmidt (shmit) 

Sghnei'der 

Schnbrr 

Schoell (shel) 

Schoettgen (sheht'gen) 

Schole'field (or sko'feld) 

Scholz (sholts) 

Schbmann (sheh'man) 

Sghom'berg 

Schom'burgk 

Schbn (shehn) 

S?hbnbein (shehnTjin) 

Sghon'gau-er (shon'- 

gbii-er) 
Schbnlein (shehn'lin) 
Sehoo'ten 

Sgho'pen-hau-er (-hod-) 
Scho'rel 
Schott'(sliot) 
Schouw (akow) 
Schre-ve'li-us 
Sghu'bert 
Sghul'tens 
Sphul'ting 
Sfhulz (sliults) 
Sfhul'ze (shul'tsa) 
Sghu'ma-cher 
Schu'mann 
Schuy'ler 
Sghwab (or shva'p) 
Sghwan'tha-ler (-ta-) 
Sghwarz (shwarts or 

shvarts) 
Schwarz'en-berg 

(shwarts'- or sbvartSv'-) 
Schwerin_(sbva'rin) 
Scina (she-na') 
SgT-op'pi-us 
Sco'pp-li 
Scoreg'by 
Scribe 

Scud'a-more 
Scuderi (sku-da-re') 
Se'ba (sa'-) 
Se-bas-ti-a'ni (sa-) 
Seck'en-dbrf 
Sedaine (sa-danO 
Seetzen (sat'sen) 
Segneri (san'ya-re) 
Segni (san'ye) 
Seguier (sa-ge-a,') 
Segur (sa-gur') 
Sel'jiik 

Senac (sa-nak') 
Se-nan' 
Senancour (sa-nang- 

kor') 
Se'ne-fel-der (za'na-) 
Se-pul've-da (sa-pul'va- 

tha) 



644 



PEON UNCI ATION OF THE NAMES OF 



Ser'li-o 

Ser-ve'tug 

Ses-ti'ni 

Sevigne (sa-ven'ya) 

Sew'ard 

Seyffarth (slf'fart) 

Sey'mour 

Sf br'za (-tsa) 

'Sgravesande (sgra-va- 

ziin'da) 
Shaftes'bu-ry. 
Shah-A'lim 
Shah-je'han 
Shah-ze'maum 
Sha-moul' 
Sher'ard 
Sher'i-dan 

She-rif -ed-deen' (sha-) 
Shish-kov' 
Sicard (se-kar') 
Sick'ing-en 
Sid'mouth 
Sie'bold 
Sie'^en 
Sieyg's (se-es') 
Sig'is-mund 
Sign'orelli (sen-yo-rel'le) 
Sig'our-ney 
Sil-ves'tre (-tr) 
Sin'di-a 

Sin'gle-ton (sing'gl-ton) 
Si'ri 

Sirmond (ser-mong') 
Sis-mon'di 
Sjogren (sheh'gren) 
Skrzynecki (skshe-nets'- 
Sleijdan [ke) 

Smyth, or Smyth 
Sni-a-deck'i (or sne-a- 

det's'ke) 
Snor'ri Stur'lu-son 
Snor'ro Stur'le-son 
Soane 
So-bi-es'ki 
So-ci'nus 
So-lan'der 
So-la'ri-o 
Sol'i-man 
So-li-me'na (-ma'-) 
So-lis' 
Som'ers 
Som'ner 
Son-ni'ni 

S6th'e-by (suth'e-be) 
S6u-bi§e' 
Soufflot (suf-flo') 
Soule (Eng.) 
Soule (so-la') (Fr.) 
Soulie (so-le-a') 
S6u-16uque' (-16k') 
S6ult (suit) 
South'cott 
Sofitft'ern 

South' ey, or South'ey 
S6u-vestre' (so-ves'tr) 
Sou'za. 
Sbw'er-bjr 
So-yu'ti 
Spa'da 
Spagnoletti (span-yo- 

let'te) 
Spal'ding 
Spal-lan-za'ni (or spal- 

lan-tsa'ne) 
Span'helm 
Spe-rans'ki 
Spie'gel 
Spi-ge li-fis 
Spmd'ler 
Spi-neT'li 
Spi'no-la 
Spj-no'za 
Spohr 



Spon-ti'ni 

Sprang'er 

Spreng'el 

Spru'ner 

Spurzh'eim (spurts'him 

or spiirz'im) 
Squarcione (skwar-cho'- 
Stael (stal) [na) 

Stag-ne'li-Qs 
Stahl (stal) 
Stan'hope (stan'up) 
Stan-is-la'us 
Stan-zi-o'ni (-tse-) 
Sta'pel 

Starhem-berg 
Sta'szic (-sjk) 
Staud'lin (stbld'-) 
Staun'ton 
Stay'ner 
Steen (or stan) 
Steen' wyk (or stan'vlk) 
Ste-fa'ni (sta-) 
Ste'fa-no (sta'-) 
Stei'belt 
Stein 

Ste'no (sta'-) 
Steph'a-niis 
Ste-vi'nus 
Stieg'litz 
Stier 
Sti'fel 
Sti-fl'li-fis 
Sti'gl-may-er 
Stol'berg 
Stoq'ue-ler 
Stot'hard 
Stow' ell 
Stra'da 
Stra-da'nus 
Stra-del'lal 
Stra'ti-co 
Strauss (strous) 
Stroz'zi (strot'se) 
Stru'en-see' (-za') 
Strii've (-va) 
Stuke'ley 
Sturm 

Stuy've-sant 
Su-a'rez 

Su-bley-ras' (-bla-) 
Swchet (su-ska') 
Sue 
Su'eur 

Sul'l'y. (or snl-ye') 
Sul'zer (-tser) 
Su-war'row (or so-voV- 

rof) 
Swam'mer-dam 
Swan'e-velt 
Swe'den-borg 
Sweyn'heim 
Swith'in 
Syd' en-ham (-am) 



Ta'ba-ri 

Ta-ber-nae-mon-ta'nus 

Tal'bot 

Tal'fourd 

Tal-i-a-co'ti-us (-she-us) 

Taliaferro (toTe-ver) 

Tallard (tal-lar') 

Tal'ley-rand 

Tallien (tal-le-ang') 

Tam-bu-ri'ni 

Tam'er-lane 

Tan'cred (tang'kred) 

Ta'ney 

Tan-sil'lo 

Tartaglia (tar-tal'ya) 



Tar-tl'ni 
Tas'so 
Tas-so'ni 

Taub'mann (tbup'-) 
Tauph'nitz (tbuk'njts) 
Tau'ler (tou'-) 
Tau'§an (tou'-) 
Tavernier (ta-ver-ne-a') 
Te-bal-de'o (ta-bal-da'6) 
Tegner (teng-ner') 
Teignmouth (tm'muth 

or tan'muth) 
Teissier (ta-se-a/) 
Tel'e-mann 
Tel'lez (-les) (Port.) 
Tellez (tel'yeth) (Span.) 
Temanza (ta-man'tsa) 
Te-ne-ra'ni (ta-na-) 
Ten'ier§ (-yerz) 
Ten'ne-mann (-na.-) 
Ten'ter-den 
Ten-to'ri 
Teresa (ta-ra'za) 
Ternaux (ter-no') 
Ter-ras-son' (-song') 
Te'§i (ta/ze) 
Tes-sin' 

Tettelin (tgt-lang') 
Texeira (ta-sba'e-ra) 
Texera (ta-sha'ra) 
Thaarup (to'rup) 
Thau'ler (tou'-) 
The'den (ta'den) 
Thei'le (tl'la) 
Thgnard (ta-uar') 
The'o-bald (or tib'bald) 
Thes'i-^er 
Thevenot (tav-no') 
Thibaudeau (te-bo-do') 
Thibaut (te-bo') 
Thi'e-len (te'a-len) 
Thie'ne-mann (te'na-) 
Thierry (te-er'e or te-a- 
Thiers (te-er') [re') 

Thiersch (tersh) 
Thilo (te'lo) 
Thion (te-ong') de la 

Chaume (shorn)' 
Tho'luck (to'lQk) 
Thomas (tO-ma') (Fr.) 
Tho-ma'§i-us (-zbe-us) 
Tho'mond 

Thomond (to-mong') (Fr.) 
Thores'by 
Tho'rild (to'i-jlt) 
Thor'ke-lin (toi'kii-len) 
Th5r'laks-son (tor'hiks- 

son) 
Thbr'wald-sen (or tor'- 

vald-z'en) 
Thou (to) 
Thouars (to-ar') 
Thouret (to-ra,') 
Thu-a'nus 
Thul'den (tul'den) 
Thiimmel (tim'mel) 
Thunberg (tuu'berg) 
Ti-a-ri'ni 
Tj-bal-de'o (-da'-) 
Ti-bal'di 

TYck'ell'(or tik'kl) 
Ti-coz'zi (or te-kot'se) 
Ti'de-man (-da-) 
Tieck 

Tie'de-mann (-da-) 
Tied'ge 

Ti-e'po-lo (-a'-) 
Tighe '(ti) 

Tillemont (tel-mong') 
Til'loph 
Til'lot-son 
Ti-m'o-te'o (-ta'-) 
Ti'mur 



Tin-to-ret'to 
Tip' poo Sa'ib, or 

Tip' poo Saib 
Ti-ra-bos'chi 
Tisch'bein 
Tissot (tes-so') 
Ti'ti 

Ti"tian (tlsh'an) 
Tit' singh (tit'sing) 
To-al'do 
Tocque'ville 
Todleben (tot'la-ben) 
To'land 
Tol-e-ta'nus 
Tollemache (tftl'mash) 
To-lo-me'i (-ma'-) 
Tol'stbi 

Tom-ma-§e'6 (-za'-) 
Tom-ma'si 
Tor' den-ski-old ] 
To-rel'li 

Toreiio (to-ran'yo) 
To-ri'nus 
Tbr'por-l^y 
Tor're (-ra) 
Tor-ri-cel'li (or tor-re- 

cbel'Ie) 
T6r-ri-gia'no 
Tor-ri'jos (-hos) 
Toulongeon (to-16ng- 

zhong') 
Tour 
Tourgenief (tor-ga-nyef 

or tor-zha-ne-ef) 
Tournefort (tdrn-for') 
T6urne-mine' 
Tour-neiir' 
Tour-rette' 
Toussaint (tos-sang') 

Lou-ver-tvire' 
Tbwn§'hend 
Trad'es-cant 
Trav'er§ 
Tre-vi'£i (tta-) 
Tre-vi-§a'ni (tra-) 
Tre-vi'§i (tra-) 
Trev'or 

Tri-cou'pi, or Tri-ku'pis 
Trie'wald (-viilt) 
Trin-ca-vel'lr-iis 
Tris-si'no 
Tris-tan' da Ciin'ha 

(-ya) 
Trithen (tre'ten) 
Triv'et 

Tri-vul'zi-o (-tse-o) 
Tronchin (tron-shang') 
Troughton (trou'ton) 
Trow'bridge 
Tschirn'hau-§en (-hbu-) 
Tschu'di 
Tu-renne 
Turgot (tiir-go') 
Tur-ne'bus 
Turpin (t'ur-pang') de 

Crisse (de kres-sa') 
Tiir-sel-li'nus 
Tu'ti-'lo 
Tyn'dale 
Tyr-con'nel 
Tyrwhitt (ter'jt) 
Tyt'ler 
Tzschir'ner (tsher'-) 



IT. 



■fj-ber'ti 

Uccello (ut-chel'lo) 
■D-ffen-baph 
TTggione (ud-jo'na) 
tJ-ghel'li (-gel'-) 



DISTINGUISHED MEN OF MODERN TIMES. 



645 



tf-go-li'no Ve'gii (va'-) 

■Oh' land (-lant) Veit (or fit) 

fr'kert Ve-laz'quez (-kez or va- 

tJl'fi-las, or tfl'phi-las latk'kath) 

■frll'mann Velly (vel-le') 

Ulloa (Bl-yo'a) Veneziano (va-na-tse- 

Ulrici (ul'ret-se) a'no) 

txm'breit Ve-ni-e'ro (va-ne-a'ro) 

fTng'er Ve-nus'ti (va-) 

■fjr-bi'no Ve-re'li-us 

Urfe (Qr-faO Vergniaud (vern-yo') 

tirqu'hart (iirk'art) Vermigli (ver-mel'ye) 

TJrquiza (ur-ke'tkii) Vemet (ver-na') 

TJrsins (ur-sang') VeVri 

■frr-ville' Ver'ri-o 

TTstariz (Gs-ta-reth') Ver-roc'ehi-o 
Ver'ste-gan 
Vertot'(ver-to') 

YVeVu-lam 

a Ve-sa'Ii-fis 

Vespucci (ves-put'ehe) 

Va-ca'ri-us Vic'ars 

Vacherot (vash-ro') Vi-cen'te (-ta) 

Va'ga Vici (ve'che) 

Vahl Vi'co [zerO 

Vaillant (val-yang') Vicq-d'Azyr (vek-da- 

Val-des' Vi-docq' 
Valentin (va-lang-tang') Vien (ve-ang') 

Va-le'si-Qs (-zhe-) Vi-e'ta 

Val'le (-la) Vignola (ven-yo^la) 

Valliere (val-le-er') Vignoles (ven-yol') 

Val-lis-ne'ri (-na'-j Vigny (veu-ye') 

Val-lis-ni-e'ri (-a'-) Vig'ors 

Valmont (val-mong') Vil-la'ni 

Valois (viil-wa') Villanueva (vel-ya- 

Val-sal'va nwa'vii) 

Van Aph'en Villaret (vel-ya-ra') 

Van'brugh (-bru) Villars (vel-lar^ 

Van-cSu'ver Villegas (vel-ya'gas) 

Van-damme' Villehardouin (vel-ar- 

Van-del'li do-ang') 

Van'der Hey'den Villemain (vel-mang') 

Van'der Meer (or mer) Ville-neuve' . 

Van-der-meii'len (or Villers (vel-ler') 

-inoi'len) Vil'liers (vll'yerz) 

Van-der'-monde' Viloison (vel-wa-zong') 

Van-der-vel'de (-da) Vin'ci (ven'che) 

Van'der Wey'de (vi'da) Vi'ner 

Van-dyck' Vinet (ve-na') 

Van Hel'mont Vi-ot'ti 

Van H6eck Vi-rey' (ve-raO 

Va-ni'ni Visph'er (vlsk'er) (Dut.) 

Van-loo' (or van-lo') Visch'er (fish'er) (Ger.) 

Van-man'der Vis-con'ti 

Van'ni Vit-to-ri'no 

Vannucci (van-nut'che) Viv'a-res 

Van 6ost (or vjin-ost) Vi-va-ri'ni 

Van Schaack (-skbik) Vi'ves 

Vanucchi (va-nuk'ke) Vi-vi-a'ni 

Vapereau (va-pe-ro') Vlad'i-mi'r 

Var'phi V8et 

Va-re'ni-us Vo'fel (or fo'gel) 

Var'gas Voisenon (vwaz-nong') 
Varignon (va-ren-yong') Vbi-ture' 

Var-il-las' Vo-la'nus 

Varn'ha-£en Vol'kov 

Va-ro-ta'ri Vol-pa'to 

Va-sa'ri Vol-taire' 

Va-ta'ble (-bl) V5n Vi'sin 

Va'ter (or fa'ter) Vorosmarty (veh-rehs- 

Vat-tel' march') 

Vattier (vat-te-a/) Voss (or fos) 

Vauban (vo-bang') Vos'si-us (vosh'e-us) 

Vaucanson (vo-kang- Vouet (vo-a') 

song') Voyer (vwa-ya') 

Vaucher (v5-sha') Vries 
Vaugelas (vozh-la') 
Vaughan (vawn) 
Vauquelin (vok-lang') 
Vauvenargues (vov- 
Vec'phi [narg/) 

Vec'chi-a Wa'gen (or va'geu^ 

Vecellio (va-cheTle-d) Waph'ler (or vak'- - 



X. 



w. 



Waphs'muth (-mut or Witt'^en-stein (or vif-) 

vaks'mut) Wod'row 

Waph'ter (or vak'-) Wohl'te-muth (-mut or 

Wad' ding (wod'-) vol'ga-mut) 

Wael (or val) Wol'cott (wul'-) 

Wa'ien-sell (va'-) Wolfe (wulf ) 

Wa-hab' Wolff (or volf ) 

Wahl (or val) Wol'las-ton (wul'-) 

Wailly (val-yeO Woll' stone-craft (wul'-) 

Wal-a-fri'dus Wol'sey (wul'ze) 

Walch (or valk) Wool'lett (wul'-) 

WaTdeck (or viil'dek) Words'wortb. (wiirdz'- 

Wal'de-grave wiirth) 

Wal'de-mar Wo-ro'nics 

Walewski (va-loosTie) Wo-ron'zow (-z5v) 

Wal-ha-fre'dus Wouv'ver-mans 

Walk'er (wawk'er) Wrangei (vrang'el) 

Wal'lace (wol'-) Wrax'all (raks'ai) 

Wal'len-stein (wol'-) Wrede'(vra'da) " 

Wal-lin' (or val-len') Wri'othes-ley (ri'-) 

Wal'lis (wol'-) Wul'stan ' 

Walmes'ley (wawmz'-) Wych'er-ley 

Wal'pole ' Wy'nants ' 

Wal'sing-ham Wyn'toun 

Walt'her (or valt'er) Wythe 

Wal'ton Wyt'ten-bach 
Wan' ley (w6n'-) 
Wans'ie-ben (or vans'- 

la-ben) 
War'beck 
War'bur-ton 

War'|en-tin (or var'-) Xavier (zav'e-ur) 

Warham (wor'am) Xeres (Ha'res) " 

War'ing Ximenez (He-ma'nes or 

Warne'ford zini'e-nez) 

War'ner' Xylan'der (zl-lan'der) 
War'ton 

Wash'ing-ton (wosh'-) 

Watelet (vii't-la') ~\T 

Wa'ter-land X • 
Wat' son (wot'-) 

Watt (wot) Yal'den (or yal'den) 

We'ber (or vaO>er) Yar'rell 

Wee'ninx (or va'njnks) Yeates 

Weld'ler (or vid'ler) Yonge (yung) 
Wein'bren-ner (or vin'-) You'att 

Weiss (or vis) You'mans 

Weis'se (vls'sa) Yp-si-lan'ti 

Welles'ley Yriarte (We-aVta) 

Wemyss (wemz) Ysabeau (e-za-bo') 

Wen-ces-la'us Yu'su-pof 

Wer'ge-land (or ver'ga- Yvan (e-vang') 

lant) Yvon (e-vong') 
Wer'ner (or ver'ner) 
Wes'sel-ing (or ves'sa- 
West'all [ling) 
Wes'ter-gaard (-gord) 
West'ma-cott 

Wey'er (or vi'er) Zacagni (dza-kan'ye) 

Whal'ley (hwol'le) Zach (or tsak) 

Whar'ton Zach-a-ri'ae (tsak-) 

Whate'ly Zacht'le-ven (tsakt'la- 

Whewell (hu'el) ven) 

Whit'a-ker Zahn (tsan) 

White'fiel'd (hwit'feld) Za-lus'ki 
Wich'mann(orvlk'man) Za-mo'ra (tha-) 

Wicquefort (vek-for') Za-mo-ys'ki 

Wie'beck-ing (or ve'-) Zam-pi-e'ri (dzam-pe- 

Wie'land (or ve'lant) a're)' 

Wie'sel-gren (or ve'-) Zan'phi (dzan'ke) 

Wil'ber- force Zarate'(tha'ra-ti) 

Wilkes Zar-li'no (dziir-) 

Wil'laert (or villart) Zeller (tsel'ler) 

Will'den-ow (or vil'-) Ze-lot'ti (dza-) 

Wil'li-'brod Zel'ter (tsel'-) 

Wil'lough-by (-lo-) Zendrini (dzen-dre'ne) 

Wil'lugh-by (-lu-) Zenger (tseng'er) 

Winck el-mann (or Zenker (tsenk'er) 

vink'el-man) Zepharovich (tsa-fa'ro- 

Wi'ner (or ve'ner^ Zesen (tsa'sen) [vich) 

With'er, or With'ers Zetssche (tset'she) 

Wit'i-kind, Wit'te- Zetternam (tset't'er-niim) 

kind, or Wit'ti-phind Zetterstedt (tset'ter-stet) 



z. 



646 PKONUNCIATION OF NAMES OF DISTINGUISHED MEN. 



Zettervall (tset'ter-val) 
Zeune (tsoi'na) 
Zeuner (tsiil'ner) 
Zeuss (tsois) 
Zevort (za-viirO 
Zezschwitz (tset'shvits) 
Zichy (sit'slie) 
Ziebland (tse'blant) 
Ziegenbalg (tse'geu- 

balg) 
Zieg'ler (tseg'-) 
Ziem (tsem) 
Ziemalkowski (tse-mal- 

kov'ske) 
Ziemssen (tsem'sen) 
Zieten (tse'ten) 
Ziethen (tse'ten) 
Zigliara (dzel-ya'ra) 



Ziller (tsil'ler) 
Zim'mer-mann 
Zimmern (tsim'mern) 
Zin-ga-rel'li (dzen-) 
Zingerle (tslng'er-le) 
Zingg (tsing) 
Zinkeisen (tsink'i-zn) 
Zinkgref (tsink'gref) 
Zin'zen-dorf 
Zirke'l (tser'kel) 
Zis'ka (or shisb/ka) 
Zitek(tse'tek) 
Zittel (tsit'tel) 
Zo'bel (tso'-) 
Zoeckler (tsek1er) 
Zo-e'ga (-a'-) 
Zoepffe'l (tsep'fel) 
Zoepfl (tsep'fl) 



Zo-la' [ske) 

Zolkjewski (tsglk-yev'- 

Zoller (tsol'ler) 

ZSller (tsel'ler) 

Zollikofer (tsol'li-ko-fer) 

Zbllner (tsel'ner) 

Zo-na'ras 

Zorilla (th9-reTya) 

Zouch 

Zoust 

Zrinyi (sren'ye) 

Zschokke (cbok'ka) 

Zuber (zu-bax') 

Zu-ca-reTli (dzu-) 

Zuccarini (dzftk-ka-re'- 

ne) 
Zfic'ca-ro (dzuk'-) 
Zucke'rtort (tsok'er-tort) 



Zumalacarregui (thu- 

ma'la-kar-ra'ge) 
Zumbusch (tsum'busb) 
Zum'mo (dzum'mo) 
Zumpt (tstimpt) 
Zumsteeg (tsom'stag) 
Zuniga (thun-ye'ga) 
Zunz (tsunts) 
Zupitza (ts0-pit'6a) 
Zur-ba-ran' (thur-) 
Zu-ri'ta (tbu-) 
Zur Strassen (tsor-stras'- 

sen) 
Zw'in'gle (zwin'gl), 

Zwing'li (tswing'li), 

or Zwing'li-us 
Zwirner (tsvgr'ner) 
Zyll, van (van-zll) 



ABBREVIATIONS 

USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 



A. Answer. — Acre. — Adjective. 
— Afternoon. — a, or aa. Ana. 
of each the same quantity. 

A. (In commerce.) Accepted. — 
a., or @. At or to. 

A. A. G. Assistant Adjutant- 
General. 

A. A. S. (Academise Americanse 
Socius.) Fellow of the Amer- 
ican Academy. 

A. A. S. S. (Academise Antiqua- 
rianm SocieUdit Socius.) Mem- 
ber of the American Antiqua- 
rian Society. 

A. B. (Artium, Baccalaureus.) 
Bachelor of Arts. 

Abbr. Abbreviated. 

A. B. C. F. M. American Board 
of Commissioners for Foreign 
Missions. 

Abl. Ablative. 

Abp. Archbishop. 

Abr. Abridged. 

A. B. S. American Bible Society. 

A. C. {Ante Christum.) Before 
Christ. 

A. C. Arch-Chancellor. 

Ace. Accusative. 

Acct. Account. 

A. C. S. American Colonization 
Society. 

A. D. (Anno Domini.) In the 
Year of our Lord. 

A. D. Archduke. 

Ad., or Adv. Ail verb. 

A. D. C. Aide-de-Camp. 

Adj. Adjective. 

Adjt. Adjutant. 

Adjt. Gen. Adjutant-General. 

Ad lib. (Ad libitum.) At pleasure. 

Adm., or Adml. Admiral. — Ad- 
miralty. 

Adm. Co. Admiralty Court. 

A. D. M. G. (Ad Dei Majorem 
Gloriam.) To the Glory of 
God. 

Admr. Administrator. 

Admx. Administratrix. 

Adv. (Ad valorem.) At the value. 
— Advent. — Advocate. 

Mt., or M. (JEtatis.) Of age ; 
aged. 

A. & F. B. S. American and 
Foreign Bible Society. 

Af. Africa. 

Ag. (Argcnium.) Silver. 

Agric. Agriculture. 

Agt. Agent. 

A. H. (Anno Hegirse.) In the 
Year of the Hegira. 

A. H. M. S. American Home 
Missionary Society. 

Al. Aluminium. 

Ala. Alabama. 

Aid. Alderman. 

Alex. Alexander. 

Alt. Altitude. 

A. M. (Artium Magister.) Master 
of Arts. 



A. M. (Ante Meridiem.) Before 
noon. 

A. M. (Anno Mundi.) In the 
Year of the World. 

Am., or Amer. American. 

Am. Amos. 

Amb. Ambassador. 

Amt. Amount. 

An. (Anno.) In the Year. 

An., or Ans. Answer. [tity. 

Ana. (Medicine.) In like quau- 

Anat. Anatomy. 

Anc. Anciently. 

Ang. Sax. Anglo-Saxon. 

Anon. Anonymous. 

Ant., or Antiq. Antiquities. 

A. 0. S. S. (Americanse Oriental is 
Societatis Socius.) Member of 
the American Oriental Society. 

Ap., Apr., or Apl. April. 

Ap. Apostle. 

Apo. Apogee. 

Apoc. Apocalypse. [Anne. 

A. R. (Anna Regina.) Queen 

A. R. (Anno Regni.) In the Year 
of the Reign. 

Ar., or Arab. Arabic. 

A. 11. A. Associate of the Royal 
Academy. 

Arch. Architecture. 

Arith. Arithmetic. 

Ariz. Arizona. 

Ark. Arkansas. 

Arm. Armoric. — Armenian. 

Arr. Arrived. 

Arrs. Arrivals. 

A. R. S. S. (Antiquariomm Regime 
Societatis Socius.) Fellow of the 
Royal Society of Antiquaries. 

Art. Article. 

As. Arsenic. 

A. S., or A. Sax. Anglo-Saxon. 

A. S. S. U. American Sunday- 
School Union. 

Astrol. Astrology. 

Astron. Astronomv. 

A. T. Arch-Treasurer. 

A. T. S. American Tract Society. 
--American Temperance Soci- 
ety. 

Att., or Atty. Attorney. 

Atty. Gen. Attorney-General. 

Au. (Aunes.) French Ells. — 
(Aurum.) Gold. 

A. U. C. (Anno Urbis Condilse.) 
In the Year from the Building 
of the City [Rome]. 

Aug. August. 

Aust. Austria; Austrian. 

Av. Average. — Avenue. 

Avoir. Avoirdupois. 



B. 



B. (Basso.) Bass, in Music. 
B., or Bk. Book. — b. born. 
B. Boron. 



B. A. Bachelor of Arts.— British 

Ba. Barium. [America. 

Bal. Balance. 

Bar. Barrel. — Barleycorn. 

Bart., or Bt. Baronet. 

Bbl. Barrel. 

B. C. Before Christ. 

B. C. L. Bachelor of Civil Law. 

B. D. Bachelor of Divinity. 

Bd. Bound. 

Bds. Bound in boards. 

Belg. Belgic. 

Benj. Benjamin. 

Berks. Berkshire. 

B. F., or B. fir. Firkin of Beer. 

Bi. Bismuth. 

Bib. Bible.— Biblical. 

Bk. Bank.— Book. 

B. L. (Baccalaureus Legum.) 

Bachelor of Laws. 
Bl. Barrel. 

B. M. British Museum. 
B. M. I Baccalaureus Medicinse.) 

Bachelor of Medicine. 
Bo. Boron. 
Bot. Botany. 
Bp. Bishop. 
B. R. (Banco Regis or Reginse.) 

King's or Queen's Bench. 
Br., or Bro. Brother. 
Br. Bromine. 
Bret. Breton. 
Brig. Brigade.— Brigadier. 
Brig. Gen. Brigadier-General. 
Brit. Britain.— British. 
B. S. Bachelor of Science. — 

Bachelor of Surgery. 
Bu., or Bush. Bushel. 
Bucks. Buckinghamshire. 
B. Y. (Beata Virgo.) 

Virgin. 
B. V. (Bene Vale.) Farewell. 



c. 



C. Carbon. — Centigrade. 

C. (Centum.) A hundred. — 
Cent. — Centime. — Congress. 

C, or Cap. (Caput.) Chapter. 

Ca. Calcium. 

Cal. California. 

Cal. (CalendsB.) Calends. 

Cant. Canticles. 

Cantab. Of Cambridge. 

Cantuar. Of Canterbury. 

Cap. Capital. — Caps. Capitals. 

Capt. Captain. 

Car. Carpentry. — Carat. 

Cash. Cashier. 

Cath. Catholic— Catherine. 

C. B. Companion of the Bath. 

C. B. Cape Breton. 

Cb. Columbium. 

C. C. Caius College. — County 
Court.— County Commissioner. 

C. C. (Compte Courant.) Ac- 
count Current. 

647 



648 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 



c. c. Cubic Centimetre. 

C. C. C. Corpus Christi College. 

C. C. P. Court of Common Pleas. 

Cd. Cadmium. 

C. E. Civil Engineer. 

Ce. Cerium. 

Celt. Celtic. [dred. 

Cent., or Ct. (Centum.) A hun- 

Cf. (Confer.) Compare. 

C. H. Court-House. 

Ch., or C. Church. 

Ch. Ch., or Ch. C. Christ Church. 

Chal., or Ch. Chaldron. 

Chal. Chaldee. — Chaldaic. 

Chanc. Chancellor. 

Chap., or Ch. Chapter. 

Chas. Charles. 

Chem. Chemistry. [ogy. 

Chron. Chronicles. — Chronol- 

Cit. Citizen. — Citation. 

C. J. Chief Justice. 

CI. Clerk.— Chlorine. 

Clk. Clerk. 

C. M. Common Metre. 

Co. Cobalt. — County. — Com- 
pany. 

Cochl., or Coch. (Cochleare.) A 
spoonful. 

C. 0. D. Collect (or Cash) on 
Delivery. 

Col. Colonel. — Colossians. 

Col. Colloquial. 

Col., or Colo. Colorado. 

Coll. College.— Collector. 

Com. Commissioner. — Commo- 
dore. — Commentary. — Com- 
merce. — Committee. 

Comp. Compare. — Compound. — 
Comparative. 

Com. Yer. Common Version. 

Con. (Contra.) Against, or in 
opposition. 

Conch. Couchology. 

Con. Cr., or C. C. Contra Credit. 

Cong., or C. Congress. 

Conj. Conjunction. 

Conn., or Ct. Connecticut. 

Cons., or Const. Constable. 

Cop. Coptic. 

Cor. Corinthians. 

Corn. Cornish. 

Cor. Sec. Corresponding Secre- 
tary. 

Cos. Cosine. 

C. P. Common Pleas. — Court of 
Probate. 

C. P. S. (Gustos Privaii Sigilli.) 
Keeper of the Privy Seal. 

C. R. (Cnstos Eotulorum.) Keeper 
of the Rolls. 

C. R. (Curolus Bex.) King 
Charles. 

Cr. Credit. — Creditor. — Chro- 
mium. 

Cres. Crescendo. 

Crim. Con. Criminal Conversa- 
tion, or Adultery. 

C. R. P. (Ctdeudarium Eotulorum 
Patentium.) Calendar of the 
Patent Rolls. 

Crystal. Crystallography. 

C. S. (Gustos Sig ill i.) Keeper of 
the Seal. — Court of Sessions. 

Cs. Caesium. 

C. S. I. Companion of the Star 
of India. [cut. 

Ct. Count. — Court. — Connecti- 

Ct. Cent.— Cts. Cents. 

Cu. (Cuprum.) Copper. 

Cur. Current, or This month. 

Cwt. (Centum and weight.) Hun- 
dred-weight. 

Cyc. Cyclopaedia. 



D. 



(Denarius.) Penny, 
Day. — Died. — Dime. 



D., or d. 
Pence. 

D., or d. 

D. Dutch, 

D., or Deg. Degree. 

Dak. Dakota. 

Dan. Daniel. — Danish. 

Dat. Dative. 

D. C. District of Columbia.— 
(Da Capo.) Again. 

D. C. L. Doctor of Civil Law. 

D. D. (Dignitatis Doctor.) Doc- 
tor of Divinity. 

Dea. Deacon. 

Dec. December. — Declination. 

Deg. Degree, or Degrees. 

Del. Delaware. — Delegate. 

Del. (Delineavit.) He drew it; — 
placed on an engraving with 
the name of the draughtsman. 

Den. Denmark. 

Dep., or Dept. Department. 

Dep. Deputy. 

Dept. Deponent. 

Deriv. Derivative. 

Deut. Deuteronomy. 

D. F. Defeuder of the Faith.— 
Dean of the Faculty. 

Dft., or Deft. Defendant. 
j D. G. (Dei Gratia.) By the 

Grace of God. 
| Di. Didymium. 
i Diam. Diameter. 
! Diet. Dictator. — Dictionary. 
i Dim. Diminutive. 
j Dis., Disc, or Disct. Discount. 
! Diss. Dissertation. 

Dist. District. 
j Dist. Atty. District Attorney. 
| Div. Divided. — Division. 
I D. M. Doctor of Music, 
j Do. (Ditto.) The same ; as afore- 
said. 
j Dols., or $. Dollars. 
j Doz. Dozen. 

D. P. Doctor of Philosophy. 
j Dpt. Deponent. 
| Dr. Doctor. — Debtor. — Dram. 
I D. Sc. Doctor of Science. 
I D. T. (Doctor Theoloyise.) Doc- 
tor of Divinity. 
| Dut. Dutch. [ing. 

D. V. (Deo Volente.) God will- 

Dwt. (Denarius and weight.) 
Pennyweight. 



E. 



E. Erbium. — East. — Earl. — 
Eagle. 

Ebor. (Eboracum.) York. 

Ecc, or Eccles. Ecclesiastical. 

Eccl. Ecclesiastes. — Ecclesias- 
tical, [tory. 

Eccl. Hist. Ecclesiastical His- 

Ecclus. Ecclesiasticus. 

Ed. Edition.— Editor. 

Edm. Edmund. 

Eds. Editors. 

Edw. Edward. 

E. E. Errors excepted. — Eng- 
lish Ells. 

E. Fl. Ells Flemish. 

E. Fr. Ells French. 

E. G., or e. g. (Exempli Gratia.) 
For example. 

E. I. East Indies, or East India. 

E. I. C. East India Company. 



Elec. Electricity. 

Eliz. Elizabeth. 

E. Lon. East Longitude. 

Emp. Emperor.— Empress. 

Eucy., or Encyc. Encyclopaedia. 

E. N. E. East-north-east. 

Eng. Englaud.— English. 

Ent. Entomology 

Env. Ext. Envoy Extraordinary. 

Ep. Epistle. 

Eph. Ephesians. — Ephraim. 

Er. Erbium. 

E. S. Ells Scotch. 

Esd. Esdras. 

E. S. E. East-south-east. 

Esq., or Esqr. Esquire. 

Esth. Esther. 

E. T. English Translation. 

Et. al. (Et alii.) And others. 

Et. al. (Et alibi.) And elsewhere. 

Etc., or &c. (Et csetera.) And 

others ; and so forth. 
Et seq. (Et sequens.) And what 

follows. 
Etsqq. (Et scqnentia.) And those 

which follow. 
Eth. Ethiopia 
Ex. Example. — Exodus. 
Exc. Excellency. — Exception. 
Exch. Exchequer. 
Exod. Exodus. 
Exon. (Exonia.) Exeter. 
Exr. Executor. 
Ez., or Ezr. Ezra. 
Ezek. Ezekiel. 



F. Fluorine. 

F., or f. Franc. — Feminine. — 

Florin. 
Fahr. Fahrenheit. 
F. A. M. Free and Accepted 

Masons. 
Far. Farthing. — Farrierv. 
F. A. S. Fellow of the Society 

of Arts. 
F. D. (Fidei Defensor or Defen- 

satrix.) Defender of the Faith. 
F. E., or Fl. E. Flemish Ell. 
Fe. (Ferrum. ) Iron. 
Feb. February. 
Fern. Feminine, 
F. G. S. Fellow of the Geologi- 
cal Society. 
Fig. Figure. — Figurative. 
Fin. Finland. 
Finn. Finnish. 
Fir. Firkin. 
Fl., or Flor. Florida. 
Fl. Flemish. — Fluorine. 
FL, or fl. Flourished.— Florin. 
Fla. Florida. 
Fl. E. Flemish Ell. 
F. L. S. Fellow of the Linnaean 

Society. 
Fo., or Fol. Folio. 
F. 0. B. Free on Board. 
For. Foreign. 
Fort. Fortification. 
Fr. France. — French. — Francis. 
F. R. A. S. Fellow of the Royal 

Astronomical Society. 
F. R. C. P. Fellow of the Royal 

College of Phvsicians. 
Fr. E. French Ell. 
Fred. Frederic. 
Freq. Frequentative. 
F. R. G. S. Fellow of the Royal 

Geograpbical Society. 
Fri. Friday. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 649 



Fris. Friesic; Frisian. 

F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal 
Society. 

F. R. S. E. Fellow of the Royal 
Society, Edinburgh. 

F. S. A. Fellow of the Society 
of Antiquaries. — Fellow of the 
Society of Arts. 

F. S. A. E. Fellow of the Society 
of Antiquaries, Edinburgh. 

Ft. Foot, or Feet.— Fort. 

Fth. Fathom. 

Fur. Furlong. 

Fut. Future. 

F. Z. S. Fellow of the Zoologi- 
cal Society. 



G. 



G. Glucinum. 

Ga. Georgia. — Gallium. 

Gael. Gaelic. 

Gal. Galatians. — Gallon. 

G. B. Great Britain. 

G. C. B. Grand Cross of the 
Bath. 

Ge. Germanium. 

Gen. General. — Genitive. — Gen- 
Gent. Gentleman. [esis. 

Gent. Mag. Gentleman's Maga- 
zine. 

Geo. George. — Georgia. 

Geog. Geography. 

Geol. Geology. 

Geom. Geometry. 

Ger. German. — Germany. 

Goth., or Go. Gothic. 

Gov. Governor. 

Gov. Gen. Governor-General. 

G. R. (Georgius Rex.) King 
George. 

Gram. Grammar. 

Gtt. (Gutta, Gidtse.) Drop; 
drops. 

Guin. Guinea; guineas 



H. M. S. His, or Her, Majesty's 
Ship, or Service. 

Ho. Holmium. 

Hon. Honorable. 

Hou'd. Honored. 

Hort. Horticulture. 

Hos. Hosea. 

H. P. Half-pay. 

H. R. House of Representatives. 

H. R. E. Holy Roman Empire. 

H. R. H. His, or Her, Royal 
Highness. 

H. R. I. IL (Hie requiescil in 
pace.) Here rests in peace. 

H. S. {Hie situs.) Here lies. 

H. S. S. Fellow of the Histori- 
cal Society. 

Hum., or Hurab. Humble. 

Hun. Hungary. — Hungarian. 

Hund. Hundred. 

Hyd. Hydrostatics. 



I. 



H. 



H. Hydrogen. 

H., h., orhr. Hour. 

Hab. Habakkuk. 

Hag. Haggai. 

Hants. Hampshire. 

H. B. C. Hudson's Bay Com- 
pany. 

H. B. M. His, or Her, Britannic 
Majesty. 

Hdkf. Handkerchief. 

H. E., or h. e. (Hoe, or hie, est.) 
That, or this, is. 

Heb. Hebrews. — Hebrew. 

H. E. I. C. Honorable East In- 
dia Company. 

Her. Heraldry. 

Herp. Herpetologv. 

Hf. bd. Half-bound. 

Hg. (Hydrargyrum.) Mercury. 

Hhd. Hogshead. 

H. I. H. His, or Her, Imperial 
Highness. 

Hil. Hilary. 

Hin. Hindoo. — Hindostan. — 
Hindostanee. 

Hist. History. 

H. J. S. (Hie jacet sepultus.) 
Here lies buried. 

H. M. His, or Her, Majesty. 

H. M. P. (Hoc monumentum pos- 
uit.) Erected this monument. 

2c 



I. Iodine. 

I., or Isl. Island. • 

la. Iowa. 

lb., or Ibid. (Ibidem.) In the 
same place. 

Icel. Iceland. — Icelandic. 

Ich. Ichthyology. 

Id. (Idem.) The same. 

Id. Ter. Idaho Territory. 

I. e., or i. e. (Id est.) That is. 

I. H. S. (Jesus Hominum Solici- 
tor.) Jesus the Saviour of Men. 

111. Illinois. 

Imp. Imperial. — Imperative. — 
Imperfect. 

Imp. t. Imperfect tense. 

In. Inch; inches. — Indian. 

Inc., or hicor.' Incorporated. 

Incog. (Incognito.) Unknown. 

Ind. India. — Indian. — Indiana. 

Indie. Indicative. 

Ind. Ter. Indian Territory. 

Infin. Infinitive. 

In lim. (In limine.) At the out- 
set. 

In loc. (In loco.) In the place. 

I. N. R. I. Jesus Xazarenus, Rex 
Judseorum.) Jesus of Naza- 
reth, King of the Jews. 

Inst. Instant, or of the present 
month. 

Int. Interest. 

Interj. Interjection. 

Ju trans. (In transitu.) On the 
passage. 

I. 0. 6. F. Independent Order 
of Odd Fellows. 

Ipecac. Ipecacuanha. 

In. Ireland.— Irish.— Iridium. 

Isa. Isaiah. 

I. T. Indian Territory. 

It. Italy.— Italian.— Italic. 

Itin. Itinerary. 



Jer. Jeremiah. 

J. H. S. (Jesus Hominum Snlca- 
tor.) Jesus the Saviour of Men. 

Jno. John. 

Jo. Joel. 

Jon. Jonah. 

Jona. Jonathan. 

Jos. Joseph. 

Josh. Joshua. 
; Jour. Journal. 

J. P. Justice of the Peace, 
i J. Prob. Judge of Probate. 
I J. R. (Jacobus Rex.) King 

James. 
I Jr., or Jun. Junior. 

J. IT. D., or J. Y. D. (Juris utri- 
ttsque Doctor.) Doctor of both 
Laws; i. e., the Canon and the 
Civil Law. 

Jud. Judith. 

Judg. Judges. 

Jul. July. — Julius. 

Jul. Per. Julian Period. 

Jun. June. — Junius. 

Jus. P. Justice of the Peace. 

Just., or Jus. Justice. 

J. Y. D. Doctor of Laws. 



K. 



J. 



J. Judge. 

J. A. Judge Advocate. 
Ja., or Jas. James. 
Jac. Jacob, or James. 
Jam. Jamaica. 
Jan. January. 
J. C. D. Doctor of Civil Law. 
J. D. (Jurum Doctor.) Doctor of 
Laws. 

55 



K. King. — (Kalinm.) Potassium. 

Kan., or Kans. Kansas. 

K. B. Knight of the Bath. 

K. B. King's Bench. 
I K. C. King's Council. 
: K. C. B. Knight Commander of 
[ the Bath. 

Ken., or Ky. Kentucky. 

K. G. Knight of the Garter. 

K. G. C. Knight Grand Cross. 

K. G. C. B. Knight Grand Cross 
of the Bath. 

Kil. Kilderkin. 

Kingd. Kingdom. 

Km. Kingdom. 

K. M. Knight of Malta. 

Knt., Kt., or K. Kuight. 

K. P. Knight of St. Patrick. 

K. S. M. G. Knight of St. 
Michael and St. George. 

K. T. Knight of the Thistle. 

Kt. Knight. 

Ky. Kentucky. 



L. Lord.— Lady.— Latin.— Lith- 
ium. 
j L., or Lib. (Liber.) Book. 

L., Lib., lb., or lb. (Libra.) 
Pound in weight. 

L., 1., or £. Pound sterling. 

La. Lanthanum. 

La., or Lou. Louisiana. 

Ladp. Ladyship. 

Lam. Lamentations. 

Lat. Latitude. — Latin. 

Late L. Late Latin. 

Lb., or lb. Pound in weight. 

L. C. Lord Chancellor. 

L. C, or 1. c. (Loco citato.) In 
the place cited. 

L. C. J. Lord Chief Justice. 

L. D. Lady Day. 

Ld., or L. Lord. 

Ldp., or Lp. Lordship. 

Lea. League. 

Leg., or Legis. Legislature. 

Lev. Leviticus. 



650 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 



L. H. D. (Liter arum Humanio- 
rum Doctor.) Doctor of Liter- 
ature. 

L. I. Long Island. 

Li., or L. Lithium. 

Lib. Librarian. 

Lib., or L. (Liber.) Book. 

Lieut., or Lt. Lieutenant. 

Lieut. Col. Lieutenant-Colonel. 

Lieut. Gen. Lieutenant-General. 

Lieut. Gov. Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor. 

Lit. Literature. — Literary. 

Lit., or lit. Literally. 

Litt. D. Doctor of Literature. 

Liv., or liv. Livre. 

LL.B. (Legum Baccalaureus.) 
Bachelor of Laws. 

LL. D. (Legum Doctor.) Doctor 
of Laws. 

Lon., or Long. Longitude. 

Lond. London. 

Low L. Low Latin. 

L. S. (Locus Sig ML) Place of the 
Seal. 

L. S. Left Side. 

L. S. D., or 1. s. d. Pounds, shil- 
lings, pence. 

Lt. Lieutenant. 

Lv. Livres. 

LXX. The Septuagint. 



M. 



M. Marquis. — Masculine. — 
Monsieur, Sir, or Mister. — 
Morning. — Month. — Minute. 
— Mile. — Married. 

M. (Mille.) A thousand. 

M. (Meridies.) Meridian, Mid- 
day, or Noon. 

M. (Manipidus.) A handful. 

M., Mon., or Mond. Monday. 

M. A. Master of Arts. — Mili- 
tary Academy. 

Mac, or Mace. Maccabees. 

Mad., or Madm. Madam. 

Mag. Magazine. 

Maj. Major. 

Maj. Geo. Major-General. 

Mai. Malachi. [ship. 

Man. Manege, or Horseman- 
Mar. March. 

March. Marchioness. 

Marg. Trans. Marginal Trans- 
lation. 

Marq. Marquis. 

Mas., or ]\lasc. Masculine. 

Mass., or Ms. Massachusetts. 

Math. Mathematics. — Mathe- 
maticians. 

Matt. Matthew. 

M. B. (Medicinse Baccalaureus.) 
Bachelor of Medicine. 

M. B. (Musicse Baccalaureus.) 
Bachelor of Music. 

M. C. Member of Congress. — 
Master Commandant. — Mili- 
tary Cadets. 

M. D. (Medicinse. Doctor.) Doc- 
tor of Medicine. 

Md. Maryland. 

Me. Maine. 

M. E. Methodist Episcopal. 

Meas. Measure. 

Mech. Mechanics. 

Med. Medicine. 

Mem. (Memento.) Remember. 

Mem. Memorandum. 

Messrs., or MM. (Messieurs.) 
Gentlemen: Sirs. 



Met. Metaphysics. 

Meteor. Meteorology. 

Meth. Methodist. 

Mex. Mexico, or Mexican. 

Mg. Magnesium. 

M. Goth. Moeso-Gothic. 

M. H. S. Massachusetts Histor- 
ical Society. — Member of the 
Historical Society. 

Mic. Micah. 

Mich. Michigan.— Michaelmas. 

Mid. Midshipman. 

Mil. Military. 

Min. Mineralogy. 

Min., or min. Minute ; minutes. 

Minn. Minnesota. 

Min. Plen. Minister Plenipo- 
tentiary. 

Miss., or Mi. Mississippi. 

Mile. Mademoiselle. 

MM. Messieurs; Gentlemen. 

Mme. Madame. 

Mn. Manganese. 

Mo. Missouri. — Month. — Mo- 
lybdenum. 

Mod. Modern. 

Mon., or Mond. Monday. 

Mons. • Monsieur, or Sir. 

M. P. Member of Parliament. 
— Member of Police. 

M. P. C. Member of Parlia- 
ment in Canada. 

Mr. Mister, or Master. 

M. R. A. S. Member of the 
Royal Asiatic Society. 

M. R. C. S. Member of the 
Royal College of Surgeons. 

M. R. I. Member of the Royal 
Institution. 

M. R. I. A. Member of the 
Royal Irish Academy. 

Mrs. Mistress (pron. Missis). 

M. R. S. L. Member of the 
Royal Society of Literature. 

M. S. (Memorise Sacrum.) Sa- 
cred to the Memory. 

MS. Manuscript. 

MSS. Manuscripts. 

Mt. Mount, or Mountain. 

Mus. Music. — Museum. 

Mus. D. Doctor of Music. 

Myth. Mythology. 



N. 



N. North.— Note. — Number. — 
Nail. — Nitrogen. 

N., or n. Noun. — Name. 

N. A. North America.— North' 
American. 

Na. (Natrium.) Sodium. 

Nah. Nahum. 

Nat. National.— Natural. 

Nath. Nathaniel, or Nathanael. 

Naut. Nautical. 

N. B. (Nota bene.) Mark well ; 
take notice. 

N. B. New Brunswick. — North 
Britain. 

Nb. Niobium. [Church. 

N. C. North Carolina. — New 

N. E. New England.— North- 
east. 

Neb. Nebraska. 

Neh. Neheniiah. 

Nem. con. (Nemine conlradicenle.) 
No one contradicting; unani- 
mously. 

Nem. diss. (Nemine dissentiente.) 
No one dissenting; unani- 
mously. 



Neth. Netherlands. 

Neut. Neuter. 

Nev. Nevada. 

New Test. New Testament. 

N. F. Newfoundland. 

N. H. New Hampshire. 

Ni. Nickel. 

N. J. New Jersey. [tude. 

N. Lat., or N. L. North Lati- 

N. M. New Mexico. 

N. N. E. North-north-east. 

N. N. W. North-north-west. 

No. (Numero.) Number. 

N. 0. New Orleans. 

Nona. Nominative. 

Nonpros. (Non prosequitur.) He 
does not prosecute. 

Norm. Norman. 

Norm. Fr. Norman French. 

Norw. Norway. — Norwegian. 

Nos. Numbers. 

Nov. November. 

N. P. Notary Public. — New 
Providence. 

N. P. D. North Polar Distance. 

N. S. New Style (after 1752).— 
Nova Scotia. 

N. S. W. New South Wales. 

N. T. New Testament. 

N. u. Name unknown. 

Num., or Numb. Numbers. 

N. V. M. Nativity of the Virgin 
Mary. 

N. W. North-west. 

N. W. T. North-west Territory. 

N. Y. New York. 

N. Y. H. S. New York Histori- 
cal Society. 

N. Z. New Zealand. 



O. 



0. Ohio. — Oxygen. 

Ob. (Obit.) He, or she, died. 

Obad. Obadiah. 

Obj. Objection. — Objective. 

Obs. Observation. — Observatory. 
— Obsolete. 

Obt. Obedient. 

Oct. October. 

0. F. Odd Fellows. 

Old Test., or 0. T. Old Testa- 
ment. 

Olym. Olympiad. 

Opt. Optics. 

Or. Oregon. 

Ord. Ordinary. 

Oruith. Ornithology. 

0. S. Old Style (before 1752). 

Os. Osmium. 

0. T. Old Testament. 

Oxon. (Oxonia.) Oxford. 

Oz., or oz. Ounce, or ounces. 



P., or p. Page.— Participle. — 
Phosphorus. — Pole. — Pint. — 
Pipe. 

P., p., or®. (Per.) By the. 

P. (Pugillus.) Apugil; as much 
as can be taken between the 
thumb and two forefingers. 

Pa., or Penn. Pennsylvania. 

P. a., or p. a. Participial adjec- 

Pal. Paleontology. [tive. 

Pari. Parliament. 

Part., or p. Participle. 

Payt. Payment. 



ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING-. 651 



Pb. (Plumbum.) Lead. 

P. C. (Putres Con&cripti.) Con- 
script Fathers. 

P. C. Privy Councillor. 

Pd. Paid.— Palladium. 

P. E. Protestant Episcopal. 

P. E. I. Prince Edward Island. 

Penn. Pennsylvania. 

Pent. Pentecost. 

Per. Persia. — Persian. 

Per an. (Per annum.) By the 
year. 

Per cent., or Per ct. (Per centum.) 
By the hundred. 

Perf. Perfect. 

Peri. Perigee. 

Persp. Perspective. 

Pet. Peter. 

Phar. Pharmacy. 

Ph. D. (Philosophise Doctor.) 
Doctor of Philosophy. 

Phil. Philip. — Philippians. — 
Philosophy. — Philosopher. — 
Philosophical. 

Phila. Philadelphia. 

Philem. Philemon. 

Philom. (Philomathes.) Lover 
of learning. 

Philomath. (Philomathematicus. ) 
A lover of mathematics (or of 
learning). 

P. H. S. Pennsylvania Histori- 
cal Society. 

Phys. Physics. — Physiology. 

Pinxt., or Pxt. (Pinxii.) He, or 
she, painted it. 

Pk. Peck. 

PI. Place.— Plate. 

PL, or Plur. Plural. 

Plff. Plaintiff. 

Plup., or plupf. Pluperfect. 

P. M. (Post Meridiem.) After- 
noon, [shipman. 

P. M. Postmaster.— Passed Mid- 

P. M. G. Postmaster-General. 

P. 0. Post-Office. 

Pop. Population. 

Port. Portugal ; Portuguese. 

Pos. Possessive. 

Pot. Pottle. 

Pp. Past participle. 

Pp., or pp. Participles. — Pages. 

P. P. C. (Pour prendre conye.) 
To take leave. 

P. Q. Province of Quebec. 

P. R. Porto Rico. [by the. 

Pr. Preposition. — (Per.-) By, or 

Prep., or Pr. Preposition. 

Pres. Present.— President. 

Pret. Preterite. 

Priv. Privative. 

Prob. Problem. 

Prof. Professor. [noun. 

Pron., or pr. Pronounced ; pro- 

Pron. a. Pronominal adjective. 

Prop. Proposition. 

Pros. Prosody. 

Prot. Protestant. [time. 

Pro tern. (Pro tempore.) For the 

Prov. Proverbs. — Provost. — 
Province. 

Prox. (Proximo.) Next, or Of ! 
the next Month. 

Prus. Prussia.— Prussian. 

P. S. Privy Seal.— (Post Scrip- 
turn.) Postscript. 

Ps. Psalm, or Psalms. 

Pt. Platinum.— Part.— Payment. 

Pub. Published.— Publisher. 

Pub. Doc. Public Document. 

Pun. Puncheon. 

P. v. Post village. 

Pwt. Pennyweight. 



Q. 



Q., or Qu. Question.— Queen. 

Q., or q. (Quadrans.) Farthing. 

Q. B. Queen'3 Bench. 

Q. C. Queen's Council. 

Q. D., or q. d. (Quasi dicat.) As 
if he should say. 

Q. E. (Quod est.) Which is. 

Q. E. D. (Quod erat demonstran- 
dum.) Which was to be de- 
monstrated. 

Q. E. F. (Quod erat faciendum.) 
Which was to be done. 

Q. E. I. ( Quod erat inteniendum.) 
Which was to be discovered. 

Q. L., or q. 1. (Quantum libet.) 
As much as you please. 

Qm. (Quomodo.) By what means. 

Q. P., or q. pi. (Quantum placet.) 
As much as you please. 

Qr., or qrs. Quarter, or Quar- 
ters. — Farthings. 

Q. S. Quarter Section. 

Q. S., or q. s. (Quantum sufficit.) 
A sufficient quantity. 

Qt., or qt. Quart.— Quantity. 

Qu., Qy., or q. (Quaere.) Query. 

Ques. Question. 

Q. V., or q. v. (Quod vide.) 
Which see. 

Q. V., or q. v. (Quantum vis.) 
As much as you please. 



R. 



R. Rhodium.— (Rex.) King.— 
(Regina.) Queen. — (Recipe.) 
Take. 

R., or r. Rood. — Rod. — Rises. — 
River. 

R. A. Royal Academy. — Royal 
Academician. — Royal Artil- 
lery. — Royal Arch. — Rear Ad- 
miral. — Right Ascension. 

Rad. Radical. 

Rb. Rubidium. 

R. E. Royal Engineers. 

Rec. Recipe. 

Rec d . Received. 

Recp*. Receipt. 

Rec. Sec. Recording Secretary. 

Ref. Reformed. — Reformer. — 
Reference. 

Ref. Oh. Reformed Church. 

Reg. Prof. Regius Professor. 

Regr., or Reg. Register. — Reg- 
istrar. 

Regt. Regiment. 

Rel. Pron. Relative Pronoun. 

Rem. Remark; Remarks. 

Rep. Representative. — Reporter. 

Rep., or Repub. Republic. 

Rev. Reverend. — Revelation. — 
Review. 

Rhet. Rhetoric. 

R. I. Rhode Island. 

Richd. Richard. 

R. M. Royal Marines. 

R. N. Royal Navy. 

Ro. (Recto.) Right-hand Page. 
—Rhodium.— Robert. 

Robt. Robert. 

Rom. Romans. 

Rom. Cath. Roman Catholic. 

R. R. Railroad. 

R. S. Right Side. 

R. S. V. P. (Repondez, s'U vous 
plait.) Answer, if you please. 

Rt. Hon. Right Honorable. 



Rt. Rev. Right Reverend. 

Rt. Wpful. Eight Worshipful. 

Ru. Ruthenium. 

Rus. Russia. — Russian. 

R. W. Right Worthy. 



s. 



S. South.— Shilling.— Second- 
Sign. — Sets. — Sunday. — Sul- 
phur.— Scribe. 

S., or St. Saint. 

S. A. South America. 

S. A., or s. a. (Secundum Arlem.) 
According to Art. 

Sa. Samarium. 

Sam. Samuel. — Samaritan. 

Sans., or Sansc. Sanscrit. 

Sat. Saturday. 

Sax. Saxon.— Saxony. 

Sb. (Stibium.) Antimony. 

S. C. South Carolina. 

S. C. (Senatits Conmltum.) A 
Decree of the Senate. 

Sc, or Sculp. (Sculpsit.) He, or 
she, engraved it. 

Sc. Scandium. 

S. caps. Small capitals. 

Sch., or Schr. Schooner. — Sch., 
or Scho. (Scholium.) A note. 

Scil., or Sc. (Scilicet.) To wit. 

S. C. L. Student of the Civil Law. 

Sclav. Sclavonic. [tish. 

Scot. Scotland, Scotch, or Scot- 

Scr. Scruple. 

Sculp. Sculpture. 

Sculp. (Sculpsit.) He, or she, 
f ngraved it. 
\ S. E. South-east. 
j Se. Selenium. 

I Sec. Secretary. — Section. — Sec- 
I ond. 

| Sec. Leg. Secretary of Legation. 
| Sect. Section. 

Sen. Senior. — Senate.— Senator. 

Sep., or Sept. September. 

Sept. Septuagint. 

Serg., or Serj. Sergeant, or Ser- 
jeant. 

Sent. Servant. 

Sh., or S. Shilling. 

Shak. Shakespeare. 

Si. Silicon. 

Sing. Singular. 

S. J. Society of Jesus. 

S. J. C. Supreme Judicial Court. 

Skr. Sanskrit. 

Sid. Sailed. 

S. Lat., or S. L. South Latitude. 

Slav. Slavonic. 

S. N. (Secundum Xatuiam.) Ac- 
cording to Nature. 

Sn. (Stannum.) Tin. 

Sol. Solomon. — Solution. 

S. of Sol. Song of Solomon. 

Sol. Gen. Solicitor-General. 

Sp. Spain. — Spanish. 

S. P. (Sineprole.) Without issue. 

S. P. A. S. (Socielatis Philosophies 
Americans Socius.) 31emberof 
the American Philosophical 
Society. 

S. P. G. Society for the Propa- 
gation of the Gospel. 

S. P. Q. R. (Senatus Populusgue 
Romanus.) The Senate and the 
Roman People. 



qr. 



:>quare. 



Sq. ft. Square feet. 
Sq. in. Square inches. 
Sq. m. Square miles. 



652 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN "WRITING AND PRINTING. 



Sq. r. Square rods. 

Sq. yd. Square yards. 

Sr. * Strontium. 

S. R. I. (Sacrum Romanum Im- 
perium.) Holy Roman Empire. 

S. R. S. (Societal is Regise Socius.) 
Fellow of the Royal Society. 

SS., or S. (Semis.) Half. 

SS., or ss. (Scilicet.) To wit; 
namely. 

SS. Saints. — The mark on the 
collar of the Chief Justice of 
England. 

S. S. Sunday-school. 

S. S. E. South-south-east. 

S. S. W. South south-west. 

St. Saint. — Street. — Stone. — 
Strait. 

S. T. D. (Sacrse Theologiie Doc- 
tor.) Doctor of Diviniiy. 

Ster., or Stg. Sterling. 

S. T. P. (Sacrse Theologiie Pro- 
fessor.) Professor, or Doctor, 
of Divinity. 

Subj. Subjunctive. 

Subst. Substantive. 

Su. Goth. Suio-Gothic, or Norse. 

Sun., or Sund. Sunday. 

Sup., or Supp. Supplement. 

Sup., or Super. Superior. — Su- 
perfine. 

Sup., or Superl. Superlative. 

Supt. Superintendent. 

Surg. Surgeon. — Surgery. 

Surg. Gen. Surgeon-General. 

Surv. Surveyor. 

Surv. Gen. Surveyor-General. 

S. W. South-west. 

Sw. Sweden. — Swedish. 

Switz. Switzerland. 

Syn. Synonyme. 

Syr. Syria.— Syriac. 



T., or t. Town, or township. 
Ta. Tantalum. 
Tb. Terbium. 
Te. Tellurium. 

T. E. Topographical Engineers. 
Tenn. Tennessee. 
Term. Termination. 
Tex. Texas. 

Text. Rec. (Textus Receptus.) Re- 
ceived Text. 
Th. Thorium. 
Theo. Theodore. 
Theol. Theology. 
Theoph. Theophilus. 
Theor. Theorem. 
Thess. Thessalonians. 
Thos. Thomas. 
Thurs. Thursday. 
Ti. Titanium. 
Tier. Tierce. 
Tim. Timothy. 
Tit. Titus. 



Tn. Town. 

T. 0. Turn over. 

Tp. Township. 

Tr. Translator. — Translation. — 

Treasurer. — Trustee. 
Trans. Translation. — Translator. 

— Translated. 
Trin. Trinity. 
Tu. Thulium. 
Tues., or Tu. Tuesday. 
Turk. Turkey.— Turkish. 
Twp. Township. 
Typ. Typographer. 



u. 



U. Uranium. 

U. C. Upper Canada. 

U. E. I. C. United East India 
Company. 

U. J. D. (Utriusque Juris Doctor.) 
Doctor of both Laws. 

U. K. United Kingdom. 

Ult. (UUimo.) Last, or Of the 
last month. 

Univ. University. 

U. P. United Presbyterian. 

U. S., or u. s. (Ut, or ult, supra.) 
As above. 

U. S. United States. 

U. S. A. United States Anny. — 
United States of America. 

U. S. M. United States Mail- 
United States Marine. 

U. S. N. United States Navy. 

U. S. S. United States Ship. 

U. T. Utah Territory. 



Vt. Vermont. 
Vul. Vulgate. 
Vulg. Vulgar; vulgarly. 



w. 



W. Welsh.— West.— {Wolfram.) 

Tungsten. 
W., or Wed. Wednesday. 
W., or Wk. Week. 
Whf. Wharf. 

W. I. West India.— West Indies. 
Wis., or Wise. Wisconsin. 
W. Lon. West Longitude. 
Wm. William. 
W. N. W. West-north-west. 
Wp. Worship. 
Wpful. Worshipful. 
W. S. Writer to the Signet. 
W. S. W. West-south-west. 
W. T. Washington Territory. 
Wt. Weight. 
W. Va. West Virginia. 
Wyo. Wyoming. 



X. 



V. 



Xmas, or Xm. Christmas. 
Xn, or Xtian. Christian. 
Xnty, or Xty. Christianity. 
Xper, or Xr. Christopher." 
Xt. Christ. 



Y. 



V. Vanadium.— Verb. 

V., Vi., or Vid. (Vide.) See. 

V., or vs. (Versus.) Against. 

V., or Ver. Verse. 

Va. Virginia. 

V. A., or v. a. Verb active. 

V. C. Vice-Chancellor. — Victoria 
Cross. 

V. D. M. (Vei-bi Dei Minister.) 
Minister of God's Word. 

Ven. Venerable. 

V. G., or v. g. (Verbi gratia.) 
For example. 

V. int., or v. i. Verb intransitive. 

Vis., or V. Viscount. 

Viz. (Videlicet.) To wit; namely. 

V. N., or v. n. Verb neuter. 

Vo. (Verso.) Left-hand page. 

Vol. Volume. — Vols. Volumes. 

V. P., or Vice-Pres. Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

V. R. (Victoria Regina.) Queen 
Victoria. 

Vs., or V. (Versus.) Against. 

V. t., or v. tr. Verb transitive. 



Y. Ytterbium. 
Y., or Yr. Year. 
Y. B., or Yr. B. Year-Book. 
Yd. Yard.— Yds. Yards. 
Y«. The. 
Y°». Them. 

Y. M. C. A. Young Men's Chris- 
tian Association. 
Yn. Then. 
Yr. Year. 
V. Your. 
Y™. Yours. 
Ys. This. 
Yt. That. 
Yt. Yttrium. 
Yuc. Yucatan. 



z. 



Z. Zero.— Zone. 
Z., or Zr. Zirconium. 
Zech. Zechariah. 
Zenh. Zephaniah. 
Zn. Zinc. 
Zool. Zoology. 
Zr. Zirconium. 



SIGNS 



USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 



0, or ® The Sun. 

$ Mercury. 

Q Venus. 

0, ©, or 5 The Earth. 

© New Moon. 



ASTEONOMICAL. 

THE LARGER PLANETS, Ac. 

D Moon in its first quarter. 

O, or © Full Moon. 

d Moon in its last quarter. 

(f Mars. 

1/. Jupiter. 



ll Saturn. 

IJJ, or $ Uranus. 

Sg Neptune. 

* A fixed Star. 



THE ASTEROIDS. 

The numbers used to denote the se-veral asteroids are, in writing, generally enclosed within rings, 
thus : © © (3) ® 



1. Ce'res. 

2. Pal'las. 

3. Ju'no. 

4. Ves'ta. 

5. As-trae'a. 

6. He'be. 

7. I'ris. 

8. Flo'ra. 

9. Me'tis. 

10. Hy-£e'i-a. 

11. Par-then'o-pe. 

12. Vic-t5'ri-a. 

13. E-fe'ri-a. 

14. i-re'ne. 

15. Eu-no'mi-a. 

16. Psyche (sl'ke). 

17. The'tis. 

18. Mel-pom'e-ne. 

19. For-tu'na. 

20. Mas-sil'i-a. 

21. Lu-te'ti-a (lu-te'- 

she-a). 

22. Cal-li'o-pe. 

23. Tha-li'a. 

24. The'mis. 

25. Pho-cse'a. 

26. Pro-ser'pi-na. 

27. Eu-ter'pe. 

28. Bel-15'na. 

29. Am-phi-trl'te. 

30. u-ra'ni-a. 

31. Eu-phr6Yy-ne. 



32. Po-mo'na. 63. 

33. Pol-y-hym'ni-a. 64. 

34. Ci'r'ce. , 65. 

35. Leu-co'the-a. 66. 

36. At-a-lan'ta. 67. 

37. Fi'des. 68. 

38. Le'da. 69. 

39. Lae-ti"ti-a (le- 70. 

tish'e-a). 71. 

40. Har-mo'ni-a. 72. 

41. Daph'ne. 73. 

42. i'sis. 74. 

43. A-ri-ad'n§. 75. 

44. Ny'sa. 76. 

45. Eu-£ e'ni-a. 77. 

46. Hes'ti-a. ' 78. 

47. Ag-la'i-a. 79. 

48. Do'ris. 80. 

49. Pa'le?. 81. 

50. Vir-fin'i-a. 82. 

51. Nem-a-5'sa. 83. 

52. Eu-ro'pa. 84. 

53. Ca-lyp'so. 85. 

54. Al-ex-an'dra. 86. 

55. Pan-do'ra. S7. 

56. Mel'e-te. 88. 

57. Mne-mos'y-ne (ne-). 89. 

58. Con-cor'di-a. 90. 

59. Q-lym'pi-a. 91. 

60. Echo (ek'o or eTio). 92. 

61. Dan'a-e. 93. 

62. Er'a-to. 94. 

55* 



Au-so'ni-a. 

An-f-e-ll'na. 

Cyb'e-le. 

Ma'i-a. 

Asia (a'she-^). 

Le'to. 

Hes-pe'ri-a. 

Pan-o-pe'^. 

Ni'o-be. 

Fe-ro'ni-a. 

Clyt'i-e. 

Gal-a-te'a. 

Eu-ryd'i-ce. 

Freia (frl'a). 

Frig'ga. 

Di-a'na. 

Eu-ryn'o-me. 

Sappho (saf'fo). 

Terp-sich'o-re. 

Alc-me'ne. 

Be-a'trix. 

Cli'o. 

I'o. 

Sem'e-le. 

Syl'vi-a. 

This' be. 

Ju'li-a. 

An-ti'o-pe. 

2E-£i'na.. 

fjn-dl'na. 

Mi-ner'va. 

Au-ro'ra. 



95. Ar-e-thu'sa. 

96. JEg'le. 

97. Cld'thS. 

98. i-an'the. 

99. Di'ke, 

100. Hec'a-te. 

101. Hel'e-na. 

102. Mir'i-am. 

103. He'ra. 

104. Clym'e-ne. 

105. Ar'te-mis. 

106. Di-o'ne. 

107. Ca-mil'la. 

108. Hec'u-ba. 

109. Fe-lic'i-tas. 

110. Lyd'i-a. 

111. A'te. 

112. iph-i-£e-nl'a. 

113. Am-al-the'a. 

114. Cas-san'dra. 

115. Thy'ra. 

116. Sl-ro'na. 

117. Lo'mi-a. 

118. Pel'tho. 

119. Al-thse'a. 

120. Lach'e-sis. 

121. Her-mi'o-ne. 

122. GeVda. 

123. Brun-Ml'da. 

124. Al-ces'tis. 

125. Lib-er-a'trix. 

126. Vel'le-da. 

653 



654 



SIGNS USED IN WKITING AND PEINTING. 



127. jQ-han'na. 

128. Nem'e-sis. 

129. ^.n-tig'o-ne. 

130. E-lec'tra. 

131. Va'la. 

132. .ffi'thra. 

133. Cy-re'ne. 

134. So-phros'x-ne. 

135. Her'tha. 

136. Aus'tri-a. 

137. Mel-i-boe'a. 

138. To-16'sa. 

139. Ju-e'wa. 

140. Si'wa. 

141. Lu'men. 

142. Po-la'na. 

143. A'dri-a. 

144. Vi-bil'i-a. 

145. Ad-e-o'na. 

146. Lu-ci'na. 

147. Pro-to|--e-ni'a. 

148. Gai'li-a." 

149. Me-du'sa. 

150. Nu'wa. 

151. Ab-un-dan'ti-a 

(-she-a). 

152. At'a-la. 

153. Hil'da. 

154. Ber'tha. 

155. Scyl'la. 

156. Xan-tip'pe. 

157. De-i-a-nl'ra, 

158. Co-ro'nis. 

159. .ffi-mil'i-a. 

160. u'na. 

161. Ath'or. 

162. Lau-ren'ti-a 

(-she-a). 

163. ^j-rig'o-ne. 



164. E'va. 202. 

165. Loreley (lo're-H). 203. 

166. Pvhod'9-pe. 204. 

167. ijr'da. 205. 

168. Si-byl'la. 206. 

169. Ze-ll'a. 207. 

170. Ma-rl'a. 208. 

171. 9-phe'li-a. 209. 

172. Bau'cis. 210. 

173. I'no. 211. 

174. Phae'dra. 212. 

175. An-drom'a-phe. 213. 

176. i-dun'na. 214. 

177. ir'ma. 215. 

178. Bel-i-sa'na. 216. 

179. Clyt-em-nes'tra. 217. 

180. Ga-rum'na. 218. 

181. Eu'pha-ris. 219. 

182. El'sa. 220. 

183. Is'tri-a. 221. 

184. Deiopeia (di-o-pe'- 222. 

ya). 223. 

185. Eu-ril'ke. 224. 

186. Ce-lu'ta. 225. 

187. Lam-ber'ta. 226. 

188. Me-nip'pe. 227. 

189. Phthia (thi'a). 228. 

190. js-me'ne. 229. 

191. Kol'ga. 230. 

192. NSu-slk'a-a. 231. 

193. Am-bro'§i-a. 232. 

194. Prok'ne. 233. 

195. Eu-ry-kle'i-a. 234. 

196. Phil-o-me'la. ■ 235. 

197. A-re'te. 236. 

198. Am-pel'la. 237. 

199. Byb'lis. 238. 

200. Dy-nam'e-ne. 239. 

201. Pe-nel'o-pe. 24 °- 



phry-se'is. 

Pom-pe'ia. 

Kal-lis'to. 

Mar'tha. 

Her-sil'i-a. 

Hed'da.' ' 

Is-a-bel'la. 

DI'do. 

Lac-ri-mo'sa. 

j-sol'da. 

Me-de'a. 

Li-lse'a. 

As'phe-ra. 

(E-no'ne. 

Kle-o-pa'tra. 

Eu-do'ra. 

Bi-an'ca. 

Thus-nel'da. 

Ste-pha'ni-a. 

E'os. 

Lucia (lu'she-a). 

Ro'sa. 

Q-ce'a-na. 

Hen-ri-et'ta. 

We-rin'gi-a. 

Phi-los-o-phl'a. 

Ag'a-the. 

Ad-e-lin'da. 

Ath-a-man'tis. 

Vin-dQ-bo'na. 

Russia (rush'a). 

As-ter'o-pe. 

Bar'ba-ra. 

Car-o-li'na. 

Ho-no'ri-a. 

Coe-les-ti'na. 

Hy-pa/ti-a (-she-a). 

A-dras'te-a. 

Van'a-dis. 



241. gter-ma'ni-a. 

242. Kriem'hild. 

243. i' da. 

244. SI'ta. 

245. Ve'ra. 

246. As-p9-rl'na. 

247. Eu'kra-te. 

248. La-mei'a. 

249. il 7 se. 

250. Bet-ti'na. 

251. S9-phI'a. 

252. Clem-en-ti'na. 

253. Ma-thil'da. 

254. Au-gfis'ta. 

255. Qp-pa'vi-a. 

256. Wal-pur'§a. 

257. Si-le'si-a. ' 

258. Ty'ehe. 

259. Al-thei'a. 

260. Hu-ber'ta. 

261. Prym'no. 

262. Val'da. 

263. Dres'da. 

264. Li-bus'sa. 

265. An'na. 

266. A-li'ne. 

267. Tir'za. 
268. 



270. 
271. 
272. 
273. 
274. 
275. 
276. 
277. 
278. 
279. 



An-to'ni-a. 



4®*" Some of the asteroids were formerly designated by emblematic signs similar to those which 
are used for the larger planets. The mode of representing them by a circle enclosing the number 
indicating the order of their discovery is the one generally adopted at the present day. The first 
four asteroids, however, are still occasionally designated by the following characters : 



9, or $ Ceres. 



$ Pallas. 



Q Juno. 



g Vesta. 



Spring 
signs. 

Summer 
signs. 





THE 


ZODIAC. 




T Aries, the Bam. 
8 Taurus, the Bull. 
□ Gemini, the Twins. 






Autumn 

signs. 


23 Cancer, the Crab. 
£1 Leo, the Lion. 
UR Virgo, the Virgin; 






Winter 
signs. 



^ Libra, the Balance. 

iT\ Scorpio, the Scorpion. 

Z Sagittarius, the Archer. 

10° Capricornus, the Goat. 

t£. Aquarius, the Waterman. 

K Pisces, the Fishes. 



ASPECTS, NODES, &c. 



c5 Conjunction, i.e., in the same degree. 

8 Opposition, 180 degrees. 

* Sextile, 60 degrees. 

D Quartile, 90 degrees. 



A, Trine, 120 degrees. 

Q Dragon's Head, or Ascending Node. 

y Dragon's Tail, or Descending Node. 



SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 



655 



BOTANICAL. 



An asterisk prefixed to a name indicates that there is a good description at the reference given to 

the work. 
A dagger, in such cases, implies some doubt or uncertainty. 

An exclamation point denotes that an authentic specimen has been seen, from the author named. 
A mark of inte' rogation indicates doubt as to the correctness of genus, species, &c, according as it 

is placed after the name of the one or the other. 



0, 0» or © 

d\ 00, or © 

% or A 

b, or ? 

s 5 



Annual. 

Biennial. 

Perennial. 

Shrub. 

Hermaphrodite. 



6 Male. 

? Female. 

5 — ? Monoecious, or the male and female on one plant. 

$ : <j> Dioecious, or the male and female on different plants. 

00, or co Indefinite in number. 



COMMEECIAL. 



A 1, The designation of a first-class vessel, the letter denoting the character of the hull for build and 
sea-worthiness, and the figure that she is well found in rigging, gear, &c. 

£ (Latin libra). A pound sterling. 

ft) (Latin libra). A pound weight. 

$ Dollars. 

4®^ Various explanations have been given of the origin of this mark. One is, that it is an imi- 
tation of the scroll and pillars on Spanish coins ; another, that it is a modification of the figure 8, 
denoting a "piece of eight" (eight reals), a Spanish coin of the value of a dollar. 

/ Shillings ; as */ 6 = 4s. 6d. 

@ At or to ; as, Wood @ $4 per cord ; Oats 47 @ 48c. per bushel. 

$ Per ; as, Rice 4c. •$ fb. 

% Per cent. ; as, Commission at iy, % = §3.38. 

f Account ; as, S. Brown in f with L. A. Roberts. 



GRAMMATICAL. 



MARKS OR POINTS USED IN WRITING OR PRINTING. 



, Comma. 

; Semicolon. 

: Colon. 
Period. 

? Interrogation. 

1 Exclamation. 

( ) Parenthesis. 

— Dash. 

' Apostrophe. 

- Hyphen. 



" " Quotation. 

[ ] Brackets, or Crotchets. 
-fi©= Index. 

A Caret. 

> Brace. 

* * * Ellipsis. 
' Acute Accent. 
* Grave Accent. 
A Circumflex Accent. 



- The Long, or Macron. 

- The Short, or Breve. 
•• Diaeresis. 

5 Cedilla. 

* Asterisk. 

t Dagger, or Obelisk. 

X Double Dagger. 

g Section. 

1 Parallel. 

f Paragraph. 



MATHEMATICAL. 



ARABIC NOTATION. 



0. Naught, or Zero. 


5. Five. 


1. One. 


6. Six. 


2. Two. 


7. Seven 


3. Three. 


8. Eight. 


4. Four. 


9. Nine. 



10. Ten. 

11. Eleven. 

12. Twelve. 
53. Thirteen. 
14. Fourteen. 



656 



SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 



15. 


Fifteen. 


16. 


Sixteen. 


17. 


Seventeen 


18. 


Eighteen. 


19. 


Nineteen 


20. 


Twenty. 


I. 


One. 


II. 


Two. 


III. 


Three. 


IV. 


Four. 


V. 


Five. 


VI. 


Six. 


VII. 


Seven. 


nn 


Eight. 


IX 


Nine. 


X. 


Ten. 


XI 


Eleven. 


XII 


Twelve. 


on 


Thirteen. 



30. Thirty. 


90. Ninety. 


40. Forty. 


100. One hundred. 


50. Fifty. 


200. Two hundred. 


60. Sixty. 


500. Five hundred. 


70. Seventy. 


1000. One thousand. 


80. Eighty. 


2000. Two thousand. 


ROMAN NOTATION. 




XIV. Fourteen. 


LXXX. Eighty. 


XV. Fifteen. 


XC. Ninety. 


XVI. Sixteen. 


C. One hundred. 


XVII. Seventeen. 


CC. Two hundred. 


XVIII. Eighteen. 


CCC. Three hundred 


XIX. Nineteen. 


CCCC. Four hundred. 


XX. Twenty. 


D. Five hundred. 


XXI. Twenty-one. 


DC. Six hundred. 


XXX. Thirty. 


DCC. Seven hundred. 


XL. Forty. 


DCCC. Eight hundred. 


L. Fifty. 


DCCCC. Nine hundred. 


LX. Sixty. 


M. One thousand. 


LXX. Seventy. 


MM. Two thousand. 



X 



plus, or more, denotes that the quantity before which it is placed is to be added ; as, a + b ; 3 4- 4. 
minus, or less, denotes that the quantity before which it is placed is to be subtracted ; as, a — b ; 

3 — 2. 
into, denotes, when placed between two quantities, that they are to be multipled together; as, 

aXb; 3X6. 

J&g=" Multiplication may also be indicated by placing a point between the factors; as, a.b; 
2.4.8. When the quantities to be multiplied together are represented by letters, the sign may 
be altogether omitted ; as, abc; xy. 

or : divided by, denotes, when placed between two quantities, that the one on the left is to be 
divided by the one on the right ; as, a -f- b : 8 -e- 4 ; a : b. 

>&ip Division is also indicated by making the dividend the numerator and the divisor the de- 



nominator of a fraction, 
cated thus, a b. 



-the quantities taking the place of the dots ; as, 



b' 4' 



It is also indi- 



2 4. 



two quantities, without implying which is to be subtracted from 



plus, or minus; as, n±b ; \'a- 
denotes the difference betw< 

the other; as, a ~ b. 
denotes the difference or excess. 

denotes that one quantity varies as another; as, a oc v , a varies as -. 

o b 

radical sign, denotes, when no number is written over the sign, that the square root is to be taken ; 

as, }/<7 ; }/9. 

43?* The degree of the root is indicated by a number written over the sign.]/, which is called the 
index of the root; as, fa, the cube or third root of a, &c. The symbol |/ is a modification of the 
letter r, which stood for radix, or root. The root of a quantity is also indicated by a fractional 
exponent; as, a§, the square root of a; a*, the fourth root of a, &c. 

' indicate that the quantities enclosed, or separated from other quantities, by 

rac es, i t neni) are to be considered together, or as one quantity; as, (a + b) x; 
( ) parenthesis, 

I bar, J 

2 denotes that the sum is to be taken. 

4®^The symbol 2 is used in algebra to denote that the sum of several quantities of the same 

nature as that to which the symbol is prefixed is to be taken ; but in the Calculus it is commonly 

used to denote the sum of the finite differences of a function. 

/, F, 4>, functional symbols. A functional symbol denotes that two or more quantities vary together in 

accordance with some mathematical law; as, y = f (x), denoting that y is a function of x, or 

that there is a general relation of dependency of value between y and x. 

^©^The symbols used to denote functions are generally the letter /, with accents if necessary, 
F, and <f>, 6, n, &c. 



[!{}, 



yXb; + 



SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 657 

sign of equality, denotes that the two quantities between which it is placed are equal ; as, a + b = 

x — y; 8 +1 = 5 + 7. 
> sign of inequality, denotes that the quantity placed at the opening is greater than the one at the 

vertex, and is read greater than; as, a > b, i.e., a greater than b. 
< sign of inequality, denotes that the quantity at the vertex is less than the one at the opening, and 

is read less than; as, 6 < a, i.e., b less than a. 
C~ greater than ; as, a C b, i.e., a greater than b. 
~3 less than; as, a ~3 b, i.e., a less than b. 
•H- geometrical proportion ; as, —■ a : b : c : d. 

: : : : signs used in proportion ; as, 3 : 5 : : 6 : 10, which is read, 3 is to 5 as 6 is to 10 ; a : b :: c: d. 
.'. hence; consequently; therefore. 
\ • because. 

^ denotes an angle ; as, Z A, or Z B A C ; which is read, the angle A, or the angle B A C. 
A denotes a triangle ; as, A B C D ; which is read, the triangle BCD. 
L denotes a right angle ; as, L B, or L A B C. 
□ denotes a square ; as, D A B C D. 
I I denotes a rectangle ; as, C A B C D. 
O denotes a circle, or 360°. 

=0= equivalent to, denotes equivalency ; as, Al =Q= B D X BO. 
|| denotes parallelism. 
J_ denotes a perpendicular. 
f denotes that an integration is to be performed ; as, fdx. 

4®=* This symbol is a modification of the letter s, which originally stood for the word summa, 
or sum. 

™ denotes that several successive integrations are to be performed, m denoting the number of in- 
tegrations. 

J denotes a definite integral taken from the value a of the variable to the value b of the variable. 

d, 8, D, A, L, are variously used to denote differences, differentials, derivatives, or variations. 

n denotes the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, which is 3. 14159265.... &c. : — 

also the circumference of a circle whose diameter is unity : — also the semicircuniference of a. 

circle whose radius is unity. When radius = 1, n — 180°. 

e denotes the base of the Napierian system of logarithms, which is 2.71828182845 

31 denotes the modulus of any system of logarithms. « 

4®=* In the common system, 3J denotes 0.434294482... &c. 
C/J denotes an infinitely large quantity, or a quantity greater than any assignable quantity. 
denotes naught, nothing, or zero : — an infinitesimal, or a quantity less than an assignable quantity^. 
g denotes the space described during the first second by a falling body, which is about 16A feefc 
« denotes a residual. 

° denotes degrees of arc; as, 30°, which is read 30 degrees. 
' denotes minutes of arc ; as, 30° 12', which is read 30 degrees, 12 minutes. 
n denotes seconds of arc; as, 30° 12' 10", which is read 30 degrees, 12 minutes, 10 seconds-.. 

4®=* The accents ', ", '", &c, are also used, when several quantities of the same kind ace in- 
volved in an investigation, to designate different quantities by the same letter differently accented; 
as, a', a", a'", &c. 



/" 



MEDICAL. 

ty (Recipe), take. 

^Sg^This symbol was originally the sign % of Jupiter, and was placed at the topof a formula 
to propitiate the king of the gods, that the compound might act favorably. 
3 a scruple ; 9ss, half a scruple ; 3i, one scruple ; 3iss, one scruple and a half; 3ij, two scruples,. &c. 
5 a drachm ; 5ss, half a drachm ; 3i, one drachm ; Siss, one drachm and a half; 5ij, two drachms, &c. 
5 an ounce ; Sss, half an ounce ; gi, one ounce ; giss, one ounce and a half; Sij, two ouncesj. &c. 
ft> a pound. f3 a fluid ounce. 

1TL a minim, or drop. O, or (Ociarius), a pint- 

f5 a fluid drachm. aa (ava), of each. 

rr 



658 SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

&, &. And.— &c. (Et csetera.) And the rest; and so forth. 
4to, or 4°. Quarto, four leaves, or eight pages, to a sheet. 
8vo, or 8°. Octavo, eight leaves, or sixteen pages, to a sheet. 
12mo, or 12°. Duodecimo, twelve leaves, or tweirty-four pages, to a sheet. 
lCmo, or 16°. Sexto-decimo, sixteen leaves, or thirty-two pages, to a sheet. 
ISmo, or 18". Octo-decimo, eighteen leaves, or thirty-six pages, to a sheet. 

45T When the sheets of a book are folded into more leaves and pages than those named above, 
the number of leaves is designated by the proper Arabic numerals with the termination mo, or o, 
affixed; thus, 24nio, or 24°, and 48mo, or 48°, denote books in which the sheets are folded into 
twenty-four and forty -eight leaves respectively. As there are no corresponding Latin names in 
use, such characters must be regarded as mefe sigus, and must be read as English words. 
* Used in Roman Catholic church-books to divide each verse of a psalm into two parts, showing 

where the responses begin. 
+ or + Used in Roman Catholic service-books in those places of the prayers and benediction where 
the priest is to make the sign of the cross. It is also used in the briefs of the pope, and in 
the mandates of archbishops and bishops immediately before the subscription of their names. 
X A sign by which persons who cannot write are accustomed to his 

attest instruments, their names being added by those who can John X Thomas. 

w^rite; as — mark. 

5 A common abbreviation for terminations, in use in the Middle Ages. Being in form somewhat 
like a z, it came to be represented among the early printers by that letter, and is still retained 
in the abbreviations oz. for ounce and viz. for videlicet. 
Y, ory A corruption of the Anglo-Saxon character n, or th, found in the antiquated abbreviations y*. 
for the, if for that, &c. 



TYPOGRAPHICAL. 

,51 dele, expunge. 

^> turn an inverted letter. 

•— ' less space between words or letters. 

»-> print the.diphthong ae or oe as a single character; thus, ae, 02. 

# more space. 

X directs attention to a bad or foul type. 

J^. directs attention to a space or quadrat that stands up. 

.... placed under words which have been erased, and which it is subsequently decided shall remain, 

the word stet (let it stand) being written in the margin, 
begin a new paragraph : — also, bring a word to the commencement of a line. 
fl begin a new paragraph. 

EE drawn under words or letters which are to be printed in capitals. 
= drawn under words or letters which are to be printed in small capitals. 
— Italics, if drawn under a word printed in Roman letters; Roman letters, if drawn under a word 

printed in Italics. 

The following abbreviations are also used in the correction of proof : 
■&.. transpose. 

■C.o. lower case; — used when a letter or a word that should be printed in common letters has been 
printed in capitals or small capitals, 
wrong fount ; — used when a character is not of the proper size or kind of type. 



<*-. o., or &. oe^d-.j print in small capitals. 
o2>z^., or ? Query ;— used in any case of doubt. 



SIGNS "USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 659 

ILLUSTRATION. 

& / Though several differing opinions exist as to 
/the individual by wsfom the art of printing was ^y 



4 



first discovered; yet all authorities concur in 
admitting Peter Schoeffer to be the person 
who invented cast metal types, having learned 
the art -e£ of cutting the letters from the Gu- 
: / tenbergs/ he is also supposed to have been 
% the first whoengraved on copper plates. The /-/ 
following testimony is preseved in the family, %i 
/ by ^Jo. ^Fred. ^Faustus, ^of ^Ascheffenburg : 
j — I ^ Peter Scho effer, of Gernsheim, perceiving £jr % (p(iAd 
\J his master Fausts design, and being himself 
y> /^desirous | ardently] to improve the art, found 
out (by the good providence of God) the 
method of cutting { inc - idendi ) the characters Jfe*- 
in a matrix, that the letters might easily be 
j\ singly castj instead of bieng cut He pri- fa m 
J^ vately cut matrices^ for the whole alphabet : 
Faust was so pleased with the contrivanj 
^at he promised I^eter to give him luVonly ^ 






" daughter Christina in marriage, jaf promise /%!/„/ 
^vhich he soon after performed. /f 



I 'But there were many^hfnculties at first ' no ! ' 



with these letters, as >mere had been before 



C?K. 



. with wooden oneXthe metal being too soft f<%~, / 

-J- + X ^-^ z^/CdC. 

to support th^Torce of the im pression: but '"~ > 

this defecr was soon remedied, by mixing 

3 S 2 x 

a surjgfance with the metal which sufficiently <#. 

hardened it/ 

/a?i(/ wnen ne tAowec/ nc'd madtel me 
cetf&U catt /lem tAeje itzatu'cej. 



A COLLECTION 

OP 

WORDS, PHRASES, AND QUOTATIONS 

FROM THE 

GREEK, LATIN, ERENCH, ITALIAN, GERMAN. AND SPANISH LANGUAGES. 



N.B. A considerable number of such words, from foreign languages, as are often met "with in English 
books, have been inserted in the general vocabulary of this Dictionary. 



Abbreviations. — L. Latin; Gr. Greek; Ger. German; It. Italian; Fr. French; Sp. Spanish. 



Abandon fail larron 

the thief. 
Ab extra. [L.] 
Ab hoe et ab hoc. 

confusedly. 
Ab inconvenienti. 
Ab incunabulis. 
Ab initio. [L.] 
Abnormis sapiens 



[Fr.] Opportunity makes 



From without. 
[L.] From this and from that ; 
[it. 
[L.] From the inconvenience of 
[L.j From the cradle. 
From the beginning. 
[L.] Wise without instruction. 



A bon chat, bon rat. [Fr.] To a good cat, a good 
rat ; well matched ; set a thief to catch a thief. 

A bon marche. [Fr.] A good bargain ; cheap. 

Ab origine. | L.] From the origin or beginning. 

Ab ovo. [L.J From the egg. 

Ab ovo usque ad mala. [L.] From the egg to the 
apples; from beginning to end. 

Absence d' esprit. [Fr.] Absence of mind. 

Absente reo. [L.] While the defendant was absent. 

Absti invidia. [L.] Envy apart. 

Absque ulld conditione. [L.] Unconditionally. 

Ab mio disce omnes. [L.] From one specimen, 
judge of all the rest. 

Ab urbe conditd. [L.] From the building of the 
city, — i.e., Rome. 

A capite ad calcem. [L.] From head to heel. 

Accessil. [L.] He came nearly up to. 

Acerla errando. [Sp.] He blunders into the right. 

A'compte. [Fr.] On account ; in part payment. 

A corps perdu. [Fr.] Headlong ; neck or nothing. 

A coups de baton. [Fr.] With blows of a stick. 

Acquit. [Fr.] Receipt. Pour acquit. [Fr.] Re- 
ceived payment. 

A cruce sains. [L.] Salvation is from the cross. 

Acti labor esjucundi. [L.] Past toils are pleasant. 

Actionnaire. [Fr.] Shareholder; stockholder. 

A cmpide corona. [L.] A crown from the spear; 
the reward of valor, or of suffering. 

Ad arbilrium. [L.] At discretion. 

Ad Calendas Grxcas. [L.] At the Greek Calends,— 
i.e., never, as the Greeks had no Calends. 

Ad captandum vidgns. [L.] To catch the vulgar. 

A Deo et rege. [L.] From God and the king. 

Ad eundem gradum. [L.] To the same degree or 
rank. 

Adfinem. [L.] To the end. 

Ad'hominem. [L.] Personal ; to the individual. 

Adhuc sub judice lis est. [L.] The dispute is still 
pending. 

Ad infinitum. [L.] To infinity ; without end. 

Ad interim. [L.] In the mean while. 

Ad intemeciouem. [L.] To extermination. 

Ad libitum. [L.] At pleasure. 

660 



Ad nauseam vsqne. [L.] To satiety or disgust. 
Adolesceutem verecundum esse decel. [L.] A young 

man should be modest. 
Adpatres. [L.] Gathered to his fathers ; dead. 
Ad quod damnum. [L.] To what damage ; — a writ 

to ascertain what injury would accrue from a 

grant. 
Ad referendum. [L.] For further consideration. 
Adscrvptas glebse. [L.] Attached to the soil. 
Ad unguent. [L.] To the touch of the nails; to 

a nicety ; exactly ; perfectly. 
Ad utrumque paralus. [L.] Prepared for either 

event. 
Ad valorem. [L.] According to the value. 
Advivum. [!>.] "To the life. 
JEgrescit rnedendo. [L.] The remedy is worse than 

the disease. 
JEgri somnia vana. [L.] The idle dreams of a 

sick man. ■ [gently. 

JEquabililer et diligenter. [L.] Equably and dili- 
JEqnam servare mentem. [L.] To preserve an equa- 
ble mind. 
JEquanimitei: [L.] With equanimity. 
Mquiias sequitur legem. [L.] Equity follows the 

law, — i.e., to supply its defects, not to override it. 
JEquo animo. [L.] With equanimity. 
JEtatis suse. [L.] Of his or her age. 
Affaire d'amour. [Fr.] A love-affair. 
Affaire dVionneur. [Fr.] An affair of honor; a 

duel. 
Affaire du cceur. [Fr.] An affair of the heart. 
i Afjirmalim. [L.] Affirmatively. 
A fin de. [Fr.] To the end that. 
I Age quod agis. [L.] Attend to what you are about. 
j Agnus Dei. [L.J Lamb of God. 
A grands frais. [Fr.] At great expense. 
Aide toi, et le del Caidera. [Fr.] Help yourself, 

and Heaven will help you. 
Ajustez vos fiutes. [Fr.] Put yourselves in accord. 
A Vabandon. [Fr.] At random. 
A la bonne heure. [Fr.] At an early hour; well 

timed: — an exclamation of joyful surprise. 
A Vabri. [Fr.] Under shelter. 
Aladerobee. [Fr.] By stealth. 
A la Irangaise. [Fr.] After the French manner. 
A VAnglaise. [Fr.] After the English manner or 

fashion. 
A Venvi. [Fr.] Emulously ; so as to rival. 
Alia tentanda via est. [L.] Another way must be 

tried. 
Alienrt optimum frui insanid. [L.] It is well to 

profit by the folly of others. 



WORDS, PHRASES, &c, FROM FOREIGN LANGUAGES. 661 



Alieni temporis jlores. [L.J Blossoms of a time 

gone by. 
A Vimproviste. [Fr.J On a sudden ; unawares. 
Aliqiuuido bonus dormitut Homerus. [L.] Even the 

good Homer sometimes nods. 
Alia volat propriis. [L.J He flies with his own 

wings. 
Alium quercum excute. [L.] Shake some other oak. 
Alma mater. [L.] Kind or benign mother. 
A Voulrance. [Fr.J To the very death. 
Alter ego. [L.J My other self. 
Alter idem. [L.] Another exactly similar. 
Alter ipse amicus. [L.J A friend is a second self. 
A main armee. [Fr.] With force of arms. 
Amantium irse amoris redintegratio est. [L.] The 

quarrels of lovers lead to renewal of love. 
A ma puissance. [Fr.] To my power. 
Amare et sapere vix deo eoncedilur. [L.] To love 

and be wise is scarcely granted to the highest. 
Amedeboue. [Fr.] A soul of mud; a miscreant. 
A memo, el thoro. [L.] From bed and board. 
Amerveille. [Fr.] To a wonder ; marvellously. 
Arnici probanlnr rebus udcersis. [L.] Friends are 

proved by adversity. 
Amicus curise. [L.] A friend of the court. 
Amicus hnmani generis. [L.] A friend of the hu- 
man race ; a philanthropist. 
Amicus Plato, amicus Socrates, sed magis arnica reritas 

[L.] Plato is my friend, Socrates is my friend, 

but truth is mure my friend. 
Ami de court. [Fr.] A court friend ; an uncertain 

friend. 
Ami de mouvement. [Fr.] A friend of progress. 
Ami des noirs. [Fr.] A friend of the blacks. 
Amijusqu'aux autels. [Fr.] A friend even to the 

altar. 
Amo. [L.J I love. 
Amor munmi. [L.] Love of money. 
Amor patriae. [L.] Patriotism. 
Amour fait beaucoup, mai* argent fail font. [Fr.] 

Love is potent, but money is omnipotent. 
Amour propre. [Fr.] Self-love ; vanity. 
Angnis in herbd. [L.] A snake in the grass. , 

Animi ciiltus humanitatU cibus. [L.J Mental culture 

is the food of humanity. 
Animo et fide. [L.] By courage and faith. 
Animo, turn astulid. [L.] By courage, not by craft. 
Animus. [L.] Mind ; intention. 
Animus furandi. [L.J The intention of stealing. 
Aninms imponeutis. [L.J The intention of the im- 
posed. 
Anno setatis suse. [L.J In the year of his or her age. 
Anno Cltristi. [L ] In the year of Christ. 
Anno Domini. [L.J In the year of our Lord. 
Anno mundi. [L.] In the year of the world. 
Anno nrbis conditie. [L.J In the year since the 

building of the city, i.e., Rome. 
Annus mirabilis. [L.] The year of wonders. 
Ante bellum. [L.J Before the war. 
Ante lucem. [L.] Before daylight. 
Ante meridiem. [L.J Before noon. 
Ante tubam trepidat. [L.J He trembles before the 

trumpet sounds. 
Anti. [dr.] Against. 
A parte ante. [L.] Of the preceding part. 
A pas de giant. [Fr.] With giant pace. 
A peiudre. [Fr.] For painting; fit to make a 

picture of. 
Apergu. [Fr.] A sketch ; abstract ; summary. 
A perte de vue. [Fr.] Beyond one's view. 
A pobreza no hay vergilenza. [Sp.] Poverty has no 

shame. 
A posse ad esse. [L.] From possibility to reality. 
A posteriori. [L.J From the effect to the cause. 
Apparatus belli. [L.] Materials for war. 
Appetitns rationi pareat. [L.J Let appetite obey T 

reason. 
Appui. [Fr.] Point of support; purchase; prop. 
A prima vista. [It.] At first sight. 
A priori. [L.J From the cause to the effect. 
Apropos de rien. [Fr.] Apropos to nothing. 
Aqua et igne interdiclus. [L.J Deprived of fire and 

water. 



Aquila non capit muscas. [L.J An eagle does not 
catch flies. 

Arbiter eleganliarum. [L.J A judge in matters of 
taste. [teries. 

Arcana cseleslia. [L.J Heavenly secrets or mys- 

Arcana imperii. [L.J The mysteries of govern- 
ment ; state secrets. 

Ardentia verba. [L.] Words that glow or burn. 

A res de chaussee. [Fr.] Even with the ground. 

Argent comptant. [Fr.] Beady money. 

Argent complant porte medeciue. [Fr.] Beady money 
brings a remedy. 

Argumentum ad crumenam. [L.] An argument to 
the purse ; — ad hominem, to the man ; — ad ignoran- 
tiiim, to ignorance, or founded on an adversary's 
ignorance of facts ;—ad judicium, to the judg- 
ment; — ad verecundiam, to modest}'; — argumen- 
tum baculinum, an appeal to force ; club law. 

Arrectis auribtis. [L.J With attentive ears. 

Ars est celure artem. [L.] It is true art to conceal 
art. [short. 

Ars longa, vita brevis. [L.J Art is long, and life is 

Artes honorabit. [L.J He will honor the arts. 

A rude due, rude dnier. [Fr.] To a rough ass, a 
rough driver. 

Asinus ad bjram. [L.] An ass to a lyre :— absurdly. 

A talons. [Fr.] Groping. 

A teneris annis. [L.l From earliest years. 

A tort et d travers. [Fr.] At random. 

A tonte force. [Fr.] With all one's might. 

At sjies non fracta. [L.J But hope is not yet broken. 

An ban droit. [Fr.] To the just right. * 

Au bout de son Latin. [Fr.] To the extent of his 
knowledge. 

Auctor pretiosa faciL [L.] The giver makes the 
gift precious. 

Audaces forluna juval. [L.J Fortune favors the 
brave. 

Audacler et sincere. [L.J Boldly and sincerely. 

Audax at cautus. [L.J Buhl but wary. 

Auile sapere. [L.J Dare to be wi.se. 

An desespoir. [Fr.] In despair. 

Audi alteram partem. [L.J Hear the other side. 

Audire est operas, pretium. [L.J It is worth while 
to listen. 

An fail. [Fr.J Skilful ; expert. 

Au fond. [Fr.J To the bottom. [fession. 

Augustana Confessio. [L.J The Augsburg Con- 

Au pis (dler. [Fr.] At the worst. 

An platsir do cons revoir. [Fr.] Till I have the 
pleasure of seeing you again. 

Aura papillaris. [L.l The popular breeze. 

Aura seminalis. [L.J The impregnating air. 

A urea mediocrilas. [L.J The golden mean. 

Auri sacra fames. [L.J The accursed appetite for 
gold. 

Aurum potabile. [L.J Potable gold. 

Auspicium melioris eevi. [L.J A pledge of better 
times. 

Aussitot dit, aussilot fait. [Fr.J Xo sooner said 
than done. 

Aid Caesar, aul nullns. [L.J Either Caesar, or no- 
body. 

Autrefois acquit. [Fr.] Formerly acquitted. 

Aut iincere aid mori. [L.] Either to conquer or 
to die. 

A ux amies. [Fr.J To arms. 

Auxilium ab alto. [L.J Help is from on high. 

Avec permission. [Fr.] With permission. 

A verbis ad verbera. [L.J From words to blows. 

A vinculo matrimonii. [L.J From the bond of 
matrimony. 

Arise la Jin. [Fr.l Consider the end. 

A vo 

A 

A 



vise la Jin. L* r -J consider tne end. 
rostra salute. [It.] | 
voire saute. [Fr.] > To your health. 
vuestra salud. [Sp.JJ 



B. 

Banco regis. [L.J On the king's bench. 
Bos bleu. [Fr.J Bl 



Hue-stocking ; a literary woman. 



56 



662 



"WORDS, PHRASES, AND QUOTATIONS 



Entire la campagne. [Fr.] To beat about the bush. 

Bel esprit. [Fr.] A brilliant mind. 

Betta ! horrida bella ! [L.] War ! horrid war ! 

Bellum internecivutri. [L.] A war of extermination. 

Bellum lethale. [L.] A deadly war. 

Beneficium accipere, libertatem vendere. [L.] To re- 
ceive a benefit is to sell one's liberty. 

Benigno numine. [L.] By the favor of Providence. 

Ben trovato. [It.] Well invented. 

Billet (Vamour, or Billet doux. [Fr.] A love-letter. 

Bis. [L.] Twice, or repeated. 

Bis dut qui citu did. [L.] He gives twice who 
gives quickly, or seasonably. 

Bis peccare in hello non licet. [L.] To blunder 
twice is not allowed in war. 

Bis pueri senes. [L.] Old men are twice children. 

Bona fide. [L.] In good faith ; really. 

Bon grc, mal grc. [Fr.] With good or ill grace. 

Bonhomie. [Fr.] Good-natured simplicity. 

Bonis avibus. [L.] With good omens. 

Bonne. [Fr.] A governess ; a lady's maid. 

Bonne louche. [Fr.] A delicate bit; a sweet morsel. 

Bonne et belle assez. [Fr.] Good and beautiful 
enough. 

Boutez en avant. [Fr.] Push forward. 

Brevet a" 1 invention. [Fr.] A patent. 

Brevete. [Fr.] Patented. 

Brevi manu. [L.] With a short hand ; off-hand. 

Brutum fulmen. [L.] A harmless thunderbolt. 

Buona mano. [It.] A slight present. 



c. 



Caco'ethes. [L.] An evil custom ; a bad habit ; 

— ctirpendi, a rage for finding fault or carping ; 

— loquendi, for speaking ; — scribendi, for writing. 
Cadit qnsestio. [L.] There is an end of the ques- 
tion. 

Cseca invidia est. [L.] Envy is blind. 

Csetera desunL [L.] The remainder is wanting. 

Cseteris paribus. [L.] Other things being equal. 

Campus Marines. [L.] A place for military exer- 
cises. 

Candida pax. [L.] White-robed peace. 

Candidt el conslantei: [L.] Candidly and with 
constancy. 

Cantale Domino. [L.] Sing to the Lord. 

Capitulnm, or Caput. [L.] Section ; chapter. 

Caput mortuum. [L.] Worthless remains. 

Caret. [L.] It is wanting; — pi. carent. 

Carpe diem. [L.] Improve time; embrace the 
opportunity. 

Cassis tutissima virtus. [L.] Tirtue is the safest 
shield. 

Casus belli. [L.] A cause for war. 

Casus foederis. [L.] The end of the league. 

Catalogue raisonne. [Fr.] A catalogue of books 
arranged according to subjects. 

Causa sine qua non. [L.] An indispensable con- 
dition. 

Caveat actor. [L.] Let the doer beware. 

Caveat emptor. [L.] Let the buyer beware. 

Cavendo tutus. [L.J Safe through caution. 

Cedant arma logic. [L.] Let arms yield to the 
gown, or the'military to the civil authority. 

Cede Leo. [L.] Yield to God, or Providence. 

Cedite, Bomani scriptores, cedite, Graii. [L.] Yield, 
ye Roman, yield, ye Greek, writers. 

Centum. [L.] A hundred. 

Certiorari. [L.] To be made more certain. 

Cerium pete finem. [L.] Aim at a certain end. 

Cessante causa, cessut efeclus. [L.] When the 
cause ceases, the effect ceases. 

Cest fail de lui. [Fr.] It is all over with him. 

C^estune autre chose. [Fr.] It is another thing. 

Chacun d son gout. [Fr.] Every one to his taste. 

ChainpsElyse.es. [Fr.] Elysian fields; paradise. 

Chapeau de bras. [Fr.] A military cocked hat. 

Chateaux en Espague. [Fr.] Castles in the air. 

Chereamie. [Fr. ] A mistress. 

Che sard sard. [It.] What will be, will be. 



Che face confessa. [It.] He who is silent confesses. 

Chcval de bataille. [Fr.] A war-horse; main de- 
pendence or support. 

Chrouigne scanduleuse. [Fr.] An account of follies 
and vices. 

Circnilus verborum. [L.] A roundabout expression. 

Cito malurum, citu pulridum. [L.] Soon ripe, soon 
rotten. 

Clarior e tenebris. [L.] More bright from ob- 
scurity. 

Clarum et venerabile nomen. [L.] An illustrious 
and venerable name. 

Classes aisies. [Fr.] Classes having a competence. 

Comitas inter geutes. [L.] Comity between nations. 

Comme Ufaut. [Fr.] As it should be. 

Commeje fus. [Fr.] As I was. 

Commune bonum. [L.] A common good. 

Communibus annis. [L.] One year with another. 

Communi consensu. [L.J By common consent. 

Compagnon de voyage. [Fr.] A travelling com- 
panion. 

Compouere lites. [L.] To settle disputes. 

Comjiositum jzis fasque animi. [L. ] Law and equity. 

Compos mentis. [L.] Of sound mind. 

Compte rendu. [Fr.] A report or account. 

Con aiuore. [It.] With love or inclination. 

Concio ad clerum. [L.] A sermon or address to 
the clergy. 

Concordia discors. [L.] Discordant concord. 

Conditio sine qua non. [L.] An indispensable con- 
dition. 

Couquiescat in pace. [L.] May he rest in peace. 

Comilio et animis. [L.] By wisdom and courage. 

Consilio et prudentid. [L.] By counsel and pru- 
dence. 

Constantid et virtute. [L.] By constancy and virtue. 

Consuetudo pro lege servatur. [L.] Custom is held 
as law. 

Contra bonos mores. [L.] Against good manners 
or morals. 

Contra slimulum calcas. [L.] You kick against a 
spur. 

Copia verborum. [L.] An abundance of words. 

Coram domino rege. [L.] Before our lord the king. 

Cm-am nobis. [L.] Before us. 

Coram non judice. [L.J I\ot before the proper 
judge. 

Cordon sanitaire. [Fr.] A line of guards against 
contagion or pestilence. 

Corpus delicti. [L.] The main offence. 

Corrnplio optimi pessima. [L.] The corruption of 
tlie best becomes the worst. 

Cor nnum, via una. [L.] One heart, one way. 

Cosa ben f alia efatta due voile. [It.] A thing well 
done is twice* done. 

Cos ingeniorum. [L.] A whetstone for the wits. 

Couleur de 7-ose. [Fr.] Rose color; flattering hue. 

Coup de grace. [Fr.] The mercy -stroke ; finish- 
ing stroke. 

Coup de main. [Fr.] A bold effort or attack. 

Coup deplume. [Fr.J A literary attack or contest. 

Coup de soleil. [Fr.J Sun-stroke. 

Coup d'ossai. [Fr.] First attempt. 

Coup d'etat. [Fr.J A stroke of policy in state 
affairs. 

Coup de theatre. [Fr.] Theatrical effect ; clap-trap. 

Coup d\til. [Fr.] A slight view ; a glance. 

Coupons. [Fr.] Dividend-warrants; papers, or 
parts of a commercial instrument bearing inter- 
est, of which a part is cut off as it falls due. — 
Coupon dttachi. [Fr.] A dividend-warrant cut 
off. — Detacher un coupon. [Fr.] To detach, or 
take off, a coupon, a dividend-warrant. 

Courage sans peur. [Fr.J Courage without fear. 

Conreurs des bois. [Fr.] Forest-runners. 

Coute que coute. [Fr.] Let it cost what it may. 

Craignez honte. [Fr.] Fear shame. 

Credat Judseus Apella. [L.] Let Apella, the cir- 
cumcised Jew, believe it. 

Credo quia imnossibile est. [L.] I believe because 
it is impossible. 

Credula res amor est. [L.] Love is a credulous 
thing. 



EKOM FOKEIGN LANGUAGES. 



663 



Qrescit amor nummi quantum ipsa pecunia crescil. 

[L.J As money increases the love of it iucreases. 
CrescU euudo. [L.J It increases in its course. 
Crimen Isesse majestatis. [L.] The crime of high 

treason. 
Cruel, dum spiro fido. [L.] While I hreathe, I 

trust in the cross. 
Crux criticorum. [L.J The puzzle of critics;— 

medicorum, of physicians; — mathematicorum, of 

mathematicians. 
Cucullus non tacit monachum. [L.J The hood does 

not make the friar. 
Ouibongf [L.J For whose benefit? 
Cidpinn poena premil comes. [L.J Punishment fol- 
lows hard upou crime. 
Cum gran o salts. [L.J With a grain of salt ; with 

some allowance. 
Cum pricilegio. [L.J With privilege or license. 
Cuneus cuneum trudit. [L.J One wedge drives 

another. 
Curiosa felicitas. [L.J A felicitous tact. 
Ourrente caiamo. [L.J With a running or rapid pen. 
Castas morum. [L.J The guardian of morals. 

, [L.; 



Custos rotulorum. 



.] The keeper of the rolls. 



D. 



B'accord. [Fr.] Agreed ; in tune. 

Da locum melioribus. [L.J Give place to your 
betters. 

Barnes de la halle. [Fr.] Market-women. 

Damnani quod >ion intelligunl. [L.J They condemn 
what they do not understand. 

Damnuli ad metalla. [L.J Condemned to the mines. 

Bapes iuemptte. [L.J Unbought viands or dainties, i 

Dare pondus fumo. [L.J To give weight to smoke. 

Lata. [L.J Things given or granted; premises. 

Be auctoritate miki commissi. [L.J By the author- 
ity intrusted to me. 

Be bonis non. [L.] Of the goods not yet adminis- 
tered on. 

Be bonne grace. [Fr.] Willingly and kindly. 

Beceptio visits. [L.] Optical illusion. 

Becies repetita placeblt. [L.] Ten times repeated, 
it will still please. 

Decrevi. [L.J I have determined. 

Be die in diem. [L.l From day to day. 

Be facto. [L.J In "fact; in reality. 

Be gustibus non disputandum. [L.J There is no 
disputing about tastes. 

Be haute hike. [Fr.] By a violent struggle. 

Bei plena sunt omnia. [L.J All things are full 
of God. 

Bcjeuner a la fourchette. [Fr.] A meat breakfast. 

Be jure. [L.J By or of right ; by law. 

Delenda est Carthago. [L.J Carthage must be de- 
stroyed. 

Be minimis non curatur. [L.J No notice is taken j 
of trifles. 

Bemontealto. [L.J From a high mountain. 

Be vtorluis nil nisi bonnm. [L.] Concerning the 
dead say only what is favorable. 

Be nihUo nihil fit. [L.J From nothing nothing is 
made. 

Be novo. [L.J Anew ; from the beginning. 

Beo date. [L.J Give ye to God. 

Beo favente. [L.] Providence favoring; — monenle, 
warning;— jucanle, helping ; — volenle, willing. 

Beo gratias. [L.] Thanks to God. 

Beojuvante. [L.J With God's help. 

Beo, non fortund. [L.J From God, not from 
fortune. 

Beo volente. [L.] If God will. 

Beprofundls. [L.] Out of the depths. 
TL." 



Dies irse. [L.J Day of wrath — a famous hymn. 

Bits non. [L.J No day in court. 

Bieu arec nous. [Fr.] God with us. 

Bleu defend le droit. [Fr.] God defends the right. 

Bieu et mon droit. [Fr.] God and my right. 

Bleu vous garde. [Fr.] God guard you. 

Bignus vindice nodus. [L.J A knot worthy of being 
untied by such hands. 

Bii majorum gentium. [L.J The twelve superior 
gods. 

Bii penates. [L.] Household gods. 

Bios me libre de hombre de nn libro. [Sp.] God de- 
liver me from a man of one book. 

Birigo. [L.] I guide. 

Biseur de bous mots. [Fr.] A saver of good things. 

Biy'ecta membra. [L.] Scattered remains. 

Blsjecli membra po'etse. [L.] The limbs of the dis- 
membered poet. 

Blclde et impera. [L.] Divide and govern. 

Bocendo discimus. [L.] We learn by teaching. 

Bomlnus voblscum. [L.J The Lord be with you. 

Bomus et placens uxor. [L.] A house aud pleasing 
wife. 

Borer la pilule. [Fr.] To gild the pill. 

Bos cVdne. [Fr.] A shelving ridge. 

Bouble entendre. [Fr.] Double meaning. 

Bouble entente. [Fr.] Double signification. 

Doiu; yeux. [Fr.] Soft glances. 

Dramatis penonse. [L.J Characters of the drama ; 
characters represented. 

Droit au travaiL [Fr.] The right of living by labor. 

Broit des gens. [Fr.] The law of nations. 

Broil et avant. [Fr.] Eight ant! forward. 

Bucit amor patrlse. [L.] Patriotism guides me. 

Du fort au faible. [Fr.] From the strong to the 
weak. 

Dulce et decorum est pro patrid mori. [L.] It is 
sweet and honorable to die for one's country. 

Bulce est deslpere in loco. [L.] It is pleasant to 
play the fool on the proper occasion. 

Dum spin, spero. [L.l While I breathe, I hope. 

Bum tacenl, clamant. [L.J While silent, they cry 
out. [live. 

Bum vivimus, viramus. [L.] While we live, let us 

Buranle beneplaclto. [L.] During our good pleasure. 

Durante vitd. [L.] During life. 

Dux fecmina facti. [L.J A woman was the leader 
of the deed, or enterprise. 



E. 



Besideratum. [L.J A thing desired. 

Besunl cictera. [L.J The remainder is wanting. 

Betur digniori. [L.J Let it be given to the more 

worthy. 
Bextro tempore. [L.J At a propitious time. 
Bies fanstus,—infaustus. [L.J A lucky day,— an 

unlucky day. 



Ean de Cologne. [Fr.J Cologne water. 

Eau de tie. [Fr.J Brandy. 

Ecce homo. [L.J Behold the man. 

Ecce signum. [L.J Behold the sign, or badge. 

E contra. [L.] On the other hand. 

Econtrario. [L.J On the contrary. 

Edltlo prlnceps. [L.J First edition. 

Ego et rex mens. [L.J I and my king. 

Elupso tempore. [L.J The time having elapsed. 

Elet-e. [Fr.J A pupil. 

Elolgnement. [Fr.J Estrangement. 

E meglio tardl cite mai. [It.] Better late than never. 

Empressement. [Fr.J Eagerness ; haste ; zeal. 

Empla dolere docet experienlia. [L.J Experience 

bought with pain is instructive. 
En cueros, or en cueros viros. [Sp.J Stark naked. 
En Bieu est ma fiance. [Fr.J In God is my trust. 
En Bieu est tout. [Fr.J In God is every tiling. 
EnfamiUe. [Fr.J In a domestic manner. 
Enfans de famille. [Fr.J Children of the family. 
Enfans perdus. [Fr.J Lost children : — the forlorn 

hope. 
Enfant gate. [Fr.] A spoiled child. 
Enfant troure. [Fr.] A foundling. 
En fin. [Fr.J At length ; at last. 
En flute. [Fr.J With guns on the upper deck only. 
Enfoule. In a crowd, or mass. 
En grace affie. [Fr.J On grace depend. 
En grand. [Fr.l Of full size. 
En masse. [Fr.J In a mass or body. 



664 



WORDS, PHRASES, AND QUOTATIONS 



En passant. [Fr.] In passing ; by the way. 

Enpleinjour. [Fr.] In broad day. 

En revanche. [Fr.] In return ; as a requital. 

En route. [Fr.] On the way or road. 

En mivanl la verite. [Fr.] In following truth. 

Entre deux vins. [Fr.] Neither drunk nor sober. 

Entremets. [Fr.] Dainties between the courses. 

Entre nous. [Fr.] Between ourselves. 

Entresol. [Fr.] A low-studded story between the 

basement and the second story. 
Eo nomine. [L.] By that name. 
E pluribus unum. [L.] One of many. — The motto 

of the United States. — The allusion is to the 

formation of one federal government out of sev- 
eral independent States. 
Equanimiter. [L.] With equanimity. 
Erba mala presto cresce. [It.] An ill weed grows 

apace. 
Eripuit cselo fulmen, sceptrumque tyrannis. [L.] He 

snatched the thunderbolt from the clouds, and 

the sceptre from tyrants. 
Errare humanum est. [L.J To err is human. 
Erubuit, salvct res est. [L.J He blushed, all is safe. 
Esperance et Dieu. [Fr.] Hope and God. 
Esprit ale corps. [Fr.] The spirit of the body : — 

brotherhood; brotherly feeling. 
Esprit fort. [Fr.] A freethinker. 
Essayez. [Fr.] Try ; attempt. 
Esse quam videri. [L.] To be, rather than to seem. 
Est modus in rebus. [L.] There is a medium in all 

things. 
Esto perpelua. [L.] Let it endure forever. 
Esto quod esse videris. [L.] Be what you seem to be. 
Est gusedam flere voluptas. [L.] There is a certain 

pleasure in tears. 
Et cselera. [L.] And the rest. 
Et cum spiritu tuo. [L.] And with thy spirit. 
Etsequenlia. [L.] And what follows. 
Et sic de cseleris. [L.] And so of the rest. 
Et sic de similibus. [L.] And so of the like. 
Et In, Brule. [L.] And even you, Brutus. 
Ex abrupto. [L.] Abruptly. 
Ex abundantia. [L.] Out of the abundance. 
Ex animo. [L.] Heartily ; sincerely. 
Ex beneplacito. [L.] At pleasure. 
Ex cathedra. [L.] From the chair or pulpit ; from 

high authority. 
Excelsior. [L.] Higher ; more elevated. 
Exceptio probulregulam. [L.] The exception proves 

the rule. 
Exceptis excipiendis. [L.] The proper exceptions 

being made. 
Excitari, non hebescere. [L.] To be spirited, not 

inactive. 
Ex concesso. [L.] From what has been admitted. 
Excudit. [L.] He fashioned or made it ;— pi. excu- 

derunt. 
Ex curid. [L.] Outofcoiirt. 
Ex delicto. [L.] From the crime. 
Ex dono. [L.] By the gift of. 
Exegi monumentum sere perennius. [L.] I have built 

a monument more durable than brass. 
Exempla sunt odiosa. [L.] Examples are offensive. 
Exempli gratia. [L.] For example ; for instance. 
Exeunt. [L.] They go out. 
Exeunt omnes. [L.] All go out. 
Ex facto jus oritur. [L.] The law arises out of 

the fact. 
ExfideforHs. [L.] Strong through faith. 
Exigeant. [Fr.] Exacting; requiring too much 

attention. 
Ex merd gratid. [L.] From mere favor. 
Ex mero motu. [L.] From a mere motion. 
Ex necessitate rei. [L.] From the necessity of the 

case. 
Ex nihilo nihil fit. [L.] Nothing produces nothing. 
Ex ofiicio. [L.] By virtue of his office. 
Ex opere operatn. [L.] By external works ; by an 

objective influence. 
Exparle. [L.] On one part or side. 
Ex pede Herailem. [L.] From the size of the 

foot we recognize a Hercules : — we judge of the 

whole from the specimen. 



Experientia docet slultos. [L.] Experience teaches 

even fools. 
Experimentum crucis. [L.] The experiment of the 

cross : — a decisive experiment. 
Experto crede Roberto. [L.] Believe one who has 

had experience. 
Expertus. [L.] An expert, or an experienced 

person. 
Expertus metuit. [L.] Having experience, he 

dreads it. [spective. 

Ex post facto. [L.] After the deed is done ; retro- 
Expressis verbis. [L.] In express terms. 
Ex professo. [L.] By profession. 
Ex quocunque capite. [L.] From whatever cause. 
Ex tempore. [L.] Off-hand ; on the 6pur of the 

moment : — extemporaneously. 
Ex ungue leonem. [L.] The lion is known by his 

claws. 
Ex uno disce omnes. [L.] From one learn all. 



Fuber suse forlunse. [L.] The artificer of his own 

fortunes': — a self-made man. 
Fades non omnibus una. [L.] All have not the 

same face. 
Facile princeps. [L.] The admitted chief. 
Facilis descensus Averni. [L.] The descent into 

hell is easy : — it is easy to get into difficulty. 
Fafon de parler. [Fr.] A manner of speaking. 
Fac totum. [L.] Do every thing: — a man of all 

work. 
Fsex popidi. [L.] The dregs of the people. 
Faire bonne mine. [Fr.] To put a good face on. 
Faire mon devoir. [Fr. j To do my duty. 
Faire sans dire. [Fr.] To do, not say. 
Fait accompli. [Fr.] A thing already done. 
Farna clamosa. [L.j Public scandal. 
Fama semper vivat. [L.] May his fame live forever. 
Fare, fac. [L.] Speak, do. 

Fari quse sentiat. [L.] To speak what he thinks. 
Fas est et ab hoste doceri. [L.] It is permitted to 

learn even from an enemy. 
Fasti et nefasli dies. [L.] Lucky and unlucky days. 
Fata obstant. [L.] The Fates oppose. 
Faux- pas. [Fr.] A false step. 
Favete Unguis. [L.] Favor by your tongues; be 

silent while the business is proceeding. 
Felicitas multos habet amicos. [L.] Prosperity has 

many friends. 
Fanme de chambre. [Fr.] A chamber-maid. 
Femme de charge. [Fr.] A housekeeper. 
Ferse naturse. L.] Of a wild nature. 
Ferme oruce. Fr.] An ornamental farm. 
Festina lente. [L.] Hasten slowly. 
Fete champctre. [Fr.] A rural feast celebrated out 

of doors. 
Feu dejoie. [Fr.] A bonfire. 
Feuilleion. [Fr.] A small leaf; a supplement to, 

or bottom of a page of, a newspaper. 
Feuilletoniste. [Fr.] A writer of fenilletons. 
Fiat just ilia, mat caelum. [L.] Let justice be done, 

though the heavens should fall. 
Fiat lux. [L.] Let light be. 
Fide et amore. [L.] By faith and love. 
Fide et fiducid. [L.l By fidelity and confidence. 
Fide et'fortitudine. [L.] By faith and fortitude. 
Fidei coticula crux. [L.] The cross is the touch- 
stone of faith. 
Fidei defensor. [L.] Defender of the faith. 
Fidelis ad urnam. [L.] Faithful unto death. 
Fideliter. [L.] Faithfully. 
Fide, non armis. [L.] By faith, not arms. 
Fide, sed cui vide. [L.] Trust, but see to whom. 
Fides probata coronal. [L.] Proved faith crowns. 
Fides Punica. [L.] Punic faith : — treachery. 
Fidus Achates. [L.] Faithful Achates. 
Fidus et audax. [L.] Faithful and daring. 
Filius nullius. [L.] A son of nobody ;— popidi, of 

the people; — terrx, of the earth. — {Oxford, Eng.) 

a student of low birth. 



FKOM FOKEIGN LANGUAGES. 



665 



Fille de chambre. [Ft.] A chamber-maid. 

Fille dejoie. [Fr.] A prostitute. 

Finem respice. [L.] Look to the end. 

Finis coronat opus. [L.] The end crowns the work. 

Fit fabricando faber. [L.] A workman is made by 

working : — practice makes perfect. 
Flagrante bello. [L.] While the war was raging. 
Flagrante delicto. [L.] In the actual commission 

of the crime. 
Flebile ludibrium. [L.] A sad mockery. 
Flecti, von fmngi. [L.J To be bent, not broken. 
Flux de louche. [Fr.] An inordinate flow of words. 
Forma pauperis, [L.J In the character of a pauper. 
Fortes fortuua juvat. [L.] Fortune favors the 

brave. 
Forti etfideli, nihil difficile. [L.] To the brave and 

faithful nothing is difficult. 
Fortiler et recte. [L.J With fortitude and rectitude. 
Foriiter, fidelUer, feliciter. [L.] Boldly, faithfully, 

successfully. 
Fortiler geret crucem. [L.] He will bravely bear 

the cross. 
Fortiler in re. [L.l With firmness in action. 
Fog pour devoir. [0. Fr.] Faith for duty. 
Frangas, non flectes. [L.] You may break, but 

shall not bend me. 
Froides mains, chaud amour. [Fr.] Cold hands and 

a warm heart. 
Front d front. [Fr.] Face to face. 
Fronli nulla fides. [L.] There is no trusting to 

appearances. 
Fruges cousumere nati. [L.] Men born only to 

consume food. 
Fugithoru. [L.] The hour flies. 
Fugil irreparabile tempus. [L.] Irrecoverable time 

flies on. 
Fuinins Troes. [L.] We were once Trojans. 
Fuit Ilium. [L.J Troy has been. 
Fulmen brutum. [L.] A harmless thunderbolt. 
Functus officio. [L.J Having discharged his office. 
Furor urma ministrat. [L.J Kage furnishes weapons. 
Furor loquendi. [L.J A rage for speaking. 
Furor poeticus. [L.J Poetic rage or fire. 
Furor scribeudi. [L.] A rage for writing. > 



G. 



[Fr.] Gayety of heart. 
In French. 

[Fr.] A mounted guard. 

[Fr.J A body-guard. 
[Fr.] Guards liable to general ser- 



Gaietd de carur. 
Gallice.^ [L.] 
Garde d checul. 
Garde de corps. 
Garde mobile. 

vice. 

Gardez lien. [Fr.] Guard well ; take care. 
Gardes la foi. [Fr.] Guard the faith. 
Genius loci. [L.] The genius of the place. 
Gens de condition. [Fr.] People of rank ; — d'c'glise, 

churchmen ; — de guerre, the military ; — de fatigues, 

linguists; — de lettres, literati ;—depeu, the meaner 

sort. 
Gens de meme famille. [Fr.] Birds of a feather. 
Gens togata. [L.J Gownsmen ; civilians. 
Genus irritabile vatum. [L.] The irritable race of 

poets. 
Germanics. [L.] In German. [grace. 

Gibier de potence. [Fr.] A gallows-bird; scape- 
Glebse ascriptus. [L.J A servant belonging to the 

soil. 
Gloria in excelsis. [L.] Glory to God in the highest. 
Gloria Palri. [L.J Glory be to the Father. 
Gloria virtutis umbra. [L.] Glory is the shadow of 

virtue. [self. 

Gnothi seauton (Ti>Q>0l a-eavrov). [Gr.] Know thy- 
Goutte d goutte. [Fr.] Drop by drop. 
Gradus ad Parnassum. [L.] An aid to writing 

Latin and Greek poetry. 
Grande parure. [Fr.] Full dress. 
Gratia placeudi. [L.J The delight of pleasing. 
Gratia dictum. [L.] Mere assertion. 
Graviora qusedam sunt remedia periculis. [L.] Some 

remedies are worse than the disease. 



Grex venalium. [L.l A venal throng. 
Guerra al cuchillo. [Sp.] War to the knife. 
Guerre d Voutrance. [Fr.] War to the knife. 
Guerre d mort. fFr.l War to the death. 



H. 



Hsec olim meminisse juvabit. [L.] It will be pleas- 
ant to remember these things hereafter. 

Hannibal ante portas. [L.J The enemy at the gates. 

Haro. [Fr.] Hue and cry. 

Hand ignara mali miseris succurrere disco. [L.] Not 
ignorant of misfortune, I learn to succor the 
miserable. 

Hand longis intervallis. [L.] At short intervals. 

Hand pussibus mc/uis. [L.J With unequal steps. 

Haut et bon. [Fr.] Lofty and good. 

Helluo lihrorum. [L.] A greedy devourer of books. 

Heureka (eiipij/ca). [Gr.] I have found it. 

Hiatus maxime deflendus. [L.] A chasm or de- 
ficiency much to be lamented. 

Hie et ubique. [L.] Here and everywhere. 

Hicjacet. [L.] Here lies;— sepultus, buried. 

Hie labor, hoc opus. [L.J This is labor, this is 
work. 

Hiuc illse lachrvmse. [L.] Hence these tears. 

Hoc age. [L.J Do this :— attend to what you are 
doing/ 

Hoc loco. [L.J In this place. 

Hoc saxum posuit. [L.J He placed this stone. 

Hoc tempore. [L.] At this time. 

Hodie mihi. eras tibi. [L.] To-day be mine, to- 
morrow thine. 

Hoi polloi (oi noWoi). [Gr.] The many ; the 
vulgar. 

Hohiinis est errare. [L.] To err is human. 

Homme de robe. [Fr.] A man in civil office. 

Homme des affaires. [Fr.] A man of business; a 
financier. 

Homme d'esprit. [Fr.] A man of wit or talent. 

Homo alieni juris. [L.J One under the control of 
a father or guardian. 

Homo mullarum lUerarum. [L.] A man of great 
learning. 

Homo mi juris. [L.J One who is his own master. 

Homo sum ; humani nihil a we aheuum puto. [L.] 
I am a man, and nothing that relates to man is 
foreign to my sympathies. 

Honi soit qui mat y pense. [0. Fr.] Evil to him 
who evil thinks. 

Honores mutant mores. [L.] Honors change men's 
manners or characters. 

Honor est a Nilo. [L.] Honor is from the Nile. 
(An anagram on "Horatio Nelson") 

Honor rirt'ntis preemium. [L.] Honor is the reward 
of virtue. 

Honos alit artes. [L.] Honor cherishes the arts. 

Honos habet onus. [L.] Honor brings responsi- 
bility. 

Hora e sempre. [It.] It is always time. 

Horafugd. [L.] The hour flies. 

Horresco referens. [L.J I shudder as I relate. 

Hors de combat. [Fr.] Not in a condition to fight. 

Hbrs de Ui loi. [Fr.] In the condition of an outlaw. 

Hors d'eeuvre. [Fr.J Something out of the course. 

Hospitinm. [L.J An inn. 

Hotel des Livalides. [Fr.] A hospital in Paris for 
wounded soldiers, &c. 

Hotel de till e. [Fr.] Town-hall ; city-hall. 

Hnissier. [Fr.] Doorkeeper ; usher. 

Humani nihil a me alienum. [L.] Nothing that 
relates to man is foreign to me. 

Humauum est en-are. [L.J To err is human. 



Ich dien. [Ger.] I serve. 
Idem sonaiis. [L.] Signifying the same. 
Id est. [L.J That is. 
56* 



666 



WOKDS, PHKASES, AND QUOTATIONS 



Id genus omne. [L.] All persons of that description. 
Ignobile vulgus. [L.J The ignohle vulgar. 
Ignorantia legis neminem excusut. [L.J Ignorance 

of the law excuses nobody. 
Ignoti nulla cupido. [L.J No desire is felt for a 

thing unknown. 
11 a la mer d boire. [Fr.J He has to drink up the 

sea. 
11 n'est sauce que d'apptlit. [Fr.] Hunger is the 

best sauce. 
11 sent le fugot. [Fr.] He smells of the fagot. 
11 vino e una mezza corda. [It.] Wine brings out 

the truth. 
Imitatores, servum pecus. [L.J Imitators, a servile 

herd. 
Imo pectore. [L.J From the bottom of the heart. 
Imperium in imperio. [L.J A state within a state. 
In sequilibrio. [L.J In equilibrium. 
In articido mortis. [L.J At the point of death. 
In capite. [L.J In chief. 
Incidil in Scyllam, qui vult ritare Charybdin. [L.J In 

striving to avoid Charybdis he falls upon Scylla. 
In ccelo quies. [L.J There is rest in heaven. 
In commendam. [L.J In trust or recommendation. 
Incredulm odi. [L.J Being incredulous, I cannot 

endure it. 
In curia. [L.J In court. 
Inde irse. [L.J Hence these resentments. 
In dubiis. [L.J In matters of doubt. 
In equilibrio. [L.J In an even poise. 
In esse. [L.J In actual being. 
Inest dementia forti. [L.J Clemency belongs to 

the brave. 
In extenso. [L.J In full ; at large. 
In extremis. [L.J At the point of death. 
In forma pauperis. [L.J As a poor man. 
In foro couscientise. [L.J Before the tribunal of 

conscience. 
Infra dignitatem. [L.J Below one's dignity. 
Infuturo. [L.] In future. 

Ingens telum necessitas. [L.] Necessity is a power- 
ful weapon. 
In hoc signo spes mea. [L.] In this sign is my 

hope. 
In hoc signo vinces. [L.] Under this standard thou 

shalt conquer. 
In limine. [L.] At the threshold. 
In loco. [L.] In the proper place. 
In loco parentis. [L.] In place of a parent. 
In medias res. [L.J Into the midst of affairs or 

things. 
In medio hdissimus ibis. [L.J You will go safest 

in a middle course. 
In memoriam. [L.J In memory. 
In nubibus. [L.] In the clouds. 
In omnia paratus. [L.J Prepared for all things. 
Inopem copia fecit. [L.] Abundance made him 

poor. 
In partibus infidelium. [L.] In infidel countries. 
In perpetuam rei memoriam. [L.] Iu perpetual re- 
membrance of the thing. 
In petto. [It. ] In reserve or secrecy. 
Inposse. [L.l In possible being. 
In prseserdi. [L.J At the present time. 
In propria persona. [L.] In person. 
In puris naturalibus. [L.J Stark naked. 
In re. [L.] In the act ; in reality. 
In rerurn natnrd. [L.] In the nature of affairs. 
In ssecula sssculorum. [L.] For ages on ages. 
Insculpsit. [L.] He engraved it; — $\.,insculpserunt. 
In situ. [L.] In the natural situation. 
In solo Deo salus. [L.] In God alone is safety. 
Instar omnium. [L.] An example which may 

suffice for all. 
In statu quo. [L.] In the former state. 
In statu quo ante bellum. [L.] In the same state as 

before the war. 
Inter alia. [L.J Among other things. 
Inter arma silent leges. [L.] Laws are silent in the 

midst of arms. 
Inter nos. [L.] Between ourselves. 
Inter par ietes. [L.] Within walls ; in private. 
Inter pocula. [L.J In his cups. 



In terrorem. [L.] In terror; by way of warning. 

Inter se. [L.] Among themselves. 

Inter spem et metum. [L.] Between hope and fear. 

In toto. [L.] In the whole ; entirely. 

In transitu. [L.] In the passage ; in passing. 

In usum Delphini. [L.] For the use of the Dauphin. 

In utramque fortuuam paratus. [L.] Prepared for 
either fortune. 

In idroqne fidelis. [L.] Faithful in both. 

In vacuo. [L.] In a vacuum. 

In verba magistri jurare. [L.] To adopt an opinion 
on the authority of another. 

In vino Veritas. [L.J There is truth in wine. 

Invitd Minerva. [L.] Without capacity or genius. 

Ipse dixit. [L.] He himself said it : — a mere say- 
ing or assertion. 

Ipsissima verba. [L.] The very words. 

Ipsissirnis verbis. [L.] In the very words. 

Ipso facto. [L.] By the act itself. 

Ipso jure. [L.] By the law itself. 

Ira furor brevis est. [L.] Anger is a short madness. 

Ila lex scripta est. [L.J Thus the law is written. 

Italice. [L.] In Italian. 

Item. [L.] Also. 



Jacta est alea. [L.l The die is cast. 

J'ai bonne cause. [Fr.] I have a good cause. 

Januis clausis. [L.] With closed doors. 

Je me fie en Lieu. [Fr.] I put my trust in God. 

Je ne cherche qu'un. [Fr.] I seek but one. 

Je ne sais quoi. [Fr.] I know not what. 

Je n^ oublierai jamais. [Fr.] I will never forget. 

Jesuisprtt. [Fr.] I am ready. 

Jen de mots. [Fr.] A play upon words. 
j Jeu d'esprit. [Fr.] A display of wit; a witticism. 
j Jeu de theatre. [Fr.] A stage-trick ; clap-trap. 
j Je vis en espoir. [Fr.] I live in hope. 

Jubilate Deo. [L.J Be joyful in God. 
j Jucundi acti labores. [L.J Past toils are pleasant. 
j Judex damnatur cum nocens absolcitur. [L.J The 
judge is found guilty when the criminal is ac- 
quitted. 

Judicium Dei. [L.l The judgment of God. 

Jvnctajuvant. [L.J United, they assist. 

Juniores ad labores. [L.J Young men for labor. 

Jupiter touans. [L.] The Thunderer, Jove. 
, Jure divino. [L.J By the divine law. 

Jure humano. [L.] By human law. 
' Juris utriusque doctor. [L.] Doctor of both laws 
(civil and canonical). 

Jus civile. [L.l The civil law. 

Jus dicinum. [L.J Divine right. 

Jus et norma loquendi. [L.J The rule and law of 
speech. 

Jus gentium. [L.l The law of nations. 

Jus possessionis. [L.J The right of possession. 

Jus proprietatis. [L.J The right of property. 

Juste milieu. [Fr.] The golden mean. 

Justitise soror fides. [L.J Faith is the sister of 
justice. 

Juslum et tenacem propositi virum. [L.J A man just 
and steady of purpose. 

Justus, propositi tenax. [L.] A just man, steady to 
his purpose. 



La beautS sans vertu est une fienr sans parfnm. [Fr.] 

Beauty without virtue is like a flower without 

perfume. 
V abito e una seconda natura. [It.] Habit is second 

nature. 
Labor e et honor e. [L.] By labor and honor. 
Labor ipse voluptas. [L.] Labor itself is a pleasure. 
Labor omnia vincit. [L.J Labor conquf-rs all things. 
La fame non vuol leggi. [It.] Hunger will obey 

no laws. 
Laisser faire. [Fr.] To let alone ; to leave matters 

to their natural course. 



FROM FOREIGN" LANGUAGES. 



667 



Laissez nous f aire. [Fr.] Let us act for ourselves. 
La maladie sans maladie. [Fr.] Hypochondria. 

La mala llaga sana, la mala famq mata. [tip.] A 
bad wouud heals, a bad name kills. 

Langage des halles. [Fr.] Language of the mar- 
ket"; billingsgate. 

Lapsus calami. [L.] A slip of the pen. 

Lapsus lingua. [L.J A slip of the tongue. 

Lares et penates. [L.] Household gods :— home. 

V argent. [Fr.] Silver; money. 

Latet anguis in herb a. [L.J A snake lies hid in the 
grass. 

Latini dictum. [L.] Said in Latin. 

Laudari a viro laudato. [L.] To be praised by a 
man who is himself praised. 

Laudator temjforis acti. [L.] One who praises times 
which are past. 

Laus Deo. [L.] Praise be to God. 

Laus propria sordet. [L.] Self-praise defiles. 

La vertu est la seule noblesse. [Fr.] Virtue is the 
only nobility. 

Le bon temps viendra. [Fr.] The good time will 
come. 

Lector benevole. [L.] Gentle reader. 

Le diable boiteux. [Fr.] The limping devil. 

Legalus a latere. [L.] A papal ambassador extraor- 
dinary. 

Le grand monarque. [Fr.] The great monarch. 

Le grand ombre. [Fr.] The great work. 

V empire des letlres. [Fr.] The republic of letters. 

Le point dn jour. [Fr.] Daybreak. 

Le renard preche aux poules. [Fr.] The fox preaches 
to the hens. 

Le roi et Vital. [Fr.] The king and the state. 

Le roi le veut. [Fr.] The king wills it. 

Les absent ont tonjours tort. [Fr.] The absent are 
always in the wrong. 

Les affaires font les homines. [Fr.] Business makes 
men. 

Le savoir-faire. [Fr.] The knowing how to act. 

Le savoir-vivre. [Fr.] The knowing how to live. 

Les extremes se loucheui. [Fr.l Extremes meet. 

Les larmes aux yeux. [Fr.] With tears in his eyes. 

Les plus sages ne le said pas loujours. [Fr.] The 
wisest are not always wise. 

Leltre de marque. [Fr.] A letter of marque or 
reprisal. 

Lettres de cachet. [Fr.] Sealed letters of the king, 
containing private orders. 

Lex loci. [L.] The law of the place. 

Lex non scripta. [L.] The unwritten law ; the 
common law. 

Lex scrip/a. [L.] The written or statute law. 

Lex laliouis. [L.] The law of retaliation. 

Lex terrse. [L.] The law of the land. 

Vhom me propose, et Dieu dispose. [Fr.] Man pro- 
poses, and God disposes. 

Libretto. [It.] A little book ; a pamphlet. 

Licentia vatum. [L.] Poetical license. 

Limie labor. [L.J The labor of the file. 

Viucoiiuu. [lr.] The unknown. 

L' ' incroijable. [Fr.l The incredible. 

Lis litem general. [L.] Strife begets strife. 

Lis subjndice. [L.J A case not yet decided. 

Lite pendente. [L.J During the trial. 

Litera scripta maneL [L.] The written letter re- 
mains. 

Litterateur. [Fr.] A literary man. 

Loci communes. [L.] Commonplaces ; topics. 

Loco citato. [L.] In the place before cited. 

Locum lenens. [L.] A substitute ; a proxy. 

Locus criminis. [L.] The place of the crime. 

Locus in quo. [L.] The place in which. 

Locus peuilenlise. [L.] Place for repentance. 

Locus sigilli. [L.] The place of the seal. 

Longe aberrat scopo. [L.] He is wide of the mark. 

Longo intervallo. [L.] With a long interval. 

Loyal en tout. [Fr.] Loyal in every thing. 

Loy aide m 'oblige. [Fr.] Loyalty bids me. 

Loyaute «'a honte. [Fr.] Loyalty has no shame. 

Lucidus ordo. [L.] A lucid arrangement. 

Lupus in fabuld. [L.] The wolf in the fable. 

Lusus naiurse. [L.] A freak of nature ; a monster. 



M. 



Made virlute. [L.] Go on increasing in virtue. 
Magistral us indicat virum. [L.] Magistracy shows 

the man. 
Magna deltas, magna solitudo. [L.] A great city 

is a great solitude. 
Magna est Veritas, et prsevalebit. [L.] Truth is 

mighty, and will prevail. 
Magna inter opes inops. [L.] Poor in the midst of 

great wealth. 
Mag u i nomiuis umbra. [L.] The shadow of a great 

name. 
Magnum bonum. [L.] A great good. 
Magnum opus. [L.] A great work. 
Magnus Apollo. [L.J Great Apollo : — a great oracle 

or authority. 
Mainlien le droit. [Fr.] Maintain the right. 
Maison de campagne. [Fr.] A country-seat. 
Maison de ville. [Fr.] A town-house. 
Maitre dliolel. [Fr.] A steward. 
Maladie du pays. [Fr.] Homesickness. 
Mala fide. LL.] In bad faith; treacherously. 
Malapropos. [Fr.] Out of place ; unseasonable. 
Mule porta male dilabuidur. [L.] Things ill got 

are ill spent. 
Malheur ne vient jamais seul. [Fr.] Misfortunes 

never come single. 
Mali principii malm finis. [L.] Bad beginnings 

have bad endings. 
Mails aribns. [L. ] With bad omens. 
Malum in sc. [L.] A tiling wrong in itself. 
Malum prohibitum, [L.] A thing wrong because 

forbidden. 
Mania a jiotu. [L.] Madness from drink ; delirium 

tremens. 
Mauibns pedibnsque. [L.] With hands and feet. 
Mauufoiii. [L.l With a strong hand. 
Maun propria. [L.] With one's own hand. 
Mas vale saber que haber. [Sp.] Better be wise 

than rich. 
Materiam superadd opus. [L.] The workmanship 

surpassed the material. 
Mauvais gout. [Fr.] Bad taste. 
. Mauvaise honte. [Fr.] Extreme bashfulness. 
i Maximus in minimis. [L.] Very great in very 

little things. 
Medecine expedante. [Fr.] Trusting to time for a 

remedy. 
Mediocria firm a. [L.] The middle station is safest. 
Medio tutissimus ibis. [L.] The middle course will 

be the safest. 
Memento mori. [L.] Be mindful of death. 
Memor etjidelis. [L.l Mindful and faithful. 
Memoria in setemd. [L.J In eternal remembrance. 
Memoriter. [L.] By rote. 

Mens agitat molern. [L.] Mind moves the mass. 
Mens divinior. [L.] The inspired mind of the poet. 
Mens sana in corpore sano. [L.] A sound mind in 

a sound body. 
Mens sibi couscia recti. [L.] A mind conscious of 

rectitude. 
Meo pericnlo. [L.] At my own risk. 
Meum et tuum. [L.] Mine and thine :— property. 
Mezzo termine. [It.] A middle course. 
Mihi euro, futui-i. [L.] My care is for the future. 
Minutiae. [L.] Trifles: minute points or matters. 
Mirabde didu. [L.] "Wonderful to relate. 
Mirabile visu. [L.] Wonderful to see. 
Mobile perpetuu m. [L.J Perpetual motion. 
Modoet forma. [L.J In manner and form. 
Modus operandi. [L.] The mode of operation. 
Mollia tempora fandi. [L.] The favorable mo- 
ments for speaking. 
3Ionumentum tere perennius. [L.] A monument 

more enduring than brass. 
More majorum. [L.] After the manner of our 

ancestors. 
Mot du guet. [Fr.] A watchword. 
Mots d'usage. [Fr.] Phrases in common use. 
Motuproprio. [L.] Of his own accord. 
Moveo et propitior. [L.] I rise and am appeased. 



668 



"WORDS, PHRASES, AND QUOTATIONS 



Mulla gemens. [L.J Groaning deeply. 
Multum in parvo. [L.J Much in a little space. 
Munus ApolUue dignwm. [L.J A gift worthy of 

Apollo. 
Mutatis mutandis. [L.] The necessary changes 

heing made. 



N. 



Natale solum. [L.J Natal soil. 

Nee capias, nee raetuas. [L.J Neither desire nor 

fear. 
iVe cede malis. [L.J Yield not to misfortunes. 
Necessitas non habet legem. [L.J Necessity has no 

law. 
Nee mora, nee requies. [L.J There is neither delay 

nor repose. 
Nee pluribus impar. [L.J Not an unequal match 

for numbers. 
Nee prece, nee pretio. [L.J Neither by entreaty 

nor bribe. 
Nee quserere, nee spernere honorem. [L.] Neither 

to seek uor to despise honors. 
Nee scire fas est omnia. [L.J It is not permitted to 

know all things. 
Nefasti dies. [L.J Unlucky days. 
Nefrouti crede. [L.] Trust not the face. 
Nemo bis pun itnr pro eodem delicto. [L.J (Law.) No 

man can be twice punished for the same offence. 
Nemo me inipuiie lacessit. [L.J No one annoys me 

with impunity. 
Nemo repente fuit turpissimus. [L.] No one ever 

became in an instant utterly vicious. 
Ne plus ultra. [L.J The utmost limit : — perfection. 
Ne quid minis. [L.J Do not take too much of any 

thing : — avoid extremes. 
Ne sutor ultra crepidam. [L.J Let not the shoe- 
maker go beyond his last. 
Ne leutes, aut perfice. [L.J Attempt not, or accom- 
plish. 
Ne vile velis. [L.J Desire nothing base. 
Nihil tetiijit quod von omavit. [L.J He touched 

nothing without embellishing it. 
Nil admirari. [L.J To be astonished at nothing. 
Nil desperaudum. [L.J Never despair. 
Nil nisi crnce. [L.J No dependence but on the 

cross. 
Nimporte. [Fr.] It matters not. 
Nitor in adversum. [L.J I strive against it. 
Nolens voleus. [L.] Willing or unwilling. 
Noli me tangere. [L.J Touch me not. 
Nolo episcopari. [L.J I wish not to be made a 

bishop. 
Nom de guerre. [Fr.] A war-name : — an assumed 

travelling title. 
Nom deplume. [Anglo-Fr.] An assumed name of 

a writer. [This phrase is not used in France.] 
Nomen el omen. [L.J A name significant of the 

thing. 
Nou assumpsit. [L.J (Lav.) He did not assume : 

— a plea in personal actions. 
Non compos mentis. [L.J Not of sound mind. 
Non constat. [L.J It does not appear. 
Non datur tertium. [L.J There is not a third one. 
Nou est inventus. [L.J He has not been found. 
Non libet. [L.J It does not please me. 
Non mi ricordo. [It.] I do not remember. 
Non multa, sed multum. [L.J Not many things, 

but much. 
Non nobis solum. [L.J Not to us alone. 
Non nostrum est tantas componere lites. [L.] It is 

not for us to adjust such grave disputes. 
Non obstante. [L.J Notwithstanding an}' thing* to 

the contrary. 
Non omnia possumns omnes. [L.] We cannot all 

of us do every thing. 
Non quis, sed quid. [L.J Not the person, but the 

deed, is to be judged. 
Non quo sed quomodo. [L,] Not by whom, but how. 
Non seqnitur. [L.] It does not follow : — an un- 
warranted conclusion. 



Non sibi, sed patrise. [L.] Not for himself, but for 
his country. 

Nou sum quulis eram. [L.] I am not now what I 
once was. 

Nonumque prematur in annum. [L.] Let your piece 
be kept nine years. 

Nosce leipsum. [L.J Know thyself. 

Noscitur ex sociis. [L.J He is known by his com- 

Nota bene. [L.J Take notice. [panions. 

N'oublicz pas. [Fr.J Forget not. 

Nous verrous. [Fr.J We shall see. 

Nouvellette, [Fr.J A tale ; a short novel. 

Novus homo. [L.J A new man. 

Nudis verbis. [L.l In plain words. 

Nudum pactum. [L.J A bare contract. 

Nugse canorse. [L.J Melodious trifles. 

Nulla dies sine lined. [L.J No day without some- 
thing performed. 

Nullius addictus jurare in verba magistri. [L.J Not 
being bound to swear to the' dogmas of any 
master-. 

Nullius filius. [L.J A son of nobody. 

Nunc aut nunquam. [L.J Now or never. 

Nunquam nou paratus. [L.J Never unprepared. 

Nusquum tuta fides. [L.J Our faith is nowhere safe. 



o. 



Obiter dictum. [L.J A thing said by the way. 

Obra de comun, obra de ningun. [Sp.J What is. 
everybody's work, or busiuess, is nobody's. 

Obscurum per obscurius. [L.J Explaining what is 
obscure by something more obscure. 

Occurrent nubes. [L.J Clouds will intervene. 

Oderiiil dum meluant. [L.J Let them hate, pro- 
vided they fear. 

Odi profauum vulgus et arceo. [L.J I loathe and 
repel the profane vulgar. 

Odium in longumjucens. [L.J An old grudge. 

Odium theologicum. [L.] The hatred of theolo- 
gians. 

CEil de bceuf. [Fr.J Bull's eye. 

Officina gentium. [L.J The workshop of nations. 

Ohe ! jam satis. [L.J 0! there is now enough. 

Ohne Hast, ohne East. [Ger.J Haste not, rest not. 

Oleum et operam perdidi. [L.] I have lost my 
labor and my oil. 

Olim meminisse jumbit. [L.J The future recollec- 
tion will be pleasant. 

OUapodrida. [Sp.] A heterogeneous mixture. 

Omne bonum desuper. [L.J All good is from above. 

Omne iguolum pro magnifico. [L.J Every thing 
unknown is held to be magnificent. 

Omnia bona bonis. [L.J All things are good to 
good men. 

Omnia nintautur, et nos mufarnur in illis. [L.] All 
things change, and we change with them. 

Omnia vincit labor. [L.J Labor overcomes all ob- 
stacles. 

Oiuuis amans aniens. [L.J Every lover is deranged. 

Onus probandi. [L.J The burden of proof. 

Opens, prelium est. [L.J It is worth while. 

Opera ; ill ins mea sunt. [L.J His works are mine. 

Opprobrium medicorum. [L.J The reproach of the 
physicians. 

Opusoperatum. [L.J A mere outward work. 
"Tow and always. 
Pray and labor. 
Pray for us. 

Orator fit, poeta" nascitur. [L.J An orator may be 
made by education, a poet is born a poet. 

Ore rotundo. [L.J With a full, round voice. 

Ore tenus. [L.J From the mouth. 

Origo mali. [L.J The origin of the evil. 

si sic omnia ! [L.J Oh that he had always spoken 
or acted thus ! 

Os rotundum. [L.J A round mouth : — a flowing 
and eloquent delivery. 

tempora, mores ! [L.] Oh, the times and the 
manners ! 

Otia dant vitia. [L.] Idleness leads to vice. 



upus operatum. [Li.j a 
Ora e sempre. [It. J Nc 
Ora et labora. [L.J Pn 
Ora pro nobis. [L.J Pr 



FROM FOREIGN LANGUAGES. 



669 



Otiosn sedulitas. [L.] Idle industry; laborious 

trifling. 
0/iiuu cam diguUate. [L.] Leisure with dignity. 
Otinivi sine dignitate. [L.] Leisure without dignity. 
Oublier je ne'puis. [Fr.] I cannot forget. 
Ouvriers. [Fr.] Artisans; workmen. 



Pacta, conventa. [L.] Conditions agreed upon. 

Pallida mors. [L.] Pale death. 

Palmam qui meruit feral. [L.] Let him who has 
deserved it bear the palm. 

Parent, non fert. [L.] He will not endure an equal. 

Par excellence. I Fr.] By way of eminence. 

Pari passu. [L.J With equal pace. 

Par nobile fratrum. [L.] A noble pair of brothers. 

Par pari refero. [L.] I return like for like. 

Par signe de mSpris. [Fr.] As a token of contempt. 

Parta tneri. [L.j To defend what has been ob- 
tained. 

Particeps criminis. [L.] An accomplice in the 
crime. 

Parturinnt monies. [L.] The mountain is in labor. 

Parva compouere magnis. [L.] To compare small 
things with great. 

Parvum parva decent. [L.] Little things befit a 
little man. 

Passe-partout. [Fr.] A master-key. 

Paterfamilias. [L.] The father of a family. 

Pater patriae. [L.] The father of his country. 

Patriis virtulibus. [L.] By hereditary virtue. 

Pedir peras al olmo. [Sp.] To seek pears of the 
elm. 

Peine forte et dure. [Fr.] Harsh and severe pun- 
ishment. 

Penchant. [Fr.] Inclination: — propensity. 

Pendente lite. [L.] While the suit is pending. 

Per angusta ad avgusta. [L.J Through trials to 
triumph. 

Per annum. [L.] By the year ; yearly. 

Per aspera ad astra. [L.] Through suffering to 
renown. 

Per capita. [L.] By the head ; singly. 

Per centum. [L.] By the hundred. 

Per diem. [L.] By the day. 

Pere defamille. [Fr.] The father of a family. 

Per fas et nefas. [L.] Through right and wrong. 

Pericidum in mora,. [L.] There is danger in delay. 

Per mare, per terras. [L.] Through sea and land. 

Per solium. [L.] By a leap : — by fits and starts. 

Per se. [L.] By itself; for its own sake. 

Petitio principii. [L.] A begging of the question. 

Pen de bieu, pen de soin. [Fr.] Little ptopert)', 
little care. 

Pis oiler. [Fr.] The worst or last shift. 

Pocodpoco. [Sp.] Little by little:— softly. 

Po'eta nascitur, von fit. [L.] A poet is born, not 
made by education. 

Point d'appni. [Fr.] Point of support : — a rally- 
ing point. 

Pondere, non numero. [L.] By weight, not by 
number. 

Pons asinorum. [L.] The bridge of asses. 

Possunt quia posse videulur. [L.] They are able 
because they think they are so. 

Postmortem. [L.] After death. 

Post nubila jubila. [L.] After sorrow, joy. 

Post nubila Phoebus. [L.] After clouds, a clear sun. 

Post obitum. [L.l After death. 

Pour f aire visite. [Fr.] To pay a visit : — a visiting- 
card. 

Pour passer le temps. [Fr.] To while away the 
time. 

Pour prendre conge. [Fr.] To take leave. 

Prsemonitus prsemunitus. [L.] Forewarned, fore- 
armed. 

P)-imx vise. [L.] The first passages. 

Prima facie. [L.] On the first face or view. 

Primum mobile. [L.] First impulse; that which 
puts every thing in motion. 



Primus inter pares. [L.] The first among equals. 
Priucipiis obsta. [L.] Resist the first beginnings. 
Prior tempore, prior jure. [L.] First come, first 

served. 
Pro oris et focis. [L.] For our altars and our 

hearths : — for religious and civil liberty. 
Probcdum est. [L.] It is tried and proved. 
Pro bono publico. [L.] For the public good. 
Pro confesso. [L.] As if conceded. 
Procid, O procul este, profani ! [L.] Far, far hence, 

retire, ye profane ! 
Pro Deo et ecclesid. [L.] For God and the church. 
Pro et con. [L.] For and against. 
Profanum vulgus. [L.] The profane vulgar. 
Pro forma. [L.] For form's sake. 
Pro hoc vice. [L.] For this time. 
Prohpudor. [L.] Oh, for shame ! 
Projet de loi. [Fr.] A legislative bill or draft. 
Pro rcda. [L.] In proportion. 
Pro rege et palrid. [L.] For my king and country. 
Pro rege, lege, et grege. [L.j For the king, the 

law, and the people. 
Pro re natd. [L.] For a special purpose. 
Pro salute animse. [L.] For the health of the soul. 
Pro tanto. [L.] For so much : — as far as it goes. 
Pro tempore. [L.] For the time ; temporarily. 
Punica fides. [L.J Punic faith: — treachery. 



Q. 



Quse vocent docent. [L.] "We learn by what we 
suffer. [ning. 

Qualis ab ineqrto. [L.] The same as at the begin- 

Qualis rex, talis grex. [L.] Like king, like people. 

Qualis vita, finis ita. [L.] As is the life, so is its end. 

Quamdiu se bene gesserit. [L.] As long as he shall 
conduct himself properly: — during good be- 
havior. 

Quandoque bonus dormitat Homerns. [L.] Some- 
times even the good Homer nods. 

Quando nllnm iureuiemns parent f [L.] When shall 
we look upon his like again? 

Quanti est sapere ! jL.] How valuable is wisdom ! 

Quantum libet. [L.J As much as you please. 

Quantum mutatus ab Hlo J [L.] How much changed 
from what he once was ! 

Quantum sufiicit. [L.] Enough. 

Qui capit, iilefacil. [L.] He who takes it, makes it. 

Quidnunc' [L.J What now? what news? 

Quid pm quo. [L.] One thing for another:— an 
equivalent. 

Quid rides f [L.] Why do you laugh ? 

Quid times? Cseaarem veins. [L.j What do you 
fear? You carry Ca?sar. 

Qui fitcil per alinm, facit per se. [L.] He who does 
a thing by the agency of another does it him- 
self, [ferior. 

Qui invidet minor est. [L.] He who envies is in- 

Qniniminm probat, nihil probat. [L.] He who proves 
too much proves nothing. 

Qui facet consentit. [L.] He who is silent consents. 

Qui traustulit, sustinet. [L.] He who brought us 
over still maintains us. 

Qui rice? [Fr.] "Who goes there?" On the alert. 

Quoad hoc. [L.] As to this; to this extent. 

Quo ammo. [L.] With what intention. 

Quocunque nomine. [L.] Under whatever name. 

Quod avertat Deus. [L.] Which may God avert. 

Quod bene notandum. [L.] Which is to be partic- 
ularly noticed. 

Quod erat demonstrandum. [L.] Which was to be 
demonstrated. 

Quod erat faciendum. [L.] Which was to be done. 

Quod hoc sibi vnll ? [L.] What does this mean ? 

Quod ignotum pro magnifico est. [L.] That which 
is unknown is thought to be great. 

Quod semper, quod ubique, quod ab omnibus. [L.] 
What always, what everywhere, what by all has 
been held to be true. 

Quo Fata vocant. [L.] Whither the Fates call. 

Quo jure. [L.] By what right. 



670 



WORDS, PHRASES, AND QUOTATIONS 



Quorum pars magna fui. [L.J In which I hore a 
conspicuous part; in which I largely partici- 
pated. 

Quos Beus vtdt perdere, prius elemental. [L.J Those 
whom God would destroy, he first makes mad. 

Quot homines, tot sententiee. [L.J Many men, many 
minds. 



R. 



Raison eVetat. [Fr.J A reason of state. 

Rara avis. [L.J A rare bird. 

Ratione soil [L.J In respect of the soil. 

Rede et suavUer. [L.J Justly and mildly. 

Rectus in curia. [L.J Upright in the court ; with 
clean hands. [surdit3\ 

Bedvctio ad absurdum. [L.J A reduction to an ab- 

Begium donum. [L.J Royal gift. 

Be iufectd. [L.J The business being unfinished. 

Beligio loci. [L.] The spirit of the place. 

Bern acu tetigisti. [L.J You have hit the nail on 
the head. 

Bemis velisque. [L.J With oars and sails. 

Benasceidur. [L.J Thev will be born to another 
life. 

Renovate animos. [L.J Eenew your courage. 

Rentes. [Fr.] Funds bearing interest; stocks. 

Repouclre en Nonnand. [Fr.] To give an indirect 
or evasive answer. 

Bequiesced in pace. [L.J May he rest in peace. 

Bes avgusta domi. [L.J Narrow circumstances. 

Bespice finem. [L.] Look to the end. 

Bespublica. [L.J The republic; the commonwealth. 

Besurgam. [L.J I shall rise again. 

Ridere in stomacho. [L.J To laugh inwardly; to 
laugh in one's sleeve. 

Ride si sapis. [L.J Laugh if you are wise. 

Bien 11 est beau que le vrai. [Fr.] Nothing is beau- 
tiful but truth. 

Rire sous cape. [Fr.] To laugh in one's sleeve. 

Risiuu teneatis, amici? [L.] Friends, can you re- 
frain from laughing? 

Rued caelum. [L.] Let the heavens fall. 

Rudis indigestaque moles. [L.] A rude and undi- 
gested mass. [weight. 

Buit mole sua. [L.] It falls to ruin by its owd 

Ruse contre ruse. [Fr.] Trick against trick. 

Ruse de guerre. [Fr.] A stratagem of war. 

Bus in urbe. [L.J The country in the city. 



s. 



SalAtticum. [L.] Attic salt; wit. 

Sains popvli su previa est lex. [L.J The welfare of 

the people is the supreme law. 
Salvo jure. [L.] Without detriment to the right. 
Salvo pudore. [L.] Without offence to modesty. 
S'amvser a la moutarde. [Fr.] To trifle away one*s 

time. 
Sanctum sanctorum. [L.] The holy of holies. 
Sans ctremonie. [Fr.J Without ceremony. 
Sans peur et sans reproche. [Fr.] Without fear and 

without reproach. 
Sam rime et sans reiison. [Fr.] Without rhyme or 

reason. 
Sans souci. [Fr.] Without care. 
Sans tache. [Fr.J Without spot. 
Sapere aude. [L.J Dare to be wise. 
Sartor resartus. [L.J The cobbler mended. 
Sat citn, si sat bene. [L.] It must be done soon, if 

done well. 
Satis eloquentise, sapientise parvum. [L.] Plenty of 

eloquence, Imt little wisdom. 
Satis superque. [L.J Enough, and more than enough. 
Satis verborum. [L.J Enough of words. 
Sauve qui pent. [Fr.] Let him save himself who 

can. 
Savoir-faire. [Fr.] Tact ; skill ; industry. 
Savoir-vivre. [Fr.J Good breeding or behavior. 
Secundum artem. [L.] According to art ; regularly. 



Secundum usum. [L.J According to custom. 

Sed hsec hacteuus. [L.] So much for this. 

Semel et simid. [L.J Once and altogether. 

Semper avarus eget. [L.] The avaricious man is 
always in want. • 

Semper f delis. [L.] Always faithful. 

Semper pandits. [L.] Always prepared. 

Semper limidum scelus. [L.J Guilt is always cow- 
ardly. 

Semper vivit in armis. [L.J He ever lives in arms. 

Senalus consulluni. [L.J A decree of the Senate. 

Senex, bispuer. [L.J Once a man, twice a boy. 

Separatio a mensd et Ihoro. [L.J (Law.) Separa- 
tion from bed and board. 

Serus in caelum reeleus. [L.J Late may you return 
to heaven. 

Servare modimi. [L.J To keep within bounds. 

Servus servorum Dei. fL.J Servant of the servants 
of God. [long. 

Sesquipedalia verba. [L.J Words a foot and a half 

Sic emit feda hohdnum. [L.J So goes it in the 
world. 

Sic itur ad astra. [L.J Such is the way to the stars, 
or to immortality. 

Sic passim. [L.J So everywhere. 

Sic semper tijrannis. [L.J Thus always with tyrants. 

Sic transit gloria rnundi. [L.J Thus the glory of 
the world passes away. 

Sic vos non vobis. [L.J Thus you toil, but not for 
yourselves. 

Silent leges inter anna. [L.J In war, laws are silent, 
or disregarded. 

Sin/ilia similibus curavtur. [L.J Like is cured by 
like. [The principle of homoeopathy. J 

Similis simili gaudet. [L.J Like is pleased with like. 

Simplex munditiis. [L.J Of simple elegance. 

Sine curd. [L.J Without care. 

Sine die. [L.J Without naming a day. 

Sine ineidid. [L.J Without envy. 

Sine ird et studio. [L.J Without anger or favor. 

Sine odio. [L.J Without hatred. 

Sine qua 11011. [L.J Without which, not; an indis- 
pensable condition. 

Si sit prudentia. [L.J If there be but prudence. 
| Siste, viator. [L.J Stop, traveller. 

Sit libi terra levis. [L.J Light lie the earth on thee. 
j Sit renin verbo. [L.J Excuse the expression. 
I Sola nobilitas virtus. [L.J Virtue is the only true 
nobility. 

Soli Deo gloria. [L.J To God alone be glory. 

Solvmitur tabulse. [L.J (Law.) The bills are dis- 
missed : — the defendant is acquitted. 

Sotto voce. [Ir.J In an undertone or whisper. 

Sous tons les rapports. [Fr.J In all respects. 

Speclemur agendo. [L.J Let us be tried by our 
actions. 

Sperate, miseri; cavete, f dices [L.J Let the wretched 
hope, and the prosperous be on their guard. 

Spero meliora. [L.J I h"pe for better things. 

Spolia opima. [L.J The richest booty. 

Spretie injuria fornix. [L.J The insult to her 
slighted beauty. 

Stems pede in uno. [L.J Standing on one leg. 

Stat magni nominis umbra. [L.J lie stands the 
shadow of a mighty name. 

Statu quo ante bellum. [L.J The state in which 
tilings were before the war. 

Status quo. [L.J The state in which. 

Sternitur alieno vulnere. [L.J He is slain by a blow 
aimed at another. 

Stet. [L.J Let it stand. 

Stratum super stredum. [L.J One layer upon another. 

Sua cuique voluptas. [L.J Every one has his own 
pleasure. 

SuavUer in modo, fortiter in re. [L.J Gentle in 
manner, forcible in execution. 

Sub colore juris. [L.J Under color of law. 

Sub hoc signo viuces. [L.J Under this standard 
thou shalt conquer. 

Subjudicelis est. [L.J The cause is yet before the 
judge. 

Sublatd causd, tollilur efectus. [L.J The cause be- 
ing removed, the effect ceases. 



EK01I FOREIGN LANGUAGES. 



671 



Sub prseiextu juris. [L.] Under the pretext of jus- 
tice. 

Sub quocunque tilulo. [L.J Under whatever title. 

Sub road. [L.J Under the rose ; privately. 

Sub sdentio. [L.] In silence. 

Suggestio falsi. [L.] The suggestion of a false- 
hood. 

Sui generis. [L.] Of a peculiar kind. 

Summvm bouum. [L.J The greatest good. 

Sutnmumjus, summa injuria. [L.] The rigor of the 
law may, be the greatest wrong. 

Sunt lachrymse rerum. [L.] There are tears for 
misery. 

Suojure. [L.J By his own right. 

Suo Marte. [L.] By his own prowess. 

Suppressio veri. [L.J The suppression of the truth. 

Surgit amari aliquid. [L.] Something bitter rises. 

Suum cinque. [L.l Let every one have his own. 

Suns caique mos. [L.J Every one has his peculiar 
habit. 



Tdche suns tache. [Fr.] A work without hlemish. 
Tsedium vitse. [L.] Weariness of life. 
Turn Marte quatm Minerva. [L.J As much hy cour- 
age as by genius. 
Tarn Marti quam Mercuric. [L.J As fit for war as 

for business. 
Tangere minus. [L.J To touch a sore place. 
Tantsene animis cselestibus irsef [L.J Can such wrath 

dwell in heavenly minds? 
Taut mieux. [Ft.] ' So much the hetter. 
Tout pis. [Fr.J So much the worse. 
Tanlo buon, che vol niente. [It.] So good that he is 

good for nothing. 
Tel est voire plaisir. [Fr.] Such is our pleasure. 
Tel maitre, tel calet. [Fr.J Like master, like man. 
Tempora mutantur, el nos mutamur in Mis. [L.] 

Times change, and we change with them. 
Tempori parendum. [L.] We must yield to the 

times. 
Tempm edax rerum. [L.] Time that devours all 

things. 
Tempusfuqit [L.J Time flies. 
Tempos omnia reuelat. [L.J Time discloses all 

things. 
Tenax propositi. [L.J Tenacious of liis purpose. 
TerUanda via est. [L.J A way must be tried. 
Terra firma. [L.J Solid land ; the continent. 
Terra incognita. [L.J An unknown laud. 
Tertiwm quid. [L. ] A third something. 
Tienstafoy. [0. Fr.J Keep thy faith. 
Timeo Danaos el dona ferenles. [L.J I fear the 

Greeks, even when bringing gifts. 
Tirer d boulet rouge. [Fr.J To shoot with a red 

bullet. 
Toga viriiis. [L.J The Roman gown of manhood. 
To kalon, to Ka\6v. [Gr.J The beautiful ; the 

chief good. 
To prepon, to it peirop. [Gr.J The becoming; the 

prober. 
Tot homines, tot sententise. [L.J So many men, so 

many minds. 
Totidem verbis. [L.J In so many words. 
Toties guoties. [L.J As often as. 
Talis viribus. [L.J With all his might. 
Tola calo. [L.J By the whole heavens. 
Toujours pret. [Fr.J Always ready. 
Toujours propice. [Fr.J Always propitious. 
Tourner casaqne. [Fr.J To turn the coat. 
Tout frais fails. [Fr.J All expenses paid. 
Tout au contraire. [Fr.J Just the contrary. 
Tout comme chez nous. [Fr.J Just as it is at home. 
Tout ensemble. [Fr.J The whole taken together. 
Transeat in exemplum. [L.J May it hecome an 

example. 
Triajunctainuno. [L.J Three joined in one. 
Trojafnit. [L.J Troy was — [is no more.] 
Tros Tyriusre. mild nullo discrimine agelur. [L.] 

The Trojan and the Tyrian shall he treated hy 

me without distinction. 



Truditur dies die. [L.J One day is pressed onward 

by another. 
Tu ne cede malis. [L.] Do not yield to evils. 
Tuum est. [L.J It is thine own. 



u. 



Uberrima fides. [L.J A superabundant faith. 

Ubi jus iucertum, ibi jus nullum. [L.J (Law.) 
Where the law is uncertain, there is no law. 

Ubi libertus, ibi patria. [L.J Where liberty is, 
there is my country. 

Ubique patriam reminisci. [L.] Everywhere to re- 
member our country. 

Ubi supra. [L.J Where above mentioned. 

Ultima ratio. [L.J The last reasoning. 

Ultima Thide. [L.J Remotest Thule :— the ex- 
tremity of the earth as known to the ancient 
Romans; an island in the extreme north of 
Europe. 

Una voce. [L.] With one voice. 

Un Dieu, tin roi. [Fr. ] One God, one king. 

Unguibus et rostro. [L.] With talons and beak: — 
tooth and nail. 

Unguis in ulcere. [L.] A claw, or nail, in the sore. 
| Uu homme cossu. [Fr.J A rich, substantial man. 
! Unje servirai. [Fr.] One 1 will serve. 

Uu sot d triple Stage. [Fr. j A most egregious fool. 

Usque ad aras. [L.J To the very altars. 

Usque ad nauseam. [L.] So as to disgust. 

Usus loqueudi. [L.] Osage in speaking. 

Ut omeris, amabilia csto. [L.] That you may be 
loved, be deserving of love. [etry. 

Ut apes geometriam. [L.J As bees practise geom- 

Ulile dnlci. [L.J The useful with the agreeable. 

UHnam uoster esset. [L.J Would that he were ours, 
or on our side. 

Ut infra. [L.J As stated or cited below. 

Uli possidetis. [L.J As you possess :— let each 
party keep what is in his possession. 

Ut pignua amicUiae. [L.] As a token of friendship. 

Utrnm Itorunt mavis accipe. [L.J Take which yon 
like. 

Ul supra. [L.J As above stated or cited. 



V. 



Yadeinpace. [L.l Go in peace. 

Vtt metis. [L.] Woe to the vanquished. 

Valenl quantum valere potest. [L.J Let it pass for 
what it is worth. 
j Valet anchora virtus. [L.J Virtue is an anchor. 
: Vulet-de-chambre. [Fr.J A valet ; a body-servant. 
I Vulete et plaudite. [L.J Farewell and applaud. 
j Yariie lectiones. [L.J Various readings. 

Variorum noise. [L.J The notes of various editors, 
i Velis et rem is. [L.J With sails and oars. 
j Veluti in speculum. [L.J Even as in a looking- 
I glass. 

Vendidit hie auro patriam. [L.] This man sold his 
| country for gold. 

Venerium in auro bibitur. [L.J Poison is drunk 
from a golden vessel. 

Tenia necessitati datur. [L.J Indulgence, or pardon, 
is granted to necessity.' 

Venire facias. [L.J You shall cause to come. 

Pent, vidi, vici. [L.l 1 came, I saw, I conquered. 

Ventis secundis. [L.J With favorable winds. 

Verbatim et literatim. [L.J Word for word and 
letter for letter. 

Verbum sat sapieuti. [L.] A word to the wise is 
sufficient. 

Vergilium vidi tantnm. [L.J I merely saw Virgil. 

Veritas odium parit. [L.J Truth begets hatred. 

Veritas prsevuleb it. [L.J Truth will prevail. 

Vei-itas vincit. [L.J Truth conquers. 

Vertte sanspeur. [Fr.J Truth without fear. 

Vestigia nulla relrorsum. [L.J No traces backward; 
no returning footsteps. 



672 WORDS, PHRASES, &c, FROM FOREIGN LANGUAGES. 



Vexala qusestio. [L.J A question much disputed. 
Via media. [L.J A middle way or course. 
Viamilitaris. [L.J A military way. 
Via trita, via tula. [L.J The beaten path is the 

safe path. 
Vice versa. [L.J The terms being reversed. 
Vide ut supra. [L.J See the preceding. 
Vi et armis. [L.J By force of arms ; by violence. 
Vigilantibus. [L.] To the watchful. 
Vigilate et orate. [L.J Watch and pray. 
Vigueur de dessus. [Fr.J Strength is from above. 
Vincit amorpatrise. [L.j The love of our country 

prevails. 
Vincit omnia Veritas. [L.] Truth conquers all 

things. 
Vincit, qui se vincit. 

quers himself. 
Vinculum matrimonii 
Vires acquirit eundo. 

it goes, or going. 
Virtus in arduis. [L.J Virtue or valor in difficulties. 
Virtus incendit vires. [L.J Virtue rouses strength. 
Virtus millia scuta. [L.J Virtue is a thousand 

shields. 
Virtus semper viridis. [L,] Virtue is always flour- 
ishing. 
Virtus sola nobilitat. [L.J Virtue alone ennobles. 
Virtus vincit invidiam. [L.J Virtue overcomes envy. 
Virtute amore. [L.J Through the love of virtue. 
Virtute et fide. [L.J By virtue and faith. 
Virhde et labore. [L.J By virtue and toil. 
Virhde et numine. [L.J By virtue and heaven. 
Virtute et opera. [L.J By virtue and industry. 
Virtute, non astutid. [L.J By virtue, not by craft. 
Virtute, non verbis. [L.] By virtue, not by words. 
Virhde officii. [L.J By virtue of his office. 
Virhde quies. [L.] Content in virtue. 
Virtute secur us. [L.J Safe through virtue. 
Vis conservatrix naiurse. [L.J The preserving 

power of nature. 
Viser d deux bnts. [Fr.] To aim at two marks. 
Vis inertue. [L.] The power of inertness. 



[L.J He conquers who con- 

[L.J Bond of matrimony. 
[L.J It acquires strength as 



Vis medicalrix naiurse. [L.] The healing power of 

nature. 
Vis unita fortior. [L.J United force is the stronger. 
Vis vitse. [L.J The power or vigor of life. 
Vita brevis, ars longa. [L.J Life is short, and art 

is long. 
Vitse via virtus. [L.J Virtue is the way of life. 
Vivat regina. [L.J Long live the queen. 
Vivat respublica. [L.J Long live the republic. 
Vivat rex. [L.J Long live the king. 
Vivd voce. [L.J By the living voice ; by word of 

mouth. 
Vice la bagatelle. [Fr.J Success to trifles. 
Vive la ripublique. [Fr.J Long live the republic. 
Vive le roi. [Fr.J Long live the king. 
Vivere sat vincere. [L.] To conquer is to live 

enough. 
Vive, vale. [L.J Live, and be well. 
Vivida vis animi. [L.J The active force of the 

mind. 
Vivit post funera virtus. [L.] Virtue survives the 

grave. 
Voild une autre chose. [Fr.] That is quite another 

thing. 
Volo, non valeo. [L.J I am willing, but not able. 
Voltigeur. [Fr.J A light horseman. 
Vota vita mea. [L.J My life is devoted. 
Vox et prseterea nihil. [L.J Voice and nothing 

more ; sound without sense. 
Voxpopidi, vox Dei. [L.J The voice of the people 

is the voice of God. 
Vulgo. [L.J Commonly. 

Vulnus immedicabile. [L.J An incurable wound. 
Vultus est index anirni. [L.] The countenance is the 

index of the mind. 



Zonam perdidit. [L.J He has lost his purse. 
Zonam solvere. [L.J To unloose the virgin zone. 



MUSICAL TERMS, 
CHIEFLY FROM THE ITALIAN LANGUAGE. 



A ballata (a bal-la'ta). In ballad style. 

A battuta (a bat-tu'ta). With the beat ; in strict 
time. 

A bell' agio (a-bel-lad'jo). Entirely at pleasure. 

A bouche fermee (a bush far-ma'). [Fr.] With 
the mouth closed. 

A cappella (a kap-pel'la). In church style. 

A capriccio (a ka-pret'cho). At pleasure. 

Accelerando (at-cbel-a-ran'do). Gradually quick- 
ening. 

Acciaccatura (at-che-ak-ka-to'ra). A short grace- 
note. 

Adagietto (a-da-jeftG). A 6hort adagio; a little 
slower than adagio. 

Adagio (a-da'jo). Very slow ; at ease ; a slow 
movement. 

A deux mains (a duh maN). [Fr.] For both 
hands. 

Ad libitum (ad leTDe-tuni). [L.] At pleasure. 

A due (a do'a). In two parts. 

Affettuoso (af-fet-to-o'so). With feeling. 

Agitato (a-je-ta'to). In an agitated manner. 

Agremens (a-gra-moN). [Fr.] Graces ; ornaments. 

A la chasse (a la shas). [Fr.] In hunting style, i Capriccio (ka-pret'chu). A fantasia 

Al fine (al fe'na). To the end. I Coda (ko'da). The conclusion. 

Alia breve (alia bra/va). A quick common time. ; Col arco (kol ar'ko). With the bow. 

All' antico (al an-t?'k<3). In ancient style. ! Colla parte (kol'la piir'ta). With the solo part. 

Alia polacca (-po-lak'ka). In Polish style. ! Colla voce (kol'la vo'cha). With the voice. 

Alia zoppa (-teop'pa). Limpingly. j Col legno (kol la'nyo). With the wooden part of 

Allegretto (al-lii-gret'to). Somewhat quickly.' the bow. 

Allegretto soherzando (-skart-sau'do). Rather j Come sopra (ko'ma so'pra). As above. 

quickly and merrily. , Commodo (kom'mo-do). At ease; at convenience; 

Allegro (al-lu'gro). Lively ; quick. easily. 

Allegro agitato (-a-je-ta'to). Quickly and hur- j Con brio (kon bre'o). With fire and vigor. 



A quatre mains (a kat'r mas). [Fr.] For four 
Arco (ar'ko). The bow. [hands. 

Aria (a're-a). An air ; the air. 
Arietta (a-re-et'ta). A short, sprightly air. 
Arioso (a-re-o'so). Lively ; airy. 
Arpeggio (ar-ped'jo). In harp style; with dis- 
persed chords. 
Assai (as-sa'e). Thoroughly. 
A tempo (a tem'po). In time. 
Attacca (at-tak'ka). Begin at once : — the onset. 

Ballibile (bal-le'be-la). Suited for dancing; in 

dancing movement. 
Ben (ben). Very. 
Bis (be). [Fr.] Twice. 

Bravura (bra-vo'ra). A passage of great brilliancy. 
Brioso (bre-6'so). Lively; spiritedly. 

Calando (ka-lan'do). Decreasing. 

Cantando (kan-tiin'do), or Cantabile (kiin-tab'e- 

la). To be sung with feeling. 
Canto fermo (kan'to far'mo). Plain song. 
Capriccietto (ka-pre-chef to). A short capriccio. 



riedly 

Allegro assai (-as-sii'e). Very quickly. 
Allegro con brio (-kon bre'o). Quickly and with 

spirit. 
Allegro con fuoco (-kon fo-o'ko). Quickly and 

with spirit. 
Allegro di bravura (-de bra-vo'ra). Quickly and 

with brilliancy. 
Allegro maestoso (-mii-es-to'so). Quickly, but 

with dignity. 
Allegro ma non troppo (-ma non trop'po). Quick- 
ly, but not too quickly. 
Allegro moderato (-mod-a-ra'to). Somewhat 

quickly. 
Allegro molto (-mol'to). Very quickly. 
Allegro vivace (-ve-va'cha). Quickly and with 

animation. 
All' ottava (al ot-ta'va). In the octave; an oc- 
tave above or below. 
All' rigore di tempo (al re-go'ra, de tem'po). In 

6trict time. 
All' unisono (al 6-ne-so'no). In unison. 
Al segno (Ml san'yo). To the sign. 
Alto (al'to). High; contralto; a tenor violin. 
Amabile (a-ma'be-la). Tenderly; lovingly. 
Amoroso (a-mo-ro'so). Tenderly; lovingly. 
Andante (an-dan'ta). At a moderate pace. 
Andantino (an-dan-te'uo). A little slower than 

andante. 
A piacere (a pe-a-cha'ra). At pleasure. 
Appoggiatura (ap-pod-ja-to'ra). Delay by means 

of a grace-note. 
A prima vista (a pre'ma ves'ta). At first sight. 
A punta d' arco (a pon'ta dar'ko). With the point 

of the bow. 

2d ss 



Con dolore (-do-lo'ra). With sorrow ; sorrowfully. 
Con duolo (-do-o'lo). With sorrow, sorrowfully. 
Con espressione (-es-pres-se-o'na). With exprea- 
Con forza (-fort'sa). With force. [sion. 

Con fuoco (-fo-o'ko). With fire. 
Con scoltezza (-skol-tet'sa). With freedom. 
Con sordini (-sor-de'ne). With mutes. 
Con spirito (-spe're-to). With spirit. 

Dal segno (dal san'yo). From the sign. 
Decrescendo (da-kra-shen'do). Decreasing in 
loudness. [loudness. 

Diminuendo (de-me-no-en'do). Decreasing in 
Dolente (do-len'ta). Wailingly ; with sorrow. 
Duettino (do-et-te'no). A short duet. 
Duetto (do-et'to). A duet. 

Energico (en-eVje-ko). With energy. 
Espressivo (es-pres-se'vo). With expression. 

Forte (for'ta). Loud; strong. 
Fortissimo (fbr-tes'se-mo). A'ery loud. 
Forzando (for-tsau'do). Forcibly. See Sforzando. 
Frettevole (fret-ta'vo-la). Lively; nimbly. 
Frettoloso (fret-to-lo'so). Lively ; nimbly. 
Frettoso (fret-to'so). Lively ; nimbly. 

Giusto (jos'to). Exactly; with precision. 

Grave (gra'va). With slow dignity. 

Grazioso (grat-se-o'so). Gracefully ; pleasingly. 

Istesso tempo (Is-tes'so tem'po). In the same time. 



Languente (lan-gwen'ta). Languishingly : faintly. 
Languido (lau'gwe-do). Languishing! v ; faintly. 

57 673 



674 



MUSICAL TERMS FEOM FOREIGN LANGUAGES. 



Largamente (lar-gii-men'ta). With breadth of 

style. 
Larghetto (lar-get'to). Slower than largo. 
Largo (largo). Slower than andante : — with a 

broad and dignified manner. 
Legatissimo (leg-a-tes'se-mo). In a strictly exact 

style. 
Legato (la-ga'to). In a connected manner. 
Leggieramente (led-je-a-ra-men'_ta). Lightly. 
Leggierissimo (led-je-a-res'se-mo). Very lightly. 
Leggiero (led-je-a'ro). Lightly. 
Lentando (len-tan'do). Slacken the pace. 
Lento (len'tb). Slowly. 
Ligato (le-ga'to). Same as Legato. 
L' istesso tempo (lis-tes'so tem'po). See Istesso 

TEMPO. 

Lusingando (16-sen-gan'do). Coaxingly : — ten- 
derly, [derly. 

Lusinghiero (16-sen-ge-a/ro). Coaxingly : — ten- 
Ma (ma). But. 

Maestoso (ma-es-to'so). With majesty. 

Maestro (ma-es'tro). A master. 

Maestro al cembalo (-al cheni'ba-lo). Piano- 
accompanist; sub-conductor. 

Maestro di cappella (-de kap-pel'la). Chapel-mas- 
ter; conductor. 

Maestro dei putti (-da/e pot'te). A leader of a 
boy-choir. 

Maggiore (mad-jo'ra). Greater. 

Main droite (maN drwat). [Fr.] The right hand. 

Main gauche (maN gosh). [Fr.] The left hand. 

Mancando (man-kan'do). A decrescendo (in a 
passage already soft). 

Mano destra (ma/no des'tra). The right hand. 

Mano dritto (-dret'to). The right hand. 

Mano sinistra (-se-nSs'tra). The left hand. 

Marcatissimo (mar-kii-tes'se-mo). Very decidedly. 

Marcato (mar-ka'to). In a decided maimer. 

Martele (mar-ta'la). In a hammering manner. 

Martellato (mar-tel-la'to). In a hammering 
manner. 

Medesimo tempo (ma-des'e-mo tem'po). In the 
same time. 

Meno (ma/no). Less. » 

Meno mosso (ma'no mds'so). Rather slower. 

Mesto (mes'to). Sadly. 

Mezzo a voce (met'so a vo'cha). With restrained 
voice. 

Mezzo forte (met'so fdr'ta). With medium force. 

Mezzo piano (met'so pe-a'no). Rather softly. 

Mezzo soprano (met'so so-pra'no). A voice above 
the contralto; a soprano of medium range. 

Minacciando (me-nat-chan'do). Threateningly. 

Moderato (mbd-a-ra'to). Moderately. 

Molto (mol'to). Much. [cendo. 

Morendo (mo-ren'rlo). Dying : — a gradual decres- 

Mosso (mos'so). With vigor. 

Muta (mo'ta). Change. 

Obbligato (ob-ble-ga'to). Necessary. 

Oppure (op-po're). Or; or else; besides. 

Organo pieno (or'ga-no pe-a'no). Full organ. 

Ossia (os'se-a). Or it may be. 

Ostinato (os-te-n"a'to). Obstinately; persistently. 

Ovvero (ov-va/ro). Or else. 

Pace (pa'cha). Calmly. 

Parlando (par-lan'do). In a colloquial manner. 
Parlante (par-lan'ta). In a colloquial manner. 
Perdendo, or Perdendo le forze (par-den'do la 

fbrt'sa). With diminishing force. 
Perdendosi (par-den-do'se). With diminishing 

force. 
Pesante (pa-san'ta). Heavily; gravely. 
Piacere (pe-a-cha'ra). See A piacere. 
Piacevole (pe-a-cha'vo-la). Agreeable ; pleasant. 
Piangendo (pe-an-jgn'do). Wailingly. 
Pianissimo (pe-a-nes'se-mo). Very softly. 
Piano (pe-a'no). Soft; softly. 
Piatti (pe-at'te). Cymbals. 
Pieno (pe-a'no). Full. 
Pizzicato (pet-se-ka'to). By plucking the strings. 



Plintivo (plen-te'vo). Plaintively. 

Poco (po'ko). A little. 

Poco a poco. Little by little. 

Pomposo (pom-po'so). Pompously. 

Ponticello (p6n-te-chel'lo). Same as Sul ponti- 

chello. 
Portamento (pbr-ta-men'to). A slide or glide of 

the voice. 
Precipitoso (pra-che-pe-to'so). Hurried4y. 
Presto (pra'sto). Hurriedly; quickly. 
Primo (pre'mo). First. 

Quasi (kwa'se). As if. 

Rallentando (ral-len-tan'do). Becoming slower 

and slower. 
Rapidamente (rii-pe-da-men'ta). Swiftly. 
Replica (ra'ple-ka). Repeat. 
Rinforzando (ren-fort-san'do). A short crescendo. 
Risoluto (re-so-16'to). Determined ; vigorous. 
Ritariando (re-tar-diin'do). Gradually slackening. 
Ritenente (re-ta-nen'ta). At a slower rate. 
Ritenuto (re-ta-no'to). At a slower rate. 
Rubato (ro-ba'to). Robbed. (A license to modify 

the written time.) 

Saltato (sal-ta'to). With a springing bow. 

Scherzando (skar-tsan'do). Playfully. 

Scherzo (skar'tso). A playful movement. 

Scherzoso (skar-tso'so). Playfully. 

Sciolto (ske-ol'to). Freely ; dashingly. 
I Secco (sek'ko). Plain ; dry. 

J Secco recitative (-ra-che-ta-te'va). A plain reci- 
tative. 
! Secondo (sa-k5n'do). Second. 
I Segno (sa'nyo). The sign. 

I Segue 1' aria (sa'gvva la're-a). The aria follows. 
I Semplice (sem'ple-cha). Simply; plainly. 
I Sempre (sem'pra). Always. 
! Senza (sent'sa). Without. 

Senza organo (-or'ga-no). Without the organ. 

Senza piatti (-pe-at'te). Without the cymbals. 

Senza repetizione (-ra-pa-tet-se-o'na). Without 
repetition. 

Senza replica (-ra'ple-ka). Without repetition. 

Senza tempo (-tem'po). Without regard to time. 

Sfogato (sfo-gii'to). Open ; airy. 

Sforzando (sfor-tsan'db). Forced; emphatic. 

Sforzato (sfbr-tsa'to). Forced ; emphatic. 

Simili (se'me-le). In like manner. 

Sin' al fine (sen al fe'na). To the end. 

Slentando (slen-tan'do). Same as Rallentando. 

Smorzando (smbr-tsan'do). Fading away. 

Soave (so-a'va). Sweetly ; smoothly. 

Soli (so'le). One in each part. 

Solo (sb'lo). One aloue. 

Sostenuto (sCs-ta-no'to). Elevated in style ; well 
sustained. 

Sotto il soggetto (sSt'to el s5d-jet'to). Below the 
subject. 

Sotto voce (-vo'cha). In an undertone. 

Spianato (spe-a-na'to). Even ; regular. 

Spicato (spe-ka'to). Separate; distinct. 

Spiritoso (spe-re-to'so). With spirit. 

Squillante (skwel-lan'ta). Shrill; ringing. 

Squillantemente (skwel-lan-ta-men'ta). Shrill ; 
ringing. 

Staccato (stak-ka'to). In a detached manner. 

Stentorato (sten-to-ra'to). Forced ; loud. 

Stretto (stret'to). Close ; narrow. 

Stringendo (stren-jen'do). Forcing; hastening. 

Subito (so'be-to). Suddenly. 

Sul ponticello (sol pon-te-chel'lo). Near the bridge. 

Suone (so-o'na) ; pi. Suoni (so-o'ne). A sound. 

Sussurando (sos-so-rau'do). Whispering; mur- 
muring. 

Sussurante (sos-so-ran'ta). Whispering; mur- 
muring. 

Tace (ta'cha), Tacet (ta'chet) ; pi. Taci (ta'che) or 

Taciasi (ta-che-a'se). Be silent. 
Tardamente (tar-da-men'ta). Slowly. 
Tardando (tar-dan'do). Slowly. 



MUSICAL TEEMS FKOM EOEEIGN LANGUAGES. 



675 



Tema (ta'mii). The theme. 

Tempo (tem'po). The time. 

Tempo primo (tem'po pre'mo). The original time. 

Tenendo il canto (ta-uen'do el kan'to). Continu- 
ing the singing. 

Teneramente (ta-na-ra-men'ta). With tenderness. 

Tenerezza (ta-na-ret'sa). Tenderness. 

Tenuto (ta-no'to). Sustained. 

Tepidamente (ta-pe-da-men'ta). With indifference. 

Terzetto (tar-tset'to). A short trio. 

Timoroso (te-mo-ro'so). As if with timidity. 

Tintinnamente (ten-ten-ua-nien'ta). Iu a tinkling 
manner. 

Tostamente (tos-t'a-men'ta). Quickly. 

Tosto (tos'to). Quickly. 

Tranquillamente (tran-kwel-la-men'ta). Calmly. 

Tremando (tra-man'do). With a trembling tone. 

Tremolendo (tra-mo-len'do). With a trembling 
tone. 

Tremoroso (tra-mo-ro'so). With a trembling tone. 

Trillando (trel-lan'do). With trills. 

Trio (tre'o). Three together. 

Tristezza (tres-tet'sa). Sadness. 

Tronco (tron'ko). Cut short. 

Tumultuoso (to-mol-to-o'so). With tumult. 

Tutta forza (tot'ta fort's a). With full force. 

Tutti (tot'te). All together. 

Tutto arco (tot'to ar'ko). With the full bow. 

Tina corda (6'na kbr'da). With one string. 
Unisoni (o-ne'so-ne). In unison. 
TJnitamente (o-ue-ta-men'ta). Together. 
Uno a uno (o'no a o'no;. One by one. 
Tin poco (on po'ko). A little. 



Va (va). Go on. 

Vaceto (va-cha'to). Quickly. 

Va crescendo (va kra-shen'do). Go on increasing. 

Variamente (va-re-a-meu'ta). With variety. 

Veemente (va-a-men'ta). With vehemence. 

Velato (va-la'to). As if veiled, or muffled. 

Vellutato (vel-lo-ta'to). In velvet style; very 

smoothly. 
Veloce (va-lo'cha). Swiftly. 
Velocemente (va-lo-cha-men'ta). Swiftly. 
Velocissimo (va-li5-chis'se-mo). Very swiftly. 
Venusto (va-nos'to). In attractive or finished 

style. 
Verte subito (var'ta, so'be-to). Turn quickly. 
Vezzosamente (vet-so-sa-men'ta.). Delicately 

finely. 
Vezzoso (vet-so'so). Delicately ; finely. 
Vibrato molto (ve-bra'to mol'to). With strong 

vibration. 
Vicendevole (ve-chen-da'vo-la). By turns. 
Violentemente (ve-o-len-ta-men'ta). Violently. 
Vistamente (ves-ta-men'ta). Instantly. 
Vivace (ve-va'cha). Briskly. 
Vivamente (ve-va-men'ta). Briskly. 
Vivezza (ve-vet'sa). With animation. 
Voce (vo'cha). The voice. 
Volante (vo-lan'ta). Light ; volatile. 
Volteggiando (vol-ted-jan'do). Crossing the 

hands. 
Volte subito (vol'ta. so'be-to). Turn quickly. 
Volto (vGl'to). Turned. 

Zelosamente (tsa-lo-sa-men'tal. Full of feeling. 
Zeloso (tsa-lo'so). Full of feeling. 



PRINCIPAL DEITIES, HEROES, &<,, 

IN THE FABULOUS HISTORY OF THE GREEKS AND ROMANS. 



Ab'a-rls. A hyperborean priest of Apollo. 
A-can'tha. A nymph beloved by Apollo, and 

changed by him into the herb bear's-foot. 
A-ces'tes. The son of Crinisus and Egesta. He 

was king of Sicily, who entertained JEneas and 

Anchises. 
A-phaem'e-nes. The first king of Persia, 
^.-shae'us. The ancestor of the Achaeans. 

t-pha'tes. The faithful companion of iEneas. 
ph'e-ron. The son of Sol and Terra, changed 
by Jupiter into a river of hell or the infernal 
regions: — used also for hell itself. 

A-phll'les. (The hero of Homer's Iliad.) The son 
of Peleus (king of Thrace) and Thetis. He was 
a Greek, who signalized himself in the Trojan 
war, and who, having been dipped by his mother 
in the river Styx, was invulnerable in every part 
except his right heel, but was at length killed by 
Paris with an arrow. 

Ac-i-da/li-a. A surname of Venus. 

A cis. The son of Faunus. He was a Sicilian 
shepherd, and was killed by Polyphemus because 
he had obtained the affections of Galataea. 

Ac'mon. A king of the Titans. 

A-cri''si-us. King of Argos, killed accidentally 
with a quoit by his grandson, Perseus. 

Ac-tae'on. The son of Aristaeus. He was a famous 
hunter, who, having surprised Diana as she was 
bathing, was turned by her into a stag, and 
killed by his own dogs. 

Ad-a-man-te'a. Jupiter's nurse. 

Ad-ine'tus. A king of Thessaly, and husband of j 
Alcestis, remarkable for his misfortunes and 
his piety. 

A-do'nis. A beautiful youth, beloved by Venus. 

A-dras'tus. King of Argos, and one of the seven 
chiefs who sacked Thebes. 

2E'a-cus. One of the infernal judges. 

M-fee'on. A giant or monster, who was thrust 
under iEtna : — represented also as a marine god. 

2E-£e'ri-a. A beautiful nymph, worshipped by 
the Romans, particularly by the ladies. 

2E-ge'us. A king of Athens, who gave name to 
the JEgean Sea by drowning himself in it. 

2E-§l'na. The daughter of Asopus. She was a 
favorite of Jupiter. 

JE'£is. The shield of Jupiter. 

JE-gls'thus. A king of Argos, and son of Thy- 
estes. He was killed by Orcates for having 
murdered his father. 

JEg'le (eg'le). One of the Hesperides. 

2E-£yp'tus. Son of Belus, and brother of Danaus. 
He had fifty sons, who were married to their 
fifty cousins, the daughters of Danaus. 

2E-ne'as. (The hero of Virgil's JEnekl.) A Tro- 
jan prince, the son of Anchises and Venus. He 
survived the destruction of Troy, sailed into 
Italy, and succeeded King Latinus. 

2E'o-lus. The god of the winds and storms. 

2Es a-cus. A son of Priam. He threw himself 
into the sea in pursuit of the nymph Hesperia, 
and was changed by Thetis into a cormorant. 

JEs-cu-la'pi-us. The god of medicine, and a son 
of Apollo! He was killed by Jupiter with a 
thunder-bolt on account of his skill, and partic- 
ularly for having restored Hippolytus to life. 

JE-thal'i-des. A son of Mercury. 

676 



JE'thon. One of the four horses of the sun. 

Ag-a-mem'non. King of Mycenae and Argos, 
brother to Menelaus, and commander-in-chief 
of the Grecian army at the siege of Troy. 

Ag-a-nip'pe. A fountain at the foot of Mount 
Helicon, consecrated to Apollo and the Muses. 

Ag-la'i-a. One of the three Graces. She was an 
attendant on Venus. 

A'jax. The son of Telamon, and, next to Achil- 
les, the bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan 
war. 

Al'bi-on. A son of Neptune. He went into 
Britain, where he established a kingdom. 

Al-ces'te, or Al-ces'tis. The daughter of Pelias, 
and wife of Admetus. She was brought back 
from hell by Hercules. 

Al-cI'des. A patronymic or title of Hercules. 

Al-cln'o-us. A king of Phaeacia, who entertained 
Ulysses when he was shipwrecked. 

Alc-me'na. The mother of Hercules. 

Al-cy'o-ne. The daughter of Neptune, and wife 
of Ceyx. On hearing of her husband's death, 
she threw herself into the sea, and was changed 
into a kingfisher. 

A-lec'to. One of the three Furies. 

A-maz'o-nes {Eitg. Am'a-zons). A nation of 
warlike women in Cappadocia. 

Am'mon, or Ham'mon. A deity among the Lib- 
yans! in later times' identified with Jupiter. 

Am-phi'on. The son of Jupiter and Antiope. He 
built the city of Thebes by the music of his harp. 
He and his brother Zethus are reported to have 
invented music. 

Am-phi-tri'te. The daughter of Oceanus and 
Tethys. She was a goddess of the sea, and wife 
of Neptune. 

An-chi'ses. The son of Capys, and father of 
iEneas. His son JEneas carried him on his 
shoulders out of the flames of Troy. 

An-drom'a-phe. The daughter of Eetion, king 
of Thebes, and the wife of Hector; later the 
slave of Pyrrhus, and still later the wife of Hel- 
enus, Hector's brother. 

An-drom'e-da. The daughter of Cepheus and 
Cassiope'. Contesting with Juno and the Nereids 
for beauty, she was exposed to a sea-monster, 
but was delivered and married by Perseus. 

An-tae'us. The son of Neptune and Terra. He 
was a famous giant, killed by Hercules. 

An-tig'o-ne. The daughter of GEdipus and Jo- 
casta. ' She was famous for her filial piety. 

An-ti'o-pe. The mother of Amphion and Zethus. 

A-ml'bis. An Egyptian deity having a dog's head. 

Aph-ro-dl'te. The Greek name for Venus. 

A'pis. An Egyptian deity, worshipped under the 
shape of an ox, in token of his having taught 
the Egyptians the art of husbandry. 

A-pol'lo. The son of Jupiter and Latona, and the 
god of music, poetry, eloquence, medicine, and 
the fine arts. Mount Parnassus was his favorite 
residence, and he had oracles at Delosand Delphi. 

4-ra.gh'ne. A Lydiau virgin, turned into a spider 
for contending with Minerva at spinning. 

Ar-e-thii'sa. One of Diana's nymphs, the daugh- 
ter of Ne'reus and Doris. She was changed into 
a fountain. 

Ar'ges. Oue of the Cyclops. 



PRINCIPAL GEEEK AND SOMAN DEITIES, HEROES, &c. 677 



Ar-go-nau'tae {Bug. Ar'go-nauts). The com- 
panions of Jason, in the sliip Argo, who went to 
Colchis in search of the golden fleece. 

AVgus. The son of Arestor. He was said to have 
had a hundred eyes, hut being killed by Mer- 
cury when appointed by Juno to guard Io, she 
put his eyes on the tail of a peacock. 

A-ri-ad'ne. A daughter of Minos. From love to 
Theseus' she gave him a clew of thread which 
guided him out of the Cretan labyrinth, and she 
became his wife; but being afterward deserted 
by him, she was married to Bacchus and made 
his priestess. 

A-rl'on. A lyric poet of Methymna, who, in his 
voyage to Italy, was saved from the cruelty of 
the mariners by means of dolphins, which the 
sweetness of his music brought together. 

Ar-is-tse'us. A son of Apollo. He was a rural 
deity who taught mankind to extract oil from 
the olive, and to make honey, butter, &c. 

Ar-sin'o-e. The mother of iEsculapius. 

Ar'te-nus. The Greek name of a goddess identi- 
fied in later times with the Koman goddess Di- 
ana. Her festivals were called Artemisia. 

As-cal'a-phus. A son of Acheron and Kox. He 
was turned into an owl by Ceres for informing 
Pluto that Proserpine had eateu some grains of 
a pomegranate : — also a son of Mars, and one of 
the Argonauts. 

As-ca'ni-us, or i-u'lus. The only son of iEne*s 
and Creusa, and founder of the city of Alba in 
Italy. 

A-so'pus. A son of Oceanus and Tethys. He was 
a king of Bceotia, and was changed into a river 
for rebelling against Jupiter. 

As-trae'a. The goddess of justice, changed into 

" the constellation Virgo. [dromache. 

As-ty'a-nax. The only son of Hector and An- 

At-a-lan'ta. A princess of Sc.vros, who consented 
to' marry that one of her suitors who should out- 
run her. Hippomeues was the successful com- 
petitor. 

A'te. A daughter of Jupiter. She was the god- 
dess of discord. 

At'las, One of the Titans, and king of Mauritania, 
who is said to have supported the world on his | 
shoulders, and was turned into a mountain by j 
Perseus. 

A'treus. A son of Pelops and Hippodamia. He 
was the father of Agamemnon and Meiielaus. 

At'ro-pos. One of the three Fates; the one that ! 
cut the thread of life. 

Au'£-e-as, or Au-fi'as. One of the Argonauts, j 
and afterward king of Elis. It was one of the 
labors of Hercules to cleanse his stables of the 
filth which had been collecting for thirty years. 

JLu-ro'ra. The goddess of the morning, and the 
wife of Tithonus. 

Au-tol'y-cus. One of the Argonauts. He was 
a sou of Mercury and Chione, and a notorious 
thief. 



night, and by women only. By late writers she 
was sometimes identified with Cybele. 

Bo're-as. The sou of Astrams and Aurora; the 
name of the north wind. 

Bri-a're-us. A giant that warred against heaven, 
and was feigned to have had fifty heads and one 
hundred hands. He is also called jEgieon. 

Bri-se'is, or Hip-po-da-mi'a. The daughter of 
Brises, priest of Jupiter, given to Achilles upon 
the taking of Lyrnessus in the Trojan war, but 
afterward forced from him by Agamemnon. 

Brl-se'us. A surname of Bacchus. 

Bron'tes. One of the Cyclops. 

Bu-si'ris. The son of Neptune and Libya. He 
was a tyrant of Egypt, and a monstrous giant, 
who fed his horses on human flesh, and was 
killed by Hercules. 

Byb'lis. A daughter of Miletus. She wept her- 
self into a fountain through love of her brother 
Caunus. 



c. 



B. 



Bac-phan'tes. Priestesses of Bacchus. 

Bac'phus. The son of Jupiter and Semele. He 
was the god of wine and of drunkards. 

Bas-sar'i-des. Votaries of Bacchus. 

Bel-ler'o'-phon. The very beautiful son of Glau- 
cus, king of Corinth. With the aid of the horse 
Pegasus he destroyed the Chimasra. 

Bel-15'na. The goddess of war, and the com- 
panion and wife or sister of Mars. 

Be'lus. The son of Neptune and Libya, and one 
of the first kings of Babylon or Assyria, to 
whose statue divine honors were paid, and to 
whom a magnificent temple was built. 

Bi'ceps, and Bi'frons. Names of Janus. 

Bo'na De'a. A name signifying "the good god- 
dess," given by the Romans to a mysterious god- 
dess, sometimes identified with Fauna or Fatua. 
Her sacrifices were performed secretly or by 



Ca-bi'ra. A wife of Vulcan. 

Ca-bi'ri. Mystic divinities, sacred priests, or de- 
ified heroes, whose rites were celebrated in the 
islands of 6amothrace and Lernnos. 

Ca'cus. The son of Vulcan. He was a notorious 
robber, and was slain by Hercules for stealing 
his oxen. 

Cad'mus. The son of Agenor, king of Phoenicia*. 
He was the founder of the city of Thebes y and 
the reputed inventor of sixteen letters of the 
Greek alphabet. 

Caee'u-lus. A robber, the son of Vulcan. 

Cal'phas. A famous soothsayer in the Grecian 
army engaged in the Trojan war. 

Cal-li'o-pe. One of the Muses. She presided over 
eloquence and epic poetry. 

Cal-lls'to. An Arcadian nymph, metamorphosed 
by Jupiter into a she-bear, and changed into a 
constellation called the Great Hear. 

Ca-lyp'so. One of the Oceaimhs, and one of the 
daughters of Atlas. She reigned in the island 
of Ogygia, aud entertained Ulysses. 

Ca-mii'ia. A famous queen of the Volsci, cele- 
brated for her swiftness of foot. She opposed 
iEneas on his landing in Italy. 

Ca-mce'nse. A title of the Muses. 

Cap'a-neus. A famous Grecian, killed by a stone 
tit the siege of Thebes. 

Car-y-a'tis. A surname of Diana. 

Cas-san'dra. The daughter of Priam and Hecuba. 
She was endowed with the gift of prophecy by 
Apollo; but no one believed her predictions. 

Cas-tal'i-des. The Muses, so called from the 
fountain Castalius. at the foot of Parnassus. 

Cas'tor. A son of Jupiter and Leda. He ami his 
twin brother Pollux shared immortality alter- 
nately, living and dying every six months,. and 
were formed into the constellation Gemini. 

Ce'crops. A very rich Egyptian, the founder and 
first king of Athens, where he instituted mar- 
riage, altars, and sacrifices. 

Cen-tau'ri (Eug. Cen'taurs). A people, or race 
of monsters, of Thessaly, half men and half 
horses, vanquished by Theseus. 

Ce'pheus. One of the Argonauts. 

Cer'be-rus. The three-headed dog of Pluto which 
guarded the gates of hell. Hercules overcame 
him and brought him away. 

Ce'res. The daughter of Saturn and Cybele, and 
the goddess of corn, harvest, and flowers. 

phar'i-tes. The Graces. See Graces. 

pha'ron. The son of Erebus and Nox, and ferry- 
man of hell, who conducted the souls of the 
dead, in a boat, over the rivers Styx and Ache- 
ron. 

pha-ryb'dis. A ravenous woman, turned by Jupi- 
ter into a very dangerous gulf or whirlpool on 
the coast of Sicily, opposite to the rocks called 
ScyUa. 



678 



PRINCIPAL DEITIES, HEROES, &c, 



phi-mae'ra. A strange monster of Lycia, killed 
by Belle'rophon. 

pbf'ron. The son of Saturn and Phillyra. He 
was' a Centaur, was preceptor to Achilles, taught 
JEsculapius physic, and Hercules astronomy, 
and was transformed into the constellation Sagit- 
tarius. 

phlo'ris. The goddess of flowers ; Flora. 

phry-se'is. The daughter of Chryses, priest of 
Apollo,' famed for her beauty and for her skill 
in embroidery. She fell to Agamemnon's lot in 
the course of the Trojan war, but was after- 
ward restored, in order to stop a plague among 
the Grecians, which Apollo had sent at the re- 
quest of her father. 

C'ir'ce. A noted enchantress, daughter of Sol and 
Perse. [history. 

CH'o. One of the Muses. She presided over 

C15-a-ci'na. A surname of Venus, and a goddess 
at Rome who presided over the cloacse, or sewers 
and drains. 

Clo'th5. One of the three Fates ; the one that 
presided over birth. 

Clyt-em-nes'tra. The faithless wife of Agamem- 
non, killed by her son Orestes for her crimes. 

Co-cy'tus. One of the infernal rivers. 

Col-H'na. The goddess of hills. 

Co'mus. The god of revelry, feasting, and jollity. 

Co'pi-a. The goddess of plenty. [crow. 

Co-r6'nis. A nymph changed by Minerva into a 

Cor-y-ban'tes. Priests of Cybele. 

Cre'on. King of Corinth. [iEneas. 

Cre-u'sa. The daughter of Priam, and wife of 

Cro'cus. A young man who was enamoured of the 
nymph Smilax, and was changed into the flower 
or plant bearing his own name. 

Croe'sus. The king of Lydia, and the richest man 
of his time. 

Cu'pid, The son of Mars and Venus, a celebrated 
deitj r ; the god of love, and love itself. 

Cyb'e-le. The daughter of Heaven and Earth. 
She was the wife of Saturn, and the mother of 
Jupiter and other gods. She is called also Ehea, 
Ops, &c. 

Cy'clops. Vulcan's workmen, giants who had 
only one eye, in the middle of their forehead, 
and who were slain by Apollo in a pique against 
Jupiter. According to Hesiod, they were three 
in number, — Arges, Brontes, and Sleropes. Their 
number was greater according to other mycolo- 
gists, and in the age of Ulysses Polyphemus was 
the chief among them. 

Cyc'nus. A son of Mars, killed by Hercules. 

Cyn'thi-a. A surname of Diana. 

Cyn'thi-us. A surname of Apollo. 

Cyp-a-ris'sus. A beautiful youth beloved by 
Apollo, and metamorphosed by him into a cy- 
press for having killed a favorite stag. 



De-id-a-mi'a. The daughter of Lycomedes, king 
of Scyros." She was the wife of Achilles, and 
the mother of Pyrrhus. 

De-iph'o-bus. A son of Priam and Hecuba. He 
married Helena after the death of Paris, but 
was betrayed by her to the Greeks. 

Dej-a-m'ra. The daughter of ffineus, and wife 
of Hercules, who killed herself in despair be- 
cause her husband burnt himself to avoid the 
torment occasioned by the poisoned shirt that 
she had given him to regain his love, according 
to the direction of Nessus, the Centaur, froni 
whom she had received it. 

De'los. An island in the JEgean Sea, where 
Apollo was born, and where he had a famous 
oracle. 

De'li-a. A festival in honor of Apollo. 

De'li-Qs. A surname of Apollo. 

Del'phi. A city of Phocis, famous for an oracle 
of Apollo. 

Deu-ca'li-on. The son of Prometheus, and king 
of Thessaly, who, with his wife Pyrrha, was 
preserved from the general deluge, and repeo- 
pled the world by throwing stones behind them, 
as directed by the oracle. 

Di-a'na. The daughter of Jupiter and Latona, 
and goddess of hunting, chastity, and marriage. 

Dic-tyn'na. A nymph of Crete, and one of the 
attendants of Diana. 

Di'do. The queen of Cai - thage, daughter of Belus, 
and wife of Sichams. She built Carthage, and, 
according to Virgil, entertained iEneas on his 
voyage to Italy, aud stabbed herself through 
despair because iEueas left her. 

Di-o-me'des. The son of Tydeus, and king of 
JEtolia. He gained great reputation at Troy, 
and, with Ulysses, &c, carried oft the Palladium. 

Di-o'ne. A nymph, and the mother of Venus. 

Di'rse. A name or title of the Furies. 

Dir'ce. The wife of Lyons, king of Thebes, 
dragged to death by a mad bull. 

Lis, A title of Pluto, and a god of the Gauls. 

Dis-cbr'di-a. A malevolent deity, the goddess of 
'contention. 

Dra'co. An Athenian law-giver, so severe as to 
punish every crime with death. 

Dry'a-des (Eng. Dry'ads). Nymphs who presided 
over the woods. 



D. 



E. 



Dac'ty-IT. Priests of Cybele. 

Daed'a-lus. A most ingenious artist and artificer 

■ of Athens, who formed the Cretan labyrinth, 
and invented the auger, axe, glue, plumb-liue, 
saw, and masts and sails for ships. 

Dan'a-e. The daughter of Acrisius, and mother 
of Perseus. 

Da-na'i-des. The fifty daughters of Danaus, king 
of Argos, all of whom, except one (H.vpermnes- 
tra), killed their husbands on the first ni^ht 
after marriage, and were therefore doomed to 
draw water out of a deep well and eternally to 
pour it into a cask full of holes. 

Daph'ne. The daughter of the river Peneus, 
changed into a laurel-tree. 

Daph'nis. A shepherd of Sicily, and son of Mer- 
cury. ' He was educated by the nymphs and in- 
spired by the Muses with the love of poetry. 

Dar'da-nfls. The son of Jupiter and Electra, aud 
founder of Troy. 



Eph'o. The daughter of Aer, or Air, and Tellus, 

who pined away through love for Narcissus. 
E-fe'ri-a, A nymph of Alicia, wife of Numa. 
E-lec'tra. The daughter of Agamemnon and 
' Clytemnestra. She instigated her brother Ores- 
tes to revenge their father's death upon their 
mother and iEgisthus. 
E-ly"si-um, or the Ehisian Fields. The happy 
" residence of the virtuous after death. 
En-cel'a-dus. A son of Titan and Terra. He was 
' the strongest of the giants who conspired against 
Jupiter, and attempted to scale heaven. 
! En-dym'i-on. A shepherd and an astronomer of 

Caria, condemned to a sleep of thirty years. 
i E-pe'us. An artist, who made the Trojan horse 
! ' and "invented the sword and the buckler. 
! Eph-i-al'tes. A monstrous ^iant, son of Neptune. 
J Er'a-to. One of the Muses. She presided over 

lyric and amorous poetry. 
I Er'e-bus. An infernal deity : — a river of hell, 
J and often used by the poets for hell itself: — a 

son of Chaos and Nox. 
i E-rin'ny-es. The Greek name for the Eumenides, 

' or Furies. 
j Er-y-cl'na. A surname of Venus. 
Eu-men'i-des. A name of the Furies. 
Eu-phor'bus. The son of Panthous. He was 

slain by Menelaus in the Trojan war. 
Eu-phros'y-ne. One of the three Graces. 
Eu-ro'pa. The daughter of Phoenix or Agenor. 
Her surpassing beauty charmed Jupiter, who 



IN GREEK AND PwOMAN FABULOUS HISTOEY. 



679 



assumed the form of a white bull and carried 
her to Crete. 

Eu-ry'a-le. A queen of the Amazons :— also one 
of the three Gorgous. 

Eu-ry'a-lGs. A Pel ponnesian chief in the Tro- 
jan war: — also a Trojan and a friend of Nisus: 
— for his loss JEneas was inconsolable. 

Eu-ryd'i-ce. The wife of Orpheus, killed by a 
serpent on her marriage-day. 

Eu-ryl'o-phfis. One of the companions of Ulysses, 
and tlie only one who was not changed by Circe 
into a hog. 

Eu-ryn'o-me. The daughter of Oceanus, and 
mother of the Graces. 

Eu-rys'theiis. The son of Sthenelus, and king 
of Mycenae, who, at Juno's instigation, set his 
brother Hercules twelve difficult labors. 

Eu-ter'pe. One < >f the Muses,— the one who pre- 
sided over music. 



Venus. Their names are Aglaia, Enphrosyne, and 
Thalia. 
9y'f e§. Son of Heaven and Earth. He was a 
monstrous giant, slain by Hercules. 



H. 



R 



Fates, or Par'cse. Powerful goddesses, who pre- 
sided over the birth and the life of mankind. 
They were th« three daughters of Nox and Ere- 
bus, named Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. Clo- 
tho was supposed to hold the distaff, Lachesis to 
draw the thread of human life, and Atropos to 
cut it off. 

Fau'na. A Roman deity, the wife of Faunus. 

Fau'ni (Eng. Fauns). Rural deities, described as 
having the legs, feet, and ears of goats, and the 
rest of the body human. 

Fau'nus. A traditional king of Italy about thir- 
teen hundred years B.C.; fond of agriculture, 
and revered as a deity. 

Fe-ro'ni-a. The goddess of woodlands and groves, 
and the patroness of slaves. [swore. 

Fid'i-Gs. A deity by whom the Romans generally 

Flo'ra. The goddess of flowers and gardens. 

Flu-vi-a'les. Nymphs of rivers. , 

FSr'nax, A godiless of corn and bakers. 

For-tu'na. A powerful deity, tlie goddess of for- 
tune, from whose hand were derived riches and 
poverty, happiness and misery ; — said to be blind. 

Fu'rie§. The three daughters of Nox and Ache- 
ron, Aleclo, Tisiphone, and Meg/era. They were 
armed with snakes and lighted torches, and 
were represented as ministers of the vengeance 
of the gods. 



G. 



Gal-a-tae'a. A sea-nymph, the daughter of Ke- 
ren's ;md Doris. She was passionately loved by 
Polyphemus. 

Gan-y-me'des (Eng. Gan'y-mede). The son of 
Tros, king of Troy. Jupiter, in the form of an 
eagle, snatched him up and made him his cup- 
bearer, instead of Hebe. 

Ge'ni-I. Spirits, demons, or guardians, who pre- 
sided over the birth and life of men. 

Qe'ry-on. A monster, represented as having three 
bodies and three heads, and as having fed his 
oxen with human flesh, and who was therefore 
killed by Hercules. 

Gor'di-Qs. A husbandman, who afterward be- 
came king of Phrygia, and was remarkable for 
tying a knot of cords, on which the empire of 
Asia depended, in so very intricate a manner 
that Alexander, unable to unravel it, cut it 
asunder. 

GSr'gons. The three daughters of Phorcus and 
Ctto, named Stheno, Ehtryale, and 3Tedttsa. Their 
bodies were covered with impenetrable scales, 
their hair was entwined with hissing serpents; 
they had wings and brazen claws, and they could 
change into stone those whom they looked on. 

Gra'ces. Three goddesses, represented as beauti- 
ful, modest virgins and constant attendants on 



Hse'mon. A Theban prince who slew himself on 
the tomb of Antigone for love. 

Ham-a-dry'a-des {Eng. Ham'a-dry-ads). Nymphs 
who lived in the woods and presided over trees. 

Har-poc'ra-tes. The Egyptian god of silence. 

Har-py'i-as (Eng. Har'pies). The three daugh- 
ters of Neptune and Terra, named A'ello, Cdseiie, 
and Ocypele, hideous winged monsters with the 
faces of virgins, the bodies of vultures, and 
hands armed with claws. 

He'be. A daughter of Juno. She was the goddess 
of youth, and Jupiter's cup-bearer, but was ban- 
ished from heaven on account of an unlucky fall. 

Hec'a-te (Eng. Hec'ate). A goddess, called Diana 
on earth, Luna in heaven, and Hecate or Proser- 
pine in hell. 

Hec'tor. The son of Priam and Hecuba; the most 
valiant of the Trojans. He was slain by Achilles. 

Hec'u-ba. The daughter of Dymas, king of 
Thrace, and wife of Priam. She tore her eyes 
out for the loss of her children, and was turned 
into a bitch for railing at the Grecians. 

Hel'e-na {Eng. Hel'en). The daughter of Tyn- 
dar'us and Leda, and wife of Menelaus; the 
most beautiful woman of her age, who, by run- 
ning away with Paris, occasioned the Trojan 
war. 

Hel'e-nus. The son of Priam and Hecuba. He 
was spared by the Greeks for his skill in divina- 
tion. 

He-li'a-des. The three daughters of Sol (the 
aun) and Clymene, Lampelhusa, Lampetia, and 
Pfuethma, changed into poplars for lamenting 
greatly the death of their brother I'haethon. 

Hel'i-con. A mountain of Bceotia, sacred to the 
Muses. 

Hel'le. A daughter of Athamas. Flying from 
her' step-mother Ino, she was drowned in the 
Pontic Sea, and gave it the name of Hellespont. 

Her-a-clI'dse. The descendants of Hercules. 

He'r'cu-les. The son of Jupiter and Alcmena. 
He was the most famous hero of antiquity, re- 
markable for his great strength, and celebrated 
for his twelxe labors. 

Her'mse. Statues of Mercury in Athens. 

Her'mes. The Greek name of Mercury. 

Her-ml'o-ne. The daughter of Mars and Venus, 
and wife of Cadmus. She was changed into a 
serpent. — Also, a daughter of Menelaus and Hel- 
ena, married to Pyrrhus. 

He'ro. A beautiful woman of Sestos, in Thrace, 
and a priestess of Venus. Leander of Abydofl 
loved her so tenderly that he swam over the 
Hellespont every night to see her; but he being 
at length unfortunately drowned, she threw her- 
self, in despair, into the sea. 

He-si'o-ne. The daughter of Laomedon, king of 
Troy. She was delivered from a sea-monster by 
Hercules. 

Hes-per'i-des. Three nymphs, daughters of Hes- 
perus. They guarded the golden apples which 
Juno gave to Jupiter. 

Hes'pe-rus, or Ves'per The son of Japetus, and 
brother to Atlas; changed into the evening star. 

Hip-pol'y-tiis The son of Theseus and Antiope, 
or Hippolyte. He was restored to life by iEscu- 
lapius, at the request of Diana. 

Hip-pom'e-don. The son of Nesimachus. He 
was one of the seven Grecian chiefs in the war 
against Thebes. 

Hip-pom'e-nes. A Grecian prince, who, beating 
Atalanta in the race by throwing golden apples 
before her, married her. They were changed by 
Cybele into lions. 



680 



PRINCIPAL DEITIES, HEEOES, &c. T 



Hip-po'na. The goddess of horses and stables. 

Hy-a-cin'thus. A beautiful boy, beloved by 
Apollo and Zephyrus. The latter killed him ; 
but Apollo changed the blood that was spilt into 
a flower called the Hyacinth. 

Hy'a-des. Nymphs whose parentage, names, and 
number are differently stated by the ancients; 
but the number commonly given is seven, as 
they appear in the constellation that bears their 
name. Their names are Ambrosia, Endoru, Pedile, 
Coronis, Pohjxo, Pliyto, and Thyeue or Dioue. 

Hy'dra. A celebrated monster, or serpent, with 
nine— or, according to some, a hundred — heads, 
which infested the Lake Letna. It was killed 
by Hercules. 

Hy-i"e'i-a. The daughter of iEsculapius. She 
was the' goddess of health. 

Hy'las. The son of Theodamas, remarkably beau- 
tiful, and passionately loved by Henmles. 

Hym-e-nae'us, and Hy'men. The son of Bacchus 
and Venus, or, according to some, of Apollo and 
one of the Muses. He was the god of marriage. 



i-ae'phus. A surname of Bacchus. 

ic'a-rfls. The son of Dsedalus. Flying with his 
father out of Crete into Sicily, he soared so high 
that the sun melted the wax of his wings and 
he fell into the sea, — thence called the Icarian 
Sea. 

I-dom'e-neus. A king of Crete, who was ban- 
ished'for sacrificing his son on account of a vow 
which he had made in a tempest. 

I'o. The daughter of Inachus and Ismene. She 
was turned by Jupiter into a cow, and was wor- 
shipped after tier death, by the Egyptians, under 
the name of /sis. 

Iph-i-§e-ni'a. The daughter of Agamemnon and 
Clytemnestra, and a priestess of Diana. 

I'ris. The daughter of Thaumas and Electra. 
She was one of the Oceanides, and messenger 
of Juno, who turned her into a rainbow. 

I'sis. A principal goddess of the Egyptians, by 
some writers identified with the Io of the Greeks. 
She was the wife of Osiris, and the cow was 
sacred to her. 

I-to'nus. The son of Deucalion, and kins of Thes- 
saly, reported to have found out the fusion of 
metals and the art of coining money. 

Jx-I'on. A king of Thessaly, the father (accord- 
ing to some) of the Centaurs. He killed his 
own sister, and was punished by being fastened 
in hell to a wheel perpetually turning round. 



J. 



Ja'nus. The god of the year, who presided over 
the' gates of heaven and over peace and war : — 
the son of Apollo and Creusa, and first king of 
Italy, who, receiving the banished Saturn, was 
rewarded by him with the knowledge of hus- 
bandry and of things past and future. He is 
represented with two faces; and his temple at 
Rome was always open in time of war and shut 
in time of peace. 

Ja/son. Tlie leader of the Argonauts, who ob- 
tained the golden fleece at Colchis. 

Jo-cas'ta. The daughter of Menceceus, and wife 
of (Edipus. 

JQ'no. The daughter of Saturn and Ops. She 
was sister and wife of Jupiter, the great queen 
of heaven and of all the gods, and the goddess 
of marriages and births. 

Ju'pi-ter. The son of Saturn and Ops. He was 
the supreme deity of the Roman world, the 
most powerful of all the gods, the father and 
king of gods and men, and governor of all things. 
— See Zeus. 



Laph'e-sis. One of the three Fates; the one that 

spun out the thread of life. 
La'i-Qs. King of Thebes, killed unwittingly by 

his own son, (Edipus. 
La-oc'o-on. The son of Priam and Hecuba, and 

high-priest of Apollo, who opposed the reception 

of the wooden horse into Troy. He and his 

two sons were killed by serpents. 
La-om'e-don. A king of Troy, killed by Her- 
cules 'for denying him his daughter Hesione 

after he had delivered her from the >ea-monster, 

to which she had been exposed on account of 

her father's refusal to pay Neptune and Apollo 

their reward lor building the city walls. 
Lap'i-thse. Monstrous giants of Thessaly, famous 

for' their battle with the Centaurs, ami reputed 

to be the first that tamed horses. 
La're§. Inferior gods at Rome who presided over 

houses and families. 
La-ti'nus. A king of Latium in Italy, who first 

opposed but afterward made an alliance with 

iEneas, and gave him his daughter Lavinia. 
La-to'na. The daughter of Coeus the Titan and 

Phoebe, and mother of Apollo and Diana. 
La-vin'i-a. The daughter of Latinus, who was 

married to iEneas in consequence of his slaying 

Turnus in single combat. 
Le-an'der. A youth of Abydos, famous for his 

amours with Hero. 
Le'da. The mother of Castor and Pollux, of Helen 

and Clytemnestra. 
Le'the. A river of the infernal regions. The 

drinking of the waters of this river caused an 

entire forgetfulness of the past. 
Leu-co'si-a. One of the three Sirens. 
Li-fe'i-a. ' One of the three Sirens. 
Lu'ci-fer. The name of the planet Venus, or 

morning star; said to be the son of Jupiter and 

Aurora. 
Lu-ci'na. A daughter of Jupiter and Juno, and a 

goddess who presided over childbirth. 
Lu'na. The moon, the daughter of Hyperion and 

Terra : — Diana's name in heaven. [Pan. 

Lu-per-ca'li-a. A festival at Rome in honor of 
Lu-per'ci. Priests at the Luperca'ia. 
Lyc-o-me'des. A king of the island of Scyros, 

among whose daughters Achilles was, for some 

time, concealed in women's apparel, to prevent 

him from going to the Trojan war. 
Lyn'ceus. The only son of iEgyptus who was not 

killed by the Danaides on the night of their 

marriage. 



M. 



Ma-pha'on. A famous Grecian physician, who 
died at Troy ; the son of iEsculapius. 

Ma'i-a. The daughter of Atlas and Pleione, and 
mother of Mercury. 

Mar§. The god of war, who, next to Jupiter, en- 
joyed the highest honors at Rome. 

Mar'sy.-as. A famous satyr, who, being overcome 
by Apollo at a trial of skill in music, was flayed 
by him and turned into a river of blood in 
Fhrygia. 

Me-dg'a. The daughter of ^Etes. She was a won- 
derful sorceress or magician. 

Me-du'sa. One of the three Gorgons, whose hair 
Minerva changed into snakes. She was killed 
by Perseus. 

Me-I'ae'ra. One of the three Furies. 

Me-le'a-i-er. A prince of iEtolia, and son of 
iEneas and Altbea, killed by his mother's burn- 
ing the fatal billet on which his life depended. 

Mel-pom'e-ne. One of the Muses; the one who 
presided' over tragedy. 

lem'non, King of Ethiopia, the son of Tithonus 
and Aurora. He was killed by Achilles for as- 
sisting Priam, and changed into a bird at the 
request of his mother. 



IN GKEEK AND EOMAN FABULOUS HISTOEY. 



681 



Men-e-la'us. The son of Atreus. He was king 
of Sparta, brother of Agamemnon, and husband 
of Helen. 

Men' tor. The faithful friend of Ulysses. He was 
the governor of Telemachus, and was the wisest 
man of his time. 

Mer'cu-rj:. The son of Jupiter and Maia. He 
was the messenger of the gods, inventor of let- 
ters, and the god of eloquence, commerce, trav- 
ellers, and robbers. 

Mi'das. The son of Gordius, and king of Phrygia, 
who, entertaining Bacchus, had the power given 
him of turning whatever he touched into gold; 
but he had his ears lengthened into the ears 
of an ass for giving a verdict for Pan against 
Apollo in a trial of singing. 

Mi'lo. A famous wrestler, or athlete, of Crotona. 

Mi-ner'va. The goddess of wisdom, the arts, and 
war; produced from Jupiter's brain. 

Mi'nos. The son of Jupiter and Europa, and king 
of Crete ; distinguished for his justice, and made 
supreme judge in the infernal regions. 

Mm'o-taur. A celebrated monster, half man and 
half bull, killed by Theseus. 

Mne-mos'jr-ne. The goddess of memory, and the 
mother of the nine Muses. 

Mo'mus. The son of Nox, and the god of folly, 
satire, and pleasantry. 

Mor'pheus. The minister of Nox and Somnus, 
and the god of dreams. 

Mors (heath). The daughter of Nox, and one of 
the infernal deities. 

Mu'ses. Nine goddesses, daughters of Jupiter and 
Mnemosyne. They presided over all the liberal 
arts and the sciences, and Mere the patrons of 
musicians and poets, and governesses of the 
feasts of the gods. Their names are Calliope, 
Clio, Erato, Euterpe, Melpomene, Polyhymnia, Terp- 
sichore, Thalia, and Urania. 



Sphinx, unwittingly killed his father, married 
his mother, and afterward ran mad and tore out 
his own eyes. 

Om'pha-le. A queen of Lydia, of whom Hercules 
was enamoured, and for whom he was made to 
spin wool and put on women's garments. 

5ps. A Roman goddess incorrectly identified 
with Cybele. 

Q-re'a-de§ [Eng. 6're-ads). Nymphs of the 
mountains, and attendants upon Diana. 

Q-res'tes. The son of Agamemnon and Clytem- 
nestra, and the constant friend of Pylades. He 
avenged the death of his father by slaying his 
mother and iEgisthus, and carried away the 
statue of Diana from Tauris. [lation. 

■O-rl'on. A mighty giant, who was made a constel- 

br'ptieus. A celebrated Argonaut, whose skill in 
music is said to have been so great that he could 
make rocks-, trees, &c, follow him. 

O-si'ris. One of the great gods of the Egyptians, 
worshipped under the form of an ox. 

Os'sa. A mountain in Thessaly. The giants at- 
tempted to pile Ossa on the top of Pelion. 



N. 



Na'iads. Nymphs of streams and fountains. 

Nar-cis'sus. The son of Cephissus and Liriope. 
He was a very beautiful youth, who, falling in 
love with his own image in the water, pined 
away into a flower of the same name. 

Nem'e-sis. One of the infernal deities, and the 
goddess of vengeance. 

Nep'tune. The son of Saturn and Ops ; the god 
of the sea, the father of rivers and fountains, 
and, next to Jupiter, the most powerful deity ; 
represented with a trident in his right hand. 

Ne-re'i-des {Eng. Ne're-ids). Sea-nymphs, the 
fifty daughters of Nereus and Doris, the son and 
daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. 

Ne'reus. A sea-deity, father of the Nereides. 

Nes'sus. A celebrated Centaur. 

Nes' tor. The son of Neleus and Chloris, and king 
of Pylos and Messenia. He fought against the 
Centaurs, was distinguished in the Trojan war, 
and lived to a great age. 

Ni'nus. The son of Belus. He was the first king 
of the Assyrians, and founder of the monarchy. 

Ni'o-be. The daughter of Tantalus, and wife of 
Arnphion. Preferring herself to Latona, her 
fourteen children were killed by Apollo and Ar- 
temis, and she wept herself into a stone. 

Nox (Night). One of the most ancient of the dei- 
ties, and the goddess of night. 



o. 



O-ce-an'i-des. Sea-nymphs, daughters of Ocea- 
nus, three thousand in number. 

Q-ce'a-nus. A powerful deity of the sea, son of 
Heaven and Earth. 

(Ed'i-pus. The son of Laius and Jocasta, and 
king of Thebes. He solved the riddle of the 



Pal-a-me'des. The son of Nauplius, king of Eu- 
bcea, stoned at the siege of Troy through the 
accusation of his enemy Ulysses. Palamedes had 
feigned madness that lie might avoid going to the 
Trojan war; but Ulysses had found trim out. 

Pa'les. The goddess of sheepfolds and pastures. 

Pal-i-nu'rus. The pilot of the ship of .Eneas. 

Pal-ia'di-um. A famous statue of Pallas. 

Pal'las. A Greek goddess, identified by the Ro- 
mans with Minerva. 

Pan. The god of shepherds, huntsmen, and the 
inhabitants of the country. 

Pan-do'ra. According to Hesiod, the first mortal 
female that ever lived. Jupiter gave her a box 
which contained all the evils and miseries of 
life, but with hope at the bottom. 

Par'cae. The Fates. — See Fates. 

Par'is, or Al-ex-an'der. The son of Triam and 
Hecuba: a beautiful youth, who ran away with 
Helen and thus occasioned the Trojan war. 

Pa-tro'clus. One of the Grecian chiefs in the 
Trojan war, a friend and companion of Achilles, 
slain, in the armor of Achilles, by Hector. 

Peg'a-sus. A winged horse belonging to Apollo 
and the Muses. He sprang from the blood of 
Medusa when Perseus cut off her head. 

Pe'li-on. A mountain in The.-saly. See Ossa. 

Pe'lops. A son of Tantalus; he was served Tip 
before the gods by his own father, and had his 
shoulder eaten by Ceres, but it was replaced 
with an ivory one by Jupiter. 

Pe-na'tes. Small statues, or household gods. 

Pe-nel'o-pe. A princess of Greece, the wife of 
Ulysses, remarkable for her constancy during 
the long ahsence of her husband, 

Per'seus. The son of Jupiter and Danae. He 
vanquished the Gorgons, and performed many 
exploits by means of Medusa's head, and was 
made a constellation. 

Pha'e-thon. The son of Sol and Clymene. He 
asked the guidance of his father's chariot for one 
day, as a proof of his divine descent, but set the 
world on fire, and was therefore hurled by Ju- 
piter into the river Po. 

Phil-oc-te'te§. The son of Pajan, and one of the 
Argonauts. He discovered to the Greeks the 
place where the arrows of his companion Her- 
cules were buried, without which discovery Troy 
could not have been taken. 

Phil-o-me'la. The daughter of Pandion, king of 
Athens. She was changed into a nightingale. 

Phleg'e-thon. One of the infernal rivers. 

Phle'gi'-as. Son of Mars and Chryse, and king 
of the Lapitha?; killed and placed under a stone 
in hell by Apollo for burning his temple. 



682 



PRINCIPAL DEITIES, HEPvOES, &c, 



Fhoe'be. A name of Diana. 

Phce'bus. A name of Apollo. 

Phce'njx. A fabulous lard, whicb, according to a 
tale related to Herodotus at Heliopolis in Egypt, 
visited that place once iu every five hundi-ed 
years. 

Pl-er'i-des. A name of the Muses, from Pieria, 
near Mount Olympus. — Also, the daughters of 
Pierus. The Muses changed them into magpies 
for challenging them to sing. 

Pi-rith'o-us. The son of Ixion, and king of the 
Lapith'ag. He was a friend of Theseus, and was 
killed by Cerberus. 

Ple'ia-des. The seven stars, daughters of Atlas 
and" Pleione, and called Attantides and VergiHae: 
— named Electro, Maia, Taygete, Alcyone, Celseuo," 
Sterope, and Merope. 

Plu'to. The son of Saturn and Ops. He Avas a 
brother of Jupiter and Neptune, and chief god 
of the infernal regions. 

Plu'tus. The son of Iasius (or Iasion) and Ceres, 
and the god of riches. 

Pol'lux. Twin brother of Castor. — See Castor. 

Po-lyd'a-mas. A famous wrestler or athlete, who 
strangled a lion, lifted a mad bull, and stopped 
a coach in full career, but who was killed in 
attempting to stop a falling rock. 

Pol-y.-d5'rus. The son of Priam and Hecuba, 
killed by'Polynmestor, king of Thrace. 

Pol-y-hym'ni-a, or Po-lym'ni-a. The Muse who 
presided over singing and rhetoric. 

Pol-y-phe'mus (Eng. Fol'y-pheme). One of the 
Cyclops, a son of Neptune ; he was a cruel mon- 
ster, with only one eye in the middle of his 
forehead, which Ulysses destroyed with a fire- 
brand. 

Po-mo'na. Goddess of orchards and fruit-trees. 

Pri'am. ' The last king of Troy, the son of La- 
om'edon. Under his reign Troy was taken by 
the Greeks. 

Pri'a-pus. The god of gardens. 

Pro' oris. The daughter of Erechtheus, king of 
Athens, killed through mistake by the unerring 
dart of her husband, Cephalus, and turned by 
Jupiter into a star. 

Pro-crus'te§ (the Stretcher). The surname of the 
robber Polypemon, or Pamastes, who used to tie 
travellers who fell into his hands upon a bed, 
and accommodate their length to it, stretching 
or shortening their limbs as the case required. 

Prog'ne. The daughter of Pandion, king of 
Athens, and wife of Tereus. She was changed 
into a swallow. 

Pro-me'theus. The son of Japetus. He stole 
fire from heaven to animate two bodies which 
be had formed of clay ; and he was therefore 
chained by Jupiter to Mount Caucasus, with a 
vulture perpetually gnawing his liver. 

Pros'er-pine. The daughter of Jupiter and Ceres, 
wife of Pluto, and queen of hell. 

Pro'teus. The son of Oceanus and Tethys. He 
was a sea-god and prophet, who possessed the 
power of changing himself into different shapes. 

Psy'che. A nymph beloved by Cupid and made 
immortal by Jnpiter. 

Pyg-mse'I {Eng. Pyg'mies.). A nation of dwarfs 
only a span high, carried away by Hercules. 

Pyg-ma'li-on. The son of Belus, and king of 
Tyre. He slew his brother-in-law Sichanis for 
his money. 

Pyr'a-mus and This'be. Two fond lovers, at 
Babylon, who killed themselves by the same 
sword, and were the occasion of turning the 
berries of the mulberry-tree, under which they 
died, from white to a blood color. 

Pyr'rhus. The son of Achilles and Deidamia, 
remarkable for his cruelty at the siege of Troy. 
He was killed by Orestes at the request of Pyr- 
rhus's wife. 

Py'thon. A huge serpent produced from the mud 
of the deluge of Deucalion. Apollo killed it, 
and in memory thereof instituted the Pythian 
games. 



R 



Re'mus. Twin brother of Romulus, killed by him 
for ridiculing the city walls which Romulus had 
just erected. 

Rnad-a-man'thus. The son of Jupiter and Eu- 
ropa,"and king of Lycia, made one of the three 
infernal judges on account of his justice. 

Rhe'a. A name of Cybele. 

R,6m'u-lus. The son of Mars and Ilia. He was 
thrown into the Tiber by his uncle, but was 
saved, with his twin-brother Remus, by a shep- 
herd, and became founder and king of Rome. 



s. 



Sar-pe f don. The son of Jupiter, and king of 
Lycia, who distinguished himself at the siege 
of Troy, and was killed by Patroclus. 

Sa-tur'nus {Eng. Sat' urn). The son of Heaven 
and Earth, and father of Jupiter. He attempted 
to devour all his male children ; but, being de- 
posed by Jupiter, he fled into Italy, and taught 
men husbandry. 

Sat'y-ri (Eng. Sa'tyrs). Demi-gods of the wood- 
lands, and priests of Bacchus; horned monsters, 
half man and half goat. 

Scyl'la. The daughter of Nisus, who betrayed 
her country to Minos by cutting off her father's 
purple locks, and was turned into a lark. — Also, 
the daughter of Phorcus, turned by her rival 
Circe into a monster with six heads. She was, 
according to the fable, changed into rocks on 
the coast of Italy, opposite to the whirlpool of 
Chary bdis. 

Sem'e-le. The daughter of Cadmus and Thebe, 
and mother of Bacchus. 

Se-mir'a-mis. The wife of Ninus, and celebrated 
queenof Assyria, who built the walls of Baby- 
lon, and was slain by her own son, Ninyas, and 
turned into a pigeon. 

Si-le'nus, The foster-father, master, and com- 
panion of Bacchus. He lived in Arcadia, rode 
on an ass, aid was every day inebriated. 

Si'rens. Three sea-nymphs, or sea-monsters, the 
daughters of Oceanus and Amphitrite, named 
ParUien'ope, Ligeia, and I.eiicosin. They were 
famed for the sweetness of their voices, which 
so charmed all hearers that they forgot their 
employments to listen with entire attention and 
at last died for want of food. 

Sis'y-phus. The son of ^Eolus. He was a very 
crafty prince, killed by Theseus, and condemned 
after his death to roll up-hill a large stone, which 
constantly fell back again. 

Som'nus (Sleep). The son of Erebus and Nox, and 
the god of sleep. 

Sphinx. A monster, who destroyed herself be- 
cause GLdipus solved a riddle she proposed. 

Sten'tor. A Grecian, whose voice is reported to 
have been as strong and as loud as the voices of 
fifty men together. 

Styx. One of the infernal rivers. 

Sy.l-va'nus. A god of the woods and forests. 



Tan'ta-lus. The son of Jupiter, and king of 
Lydia, who served up the limbs of his son 
Pelops to try the divinity of the gods. He is 
represented by the poets as punished in hell 
with insatiable thirst, and placed up to the chin 
in a pool of water which flows away as soon as 
he attempts to taste it. 

Tar'ta-rus. The part of the infernal regions in 
which the most impious were punished. 

Tel'a-mon. The son of iEacus, and king of Sala- 
mis, who first scaled the walls when Hercules 
took Troy, in the reign of Laomedou. 



IN GREEK AND ROMAN FABULOUS HISTORY. 



683 



Te-lem'a-phus. The only son of Ulysses and 
Penelope. He weut in quest of his father after 
the siege of Troy. 

Ter'mi-nus. The god of boundaries. 

Terp-sieh'o-re. The Muse who presided over 
"dancing. 

Te'thys. The wife of Oceanus, and the mother 
of rivers, and of about three thousand daugh- 
ters, called Ocean ides. 

Tha-H'a. One of the Graces. — Also, one of the 
Muses'; the one who presided over festivals, and 
over comic and pastoral poetry. 

The'mis. The daughter of Heaven and Earth, 
and the goddess of justice, who rewarded virtue 
and punished vice. 

The'seus. The eon of iEgeus and JEthra. He 
was king of Athens, was reckoned the next hero 
to Hercules, and was famous for slaying the 
Minotaur and conquering the Centaurs. 

This/be. See Pyuamus. 

TI-siph'o-ni. One of the three Furies. 

Ti'tan. The brother of Saturn, and one of the 
giants who warred against heaven. 

Ti-tho'nus. The son of Laomedon, loved by Au- 
rora, and turned by her, in his old age, into a 
grasshopper. 

Tit'y-us. The son of Jupiter and Terra, a huge 
giant, whose body covered nine acres. of land. 

Trip-tol'e-mu3. The son of Oceanus and Terra, 
taught husbandry by Ceres. 

Trl'ton. The son of Neptune and Amphitrite, a 
powerful sea-god, and Neptune's trumpeter. 

Tro'i-lus. The son of Priam and Hecuba, famed 
for his beauty. He was slain by Achilles. The 
story of his love for the unworthy Cressida was 
unknown to the ancients. 

Tro-pho'ni-us. A famous architect, son of Er- 
ginus. He was the builder of Apollo's temple 
at Delphi, and his cave at Lebadea was one of 
the celebrated oracles of Greece. 

Tur'nus. A king of the Rutuli, in Italy, killed 
by JEueas in single combat. 

Ty'deus. The son of GSneus, king of Calydon, 
and conqueror of Eteocles, king of Thebes. 

Ty'phon, or Ty-pho'eus. A giant or monster, on 
whom the island of Sicily was placed : — by some 
writers identified with Set, or Seth, a monstrous 
infernal divinity or demon of the Egyptian my- 
thology. 



u. 



T7-lys'ses. King of Ithaca, husband of Penelope, 
and father of Telemachus. He was famed for 
his tact and craft, and for his practical wisdom. 
His adventures while returning to Ithaca, after 
the Trojan war, are the subject of Homer's Odys- 

_ *<%■ 

TJ-ra'ni-a. One of the Muses. She presided over 
astronomy. 

fj'ra-nfis (Heaven). The most ancient of gods, 
the husband of Tellus, Terra, or the Earth, and 
father of Saturn. The same as the Coelus or 
Cselus of the Latins. 



Ve'nus. One of the most celebrated deities of the 
ancients, the wife of Vulcan, the goddess of love 
and beauty, and the mistress of the graces and 
of pleasures. ,— ^, , 

Ver-tum'nus. A deity of the 'Romans," who pre- 
sided over spring and orchards, and who was the 
lover of Pomona. 

Ves'ta. The sister of Ceres and Juno, the goddess 
of fire, and the patroness of vestal virgins. Her 
mysteries were celebrated by virgins who kept 
lamps perpetually burning in her temple. 

Vul'can. The god who presided over fire and 
workers in metal. He was the son of Jupiter 
and Juno, and the husband of Venus, and was 
so deformed that Jupiter kicked him out of 
heaven into the isle of Lemnos, where he setup 
a smith's shop and forged thunderbolts for his 
father. The Cyclops were his workmen. 



Zeph'y-rus. The son of JEolus and Aurora, who 
passionately loved the goddess Flora. — Also, a 
name for the west wind. 

Ze'tes and Cal'a-Ts. Sons of Boreas, king of 
Thrace. They attended the Argonauts, and 
drove the Harpies from Thrace. 

Zeus. The principal divinity of the Greeks, cor- 
responding to the Jupiter of the Romans. 



TABLES 

OP 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



The governments of the United States and Eng- 
land have endeavored to establish their several 
systems of Weights and Measures upon natural 
and invariable standards. 

STANDARD OF WEIGHT. 

The Standard Unit of Weight in the United States 
and Great Britain is the Troy pound, which is equal 
in weight to 22.2157 cubic inches of distilled water 
at 62° Fahrenheit, the barometer being at 30 
inches. The Troy pound contains 5700 Troy 
grains; the pound avoirdupois is equal to 7000 of 
the same grains. 

The standard units of linear, superficial, and 
solid measures of the United States and Great 
Britain are the same. 

The Standard Unit of Length is the Yard. To de- 
termine the length of the yard, a pendulum vi- 
brating seconds of mean time in a vacuum, at the 
level of the sea, in the latitude of London, is sup- 
posed to be divided into 391, :>93 equal parts; 10,000 
of these parts are equal to one inch, and 300,000 
of them to 36 inches, or the standard yard. In 
the United States the actual standard of length is 
a metallic scale procured by Congress for the 
United States coast survey, and kept in the Office 
of Weights and Measures at the Treasury Depart- 
ment in Washington. 

STANDARD OF CAPACITY. 

In the United States the Standard Unit of Liquid 
Measure is the Wine Gallon, containing 231 cubic 
inches and 8.3389 lbs. avoirdupois of di-tilled 
water at the temperature of its greatest density. 
The standard unit of Dry Measure is the Winches- 
ter bushel, containing 2150.42 cubic inches. The 
Winchester bushel is equivalent in capacity to a 
cylinder of which the internal diameter is 18% 
inches, and its depth 8 inches, and which holds 
77.6274 lbs. of distilled water at its maximum 
density. A gallon, Dry Measure, contains 2684 
cubic inches. 

The British standard measure, both for liquid 
and dry substances, is the Imperial Gallon, con- 
taining 277.274 cubic inches, or 10 lbs. avoirdu- 
pois of distilled water, when weighed at 62° Fah- 
renheit, with the barometer at 30 inches. The 
imperial bushel of eight gallons contains 2218.193 
cubic inches. 

WEIGHTS IN COMMON USE. 
Troy Weight. 
Used in Weighing Gold, Silver, Jtwelry, dtc. 
24 grains = 1 pennyweight, marked pwt. 

20 pennyweights = 1 ouuce, " oz. 

240 pennyweights = 12 ounces = 1 pound, lb. 

Apothecaries' Weight. 

Used in compounding Medicines. 

20 grains = 1 scruple, marked 3 

3 scruples = 1 dram, " 5 

8 drams = 1 ounce, " 3 

12 ounces = 1 pound, " B) 

684 



The pound and ounce in Troy and Apothecaries' 
Weights are alike ; but the ounce is differently 
divided. 

Avoirditpois Weight. 
Used in Commercial Transactions generally, and in 
weighing Metals, except Gold and Silver. 
16 drams = 1 ounce, marked oz. 
16 ounces = 1 pound, " lb. 

14 pounds = 1 stone. 
25 pounds = 1 quarter, " qr. 

4 quarters = 1 hundred weight, cwt. 
20 hundred weight = 1 ton. 
100 pounds = 1 quintal. 
196 pounds = 1 barrel flour, marked bbl. 
200 pounrs = 1 barrel beef or pork. 
280 pounds = 1 barrel salt. 

1 pound avoirdupois = 7000 grains Troy. 
144 pounds avoirdupois = 175 pounds Troy. 

At the Custom-House, and in some commercial 
transactions, 28 pounds are equal to 1 quarter, 112 
pounds are equal to 1 cwt., and 2240 pounds are 
equal to 1 ton. 

Net weight is the weight of the merchandise 
only, sepa ate from the boxes, &c, containing - it. 
Gross weight includes the weight of both mer- 
chandise and the boxes, &c, containing it. 

Diamond Weight. 
Applied to tlie Weighing of Diamonds. 
16 parts = 1 grain. 
4 grains = 1 carat. 
1 carat = 3% grains Troy (nearly). 
151% carats = 1 ounce Troy. 

The word carat is also used to express the fine- 
ness of gold, or the proportion of pure gold in the 
mass of metal. The mass is supposed to be di- 
vided into twenty-four parts or carats, and is said 
to be so many carats fine according to the number 
of 24th parts of pure gold contained in it. 

MEASURES IN COMMON USE. 

Linear or Long Measure. 

This Measure is used in measuring Lines or Distances 
when Length only is considered. 
3 barleycorns = 1 inch, marked in. 

= 1 palm. 
— 1 hand. 
= 1 span. 

= 1 foot, marked ft. 
= 1 cubit (.Scripture). 
= 1 yard, marked yd. 
= 1 fathom. 
= 1 rod, marked rd. 
= 1 furlong, marked fur. 
= 1 statute mile, " m. 
= 1 geographical mile. 
= 1 league. 
60 geographical miles == 1 degree,— deg. or °. 
69)/£ statute miles — 1 equatorial degree 

(nearly). 
360 degrees = circumference of the 

earth. 



3 inches 

4 inches 

9 inches . 
12 inches 

1% feet 

3 feet 

6 feet 
16% feet, or 5% yards, 
40 rods 

8 furlongs 

1 5 3 5 statute miles 

3 2 9 5 statute miles 



TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



685 



Square or Surface Measure. 

This Measure is used in measuring Surfaces, as Land, 
the Floors and Sides of Buildings, &c. 

144 square inches = 1 square foot, marked sq.ft. 
9 square feet = 1 square yard, " sq. yd. 
272% square feet = 1 square rod, " sq. rd. 
30% square yards = 1 square rod, " sq. rd. 
40 square rods = 1 rood. 
4 roods or 160 

square rods = 1 acre, marked A. 
640 acres = 1 sq. mile or 1 sq. section. 

36 sq. sections = 1 township, 6 miles square. 

Surveyor's Measure. 

Used in the Measure of Distances and the Area of 
Surfaces. 

7.92 inches = 1 link, marked I. 

25 links = 1 rod. 

100 links = 4 rods = 1 chain. 

80 chains = 1 mile. 

320 rods = 1 mile. 

625 square links = 1 square rod. 

16 square r.>ds = 1 square chain. 

10 square chains = 1 square acre. 

Solid or Cubic Measure. 

Used in measuring Solid Bodies and Spaces having 
Length, Breadth, and Thickness, or Depth; as tim- 
ber, stone, wood, ships, &c. 

1728 cubic inches = 1 cubic foot. 

27 cubic tVet = 1 cubic yard. 

16 cubic feet = 1 coid foot of wood. 

128 cubic feet 1 , „„ , 

8 cord feet j = 1 cord ' 
16% cubic feet = 1 perch. 

40 cubic leet = 1 ton, U S. shipping. 

42 cubic feet — 1 ton, English shipping. 

40 feet of round timber, or ] 

50 feet of hewn timber, 



1 ton or load. 



Cloth Measure. 
Used by Dealers in Cloth, Carpets, Ribbons, &c. 

2 l 4 inches = 1 nail. 

9 inches = 4 nails = 1 quarter, marked qr, 
27 inches = 3 quarters = 1 ell Flemish. 
36 inches = 4 quarters = 1 yard. 
45 inches = 5 quarters = 1 ell English. 
54 inches = 6 quarters = 1 ell French. 

Wine Measure. 



Used in measuring Wine, Water, Cider, Oil, and most 
other Liquids. 

4 gills = 1 pint dit.) = 2R% cubic inches. 

2 pints = 1 quart (qt.) = bT% cubic inches. 

4 quarts = 1 gallon (gal.) = 231 cubic inches. 

10 gallons = 1 auker. 

31% gallons = 1 barrel, marked bbl. 

2 barrels = 63 gallons = 1 hogshead, " hhd. 

4 barrels = 126 gallons = 1 pipe. 

2 pipes = 252 gallons = 1 tun. 

42 gallons = 1 tierce. 

2 tierces = 84 gallons = 1 puncheon. 

In some of the United States the capacity of the 
barrel for cider is fixed at thirty-two gallons. 

Ale or Beer Measure. 

Applicable to the measuring of Ale, Beer, and Milk. 

2 pints = 1 quart = 70% cubic inches. 

4 quarts = 1 gallon = 2S2 cubic inches. 

36 quarts = 9 gallons = 1 firkin. 

2 firkins = 18 gallons = 1 kilderkin. 

2 kilderkins =v>V> gallons = 1 barrel. 

3 kilderkins = 54 gallons = 1 hogshead. 

4 kilderkins = 72 gallons = 1 puncheon. 
6 kilderkins = 108 gallons = 1 butt. 



Dry Measure. 

Applicable to all Articles not liquid, bought and sold by 

Measure, such as Grain, Salt, Charcoal, &c. 

2 pints = 1 quart = 67^ cubic inches. 

4 quarts = 1 gallon = 268| cubic inches. 

8 quarts = 2 gallons = 1 peck, marked pk. 

4 pecks = 1 bushel, marked bu. 

8 bushels = 1 quarter. 
36 bushels = 1 chaldron, marked ch. 

An even or struck Winchester bushel is equal to 
2150.42 cubic inches. A heaped Winchester bushel 
(the height of the cone being six inches above the 
brim) contains 2747.71 cubic inches, or somewhat 
more than five pecks, struck measure. The English 
or imperial standard gallon contains 277.274 cubic 
inches, and the imperial struck bushel 8 of those 
gallons, or 2218.192 cubic inches; 8 of these 
bushels make 1 English quarter, and 40 bushels, 
or 5 quarters, 1 wey. 

Apothecaries' Measure. 
60 minims (m) = 1 fluidrachm, marked /5 

8 fluidrachms = 1 tiuidounce, " fS 
16 fluidounces = 1 pint, " O 

8 pints = 1 gallon, " con. 

Measure of Time. 
Used in the Computation of Time. 
60 seconds = 1 minute, marked mm. 
60 minutes = 1 hour, " h. 

24 hours = 1 day, " d. 

7 days = 1 week, " ick. 

2 weeks = 1 fortnight. 
4 weeks = 1 month, marked mo. 

The time in which the earth, departing from 
one fixed star, returns again to the same star, is 
called the sidereal year, and is 365 days, 6 hours, 
9 minutes, and l Jf n seconds. The solar or tropical 
year consists of 363 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 49^ 
seconds, and is the time in which the sun, depart- 
ing from some point ou the ecliptic, returns to the 
same point again. 

Measure of Circular Motion. 
Used in measuring Latitude, Longitude, &c. 
60 seconds (") = 1 minute, marked '. 
60 minutes = 1 degree, marked deg. or °. 

30 degrees = 1 sign. 

90 degrees = 1 quadrant or right angle. 

12 signs, or 
36U degrees, 



1 great circle of the zodiac. 



58 



Denominations and Sizes of Paper. 

Letter . . 10 X 15 in. Royal . . . 19 X 24 in. 

Foolscap . 14 X 17 " Super royal . 20 X 28 " 

Comm'cial 15 X 19 " Imperial . . 23 X 31 " 

Demi . . . 16 X 21 " Elephant . . 23 X 23 " 

Folio . . . 17 X 22 " Columbia . . 23 X 34 " 

Medium . 18 X 23 " Atlas . . . . 26 X 33 " 

A sheet folded once (2 leaves) is called Folio. 
A sheet folded into 4 leaves, Quarto — 4to. 
" 8 " Octavo— 8vo. 

" 12 " Duodecimo — 12mo. 

' ; 16 " 16mo. 

" 32 " 32mo. 

24 sheets = 1 quire. 

10% quires = 1 token. 

20 quires = 1 ream. 

10 reams = 1 bale. 

Numbers. 
12 units = 1 dozen, marked doz. 
20 units = 1 score. 
144 units = 12 dozen = 1 gross, 
12 gross = 1 great gross. 



686 



TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



THE METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 
AS ESTABLISHED BY ACT OF CONGRESS. 



MEASURES OF LENGTH. 



METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 


EQUIVALENTS IN DENOMINATIONS IN USE. 


Mvriametre 


10000 metres 


6.2137 miles. 


Kilometre 


1000 metres 


0.62137 mile, or 3280 feet and 10 inches. 


Hectometre 


100 metres 


328 feet and 1 inch. 


Decametre 


10 metres 


393.7 inches. 


Metre 


1 metre 


39.37 inches. 


Decimetre 


.1 metre 


3.937 inches. 


Centimetre 


.01 metre 


0.3937 inch. 


Millimetre 


.001 metre 


0.0394 inch. 



MEASURES OF SURFACE. 



METRIC 


DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 


EQUIVALENTS IN DENOMINATIONS IN USE. 


Hectare 


10000 square metres . . 

100 square metres . . 

1 square metre . . 


2.471 acres. 

119.6 square yards. 

155u square inches. 


Centare 



MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 



METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 


EQUIVALENTS IN DENOM. IN USE. 


Karnes. 


No. of 
Litres. 


Cubic Measure. 


Dry Measure. 


Liquid or Wine 
Measure. 


Kilolitre or Stere . . 

Hectolitre 

Decalitre 

Lithe 

Decilitre 

Centilitre 

Millilitre 


1000 
100 
10 
1 
.1 
.01 
.001 


1 cubic metre . . 

.1 cubic metre . . 
10 cubic decimetres 

1 cubic decimetre 

.1 cubic decimetre 
10 cubic centimetres 

1 cubic centimetre 






1.308 cubic yards . . . 
2 bu. and 3.35 pecks . 
9.08 quarts ...... 


264.17 gals. 
26.417 gals. 
2.6417 gals. 
1.0567 qts. 
0.845 gill. 
0.338 fluid oz. 
0.27 fluid dr. 


0.908 quart .... 
6.1022 cub. inches 
0.6102 cub. inch . 
0.061 cub. inch . . 





WEIGHTS. 



METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 


EQUIVALENTS IN 
DENOM. IN USE. 


Names. 


No. of 
Grams. 


Weight of what Quantity of Water 
at maximum Density. 


Avoirdupois 
Weight. 




1000000 

100000 

10000 

1000 

100 

10 

1 

.1 

.01 




2204.6 pounds. 






220.46 pounds. 


Myriagram 


10 litres 


22.046 pounds. 


1 litre 


2.2046 pounds. 
3.5274 ounces. 


Hectogram 

Decagram 




10 cubic centimetres 


0.3527 ounce. 
15.432 grains. 
1.5432 grain. 
0.1543 grain. 
0.0154 jrrain. 












.001 






1 



tab'le of moneys. 



681 



TABLE OF MONEYS. 

United States.— The gold coins of the United States are the Double Eagle (20 dol- 
lars), Eagle (10 dollars), Half Eagle (5 dollars), and smaller fractions of the Eagle. The 
silver coins are the Dollar, Half Dollar, and coins less than the half dollar. 

Gbeat Britain.— Of the sterling money of Great Britain, 4 farthings = 1 penny; 12 
pence = 1 shilling = $0.24^ ; 20 shillings = 1 pound, or sovereign, = §4.86.65. 

OFFICIAL VALUATION OF FOREIGN COINS, JANUARY 1, 1888. 



Count by. 



Argentine Republic 
Austria .... 



Belgium 
Bolivia 
Brazil . 



Canada 
Chili . 



Cuba . 

Denmark 

Ecuador 



Egypt 



France 



German Empire 
Great Britain . 
Greece . . . . 



Guatemala 
Hayti . . 
Honduras . 
India . . 



Italy . 

Japan . 

Liberia 
Mexico 



Netherlands 
Nicaragua 
Norway . 
Peru . . 
Portugal . 
Russia . . 



Spain 

Sweden 

Switzerland 

Tripoli 

Turkey 

United States of Colom- 
bia ....... 



Venezuela 



Monetary Unit. 







80.96,5 


Florin 




.34,5 






.19,3 


Boliviano 

Milreis of 1000 reis . 


.69,9 
.54,6 


Dollar 




1.00 






.91,2 




.92,6 






.26,8 


Sucre . 




.69,9 



Pound (100 piastres)" . 



Franc 



Mark .... 
Pound sterling 
Drachma . . 



Peso 

Gourde .... 

Peso 

Rupee of 16 annas 



Lira 

Yen 



Dollar 
Dollar 



/Gold 
1 Silver 



Florin 

Peso 

Crown 

Sol 

Milreis of 1000 reis . 
Rouble of 100 copecks 

Peseta of 100 centimes 

Crown 

Franc 

Mahbub of 20 piastres 
Piastre 



Peso . 
Bolivar 



Value 
in U. S. 
Money. 



4.94,3 



.19,3 

.23,8 
4.86,6V£ 



.69,9 
.96,5 



.33,2 



.19,3 
.99,7 
.75,3 
1.00 
.75,9 



.40.2 
.69,9 

.26,8 



1.08 
.55,9 



.19,3 



.19,3 

.63 

.04,4 



.14 



Gold : argentine ($4.82,4) and J/£ argen- 
tine. Silver : peso aud divisions. 

Gold : 4 florins (§1.92,9), 8 florins ($3.85,8), 
ducat (§2.28,7), and 4 ducats ($9.15,8). 
Silver : 1 and 2 florins. 

Gold : 10 and 20 francs. Silver : 5 francs. 

Silver: boliviano and divisions. 

Gold : 5, 10, and 20 milreis. Silver : %, 1, 
and 2 miireis. 

Gold: escudo (8182,4), doubloon (84.56,1), 
and condor (§9.12,3). Silver: peso and 
divisions. 

Gold: doubloon ($5.01,7). Silver: peso. 

Gold : 10 and 20 crowns. 

Gold : condor ($9.64,7), and double condor. 
Silver: sucre and divisions. 

Gold : pound (100 piastres), 50 piastres, 
20 piastres, 10 piastres, and 5 piastres. 
Silver : 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 piastres. 

Gold : 5. 10, 20, 50, and 100 francs. Sil- 
ver : 5 francs. 

Gold : 5, 10, and 20 marks. [sovereign. 

Gold : sovereign (pound sterling) and J^ 

Gold : 5, 10, 20, 50, aud 100 drachmas. 
Silver : 5 drachmas. 

Silver : peso and divisions. 

Silver : gourde. 

Silver : peso and divisions. 

Gold : mohur ($7.10,5). Silver : rupee 
and divisions. [5 liras. 

Gold : 5, 10, 20, £0, and 100 liras. Silver : 

Gold : 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 yen. 

Silver : yen. 

Gold : dollar ($0.98,3), 2%, 5, 10, and 20 
dollars. Silver : dollar (or peso) and 
divisions. [florins. 

Gold : 10 florins. Silver : %, 1, and 2% 

Silver: peso and divisions. 

Gold : 10 and 20 crowns. 

Silver : sol and divisions. 

Gold : 1, 2, 5, and 10 milreis. 

Gold : imperial ($7.71,8), and }4 imperial 
($3.86). Silver : 14, % and Trouble. 

Gold : 25 pesetas. Silver : 5 pesetas. 

Gold : 10 and 20 crowns, [ver : 5 francs. 

Gold : 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 francs. Sil- 

Gold : 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 piastres. 

Gold : condor ($9.64,7) and double condor. 

Silver : peso. [ver : 5 bolivars. 

Gold : 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 bolivars. Sil- 






THE NAMES OF SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL 

FIXED STARS AND CONSTELLATIONS. 



N. B. — Most of the named stars bear appellations t;iken from the Arabic, with more or less change. 
The pronunciations here given are popularized and Anglicized, there being no attempt to approxi- 
mate to the Arabic sounds. 



A-pher'nar 
A-cu'bens 
Ad-ha-fe'ra 
Ad-ha'ra 
Al-be'na 
Al-bir'e-5 
Al-phl'ba 
Al'cor 
Al-cy'o-ne 
Al-deb'a-ran 
Al-der'a-min 
Al'i-e-neb 
Al-Gie'ba (-je'-) 
Al'gol 
Al'go-rab 
Al-go'res 
Al-he'na 
A'li-oth 
Al-kaid' 
Al-kaph'rah 
Al-ka-tu'rops 
Al'kSs 
Al'ma-ack 
Al'mach 
Al'ni-lam 
Al'ni-tah 
Al'phard 
Al-phec'ca 
Al'phe-ratz 
Al'phirk 
Al-ruc'ca-bah 
Al-ahain' 
Al-tair' 
Al-waid' 
An' eh a 
An-drom'e-da 
Ant-a'res 
Arc-tu'rus 
Ar'g5 
Ar f i-ded 
A'ri-es 
Ar'neb 
A-sel'lus 
A'siph 
Afi-ri'ga 
A-zgl-fa-fa'fi 
Ba'ten Kai'tos 
Bel-la'trix 
688 

LBJe'07 



Be-net'nasch 
Bet'el-geuse (or -gez), 

Bet'el-geux (-gu) 
Bo-o'te§ 

Ca-mel-o-par'da-lis 
Ca-no'pus 
Ca-pel'la 
Caph 

Cas-si-o-pe'ia (-ya) 
Cas'tor 
Ceb-al-ra'i 
Ce-le'no 
Ce'pheus 
Ce'tus 

Co'ma Ber-e-nl'ces 
Cor Car'o-H 
Cor Hy'drae 
Ciir'sa 
Cy-no-su'ra 
Da'bih 
De'neb 
De-neb'o-la 
Diph'da 
Dra'co 
Dub'he 
E-lec'tra 
El-Me'lik 
El Nath' 
El Ris'pha 
E'nif, or E'nir 
E-rid'a-nus 
Er-Ral' 
Er-Ra'kis 
Et'a-nin 
Fo'mal-haut 
^em'i-nl 
J3i-an'sar 
(Sie'di 
Gi-e'nah 
Go-mel'za, or 

Go-mei'sa 
Graffi-as 
Gru'mi-um 
Ha'mal 
Ho'man 
i'zar 
Kai-ta'in 
Kx'ed 



Ko'phab 
or Kor-nef o-ros 
Le'pus 
Le'suth 
Li'bra 
Ly'ra 
Ma'ia (-ya) 
Mar'kab 
Mar'keb 
Mar' sic 
Meb-su'ta 
Me-du'sa 

Me'grez, or Me'gris 
Me-luc'ta 
Menk-a-11'nan 
Men'kar 
Me'raeh 
Me'rak 
Mer'o-pe 
Me-sar'thim 
Ml-a-plac'i-dus 
Min-ta'ta 
Min-tl'ka 
MI'ra 

Mi'rac, or Mi'raph 
M'ir'zam 
Mi'zar 
Mo-noc'e-ros 
Mu'fride, or Mu'frid 
Mu'li-phen 
Mus'ca 
Nach 
Na'os 
Nek'ar 
Nek'kar 
Ni'hal 
O-ri'on 
Peg'a-sus 
Per'seus 
Phad 
Pha'et 
Phard 
Phec'da 
Po-la'ris 
Pol'lux 
Pr5'cy-on 
Pro'pus 
Piil-pher'ri-ma 



Ras-Al-as'ad 

Ras-Al-ie'thI 

Ras-Al-hague' (-hag') 

Ras-ta'ben 

Reg-u-lus 

Ri'iel 

Ru-ul'i-cus 

Sa-dal'sund 

Sad-el-Me'lik 

Sadr 

Sa'iph 

Sphe'at 

Scbr'pi-o 

Se-£i'nus 

Ser'pens 

Ser-pen-ta'ri-us 

She'djr 

She'li-ak 

Sher'a-tan 

Sir'i-us 

Skat 

Spl'ca *Vi*r'£i-ni3 

Ster'o-pe 

Su'lu-phat 

Sva-15'cin 

Tai'i-tha 

Tar'a-zed 

Tau'rua 

Ta-ye'ta 

Te'jat 

The-em'im 

Thu'ban 

TT'nuk 

fx-nuk-al-Hal' 

Ve'ga 

Vin-de-mi'a-trix 

Vir'go 

Wa'sat 

We'sen 

Yed 

Zar'i-jan 

Zav-i-ja'va 

Zau'rac 

Zoz'ma 

Zu-ben-el-Ga-ma'bl 

Zu-ben-el-Gu'bi 

Zu'ben-es-pham'a-li 

Zu-ben-hak'ra-bi 



THE END. 



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